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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Boating, by W. B. Woodgate
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Boating
+
+Author: W. B. Woodgate
+
+Commentator: Harvey Mason
+
+Illustrator: Frank Dadd
+
+Release Date: September 19, 2011 [EBook #37462]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOATING ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Hary Lamé and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  +---------------------------------------------------------------+
+  |                                                               |
+  |                     TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:                      |
+  |                                                               |
+  | Text printed in italics in the original is represented here   |
+  | between underscores, as in _text_. Texts printed in small     |
+  | capitals in the original work have been changed to ALL        |
+  | CAPITALS.                                                     |
+  | Greek words in the original book have been transcribed and are|
+  | here given between square brackets, as in [hakatoi].          |
+  | The oe-ligature is represented as [oe]; [+] represents a      |
+  | dagger symbol.                                                |
+  | In the form that occurs in this work, blanks have been changed|
+  | to lines of underscores: ________________.                    |
+  |                                                               |
+  | More detailed transcriber's notes will be found at the end of |
+  | this text.                                                    |
+  |                                                               |
+  +---------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+The Badminton Library
+
+OF
+
+SPORTS AND PASTIMES
+
+EDITED BY
+
+HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF BEAUFORT, K.G.
+
+ASSISTED BY ALFRED E. T. WATSON
+
+
+_BOATING_
+
+
+PRINTED BY
+
+SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
+
+LONDON
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL VIEW OF HENLEY REGATTA (_Frontispiece_)]
+
+
+
+
+BOATING
+
+BY
+
+W. B. WOODGATE
+
+WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY THE REV. EDMOND WARRE, D.D.
+
+AND
+
+A CHAPTER ON ROWING AT ETON
+
+BY R. HARVEY MASON
+
+[Illustration]
+
+_WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS AFTER FRANK DADD_
+
+_AND FROM PHOTOGRAPHS_
+
+LONDON
+
+LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
+
+1888
+
+_All rights reserved_
+
+
+
+
+_DEDICATION_
+
+_TO_
+
+_H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES._
+
+
+BADMINTON: _March, 1887_.
+
+Having received permission to dedicate these volumes, the BADMINTON
+LIBRARY of SPORTS and PASTIMES, to HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF
+WALES, I do so feeling that I am dedicating them to one of the best and
+keenest sportsmen of our time. I can say, from personal observation,
+that there is no man who can extricate himself from a bustling and
+pushing crowd of horsemen, when a fox breaks covert, more dexterously
+and quickly than His Royal Highness; and that when hounds run hard over
+a big country, no man can take a line of his own and live with them
+better. Also, when the wind has been blowing hard, often have I seen His
+Royal Highness knocking over driven grouse and partridges and
+high-rocketing pheasants in first-rate workmanlike style. He is held to
+be a good yachtsman, and as Commodore of the Royal Yacht Squadron is
+looked up to by those who love that pleasant and exhilarating pastime.
+His encouragement of racing is well known, and his attendance at the
+University, Public School, and other important Matches testifies to his
+being, like most English gentlemen, fond of all manly sports. I consider
+it a great privilege to be allowed to dedicate these volumes to so
+eminent a sportsman as His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, and I do
+so with sincere feelings of respect and esteem and loyal devotion.
+
+BEAUFORT.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+A few lines only are necessary to explain the object with which these
+volumes are put forth. There is no modern encyclopćdia to which the
+inexperienced man, who seeks guidance in the practice of the various
+British Sports and Pastimes, can turn for information. Some books there
+are on Hunting, some on Racing, some on Lawn Tennis, some on Fishing,
+and so on; but one Library, or succession of volumes, which treats of
+the Sports and Pastimes indulged in by Englishmen--and women--is
+wanting. The Badminton Library is offered to supply the want. Of the
+imperfections which must be found in the execution of such a design we
+are conscious. Experts often differ. But this we may say, that those who
+are seeking for knowledge on any of the subjects dealt with will find
+the results of many years' experience written by men who are in every
+case adepts at the Sport or Pastime of which they write. It is to point
+the way to success to those who are ignorant of the sciences they aspire
+to master, and who have no friend to help or coach them, that these
+volumes are written.
+
+To those who have worked hard to place simply and clearly before the
+reader that which he will find within, the best thanks of the Editor are
+due. That it has been no slight labour to supervise all that has been
+written he must acknowledge; but it has been a labour of love, and very
+much lightened by the courtesy of the Publisher, by the unflinching,
+indefatigable assistance of the Sub-Editor, and by the intelligent and
+able arrangement of each subject by the various writers, who are so
+thoroughly masters of the subjects of which they treat. The reward we
+all hope to reap is that our work may prove useful to this and future
+generations.
+
+THE EDITOR.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The author desires to record his thanks and indebtedness to the
+following gentlemen, for much kind co-operation and assistance, and for
+leave to reproduce passages from their valuable works upon
+aquatics:--Geo. G. T. TREHERNE, Esq., author of 'Record of the
+University Boat Race'; E. D. BRICKWOOD, Esq. ('Argonaut'), author of
+'Boat Racing'; L. P. BRICKWOOD, Esq., Editor of the 'Racing Almanack';
+the Proprietors of the 'Field'; the Proprietors of 'Land and Water,' and
+Mr. R. G. Gridley for kindly assisting with the Map of the Cambridge
+Course.
+
+
+
+
+_ILLUSTRATIONS._
+
+
+(ENGRAVED BY W. J. PALMER, J. D. COOPER, AND G. PEARSON, AFTER DRAWINGS
+BY F. DADD AND PHOTOGRAPHS BY G. MITCHELL, HILLS & SAUNDERS, AND MARSH
+BROS.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+                                    ARTIST
+
+  GENERAL VIEW OF THE HENLEY }  _From a photograph_      _Frontispiece_
+  REGATTA                    }
+
+  METHOD OF STARTING THE     }
+  COLLEGE EIGHTS PRIOR TO    } _Frank Dadd_          _To face p._   28
+  1825, OXFORD               }
+
+  STARTING THE EIGHTS, OLD   }  _Frank Dadd_                "        40
+  COURSE, HENLEY             }
+
+  COACHING UNIVERSITY CREW      _Frank Dadd_                "        68
+
+  EMBARKING                     _Frank Dadd_                "        84
+
+  PAIR OARS--IMMINENT FOUL      _Frank Dadd_                "       124
+
+  BUMPING RACE WAITING FOR   }  _From a photograph_         "       170
+  THE GUN                    }
+
+  OFF THE BROCAS                _Frank Dadd_                "       202
+
+  THAMES WATERMEN AND        }  _Frank Dadd_                "       218
+  WHERRIES                   }
+
+  CLIEFDEN (RIVER SCENE)        _From a photograph_         "       242
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+  WOODCUTS IN TEXT.
+
+                                        ARTIST                     PAGE
+
+  VIGNETTE ON TITLE-PAGE             _Frank Dadd_
+
+  FLEET OF EGYPTIAN QUEEN            _From a photograph_             11
+
+  ANCIENT BOAT DEPICTED ON VASE      _Frank Dadd_                    15
+
+  BAS-RELIEF OF ANCIENT GREEK ROWING _Frank Dadd_                    19
+  BOAT
+
+  ANCIENT GALLEY FIGHT, FROM POMPEII  _Frank Dadd_                   21
+
+  HENLEY COURSE (BETWEEN RACES)       _From a photograph_            26
+
+  OXFORD BOAT IN 1829              } _From 'Record of the_         { 31
+  BUMPING RACES (OLD STYLE)        } _University Boatrace'_        { 33
+
+  A COLLEGE PAIR                     _From a photograph_             37
+
+  TOWING GUARD BOATS UP HENLEY REACH _From a photograph_             39
+
+  PAIR-OAR                           _From a photograph_             41
+
+  GONDOLA                            _From a photograph_             43
+
+  BISHAM COURT                       _From a photograph_             53
+
+  MARLOW                             _From a photograph_             66
+
+  A SCRATCH EIGHT ('PEAL OF BELLS')  _From a photograph_             75
+
+  MEDMENHAM ABBEY                    _From a photograph_             79
+
+  'PROSE'                            _Frank Dadd_                    83
+
+  BISHAM COURT REACH                 _From a photograph_             92
+
+  FEATHER 'UNDER' THE WATER          _From a photograph_            102
+
+  PRACTISING STROKE (1)              _From a photograph_            110
+
+  PRACTISING STROKE (2)              _From a photograph_            110
+
+  PRACTISING STROKE (3)              _From a photograph_            111
+
+  PRACTISING STROKE (4)              _From a photograph_            111
+
+  A COLLEGE FOUR                     _From a photograph_            118
+
+  FOUR-OAR                           _From a photograph_            121
+
+  NEAR MEDMENHAM                     _From a photograph_            123
+
+  CLOSE QUARTERS                     _Frank Dadd_                   127
+
+  A SPILL                            _Frank Dadd_                   133
+
+  SCULLING RACE, WITH PILOTS IN      _Frank Dadd_                   139
+  EIGHT-OARS
+
+  PUMPED OUT                         _Frank Dadd_                   141
+
+  THE LAST OF THE THAMES WHERRIES    _From a photograph_            142
+
+  'POETRY'                           _Frank Dadd_                   153
+
+  GOING TO SCALE                     _Frank Dadd_                   157
+
+  SMOKING IS FORBIDDEN               _Frank Dadd_                   165
+
+  'RUN A MILE OR TWO'                _Frank Dadd_                   167
+
+  FOUR-OAR                           _From a photograph_            178
+
+  EARLY AMATEURS                     _Frank Dadd_                   192
+
+  WINDSOR                            _From a photograph_            200
+
+  A FOUL                             _Frank Dadd_                   238
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MAPS
+
+SHOWING
+
+  THE OXFORD COURSE       _To face p._ 288
+
+   "  CAMBRIDGE  "              "      296
+
+   "  HENLEY     "              "      318
+
+   "  PUTNEY     "              "      322
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                                          PAGE
+
+     I. INTRODUCTION                                                  1
+
+    II. THE RISE OF MODERN OARSMANSHIP                               26
+
+   III. SCIENTIFIC OARSMANSHIP                                       53
+
+    IV. COACHING                                                     66
+
+     V. THE CAPTAIN                                                  79
+
+    VI. THE COXSWAIN AND STEERING                                    92
+
+   VII. SLIDING SEATS                                               102
+
+  VIII. FOUR-OARS                                                   118
+
+    IX. PAIR-OARS                                                   123
+
+     X. SCULLING                                                    127
+
+    XI. BOAT-BUILDING AND DIMENSIONS                                142
+
+   XII. TRAINING                                                    153
+
+  XIII. ROWING CLUBS                                                178
+
+   XIV. THE AMATEUR, HIS HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION                    192
+
+    XV. ROWING AT ETON COLLEGE                                      200
+
+   XVI. WATERMEN AND PROFESSIONALS                                  217
+
+  XVII. LAWS OF BOAT-RACING (THEIR HISTORY, AND RULES OF THE ROAD)  238
+
+  'THE TEMPLE OF FAME'                                              243
+
+  APPENDIX                                                          313
+
+  INDEX                                                             331
+
+
+
+
+_Erratum._
+
+
+Page 119, line 19, _for_ Bodleian _read_ Radleian.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: BOATING.
+
+CHAPTER I.]
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+As parts of human life and practice the out-of-door games and amusements
+with which Englishmen are familiar have had a long course of
+development, and each has its own history. To trace this development and
+history in any particular case is not always an easy task. Most of the
+writers who deal with these subjects treat the 'Origines' in a summary
+fashion. Not a few ignore them altogether. The Topsy theory, ''spects it
+growed,' is sufficient.
+
+And yet if it be possible to deal more philosophically with a subject of
+the kind, the attempt ought not necessarily to be devoid of interest. It
+involves a retrospect of human life and human ingenuity. It will trace
+development in man's ways and means, marking points which in some
+regions and with some races have determined the limit of their progress,
+and in others have served as stepping-stones to further invention. It
+will present facts which will not only not be disdained by the true
+student of men and manners, but will serve to broider the fringes of
+serious history, and will give additional light and colour to the record
+of the character and the habits of men. For indeed the sports and
+pastimes of a people are no insignificant product of its national
+spirit, and react to no small degree upon national character. They have
+not unfrequently had their share in grave events, and the famous and
+oft-quoted saying of the Duke of Wellington respecting the playing
+fields at Eton (_se non č vero, č ben trovato_) contains a truth,
+applicable in a wider sense to national struggles and to victories other
+than Waterloo.
+
+Pastimes and amusements generally may be divided into two main classes:
+(1) those that have been invented simply as a means of recreation, such
+as cricket, tennis, racquets, etc.; and (2) those that have their origin
+in the primary needs of mankind. The latter have in many cases, as
+civilisation has advanced, and the particular needs have been supplied
+in other ways, survived as pastimes by reason of the natural pleasure
+and the excitement and the emulation which accompanied them. Of this
+latter class, those that have appropriated the name of 'sport' _par
+excellence_, such as hunting, shooting, fishing, etc., hold the field,
+so to speak, in antiquity, as compared with other pastimes, having their
+origin in the initial necessities and natural instincts of man, which
+compelled him to fight with and to destroy some wild beasts, that he
+might not himself be eaten, and to catch or kill others that he might
+have them to eat.
+
+The spirit of emulation and the pride of skill, and the desire of
+obtaining healthy exercise for its own sake, have been among the
+principal causes which have converted into sports and pastimes man's
+means and methods of locomotion. Almost every class of movement which
+can be pressed into that form of competition which is called a race, or
+in which a definite comparison of skill is possible, has been enlisted
+in the host of amusements with which civilisation consoles its children
+for the loss of the wild delights of the untutored savage.
+
+Among these perhaps the most important and the most conspicuous is
+Rowing, which as a serious business has played no inconsiderable part in
+great events of human history, and as a pastime is inferior to none of
+the class to which it belongs. Its votaries will not hesitate to claim
+for it even the chief place, by reason of the pleasure and emulation to
+which it so readily ministers, as a healthful exercise, and as a means
+of competitive effort requiring both skill and endurance.
+
+But the oar, before it ministered to recreation, had a long history of
+labour in the service of man, which is not yet ended, and itself was not
+shaped but by evolution from earlier types, of which the paddle and
+ultimately the human hand and arm are the original beginnings.
+
+Will it be wearisome to speculate on these beginnings, and to try to
+cast back in thought and research for the first origins of the noble
+pastime which forms the subject of the present volume? Fortunately, in
+savage life still extant on the habitable globe we have the survival of
+many, if not of all, the earliest types of locomotion. Man in his
+natural condition has to follow nature, and by following to subdue her
+in his struggle for existence. Climate and race differentiate his action
+in this respect, and results, under parallel circumstances, similar,
+though different in detail, attend his efforts in different parts of the
+world.
+
+A land animal, he is from the first brought face to face with water,
+deep water of lakes, and of rivers, and of the sea, and in all these he
+finds bounds to his desires, as well as things to be desired; opposite
+shores to which he wishes to cross, fish and vegetable growth which he
+wants for food. Horace tells us that 'oak and triple brass he had around
+his breast who first to the fierce sea committed his frail raft,' but
+the first man who committed _himself_ to deep water, and essayed the
+oarage of his arms and legs, must have been free from such incumbrances,
+and yet have had a stout heart within him. And simultaneously with, or
+even prior to such adventure, must have been others of a similar
+character aided by a piece of wood, or a bundle of rushes, or an
+inflated skin, the elementary boat, the very embryo of navigation. Such
+beginnings are still in evidence on the western coast of Australia,
+where savages may be seen sitting astride on a piece of light wood and
+so venturing forth upon the waters of the sea. Homer, who in the Odyssey
+delights in making the man of many counsels and many devices, with all
+his wealth of what was then modern experience, find himself reduced to
+the shifts and expedients of a man thrown, like the savage, upon his own
+solitary resources, pictures to us Ulysses seated astride upon the mast
+of his shipwrecked vessel and paddling with both hands, thus reverting
+in his distress, as no doubt others have done since, to the very
+earliest method of navigation, now only practised for choice by savages,
+whose progress in navigation, as in other things, has been checked at
+this early stage, and who remain the nearest visible types of primitive
+man.
+
+But some savages, other than they, did make progress in the matter of
+locomotion by water, and the next step was the raft, of which the
+earliest type known is the sanpan, three pieces of buoyant wood tied
+together. On this construction, which supplied the earliest generic
+names both in the east and in the west (sanpan, [schedię], _ratis_), a
+man would stand and paddle and move along upon the water, and assert his
+power of hand and eye with the weapons with which native ingenuity had
+already supplied him.
+
+In warm climates, where swimming had become a necessity, and the very
+children from their earliest years had been habituated to the water, the
+familiarity that breeds contempt of the very danger which at a previous
+stage acted as a deterrent, would soon encourage attempts to improve,
+and enlarge, and increase the speed of the rude vessel in common use.
+These attempts would naturally follow the line of providing the means
+for conveying in safety other things besides the living freight of the
+human person. There would also arise the very natural desire to keep
+things dry, which would spoil if wetted. Hence the enlargement of the
+raft, and then the protection afforded by platforms raised upon its
+central surface, or by planks laid edgewise so as to make a defence, a
+breastwork against the wave.
+
+And no doubt by this time the use of the sail for propulsion had become
+familiar, and man had already prayed his god for 'the breeze that cometh
+aft, sail-filler, good companion.' But interesting as it would be to
+trace the effect of the sail upon the construction of vessels and their
+development, we must leave that pleasant task to those who, in the
+present series, will treat of the yacht and its prototypes ([hakatoi]).
+
+The earliest method of propulsion was with the human hands. In the
+picture of Ulysses seated on the mast and keel of his shipwrecked
+vessel, which he had lashed together with the broken backstay made of
+bullhide, paddling with his hands on either side, Homer, as we have
+seen, has presented us with the hero of the highest civilisation known
+to him reduced to the straits of the merest savage; and he has again
+enforced this idea in his picture of the same hero of many wiles and
+many counsels devising for himself the means of escape from the island
+of Calypso, and, not without divine suggestions, constructing for
+himself, like an ancient Robinson Crusoe, a primitive raft, with certain
+improvements and additions; a broad raft be it remembered, and not a
+boat. A boat would mar the conception which presents to us the civilised
+man driven back to the straits of barbarism by the unique circumstances
+in which he is placed.
+
+This is the point which ingenious commentators, who have given elaborate
+designs and figures of Ulysses' _boat_ and written pages upon its
+construction, seem to have missed. The poet has added colour to his
+picture by bringing the new and the old together. And of a truth new and
+old exist together and continue throughout the ages of man in marvellous
+juxtaposition. The fast screw liner off the Australian coast may pass
+the naked savage oaring himself with swarthy palms upon his buoyant log,
+and almost every stage of modern invention in ship-building and ship
+propulsion has had alongside it the three-timbered sanpan, and the
+original types of raft that float in the Malay Archipelago.
+
+But we must follow the development of our special pastime through its
+embryonic stage to a moment when, all unknown and unseen in the womb of
+time, like the sudden changes which differentiate the gradual ascents
+from a lower to a higher being, unseen, unknown, and unwritten in
+history, that great event occurred, the birth of the first 'dug-out'
+canoe. Unnoticed perhaps at the time, the importance of the event was
+recognised by the poet in after ages as a real forward step in the
+onward progress of the arts.[1] 'Rivers then first the hollowed alders
+felt.'
+
+  [1] Virg. _Georg._ i. 136: 'Tunc alnos primum fluvii sensere cavatas.'
+
+To some primitive man or men in advance of their fellow men, the idea of
+flotation, as apart from the mere buoyancy of the material, had
+occurred, and suggested the hollowing out of the log. Wherever and
+whenever this was first effected, it was a great event in the world's
+progress. A simple thought had wedded fact destined to be fruitful to
+all future ages. O prototype of the longboat--of the frail eights which
+freighted with contending crews speed yearly over Father Thames amidst
+the cheers and applause of thousands! Where wast thou launched? What
+dusky arms propelled thee? What wild songs of exultation heralded thy
+first successful venture? Once achieved, what present benefits, what
+future triumphs didst thou not ensure to man? In the power of carrying
+something, or anything beside the living freight, dry and secure, and in
+the increased facility of movement and of turning, must have been
+manifest from the first the advantage of the canoe over the raft, where
+the lapping of the water and the wash of the wave, in spite of all
+contrivances, could scarce be kept out. How soon must efforts have been
+made to increase this advantage to obtain greater carrying power and
+greater speed! The application of the sail was made possible by the
+ingenious adaptation of the outrigger, a trunk of light wood laid
+parallel to the side of the dug-out at some feet distance, and attached
+to it by transverse bars. The oldest type and the type with this
+improvement still survive, and the ingenious models of such craft which
+were exhibited at the Fisheries Exhibition in London a few years ago
+will have been noticed by many of our readers. Twin vessels like the
+'Castalia,' and, if we are to believe the learned Graser, the great
+Tesseraconteres of Ptolemy, had their primitive germ, so to speak, in
+this early stroke of genius. It may appear strange to some boating men
+who are accustomed to hear a good deal about outriggers, that this
+outrigger of which we have been speaking has nothing to do with the
+outrigger with which they are familiar. It never apparently passed into
+the Western Seas. The Mediterranean knows it not. The Andaman Islands
+and the Seychelles are its westernmost limits.
+
+But if the invention of the dug-out canoe was a step onward in the
+general progress of the arts, being the appreciation and application of
+a principle in nature, a still greater triumph was achieved, and the
+particular art still more decidedly advanced, by him who first
+constructed the canoe properly so called. Herein was the real prototype
+of the _species_ boat. A skin of bark, duly cut and shaped so as to
+taper towards the ends and be wide amidships, was attached to a
+longitudinal framework or gunwale all along its upper edges, and this
+itself was kept apart and in shape by three or more transverse pieces
+stretching from side to side, while a series of curved laths of soft
+wood, the extreme ends of which also fastened to the gunwale, served to
+keep the vessel itself in shape and to protect the bark skin from the
+tread of men and from the immediate incidence of any weight to be
+carried. 'Ce n'est que le premier pas qui coűte.' The idea once
+conceived, whether in one place or in many, and at whatever time or
+times, could not be lost and must soon have been fruitful in
+development. Of this class by far the most common is the birch-bark
+canoe, which, though found also in Australia, is properly regarded as
+having its home upon the American continent. If not the original of the
+type, yet it deserves particular attention owing to the peculiarity of
+the material of the skin, which combines lightness and toughness and
+pliability. A truly ingenious and original idea to flay a birch tree and
+make a boat of its skin! In the framework of the canoe we have the
+embryo _ribs_ and _inwale_ of the future boat, and the three cross-ties
+may be regarded as the ancestors of _thwarts_ to be born in time to
+come. As yet no keel. But that was soon to be. Go north, and trees
+become scarcer and dwindle in size. The birch is no longer of sufficient
+girth to serve the ingenious savage in the construction of a canoe. But
+the inventive genius of man was not to be denied. Skins of beasts, or
+woven material made waterproof, stretched upon a frame would serve for
+the same purpose as bark. But a stronger framework was necessary for a
+material thinner and more pliable than bark. And accordingly in all this
+class (except the coracle) we find stronger and more numerous timbers,
+including a longitudinal piece from stem to stern, and uprights at each
+end acting as stempost and sternpost respectively. The rude
+canvas-covered vessels of Tory Island, off the west coast of Ireland,
+still preserve one development of this type, close at home to us; while
+the cayaks of the Esquimaux and the larger fishing canoes of the
+Alaskans and the Greenlanders exhibit the skin-clad variety in many
+forms. In one of the models exhibited at the Fisheries Exhibition the
+framework showed in great perfection the ingenuity of the savage, to
+whom wood was a very scarce and precious article, short pieces being
+made to serve fitted together and fastened with thongs of hide, the
+whole being covered with a stout walrus skin. Even outriggers (as
+understood by the English oarsman) made of double loops of hide just
+long enough to cross each other and enclose the loom of the oar, were
+attached to the inner side of the gunwale.
+
+Not only bark and skin and canvas-covered canoes exist and seem to have
+existed from an unknown antiquity, but a similar cause to that of which
+we were just speaking, viz. a scarcity of wood or of suitable wood, led
+to the construction of canoes of wood made of short pieces stitched
+together, and approaching more nearly to the type of vessel which may be
+called a boat. To these belong the canoes of Easter Island made of
+drift wood, and of many other islands in the Pacific, which are truly
+canoes and propelled by paddles, and the same peculiarity of build
+extends to the Madras surf boats, which are more truly boats. Many of
+these are tied together through holes drilled or burnt through a ledge
+left on the inner side of the plank or log, a peculiarity noticeable as
+appearing even in the early vessels of the Northern Seas. The stitched
+boat has not a nail Or a peg in her whole composition, but the
+structure, though liable to leak, is admirably suited for heavy seas and
+surf-beaten coasts, and owing to its pliability will stand shocks which
+would shatter a stiffer and tighter build. This being so, it is not
+surprising that vessels larger than canoes or boats were constructed
+(some authorities say even as large as 200 tons burden) upon this
+principle, which is certainly one of very great antiquity.
+
+There is also a curious analogy in the progress of construction of these
+sea-going craft with the natural order in the construction of fishes,
+that is to say, if the ganoids are to be considered antecedent to the
+vertebrates among the latter. For in the case of the stitched vessels
+the hull is the first thing in time and construction, the ribs and
+framework being, so to speak, an afterthought, and attached to the
+interior when the hull has been completed, whereas the later and modern
+practice is to set up the ribs and framework of the vessel first and to
+attach the exterior planking afterwards. But the invention of trenails
+and dowels must have preceded the later practice, and have led the way
+to the building of such boats as those described by Herodotus (ii. 96),
+the ancestors of the Nile 'nuggur' of modern times. Ulysses, as a
+shipwright well skilled in his craft, uses axe and adze and auger, and
+with the latter makes holes in the timbers he has squared and planed,
+and with trenails and dowels ties them together. The wooden fastenings,
+be it remarked, are in size and diameter severally adapted, the first to
+resist the horizontal, the second to resist the vertical strain to which
+the raft would be exposed upon the waves. All this, we may observe,
+points to a stage anterior to that in which the use of metal nails and
+ties in ship- and boat-building had been introduced. Trenails and
+dowels are however still in use, and have a natural advantage over iron
+in the construction of wooden vessels, owing to the absence of
+corrosion, which in early times must have caused difficulties as to its
+employment for boat-building. Copper, on the other hand, though free
+from this objection, would be less available by reason of expense and
+the great demand for it for other purposes.
+
+And now we have reached a point where we enter upon the borders of
+history. No doubt, if we knew more about the venerable antiquity of
+China, we might be able to add interesting facts, showing the
+development from the earliest sanpan to the great river boats, and the
+growth of that curious art which produced the Chinese junk, a vessel
+undoubtedly of a very antique type. But this knowledge is not ours at
+present, and so we must turn to the equally venerable civilisation of
+Egypt for information upon the subject. In Egypt fortunately the tomb
+paintings have preserved to us a wealth of illustration of boats and
+ships, some of which, if we may trust the learned, take us back to dates
+as early as 3000 B.C. In turning over the interesting plates of such
+works as Lepsius's 'Denkmäler,' or Duemichen's 'Fleet of an Egyptian
+Queen,' we are struck by the reflection that, if at that early date
+boats, and ships, and oars, and steering paddles, and masts, and sailing
+gear had all been brought to such a stage of perfection, we must allow
+many centuries antecedent for the elaboration of such designs, and for
+the evolution of the savage man's primary conception of canoe and
+paddle.
+
+However this may be, the lovers of our pastime, if they will consult the
+pages of the works above mentioned, will find rowing already well
+established as an employment, if not as an amusement, in the hoar
+antiquity of Egypt. Not only the Nile water, whether the sacred stream
+was within his banks or spread by inundation over the plain within his
+reach, was alive with boats, busy with the transport of produce of all
+sorts, or serving the purposes of the fowler and the fisherman, but the
+Red Sea and the Mediterranean coasts were witnesses of the might and
+power of Pharaoh, as shown by his fleets of great vessels fully
+manned, ready with oar and sail to perform his behests, ready to visit
+the land of Orient, and bring back thence the spices and perfumes that
+the Egyptians loved, together with apes and sandal wood, or else to do
+battle with the fierce Pelesta and Teucrians and Daunians who swarmed in
+their piratical craft upon the midland sea, entering the Nile mouths,
+and raiding upon the fat and peaceable plains of the Delta.
+
+[Illustration: FLEET OF EGYPTIAN QUEEN.]
+
+The Egyptian boats present several noticeable features. Built evidently
+with considerable camber, they rise high from the water both at stem and
+stern, the ends finished off into a point or else curved upwards and
+ornamented with mystic figure-heads representing one or other of the
+numerous gods. The steering is conducted by two or more paddles fastened
+to the sides of the boat in the larger class, and sometimes having the
+loom of the paddle lengthened and attached to an upright post to which
+it is loosely bound. A tiller is inserted in the handle, and to this a
+steering cord fastened, by which the helmsman can turn the blade of the
+paddle at will. The paddles vary but little in shape. They are mostly
+pointed, and have but a moderate breadth of blade. In some of the
+paintings they are being used as paddles proper, in others as oars
+against a curved projection from the vessel's side serving as a thowl.
+But whether this is solid or whether it is a thong, like the Greek
+[tropôthęr], against which the oarsman is rowing, it is not easy to say.
+
+The larger vessels depicted with oars have in some cases as many as
+twenty-five shown on one side. In others the number is less. But it is
+quite possible that the artist did not care to portray more than would
+be sufficient to indicate conventionally the size of the vessel. In some
+of the vessels there are apertures like oar-ports, though no oars are
+shown in them, which raise a presumption that the invention of the
+bireme, the origin of which is uncertain, may with some probability be
+attributed to the Egyptians. The larger vessels are all fitted with
+sailing gear, and the rowing is evidently subsidiary to the sail as a
+means of locomotion. The wall paintings of Egypt give us ample details
+of Egyptian ships and boats extending over a period, as we are told, of
+twenty centuries and more. In them we have a glimpse of the maritime
+enterprise, in which the oar must have taken a principal part, of the
+races which inhabited the seaboard of the Mediterranean in which piracy
+had its home from very early times. Teucrians, Dardanians, Pelesta (?
+Pelasgians), Daunians, Tyrrhenians, Oscans, all seem to have been
+sea-going peoples, and at intervals to have provoked by their marauding
+the wrath of Pharaoh and to have felt his avenging hand.
+
+But of all the seafaring races that made their homes and highways upon
+the waters of the great inland sea, the most famous of early times were
+the Ph[oe]nicians. According to some accounts connected with Capthor
+(Copts), and according to others emigrants from the coast of the Persian
+Gulf, their genius for maritime enterprise asserted itself very early,
+so that already before Homer's time they were masters of the commerce of
+the Mediterranean, and had rowed their dark keels beyond the mystic
+pillars that guarded the opening of the ocean stream.
+
+And yet, though the facts are certain, we know but little of these
+famous mariners, of their vessels and their gear. The only
+representation of their vessels is from the walls of the palaces of
+their Assyrian conquerors, an inland people, not likely to detect or
+appreciate any technical want of fidelity in the likeness presented.
+And, accordingly, the pictures are conventional, telling us but little
+of that which we should like to know about their build, and oars, and
+oar ports, &c. The date, moreover, is not in all probability earlier
+than 900 B.C.
+
+Such being the case, we are driven for information to the more ample
+store of Greek literature, and to Greek vases for the earliest
+representations of the Greek vessel.
+
+Homer abounds in sea pictures. He has a wealth of descriptive words,
+touches of light and colour which bring the sea and its waves and the
+vessel and its details with vivid and picturesque effect before us. His
+ships are black and have their bows painted with vermilion, or red of
+some other tone; they are sharp and swift, and bows and stern curve
+upwards like the horns of oxen. And withal they are rounded on both
+sides, and well timbered and hollowed out, and roomy, having by the gift
+of the poet a facile combination of all the opposite qualities, so
+desirable and so difficult in practice to unite. As yet there is no spur
+or ram, but round the solid stempost shrieks the wave, as the vessel is
+urged onward either by the mighty hands of heroes, or the god-sent
+breeze that follows aft. Nor is the vessel decked, except for a short
+space at bow and stern, where it had raised platforms. On the
+quarterdeck, so to speak, of the stern sat the great chiefs, whose
+warriors plied the oar, and there they laid their spears ready for use.
+There also was the standing place of the steersman who wielded the long
+paddle which served to guide the vessel. The thwarts which tied the
+vessel's sides together (yokes or keys as they are called) served as
+benches for the oarsmen; those amidships had the heaviest and longest
+oars, so that they were places of honour reserved for the heaviest and
+strongest men, e.g. for Hercules and Ancćus in the Argo. Whether the
+'sevenfoot,' to which Ajax retreats from the stern deck, when defending
+the Greek ships against the Trojans and hard pressed by them, be bench
+or stretcher, it gives us an idea of the breadth of the Homeric vessel
+at or near the place of the stroke oar. Long low galleys they must have
+been, with a middle plank running fore and aft, interrupted by the
+'tabernacle,' in which the mast when hoisted was secured, having fore
+and back stays. The warriors were oarsmen, the oarsmen warriors. The
+smallest complement, as Thucydides observes, was fifty, the largest one
+hundred and twenty.
+
+It is doubtful how far the Alexandrine poets can be relied upon as
+giving accurate information respecting details of ancient use. Yet we
+have many lifelike pictures and a great profusion of details, drawn no
+doubt from the ample stores of antiquarian knowledge which these
+laborious men of letters had at their service in the great Alexandrine
+library, and these go to fill up that which is lacking in the Homeric
+picture. And so when Apollonius the Rhodian paints for us such scenes as
+those of the building of the Argo, the launching, the detail of the
+crew, and the starting of the vessel, we cannot help feeling that they
+are described _con amore_, not of the sea, or of ships, or of rowing,
+but of the literary beauty of similar descriptions by earlier poets. In
+a word, they are at second hand. But better this than none at all.
+
+[Illustration: ANCIENT BOAT DEPICTED ON VASE.]
+
+The 'bireme,' or two-banked vessel, does not appear in Homer. But, as we
+have seen, it was probably in existence before Homer's time. If of
+Egyptian parentage, it was adapted for use on the Mediterranean waters
+by the shipwrights of Sidon or Tyre. It is a curious reflection that
+this remarkable evolution of banked vessels should, so far as we can
+judge, have occupied about two thousand years; the curve, if we may use
+the expression, of development rising to the highest point in the
+useless Tesseraconteres of Ptolemy, and after Actium declining to the
+dromons and biremes of the Byzantine Emperor Leo, and finally subsiding
+into the monocrota or one-banked vessels, the galleys of medićval times.
+
+The problem which taxed the ingenuity of those early shipwrights was
+briefly this, how to get greater means of propulsion by increasing the
+number of oars, without such increase in the length of the ship as
+would, by increased weight, neutralise the advantage and still further
+diminish that facility in turning which was of the greatest moment to
+the ancient war-vessel. Galleys with fifty oars on either side had
+already been constructed,[2] and all the speed that a hundred pairs of
+hands could give had been obtained, when the invention of the bireme
+exhibited the means of nearly doubling the power without much increasing
+the weight to be moved, since but little additional height or breadth
+was required.
+
+  [2] Perhaps even with a hundred, if [hekathozygos] is to be taken
+      literally.
+
+The normal adjustment of the horizontal space between the oarsmen was
+then, as it is now, regulated by that canon of the ancient philosopher,
+'Man is the measure of all things.' Twice the man's cubit gives room for
+his legs when in a sitting posture. Hence the two-cubit standard
+([schęma dipęchaikhon]) which is referred to by Vitruvius as the basis
+of proportion in other constructions besides ships and boats. Given this
+as the interscalmium (space between the thowls) or distance between
+points at which the oars in the same tier were rowed, it is clear that
+the rowing space of a vessel's side would be, for a penteconter, or
+twenty-five a side, seventy-five feet, and for a hecatonter, if there
+ever was such a thing, 150 feet. To this must be added the parts outside
+the oarage space ([parexeireshia]), for the bows ten feet, and something
+more, say twelve feet, for the stern. So that a penteconter would be a
+long low galley of about ninety-seven feet in length. The new invention
+nearly doubled the number of oars without increasing the length of the
+oarage space.
+
+It was found that by making apertures in the vessel's sides at about
+three feet from the water and dividing the space between the (zyga)
+thwarts, room could be made for a second row of men with shorter oars,
+but still handy and able to add to the propulsion of the vessel. For
+these seats were found in the hold (thalamus), and hence while the upper
+tier of the bireme took their name from the zyga, benches or thwarts,
+and were called 'Zygites,' the men of the lower tier were called
+'Thalamites.' These names were continued when the invention of the
+'thranos,' or upper seat, had added a third or upper tier with longer
+oars to the system, and so introduced the trireme. If the number of the
+zygites in the penteconter was twenty-five a side, and the first bireme
+was a converted vessel of that class, the number of thalamites, owing to
+the contraction of the bow and the stern, would necessarily be two or
+three a side less. Thus we may consider a converted penteconter to have
+been capable of carrying a rowing crew of between 90 and 100 men.
+Similarly a triaconter would have been capable of adding nearly twenty
+pairs of arms to her propelling power. When, in consequence of the new
+invention, vessels were expressly built as triremes, we may imagine that
+for convenience' sake the benches or zyga would be a little raised, so
+as to give more room for the raised seat of the thalamites that was
+fastened on to the floor of the vessel.
+
+The narrowness of the vessels affected the disposition of the rowers in
+the Greek galleys in a peculiar way. It is evident from the testimony of
+the ancients that they adhered strictly to the principle of 'one man to
+each oar.' The arrangement seen in medićval galleys was absolutely
+unknown to them, and would not have suited them. It belongs to a
+different epoch and a different order of things, when the invention of
+the 'apostis' had made the use of large sweeps rowed by two or three men
+possible, and a vessel with sets of three rowing upon the same
+horizontal plane might be called a trireme, though utterly unlike the
+ancient vessel of that name.
+
+In the ancient vessel the tiers of oarsmen must have sat in nearly the
+same vertical plane, obliquely arranged, one behind and below the other.
+Thus in the bireme the zygite, as he sat on his bench, had behind him
+and below him his thalamite whose head was about 18 inches behind the
+zygite thwart and a little above it. Moreover, as his seat was now a
+little raised, the zygite required an _appui_ for his feet, which was
+formed for him on the bench on which the thalamite next below and in
+front of him was sitting; on either side of him his feet found a
+resting-place. As the zygite fell back during the stroke and
+straightened his knees, there was plenty of room for the thalamite
+below to throw his weight also on to his oar. There seems to have been
+but little forward motion of the body. The arms were stretched out
+smartly for the recovery, as we learn from Charon's instructions to
+Dionysus in the 'Frogs' of Aristophanes, and then a _driving smiting_
+stroke was given (cf. the words [helahynein, pahiein, hanarrhiptein hala
+pędô]) and the brine tossed up by the blade.
+
+When once the principle had been established, by which additional power
+could be gained without increasing the length of the vessel, and had
+been tested by practical experience, its development was sure to follow.
+What century witnessed the birth of the trireme is not certain, but
+probably by 800 B.C. the earliest vessels of this description had been
+launched. The quick-witted sharp-eyed Greek was not slow to copy, and by
+the beginning of the next century the busy shipwrights of Corinth were
+building the new craft for Samians as well as for themselves.
+
+It is, however, in the Attic trireme such as composed the fleets of
+Phormio and Conon that historical interest has centred, and though
+quinqueremes were commonly in use in the second and third centuries,
+B.C., and even still larger rates of war vessels constructed till they
+were _inhabilis prope magnitudinis_, unwieldy leviathans, such as the
+sixteen-banked flagship of Demetrius Poliorcetes, yet the interest in
+the trireme has never failed, and the splendour of its achievements has
+insured to it an attention on the part of the learned which no other
+class of vessel has been able to attract to itself. The problem of
+construction of the trireme, and of the method of its propulsion, has
+exercised the ingenuity of scholars ever since the revival of letters.
+It has a literature of its own, and it may fairly be said that if the
+enigma has not been solved, it is not for want of industry or acumen.
+
+One point we may as well make clear at once, viz., that whatever was the
+vessel the ancients invariably went upon the principle, _One man, one
+oar_. Volumes have been wasted in attempts to prove that the arrangement
+of the ancient galleys with respect to propulsion were identical with,
+or very similar to, those of the medićval galleys of Genoa or Venice.
+But the medićval galleys were essentially _monocrota_, or one-banked
+vessels, though they may have been double-banked or treble-banked in the
+sense that two or three men were employed upon one oar.
+
+[Illustration: BAS-RELIEF OF ANCIENT GREEK ROWING BOAT.]
+
+Another distinction that it is necessary to note with reference to the
+ancient galleys is that they were called _Aphract_ or _Kataphract_
+according as the upper tier of rowers was unprotected and exposed to
+view, or fenced in by a bulwark stout enough to protect them from the
+enemy's missiles. The system of side planking is observable as already
+adopted in some of the Egyptian vessels, though of the Greeks the
+Thasians are credited with the invention.
+
+In the year 1834, during the process of excavating some ground for new
+public buildings in the Pirćus near Athens, some engraved stone slabs
+were found built up in a low wall which had been uncovered. These were
+happily preserved and deciphered, and were found to be records of the
+dockyard authorities of the Athenian admiralty in the second and third
+centuries before Christ. Many interesting details were thus brought to
+light which were set in order by the illustrious scholar Boeckh in his
+volume entitled 'Urkunden über das Seewesen des attischen Staates.' His
+pupil Dr. Graser has carried on his researches by the examination of
+innumerable coins, vases, etc., and has rescued the subject from much of
+the obscurity which enveloped it. The following description of the
+trireme, based upon his labours, is quoted, by permission, from the new
+edition of the 'Encyclopćdia Britannica,' vol. xxi. pp. 806, 807.
+
+    In describing the trireme it will be convenient to deal first
+    with the disposition of the rowers and subsequently with the
+    construction of the vessel itself. The object of arranging the
+    oars in banks was to economise horizontal space and to obtain an
+    increase in the number of oars without having to lengthen the
+    vessel. We know from Vitruvius that the 'interscalmium,' or
+    space horizontally measured from oar to oar, was two cubits.
+    This is exactly borne out by the proportions of an Attic aphract
+    trireme, as shown on a fragment of a bas-relief found in the
+    Acropolis. The rowers in all classes of banked vessels sat in
+    the same vertical plane, the seats ascending in a line obliquely
+    towards the stern of the vessel. Thus in a trireme the thranite,
+    or oarsman of the highest bank, was nearest the stern of the set
+    of three to which he belonged. Next behind him and somewhat
+    below him sat his zygite, or oarsman of the second bank; and
+    next below and behind the zygite sat the thalamite, or oarsman
+    of the lowest bank. The vertical distance between these seats
+    was 2 feet, the horizontal distance about 1 foot. The horizontal
+    distance, it is well to repeat, between each seat in the same
+    bank was 3 feet (the seat itself about 9 inches broad). Each man
+    had a resting-place for his feet, somewhat wide apart, fixed to
+    the bench of the man on the row next below and in front of him.
+    In rowing, the upper hand, as is shown in most of the
+    representations which remain, was held with the palm turned
+    inwards towards the body. This is accounted for by the angle at
+    which the oar was worked. The lowest rank used the shortest
+    oars, and the difference of the length of the oars on board was
+    caused by the curvature of the ship's side. Thus, looked at from
+    within, the rowers amidship seemed to be using the longest oars,
+    but outside the vessel, as we are expressly told, all the
+    oar-blades of the same bank took the water in the same
+    longitudinal line. The lowest or thalamite oar-ports were 3
+    feet, the zygite 4-1/4 feet, the thranite 5-1/2 feet above the
+    water. Each oar-port was protected by an _ascoma_ or leather
+    bag, which fitted over the oar, closing the aperture against the
+    wash of the sea without impeding the action of the oar. The oar
+    was tied by a thong, against which it was probably rowed, which
+    itself was attached to a thowl ([skalmhos]). The port-hole was
+    probably oval in shape (the Egyptian and Assyrian pictures show
+    an oblong). We know that it was large enough for a man's head to
+    be thrust through it.
+
+[Illustration: ANCIENT GALLEY FIGHT, FROM POMPEII.]
+
+    The benches on which the rowers sat ran from the vessel's side
+    to timbers which, inclined at an angle of about 64° towards the
+    ship's stern, reached from the lower to the upper deck. These
+    timbers were, according to Graser, called the diaphragmata. In
+    the trireme each diaphragma supported three, in the quinquereme
+    five, in the octireme eight, and in the famous tesseraconteres
+    forty seats of rowers, who all belonged to the same 'complexus,'
+    though each to a different bank. In effect, when once the
+    principle of construction had been established in the trireme,
+    the increase to larger rates was effected, so far as the motive
+    power was concerned, by lengthening the diaphragmata upwards,
+    while the increase in the length of the vessel gave a greater
+    number of rowers to each bank. The upper tiers of oarsmen
+    exceeded in number those below, as the contraction of the sides
+    of the vessel left less available space towards the bows.
+
+    Of the length of the oars in the trireme we have an indication
+    in the fact that the length of supernumerary oars ([perinheô])
+    rowed from the gangway above the thranites, and therefore
+    probably slightly exceeding the thranitic oars in length, is
+    given in the Attic tables as 14 feet 3 inches. The thranites
+    were probably about 14 feet. The zygite, in proportion to the
+    measurement, must have been 10-1/2, the thalamite 7-1/2 feet
+    long. Comparing modern oars with these, we find that the longest
+    oars used in the British navy are 18 feet. The University race
+    is rowed with oars 12 feet 9 inches. The proportion of the loom
+    inboard was about one third, but the oars of the rowers amidship
+    must have been somewhat longer inboard. The size of the loom
+    inboard preserved the necessary equilibrium. The long oars of
+    the larger rates were weighted inboard with lead. Thus the
+    topmost oars of the tesseraconteres, of which the length was 53
+    feet, were exactly balanced at the rowlock.
+
+    The Attic trireme was built light for speed and for ramming
+    purposes. Her dimensions, so far as we can gather them from the
+    scattered notices of antiquity, were probably approximately as
+    follows:--length of rowing space ([hegkôpon]), 93 feet; bows, 11
+    feet; stern, 14 feet; total, 118 feet; add 10 feet for the beak.
+    The breadth at the water-line is calculated at 14 feet, and
+    above at the broadest part 18 feet, exclusive of the gangways;
+    the space between the diaphragmata mentioned above was 7 feet.
+    The deck was 11 feet above the water-line, and the draught about
+    8 to 9 feet. All the Attic triremes appear to have been built
+    upon the same model, and their gear was interchangeable. The
+    Athenians had a peculiar system of girding the ships with long
+    cables ([hypozhômata]), each trireme having two or more, which,
+    passing through eyeholes in front of the stem-post, ran all
+    round the vessel lengthwise immediately under the waling-pieces.
+    They were fastened at the stern and tightened up with levers.
+    These cables, by shrinking as soon as they were wet, tightened
+    the whole fabric of the vessel, and in action, in all
+    probability, relieved the hull from part of the shock of
+    ramming, the strain of which would be sustained by the
+    waling-pieces convergent in the beaks. These rope-girdles are
+    not to be confused with the process of undergirding or frapping,
+    such as is narrated of the vessel in which St. Paul was being
+    carried to Italy. The trireme appears to have had three masts.
+    The mainmast carried square sails, probably two in number. The
+    foremast and the mizen carried lateen sails. In action the
+    Greeks did not use sails, and everything that could be lowered
+    was stowed below. The mainmasts and larger sails were often
+    left ashore if a conflict was expected.
+
+    The crew of the Attic trireme consisted of from 200 to 225 men
+    in all. Of these 174 were rowers--54 on the lower bank
+    (thalamites), 58 on the middle bank (zygites), and 62 on the
+    upper bank (thranites),--the upper oars being more numerous
+    because of the contraction of the space available for the lower
+    tiers near the bow and stern. Besides the rowers were about 10
+    marines ([hepibhatai]) and 20 seamen. The officers were the
+    trierarch and next to him the helmsman ([kubernhętęs]), who was
+    the navigating officer of the trireme. Each tier of rowers had
+    its captain ([stoicharchhos]). There were also the captain of
+    the forecastle ([prôrehys]), the 'keleustes' who gave the time
+    to the rowers, and the ship's piper ([trięraulhęs]). The rowers
+    descended into the seven-foot space between the diaphragmata and
+    took their places in regular order, beginning with the
+    thalamites. The economy of space was such that, as Cicero
+    remarks, there was not room for one man more.
+
+Such, we may believe, was the trireme of the palmy days of Athens. Built
+for speed, it was necessarily light and handy, and easily turned, so
+that the formidable beak could be plunged into the enemy's side, the
+moment a chance was given. But it required sea room for its
+man[oe]uvres, and in a narrow strait or land-locked harbour, such as
+that of Syracuse, was no match for the solid balks of timber with which
+Corinthian and Syracusan shipwrights strengthened the bows of their
+vessels. Against these the pride of Athens was hurled in vain, only to
+find itself broken up and rendered unseaworthy by the crash of its own
+ram.
+
+With the defeat of Athens comes in the fashion of larger vessels with
+more banks of oars, quadriremes, quinqueremes, and so on up to sixteen
+banks, when the increase of the motive power had been more than
+overtaken by the increase in bulk and weight. The principles of
+construction in these larger vessels seem to have been the same as in
+the trireme. The space for each man was probably somewhat less, and the
+handles of the upper tiers of oars were weighted with lead, so as to
+give a balance at the thowl between the parts outboard and inboard.
+
+A question difficult to solve has often been raised respecting the pace
+at which these ancient galleys could be propelled. If five-man power
+could be taken as equivalent to one-horse power, then for the propulsion
+of the trireme there would have been available about thirty-five horse
+power, but that would hardly give a very high rate of speed.
+
+There is a passage in Xenophon[3] in which he speaks of a distance of
+about 150 nautical miles, from Byzantium to Heraclea, as possible for a
+trireme in a day, but a long day's work. Assuming eighteen hours' work
+out of the twenty-four, a speed of something over eight knots per hour
+would be required for this, which may perhaps seem excessive. Still we
+may believe that by a crew when fresh a pace not less than this could be
+achieved.
+
+  [3] _Anab._ vi. 42.
+
+The Romans, though it may be inferred from treaties with Carthage and
+with Tarentum that they had some kind of fleet in the time even of the
+kings, yet did not apply themselves readily to maritime pursuits, and
+made no serious effort to become masters of the Mediterranean till the
+first Punic War. We hear then of their copying a quinquereme which had
+fallen into their hands by accident. A fleet was constructed in sixty
+days from the time that the trees were first cut down, and meantime
+crews were practised diligently in rowing on dry land in a framework of
+timber which represented the interior of the vessels that were building.
+This first essay at extemporising a fleet does not seem to have been
+very successful. But nothing daunted they persevered, and the second
+venture under the Admiral Duillius took with it to sea a new invention
+called the 'corvus,' a sort of boarding bridge by which, when it once
+fell on the enemy's vessel, the Roman infantry soon found its way on to
+his deck, and made short work with the swarthy African crew. This
+revolutionised the maritime struggle, and gave unexpectedly the naval
+superiority to Rome. The large vessels of war (_alta navium
+propugnacula_) continued to be built until the time of Actium, when the
+light Liburnian galleys, which were biremes, were found to be more than
+a match for the leviathans, whose doom from that moment was sealed.
+
+From that time, with the exception of the accounts of _naumachić_, there
+is very little of interest about galleys to be gathered. The coins and
+the paintings of Pompeii show us craft degenerating in type. The column
+of Trajan exhibits biremes as still in vogue. Later on there is a light
+thrown upon the subject by the _Tactica_ of the Byzantine Emperor Leo
+about 800 A.D., who gives directions as to the building and composition
+of his fleet, which is to consist of biremes, or dromones as he calls
+them, and light galleys with one bank of oars.
+
+From these latter eventually sprang the medićval galley, which however
+differed from the ancient galley in the arrangement of its oars by the
+use of the 'apostis,' a projecting framework which took the place of the
+ancient 'parodus,' and upon which the thowls were placed, against which
+the long sweeps could be plied by two or three men attached to each. For
+full and accurate descriptions of these medićval vessels the reader who
+has any curiosity on the subject should consult the ample works of M.
+Jal. His _Archéologie Navale_ and _Glossaire Nautique_ contain the
+fullest information as regards the build, and fittings, and crews of the
+medićval galley. The sorrows and sufferings of 'la Chiourme' were enough
+to give rowing a bad name, as an employment too cruel even for slaves
+and fit to be reserved for criminals of the worst description.
+
+It is in England, and in the hands of English free men and boys, that
+the oar has maintained an honourable name, as the instrument of a
+pastime healthy and vigorous, with a record not inglorious of struggles
+in which the strength and skill of the nation's youth have contended for
+the pride of place and the joy of victory.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE RISE OF MODERN OARSMANSHIP.
+
+[Illustration: HENLEY COURSE (BETWEEN RACES).]
+
+GENERAL.
+
+
+Written records of rowing performances in the last century are but
+scarce. In 1715 Mr. Doggett, comedian, founded a race which has survived
+to the present day--to wit, 'Doggett's coat and badge' (of freedom of
+the river). 'Watermen' have to serve as 'apprentices' for seven years,
+during which time they may not ply for hire on their own account, but
+only on behalf of their masters. When they have served their time they
+can become 'free' of the river, on payment of certain fees to the
+Corporation.
+
+In order to encourage good oarsmanship, prizes which paid the fees for
+freedom, and bestowed a 'coat and badge' of merit, have often been given
+by patrons of aquatics. Doggett's prize is the oldest of its class, and
+of all established races. The contest used to be from London Bridge to
+Chelsea against the ebb--a severe test of stamina; and formerly six
+only of the many applicants for competition were allowed to row, being
+selected by lot. The race is now reformed. It is managed by the
+Fishmongers' Company. The course is changed, so far that it is now rowed
+on the flood. This makes it fairer; on the ebb, it is hard to pass a
+leader who hugs the shore in the slack tide. 'Trial heats' are now
+rowed, to weed off competitors till the old standard number of six only
+are left in. Authentic records of the race exist since 1791.
+
+Mr. Brickwood, who has taken much pains to look up old accounts, informs
+us in his 'Boat Racing' that the Westminster 'water ledger,' dating June
+1813, is the earliest authentic record of Thames aquatics of this
+century. We venture to give the result of Mr. Brickwood's researches in
+his own words:--
+
+    This book commences in the year 1813 with a single list of the
+    six-oared boat 'Fly,' viz., Messrs. H. Parry, E. O. Cleaver, E.
+    Parry, W. Markham, W. F. de Ros, G. Randolph. The 'Fly'
+    continued to be the only boat of this school down to 1816
+    inclusive, in which latter year it 'beat the Temple six-oared
+    boat (Mr. Church stroke), in a race from Johnson's dock to
+    Westminster Bridge, by half a boat; the latter men having been
+    beat before;' to which is added a note that the Temple boat
+    'requested the K. S. to row this short distance, having been
+    completely beat by them in a longer row the same evening.' In
+    1817 there was a six-oar built for Westminster, called the
+    'Defiance,' and 'sheepskin seats were introduced.' In 1818, the
+    'Westminster were challenged by the Etonians,' and a six-oared
+    crew was in course of preparation for the race, but the contest
+    was prohibited. In 1819 an eight-oar called the 'Victory' was
+    launched, but the six-oar 'Defiance' appears to have been the
+    representative crew of the school, for there is a note that in
+    the spring of 1821 'the boat improved considerably and beat the
+    "Eagle" in a short pull from Battersea to Putney Bridge.' In
+    1823 a new six-oared cutter was built, and the name of 'Queen
+    Bess' given in honour of the illustrious foundress. In 1823 this
+    boat was started from the Horseferry at half past five in the
+    morning, and reached Chertsey bridge by three o'clock. On their
+    way back they dined at Walton, and again reached the Horseferry
+    by a quarter before nine. The crew of the eight-oar 'Victory' in
+    the same year 'distinguished themselves in the Temple race and
+    several others.' A new eight called the 'Challenge' was launched
+    in 1824, and the record says this boat did beat every boat that
+    it came alongside of, as also did the 'Victory.' And again in
+    April 13, 1825, this boat ('Challenge') started from the
+    Horseferry at four minutes past three in the morning, reached
+    Sunbury to breakfast at half past seven, and having taken
+    luncheon at the London Stairs, just above Staines, went through
+    Windsor bridge by two o'clock in the afternoon. After having
+    seen Eton, the crew returned to Staines to dinner, and
+    ultimately arrived at the Horseferry, having performed this
+    distance in twenty-one hours. The locks detained them full three
+    hours, and, including all stoppages, they were detained seven
+    hours. A waterman of the name of Ellis steered the boat in this
+    excursion, and both steered and conducted himself remarkably
+    well.
+
+Such are some of the early Westminster School annals, as collated by Mr.
+Brickwood. One cannot help feeling that if these long journeys were
+samples of the school aquatics, it is not to be wondered that parents
+and guardians of old days imbibed prejudices against rowing, and
+considered it injurious both to health and to study.
+
+In the following decade there seem to have been plenty of aquatics
+current. The 'Bell's Life' files of those days teem with aquatic notes.
+One day we read (dated May 26, 1834) a self-exculpatory letter from Dr.
+Williamson, head-master of Westminster School, explaining why he did not
+approve of his scholars rowing a match against Eton, and complaining of
+the 'intemperance and excesses which such matches lead to.'
+
+On July 3, says 'Bell' of July 6 in that year, a match was rowed between
+a randan (Campbell, Moulton, and Godfrey) and a four-oar (Harris, Eld,
+Butcher, and Dodd, Cole cox.)--from Putney to Westminster. The randan
+were favourites, and led; but Moulton fainted, and the four won. The
+race was for a purse of 70_l._--50_l._ for winners and 20_l._ for
+losers. In the same paper, Williams challenges Campbell to a
+match--apparently for the incipient title of Champion of the Thames.
+Williams wishes Campbell to stake 40_l._ to 30_l._, because he is six
+years the younger. Compare the modesty of these stakes with those for
+which modern champion, and some less important matches, are rowed!
+
+[Illustration: METHOD OF STARTING THE COLLEGE EIGHTS PRIOR TO
+1825--OXFORD.]
+
+'Lyons House' seems to have been a sort of resort for amateurs. Cole,
+who steered the waterman's four (_supra_) _v._ the randan, is described
+as the waterman of those rooms.
+
+On July 8, same year, a Mr. Kemp, of the 3rd Dragoon Guards, matches
+himself for a large stake to 'row his own boat' from Hampton Court to
+Westminster and back in nine hours. Time is favourite, but Mr. Kemp wins
+by 27 minutes, having met the tide for several miles of his voyage. Such
+are a few samples of the current style of aquatic sports between 1830
+and 1840.
+
+The 'Wingfield Sculls' were founded in 1830, given by the donor, whose
+name they bear, to be held as a challenge prize by the best sculler of
+the day from Westminster to Putney, against all comers, on the '4th of
+August for ever'--so a silver plate in the lid of the old box which
+holds the silver sculls bears testimony. Since its foundation the prize
+has been more than once placed on a different footing. Parliaments of
+old champions and competitors for the prize have been summoned, and the
+original donor gave assent to the changes of course and _régime_. Lists
+of winners and competitors from year to year, with notes as to the
+course rowed, will be found in 'Tables' later on. The race has from its
+earliest years been described by amateurs as equivalent of 'amateur
+championship.' A panoply of silver plates has grown up in and around the
+box which holds the trophy, and on these plates is recorded the name of
+each winner from year to year. About a quarter of a century ago a
+'champion badge' was instituted. It consists of a small edition of the
+Diamond Sculls (Henley) challenge prize; as to shape, it is a pair of
+silver sculls crossed with an enamel wreath and mounted on a ribbon like
+a 'decoration' or 'order.' There is a 'clasp' for the year of winning. A
+second win only adds a fresh clasp with date, but no second badge. The
+secretary of the 'order' is Mr. E. D. Brickwood, himself winner of the
+title in 1861.
+
+
+UNIVERSITY TRAINING.
+
+Eight-oars had been manned at Eton before they found their way to
+Oxford. At Cambridge they appeared still later. At both Universities a
+plurality of eight-oars clubs had existed for some seasons before the
+first University match--1829.
+
+In 1881, at the time when the 'Jubilee' dinner of University boat-racing
+was held, the writer took the opportunity of the presence in London of
+the Rev. T. Staniforth, the stroke of the first winning University
+eight, to inquire from him his recollections of college boat-racing in
+his undergraduate days.
+
+Fortunately for posterity, Mr. Staniforth had kept a diary during his
+Oxford career, and it had noted many a fact connected with aquatics. He
+kindly undertook to bring to London at his next visit his diaries of
+Oxford days. He met the writer, searched his diaries, and out of them
+recorded history which was taken down from his lips, and reduced to the
+following article, which appeared in 'Land and Water' of December 17,
+1881.[4] It is now reproduced verbatim, by leave. The writer regrets to
+say that, from various causes, he has been unable to pursue his
+researches beyond the dates when Mr. Staniforth's diaries cease to
+record Oxford aquatics.
+
+  [4] See Appendix.
+
+There must be many an old oarsman still alive who can recall historical
+facts between 1830 and 1836, and it is hoped that such memories may be
+reduced to writing for the benefit of posterity, and for the honour of
+the oarsmen of those years, before _tempus edax rerum_ makes it too
+late.
+
+The writer considers that he will do better thus to reproduce verbatim
+his own former contribution to 'Land and Water' than to paraphrase it.
+The more so because much of the text of it is actually the [hepea
+pterhoenta] of the old Oxford stroke, taken down as uttered from his
+lips to the writer, and read over again to him for emendation or other
+alteration, before the interview in question was concluded. It may be
+added that Mr. Staniforth kindly showed to the writer the actual text of
+the diaries referred to, from which he refreshed his memory and recorded
+the appended history.
+
+As to the intermediate history between 1830 and 1837, in which year the
+Brasenose boating record opens (two seasons before an O.U.B.C. was
+founded), Christ Church started head in 1837; therefore, apparently,
+they finished head in 1836.
+
+[Illustration: OXFORD BOAT IN 1829.]
+
+Mr. Brickwood, in his book on 'Boat Racing,' has collected some history
+of these years, but unfortunately he does not record the source, so that
+what might be a tree of knowledge for inquirers to pluck more from seems
+to be sealed against our curiosity. We have, however, to thank him for
+the following information, which we reproduce (page 157 of 'Boat
+Racing'):--
+
+    1833.--Queen's College is chronicled as head of the river at
+    Oxford this being the only record between 1825 and 1834. Christ
+    Church, it is true, was said to have kept that position for many
+    years, but the precise number is not given. However, there seems
+    no doubt that Christ Church was head in 1834, 1835, and 1836,
+    after which the official record commences.
+
+Mr. Brickwood, moreover, seems to have gleaned from some independent
+source sundry valuable details of early Oxford races. He tells us that
+'the first known races were those of the college eights in 1815, when
+Brasenose was the head boat, and their chief and perhaps their only
+opponent was Jesus.' He speaks of four-oared races in the next ensuing
+years, and of a match between Mr. de Ros' four and a pair manned by a
+B.N.C. man and a waterman--won by the pair. Then comes some information
+as to the years 1822, 1824, and 1825, which exactly tallies with Mr.
+Staniforth's journals, save that Mr. Brickwood ascribes the
+discontinuance of the races in 1823 directly to the recorded quarrel
+between B.N.C. and Jesus; whereas Mr. Staniforth attributes it to the
+untimely death of Musgrave (_supra_).
+
+The first University race took place in 1829, over the course from
+Hambledon Lock to Henley. Mr. Staniforth states that till the Oxford
+went to practise over the course, no one thought of steering an eight
+through the Berks channel, past 'regatta' island. However, the Oxonians
+'timed' the two straits, and decided to select the Berks one, if they
+got the chance. They took that channel in the race and won easily. A
+foul occurred in the first essay at starting, and the boats were
+restarted. This pair of pioneer University crews produced men of more
+than usual celebrity in after life: two embryo bishops, three deans, one
+prebendary, and divers others hereafter
+
+      In hamlet and hall
+      As well known to all
+    As the vane of the old church spire.
+
+The full list of the crews engaged in this and in all other contests in
+which Universities were represented, will be found in 'Tables' towards
+the end of this volume. At this time there was no O.U.B.C., nor did such
+an organisation exist until 1839, when a 'meeting of strokes' of the
+various colleges was convened, and a generally representative club was
+founded. At Cambridge a U.B.C. had existed since 1827. In that year the
+system of college eights seems to have been instituted, according to the
+testimony of Dr. Merivale, still Dean of Ely, and a member of the
+C.U.B.C. crew of 1829. Trinity were head of the river on that occasion,
+and there seems to have been also a Westminster club, of an independent
+nature in Trinity. The records of college racing at Cambridge seem to be
+unbroken since their institution; whereas those of Oxford were for many
+years unofficial and without central organisation, and consequently
+without official record, until 1839. The Brasenose Club record dates
+from 1837.
+
+[Illustration: BUMPING RACES (OLD STYLE).]
+
+The next occasion in which a University eight figured was in a match
+which somehow seems to have slipped out of public memory, though it
+occurred several years later than the first match between the
+Universities. The writer was talking to old George West, the well-known
+Oxford waterman, in 1882, at the L.R.C. boat-house, while waiting for
+the practice of the U.B.C. crews of that year. Casually old George
+remarked, 'I steered a University eight once, sir.' The writer looked
+incredulous. 'Yes, against Leander--Leander won,' quoth George. The
+writer had known West since his school days, and had heard him
+recapitulate his aquatic memories times out of mind, but never till
+that hour had he heard any allusion to this Leander match. Only the year
+before, the 'Jubilee' dinner of old Blues had taken place, and all who
+had ever been known to have represented their University in a match or
+regatta were asked to join in the celebration. At that date not one of
+the executive had any inkling of this match, although one of the Oxford
+crew, the present Bishop of Norwich, could certainly have been found at
+an hour's notice. Letters from old oarsmen, who had not actually rowed
+for the flag (often because there was no match during their career),
+used to pour in while the jubilee feast was in preparation, asking for
+admittance to it. None of this Oxford crew seem to have put in any
+claim. A slight, though an unintentional one, was thus perpetrated upon
+all of them, whether alive or dead, by the omission to record them as
+old Blues on that occasion. When the writer compiled the history of 'Old
+Blues and their Battles,' which Mr. G. T. Treherne incorporated in his
+book of 'Record of the University Boat Race,' and which was published
+soon after the jubilee, neither of these gentlemen was aware of this
+race. No speaker at the banquet seemed to remember or allude to it. Yet,
+on referring to old files of 'Bell's Life,' record of this match is to
+be found. Since it was recorded in that journal, it seems to have been
+unnoticed in any print till now. Better late than never; the performers
+in it are now officially brought to light, and their names will be found
+in the tables of University oarsmen and their opponents, later on.
+
+This match was for 200_l._ a side. Leander would row on no other terms,
+and insisted on having their own waterman to steer them, as they did in
+their later matches against Cambridge. This was the only Oxford
+University eight ever steered by a professional. Only one of the 1829
+crew seems to have remained to do duty in this race. The Pelham referred
+to is now Bishop of Norwich. He used, before this, to row in the Christ
+Church eight behind Staniforth. The Waterford is the former marquis of
+that ilk, who lost his life later on through a fall when hunting. _En
+passant_, it may be mentioned that Bishop Selwyn (of C.U.B.C. crew
+1829) and Pelham of Oxford 1834, each begat sons who rowed for their
+respective Universities: Selwyn, junr. 1864 and 1866; Pelham, junr. 1877
+and 1878. The latter oarsman unfortunately lost his life in the Alps
+very shortly afterwards. J. R. Selwyn has succeeded his late father as a
+colonial bishop. Inasmuch as we here record, for the first time for two
+generations, a lost chapter of University Boat Racing, we think it will
+be of interest to append the account given, in 'Bell's Life' of that
+day, of this forgotten match.
+
+
+EIGHT-OARED MATCH--LONDON AND THE OXFORD AMATEURS FOR Ł200.[5]
+
+  [5] _Bell's Life_, Sunday, June 26, 1831.
+
+    This interesting match was decided on Saturday week at Henley
+    Reach. The Trinity boat, built by Archer of Lambeth, proved
+    successful on a former occasion when opposed to the Oxonians,
+    was, we understand, again selected by them in the first
+    instance, but they ultimately decided on rowing in a boat built
+    by Searle, which they considered had been unjustly denounced 'a
+    rank bad un,' simply on the score of the Cambridge gentlemen and
+    the Westminster Scholars having lost their matches in her--the
+    former against Oxford, and the latter against the Etonians.
+
+    The gentlemen of Oxford selected a large but peculiarly light
+    eight belonging to Mr. Davis of Oxford. On Friday the London
+    gentlemen left town for Henley, and took up their quarters at
+    the Red Lion. Noulton of Lambeth was selected to steer them.
+    Although Oxford were favourites on the match being first
+    concocted, it was with difficulty that a bet could be made on
+    the Londoners on the last two days, and then only at 6 to 4
+    against Oxford.
+
+    At about 6.30 the contending parties arrived in their cutters
+    near the lock, to row from thence against the stream to Henley
+    Bridge, which is reckoned two and a quarter miles.
+
+    The names of the respective parties and their stations in the
+    cutters were as follows:
+
+    _London_--Bishop (stroke), Captain Shaw, J. Bayford, Lewis,
+    Cannon, Weedon, Revell, Hornemann.
+
+    _Oxford_--Copplestone (stroke), Lloyd, Barnes, Pelham, Peard,
+    Marsh, Marquis of Waterford, Carter. The latter was steered, we
+    believe, by a boy belonging to the lock.
+
+    Mr. Hume and Mr. Bayford were appointed umpires on part of the
+    London gentlemen, and Mr. Lloyd and another gentleman on the
+    side of Oxford.
+
+    The Oxford gentlemen won the toss and took the inside station.
+    The umpires having a second time asked if all was ready,
+    receiving an answer in the affirmative, gave the signal. In less
+    than a dozen seconds the London gentlemen almost astounded their
+    opponents by going about a boat's length in advance, so rapid
+    were their strokes when compared with those of Oxford. The
+    Oxford gentlemen soon recovered. Before half the distance had
+    been rowed London were two lengths in advance. The Oxonians,
+    finding they were losing ground, made a desperate effort and
+    succeeded in coming within a painter's length. On nearing the
+    goal the exertions of each party were increasing. One London
+    gentleman (Captain Shaw) seemed so much exhausted, that it was
+    feared he would not hold out the remaining distance. Noulton,
+    seeing this and fearing the consequence, observing the Oxford
+    gentlemen fast approaching them, said that 'if the Londoners did
+    not give it her it would be all up with them.' They did give it
+    her, and the consequence was they became victorious by about two
+    boats' lengths. The distance was rowed in 11-1/4 minutes.
+
+    The exertions at the conclusion of the contest became lamentably
+    apparent. Captain Shaw nearly fainted and had to be carried
+    ashore; Mr. Bayford was obliged to retire to bed instantly; so
+    was also one of the Oxford gentlemen. The others were more or
+    less exhausted.
+
+    The London gentlemen rowed to town on Tuesday, and were greeted
+    on their way with cheering and cannon. On arriving at Searle's a
+    _feu-de-joie_ was fired.
+
+_Note._--Of the various performers in this Oxford crew, the following
+notices of the after career of some may be of interest. Messrs.
+Copplestone and Pelham rose to adorn the episcopate. Mr. Peard became
+known to fame as 'Garibaldi's Englishman,' and played an important part
+in the cause of the liberation of Italy.
+
+There had been a second University match in 1836, this time from
+Westminster to Putney (see Tables). No official record exists of this.
+It is said that 'light blue' was on this occasion first adopted by
+Cambridge. Certainly in 1829 the Cantab crew wore _pink_, while Oxford
+sported blue. The late Mr. R. M. Phillips, of Christ's, used to tell the
+writer that he it was who fortuitously founded light blue on this
+occasion. He was on the raft at Searle's when the Cantab crew were
+preparing to start (either for the race or for a day's practice) the
+race so far as recollection of Mr. Phillips' narrative serves the
+writer. One of the crew said, 'We have no colours.' Mr. Phillips ran off
+to buy some ribbon in Stangate. An old Etonian accompanied him, and
+suggested 'Eton ribbon for luck.' It was bought, it came in first, and
+was adhered to in later years by Cambridge.
+
+[Illustration: A COLLEGE PAIR.]
+
+In 1837 the head college crews of the two Universities rowed a match at
+Henley. The Brasenose book says, Christ Church were head, but took off
+because their Dean objected to their rowing at Henley; the effect of
+their 'taking off' was to leave Queen's College, on whom the
+representation of the college crews would devolve, with the titular
+headship.
+
+The B.N.C. book says, the Queen's crew went, 'as was usual,' to row the
+head boat of Cambridge, and beat them easily. The latter statement is
+correct. Mr. Brickwood in his treatise demurs to the accuracy of the
+B.N.C. allegation that such matches were 'usual,' and research qualifies
+his scepticism. The B.N.C. hon. sec. of that day seems to have been
+drawing somewhat upon his imagination. He had probably heard of these
+various Leander and other matches at Henley in other years; hence his
+inference.
+
+1837.
+
+_Henley. College match._
+
+  QUEEN'S.                          | LADY MARGARET (St. John's).
+  1. Lee, Stanlake.                 | 1. Shadwell, Alfred H.
+  2. Glazbrook, Robert.             | 2. Colquhoun, Patrick.
+  3. Welsh, Jos.                    | 3. Wood, H. O.
+  4. Robinson, John.                | 4. Antrobus, Edmund.
+  5. Meyrick, Jos.                  | 5. Budd, R. H.
+  6. Todd, Jos.                     | 6. Fane, W. D.
+  7. Eversley, John.                | 7. Fletcher, Ralph.
+     Penny, Chas. J. (stroke).      |    Hurt, Robert (stroke).
+     Berkeley, Geo. T. (cox.).      |    Jackson, Curtis (cox.).
+
+The names of the Queen's and St. John's crews are here given, instead of
+recording them in the lists of University oars, for this was not
+strictly a University race, though in those days it had almost as much
+prestige as one.
+
+In 1839 the third University match was rowed, and Henley Regatta was
+founded. At the Universities, about this date, various prizes were
+established, all of which gave a stimulus to oarsmanship.
+
+Pair-oar races were established at Oxford in 1839. They were rowed with
+coxswains until 1847. At Cambridge similar pairs were founded in 1844,
+and were rowed from the first without coxswains. The obsolete rudder of
+the Oxford pairs is now held by the coxswain of the head eight. The
+Colquhoun Sculls had been founded at Cambridge in 1837. 'University
+Sculls' were instituted at Oxford in 1841. Four-oar races, each crew to
+be from one college, were founded at Oxford in 1840, and at Cambridge in
+1849. Thus, by the latter year, each U.B.C. had its set of contests for
+all classes of craft--eights, fours, pairs, and sculls. Lists of the
+winners of these various honours from year to year will be found
+elsewhere in this volume.
+
+[Illustration: TOWING GUARD BOATS UP HENLEY REACH.]
+
+Aquatics may be said to have reached full swing with the completion of
+these institutions at the Universities. Matches between the Universities
+were propounded annually by one or other club from 1839, but time and
+place could not always be agreed upon, nor could 'dons' be always
+persuaded to allow men to row in such races. There was many a hitch in
+old days, from one cause or another. Since 1850 the U.B.C.'s have
+annually met each other in some shape or other at Henley, or in a match;
+since, and including, 1856 matches over the Putney course have been
+annual. Since 1859 neither University has put on at any regatta.
+
+Various causes tended to stimulate rowing, e.g. regattas and also
+professional racing, which is dealt with separately under the head of
+'Professionals.' A perusal of the tables of records of Henley and other
+regattas will also show how competitions gradually increased in number,
+and also in the fields which they produced.
+
+
+REGATTAS.
+
+The institution of Henley Regatta in 1839 was the outcome of the various
+eight-oared matches which have been rowed on that part of the river
+during the ten years preceding. The regatta began with one prize only,
+the Grand Challenge Cup, a trophy which is unique for classical design,
+and which is to this day the 'blue ribbon' for amateur clubs. The
+gradual growth of Henley may be traced by perusal of a leading article
+contributed by the writer of this chapter to the 'Field,' in the July of
+1886, on the eve of the greatest change which the regatta has undergone,
+that of alteration of the course. The article is now reproduced,[6]
+through the courtesy of the proprietors of that journal.
+
+  [6] See Appendix.
+
+The new course, as compared with the old one, will best be understood by
+reference to the map of the reach, which appears elsewhere. The change
+has had only two trials, those of 1886 and 1887, but it may be said that
+so far rowing clubs which frequent Henley are unanimous in approving of
+the alteration; and so are all retired oarsmen, whose personal
+experience of the regatta was under the old _régime_.
+
+[Illustration: STARTING THE EIGHTS--OLD COURSE, HENLEY.]
+
+The old course was very one-sided. In the middle third of a mile--on a
+stormy day--with a stiff wind from W. or S.W., the shelter of the Bucks
+bushes--especially before house-boats and steam launches multiplied and
+monopolised the frontage of the Bucks and Oxon shores--used to reverse
+entirely the advantage otherwise pertaining to the Berks stations. On
+such a day the Berks station placed most boats hopelessly out of the
+race, unless they could keep within a length of the Bucks boat till the
+'point' was reached--in which case the poplar corner made a pretty
+counterpoise to the advantage of Bucks shelter, and caused some
+interesting finishes. Under the new _régime_ not more than two boats can
+row in one heat; and as the course is now staked out, and neither
+competitor can hug the bank, the difference between windward and leeward
+stations, even when hereafter a gale shall blow, will no longer be so
+glaring as of old.
+
+[Illustration: PAIR-OAR.]
+
+The Universities no longer compete at Henley. In these days of keelless
+boats more practice is needed, in order to do justice to the craft, than
+when heavier and steadier craft were used. It is found to be impossible
+to collect all the eight best men of either U.B.C. twice in one year.
+Examination and other causes reduce the ranks more or less; and, as the
+annual Putney match between the Universities is considered by them to be
+of more importance than any other contest, they devote their best
+energies to that, and leave minor sections of either U.B.C. to fight
+Henley battles. It is found that a good college eight, or a club crew of
+which some one college forms a nucleus, can be got together better, in
+the limited time available for practice for the regatta, than eight
+better men who probably cannot find time to practise all together for
+more than a week, and who will further, for the same reason, be short of
+condition.
+
+Till 1856, it was the custom for the U.B.C.'s, if they could not agree
+as to time and place for a match, to assent to meet each other in the
+Grand Challenge; and such meetings ranked practically as University
+matches. Records of these _rencontres_ of the U.B.C.'s will be found in
+tables at the end of this volume, together with a history of Henley past
+and future.
+
+The 'Seven-oar episode' of 1843 was not a University match or meeting.
+The O.U.B.C. were entered at Henley; Cambridge were represented by the
+'Cambridge Rooms;' but the C.U.B.C. was not officially represented by
+that crew. Just before the final heat, the Oxford stroke fainted, and
+the Cambridge reasonably objected to the introduction of a substitute.
+The Oxonians then decided to row with seven oars. They had a wind abeam,
+favouring the side which was manned by only three oars. They eventually
+won by a length, or thereabouts.
+
+In 1843 the Thames Regatta was started, and greatly supplemented the
+attractions of Henley. The mistake of this regatta was the rule which
+made challenge prizes the permanent property of any crew which could win
+them thrice in succession. By this means the Gold Cup for eights, the
+_pičce de résistance_ of the regatta, passed in 1848 to the possession
+of the 'Thames' Club. The regatta lingered on one year longer, shorn of
+its chief glory, and then died out.
+
+Records of the winners of the chief prizes at it, amateurs as well as
+professionals, will be found in 'Tables.'
+
+In 1854 a new Thames regatta, called the 'National,' was founded. It was
+supported by the 'Thames Subscription Club,' and died with that club in
+1866. In the last year of its existence it introduced amateur prizes as
+well as the usual bonuses for professionals. In 1866 a very important
+regatta was founded--the Metropolitan. Its founders expected it to
+eclipse Henley, by dint of offers of more valuable prizes, but it never
+took the fancy of the University element, and for want of the
+wider-spread competition which strong entries from the U.B.C.'s would
+have produced, it never attained the prestige of Henley. Still the
+honours of winning eights, fours, pairs, or sculls at it rank, in
+amateur estimation, second only to Henley. Barnes Regatta is of very old
+standing. The tideway is always a drawback to scenery, but Barnes always
+used to produce good audiences and good competitors. Its chief patrons
+were tideway clubs and the Kingston Rowing Club.
+
+[Illustration: GONDOLA.]
+
+Walton-on-Thames flourished in the 'sixties.' It has now died out. It
+was as a picnic second only to Henley. The course was rather one-sided,
+and hardly long enough to test stamina.
+
+Molesey Regatta, of less than ten years' growth, now holds much the same
+station in aquatics that Walton-on-Thames once claimed. It draws its
+sinews of war from much the same up-river locality that used to feed
+Walton.
+
+Kingston-on-Thames has a longer history than any regatta except Henley.
+Its fortunes hang on the Kingston Rowing Club, but it is well patronised
+by tideway clubs.
+
+Regattas have for a season or two been known at Staines and Chertsey,
+but they depended on some one or two local men of energy, and, when this
+support failed, they died out.
+
+Reading has a good reach, and has of late come to the fore with a good
+meeting and a handsome challenge cup.
+
+To return to watermen's regattas. The late Mr. J. G. Chambers, and a
+strong gathering of amateur allies of his, revived a second series of
+Thames regattas in 1868; these meetings were confined to watermen and
+other professionals, whose doings are scheduled in 'Tables' hereafter.
+How the second series of Thames National regattas followed the fate of
+series No. 1, and of the 'Royal Thames Regatta' before that, will be
+found in the chapter on professional rowing. The so-called
+'International' Regatta lived but two years, and fell through so soon as
+its mercenary promoters came to the conclusion that they could not see
+their way to harvest filthy lucre out of it.
+
+There used to be a well-attended regatta at Talkintarn, in the Lake
+district. It died out from causes similar to those which led to the
+collapse of the 'Royal' Thames regattas, i.e. the dedication of its
+prizes to those who could win them a certain number of times
+consecutively. The Messrs. Brickwood thus became the absolute owners of
+the chief prize for pairs, and a Tyne crew became the proprietors of the
+four-oar prize.
+
+The Tyne, the Wear, Chester, Bedford, Tewkesbury, Worcester,
+Bridgnorth, Bath, and other provincial towns produce regattas, but none
+of them succeed in drawing many of the leading Thames clubs, and without
+these no regatta ever establishes even second-class prestige.
+
+The rules of Henley Regatta are here appended. They serve to inform
+intending competitors of the code under which they will have to enter
+and to row, and they may also offer valuable hints to other regatta
+executives, present and future.
+
+                          HENLEY ROYAL REGATTA.
+
+                           _Established_ 1839.
+
+                               _President._
+
+                    THE RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD CAMOYS.
+
+                               _Stewards._
+
+                           THE MAYOR OF HENLEY.
+
+  The Rt. Hon. the EARL OF          | FREDK. FENNER, Esq.
+  MACCLESFIELD.                     | H. T. STEWARD, Esq.
+  W. H. VANDERSTEGEN, Esq.          | Colonel BASKERVILLE.
+  ALEXANDER C. FORBES, Esq.         | HUGH MAIR, Esq.
+  J. F. HODGES, Esq.                | Sir F. G. STAPYLTON, Bart.
+  HENRY KNOX, Esq.                  | W. H. GRENFELL, Esq., M.P.
+  J. W. RHODES, Esq.                | J. H. D. GOLDIE, Esq.
+  W. D. MACKENZIE, Esq.             | The Rt. Hon. LORD LONDESBOROUGH.
+  HENRY HODGES, Esq.                | T. C. EDWARDES-MOSS, Esq., M.P.
+  The Rev. E. WARRE, D.D.           | J. COOPER, Esq.
+  F. WILLAN, Esq.                   | J. PAGE, Esq.
+  CHARLES STEPHENS, Esq.            | A. BRAKSPEAR, Esq.
+  JOHN NOBLE, Esq.                  | The Rt. Hon. the EARL OF ANTRIM.
+  The Rt. Hon. W. H. SMITH,         |
+  M.P.                              |
+
+                                      A. BRAKSPEAR, _Hon. Treasurer_.
+                                      J. F. COOPER, _Secretary_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONSTITUTION.
+
+On May 16, 1885, at a meeting of the stewards, the following resolutions
+were agreed to:--
+
+1. That the stewards of Henley Regatta shall constitute a council for
+the general control of the affairs of the regatta.
+
+2. That the stewards shall elect a president, who shall, if present,
+take the chair at the general meetings.
+
+3. That the chairman shall have a casting vote.
+
+4. That not less than _five_ shall form a quorum at the general
+meetings.
+
+5. That two ordinary general meetings shall be held in each year, one in
+the month of May and another in the month of November.
+
+6. That other general meetings shall be summoned by the secretary, when
+ordered by the president, or at the request of any two stewards, in
+writing, provided that not less than fourteen days' notice shall be
+given of any such meeting.
+
+7. That the stewards shall elect annually, at the meeting in November,
+from their own body, a committee of management.
+
+8. That the number of the committee shall not exceed twelve, of whom not
+less than _three_ shall form a quorum.
+
+9. That the committee shall elect one of their own body to act as
+chairman.
+
+10. That the committee be empowered to manage and exercise control over
+all matters connected with the regatta, excepting such as shall involve
+the alteration of any of the published rules of the regatta.
+
+11. That the committee shall present a report, together with a statement
+of accounts, to the stewards, annually, at the November meeting in each
+year.
+
+12. That meetings of the committee shall be summoned by the secretary
+when ordered by the chairman, or at the request of any two members of
+the committee, in writing, providing that not less than one week's
+notice be given of any such meeting.
+
+13. That the committee shall have power to make and publish by-laws
+respecting any matter connected with the management of the regatta, not
+already determined in the published rules.
+
+14. That no alteration shall be made in any of the foregoing
+resolutions, or in any of the published rules of the regatta, except at
+a general meeting specially convened for that purpose, of which fourteen
+days' notice shall be given, such notice to state the alterations
+proposed, and unless the alteration be carried by a majority of
+two-thirds at a meeting of not less than nine stewards.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+QUALIFICATION RULES.
+
+
+THE GRAND CHALLENGE CUP,
+
+FOR EIGHT-OARS.
+
+Any crew of amateurs who are members of any University or Public School,
+or who are officers of her Majesty's army or navy, or any amateur club
+established at least one year previous to the day of entry, shall be
+qualified to contend for this prize.
+
+
+THE STEWARDS' CHALLENGE CUP,
+
+FOR FOUR-OARS.
+
+The same as for the Grand Challenge Cup.
+
+
+THE LADIES' CHALLENGE PLATE,
+
+FOR EIGHT-OARS.
+
+Any crew of amateurs who are members of any of the boat clubs of
+colleges, or non-collegiate boat clubs of the Universities, or boat
+clubs of any of the Public Schools, in the United Kingdom only, shall be
+qualified to contend for this prize; but no member of any college or
+non-collegiate crew shall be allowed to row for it who has exceeded four
+years from the date of his first commencing residence at the University;
+and each member of a Public School crew shall, at the time of entering,
+be _bonâ fide_ a member '_in statu pupillari_' of such school.
+
+
+THE VISITORS' CHALLENGE CUP,
+
+FOR FOUR-OARS.
+
+The same as for the Ladies' Challenge Plate.
+
+
+THE THAMES CHALLENGE CUP,
+
+FOR EIGHT-OARS.
+
+The qualification for this cup shall be the same as for the Grand
+Challenge Cup; but no one (coxswains excepted) may enter for this cup
+who has ever rowed in a winning crew for the Grand Challenge Cup or
+Stewards' Challenge Cup; and no one (substitutes as per Rule 7 excepted)
+may enter, and no one shall row, for this cup and for the Grand
+Challenge Cup or Stewards' Challenge Cup at the same regatta.
+
+
+THE WYFOLD CHALLENGE CUP,
+
+FOR FOUR-OARS.
+
+The qualification for this cup shall be the same as for the Stewards'
+Challenge Cup; but no one shall enter for this cup who has ever rowed in
+a winning crew for the Stewards' Challenge Cup; and no one (substitutes
+as per Rule 11 excepted) may enter, and no one shall row, for this cup
+and for the Stewards' Challenge Cup at the same regatta.
+
+
+THE SILVER GOBLETS,
+
+FOR PAIR-OARS.
+
+Open to all amateurs duly entered for the same according to the rules
+following.
+
+
+THE DIAMOND CHALLENGE SCULLS,
+
+FOR SCULLS.
+
+Open to all amateurs duly entered for the same according to the rules
+following.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GENERAL RULES.
+
+    _Definition._--1. No person shall be considered an amateur
+    oarsman, sculler, or coxswain--
+
+    (_a_) Who has ever taken part in any open competition for a
+    stake, money, or entrance fee;
+
+    (_b_) Who has ever knowingly competed with or against a
+    professional for any prize;
+
+    (_c_) Who has ever taught, pursued, or assisted in the practice
+    of athletic exercises of any kind for profit;
+
+    (_d_) Who has ever been employed in or about boats, or in manual
+    labour for money or wages;
+
+    (_e_) Who is or has been by trade or employment, for wages, a
+    mechanic, artisan, or labourer, or engaged in any menial duty.
+
+    _Eligibility._--2. No one shall be eligible to row or steer for
+    a club unless he has been a member of that club for at least
+    two months preceding the regatta, but this rule shall not apply
+    to colleges, schools, or crews composed of officers of her
+    Majesty's army or navy.
+
+    _Entries._--3. The entry of any amateur club, crew, or sculler,
+    in the United Kingdom, must be made ten clear days before the
+    regatta, and the names of the captain or secretary of each club
+    or crew must accompany the entry. A copy of the list of entries
+    shall be forwarded by the secretary of the regatta to the
+    captain or secretary of each club or crew duly entered.
+
+    4. The entry of any crew or sculler, out of the United Kingdom,
+    must be made on or before March 31, and any such entry must be
+    accompanied by a declaration, made before a notary public, with
+    regard to the profession of each person so entering, to the
+    effect that he has never taken part in any open competition for
+    a stake, money, or entrance fee; has never knowingly competed
+    with nor against a professional for any prize; has never taught,
+    pursued, or assisted in the practice of athletic exercises of
+    any kind for profit; has never been employed in or about boats,
+    or in manual labour for money or wages; is not, and never has
+    been, by trade or employment, for wages, a mechanic, artisan, or
+    labourer, or engaged in any menial duty; and in cases of the
+    entry of a crew, that each member thereof is a member of a club
+    duly established at least one year previous to the day of entry;
+    and such declaration must be certified by the British Consul, or
+    the Mayor, or the chief authority of the locality.
+
+    5. No assumed name shall be given to the secretary, unless
+    accompanied by the real name of the competitor.
+
+    6. No one shall enter twice for the same race.
+
+    7. The secretary of the regatta shall not divulge any entry, nor
+    report the state of the entrance list, until such list be
+    closed.
+
+    8. Entrance money for each boat shall be paid to the secretary
+    at the time of entering, as follows:--
+
+                                         _Ł._ _s._ _d._
+      For the Grand Challenge Cup         6    6    0
+         "    Ladies' Challenge Plate     5    5    0
+         "    Thames Challenge Cup        5    5    0
+         "    Stewards'  "      "         4    4    0
+         "    Visitors'  "      "         3    3    0
+         "    Wyfold     "      "         3    3    0
+         "    Silver Goblets              2    2    0
+         "    Diamond Challenge Sculls    1    1    0
+
+    9. The committee shall investigate any questionable entry,
+    irrespective of protest.
+
+    10. The committee shall have power to refuse or return any entry
+    up to the time of starting, without being bound to assign a
+    reason.
+
+    11. The captain or secretary of each club or crew entered shall,
+    seven clear days before the regatta, deliver to the secretary of
+    the regatta a list containing the names of the actual crew
+    appointed to compete, to which list the names of not more than
+    four other members for an eight-oar and two for a four-oar may
+    be added as substitutes.
+
+    12. No person may be substituted for another who has already
+    rowed or steered in a heat.
+
+    13. The secretary of the regatta, after receiving the list of
+    the crews entered, and of the substitutes, shall, if required,
+    furnish a copy of the same, with the names, real and assumed, to
+    the captain or secretary of each club or crew entered, and in
+    the case of pairs or scullers to each competitor entered.
+
+    _Objections._--14. Objections to the entry of any club or crew
+    must be made in writing to the secretary at least four clear
+    days before the regatta, when the committee shall investigate
+    the grounds of objection, and decide thereon without delay.
+
+    15. Objections to the qualification of a competitor must be made
+    in writing to the secretary at the earliest moment practicable.
+    No protest shall be entertained unless lodged before the prizes
+    are distributed.
+
+    _Course._--16. The races shall commence below the Island, and
+    terminate at the upper end of Phyllis Court. Length of course,
+    about 1 mile and 550 yards.
+
+    17. Boats shall be held to have completed the course when their
+    bows reach the winning-post.
+
+    18. The whole course must be completed by a competitor before he
+    can be held to have won a trial or final heat.
+
+    _Stations._--19. Stations shall be drawn by the committee.
+
+    _Row over._--20. In the event of there being but one boat
+    entered for any prize, or if more than one enter, and all
+    withdraw but one, the crew of the remaining boat must row over
+    the course to be entitled to such prize.
+
+    _Heats._--21. If there shall be more than two competitors, they
+    shall row a trial heat or heats; but no more than two boats
+    shall contend in any heat for any of the prizes above
+    mentioned.
+
+    22. In the event of a dead heat taking place, the same crews
+    shall contend again, after such interval as the committee may
+    appoint, or the crew refusing shall be adjudged to have lost the
+    heat.
+
+    _Clothing._--23. Every competitor must wear complete clothing
+    from the shoulders to the knees--including a sleeved jersey.
+
+    _Coxswains._--24. Every eight-oared boat shall carry a coxswain;
+    such coxswain must be an amateur, and shall not steer for more
+    than one club for the same prize.
+
+    The minimum weight for coxswains shall be 7 stone.
+
+    Crews averaging 10-1/2 stone and under 11 stone to carry not
+    less than 7-1/2 stone.
+
+    Crews averaging 11 stone or more, to carry not less than 8
+    stone.
+
+    Deficiencies must be made up by dead weight carried on the
+    coxswain's thwart.
+
+    The dead weight shall be provided by the committee, and shall be
+    placed in the boat and removed from it by a person appointed for
+    that purpose.
+
+    Each competitor (including the coxswain) in eight- and
+    four-oared races shall attend to be weighed (in rowing costume)
+    at the time and place appointed by the committee; and his weight
+    then registered by the secretary shall be considered his racing
+    weight during the regatta.
+
+    Any member of a crew omitting to register his weight shall be
+    disqualified.
+
+    _Flag._--25. Every boat shall, at starting, carry a flag showing
+    its colour at the bow. Boats not conforming to this rule are
+    liable to be disqualified at the discretion of the umpire.
+
+    _Umpire._--26. The committee shall appoint one or more umpires
+    to act under the Laws of Boat-racing.
+
+    _Judge._--27. The committee shall appoint one or more judges,
+    whose decision as to the order in which the boats pass the post
+    shall be final.
+
+    _Prizes._--28. The prizes shall be delivered at the conclusion
+    of the regatta to their respective winners, who on receipt of a
+    challenge prize shall subscribe a document of the following
+    effect:--
+
+    'We, A, B, C, D, &c., the captain and crew of the ______________
+    and members of the ____________________ Club, having been this
+    day declared to be the winners of the Henley Royal Regatta
+    ____________________ Challenge Cup, and the same having been
+    delivered to us by E F, G H, I K, &c., Stewards of the Regatta,
+    do hereby, individually and collectively, engage to return the
+    same to the Stewards on or before June 1, in accordance with the
+    conditions of the annexed rules, to which also we have
+    subscribed our respective names.'
+
+    _Committee._--29. All questions of eligibility, qualification,
+    interpretation of the rules, or other matters not specially
+    provided for, shall be referred to the committee, whose decision
+    shall be final.
+
+    30. The Laws of Boat-racing to be observed at the regatta are as
+    follows (_see chapter on this subject_).
+
+A good deal of the history of old regattas at which watermen contended
+is necessarily mixed with the history of the rise of professional
+racing, and will be found to be dealt with under that heading in another
+chapter.
+
+[Illustration: BISHAM COURT.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+SCIENTIFIC OARSMANSHIP.
+
+
+If a thing is worth doing at all it is worth doing well, whether it be
+undertaken in sport or as a means of livelihood.
+
+The first principles of oarsmanship may be explained to a beginner in a
+few minutes, and he might roughly put them into force, in a casual and
+faulty manner, on the first day of his education.
+
+In all pastimes and professions there is, as even a child knows, a very
+wide difference between the knowing how a thing is done and the
+rendering of the operation in the most approved and scientific manner.
+
+In all operations which entail the use of implements there are three
+essentials to the attainment of real merit in the operation. These are,
+firstly, physical capacity; secondly, good tools to work with; thirdly,
+practice and painstaking on the part of the student.
+
+For the purposes of the current chapter we shall postulate the two
+former, and confine the theme to details of such study and practice of
+oarsmanship as are requisite in order to attain scientific use of oars
+or sculls.
+
+When commencing to learn an operation which entails a new and unwonted
+exercise, distinct volition is necessary on the part of the brain, in
+order to dictate to the various muscles the parts which they are to play
+in the operation.
+
+The oftener that a muscular movement is repeated the less intense
+becomes the mental volition which is required to dictate that movement;
+until at last the movement becomes almost mechanical, and can be
+reproduced without a strain of the will (so long as the muscular power
+is not exhausted).
+
+One object of studied practice at any given muscular movement is to
+accustom the muscles to this particular function, until they become
+capable of carrying it out without requiring specific and laborious
+instructions from the headquarters of the brain on the occasion of each
+such motion. Another object and result of exercise of one or more sets
+of muscles is to develop their powers. The anatomical reasons why
+muscles increase in vigour and activity under exercise need not be here
+discussed; the fact may be accepted that they do so.
+
+Hence, by practice of any kind of muscular movement, the student
+increases both the vigour and the independence of action of the muscles
+concerned.
+
+In any operation with implements there is some one method of performing
+the same which experience has proved to be the most effectual for the
+purpose required. There will be other methods, or variations of method,
+which will attain a somewhat similar but less effectual and less
+satisfactory result.
+
+It requires distinct volition in the first instance to perform the
+operation in an inferior manner, just as it does to perform it in the
+most approved manner, to perform 'clumsily' or to perform 'cleverly.'
+
+Naturally, if the volition to act clumsily be repeated a sufficient
+number of times, the muscles learn independent clumsy action with as
+much facility as they would have otherwise acquired independent clever
+and scientific action. Hence the importance of knowing which is the most
+approved and effectual method of setting to work, and of being informed
+of the result, good or bad, of each attempt, while the volition is still
+in active force, and before the 'habit' of muscular action, perfect or
+imperfect, is fully formed.
+
+We all know that, whether we are dealing with morals or with muscles, it
+is a matter of much difficulty to overcome a bad habit, and to form a
+different and a better one relating to the same course of action.
+
+When the pupil begins to learn to row the brain has many things to think
+of; it has several orders to distribute simultaneously to its different
+employés--the various muscles required for the work--and these employés
+are, moreover, 'new to the business.' They have not yet, from want of
+practice, developed the vigour and strength which they will require
+hereafter; and also they know so little of what they have to do that
+they require incessant instruction from brain headquarters, or else they
+make blunders. But in time both master and servants, brain and muscles,
+begin to settle down to their business. The master becomes less
+confused, and gives his orders with more accuracy and less oblivion of
+details; the servants acquire more vigour, and pick up the instructions
+with more facility. At last the time comes when the servants know pretty
+well what their master would have them do, and act spontaneously, while
+the master barely whispers his orders, and has leisure to attend to
+other matters, or at all events saves himself the exertion of having
+momentarily to shout his orders through a speaking-trumpet. Meantime, as
+said before, the servants can only obey orders; and, if their original
+instructions have been blunders on the part of the master, they settle
+down to the reproduction of these blunders.
+
+Now it often happens that an oarsman, who is himself a good judge of
+rowing, and is capable of giving very good instructions to others, is
+guilty of many faults in his own oarsmanship. And yet it cannot be said
+of him that he 'knows no better' as regards those faults which he
+personally commits. On the contrary, if he were to see one of his own
+pupils rowing with any one of these same faults, he would promptly
+detect it, and would be able to explain to the pupil the why and the
+wherefore of the error, and of its cure. Nevertheless, he perpetrates in
+his own person the very fault which he discerns and corrects when he
+notes it in another! And the reason is this. His own oarsmanship has
+become mechanical, and is reproduced stroke after stroke without a
+distinct volition. It became faulty at the time when it was becoming
+mechanical, because the brain was not sufficiently conscious of the
+orders which it was dictating, or was not duly informed, from some
+external source, what orders it should issue. So the brain gave wrong
+orders, through carelessness or ignorance, or both, and continued to
+repeat them, until the muscles learnt to repeat their faulty functions
+spontaneously, and without the immediate cognisance of the brain.
+
+This illustration, of which many a practical instance will be recalled
+by any rowing man of experience, serves to show the importance of
+keeping the mind attentive, as far as possible, at all times when
+rowing, and still more so while elementary rowing is being learnt, and
+also of having, if possible, a mentor to watch the endeavours of the
+student, and to inform him of any error of movement which he may
+perpetrate, before his mind and muscles become confirmed in an erroneous
+line of action.
+
+The reader will therefore see from the above that it is important for
+any one who seeks to acquire really scientific oarsmanship, not only to
+pay all the mental attention that he can to the movements which he is
+executing, but also to secure the presence of some experienced adviser
+who will watch the execution of each stroke, and will point out at the
+time what movements have been correctly and what have been incorrectly
+performed.
+
+Having shown the importance of careful study and tuition in the details
+of scientific oarsmanship, we now enter into those details themselves,
+but still confine ourselves to what is known as 'fixed' seat rowing,
+taking them separately, and dealing first with the stroke itself, as
+distinct from the 'recovery' between the strokes.
+
+While carrying out the stroke upon general principles, the oarsman, in
+order to produce a maximum effect with a relatively minimum expenditure
+of strength, has to study the following details:
+
+1. To keep the back rigid, and to swing from the hips.
+
+2. To maintain his shoulders braced when the oar grasps the water.
+
+3. To use the legs and feet in the best manner and at the exact instant
+required.
+
+4. To hold his oar properly.
+
+5. To govern the depth of the blade with accuracy, including the first
+dip of the blade into the water to the moment when the blade quits it.
+
+6. To row the stroke home to his chest, bending his arms neither too
+soon nor too late.
+
+7. To do so with the correct muscles.
+
+8. To drop the hands and elevate the oar from the water in the right
+manner and at the right moment.
+
+Then again, when the stroke is completed and the recovery commences, the
+details to be further observed are:
+
+9. To avoid 'hang' or delay of action either with hands or body.
+
+10. To manipulate the feather with accuracy and at the proper instant.
+
+11. To govern the height of the blade during the recovery.
+
+12. To use the legs and feet correctly and at the right moments of
+recovery.
+
+13. To keep the button of the oar home to the thowl.
+
+14. To regulate the proportionate speeds of recovery of arms and of
+body, relatively to each other.
+
+15. To return the feathered oar to the square position at the right time
+and in the correct manner.
+
+16. To raise the hands at the right moment, and so to lower the blade
+into the water at the correct instant.
+
+17. To recommence the action of the new stroke at the right instant.
+
+These several details present an apparently formidable list of detailed
+studies to be followed in order to execute a series of strokes and
+recoveries in the most approved fashion. In performance the operation is
+far more homogeneous than would appear from the above disjointed
+analysis of the several movements to be performed. The division of
+movements is made for the purpose of observation and appreciation of
+possibly several faults, which may occur in any one of the movements
+detailed. As a fact, the correct rendering of one movement--of one
+detail of the stroke--facilitates correctness in succeeding or
+contemporaneous details; while, on the other hand, a faulty rendering of
+one movement tends to hamper the action of the body in other details,
+and to make it more liable to do its work incorrectly in some or all of
+them. Experience shows that one fault, in one distinct detail, is
+constantly the primary cause of a concatenation of other faults. To set
+the machine in incorrect motion in one branch of it tends to put the
+whole, or the greater part of it, more or less out of gear, and to
+cripple its action from beginning to end of the chapter.
+
+Taking these various details _seriatim_.
+
+1. The back should be set stiff, and preserved stiff throughout the
+stroke. Obviously, if the back yields to the strain, the stroke is not
+so effectual. Besides, if the back is badly humped the expansion of the
+chest is impeded; and with this the action of the pectoral muscles and
+of the shoulders (of both of which more anon) is also fettered. Further,
+the lungs have less freedom of play when the back is bent and the chest
+cramped; and the value of free respiration requires no explanation.
+
+We have said that the back must be stiff. If the back can be straight,
+from first to last, stiffness is ensured, _ipso facto_. If the back is
+bent, care must be taken that the bend does not increase or decrease
+during the stroke; whether straight or bent, the back should be rigid.
+
+The conformation and development of the muscles of the back are not
+quite the same in all subjects. With some persons absolute straightness
+of back comes almost naturally; with others the attainment of
+straightness is not a matter of much difficulty. With others, again, a
+slight amount of curve in the back is more natural under the strain of
+the oar, even with all attention and endeavour to keep the back flat.
+With such as these any artificial straightening of the back, that places
+it in a position in which the muscles, as they are adapted to the frame,
+have not the fullest and freest play, detracts from rather than adds to
+the power of the oarsman.
+
+But in all cases it is important that the back, whether straight or
+slightly arched, should be rigid, and should swing from the hips. If the
+swing takes place from one or more of the vertebrć of the spine, the
+force which the oarsman can by such actions produce is far less than
+would be the case if he kept his spine rigid and had swung to and fro
+from his hips.
+
+In order to facilitate the entire body in swinging from the hips, and
+not from one of the vertebrć, the legs should be opened, and the knees
+induced outward, as the body swings forward. The body can then lower
+itself to a greater reach forward, and directly from the hips; whereas
+if the knees are placed together the thighs check the forward motion of
+the body, and compel it, if it remains rigid, to curtail its forward
+reach. (If the vertebrć bend when the swing from the hips is checked by
+the bent knees, the extra reach thus attained is weak, and of
+comparatively minor effect.)
+
+Next (2) the shoulders have to be rigid. If they give way, and if the
+sockets stretch when the strain of the oar is felt, the effect of the
+stroke is evidently weakened. Now if the shoulders are stretched forward
+at the beginning of the stroke, the muscles which govern and support
+them have not the same power of rigidity that they possess when the
+shoulders are well drawn back at the outset. The oarsman gains a little
+in reach by extending his shoulders, but he loses in rigidity of muscle,
+and consequently in the force which he applies to the oar.
+
+3. The legs and feet should combine to exercise pressure against the
+stretcher at the same moment, and contemporaneously with the application
+of the oar to the water. If they press too soon, the body is forced back
+while the oar is in air; if too late, the hold of the water is weak, for
+want of legwork to support the body.
+
+4. The oar should be held in the fingers, not in the fist; the lower
+joints of the fingers should be nearly straight when the oar is held.
+The hold which a gymnast would take of a bar of the same thickness, if
+he were hanging from it, is, as regards the four fingers of the hand,
+the same which an oarsman should take of his oar. His thumb should come
+underneath, not over the handle.
+
+5 and 10. Government of the depression or elevation of the blade,
+respectively, during stroke and recovery, is a matter of application of
+joints and of muscles. This much may be borne in mind, that the freer
+the wrist is, the better is the oar governed; and if an oar is clutched
+in the fist the flexibility of the wrist is thereby much crippled.
+
+6. The arms should begin to bend when the body has just found the
+perpendicular. The upper arm should swing close to the ribs, worked by
+the shoulders, which should be thrown well back.
+
+7. The 'biceps' should not do the work; for, if it does, either the
+hands are elevated or the level of the blade altered--if the elbows keep
+close to the side; or else, if the level of the hands is preserved, then
+the elbows dog's-ear outwards. In either case the action is less free
+and less powerful than if the stroke is rowed home by the shoulder
+muscles.
+
+8. The part of the hand which should touch the chest when the oar comes
+home is the root of the thumb, not the knuckles of the fingers. If the
+knuckles touch the chest _before_ the oar comes out of water, the blade
+is 'feathered under water'--a common fault, and a very insidious one.
+If, on the other hand, the oar comes out clean, but the first thing
+which touches the chest is the knuckle, then the last part of the stroke
+will have been rowed in _air_, and not in _the water_.
+
+9. Dealing now with recovery. The hands should rebound from the chest
+like a billiard-ball from a cushion. If the hands delay at the chest
+they hamper the recovery of the body--e.g. let any man try to push a
+weight away from him with his hands and body combined. He will find
+that, if he pushes with straight arms, he is better able to apply the
+weight of his body to the forward push than if he keeps his arms bent.
+
+Having shot his hands away, and having straightened his arms as quickly
+as he reasonably can, his body should follow; but his body should not
+meantime have been stationary. It should, like a pendulum, begin to
+swing for the return so soon as the stroke is over.
+
+If hands 'hang,' the body tends to hang, as above shown; and if the body
+hangs, valuable time is lost, which can never be regained. As an
+illustration: suppose a man is rowing forty strokes in a minute, and
+that his body hangs the tenth of a second when it is back after each
+stroke, then at the end of a minute's rowing he will have sat still for
+four whole seconds! An oarsman who has no hang in his recovery can thus
+row a fast stroke with less exertion to himself than one who hangs. The
+latter, having wasted time between stroke and recovery, has to swing
+forward all the faster, when once he begins to recover, in order to
+perform the same number of strokes in the same time as he who does not
+hang. Now, although there is a greater effort required to row the blade
+square through the water than to recover it edgewise through the air,
+yet the latter has to be performed with muscles so much weaker for the
+task set to them that relatively they tire sooner under their lighter
+work than do the muscles which are in use for rowing the blade through
+the water. When an oarsman becomes 'pumped,' he feels the task of
+recovery even more severe than that of rowing the stroke. Hence we see
+the importance of economising as far as possible the labour of those
+muscles which are employed on the recovery, and of not adding to their
+toil by waste of time which entails a subsequent extra exertion in order
+to regain lost ground and lost time.
+
+10. The manipulation of the blade through the water is of great
+importance, otherwise the blade will not keep square, and regular
+pressure against the water will not be attained. Now, since the angle of
+the blade to the water has to be a constant one, and since the plane on
+which the blade works also is required to be uniform, till the moment
+for the feather has arrived, it stands to reason that the wrists and
+arms, which are changing their position relatively with the body while
+the stroke progresses, must accommodate themselves to the progressive
+variations of force of body and arms, so as to maintain the uniform
+angle and plane of the oar. Herein much attention must be paid to maxim
+4 (_supra_). If an oar is held in the fist instead of in the fingers,
+the play of the muscles of the wrist is thereby crippled, and it becomes
+less easy to govern the blade.
+
+11. On a somewhat similar principle as the foregoing, the arms, on the
+recovery, are changing their position and angle with the body throughout
+the recovery; but the blade has to be kept at a normal level above the
+water all the time. It is a common fault for the oarsman to fail to
+regulate the height of the feather, and either to 'toss' it at some
+point of the recovery or else to lower it till the blade almost, if not
+quite, touches the water. Nothing but practice, coupled with careful
+observations of the correct manner of holding an oar, can attain that
+mechanical give-and-take play of muscles which produces an even and
+clean feather from first to last of recovery.
+
+12. We are still, for the sake of argument, dealing with fixed-seat
+oarsmanship. Slides will be discussed subsequently.
+
+In using the legs, on a fixed seat, for recovery, the toes should feel
+the strap, which should cross them on or below the knuckle-joint of the
+great toe. Each foot should feel and pull up the strap easily and
+simultaneously, so as to preserve even position of body. The legs should
+open well, and allow the body to trick between them as it swings
+forward.
+
+13. If the body swings true, the oar will keep home to the rowlock;
+there should be just sufficient fraction of weight pressed against the
+button to keep it home; if it is suffered to leave the rowlock, the
+oarsman tends to screw outwards over the gunwale, and also, when he
+recommences the stroke, he loses power by reason of his oar not meeting
+with its due support until the abstracted button has slipped back
+against the thowl.
+
+14. The pace of recovery should be proportionate to the speed of stroke.
+If recovery is too slow, the oarsman becomes late in getting into the
+water for the next stroke; if he is too quick, he has to wait when
+forward in order not to hurry the stroke.
+
+15. Too many even high-class oars are prone to omit to keep the oar
+feathered for the full distance of the recovery. They have a tendency to
+turn it square too soon. By so doing they incur extra resistance of air
+and extra labour on the recovery, and they are more liable to foul a
+wave in rough water. The oar should be carried forwards edgewise, and
+only turned square just as full reach is attained. It should then be
+turned sharply, and not gradually.
+
+16. The instant the body is full forward, and the oar set square, the
+hands should be raised sharply to the exact amount required in order to
+drop the blade into the water to the required depth, so as to cover it
+for the succeeding stroke.
+
+17. The new stroke should be recommenced without delay, by throwing the
+body sharply back, with arms stiff and shoulders braced, the legs
+pressing firmly and evenly against the stretcher, so as to take the
+weight of the body off the seat, and to transfer its support to the
+handle of the oar and the stretcher, thus making the very most of weight
+and of extensor muscles in order to give force to the oar against the
+water.
+
+N.B. Before closing these remarks, it should be added that, with
+reference to detail 12, it is assumed that the oarsman, having
+progressed to the scientific stage, has so far mastered the use of the
+loins as to be able to combine their action with that of the toe against
+the strap in aiding the recovery of the body. If he tries to rely solely
+on the motor power for recovery from the strap, and the toes against it,
+he will not swing forward with a stiff back, and will be in a slouched
+position when he attains his reach forward.
+
+The Rev. E. Warre, D.D., published in 1875 some brief remarks upon the
+stroke, in a treatise upon physical exercises and recreations. They are
+here reproduced by leave, the writer feeling that they can hardly be
+surpassed for brevity and lucidity of instruction upon the details of
+the stroke.
+
+
+NOTES ON THE STROKE.
+
+    The moment the oar touches the body, drop the hands smartly
+    straight down, then turn the wrists sharply and at once shoot
+    out the hands in a straight line to the front, inclining the
+    body forward from the thigh-joints, and simultaneously bring up
+    the slider, regulating the time by the swing forward of the body
+    according to the stroke. Let the chest and stomach come well
+    forward, the shoulders be kept back; the inside arm be
+    straightened, the inside wrist a little raised, the oar grasped
+    in the hands, but not pressed upon more than is necessary to
+    maintain the blade in its proper straight line as it goes back;
+    the head kept up, the eyes fixed on the outside shoulder of the
+    man before you. As the body and arms come forward to their full
+    extent, the wrists having been quickly turned, the hands must be
+    raised sharply, and the blade of the oar brought to its full
+    depth at once. At that moment, without the loss of a thousandth
+    part of a second, the whole weight of the body must be thrown on
+    to the oar and the stretcher, by the body springing back, so
+    that the oar may catch hold of the water sharply, and be driven
+    through it by a force unwavering and uniform. As soon as the oar
+    has got hold of the water, and the beginning of the stroke has
+    been effected as described, flatten the knees, and so, using the
+    muscles of the legs, keep up the pressure of the beginning
+    uniform through the backward motion of the body. Let the arms be
+    rigid at the beginning of the stroke. When the body reaches the
+    perpendicular, let the elbows be bent and dropped close past the
+    sides to the rear--the shoulders dropping and disclosing the
+    chest to the front; the back, if anything, curved inwards rather
+    than outwards, but not strained in any way. The body, in fact,
+    should assume a natural upright sitting posture, with the
+    shoulders well thrown back. In this position the oar should come
+    to it and the feather commence.
+
+    N.B.--It is important to remember that the body should never
+    stop still. In its motion backwards and forwards it should
+    imitate the pendulum of a clock. When it has ceased to go
+    forward it has begun to go back.
+
+    There are, it will appear, from consideration of the directions,
+    about twenty-seven distinct points, _articuli_ as it were, of
+    the stroke. No one should attempt to coach a crew without
+    striving to obtain a practical insight into their nature and
+    order of succession. Let a coxswain also remember that, in
+    teaching men to row, his object should be to teach them to
+    economise their _strength_ by using properly their _weight_.
+    Their weight is always in the boat along with them; their
+    strength, if misapplied, very soon evaporates.
+
+[Illustration: MARLOW.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+COACHING.
+
+
+For reasons which were set forth at the commencement of the chapter on
+scientific oarsmanship, the very best oar may fail to see his own
+faults. For this reason, in dealing with the methods for detecting and
+curing faults, it seems more to the point to write as addressing the
+tutor rather than the pupil. The latter will improve faster under any
+adequate verbal instruction than by perusing pages of bookwork upon the
+science of oarsmanship.
+
+A coach may often know much more than he can himself perform; he may be
+with his own muscles but a mediocre exponent of his art, and yet be
+towards the top of the tree as regards knowledge and power of
+instruction.
+
+A coach, like his pupils, often becomes too 'mechanical'; he sees some
+salient fault in his crew, he sets himself to eradicate it, and
+meanwhile it is possible that he may overlook some other great fault
+which is gradually developing itself among one or more of the men. And
+yet if he were asked to coach some other crew for the day, in which crew
+this same fault existed, he would be almost certain to note it, and to
+set to work to cure it.
+
+For this reason, although it does not do to have too many mentors at
+work from day to day upon one crew, nevertheless the best of coaches may
+often gain a hint by taking some one else into his counsels for an hour
+or two, and by comparing notes.
+
+We have said that it is not absolutely necessary that a good coach
+should always be in his own person a finished oarsman; but if he is all
+the better, and for one very important reason. More than half the faults
+which oarsmen contract are to be traced in the first instance to some
+irregularity in the machinery with which they are working. That
+irregularity may be of two sorts, direct or indirect--direct when the
+boat, oar, rowlock, or stretcher is improperly constructed, so that an
+oarsman cannot work fairly and squarely; indirect when some other
+oarsman is perpetrating some fault which puts others out of gear.
+
+If a coach is a good oarsman on his own account (by 'good' we mean
+scientific rather than merely powerful), he can and should test and try
+or inspect the seat and oar of each man whom he coaches, especially if
+he finds a man painstaking and yet unable to cure some special fault.
+Boatbuilders are very careless in laying out work. A rowlock may be too
+high or too low; it may rake one way or other, and so spoil the plane of
+the oar in the water. An oar may be hog-backed (or sprung), or too long
+in loom, or too short; the straps of a stretcher may be fixed too high,
+so as to grip only the tip of a great-toe, and the place for the feet
+may not be straight to the seat, or a rowlock may be too narrow, and so
+may jam the oar when forward.
+
+These are samples of mechanical discomfort which may spoil any man's
+rowing, and against which it may be difficult for the most painstaking
+pupil to contend successfully. If the coach is good in practice as well
+as in theory of oarsmanship, he can materially simplify his own labours
+and those of his pupils by inspecting and trying the 'work' of each man
+in turn.
+
+He should bear in mind that if a young oar is thrown out of shape in his
+early career by bad mechanical appliances, the faults of shape often
+cling to him unconsciously later on, even when he is at last furnished
+with proper tools. If a child were taught to walk with one boot an inch
+thicker in the sole than the other, the uneven gait thereby produced
+might cling to him long after he had been properly shod.
+
+Young oarsmen in a club are too often relegated to practise in cast-off
+boats with cast-off oars, none of which are really fit for use. Nothing
+does more to spoil the standard of junior oarsmanship in a club than
+neglect of this nature.
+
+Having ascertained that all his pupils are properly equipped and are
+properly seated, fair and square to stretchers suitable for the length
+of leg of each, the next care of a coach should be to endeavour to trace
+the _cause_ of each fault which he may detect. This is more difficult
+than to see that a fault exists. At the same time, if the coach cannot
+trace the cause, it is hardly reasonable to expect the pupil to do so.
+So many varied causes may produce some one generic fault that it may
+drive a pupil from one error to another to tell him nothing more than
+that he is doing something wrong without at the same time explaining to
+him how and why he is at fault.
+
+For instance, suppose a man gets late into the water. This lateness may
+arise from a variety of causes, for example:
+
+1. He may be hanging with arms or body, or both, when he has finished
+the stroke, and so he may be late in starting to go forward; or
+
+2. He may be correct until he has attained his forward reach, and then,
+may be, he hangs before dropping his oar into the water; or
+
+3. He may begin to drop his oar at the right time, but to do so in a
+'clipping' manner, not dropping the oar perpendicularly, but bringing it
+for some distance back in the air before it touches the water.
+
+[Illustration: COACHING UNIVERSITY CREW.]
+
+Now to tell a batch of men--all late, and all late from different causes
+as above--simply that each one is 'late' does little good. The cure
+which will set the one right will only vary, or even exaggerate, the
+mischief with the others.
+
+Hence a coach should, before he animadverts upon a fault, of which he
+observes the effect, watch carefully until he detects the exact cause,
+and then seek to eradicate it.
+
+Another sample of cause and effect in faults may be cited for
+illustration. Suppose a man holds his oar in his fist instead of his
+fingers. The effect of this probably will be a want of accuracy in
+'governing' the blade. He may thereby row too deep; also only half
+feather; also find a difficulty in bending his wrists laterally, and
+therefore fail to bring his elbows neatly past his sides. The consequent
+further effect may well be that he dog's-ears his elbows and gets a
+cramped finish. This will tend to make his hands come slow off the chest
+for the recovery; and this again may tend to make his body heavy on the
+return swing.
+
+Here is a pretty, and quite possible, concatenation of faults all
+bearing on each other in sequence, more or less. To be scolded for each
+such fault in turn may well bewilder a pupil. He will be taken aback at
+the plurality of defects which he is told to cure. But if the coach
+should spot the faulty grip, and cure that by some careful coaching in a
+tub-gig, he may in a few days find the other faults gradually melt away
+when the one primary awkwardness has been eradicated.
+
+These two illustrations of faults and their origins by no means exhaust
+the category of errors which a coach has to detect and to cure.
+
+Sundry other common faults may be specified, and the best mode of
+dealing with them by coaches supplied.
+
+_Over-reach of shoulders._--This weakens the catch of the water, and
+also tends to cripple the finish when the time comes to row the oar
+home. The shoulders should be braced well back. The extra inch or less
+of forward reach which the over-reach obtains is not worth having at the
+cost of weakening the catch and cramping the finish. The fault is best
+cured by gig-coaching and by demonstrating in person the correct and the
+wrong poses of the shoulders.
+
+_Meeting the oar._--This may come from more than one cause. If the legs
+leave off supporting the body before the oar-handle comes to the chest,
+the body droops to the strain from want of due support; or if the
+oarsman tries to row the stroke home with arms only, ceasing the swing
+back; and still more, if he tries to finish with biceps instead of by
+shoulder muscles, he is not unlikely to row deep, because he feels the
+strain of rowing the oar home in time, with less power behind it than
+that employed by others in the boat. He finds the oar come home easier
+if it is slightly deflected, and so unconsciously he begins to row
+rather deep (or light) at the finish, in order to get his oar home at
+the right instant.
+
+_Swing._--faults of may be various. There may be a hang, or conversely a
+hurry, in the swing; and, as shown above, the causes of these errors in
+swing may often be beneath the surface, and be connected with faulty
+hold of an oar, or a loose or badly placed strap, or a stretcher of
+wrong length, or from faulty finish of the preceding stroke. Lateness in
+swing may arise _per se_, and so may a 'bucket,' but as often as not
+they are linked with other faults, which have to be corrected at least
+simultaneously, and often antecedently.
+
+_Screwing_ either arises from mechanical fault at the moment or from
+former habits of rowing under difficulties occasionally with bad
+appliances. If a man sits square, with correct oar, rowlock, and
+stretcher, he does not naturally screw. If the habit seems to have grown
+upon him, a change of side will often do more than anything else to cure
+him. He is screwing because he is working his limbs and loins unevenly;
+hence the obvious policy of making him change the side on which he puts
+the greater pressure.
+
+_Feather under water._--The fault is one of the most common, the remedy
+simple. The pupil should be shown the difference between turning the
+oar-handle before he drops it (as he is doing) and of dropping it before
+he turns it as he ought to do; and it should be impressed upon him that
+the root of the thumb, and not his knuckles, should touch his chest when
+the oar comes home, and should be done _before_, and not after, he has
+dropped his handle to elevate the blade from the water.
+
+If a crew feather much under water, it is a good plan to seat them in a
+row on a bench, and give each man a stick to handle as an oar. Then make
+them very slowly follow the actions of the coach, or a fugleman. 1.
+Hands up to the chest, root of thumb touching chest. 2. Drop the hands.
+3. Turn them (as for feather) sharply. 4. Shoot them out, &c.
+
+Having got them to perform each motion slowly and distinctly, then
+gradually accelerate the actions, until they are done as an entirety,
+with rapidity and _in proper consecution_. The desideratum is to ensure
+motion No. 3 being performed in its due order, and _not before_ No. 2.
+
+Five minutes' drill of this sort daily before the rowing, for a week or
+two, will do much to cure feather under water even with hardened
+sinners.
+
+_Swing across the boat._--This is an insidious fault. The oarsman sits
+square, while his oar-handle moves in an arc of a circle. He has an
+instinctive tendency to endeavour to keep his chest square to his oar
+during the revolution of the latter. A No. 7 who has to take time from
+the stroke by the side of him is more prone than others to fall into
+this fault. The answer is, let the arms follow the action of the oar,
+and give way to it, and endeavour to keep the body straight and square.
+Keep the head well away from the oar, and its bias will tend to balance
+the swing.
+
+_Bending the arms_ prematurely is a common fault. Sometimes even
+high-class oars fall into it after a time. Tiros are prone to it,
+because they at first instinctively endeavour to work with arms rather
+than with body. Older oars adopt the trick in the endeavour to catch
+the water sharply at the beginning. Of course they lose power by doing
+so; but they do not realise their loss, because, feeling a greater
+strain on their arms, they imagine that they must therefore be doing
+more work.
+
+Lessons in a tub-gig are the best remedies for this fault.
+
+'Paddling' is an art which is of much importance in order to bring a
+crew to perfection, and at the same time it is too often done in a
+slovenly manner compared with hard rowing.
+
+The writer admits that his own views as to how paddling should be
+performed differ somewhat from those of sundry good judges and
+successful coaches. Some of these are of opinion that paddling should
+consist of rowing gently, comparatively speaking, with less force and
+catch at the beginning of the stroke and with less reach than when
+rowing hard, but with blade always covered to regulation depth. When the
+order is given to 'Row,' then the full length should be attained and the
+full 'catch' administered.
+
+The writer's own version of paddling differs as follows. He is of
+opinion that the difference between paddling and rowing should be
+produced by working with a 'light'--only partially covered--blade when
+paddling. The effect of this is to ease the whole work of the stroke;
+but at the same time the swing, reach, and catch should be just the same
+as if the blade were covered. Then, when the order comes to 'Row,' all
+the oarsman has to do is so to govern his blade that he now immerses the
+whole of it, and at the same time to increase his force to the amount
+necessary to row the stroke of the full blade throughout the required
+time.
+
+Those good judges who differ from him as aforesaid base their objections
+to his method chiefly on the ground that it requires rather a higher
+standard of watermanship to enable an oarsman so to govern his blade
+that he can immerse it more or less at will, and yet maintain the same
+outward action of body, only with more or less force employed, according
+to amount of blade immersed.
+
+The writer admits that his process does entail the acquisition of a
+somewhat higher standard of watermanship than the other system. But he
+is none the less of opinion that this admission should not be accepted
+as a ground for teaching the other style.
+
+In the first place, it would seem to him better to try to raise the
+standard of watermanship to the system than to lower the system to meet
+the requirements of inferior skill. In the second, there seems to be
+even greater drawbacks to the system preferred by his friends who differ
+from him. For instance, under the alternative system the oarsman is
+taught to _alter_ his style of body when paddling, but to maintain a
+uniform depth of blade. He is taught to apply less sharpness of catch,
+and less reach forward. To do so may tend to take the edge off catch,
+and to shorten reach, when hard rowing has to be recommenced.
+
+It is plain that paddling cannot be all round the same as rowing; there
+must be an alternative prescribed. The writer says, in effect: 'Alter
+only the blade (and so the amount of force required), and maintain
+outward action of body as before.'
+
+Those who take the other view say, in effect: 'Maintain the same blade,
+and alter the action of the body.'
+
+It must be admitted that those who differ from the writer are entitled,
+from their own performances as oarsmen and coaches, to every possible
+respect; and the writer, while failing to agree with them, hesitates to
+assert that for that reason he must be right and they wrong.
+
+One further reason in favour of paddling with a light blade may be
+added. When an oarsman is exhausted in a race, it is of supreme
+importance that, though unable to do his full share of work, he should
+not mar the swing and style of the rest. Now if such an oarsman, when
+nature fails him, can row lighter and so ease his toil, he can maintain
+swing and style with the rest. But if, on the other hand, he keeps his
+blade covered to the full, and seeks relief by rowing shorter and with
+less dash, he alters his style and tends to spoil the uniformity of the
+crew.
+
+Watermanship is a quality which can hardly be coached; it may,
+therefore, seem out of place to deal with it under the head of coaching.
+Yet in one sense it pertains to coaching, because a mentor takes into
+calculation the capacity of an oarsman for exercising watermanship when
+making a selection of a crew.
+
+Watermanship, as a technical term, may be said to consist in adapting
+oneself to circumstances and exigencies during the progress of a boat. A
+good waterman keeps time with facility, a bad one only after much
+painstaking--if at all. A good waterman adapts himself to every roll of
+the boat, sits tight to his seat, anticipates an incipient roll, and
+rights the craft so far as he can by altering his centre of gravity
+while yet plying his oar. A bad waterman is more or less helpless when a
+boat is off its keel, or when he encounters rough water. So long as the
+boat is level, he may be able to do even more work than the good
+waterman, but when the boat rolls he cannot help himself, still less can
+he right the ship and so help others to work, as can the good waterman.
+
+Good watermen can jump into a racing boat and sit her off-hand; bad
+watermen will be unsteady in a keelless boat even after days of
+practice.
+
+One or two good watermen are the making of a crew, especially when time
+is short for practice. They will raise the standard of rowing of all
+their colleagues, simply by keeping the balance of the boat. Sculling
+and pair-oar practice tend to teach watermanship. They induce a man to
+make use of his own back and beam in order to keep the boat on an even
+keel. We do not for this reason say that every tiro should be put to
+take lessons of watermanship in sculling-boats and light pairs: far from
+it. He will be likely in such craft to contract feather under water, and
+possibly screwing, in the efforts to obtain work on an even keel, after
+his own uneven action has conduced to rolling.
+
+University men produce far fewer good watermen than the tideway clubs,
+and with good reason. The career on the river at Oxford or Cambridge is
+brief, and many a man goes out of residence while he is only on the
+threshold of aquatic science, both in practice and theory; although, on
+account of his big frame, he may have been taught artificially to ply an
+oar, and with good effect, in a practised eight. Watermanship, like
+skating, cannot be acquired in a day, and the younger a man takes to
+aquatics the more likely is he to acquire it. There is hardly a bad
+waterman to be seen as a rule in a grand challenge crew of London R.C.
+or Thames R.C. men. Among University oars, watermanship is oftenest
+found in those who have rowed as schoolboys.
+
+[Illustration: A SCRATCH EIGHT ('PEAL OF BELLS').]
+
+To coaches generally of the present and of future generations we may say
+that there is nothing like having a tenacity of purpose, and declining
+to listen to the shoals of excuses which pupils are inclined to propound
+in order to explain their shortcomings. There should be no such thing
+as 'I can't' from a pupil. On the other hand, the coach should do his
+best to render the excuse untenable by ensuring proper 'work' at each
+thwart. A coach should not be carried away by every whisper of criticism
+by outsiders; and yet at the same time he should realise as said at the
+beginning of this chapter, that, however able he may be, he has a
+natural tendency to become blind to faults which are being daily
+perpetrated under his nose--the more so if he has been specially of late
+devoting his attention to some different class of fault in his men. For
+this reason he should not decline to listen to suggestions from mentors
+who otherwise may be his inferiors in the art, and to give them all
+attention before he decides how to deal with them.
+
+In dealing with the selection of men for a crew he has to consider
+various points. He has to calculate for what seats such and such an
+oarsman will be available, as regards weight and capacity generally for
+the seat. He has to bear in mind the date of the race for which he is
+preparing his men; many an oarsman may be admittedly unfit for a seat if
+the race were rowed to-morrow, and yet he may show promise of being fit
+for it six months hence. A may be better than B to-day; but A may be an
+old stager hardened in certain faults, and of whom no hope can now be
+entertained that he will suddenly reform. B may be as green as a
+gooseberry, and yet the recollection of what he was two or three weeks
+ago, compared to what he is now, may warrant the assumption that by the
+day of the race, some time hence, B will have become the better man of
+the two.
+
+A coach who takes a crew in hand halfway through their preparation
+should be prepared to hear evidence as to what was the standard of merit
+of certain men some time back, compared with their present form;
+otherwise he may delude himself as to the relative merits and prospects
+of the material which he has to mould into shape.
+
+Just as orators are said to learn at the expense of their audience, so
+coaches do undoubtedly learn much at the expense of the crews which they
+manage. Many a coach will agree that he has often felt in later years
+that, if he had his time over again with this or that oarsman or crew,
+he would now form a different judgment from what he formerly did.
+
+In concluding this chapter we cannot do better than extract from Dr.
+Warre's treatise on Athletics certain aphorisms for the benefit of
+coaches, which he has tersely compiled under the head of 'Notes on
+Coaching':
+
+
+NOTES ON COACHING.
+
+    In teaching a crew you have to deal with--
+
+    A. Crew collectively.
+    B. Crew individually.
+
+
+    A. _Collective._
+
+    1. _Time._--_a._ Oars in and out together. _b._ Feather, same
+    height; keep it down. _c._ Stroke, same depth; cover the blades,
+    but not above the blue.
+
+    2. _Swing._--_a._ Bodies forward and back together. _b._ Sliders
+    together. _c._ Eyes in the boat.
+
+    3. _Work._--_a._ Beginning--together, sharp, hard. _b._ Turns of
+    the wrist--on and off of the feather, sharp, but not too soon.
+    _c._ Rise of the hands--sharp, just before stroke begins. _d._
+    Drop of the hands--sharp, just after it ends.
+
+    _General Exhortations._--'Time!' 'Beginning!' 'Smite!' 'Keep it
+    long!' and the like--to be given at the right moment, not used
+    as mere parrot cries.
+
+
+    B. _Individual._
+
+    1. Faults of position. 2. Faults of movement.
+
+    N.B.--These concern body, hands, arms, legs, and sometimes head
+    and neck.
+
+    1. Point out when you easy, or when you come in, or best of all,
+    in a gig. Show as well as say what is wrong and what is right.
+
+    N.B.--Mind you are right. _Decipit exemplar vitiis imitabile._
+
+    2. To be pointed out during the row and corrected. Apply the
+    principles taught in 'E. W.'s' paper on the stroke, beginning
+    with bow and working to stroke, interposing exhortations (A) at
+    the proper time.
+
+    N.B.--Never hammer at any one individual. If one or two
+    admonitions don't bring him right, wait a bit and then try
+    again. For coaching purposes, not too fast a stroke and not too
+    slow. About thirty per minute is right. Before you start, see
+    that your men have got their stretchers right and are sitting
+    straight to their work.
+
+    He teaches best who, while he is teaching, remembers that he has
+    much to learn.
+
+[Illustration: MEDMENHAM ABBEY.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE CAPTAIN.
+
+
+The captain of a boat club is the most important member of it, from a
+practical point of view. In some clubs, as with the Universities, he is
+nominally as well as practically supreme--is president as well as
+captain. In clubs on the Thames tideway, such as Leander, London,
+Thames, and as in the Kingston club higher up river, there is a
+president elected as the titular head of the club, but that functionary
+is chiefly ornamental, to add dignity to the society, and to instil
+sobriety into its councils. Such a president is usually some old oarsman
+of renown, long ago retired from active service, one whose name carries
+weight and influence, but who has neither time nor inclination to
+interfere with the oarsmanship of the members.
+
+It is the captain who can make or mar a club. He is the general officer
+in command of the forces, while the president (when such an extra
+official exists) is more of a field-marshal enjoying _otium cum
+dignitate_ at home. The qualifications upon which a captain is, or
+should be, selected by his club are, in the first place, personal merit
+as an oarsman and knowledge of his craft; in the second, a due
+seniority, so that he may have proper influence, both socially and in an
+aquatic sense, over those whom he is appointed to command; thirdly, tact
+and common sense.
+
+Deficiency in either one of these desiderata is often fatal to a
+captain's chances of success in his office. If he is a bad oar, and
+lacking in practical knowledge compared with those under him, it will
+little avail him to be a person of senior standing in the crews and of
+social position. He will fail to carry with him that prestige and
+confidence which should be the attribute of all commanders who expect to
+lead men to victory. If, on the other hand, he is a good oar, even the
+best of his club, and yet is a fledgling in age, he will find it
+difficult to maintain his command over sundry jealous seniors, and will,
+more than all, require the third requisite of tact, which is less liable
+to be found in a mere lad than in a man of the world who has well passed
+his majority.
+
+A captain should be self-reliant without being obstinate; he should be
+good-tempered but not facile; he should be firm but not tyrannical,
+energetic but not a busybody. A captain has usually a host of
+counsellors, and he too well realises the fallacy of the adage that in a
+multitude of counsels there is wisdom. If he were to pay attention to
+all the advice offered to him he would never be able to have a mind of
+his own. And yet he will do well not to run to the opposite extreme, nor
+to decline to listen to anyone who ventures to offer him a suggestion.
+If he is captain of a University crew he will find his bed anything but
+one of roses. The eyes of the sporting world are upon him from the
+commencement of Lent term. Daily he will receive letters from
+individuals of whom he has never before heard, offering him advice and
+criticising his line of action. Many of his correspondents will be
+anonymous, and too many of them splenetic. He must not be surprised to
+see himself anonymously attacked in print for the selections which he is
+making for a crew to represent his club. He will be accused of
+partiality if he selects some man of his own college in preference to an
+out-college man. He will find himself abused if he decides to take an
+important oar in his own hands, such as stroke or No. 7. He will be
+inundated with speculative appeals from vendors of commodities who hope
+for gratuitous advertisement of their wares. One of them will send him a
+nondescript garment, and will assure him that if he will allow his crew
+to row in dress of that build he and they shall be robed gratis in it,
+and be assured of victory. Quack medicines will be proffered him, and
+photographers will pester him and his crew daily with requests to stand
+for an hour in a nor'-easter for their portraits.
+
+Within the circle of his own club matters will not always run smoothly.
+Sometimes he finds himself in the unpleasant position of having, after
+due consideration and counsel, to dispense with the services of some old
+brother blue who has fallen off from his quondam form, or who, though
+good enough among an inferior crew of a preceding year, is not up to par
+compared with new oarsmen of merit who have come to the fore since the
+last spring.
+
+Nevertheless, with all these drawbacks to office, a University president
+or captain of a college has perhaps an easier task in managing his crew
+than a captain of an elective club on the Thames that is preparing for
+Henley or some similar contest. In college life the brevity of career
+gives a special standing and prestige to seniority, and the president of
+a U.B.C. is not likely to be a very junior man. _Esprit de corps_ does
+much to keep College and University crews together, and there is less
+likelihood of mutiny in such clubs than in those which are purely
+elective, and which compete with each other for securing the best
+oarsmen of the day. A malcontent college oar cannot throw himself, even
+if he will, into the arms of another college; still less can a
+dissatisfied candidate for one shade of blue 'rat' and desert to the
+enemy. But in tideway and other clubs on the Thames there is such a
+brisk competition for good oarsmen that a man who finds he is likely to
+lose his chance of selection in one club has opportunities for obtaining
+distinction under some rival flag, and very possibly he already belongs
+to more than one such club, and can put his services up to auction as it
+were. If he finds that he will be relegated to some comparatively
+unimportant seat in the club which has claims of longest standing upon
+him, he may, if he is unpatriotic and cantankerous, look out in some
+other club for a berth of greater distinction. Such men are not
+uncommon, and are thorns in the side of any captain. They tax his sixth
+sense of tact more than anything: if he gives way to them, he risks
+spoiling the arrangement of his crew; if he stands firm, he may send a
+valuable man over to the enemy. On the other hand, it must be said that
+many rival captains would decline to accept the services of a deserter
+of this sort, and would feel that if such an one would not be true to
+one flag, he could not be safely trusted for long to row under another.
+
+Beside this sort of malcontent, whose ambition is to be _aut Cćsar aut
+nullus_, the captain has to contend with obstructives of other classes.
+There is the habitual grumbler, who is never happy unless he has a
+grievance. To-day he cannot row properly because the boat is always down
+on his oar. Yesterday he was complaining that his rowlock was too high,
+and he had leave to lower it accordingly. He may not be really
+bad-tempered, nor mutinous; even his growls have a _triste bonhomie_
+about them; in one sense he is a sort of acquisition to the social
+element of the crew, for his grumblings make him a butt for jokes and
+rallies. But when this system of grumbling goes beyond a certain point
+it sorely tries a captain's patience.
+
+Another sort of incubus is the old hand, who has never risen beyond
+mediocrity, who has plenty of faults, but who can be relied upon for a
+certain amount of honest work, and who fills a place better than some
+very backward oarsman. The old stager is case-hardened in his crimes;
+they are second nature to him, and, in spite of coaching, still he
+maunders on in the same old style, with the same set faults. He has a
+time-honoured screw, a dog's-eared elbow, and yet he possesses what many
+of the better-finished oarsmen do not--watermanship--and can keep on at
+work in a rolling boat when many neater oarsmen are all abroad if the
+ship gets off her even keel. Not to coach his too obvious faults may
+make visitors fancy that the old screw is a pattern fugleman to be
+copied for style; and yet to spend objurgation on one so stiff-necked is
+disheartening waste of wind.
+
+[Illustration: PROSE.]
+
+Discipline is all-important in a crew, and it usually requires tact to
+maintain it. If the captain is a triton among minnows, he can better
+afford to hector; but, as a rule, he runs the risk of mutiny, or at
+least of producing sulkiness, if he treats his crew as if they were
+galley-slaves. If he is in the boat, working with them, sharing their
+toils and privations, his task becomes easier on this score; for the
+crew realise that, however irksome the orders for the day may be, they
+are felt just as much by the commander as by the rank and file. If a
+member of the crew openly defies a captain, the bad example is too
+dangerous to be tolerated. To expel a mutineer may ruin the chance of
+victory for an impending race, but it will be best for the club in the
+long run, and will be likely to save many a defeat.
+
+The writer has in mind two such incidents which occurred to himself at
+different times while officiating as captain of a club. In each case the
+mutineer was the stroke, and the _spes gregis_. He resented being told
+to row slower, or faster, as the case might be, and presently flatly
+declined to be dictated to. In each case the boat was instantly ordered
+ashore, and the grumbler was asked to step out. His place was filled by
+some emergency man, he was left ashore, and was told at the end of the
+day that the captain regretted to be obliged to dispense with his
+services. In each case the rest of the crew buttonholed their late
+stroke, and put the screw upon him to beg pardon, and with success. The
+one stroke was reinstated at his old post; the other was also put back
+to the boat, but at No. 6. In both cases mutiny was stamped out once and
+for all. Of these two men it may be said that one eventually rose to be
+stroke of a winning University eight, and the other of a winning Grand
+Challenge crew. In each case they were great personal friends of the
+captain, and there was no interruption of social relations through the
+peremptory line of conduct pursued. Many old fellow-oarsmen of the
+writer will doubtless recognise these incidents, in which names are
+naturally omitted.
+
+Punctuality is an important detail of discipline in a crew. It is a good
+system to order a fine to be levied by the secretary upon anyone who
+exceeds a certain limit of grace from the hour fixed for practice. It is
+better that the secretary or treasurer should levy it than the captain,
+because thereby the captain in this detail places himself under the
+subordinate officer's jurisdiction, and is himself fined if he is late.
+He can do this without loss of dignity, and in fact adds to his
+influence by submitting as a matter of course to the general regulation.
+It spoils the discipline of a crew if a captain takes French leave for
+himself, and keeps his men dancing attendance upon him, and yet rates
+them when one of them similarly delays the practice.
+
+[Illustration: EMBARKING.]
+
+In making up a crew a captain is often in an invidious position. It is
+said by cricketers that the danger of having a leading bowler for
+captain of an eleven is that he is often judicially blind as to the
+right moment for taking himself off. Similarly, for a stroke to be
+captain, or rather for a likely candidate for strokeship to be captain,
+may be productive of misunderstandings and mischief to the crew. In old
+days stroke and captain were synonyms. The 'stroke' was elected by the
+club. He was supposed to be the best all-round oar, and as such to be
+capable of setting the best stroke to the crew. His office attached
+itself to his seat. In sundry old college records of rowing we find the
+expression 'a meeting of strokes,' where in modern times we should speak
+of a 'captains' meeting.' The U.B.C.'s departed from this tradition more
+than forty years ago. Since then captains have been found at all
+thwarts, even including that of the coxswain. Most college clubs
+followed the U.B.C. principle forthwith, but not all so. We can recall
+an incident to the contrary. At Queen's College, Oxon, there remained a
+written rule that stroke should be captain as late as about 1862. In or
+about that year a Mr. Godfrey was rowing stroke of the Queen's eight in
+the bumping races, and was _ex-officio_ captain. He had previously
+stroked the Queen's torpid, and with good success. One night during the
+summer races Queen's got bumped (or failed to effect a bump). Some of
+the crew laid the blame of their failure upon their stroke, for having
+rowed, as they alleged, too rapid a stroke. A college meeting had to be
+called, and a new stroke to be 'elected,' before a change could be made
+in the order of the boat for the next night's race! Mr. Godfrey was
+asked to resign his seat as stroke, which of course he did, and took the
+seat of No. 6. His successor was thus elected captain. Much sympathy for
+Mr. Godfrey's unfortunate statutory deposition from command was openly
+expressed by out-college oarsmen, and the result was before long that a
+change was made in the code of the Queen's College Boat Club, and its
+adaptation to that of the more advanced rules which found favour with
+the majority of the U.B.C.
+
+However, just as a bowler at cricket is prone to be blind to his own
+weaknesses, and to be imbued with ambition to do too much with his own
+hands at moments when they have lost their cunning, so when a captain
+has claims, not superlative, to the after-thwart, there is always some
+danger lest his eagerness to do all he can may blind him as to the best
+choice for that seat. In some cases, as with (of late) Messrs. West and
+Pitman, respectively strokes and presidents of their U.B.C'.s, or in the
+cases of such oarsmen as Messrs. W. Hoare, W. R. Griffiths, M. Brown, J.
+H. D. Goldie, R. Lesley, H. Rhodes, &c., all of whom had won their spurs
+as first-class strokes before they were elected to the presidency, the
+coincidence of stroke and captain has done no harm and has found the
+best man in the right place. Nevertheless, it is advisable to caution
+all captains on this score, and to suggest to them that, when they find
+themselves sharing a candidature for an important seat, they will do
+well to ask the advice of some impartial mentor, and abide by it.
+
+At Eton the traditional law of identity of stroke and captain held good,
+with natural Etonian conservatism, until a date even later than that of
+the previously related anecdote of Queen's College. So far as we can
+recollect, the first instance in which an Eton eight was not stroked by
+its captain was in 1864. In that year Mr. (now Colonel) Seymour Corkran
+was captain of Eton. He was a sort of pocket Hercules, of great breadth
+and weight, scaling close upon 13 st. Eton crews were not then so heavy
+as in these days, and the wondrous old Eton 'Mat-Taylor' boat, which
+then was still in her prime, would not satisfactorily carry so heavy a
+weight in the stern. Mr. Corkran placed himself at No. 7, and installed
+a light-weight, Mr. Mossop, at stroke. In this year Eton won the Ladies'
+Plate for the first time, University College leaving them to walk over
+for it, after University had had a severe losing race earlier in the day
+against the Kingston Rowing Club for the final heat of the Grand
+Challenge.
+
+The duties of a captain are not confined to the mere selection of his
+racing crew for the moment, nor to the preservation of order and
+_régime_ in the matter of training. If he is to do his duty by the club,
+he should be on duty pretty well all through the season. He should keep
+his eyes open to note any raw oarsman who shows signs of talent, and
+mark him to be tried and coached into form hereafter. A captain of an
+elective club can do much to maintain the credit of his flag by looking
+up suitable recruits who have not yet joined a leading club, and by
+inducing them to put themselves under his care, and to submit themselves
+for election. One of the best oars that ever rowed at Henley, who became
+an amateur champion (Mr. W. Long), was secured for the L.R.C. by the
+prompt energy of the then captain of that club, on the occasion of Mr.
+Long's _début_ at Henley Regatta. On that occasion he came from Ipswich,
+to row for the pairs, with a partner much inferior to himself. They did
+not win, but Mr. Long's hitherto unknown merits were at once seen, and
+his enlistment in the L.R.C. ranks had very much to do with the long
+series of victories, especially in Stewards' Cup and other four-oar
+races, which for some seasons afterwards attended the fortunes of the
+L.R.C.
+
+_Per contra_, to show how a good oarsman may be going begging, in 1867
+Mr. F. Gulston was not asked to row either by London or Kingston; he
+went to Paris to row in a pair-oar, and still the L.R.C. overlooked him,
+though he was a member of their club, and though the L.R.C. were
+entered for the international regatta on the Seine. Mr. Gulston was
+nearly, probably quite, as good an oarsman then as in his very best
+days; but his light, though not hid under a bushel, was openly
+disregarded by his club. Through the minor regattas of the summer he
+took refuge with an 'Oscillators' crew, and shoved three inferior men
+behind along at such a pace that next season it was impossible to ignore
+him. He became stroke of the L.R.C. Grand Challenge crew in 1868, and
+won the prize easily.
+
+A president of a U.B.C. has not the responsibility of looking after
+recruits for his club. He has only to see that he does not overlook the
+merits of those who are in it, among the hundreds of young oarsmen who
+come out each season in the torpids, lower divisions, and college
+eights. The 'trial eights' of the winter term have to be made up by him.
+Each captain of a college crew is requested to send in the names of ten
+or more candidates for these trials; but it is not safe for a president
+to rely entirely upon the lists so furnished to him. He is morally bound
+to give a fair trial to all the candidates who are thus officially
+submitted to his notice; but he ought also on his own account to have
+taken stock during the summer races of the promising men of each college
+crew. The opinions of college captains as to who are likely to make the
+best candidates for University rowing must not always be relied upon. It
+has often happened that better men have been omitted than those whose
+names have been sent in to be tried.
+
+We have known a watchful president ask of a college captain to this
+effect:
+
+'What has become of the man who rowed No. 6 in your torpid?'
+
+'He played cricket all the summer, and did not row in the summer
+eights.'
+
+'You have not sent in his name?'
+
+'No, I thought him too backward; he has never been in a light boat in
+his life, and he only began to row last October when he came up as a
+freshman.'
+
+'Can I see him to-morrow and try him?' says the president; and
+eventually this cricketer of the torpids is hammered into shape, and
+subsequently wears a double blue.
+
+The above is no exaggerated picture of what has been known to result
+from careful supervision by a president of the college rowing which
+comes under his notice. In 1862 Messrs. Jacobson and Wynne rowed in the
+Oxford crew; the writer believes, from the best of his recollection,
+that neither of these gentlemen was named in the two primary picked
+choices which had been sent in to represent Christ Church in the trial
+eights. But the then president, Mr. George Morrison, had observed them
+when they were rowing for their college earlier in the season, and took
+note of them as two strong men, who might be converted by coaching into
+University oars; and he proved to be correct.
+
+A captain of a large club usually has his hands so full of duties
+connected with representative or picked crews that he can hardly be
+expected to find much time for systematically coaching juniors. This
+preliminary work he is obliged to depute to subordinates. In a London
+club there is usually a sort of subaltern, or sometimes an ex-captain,
+who undertakes to instruct junior crews or those who are competing for
+the Thames Cup at Henley. In a college club it is a common practice to
+elect a 'captain of torpid,' who is usually some one who has rowed in
+the college eight, but who has not the physique to compete for a seat in
+the University crew. At Cambridge a large college club puts on so many
+crews for the bumping races that it is necessary to find separate
+coaches for nearly each boat. Even when this occurs, a really energetic
+captain will endeavour to spare a day now and then to supervise the
+efforts of his subalterns. At Oxford it is, or used to be, customary for
+the five committee men of the O.U.B.C. to make a point of coaching in
+turn, when asked, those college eights which had no 'blue,' nor old
+oarsmen of experience, to instruct them. All these arrangements tend to
+raise the standard of rowing in various colleges, and so in the U.B.C.
+generally.
+
+The time comes when a captain retires from office, but it is quite
+possible that he may find time to row again for his flag after he has
+laid down his bâton. In his new _rôle_ he can do, in another line, quite
+as much to preserve discipline as when he held the office in his own
+person. He should be the foremost to set an example of subordination and
+of strict observance of regulations and of training. Nothing does more
+to strengthen the hands of a new captain than the spectacle of his late
+chief serving loyally under him; and, on the other hand, nothing does
+more to weaken the new ruler's authority than the example of an
+ex-captain self-sufficient and too proud to acknowledge the sway of his
+successor. The ex-captain does not lose caste by strict subordination;
+unless his successor is a man devoid of tact, he will freely take his
+predecessor into his counsels; and, on the other hand, the predecessor
+should be careful not to support anarchy by interfering until he is
+asked to advise. We have known the entire _morale_ of a college crew
+upset because the ex-captain, a University oar, has taken French leave
+and ordered an extra half-glass of beer for himself (beyond the
+statutory allowance), without observing the formal etiquette of first
+asking the leave of his successor, whose standing was only that of
+college-eight oarsmanship. Such a proceeding at once made it more
+difficult than ever for the new captain to preserve discipline and
+strict attention to training orders among the thirsty souls with whom he
+had to deal. In some college boat clubs there is a rule that the captain
+must be resident in college. The object of this is to prevent the
+archives and trophies of the boat club, which are in custody of the
+captain, from passing outside the college gates, and so possibly getting
+astray in lodgings. Such a rule as this naturally prevents many a senior
+oarsman from holding the office (for after a certain standing
+undergraduates migrate from college walls to lodgings). In such cases
+those members of the college club who belong to the University eight
+constantly find themselves under the formal authority of one who does
+not pretend to equal their skill or knowledge of aquatics. As a rule
+these retired generals work harmoniously with their inferior but
+commanding in-college oarsman; but cases do occur where want of tact on
+the part of one or both parties has a very mischievous effect, and
+causes the club to take a lower place on the race-charts than it might
+have attained had all parties co-operated loyally for the support of the
+flag.
+
+The position of captain of a club, whether rowing, cricket, or
+athletics, is a very useful school for any young man, if he uses his
+opportunity aright. It teaches him to be self-reliant; to avoid
+vacillation on the one hand and obstinacy on the other; to exercise tact
+and forbearance, and to set a good example on his own part of observance
+of standing orders. All these lessons serve him well in after-life. No
+man is the worse, when fighting the battle of the world, for having
+learnt both how to obey orders implicitly and also how to govern others
+with firmness and tact. He will look back to many a decision which he
+came to, and will perhaps be able to console himself by reflecting that
+at the time he acted according to the best of his lights; but none the
+less he will perceive that he was then in error, and that as he sees
+more of aquatics, or of any other branch of sport, he finds that he is
+only beginning to learn the best of it when the time comes for him to
+take his departure from the scene of actual conflict. If he will apply
+the analogy to his career in life, whatever that may be, he will prosper
+therein all the more by reason of the practical lessons which he gained
+when his arena was purely athletic.
+
+[Illustration: BISHAM COURT REACH.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE COXSWAIN AND STEERING.
+
+
+The 'cock-swain' wins his place chiefly on account of his weight,
+provided that he can show a reasonable amount of nerve and skill of
+hand. A coxswain is seldom a very practical oarsman, although there have
+been special exceptions to this rule, e.g. in the case of T. H.
+Marshall, of Exeter, Arthur Shadwell, of Oriel, and a few others. But if
+he has been any length of time at his trade he very soon picks up a very
+considerable theoretical knowledge of what rowing should be, and is able
+to do very signal service in the matter of instructing the men whom he
+pilots. When a youth begins to handle the rudder-lines there is often
+some considerable difficulty in inducing him to open his mouth to give
+orders of any sort. Even such biddings as to tell one side of oars to
+hold her, or another to row or to back-water, come at first falteringly
+from his lips. It is but natural that he should feel his own physical
+inferiority to the men whom he is for the moment required to order about
+so peremptorily, and diffidence at first tends to make him dumb. But he
+soon picks up his _rôle_ when he listens to the audacious orders and
+objurgations of rival pilots, and he is pleased to find that the
+qualities of what he might modestly consider to be impudence and
+arrogance are the very things which are most required of him, and for
+the display of which he earns commendation.
+
+Having once found his tongue, he soon learns to use it. When there is a
+coach in attendance upon the crew, the pilot is not called upon to
+animadvert on any failings of oarsmen; but when the coach is absent the
+coxswain is bound to say something, and, if he has his wits about him,
+he soon picks up enough to make his remarks more or less to the purpose.
+The easiest detail on which he offers an opinion is that of time of
+oars. At first he feels guilty of 'cheek' in singing out to some oarsman
+of good standing that he is out of time. He feels as if he should hardly
+be surprised at a retort not to attempt to teach his grandmother; but,
+on the contrary, the admonition is meekly accepted, and the pilot begins
+at once to gain confidence in himself. Daily he picks up more and more
+theoretical knowledge; he notes what a coach may say of this or that
+man's faults, and he soon begins to see when certain admonitions are
+required. At least he can play the parrot, and can echo the coach's
+remarks when the mentor is absent, and before long he will have picked
+up enough to be able to discern when such a reproof is relevant and when
+it is not. In his spare time he often paddles a boat about on his own
+account, and this practice materially assists him in understanding the
+doctrines which he has to preach. As a rule, coxswains row in very good
+form, when they row at all; and before their career closes many of them,
+though they have never rowed in a race, can teach much more of the
+science of oarsmanship than many a winning oar of a University race or
+of a Grand Challenge Cup contest.
+
+A coxswain is the lightest item in the crew, but unless he sits properly
+he can do much harm in disturbing the balance of a light boat. He should
+sit with a straight back; if he slouches, he has not the necessary play
+of the loins to adapt himself to a roll of the boat. He should incline
+just a trifle forward; the spring of the boat at each stroke will swing
+him forward slightly, and he will recoil to an equal extent on the
+recovery. His legs should be crossed under him, like a tailor on a
+shop-board, with the outside of each instep resting on the floor of the
+boat. He should hold his rudder-lines just tight enough to feel the
+rudder. If he hangs too much weight upon them, he may jam the tiller
+upon the pin on which it revolves, so that, when the rudder has been put
+on and then taken off, the helm does not instantly swing back to the
+exact _status quo ante_; and in that case the calculation as to course
+may be disturbed, and a counter pull from the other line become
+necessary, in order to rectify the course.
+
+A coxswain will do best to rest his hand lightly on either gunwale, just
+opposite to his hips. He should give the lines a turn round his palms,
+to steady the hold on them. Many coxswains tie a loop at the required
+distance, and slip the thumb through it; but such a loop should not be
+knotted too tight, for when rudder-lines get wet they shrink; so that a
+loop which was properly adjusted when the line was dry will be too far
+behind in event of the strings becoming soaked.
+
+When a coxswain desires to set a crew in motion, the usual formula is to
+tell the men to 'get forward,' then to ask if they are 'ready,' and then
+to say 'go,' 'row,' or 'paddle,' as the case may be. When he wishes to
+stop the rowing, without otherwise to check the pace of the boat, the
+freshwater formula is 'easy all,' at which command the oars are laid
+flat on the water. In the navy the equivalent term is 'way enough.'
+'Easy all' should be commanded at the beginning, or at latest at the
+middle, of a stroke, otherwise it is difficult for the men to stop all
+together and to avoid a half-commencement of the next stroke.
+
+If a boat has to be suddenly checked and her way stopped, the order is
+'Hold her all.' The blades are then slightly inclined towards the bow of
+the boat, causing them to bury in the water, and at the same time not to
+present a square surface to back-water. The handle of the oar should
+then be elevated, and more and more so as the decreasing way enables
+each oarsman to offer more surface resistance to the water. So soon as
+the way of the boat has been sufficiently checked, she can be backed or
+turned, according to what may be necessary in the situation.
+
+In turning a long racing-boat care should be taken to do so gently,
+otherwise she may be strained. If there is plenty of room, she can be
+turned by one side of oars 'holding' her, while bow, and afterwards No.
+3 also, paddle her gently round. If there is not room for a wide turn,
+then stroke and No. 6 should back water gently, against bow, &c.
+paddling.
+
+A coxswain, when he first begins his trade, is pleased to find how
+obedient his craft is to the touch of his hand; he pulls one string and
+her head turns that way; he takes a tug at the other line, and she
+reverses her direction. The ease with which he can by main force bring
+her, somehow or other, to the side of the river on which he desires to
+be tends at first to make him overlook how much extra distance he
+unnecessarily covers by rough-and-ready hauling at the lines.
+'Argonaut'[7] very lucidly uses the expression 'a boat should be
+_coaxed_ by its rudder,' a maxim which all pilots will do well to make a
+cardinal point in their creed.
+
+  [7] Mr. E. D. Brickwood.
+
+When a boat is once pointing in a required direction, and her true
+course is for the moment a straight one, the pilot should note some
+landmark, and endeavour to regulate his bows by aid of it, keeping the
+mark dead ahead, or so much to the right or to the left as occasion may
+require. In so doing he should feel his lines, and, so to speak,
+'balance' his bows on his _point d'appui_. His action should be somewhat
+analogous to what the play of his hand would be if he were attempting
+to carry a stick end upwards on the tip of his finger. He would quickly
+but gently anticipate the declination denoted by each wavering motion of
+the stick, checking each such deviation the moment it is felt. In like
+manner when steering he should, as it were, 'hold' his bows on to his
+steering point, regulating his boat by gentle and timely touches; if he
+allows a wide deviation to occur, before he begins to correct his
+course, he has then a wide _détour_ to make before he can regain his
+lost position. All this means waste of distance and of rowing energy on
+the part of the crew.
+
+In steering by a distant landmark the coxswain must bear in mind that
+the parallax of the distant mark increases as he nears it; so that what
+may point a true course to him, for all intents and purposes, when it is
+half a mile away, may lead him too much to one side or other if he
+clings to it too long without observing its altered bearing upon his
+desired direction.
+
+When a coxswain has steered a course more than once he begins to know
+his landmarks and their bearing upon each part of the course. There is
+less strain upon his mind, and he becomes able to observe greater
+accuracy. There is nothing like having the 'eye well in' for any scene
+of action. A man plays relatively better upon a billiard-table or
+lawn-tennis ground to which he is well accustomed than on one to which
+he is a stranger; and a jockey rides a horse all the better for having
+crossed him before the day of a race. However good a coxswain may be, he
+will steer a course more accurately, on the average, in proportion as he
+knows it more or less mechanically.
+
+There is also a good deal in knowing the boat which has to be steered.
+No two ships steer exactly alike. Some come round more easily than
+others; some fetch up into the wind more freely than others. In modern
+times it has been a common practice for builders to affix a movable
+'fin' of metal to the bottom of a racing eight or four, under the after
+canvas, which fin can be taken out or fixed in at option. In a cross
+wind this helps to steady the track of a boat; but, unless wind is
+strong and is abeam for a good moiety of the distance, the draw of the
+water all the way occasioned by the fin costs more than the extra drag
+of rudder which it obviates for just one part of the course.
+
+In steering round a corner a coxswain should bear in mind that he must
+not expect to see his boat pointing in the direction to which he desires
+to make. His boat is a tangent to a curve, the curve being the shore.
+His bows will be pointing to the shore which he is avoiding. It is the
+position of his midship to the shore which he is rounding that he should
+especially note. The boat should be brought round as gradually as the
+severity of the wave will allow. If the curve is very sharp, like the
+corners of the 'Gut' at Oxford, or 'Grassy' or Ditton corners at
+Cambridge, the inside oars should be told to row light for a stroke or
+two. It will ease their labour, and also that of the oars on the other
+side.
+
+When there is a stiff beam wind the bows of a racing craft tend to bear
+up into the wind's eye. The vessel is making leeway all the time;
+therefore if the coxswain on such an occasion steers by a landmark which
+would guide him were the water calm, he will before long find himself
+much to leeward of where he should be. In order to maintain his desired
+course he should humour his boat, and allow her bow to hold up somewhat
+into the wind (to windward of the landmark which otherwise would be
+guiding him). To what extent he should do so he must judge for himself,
+according to circumstances and to his own knowledge of the leeward
+propensities of his boat. To lay down a hard-and-fast rule on this point
+would be as much out of place as to attempt to frame a scale of
+allowance which a Wimbledon rifleman ought to make for mirage or
+cross-wind, when taking aim at a distant bull's-eye.
+
+Generally speaking a coxswain should hug the shore when going against
+tide or stream, and should keep in mid-stream when going with it.
+(Mid-stream does not necessarily imply mid-river.) Over the Henley
+course, until 1886, a coxswain on the Berks side used to make for the
+shelter of the bank below Poplar Point, where the stream ran with less
+force. The alteration (for good) of the Henley course which was
+inaugurated in 1886 has put an end to this, and both racing crews now
+take a mid-stream course. The course is to all intents and purposes
+straight, and yet it will not do to keep the bows fixed on one point
+from start to finish. There is just a fraction of curve to the left in
+it, but so slight that one finger's touch of a line will deflect a boat
+to the full extent required. The church tower offers a landmark by which
+all pilots can steer, keeping it more or less to the right hand of the
+bows, and allowing for the increase of its parallax as the boat nears
+her goal.
+
+Over the Putney water the best course has changed considerably during
+the writer's personal recollections. Twenty years ago the point entering
+to Horse Reach, and opposite to Chiswick Church, could be taken close.
+The Conservancy dredged the bed of the river, and also filled up a bight
+on the Surrey shore. This transferred the channel and the strongest
+current to the Middlesex side. In 1866 a head wind (against flood tide)
+off Chiswick raised the higher surf near to the towpath, showing that
+the main stream flowed there. It now runs much nearer to the Eyot.
+
+Also the removal of the centre arch of old Putney Bridge drew the main
+flood tide more into mid-river than of old; and since then the new
+bridge has been built and the old one altogether removed, still further
+affecting the current in the same direction. There is a noticeable
+tendency in the present day, on the part of all pilots, whether in
+sculling matches or in eight-oar races, to take Craven Point too wide
+and to bear off into the bay opposite, on the Surrey shore. The course
+should be kept rather more mid-stream than of old, up to Craven steps,
+but the point should be taken reasonably close when rounding; there
+should not be, as has often been seen during the last six years, room
+for a couple more boats to race between the one on the Fulham side and
+the Craven bank.
+
+In old days, when Craven Point used to be taken close, and when the set
+of the tide lay nearer to it than now, there ensued an important piece
+of pilotage called 'making the shoot.' It consisted in gradually
+sloping across the river, so as to take the Soapworks Point at a
+tangent, and thence to make for the Surrey arch of Hammersmith Bridge.
+This 'shoot' is now out of place: firstly, because the tide up the first
+reach from the start of itself now tends to bring the boat more into
+mid-river off the Grass Wharf and Walden's Wharf; secondly, because the
+Soapworks Point should now be taken _wide_, and not close. The reason
+for this latter injunction is that the races of to-day, by agreement, go
+through the centre arch of Hammersmith Bridge. Now the flood tide does
+not run through the bridge at right angles to the span. It is working
+hard across to the Surrey shore. Therefore, if a boat hugs Soapworks
+Point as of old, and as if the course lay through the shore arch, that
+boat will have to come out, _across_ tide, at an angle of about 25° to
+the set of the tide, in order to fetch the outer arch and to clear the
+buttress and the steamboat pier. Year after year the same blunder is
+seen. Pilots, of sculling boats and of eight-oars alike, wander away to
+the Surrey bay off Craven; then they hug the shore till they reach the
+Soapworks foot-bridge, and then they have to cross half the tide on
+their right before they can safely point for the outer arch of the
+Suspension Bridge. A pilot should endeavour to keep in mid-river off
+Rosebank and the Crab Tree, and after passing the latter point he will,
+while pointing his bows well to the right of the arch which he intends
+to pass under, find the river move to the left under him, until, with
+little or no use of rudder, he finds himself in front of his required
+arch just as he reaches the bridge.
+
+After passing the bridge a boat should keep straight on for another two
+hundred yards, else it will get into dead water caused by the eddy of
+the Surrey pier. At Chiswick the course may be taken wide (save and
+except, as in all cases, where force of wind alters circumstances). The
+main tide runs nearest to Chiswick Eyot. Horse Reach should be entered
+in mid-river; there is little or no tide on the Surrey point below it.
+
+Making for Barnes Bridge, the boat should keep fairly near to the
+Middlesex shore--how near depends upon whether the race is ordained to
+pass through the centre or the Middlesex arch of Barnes Bridge. Once
+through Barnes Bridge, the course should sheer in (if the centre arch
+has been taken) until the boat lies as if it had taken the shore arch.
+It should attain this position by the time it breasts the 'White Hart.'
+The river is here a horseshoe to the finish. In linear measure a boat on
+the Middlesex side has nearly two lengths less to travel than the one
+outside it between Barnes Bridge and the 'Ship.' The tide runs nearly as
+well within sixty feet of the shore as in mid-river at this point, hence
+it pays to keep about that distance from the Middlesex bank.
+
+The old Thames watermen who instruct young pilots over the Putney course
+are often inclined to run too much in the grooves which were good in
+their younger days, when they themselves were racing on the river. Their
+instruction would be sound enough if the features of the river had not
+undergone change, as aforesaid, in sundry details. The repeated blunders
+of navigation lately seen perpetrated by watermen as well as amateurs
+between Craven Steps and Hammersmith make us lose much faith in
+watermen's tuition for steering the metropolitan course. We would rather
+entrust a young pilot to some active member of the London or Thames
+Rowing Clubs. These gentlemen know the river well enough as it now is,
+and are not biassed by old memories of what it once was but is no
+longer.
+
+University coxswains have easier tasks in these days than their
+predecessors before 1868. Until the Thames Conservancy obtained
+statutory powers in 1868 to clear the course for boat-racing, it used to
+be a ticklish matter to pick a safe course on a flood tide. There would
+be strings of barges towed, and many more sailing, others 'sweeping,' up
+river. Traffic did not stop for sport. Coxswains often found themselves
+in awkward predicaments to avoid such itinerant craft, more so when
+barges were under sail against a head wind, and were tacking from shore
+to shore. In 1866 a barge of this sort most seriously interfered with
+the Cambridge crew in Horse Reach, just when Oxford had, after a stern
+race, given them the go-by off the Bathing-place. It extinguished any
+chance which might have been left for Cambridge.
+
+In the preceding year C. R. W. Tottenham immortalised himself by a great
+_coup_ with a barge. She was tacking right across his course (Oxford had
+just gone ahead after having been led by a clear length through
+Hammersmith Bridge). This was just below Barnes Bridge. Many a pilot
+would have tried to go round the bows of that barge. At the moment when
+she shaped her course to tack across tide there seemed to be ample room
+to pass in front of her. Tottenham never altered his course, and trusted
+to his own calculations. Presently the barge was broadside on to
+Oxford's bows, and only a few lengths ahead. Every one in the steamers
+astern stood aghast at what seemed to be an inevitable smash. The barge
+held on, and so did Oxford, and the barge passed clear away just before
+Oxford came up. Even if she had hung a little, in a lull of wind, it
+would have been easy for Oxford to deflect a trifle and pass under her
+stern. Anything was better than attempting to go round her bows, which
+at first seemed to be the simplest course to spectators not experts at
+pilotage. It must be admitted that so much nerve and judgment at a pinch
+have never before or since been displayed by any coxswain in a
+University match. Tottenham had his opportunity and made the most of it.
+He steered thrice afterwards, but even if he had never steered again he
+had made his reputation by this one _coup_. In justice to other crack
+coxswains, such as Shadwell and Egan of old, and, _par excellence_, G.
+L. Davis in the present day, we must assume that if they had been
+similarly tried they would have been equally triumphant.
+
+[Illustration: FEATHER 'UNDER' THE WATER.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+SLIDING SEATS.
+
+
+I. THEIR ORIGIN.
+
+When sliding seats were first used they completely revolutionised
+oarsmanship, and caused old coaches whose names were household words to
+stand aghast at the invention.
+
+The best use of them was but imperfectly realised by those who first
+adopted them; and many of the earliest examples of sliding-seat
+oarsmanship were sufficiently unorthodox, according to our improved use
+of them in the present day, to justify the declaration of more than one
+veteran whose opinion was always respected that--'if that is sliding, it
+is not rowing.'
+
+The mechanical power gained by a sliding seat is so great that even if
+he who uses it sets at defiance all recognised principles of fixed-seat
+rowing, he can still command more pace than if he adhered to fixed-seat
+work. It was the spectacle, in earlier days of the slide, of this
+unorthodox sliding style beating good specimens of fixed-seat
+oarsmanship which so horrified many of the retired good oarsmen of the
+fixed-seat school. Before long the true use of the slide became better
+understood, and thus oarsmen--at all events scientific amateurs--began
+to realise that, while bad sliding could manage to command more pace
+than good fixed rowing, yet at the same time good sliding (which will be
+explained hereafter) will beat bad sliding by even more than the latter
+can distance good fixed-seat work.
+
+Just a similar sort of prejudice was displayed against the earlier style
+of rowing in keelless boats. When these craft first came in, oarsmen had
+little or no idea of 'sitting' them; they rolled helplessly, and lost
+all form, but nevertheless they travelled faster in the new craft than
+when rowing in good style in old-fashioned iron-shod keeled boats. In a
+season or two style reasserted itself, and it was found that it was by
+no means impossible to row in as neat a shape in a keelless boat as in a
+keeled one.
+
+Sliding on the seat had been practised long before the sliding seat was
+invented, but only to a modified extent. Robert Chambers of St.
+Antony's, the quondam champion, tried it now and then, and when
+preparing for his 1865 match with Kelley he used to slide a trifle,
+especially for a spurt, and to grease his seat to facilitate his
+operations. Jack Clasper, according to Mr. E. D. Brickwood's well-known
+treatise on Boat-racing, used to slide to a small extent on a fixed seat
+when he rowed in a Newcastle four which won on the Thames in 1857. Of
+this detail the writer has himself no recollection. Also, in 1867, a
+Tyne sculler, Percy, tried sliding on a fixed seat in a sculling match
+against J. Sadler on the Thames (so Mr. Brickwood relates). But none of
+these earlier sliders made much good out of their novelty. The strain on
+the legs caused by the friction on the seat prevented the oarsman from
+maintaining the action for long, and meantime it took so much out of him
+that it prematurely exhausted his whole frame.
+
+In 1870 Renforth's champion four used to slide on the seat for a spurt,
+but not for a whole course. They beat the St. John's Canadian crew very
+easily while so rowing in a match at Lachine, but we believe that they
+would have won with about as much ease had they rowed on fixed seats. In
+the same year a 'John o' Gaunt' four from Lancaster came to Henley
+Regatta and rowed in this fashion, sliding on fixed seats. They had very
+little body swing, and their style showed all the worst features of the
+subsequent style which became too common when sliding seats were first
+established. They did almost all their work by the piston action of the
+legs, and their limbs tired under the strain at the end of three or four
+minutes. They led a light crew of Oxford 'Old Radleians' by three
+lengths past Fawley Court, and then began to come back to them. The
+Oxonians steadily gained on them, but had to come round outside them at
+the Point, and could never get past them, losing the race by less than a
+yard. Enough was seen on this occasion to convince oarsmen that the
+Lancastrian style was only good for half-mile racing. In the final heat
+for the Stewards' fours a good L.R.C. crew beat the Lancastrians with
+ease after going half a mile. The Radleians would doubtless have also
+gone well by the Lancastrians had the course been a hundred yards
+longer.
+
+So far the old fixed seat had vindicated itself for staying purposes.
+But in the following year a problem was practically solved. It seems
+that (so Mr. Brickwood tells us) an oarsman comparatively unknown to
+fame, one Mr. R. O. Birch, had used an actual sliding seat at King's
+Lynn Regatta in 1870. Mr. Brickwood seems to have been the only writer
+who took cognisance of this interesting fact. University men and tideway
+amateurs, also professionals so far as we can gather, seem not to have
+heard of, or at least not to have heeded, the experiment. Had Mr. Birch
+been a leading sculler of the day, possibly the innovation might have
+been adopted earlier than it was.
+
+Meantime in America the sliding seat had been better known, but had not
+been appreciated. Mr. Brickwood tells us that a Mr. J. C. Babcock, of
+the Nassau Boat Club, constructed a sliding seat as long ago as 1857.
+Also that W. Brown, the American sculler, tried one in 1861, but
+abandoned it. In 1869 Mr. Babcock once more devoted himself to the study
+and construction of sliding seats, and brought out a six-oared crew
+rowing on slides. But the invention did not obtain much recognition,
+although Mr. Babcock was of opinion that his crew gained in power of
+stroke through the new apparatus.
+
+How the seat came to be at length adopted arose thus. In 1871 two Tyne
+crews went to America to compete in regattas. One of these was
+Renforth's crew, and, as detailed elsewhere, Renforth died during a race
+against the St. John crew. Robert Chambers (not the ex-champion) took
+his place later on for sundry regattas. The Tyne crews rowed with a good
+average of success in America. Taylor, who commanded the other Tyne
+four, raced a States four, called the Biglin-Coulter crew, rowing with
+sliding seats. These Biglin-Coulter men did not prove themselves, as a
+whole, any better than, if so fast as, the British crew; consequently
+there was nothing to draw especial attention to their apparatus. Of the
+two British crews, that stroked by Chambers proved itself on the whole,
+through various regattas, faster than Taylor's four.
+
+Taylor bided his time. He proposed a match on the Tyne between the two
+British fours, and the offer was accepted. The match came off in the
+fall of the same year. Taylor's men had their boat fitted with sliding
+seats, and kept their apparatus 'dark' from the world and from their
+opponents. They used to cease sliding when watched, and kept their
+apparatus covered up. When the race came off, Taylor's crew decisively
+reversed the American regatta form, and beat Chambers's crew easily.
+This was ascribed to the slide, information as to which leaked out after
+the race. The next University race was not rowed with slides, but a
+couple of minor sculling races in the spring were rowed with them. In
+June of that year a very fine L.R.C. four (Messrs. J. B. Close, F. S.
+Gulston, A. de L. Long, and W. Stout) rowed a four-oared match on the
+Thames against the Atalanta Club of New York. The L.R.C. men used
+slides. That did not affect their victory; they were stronger and better
+oarsmen than the Americans, and could have won easily on fixed seats;
+but what gave a fillip to slides was the clear testimony of these four
+oarsmen of undoubted skill to the advantage which they felt themselves
+gain by their use. Instantly there was a run upon slides. Henley Regatta
+was impending. The L.R.C. crews were all fitted with them for that
+meeting. Several other crews took to them after reaching Henley, and
+after seeing the superiority which London obtained by them. Kingston and
+Pembroke (Oxon) had their boats fitted with slides less than a week
+before the race. Pembroke was a moderate crew, and only entered because
+they held the Ladies' Plate. At first, in practice, Pembroke did about
+equal time over the course with Lady Margaret, both crews being on fixed
+seats. But the day after Pembroke got their slides they improved some 15
+secs. upon the time of Lady Margaret, who kept to their old seats. It
+must, however, be recorded that the Ladies' Plate was won by a
+fixed-seat crew--Jesus, Camb. This crew was by far the best in material
+of all the entries at the regatta. Their individual superiority enabled
+them to give away the slide to Pembroke, and had they taken to slides
+even for the last few days they would probably have also won the Grand
+Challenge. As it was, that prize fell to the L.R.C., a crew which had
+four good men, and then a weak tail. The sliding seat had now fairly
+established its claims. It should be added that Pembroke, with two good
+and two moderate men, won the Visitors' Plate from a very good Dublin
+four, about the best four that Dublin ever sent to Henley. Pembroke used
+slides, and the Dublin men had fixed seats. (Slides alone won this race
+for Pembroke.) The Pembroke slides were on wheels--a mechanism which was
+soon afterwards discarded by builders in favour of greased glass or
+steel grooves or tubes, but which seems to be returning to favour in
+1886 and 1887.
+
+
+II. THEIR USE.
+
+In order to understand the true action in a slide, it will be well to
+recall the action of fixed-seat rowing. On the fixed seat the swing of
+the body does the main work, being supported by the legs, which are
+rigid and bent.
+
+On a slide the legs extend gradually, while at the same time they
+support the body. On a fixed seat the body moves as the radius of a
+circle that is stationary; on a slide the body moves as the radius of a
+circle which is itself in motion. Suppose a threepenny-piece and a
+half-crown placed alongside of each other, concentrically, with a common
+pivot. Let the threepenny-piece roll for a certain distance on the edge
+of a card. Then any point in the circumference of the half-crown will
+move through a curve called a 'trochoid.' This is practically the sort
+of curve described by the head or shoulders of an oarsman who rows upon
+a sliding seat.
+
+The actual gain of rowing power by means of this mechanism is
+considerable. The exact extent of it is not easy to arrive at, there
+being various factors to be taken into consideration.
+
+In the first place, the length of reach, or of the 'stroke,' is
+considerably increased. Mr. Brickwood in 1873 conducted some scientific
+experiments on dry land upon this subject, in conjunction with the
+editor of the 'Field' and Mr. F. Gulston. The result of these
+measurements was to demonstrate (in the person of Mr. F. Gulston) a gain
+of about 18 inches in length of stroke upon a 9-inch slide.
+
+In 1881 some casual experiments of a similar sort were conducted on a
+lawn at Marlow by the Oxford crew then training there. The writer was
+present, and, so far as he remembers, the results practically confirmed
+the estimate of Mr. Brickwood above recorded, allowance being made for
+the fact that the gentleman by means of whose body the ideal stroke was
+measured at Marlow was longer-bodied and longer in the leg than Mr.
+Gulston.
+
+As a second advantage, the sliding seat decidedly relieves the abdominal
+muscles and respiratory organs during the recovery. In dealing with
+scientific racing we have previously remarked that the point wherein a
+tiring oarsman first gives way is in his recovery, because of the
+relative weakness of the muscles which conduct that portion of the
+action of the stroke. It therefore is obvious that any contrivance which
+can enable a man to recover with less exertion to himself will enable
+him to do more work in the stroke over the whole course, and still more
+so if the very contrivance which aids recovery also gives extra power to
+the stroke.
+
+On the other hand, there are two drawbacks to the slide. One of these
+is, that when sliding full forward the legs are more bent than would be
+the case on a fixed seat. The body cannot reach quite so far forward
+over the toes on a full slide as it can on a properly regulated fixed
+seat. This slightly detracts from the work of the _body_ at the
+beginning of the stroke.
+
+Again, when a slide is used to best advantage, the greatest mechanical
+benefit occurs just when the body arrives at the perpendicular, and when
+the legs are beginning to do the greater portion of their extension.
+This causes the greater force of the stroke to be applied behind the
+rowlock, in contradiction of all old theories of fixed-seat oarsmanship.
+
+Taking all _pros_ and _cons_ together, it has been practically proved
+beyond doubt to every rowing man for more than a decade that the slide
+gains much more than it sacrifices. Even bad sliding secures sufficient
+advantage to beat fixed-seat rowing (_ceteris paribus_), and good
+sliding completely distances fixed-seat performances. It is often
+remarked that the 'times' performed by sliding-seat crews are not
+glaringly superior to those of fixed-seat annals. This is correct.
+Nevertheless the balance is clearly in favour of sliding performances.
+The actual difference is much greater than times happen to disclose; it
+is somewhat fallacious to draw deductions from averages of recorded
+times, unless the individual condition of wind and weather, and of close
+or hollow races, be also chronicled for each year. On p. 106 record is
+given of the actual gain attained by Pembroke College crew within ten
+days of their essaying the use of slides. It may be added that Kingston,
+who adopted slides about the same day, displayed much about the same
+increase of speed, as shown by clocking and by comparing their times
+with those of other crews before and after their adoption of slides.
+
+Another matter throws light on the question, and that is the records of
+practice times--which are, on the whole, more trustworthy to prove an
+average than race times. Races have to start at fixed hours,
+irrespective of weather, whereas practice can select smooth days for
+trials. The records of sliding trials--over Henley courses and
+tideway--when wind and water have been favourable, show a much greater
+advance over similar practice trials of fixed-seat crews than is
+disclosed by the racing times of sliders. The writer believes that he is
+not far wrong in estimating the difference between sliding and fixed
+seats, in an eight or four, over the Henley course at 15 secs. (rough),
+and at something well over half a minute over the Putney course.
+Scullers gain more by slides than oarsmen, because they can work square
+throughout to the stretcher, whereas the oarsman's handle tends to place
+the strain at different angles to his body as the stroke progresses.
+
+Not much importance need be attached to the fact that the first
+University race rowed on slides eclipsed all its predecessors (and
+successors) for time.[8] It is well known that a gig eight with fixed
+seats on a good flood could do much faster time than a racing and
+sliding ship on a neap. The 1873 race hit off a one-o'clock tide and
+fair weather; and it would equally have surpassed all or most
+predecessors if the crews had not used slides. But still it was
+fortuitous that the first race of this class in the U.B.C.'s series
+should thus indicate the novelty by time record.
+
+  [8] See Tables.
+
+What is more striking is the ease with which times of about twenty
+minutes or under are now repeatedly accomplished, and by moderate crews,
+on moderate tides, and often with breezes unfavourable. Till slides
+came in twenty minutes had only once been beaten, and that was by the
+Oxford crew of 1857 in practice (19 min. 53 sec.); and as Mr. T. Egan,
+at that date editor of aquatics in 'Bell's Life,' then recorded in that
+journal, the oldest waterman could hardly recall such springs as foamed
+through Putney arches that week, and especially upon that day of trial.
+
+[Illustration: PRACTISING STROKE (1).]
+
+[Illustration: PRACTISING STROKE (2).]
+
+[Illustration: PRACTISING STROKE (3).]
+
+[Illustration: PRACTISING STROKE (4).]
+
+In 1871 Goldie's (third) crew were supposed to do wonderful time (20
+min. 11 sec.), on a good spring and smooth day. It sufficed to make them
+hot favourites. In these days a sliding crew that could not beat 19 min.
+40 sec. on a smooth spring tide would be reckoned to have a bad chance
+of success.
+
+The value of slides is therefore beyond dispute, but the oarsman should
+realise that good sliding distances bad sliding quite as far as bad
+sliding can beat fixed seats.
+
+Hence the importance of using the slide to the best advantage. To
+realise what he has to do, let a man test separately his two forces
+which he has presently to combine. Let him row an ordinary fixed-seat
+stroke: this shows him the power of his swing; then let him sit upright,
+holding his oar, and, having slid up forward, kick back with rigid back
+and arms. He will feel that he grips the water even more forcibly for
+the instant by the second than by the former process. The fallacy of bad
+sliders is to be content with this gain of power in the action last
+named, and to substitute slide for swing (the arms eventually rowing the
+stroke home in either case). The problem which an oarsman has to solve
+is to _combine_ the two actions.
+
+In order to do this, he should realise an important fact, viz. that the
+body cannot work effectually unless it receives support from the
+extensor muscles of the legs. Therefore, if he slides before he swings,
+or if he completes his slide before he completes his swing, any swing
+which he attempts after the slide is played out is practically
+powerless. Also, if the swing is thus rendered helpless, so also is the
+finish of the stroke with the arms, for these depend upon the body for
+support, and the body cannot supply them with this support unless the
+legs in their turn are doing their duty to the body.
+
+Bearing this amount of theory in mind, the oarsman should put it into
+practice thus. He should get forward (and immerse his blade, as on a
+fixed seat). Then, at the moment he touches the water, he should bring
+his body to bear upon the handle, just as if he were for the instant
+rowing on a fixed seat; his legs should be rigid, though bent, at the
+instant of catch. (See No. 1, p. 110.) So soon as the catch has been
+applied, the oar-handle begins to come in to the operator. Now comes a
+bit of watermanship and management of the limbs which require special
+attention, and which few oarsmen, even in these days of improved
+sliding, carry out to exact perfection. The knees have been elevated by
+the slide (if it is anything over 4 inches) to a height over which the
+oar-handle cannot pass without being elevated in its turn. Therefore,
+having once made his catch with rigid knees, the pupil should then begin
+to slide, contemporaneously with his swing, for a small distance, until
+he has brought his knees to such a level that the oar-loom can pass over
+them (No. 2, p. 110). He should during this period of the stroke slide
+only just so much as is required in order to bring his knees to the
+necessary height before the oar reaches them. By the time that the oar
+comes over them he will be about the perpendicular (No. 3, p. 111). Now
+comes that part of the stroke which, on a slide, is the most effective.
+The body should from this point swing well back, much further so than
+would be orthodox upon a fixed seat; all the time that the body is thus
+swinging back the legs should be extending, and the pace of extension
+should be regulated according to the length of slide. In any case the
+slide and swing should terminate contemporaneously (No. 4, p. 111). The
+arms, as in fixed-seat rowing, should contract and row the stroke home
+while the body is still swinging back. They should not begin to bend
+until the trunk has well passed the perpendicular.
+
+The oarsman must bear in mind that the moment for finishing his slide
+should be regulated, not by the length of the _slide_, but by _the
+length of his swing_, and the latter should go well back until his body
+is at an angle of about thirty degrees beyond the perpendicular. Suppose
+he has a long slide, say of 10 inches or more, and he decides, either
+from fatigue or because he need not fully extend himself, to use only
+part of his slide; or suppose he is changed from a boat fitted with
+11-inch slides to one with 9-inch ditto, he must not, when using the
+shorter slide, allow his legs to extend as rapidly as they did when they
+had a longer distance to cover. If he fails to observe this he will
+'hurry' his slide, and will bring it to an end before the swing is
+completed, thus rendering the latter part of the swing helpless
+for want of due leg-support. If slide and swing are not arranged
+contemporaneously, it is far better that a balance of slide should
+remain to be run out after the swing has finished than _vice versâ_. The
+legs can always push, and so continue the stroke, even if the body is
+rigid; but the body cannot conversely do anything effective for the
+stroke when once the legs have run their course.
+
+The recovery on a sliding seat is not quite the counterpart of that on a
+fixed seat. On the fixed seat the recovery should be the converse of the
+stroke: i.e. the arms, which came in latest, while the body was still
+swinging back, should shoot out first, while the body is beginning its
+return swing; and just as the first part of the stroke was performed
+with straight arms and swinging body, so the last part of the recovery
+should disclose a similar pose of arms and body. But upon a slide there
+is not exactly such a transposition on the recovery of the motions which
+are correct for the stroke. The hands play the same part as before; they
+cannot well be too lively off the chest and in extension, because the
+knees require more clearing on slides, and the sooner the hands are on
+the safe side of them the less chance is there of fouling the water on
+the return of the blade. But, as regards the relations between slide and
+swing, these should _not_ bear the same relation conversely which they
+did to each other during the stroke. The pupil was enjoined not to let
+his slide run ahead of his swing while rowing the stroke through; but on
+the recovery he may, and should, let his slide get well ahead, and be
+completed before the body has attained its full reach forward. The body
+should not _wait_ for the swing to do its duty first, but it should
+begin at once to recover, though more leisurely than the legs. The
+reasons for this are:--
+
+1. The pace of the slide lends impetus to the trunk, and eases the
+labour of the forward swing; it transfers some of the exertion of
+recovering the trunk from the abdominal muscles, which are weak, to the
+flexors of legs and loins, which are much more powerful, and are better
+able to stand the strain.
+
+2. The body needs some purchase upon which to depend for its recovery,
+and the legs can aid it in this respect much more effectually when bent
+than when rigid. Therefore, since staying power is greatly affected by
+the amount of exertion involved in recovery (as explained in previous
+pages), the oarsman will last longer in proportion as he thus omits the
+recovery of his trunk, by accelerating his slide on the return.
+
+Many good oarsmen slide until the knees are quite straight. In the
+writer's opinion, this is waste of power: the knees should never _quite_
+straighten; the recovery is, for anatomical reasons, much stronger if
+the joint is slightly bent when the reversal of the machinery commences
+(No. 4, p. 111). The extra half-inch of kick gained by quite
+straightening the knees hardly compensates for the extra strain of
+recovery; also leg-work to the last fraction of a second of swing is
+better preserved by this retention of a slight bend, and an open chest
+and clean finish are thereby better attained. Engineers, who know what
+is meant by a 'dead point' in machinery, will at once grasp the reason
+for not allowing the legs to shoot quite straight.
+
+When a crew are being coached upon slides, it is of great importance to
+get the slide simultaneous, and as nearly as possible equal. A
+long-legged man, sculling, may use a much longer slide than a short man.
+But in an eight, if the long man fits his stretcher as if for sculling,
+he will be doing more than his share, and may be unable to shoot so long
+a slide through in the required time, except by dint of 'hurrying' it;
+and, if he does this latter, the result is to cripple his swing, as
+shown _supra_. There must be a certain amount of give-and-take in
+arranging slides in an eight or four oar. That length of slide is best
+which all the crew can work simultaneously and effectively, preserving
+uniformity of swing and slide.
+
+When tiros are being taught their first lesson in sliding, they should
+be placed on very short slides, say 3 inches at most. The centre of the
+slide only should be used. The runners should be blocked fore and aft,
+so that when the slide stands half way (1-1/2 inch from foremost block),
+the distance from the seat to the stretcher should be just as much as
+the man would require if he were on a fixed seat.
+
+Young hands are less likely to make their stroke all slide and no swing
+if they have at first only such length of slide as above indicated. When
+the slide of 3 inches has been mastered, it may be lengthened, inch by
+inch. In thus lengthening the slide, it is best to add, at first, more
+to the forward part of the slide than to the back part, i.e. say, for a
+4-inch slide, 2-1/2 inches before and 1-1/2 inch behind, the point of
+seat for fixed-seat work, to the same stretcher. This arrangement
+prevents the pupil from lacking leg-support at the end of his swing, and
+teaches him to feel his legs well against the stretcher till the hands
+have come home to the chest. When 4 inches have been mastered, add
+another inch forward and about half an inch back, and so on. In time the
+beginner will reach the full range of his slide forward, while yet he is
+'blocked' from using the full distance back. When he becomes proficient
+in this pose, his slide back can be increased by degrees until he
+attains a full slide. The great thing is to induce him from the first to
+combine his slide with his swing, and not to substitute the former for
+the latter.
+
+When slides first came in shocking form was seen upon them, as
+previously stated. This was a venial result of oarsmen being driven--by
+emulation to win prizes in races immediately impending--to attempt to
+run before they had learnt to walk, so to speak. The year 1873 saw worse
+form among amateurs than the writer can recall in any season. In 1874
+matters began to mend. The two University strokes of that year, Messrs.
+Rhodes and Way, had each been at pains to improve his style since he had
+last been seen in public at Henley. Each seemed to realise that he had
+been on a wrong tack, and set to work to alter his style radically.
+These same gentlemen were strokes of their respective U.B.C.'s in 1875,
+and the improvement was still more palpable. The Oxonian had an
+exceptionally fine lot of men behind him; the Cantab had two or three
+weak men in the bows who did not do justice to him. But none the less,
+when these crews performed at Putney, old-fashioned critics, who had
+been till then prejudiced against the new machinery, as being
+destructive to form, were fain to admit that after all, when properly
+managed, slides could produce as good form of body and shoulders as in
+the best of the old days. The Leander crew which won the G.C.C. at
+Henley in that year showed admirable sliding form. It was stroked by Mr.
+Goldie, who had rowed all his University races on a fixed seat. When he
+first took to a slide (for sculling) he fell into the same error as many
+other amateurs, almost entirely substituting slide for swing. But for
+this oversight he might have won both Diamond and Wingfield sculls. He
+soon saw his error, like Messrs. Rhodes and Way, and when he stroked
+Leander in 1875 no one could have recognised him as the same man who had
+been contesting the Diamonds in 1872. These three fuglemen strokes did
+much to elevate the standard of sliding among amateurs; it was chiefly
+through their examples, crowned with success, that the earlier samples
+of sliding oarsmanship became better realised. Professionals remained
+blind in their own conceit, as is shown in another chapter, but from
+this date amateur oarsmanship completely gave the go-by to professional
+exhibitions of skill and science in aquatics.
+
+[Illustration: A COLLEGE FOUR.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+FOUR-OARS.
+
+
+The fewer the number of performers in a boat the longer does it take
+(with material of uniform quality) to acquire absolute evenness of
+action. This may seem paradoxical, but none the less all practical
+oarsmen will, from their own personal experiences, endorse the
+statement. It has been said that it takes twice as long to perfect a
+four as an eight, twice as long to perfect a pair as a four, and twice
+as long to perfect a sculler as a pair. This scale may be fanciful, but
+it is approximately truthful; it refers, of course, to the education of
+oarsmen for work in the respective craft, from their earliest days of
+instruction. It means that a higher standard of watermanship has to be
+attained, in order to do justice to the style of craft rowed in,
+according as the ship carries more or fewer performers. Many an oarsman
+who by honest tugging can improve the go of an eight-oar will do more
+harm than good in a light four, and will be simply helpless in a racing
+pair.
+
+Four-oar races, with the exception of some junior contests, are now
+rowed in coxswainless craft. The first of these seen in Europe was that
+of the St. John's Canadian crew (professional, but admitted for the
+nonce as amateurs) at the Paris International Regatta 1867. All the
+other crews carried steerers. The Canadians had the windward station in
+a stiff wind, and won easily. Next year the B.N.C. Oxon Club produced a
+four thus constructed at Henley. The rules did not forbid this; but the
+novelty scared other competitors and threatened to spoil the racing in
+that class. The stewards accordingly passed a resolution forbidding any
+of the entries to dispense with a coxswain, and under cover of this
+disqualified the B.N.C. four when it came in ahead.
+
+Next year the resolution referred to remained in force (as regards the
+Challenge Cups), but a presentation prize for fours without coxswains
+was given, and was won by the Oxford Radleian Club. In 1871 the chief
+professional matches were rowed without coxswains; but no more prizes
+were given for this class of rowing at Henley until 1873, when the
+Stewards' Cup was classed for 'no coxswains.' At Oxford college fours
+were similarly altered, but the steering was so bad that it was
+seriously proposed to revert to the old system. A similar proposal was
+made with regard to Henley. Fortunately, wiser counsels prevailed, and
+oarsmen realised that it was better to attempt to raise their own
+talents to the standard required for the improved build than to detract
+from the build to suit the failings of mediocrity. In 1875 the Visitors
+and Wyfold Cups were emancipated from coxswains, and since then the
+standard of amateur four-oar rowing has gradually risen to the
+requirements of the improved class of build.
+
+Steerage is of course the main difficulty in these pairs. Three
+different sorts of apparatus have been used in them. Two of these are
+much of the same sort. One, generally in use to this day, consists of
+two bars projecting from the stretcher, and working horizontally in
+slits cut in the board. The foot presses against one bar or other to
+direct the rudder, Another process is to fix a shoe to the stretcher, in
+which the oarsman places his foot. This shoe works laterally. The third
+is one tried by the writer in 1868. Every inventor thinks his goose a
+swan, and possibly the writer is over-sanguine as to the merits of his
+own hobby. It consists of two bars laid on the stretcher, like a very
+widely opened letter V, the arms of the V pointing in the direction of
+the sitter. Each arm is hinged at the apex of the V. The stretcher is
+grooved, so that either arm can be pressed into the groove, flush with
+the surface of the stretcher. Behind each bar is a spring. The bars
+cross the stretcher just about the ball of the foot. The hinge is sunk
+deep in the wood, so that the arms of the levers do not begin to project
+above the wood till some 5 inches on either side of the centre of the
+stretcher. The feet are placed in ordinary rowing pose, in the middle of
+the V, where the levers lie below the flush surface of the stretcher.
+The strap, though tight, has a _wide_ loop, to admit of slight lateral
+movement of the feet. To put on rudder either foot is slipped half an
+inch or so outward. This brings it on to the lever of that side, and the
+pressure of the foot drives the lever flush. This pressure and movement
+of the lever, by means of another small lever and swivel outside the
+gunwale, in connection with it, works the rudder line. When steerage
+enough has been obtained, a half-inch return of the foot to its normal
+pose releases the lever, and the spring behind it at once brings it to
+_status quo ante_.
+
+Now in the other two mechanisms above cited, the same foot has to steer
+_both_ ways. Hence, for one of the two directions, the toe must turn in
+like a pigeon's. This must, for the moment, cripple leg-work, especially
+on slides. Again, with lateral movement in first and second machines, it
+is difficult for the steerer to know to exactness when his rudder is
+'off.' He may, in returning it after steerage, leave it a trifle on, or
+carry it the other way too far. If so, he has to counter-steer a stroke
+or two later, till he feels that his rudder is free and trailing. The
+writer claims for his own invention that it never removes the feet from
+the proper outward-turned pose against the stretcher, and that the
+springs under the lever ensure the rudder swinging back and 'trailing'
+so soon as a lever is released.
+
+Whatever apparatus is used, _wires_, not strings, should lead the
+rudder, and should not be too tight; they will pull enough, though
+slightly loose.
+
+Anyone may steer; the best waterman, if not too short-sighted, should do
+so, but stroke should not take the task if anyone else is at all fit for
+it.
+
+[Illustration: FOUR-OAR.]
+
+The steerer should not be repeatedly looking round, as regards his
+course. If he is sure of no obstacles lying in his path, he can, when
+once he has laid his boat straight for a reach, watch her stern-post,
+and keep touch on it, to hold it to some landmark.
+
+A coxswainless four really facilitates oarsmanship. It recovers from a
+roll more freely than the old-fashioned build with a pilot. It is uneven
+rowing which causes a roll, but when once equilibrium has been disturbed
+the coxswain has more difficulty than the crew in regaining balance. The
+oarsmen aid themselves with their oars, as with balancing poles. The
+removal of the coxswain therefore tends to reduce the rolling, and
+facilitates the speedy return of the ship to her keel when momentarily
+thrown off it. Coxswainless fours at Henley travel now much more
+steadily than did those with coxswains fifteen years ago. A runner on
+the bank, to look out for obstructive craft, is useful in practice. It
+enables the steerer to keep his eyes on his stern-post, and to guide his
+course thereby in confidence, without repeated twists round to see if
+any loafing duffer is going to smash his timbers. The pace of a
+first-class coxswainless four, in smooth water, for half a mile is quite
+as great as that of a second-class eight-oar with a coxswain. The
+abolition of coxswain has improved the speed of fours some forty seconds
+over the Henley course.
+
+One good resulted from the attempt of B.N.C. in 1868 to row without a
+coxswain. It opened the eyes of the regatta executive to the unfairness
+of tolerating boy coxswains. The University clubs used to carry boys of
+four or five stone. In that very year the 'Oscillators' had a four-stone
+lad, while University College carried an eight-stone man. There was just
+as much difference between these two fours in dead weight carried as
+between B.N.C. (with no coxswain) and the Oscillators. University clubs
+are _ex officio_ debarred from obtaining boys to steer. This inequality
+had been complained of by college crews time after time. Old Mr. Lane,
+the usual vice-chairman, used to sneer at the complaint, and say, 'If a
+boy can do in one boat what it takes a man to do in another, it is not
+fair to prohibit the boy.' If this were logical, then, _pari passu_,
+there could be no unfairness for one man to do single-handed what in
+other boats it took a man and a boy (or two men) to do, viz. both row
+and steer. Mr. Lane's fallacy was exploded by this _reductio ad
+absurdum_ of his tenets, and regulation weights for coxswains were
+initiated for following years.
+
+[Illustration: NEAR MEDMENHAM.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+PAIR-OARS.
+
+
+More than one master of oarsmanship has declared that good pair-oar
+rowing is the acme of oarsmanship. Just as there are fewer oarsmen who
+can do justice to a four-oar than to an eight, so when we come to
+pair-oars we find still fewer performers who can really show first-class
+style in this line of rowing. Much as watermanship is needed in a four,
+it is still more important to possess it when rowing in a pair. One, or
+even two men, out of a four-oared crew may be what would be considered
+bad watermen, i.e. not _au fait_ at sitting a rolling boat, and not
+instinctively time-keepers. Yet, if the other two men have the quality
+of watermanship, the four may speedily fall together, provided the two
+outsiders show sound general principles of style. In a pair-oar,
+if either of the hands is a bad waterman, the combination will
+never rise above mediocrity. In pair-oar rowing there is needed a
+_je-ne-sais-quoi_ sort of mutual concession of style. One man is stroke
+and the other bow, but there is in good pair-oarsmen an indefinite and
+almost unconscious give-and-take action on the part of both men. The
+style of the two is a sort of blend.
+
+Old Harry Clasper, when asked which steered, of himself and his son
+Jack, in a pair, said that 'both steered.' To do this is the acme of
+homogeneous rowing. Of two partners one may, and should, act as chief;
+but his colleague should be co-operating with him, and almost
+anticipating his motions and orders.
+
+When two strange partners commence work, they should make up their minds
+not to row 'jealous.' If each begins by trying to row the other round,
+they will disagree like Richard Penlake and his wife. They had better
+each try to see who can do least work: sit the boat, paddle gently,
+studying to drop into the water together, to catch the water together,
+to finish together, to feather together (and cleanly), and to recover
+together. The less work they try to do, while thus seeking to assimilate
+their motions to each other, the quicker will they settle down.
+
+As to rowing each other round, such emulation should never enter their
+heads. To row a partner round is no proof of having done more work than
+he towards propelling the boat. One man may catch sharply and row
+cleanly, and in a style calculated to make a boat travel; his colleague
+may slither the beginning and tug at the end, staying a fraction of a
+second later in the water than the other, but rowing no longer in reach.
+The latter will probably row the boat round! A tug at the end of a
+stroke turns a boat much more than a catch at the beginning; yet the
+latter propels the racing boat far more. Of course, if two men row alike
+in style and reach from end to end, and one puts on all through the
+stroke a trifle more pressure, the ship will turn from the greater
+pressure. But, unless it can be guaranteed that the style of each
+partner is identical all through the stroke, 'rowing round' does not
+prove a superiority of work.
+
+[Illustration: PAIR OARS--AN IMMINENT FOUL.]
+
+We have said that good watermen will sit a pair where bad ones will
+roll. So far so good. But good watermen, first beginning practice with
+each other, must not assume that because they do not roll their
+uniformity is therefore proved. Their power of balance can keep the boat
+upright, even though there may be at first some inaccuracies of work.
+Thus to balance a boat requires a certain amount of exertion; in a race,
+at this stage, this labour of balancing would take something off the
+power of the stroke. Besides, until the two oars work with similar
+pressure through the whole stroke, the keel cannot be travelling dead
+straight. Steady though good men may be at scratch, they will gain in
+pace as they continue to practise, and insensibly assimilate their
+action. With bad watermen cessation of rolling is a sign that the styles
+have at last assimilated; with good watermen the deduction is not
+necessarily sound.
+
+In old days pair-oars rowed without rudders. The two oars guided the
+ship. It was best to let the stronger man steer. He could thus set his
+partner to do his best all the way in a race, could ease an over or two,
+or lay on that much extra, from stroke to stroke, according as the
+stern-post required balancing on the landmark which had been selected as
+its _point d'appui_. To learn each other's strength and to know the
+course, to know by heart when to lay on for this corner, or to row off
+for that, was the study of practice and tested watermanship. In modern
+times a thin metal rudder is usually used, steered as in coxswainless
+fours. In a beam wind this materially aids pace, it enables the leeward
+oar to do his full share, instead of paddling while his partner is
+toiling. Even in still water it is some gain, provided the helm can be
+easily 'trailed' when not wanted. The facility with which such a pair
+can be steered tempts men to omit to study that delicate balance of a
+boat's stern on its point which was the acme of art before rudders came
+in. We have seen a (rudderless) pair leave a wake up Henley reach, from
+island to point, on a glassy evening, as straight as if a surveyor's
+line had been stretched there. In fact, to steer such a pair, with a
+practical partner, was, if anything, easier to some men than to steer
+an eight. The stern-post lay in view of the oarsman, and could be
+adjusted on its point like a gun barrel, whereas the actual bows of an
+eight are unseen by a coxswain.
+
+Except a sculling boat, a pair-oar is the fastest starting of all craft;
+but if it is thus easy to set in motion at the outset of a race, it is
+plain that it can be spurted later on as suddenly. Bearing this in mind,
+there is no object in starting a pair in a race at a speed which cannot
+go all the way. There is as much scope for staying in a pair as in an
+eight; more in fact, for the pair takes the longer to do the same
+distance as the eight. The start should be quick, but it is best to keep
+a stroke or two per minute in hand for a rush hereafter, if needed, when
+the pulse of the enemy has been felt, and when partners have warmed to
+their work.
+
+Pairs are best rowed with oars somewhat smaller all round than those
+which are used for eights or fours. The pair, more than any other craft,
+requires to be caught sharp and light; an oar that is not too long in
+the shank nor too big in the blade best accomplishes this. 'Dimensions'
+recommended for 'work' in various craft will be found scheduled
+elsewhere in this volume.
+
+To conclude the subject of pairs, it may be added, if partners wish to
+assimilate, they must make up their minds to avoid recrimination. If the
+boat goes amiss say, or assume, 'it is I,' not 'you,' who is to blame.
+Keep cool and keep your head in a race. If the steersman bids 'easy'
+half a stroke, be prompt in so doing. To delay to right the course at
+the correct instant may take the ship lengths out of her course. A
+stroke eased in time, like a stitch, often saves nine, and perhaps
+obviates sticking in the bank.
+
+[Illustration: CLOSE QUARTERS.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+SCULLING.
+
+
+Sculling needs more precision and more watermanship than rowing. The
+strongest man only wastes his strength in sculling if he fails to obtain
+even work for each hand. A pair-oar requires more practice to bring it
+to perfection than any other boat manned by oars, but a sculler requires
+considerably more practice than any pair of oarsmen. Strength he must
+have in proportion to his weight, if he is to soar above mediocrity, but
+strength alone will not avail him unless he gets his hands well
+together.
+
+His sculls will overlap more or less. It is practically immaterial which
+hand he rows uppermost; the upper hand has a trifle of advantage, and
+for this reason Oxonians, whose course is a left-hand one, usually
+scull left hand over. The first difficulty which an embryo sculler has
+to contend with is that of attaining uniform pressure with square body
+and square legs upon a pair of arms which are not uniformly placed. One
+arm has to give way to another to enable the hands to clear each other
+when they cross; and yet while they do this the blades which they
+control should be buried to a uniform depth. How to attain this
+give-and-take action of the arms is better shown by even a moderate
+performer in five minutes of practical illustration than by reams of
+book instruction.
+
+The aspirant to sculling honours had better, when commencing to learn,
+take his first lesson in a gig. A wager boat will be too unsteady, and
+will retard his practice; 'skiffs' are usually to be obtained only as
+teach boats with work at sixes and sevens. A dingey buries too much on
+the stroke, and spoils style. The beginner should find a stiff pair of
+sculls, true made, and overlapping about the width of his hands. He
+should ask some proficient to examine and to try his sculls, and to tell
+him by the feel whether they are really a pair. The best makers of oars
+and sculls too often turn out sculls which are not 'pairs,' and when
+this is the case the action of him who uses them cannot be expected to
+be even on both sides of his frame. Having got suitable sculls, let the
+sculler arrange his stretcher just a shade shorter than he would have it
+for rowing. He can clear his knees with a shorter stretcher when
+sculling than when rowing, as he can easily see for himself. A stretcher
+should always be as short as is compatible with clearing the knees.
+
+Whether or not the pupil is proficient in sliding, he had better keep a
+fixed seat while learning the rudiments of sculling; it will give him
+less to think about; he might unconsciously contract faults in sliding
+while fixing his mind elsewhere--in the direction of his new implements.
+
+He should see that his rowlocks are roomy. In most gigs there is a want
+of room between thowl and stopper. A sculler requires a wider rowlock
+than an oarsman, because his scull goes forward to an acuter angle than
+an oar, with the same reach of body. Nothing puts out a sculler's hands
+more than a recoil of the scull from the stopper, for want of room to
+reach out. The sculler should examine whether his rowlocks are true; the
+sills of them should be horizontal, not inclined, and most of all not
+inclined from stern to bow; the latter defect will at once make him
+scull deep. Next, let him examine his thowl. This should be clean faced,
+not 'grooved' by the upper edge of the loom of oars which have been
+handled by operators who feather under water, and who thus force at the
+finish with the upper edge and not with the flat back of the loom. Half
+the hack gigs that are on hire will be found to have rowlocks so worn,
+grooved, and disfigured, that not the best sculler in the world can lay
+his strength out on them until he has filed them into shape. The thowl
+should show a flush surface, and rake just the smallest trifle aft, so
+as to hold the blade just a fraction of an angle less than a rectangle
+to the water, but this 'rake' should be very slight.
+
+Having now got his tools correct, the workman will have no excuse for
+grumbling at them if he fails to do well. Let him begin by paddling
+gently and slowly. He had better not attempt to work hard. If he sees
+some other sculler shooting past him in a similar boat, he must sink all
+jealousy. Every motion which he makes in a stroke is now laying the
+foundation of habit and of mechanical action hereafter; hence he must
+give his whole mind to each stroke, and be content to go to work
+steadily and carefully. He must feel his feet against his stretcher,
+both legs pressing evenly. He must hold his sculls in his fingers (not
+his fists), and let the top joint of each thumb cap the scull. This is
+better than bringing the thumb under the scull; it gives the wrists more
+play, and tends to avoid cramp of the forearm. He must endeavour to do
+his main work with his body and legs, when he has laid hold of the
+water. He should keep his arms rigid, and lean well back. Just as he
+passes the perpendicular his hands will begin to cross each other.
+Whichever hand he prefers to row over, he should stick to. When the
+hands begin to cross, he should still try to keep the arms stiff, and to
+clear the way by slightly lowering one hand and raising the other. Not
+until his hands have opened out again after having crossed should he
+begin to bend his arms and to bring the stroke home to the chest. He
+should try to bend each arm simultaneously and to the same extent, and
+to bring each hand up to his breast almost at his ribs, at equal
+elevations. He must try to feather both sculls sharply and
+simultaneously.
+
+If he finds any difficulty in this, he will do well to give himself a
+private lesson on this point before he proceeds further. He can sit
+still and lay his sculls in the rowlocks, and thus practise turning the
+wrists sharply, on and off the feather, till he begins to feel more
+handy in this motion.
+
+On the recovery he should shoot his hands out briskly, the body
+following but not waiting for the hands to extend--just as in a 'rowing'
+recovery. When the recovering hands begin to cross each other the lower
+and upper must respectively give way, and so soon as they open out after
+the cross, they should once more resume the same plane, and extend
+equally, so as to be ready to grip the water simultaneously for the
+succeeding stroke.
+
+Very few scullers realise the great importance of even action of wrists.
+If one scull hangs in the water a fraction of a second more than
+another, or buries deeper, or skims lighter, the two hands at that
+moment are not working evenly. Therefore the boat is not travelling in a
+straight line; therefore she will sooner or later, may be in the latter
+half of the very same stroke, have to be brought back to her course. In
+order to bring her back, the hand which, earlier, was doing the greater
+work, must now do less. Therefore the boat has not only performed a
+zigzag during the stroke, but also she has been, while so meandering,
+propelled by less than her full available forces, first one hand falling
+off through clumsiness, and afterwards the other hand shutting off some
+work, in order to equalise matters.
+
+As the sculler becomes more used to his action, he will find his boat
+keep more even. At first he will be repeatedly putting more force on one
+hand than on another, and will have to rectify his course by counterwork
+with the neglected hand. Some scullers, though otherwise good, never
+steer well. They do not watch their stern-post, to see if they go evenly
+at each stroke; still less, if they see a slight deflection to one hand
+after one stroke, do they at once rectify the deviation by extra
+pressure on the other hand during the ensuing stroke. A good steerer in
+sculling will correct his course even to half a stroke; if through a
+bend, or a wave, or other cause, he sees one hand has taken the other a
+little round by the time that the sculls are crossing, he will row the
+other hand home a trifle sharper, and so bring the keel straight by the
+time he feathers. When a sculler gets more settled to his work, and has
+got over the first difficulty of clearing his hands at the crossing, he
+will begin to acquire the knack of bringing the boat round to one hand,
+without any distinct extra tug of that scull. He will press a trifle
+more with the one foot, and will throw a little more of his weight on to
+the one scull, and so produce the desired effect on his boat.
+
+When a sculler promotes himself to a light boat, he must be very careful
+not to lose the knack of even turns of wrists which he has been so
+assiduously studying in his tub. In the wager boat, far more than in the
+tub, is the action of the sculler's body affected and his labour
+crippled by any uneven action of either hand. The gig did not roll if
+one hand went into the water an infinitesimal fraction of a second
+sooner, or came out that much later than the other hand. But the fragile
+sculling boat, with no keel, and about thirteen inches of beam, resents
+these liberties, and requires 'sitting' in addition, whenever any
+inequality of work takes her off her balance. The sculler must
+especially guard against feathering under water. He is more tempted to
+do so now, while he is in an unsteady boat, than when he was in his
+sober-going gig. He feels instinctively that if he lets his blades rest
+flat on the water for the instant, when his stroke concludes, he
+obtains for the moment a rectification of balance; the flat blades stop
+rolling to either side; when he has thus steadied his craft, then he can
+essay to lift his blades and to get forward. If he once yields to this
+insidious temptation, he runs the risk of spoiling himself as a sculler,
+and of ensuring that he will never rise beyond mediocrity. The hang
+back, and the sloppy feather, which are to be seen in so many
+second-class scullers, may almost invariably, if the history of the
+sculler be known, be traced to want of nerve and of confidence in early
+days to feather boldly, and to lift the sculls sharp from the water,
+regardless of rolling. Of course, for the nonce, the sculler can sit
+steadier, and therefore make more progress, if he thus steadies his
+craft with his blades momentarily flat; and it is because of this fact
+that so many beginners are seduced into the trick. But let the sculler
+pluck up courage, and endeavour to imagine himself still afloat in his
+gig. Let him turn his wrists as sharply as when he was in her, and lift
+his blades boldly out, not even caring if he rolls clean over. There
+really is little chance of his so capsizing. If he rolls, his one blade
+or other floats in the water, and being strung over at the rowlock,
+cannot well let his boat turn over, so long as he holds on to the
+handle. Meantime, he must sit tight to his boat, and use his feet to
+balance her with his body. He must not try to row too fast a stroke; a
+quick stroke hides faults, and speed tends to keep a light craft on an
+even keel so long as her crew are fresh; but style is not learned while
+oarsmen or scullers are straining their utmost. If the sculler finds
+that he really cannot make progress in his wager boat, he must assume
+that he wants another spell of practice in his tub, and must revert
+again to her for a week or two, or more. If he will only persevere in
+studying even and simultaneous action of hands, he will get his reward
+in time.
+
+He should not be ambitious to race too soon. Many a young sculler spoils
+himself by aspiring to junior scullers' races before he is ripe for
+racing. It is a temptation to have a 'flutter,' just to see how one
+gets on, but it is of no use to race unless the competitor has had some
+gallops beforehand; and it is in trying to row a fast stroke before they
+can thoroughly sit a boat that so many scullers sow seeds of bad style,
+which stick to them long afterwards, and perhaps always. When at last
+the sculler has learned to sit his boat, to drop his hands in
+simultaneously, to feel an even pressure with both blades, to see his
+stern-post hold on true, and not waver from side to side; when he is
+able to drop and turn both wrists at the same instant, to lift both
+blades clean away from the water, and to shoot out his hands without
+fouling either his knees or the water, then he has mastered more than
+half the scullers of the day--even though he can only perform thus for
+half-a-dozen strokes at a time without encountering a roll. He can now
+lay his weight well on his sculls, and can make his boat travel. He will
+have done well if all this time he has abstained from indulging in a
+slide; he does not need one as yet, he is not racing, and the fewer
+things he has to think about the better chance he has of being able to
+devote his attention to acquiring even hands and a tight seat. Once let
+him gain these accomplishments, and he can then take to his slide, and
+in his first race go by many an opponent who started sculling long
+before him, but who began at once in a wager boat and on a slide.
+
+[Illustration: A SPILL.]
+
+A very good amateur sculler--J. E. Parker, winner of the Wingfield
+Sculls in 1863--used to say that he always went back until his sculls
+came out of the water of their own accord. As a piece of chaff, it used
+to be said of him, by his friends, that there was a greasy patch on his
+fore canvas, where his head came in contact with it at the end of his
+stroke. Of course this was only a jest, but undoubtedly Parker swung
+farther back than most scullers, perhaps more than any amateur. The
+secret of his pace, which was indisputable, as also his staying power,
+probably lay to a great extent in this long back swing of his. He also
+sculled exceedingly cleanly, his hands worked in perfect unison, and his
+blades came out clean and sharp. The writer cannot recall any sculler
+whose blades were so clean, save Hanlan and also W. S. Unwin in 1886.
+Much of the secret of each of these scullers lay in the evenness of
+their hands; they wasted no power. F. Playford, junior, was a more
+powerful sculler, and apparently faster than either of the above-named
+amateurs (_ceteris paribus_ as to slides, _quâ_ Parker); but taking his
+reach and weight into consideration, it is not to be wondered if
+Playford was in his day the best of all Wingfield winners. The late Mr.
+Casamajor was a great sculler. He also had a very long back swing, and
+clean blades. He never had such tough opponents to beat as had Playford,
+but at least it could be said of him that he was unbeaten in public in
+any race.
+
+Steerage apparatus is in these days fitted to many a sculling boat. The
+writer, as an old stager, is bound to admit that he had retired from
+active work before such mechanism was used, he therefore cannot speak
+practically as to its value for racing. So far as he has watched its use
+by scullers, he is induced to look upon the contrivance with suspicion.
+On a stormy day, with beam wind for a considerable part of the course,
+such an appendage will undoubtedly assist a sculler. It will save him
+from having an arm almost idle in his lap during heavy squalls. But on
+fairly smooth days, or when wind is simply ahead, a rudder must surely
+detract more from pace (by reason of the water which it catches; even
+when simply on the trail) than it ever will save by obviating the
+operation of rowing a boat round by the hand to direct her course.
+Again, the fittings which carry the rudder must, when the rudder is
+unshipped, hold a certain amount of water to the detriment of speed.
+Also, if a boat is pressed for a spurt, there must be some risk of the
+tiller of the rudder (however delicately made), and the wires which
+control it, pulling and drawing the water. When the canvas ducks under
+water on recovery, it is important that the water should run off freely
+when the boat springs to the stroke. If a post stands up at the stern,
+however thin and metallic, this must to some degree check the flow off
+of the water. Again, the feet must be moved to guide this rudder; while
+they are thus shifting, the fullest power of the legs can hardly be
+applied. A sculler who is in good practice, and who is at home with his
+boat and sculls, should be able to feel his boat's course through each
+stroke, and to adjust her at any one stroke if she has deviated during
+the preceding one. On the whole, barring circumstances such as a stiff
+westerly wind at Henley, or a gale on the tideway course, scullers will
+do best without rudders; and if a competitor desires to provide against
+the contingency of weather which will make a rudder advantageous, he had
+better, if he can, have a spare boat fitted for that purpose, so that if
+the water after all is smooth he will not be carrying any projecting
+metal at his stern to draw the water and to check his pace.
+
+There is another objection to the use of rudders, especially for young
+scullers. It tempts them to rely on the rudder to rectify their course,
+instead of studying even play of hands so that the boat may have no
+excuse for deviating at all in smooth water.
+
+All that has been said of the use of slides applies equally to sculling
+as to rowing. The leg action, as compared to swing, should be just the
+same when sculling as in rowing. That is, the slide should last as long
+as the swing. Now, in sculling, a man should go back much further than
+he does when rowing an oar. When he has an oar in his hand there is a
+limit to the distance to which he can spring back with good effect. His
+oar describes an arc; when he has gone back beyond a certain distance
+the butt of his oar-handle will come at the middle of his breast or even
+more inside the boat. In such a position he cannot finish squarely and
+with good effect. Therefore he cannot go back _ad lib_. But the sculler
+is always placed evenly to his work, it is not on one side of him more
+than another. He should, when laying himself out for pace, swing back so
+far that his sculls come out just as his hands touch his ribs. In a
+wager boat, when well practised, he can afford to let his sculls overlap
+as much as six or even seven inches. But, after all, the extent of
+overlap is a matter of taste with so many scullers, that it would be
+unwise to lay down any hard and fast rule, beyond saying that at least
+the handles should overlap four inches, or, what is much the same, one
+hand should at least cover the other when the sculls lie in the rowlocks
+at right angles to the keel.
+
+To return to the slide in sculling. Since the back swing should be
+longer in sculling than in rowing, and as there is a limit to the length
+which any pair of legs can slide, and since also it has been laid down
+as a rule that both when sculling and when rowing the slide should be
+economised so that it may last as long as the swing lasts, the reader
+will gather that the legs will have to extend more gradually when
+sliding to sculls than when sliding to oars. Therefore a man accustomed
+to row on slides, and whose legs are more or less habituated to a
+certain extension coupled with swing when rowing, must keep a watch upon
+himself when sculling lest his rowing habits should make him finish his
+slide prematurely, when he needs to prolong his swing for sculling.
+Unless his slide lasts out his swing, his finish, after legs have been
+extended, will only press the boat without propelling her.
+
+In rowing an oarsman is guilty of fault if he meets or even pulls up to
+his oar. In sculling, with a very long swing back it is not a fault to
+commence the recovery of the body while the hands are still completing
+their journey home to the ribs. The body should not drop, nor slouch
+over the sculls while thus meeting them. It should recover with open
+chest and head well up, simply pulling itself up slightly, to start the
+back swing, by the handles of the sculls as they come home for the last
+three or four inches of their journey. Casamajor always recovered then,
+so did Hanlan, so did Parker, and any sculler who does likewise will sin
+(if he does sin in the opinion of some hypercritics of style) in
+first-class company. The fact is, this very long swing back (with
+straight arms) entails much recovery, and yet materially adds to pace.
+The sculler can afford to ease his recovery in return for the strain of
+his long stroke. Also lest his long swing should press the boat's bows,
+he can ease her recovery as well as his own, so soon as the main force
+of the long drag comes to an end. In the writer's opinion, unless a
+sculler really does go back _ŕ la_ Casamajor & Co. with straight arms
+and stiff back, and until his sculls come out of the water almost of
+their own accord as he brings his hands in, it is not an advantage for
+him to pull himself up to his handles to this trifling extent at the
+finish. A sculler who does not swing back further than when he is
+rowing, will do best to row his sculls home just as he would an oar.
+
+In racing all men like a lead. If a sculler can take a lead with his
+longest stroke, swinging back as far as he can, and can feel that he is
+not doing a stroke too fast for his stamina, by all means let him do so;
+but let him be careful not to hurry his stroke and thereby to shorten
+his back swing simply for the sake of a lead. Many a long-swing sculler
+spoils his style, at all events for the moment, by sprinting and trying
+to cut his opponent down. It is almost best for him if he finds that his
+opponent has the pace of him, and if he therefore relapses to his proper
+style, and bides his time. If he does so, he will go all the faster over
+the course for sticking to his style regardless of momentary lead. Some
+scullers lay out their work for pace, regardless of lasting power. When
+Chambers rowed Green in 1863, he tried to head the Australian, flurried
+himself, shortened his giant reach, lost pace, and, after all, lost the
+lead. When he realised that, force pace as much as he could, Green was
+too speedy, the Tyne man settled to his long sweep, and at once went all
+the faster, though now sculling a slower stroke. It was not long before
+Green began to come back to him, and the result of that match is
+history.
+
+Similarly, the writer recollects seeing the celebrated Casamajor win the
+Diamonds for the last time, in 1861. He was opposed by Messrs. G. R. Cox
+and E. D. Brickwood. Cox was a sculler who laid himself out for fast
+starting: he used very small blades, he did not swing further back than
+when rowing, and he sculled a very rapid stroke. He had led both
+Casamajor and H. Kelley in a friendly spin earlier in the year, and it
+was said that it was to vindicate his reputation as being still the best
+sculler of the day that the old unbeaten amateur once more entered for
+the Diamonds, where he knew he would encounter Cox in earnest, and no
+longer in play. (Casamajor was by no means in good health, and the grave
+closed over him in the following August.)
+
+In the race in question Cox darted away with the lead. Casamajor had
+hitherto led all opponents in real racing, and _amour propre_ seemed to
+prompt him to bid for the lead against the new flyer; he quickened and
+quickened his stroke, till his long swing back vanished, and his boat
+danced up and down, but he could not hold Cox. Brickwood was last,
+rowing his own style, and sculling longest of the three. After passing
+the Farm gate, Casamajor suddenly changed his style, and went back to
+his old swing. Maybe, Cox had already begun to come to the end of his
+tether; but, be that as it may, from the instant that Casamajor
+re-adopted his old swing back, he held Cox. (It did not look as if the
+pace was really falling off, for both the leaders were still drawing
+away from Brickwood.) In another minute Casamajor began to draw up to
+the leader, still swinging back as before. Then he went ahead, and all
+was over. Brickwood in the end rowed down Cox, and came in a good
+second. Casamajor at that time edited the 'Field' aquatics. His own
+description therein of himself in the race seems to imply that he
+realised how he had at first thrown away his speed by bidding for the
+lead, and that he purposely, and not unconsciously, changed his style
+about the end of the first minute and a half of the race. His
+description of his own sculling at that juncture (modestly penned) was
+'now rowing longer and with all his power.' This was quite true--he was
+not using his full power until he relapsed to his old style. These
+illustrations of two of the best scullers ever seen bidding for
+impossible leads, and then realising their mistakes in time, may be
+taken to heart by all modern and future aspirants to sculling honour.
+
+[Illustration: SCULLING RACE, WITH PILOTS IN EIGHT-OARS.]
+
+Another reason why scullers like a lead is that it saves them from being
+'washed' by a leader, and, conversely, enables them to 'wash an
+opponent.' In old days of boat-racing under the old code, lead was of
+importance, to save water being taken. Under new rules of boat-racing
+(which figure elsewhere in this volume), water can only be taken at
+peril. There is not, therefore, so much importance in lead as of old. As
+to 'wash,' if a man can sit a sculling boat, he does not care much for
+wash. Anyhow, he can, if in his own water, and if his adversary crosses
+him, steer exactly in his leader's wake; the wash then spreads like a
+swallow's tail on either side of the sternmost man, and does not affect
+him. His opponent must get out of his way, if not overtaken, so he need
+not disturb himself; and if the leader insists on steering to right or
+left simply to direct the wash, he loses more ground by this meandering
+than even the pursuer will lose by the slight perturbations of a
+sculling boat's wash for a few strokes. It is good practice for any
+sculler to take his boat now and then in the wake of another sculler,
+and try to 'bump' him. It will teach him how to sit his boat under such
+circumstances, and he will be surprised before long to find out how
+little he cares for being washed by another sculler.
+
+A sculler, when practising over a course, especially when water is
+smooth, may with advantage time himself from day to day at various
+points of the course. He will thus find out what his best pace is, and
+will ascertain whether his speed materially falls off towards the end,
+if he forces extra pace at the start or halfway or so on. He must be
+careful to judge _proportionately_ of times and distances, and not
+positively; for streams may vary, and so may wind.
+
+On the tideway in sculling matches, it is usual for pilots to conduct
+scullers. The pilot sits in the bow of an eight. The sculler may rely on
+the pilot to signal to him whether he is in the required direction; but
+when he once knows that his boat points right, he should note where her
+stern points, just as if he were steering upon his own resources, and
+should endeavour so to regulate his hands that his stern keeps straight,
+as shown by some distant landmark which he selects. This straight line
+he should then maintain to the best of his ability, bringing his
+stern-post back to it, if it deflects, until his pilot again signals to
+him to change his course, for rounding some curve or for clearing some
+obstacle. The pilot cannot inform his charge of each small inaccuracy
+which leads eventually to deflection from the correct line; this the
+sculler must provide against on his own account. It is only when the
+course has to be changed, or when the sculler has palpably gone out of
+his course, that the signals of the pilot come into play. Some scullers
+seem to make up their minds to leave everything to their pilots; the
+result is that their boats are never in a straight line; first they go
+astray to one side, and then, when signalled back, they take a stroll to
+the other side. Such scullers naturally handicap themselves greatly by
+thus losing ground through these tortuous wanderings. The simplest
+method of signalling by pilot is to hold a white handkerchief. In the
+right or left hand it means 'pull right or left,' respectively. When
+down, it means 'boat straight and keep it so.' If the pilot gets far
+astern, or if dangers are ahead which are beyond pilotage, taking off
+the hat means 'look out for yourself.'
+
+When wind is abeam, a pilot cutter can materially aid a sculler by
+bringing its bow close on his windward quarter, thereby sheltering his
+stern from the action of the wind. Races such as that of Messrs. Lowndes
+and Payne for the Wingfield Sculls in 1880, when Mr. Payne did not row
+his opponent down until the last mile had well begun, should remind all
+scullers that a race is never lost till it is won, and that, however
+beaten you may feel, it is possible that your opponent feels even worse,
+and that he may show it in the next few strokes.
+
+[Illustration: PUMPED OUT.]
+
+[Illustration: THE LAST OF THE THAMES WHERRIES.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+BOAT-BUILDING AND DIMENSIONS.
+
+
+The 'trim built wherry' of song has been improved off the face of the
+Thames. Originally it was purely a passenger craft: it contained space
+for two or more sitters in the stern, and was fitted for two pair of
+sculls or a pair of oars at option. Larger wherries were also built,
+'randan' rig (for a pair of oars with a sculler amidships, or three
+pairs of sculls at option). Such boats were the passenger craft of the
+silent highway before steamers destroyed the watermen's trade. When
+match racing came into vogue, wherries began to be constructed for
+purely racing purposes; they had but one seat, for the sculler, and were
+carried as fine as they could be, at either end, with regard to the surf
+which they often had to encounter. Their beam on the waterline was
+reduced to a minimum; but at the same time it was necessary, for
+mechanical purposes, that the gunwale, at the points where the rowlocks
+were placed, should be of sufficient width to enable the sculler to
+obtain the necessary leverage and elevation of his sculls. The gunwale
+was accordingly flared out wide at these points, above the waterline.
+This flared gunwale had nothing to do with the flotation of the boat; it
+was in effect nothing more than a wooden outrigger, and it was this
+which eventually suggested to the brain of old Harry Clasper the idea of
+constructing an iron outrigger, thereby enabling the beam to be reduced,
+and at the same time the sculling leverage to be preserved without the
+encumbrance of the top hamper of these flared gunwales. Such was the old
+wager wherry, and its later development of the wager outrigger.
+
+We have said that the wherry is obsolete. Modern watermen use, for
+passenger purposes, a craft called a 'skiff.' She is an improvement on
+the 'gig,' a vessel which came into vogue on the Thames for amateur
+pleasure purposes about the year 1830. The 'gig' was originally adopted
+from naval ideas. She had a flush gunwale, and the rowlocks were placed
+on the top of it. So soon as the outrigger came in, oarsmen realised the
+advantage to be gained by applying it to the gig, in a modified form.
+Half-outrigged gigs became common; they had a reduced beam, and
+commanded more speed; they were used for cruising purposes as well as
+for racing. Many regattas offered prizes for pair oars with coxswains in
+outrigged gigs. Theoretically a gig was supposed to be 'clinker' built,
+i.e. each of her timbers were so attached to each other that the lower
+edge of each upper timber overlapped the upper edge of the timber below
+it, the timbers being 'clincked,' hence the name. 'Carvel' (or caravel)
+build is that in which the timbers lie flush to each other, presenting a
+smooth surface. This offers less resistance, and before long builders
+constructed so-called 'gigs' for racing purposes, which were carvel
+built. From this it was but a step to build racing gigs with but two or
+even one 'streak' only, i.e. the side of the hull, instead of being
+constructed of several planks fastened together, was made of one, or at
+most two planks. The ends of the vessel were open--uncanvassed, and in
+this respect only was there anything in common with a 'gig' proper.
+This system of stealing advantages by tricks of build caused gig races
+to be fruitful sources of squabbles, until regatta committees recognised
+the importance of laying down conditions as to build when advertising
+their races.
+
+To return to gigs proper. This craft did not find the same favour fifty
+years ago with the professional classes that it did with amateurs. The
+wherry was still adhered to for traffic; but meantime Thames fishermen,
+especially those who plied flounder fishery on the upper tideway, used
+what is called a skiff; a shorter boat, with as much beam as the largest
+wherry, a bluff bow, and flared rowlocks. She was strongly built,
+adapted to carry heavy burdens, and, by reason of being shorter, was
+easier to turn, and handier for short cruises. A similar class of boat,
+but often rougher and more provincial in construction, was to be found
+in use at some of the up-river ferries. The wherry, when once under way,
+had more speed than the skiff, but when long row-boat voyages ceased in
+consequence of the introduction of steamers, the advantage of the skiff
+over the wherry was recognised by watermen. Their jobs came down to
+ferrying, to taking passengers on board vessels lying in the stream, and
+such like work; and for these services speed was not so important as
+handiness in turning.
+
+During the last fifteen years the skiff build has found more favour for
+pleasure purposes than the gig. The outrigged gig is liable to
+entanglement of rowlock in locks, and where craft are crowded, as at
+regattas. (It would be a salutary matter if the Thames Conservancy would
+peremptorily forbid the presence of any such craft at Henley Regatta.)
+Inrigged craft glide off each other when gunwales collide, whereas
+outriggers foul rowlocks of other boats, and cause delay and even
+accidents. An outrigged gig has two alternative disadvantages, compared
+to the skiff build; if she is as narrow at the waterline as the skiff,
+her flush gunwale reduces the leverage for oar or scull. If, on the
+other hand, she is built to afford full leverage, this entails more beam
+on the waterline than in a skiff, the rowlocks of which are raised and
+flared above the gunwale. Hence it is that the skiff build is gradually
+superseding the once universally popular gig.
+
+A dingey is a short craft, originally designed as a sort of tender to a
+yacht, but adopted for pleasure purposes on the Thames for nearly half a
+century. It is sometimes built with a flush gunwale like a gig, but more
+commonly with flared rowlocks like a skiff, thereby affording the
+required leverage for swells, while at the same time reducing the beam
+on the waterline.
+
+Besides the above mentioned craft, which are designed to carry at least
+two oarsmen (or scullers) and a coxswain, modern boat-builders construct
+what are called sculling dingies and gigs, which are fitted with only
+one pair of rowlocks, and are intended mainly for occupation by a single
+sculler, though they will at a pinch carry sitters both in the stern
+sheets and in the bows. They also build sailing gigs and dingies, which
+are usually fitted with a 'centreboard,' and are of greater beam than
+those specially designed for rowing or sculling; though they can be also
+propelled by oars or sculls when required, they are less handy for the
+latter purposes, in consequence of their construction for the double
+duties of both sailing and oarsmanship. The following are dimensions
+commonly adopted by builders, such as Messrs. Salter of Oxford, for
+various classes of gigs, dingies, and pleasure skiffs:--
+
+                                  Length.       Beam.
+  Gig, pair-oared, inrigged        22 ft.    3 ft. 9 in.
+       ditto       randan          25 ft.    3 ft. 9 in.
+  Skiffs, pair-oared               25 ft.    4 ft. 0 in.
+       ditto                       23 ft.    4 ft. 6 in.
+       ditto                       20 ft.    5 ft. 0 in.
+
+The variations in beam being in such vessels designed conversely as
+regards the lengths, in order to obtain approximate equivalent of
+displacement--
+
+                                Length.               Beam.
+  Skiffs, randan            26 ft. to 27 ft.    4 ft. 0 in.
+       ditto                25 ft.              4 ft. 6 in. to 5 ft
+
+Where the beam ranges as high as 5 feet the vessel will carry about four
+sitters in the stern. The narrower craft carry about two, sitting
+abreast in the stern.
+
+Dingies (inrigged) range from about 12 feet in length with 4 feet beam
+to 16 feet in length with about 3 ft. 6 in. beam.
+
+Some dingies are built as short as 9 feet, but they command but little
+speed, and are useful only as tenders to larger vessels for the purpose
+of going ashore, &c. Their shortness makes them handy to turn, and
+compensates in short journeys for their want of speed.
+
+The prices of the various builds enumerated above depend much upon the
+materials used, whether oak, mahogany, cedar, or pine; and also upon
+length of keel, and upon fittings, such as oars, sculls, cushions,
+stern-rails, &c., masts and sails. Figures vary from about 40_l._ for a
+best quality randan skiff, all found, to as low as 20_l._ for a gig, and
+12_l._ for a dingey, turned out new from the builder's yard.
+
+It is customary to fit all rowing boats such as above described with a
+hole in the bow seat, and also in the flooring below, in order to carry
+a lug or sprit sail when required; but the shallow draught of such
+vessels as are not fitted with centreboards causes them to make a good
+deal of leeway and so disables them from sailing near the wind.
+
+Racing boats are generally built of cedar, sometimes of white pine. The
+history of the introduction of the various improvements of outriggers,
+keelless boats, and sliding seats, has been given in other chapters. We
+propose here simply to give a few samples of dimensions of racing boats.
+
+Various builders have various lines, and no exact fixed scale can be
+laid down as correct more than another.
+
+_Dimensions of a sculling-boat recently used by Bubear in a sculling
+match for the 'Sportsman Challenge Cup,' built by Jack Clasper._
+
+  Length                      31 ft.  0 in.
+  Width                        0 ft. 11 in.
+  Depth, amidships             0 ft.  5-3/4 in.
+    "    forward               0 ft.  3-1/2 in.
+    "    sternpost             0 ft.  2-1/4 in.
+
+_Historical Eight-oars (Keelless)._
+
+                            Length.             Beam.         Builder.
+  1. Oxford boat,[9] 1857 54 ft. 0 in.     2 ft. 2-1/2 in.   Mat Taylor.
+                                        (at No. 3's rowlock)
+
+  2. Eton, 1863           57 ft. 0 in.     2 ft. 1 in.       Mat Taylor.
+                               Depth at stern 6 in.
+
+  3. Radley, 1858         56 ft. 0 in.     2 ft. 0-3/4 in.   Sewell,
+                               Depth at stern 7-1/2 in.      for King.
+
+  4. Oxford, 1878         57 ft. 0 in.     1 ft. 10 in.      Swaddell &
+                               Depth at stern 6 in.          Winship.
+
+  5. Oxford, 1883         58 ft. 0 in.     1 ft. 10-1/2 in.  J. Clasper.
+                               Depth at stern 6-1/2 in.
+
+  [9] The first keelless eight that won a University match.
+
+These boats are selected because each in its turn won some reputation,
+and also because they exemplify the builds of different constructors.
+
+No. 1 was always highly esteemed by those who rowed in her.
+
+No. 2 carried Eton at Henley Regatta from 1863 to 1870 or 1871.
+
+No 3 was eulogised by Mr. T. Egan in 'Bell's Life,' on the occasion of
+her _début_ in the above-mentioned school match _v._ Eton. She retained
+a high reputation for several seasons, was once specially borrowed by
+Corpus (Oxon) during the summer eights, and was said by that crew to be
+a vast improvement on their own ship.
+
+No 4 carried Oxford from 1878 to 1882 inclusive, losing only the match
+in 1879, in which year the crew and not the boat were to blame.
+
+No. 5, after one or two trials, was in 1883 found to be faster than No.
+4 (which was then getting old!), and in her the Oxonians won a rather
+unexpected victory; odds of 3 to 1 being laid against them.
+
+In addition to these builds, the dimensions recorded by the well-known
+authority 'Argonaut,' in his standard work on 'Boat Racing,' are here
+given. That writer does not commit himself to saying that they are the
+_best_, but simply states that they are the 'average dimensions' of
+modern racing boats. Unfortunately, the writer cannot trace the
+dimensions of the celebrated 'Chester' boat, Mat Taylor's first keelless
+_chef-d'[oe]uvre_, but he recollects that her length was only 54 feet;
+and her stretchers were built into her and were fixed.
+
+The cost of a racing eight, with all fittings, is about 55_l._ Some
+builders will build at as low a price as 50_l._, especially for a crack
+crew, or for an important race, because the notoriety of the vessel, if
+successful, naturally acts as an advertisement. A four-oar costs 35_l._
+to 40_l._; a pair-oar 20_l._ to 25_l._; and a sculling boat 12_l._ We
+have known some builders ask 15_l._ for a sculling boat. On the whole,
+racing boats are from eight to ten per cent. cheaper nowadays than they
+were a quarter of a century ago. Although the introduction of sliding
+seats necessarily adds to the expense of making them, competition seems
+to have brought down the prices somewhat.
+
+_'Argonaut's' Dimensions of Modern Boats._
+
+  +-------------------+---------+-------------------+---------+---------+
+  |                   |         |   Racing Fours    |  Pair   | Sculling|
+  |                   | Racing  +---------+---------+---------+---------+
+  |    Particulars    |  Eight  |  With   | Without |  Oars   |  Boats  |
+  |                   |         |  Cox.   |  Cox.   |         |         |
+  +-------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
+  |                   |ft.  in. |ft.  in. |ft.  in. |ft.  in. |ft.  in. |
+  |Length of boat     |58  6    |41  0    |40  0    |34  4    |30  0    |
+  |Breadth (over all) | 2  0    | 1  9    | 1  8    | 1  4-3/8| 1  4[10]|
+  |Depth, amidships   | 1  1-1/2| 1  0-1/2| 1  0    | 0 10-1/2| 0  8-1/2|
+  |  "    stem        | 0  8    | 0  7-1/4| 0  7-1/2| 0  4-1/4| 0  3-1/2|
+  |  "    stern       | 0  7-1/4| 0  6-3/4| 0  6-1/2| 0  3-3/4| 0  2-3/4|
+  |Distance from seat |         |         |         |         |         |
+  |to thowl[11]       | 0  5    | 0  5    | 0  5    | 0  4-1/2| 0  4    |
+  |Height of work from|         |         |         |         |         |
+  |level of slide     | 0  7-3/4| 0  7-3/4| 0  7-3/4| 0  7-1/2| 0  7-1/2|
+  |Length of slide    | 1  4    | 1  4    | 1  4    | 1  5    | 1  5-1/2|
+  |Length of amidship{|         |         |         |         |         |
+  |oars              {|12  6    |12  6    |12  6    |  --     |  --     |
+  |  Buttoned at     {| 3  6    | 3  5-1/2| 3  5-1/2|  --     |  --     |
+  |Length of bow and{ |         |         |         |         |         |
+  |stroke oars      { |12  4    |12  4    |12  4    |12  3    |  --     |
+  |  Buttoned at    { | 3  4-1/2| 3  4-1/2| 3  4-1/2| 3  4    |  --     |
+  |Length of sculls  {|  --     |  --     |  --     |  --    {|10  0    |
+  |  Buttoned at     {|  --     |  --     |  --     |  --    {| 2  8    |
+  |Space between     }|         |         |         |         |         |
+  |cox.'s thwart and }|         |         |         |         |         |
+  |stroke's stretcher}| 1  8    | 1  8    |  --     |  --     |  --     |
+  |(cox.'s thwart    }|         |         |         |         |         |
+  |18 inches deep)   }|         |         |         |         |         |
+  +-------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
+
+  [10] Breadth on boat, 11-1/4 inches.
+
+  [11] Measured from front edge of slide to plane of thowl.
+
+The writer thinks, and believes that 'Argonaut' would agree with him,
+that these recorded average dimensions could be improved upon in divers
+respects, e.g. as to oars, for sliding seats the length 'inboard' should
+not be less than 3 ft. 7-1/2 in. to 3 ft. 8 in.; otherwise, when the
+oarsman swings back there is not sufficient length of handle to enable
+his outside hand to finish square to his chest, and with the elbow well
+past the side. The sliding-seat oar requires to be at least 10 inches
+longer inboard than the fixed-seat oar, for the above reason; and in
+order to counterpoise this extra leverage, it is customary to use blades
+an inch wider for slides than for fixed seats, viz. 6 inches wide at the
+greatest breadth, instead of 5 inches as of old.
+
+Again, as to distance of the plane of the thowl perpendicularly from
+that of the front of the slide when full forward. This should not be
+less than 6-1/2 inches, in the writer's opinion, even with a 16-inch
+slide. If the oarsman slides nearer than the above to his work, he does
+not gain; for much of his force is thus expended in jamming the oar back
+against the rowlock, rather than in propelling the boat. He 'feels'
+extra resistance, and may accordingly delude himself that he is doing
+more work, if the slides close up; but in reality he is wasting his
+powers.
+
+In modern racing boats, the men slide too close to their work; and if
+any builder will have the courage to set his men further aft than is the
+custom (say about 6-1/2 to 7 inches), he will find his ship travel all
+the faster.
+
+As to shapes of hull: the earliest Mat Taylor boats have never been
+surpassed, in the writer's opinion, and were much faster than the modern
+builds. The peculiarity of Mat Taylor's build was that he put his
+greatest beam well forward, about No. 3's middle or seat. Such boats
+held more 'way' than more modern craft, which are fullest amidships.
+
+Builders of the present day construct as if the only problem which they
+had to solve was to force a hole through the water in front of the boat.
+This is not all that is necessary in order to get a boat to travel well.
+A racing boat leaves a vacuum behind her, and until that is filled she
+is sucked back into that vacuum.
+
+A boat built like the half of a split porcupine's quill could enter the
+water with the least resistance, but would leave it with the greatest;
+in fact, she would not travel at all, because her bluff stern would
+create a sudden vacuum behind her, which would retard her progress. This
+is a _reductio ad absurdum_, but it shows the effect of having the
+greatest beam too far aft. The problem to be solved in designing the
+lines of a boat is so to arrange her entry into the water, that what she
+displaces in front may with greatest ease flow aft to fill the vacuum
+aft which she leaves as she progresses. Otherwise she pushes a heavy
+wave in front of her, and drags another behind her. If anyone will watch
+the bank as a racing eight passes, noting the level of the water at a
+rathole, he will see the level of the stream first rise as the boat
+comes nearly abreast of his point of observation. Then, as she passes,
+the water will sink, and after she has passed it will rise again higher
+than before she neared the spot.
+
+The first rise is caused by the boat pushing a wave in front of her: the
+following depression is caused by the vacuum which she is leaving behind
+her, and the final rise by the wave which runs behind her to fill her
+vacuum. Obviously, the less water the vessel moves the easier she
+travels. If by any designing the wave pushed in front could be induced
+to run more or less back to the stern, then the second (following) wave
+would be more or less reduced in bulk, and the labour would be
+proportionately lighter.
+
+The finer the lines taper aft, the easier the front wave displaced finds
+its way to the vacuum aft. _Per contra_, the more bluff the midship and
+stern sections, the greater the difficulty in filling the vacuum aft.
+
+Builders hamper themselves by adhering to a red-tape idea that all
+oarsmen in a boat should be seated at equal distances from each other.
+So long as designers adhere to this, they require a good deal of beam
+aft, if Nos. 6, 7 and stroke are of anything like average size. Of
+course, there must be a minimum of space for each man to reach out in;
+but there is no reason why in some of the seats the space should not
+exceed this minimum, e.g. to set the first four men at the minimum, and
+then to place No. 5 and extra inch past No. 4 and so on, with perhaps
+stroke and 7 1-1/2 inches further apart than the forward men, would
+enable the builder to attain a greater longitudinal displacement at the
+sternmost part of the boat than he would otherwise require to carry his
+men. In lieu of this gain, he can then reduce his beam and depth aft,
+and so make his lines taper more to the stern.
+
+Mat Taylor built on this principle. Detractors used to laugh sometimes
+to see him chalk off his seats, and say, 'A rowlock here--a seat there.'
+The fact was, Mat Taylor placed his men, man for man, over the section
+of vessel built to carry them, allowing the minimum distance for reach
+in all cases, but by no means tying himself down to that distance where
+in his opinion the boat required elongating aft. They said he built by
+rule of thumb; so, perhaps, he did, but his builds have never been
+surpassed. Modern eights travel faster than of old, thanks to sliding
+seats and good oarsmanship, but if some of the old lost lines could be
+now reproduced, the speedy crews of modern days would be speedier still.
+
+We offer one more illustration to show the effect of having too sudden a
+termination to a boat aft of her greatest beam, or of a certain amount
+of beam. Let anyone construct two models of racing boat hulls; probably
+he will not succeed in making two of equal speed, but such as they are
+he can handicap the speedier in his experiment. Let him place the two
+models to race, each towed by a line carried over a pulley, with a
+weight at the end of the line. The weights which tow the two models can
+be adjusted till the two run dead heats.
+
+Then cut off the stern of one of the models, and bulkhead her, say about
+coxswain's seat, and let them race once more with the forces which
+previously produced a dead heat. The model with a docked stern will have
+become the smaller vessel, and will now weigh less. Nevertheless, she
+will become decidedly slower than she was before, and will be beaten by
+her late duplicate.
+
+In order to do justice to this experiment, the weights should tow at a
+pace equivalent to about four miles or more an hour. It will then be
+seen that this docked model leaves a whirlpool behind her stern, which
+is retarding her. This experiment of course exaggerates the principle of
+full afterlines, and their evil, but it may none the less serve to
+illustrate the importance of a finer run aft from a point further
+forward than amidships. _En passant_, the boat built by Salter of Oxford
+for the O.U.B.C. in 1865 may be mentioned; her dimensions are not to be
+traced, but she was specially designed to carry the heaviest man (E. F.
+Henley) at bow. She was certainly never surpassed by any other boat
+which Salter built. She won in 1865. In 1866 a heavier crew were in
+training, and the 1865 boat was supposed to be too small. She was not
+tried at all at Oxford with the crew. A new boat was built, this time to
+carry E. F. Henley at 5. When the crew reached Putney the writer felt
+dissatisfied with the movement of the new boat, and persuaded the crew
+to try the old one, even though she would be rather too small for them.
+They sent for her, and launched for a trial paddle the Monday before the
+race; so soon as they had rowed a dozen strokes in her they stopped, and
+declared she was the only light boat they had felt that season. They
+rowed the race in her, and won, and never took the trouble to set foot
+again in the new and rejected boat.
+
+This victorious boat was then bought by the Oxford Etonians. They won
+the Grand Challenge of 1866 and 1867 in her, took her to Paris, and
+there won the eight-oared race at the International Regatta. She was
+sold and left behind in Paris. The writer suspects that her undeniable
+speed was mainly owing to the fact that Salter designed some extra
+displacement at No. 3, in order to carry E. F. Henley at that seat.
+
+[Illustration: 'POETRY.']
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+TRAINING.
+
+DIET.
+
+
+That 'condition' tells in all contests, whether in brain labours such as
+chess matches or in athletics, is known to children in the schoolroom.
+
+Training is the _régime_ by means of which condition is attained. Its
+dogmas are of two orders: (1) Those which relate to exercise, (2) those
+which refer to diet. Diet of itself does not train a man for rowing or
+any other kind of athletics. What trains is hard work; proper diet keeps
+the subject up to that work.
+
+The effect of a course of training is twofold. It develops those
+muscles which are in use for the exercise in question, and it also
+prepares the internal organs of heart and lungs for the extra strain
+which will be put upon them during the contest. All muscles tend to
+develop under exercise, and to dwindle under inaction. The right
+shoulder and arm of a nail-maker are often out of all proportion to the
+left; the fingers of a pianist develop activity with practice, or lose
+it if the instrument be discontinued.
+
+Training is a thorough science, and it is much better understood in
+these days than when the writer was in active work; and again, the
+trainers of his day were in their turn far ahead of those of the early
+years of amateur oarsmanship. From the earliest recorded days of
+athletic contests, there seems to have been much faith pinned to
+beefsteaks. When Socrates rebukes Thrasymachus, in the opening pages of
+Plato's 'Republic,' he speaks of beefsteaks as being the chief subject
+of interest to Polydamos, who seems to have been a champion of the P.R.
+of Athens of those days. The beefsteak retains its prestige to the
+present day, but it is not the _ne plus ultra_ which it was in 1830.
+
+The earliest amateur crews seem to have rowed in many instances without
+undergoing a course of training and of reduction of fat. But when
+important matches began to be made, the value of condition was
+appreciated. Prizefighters had then practical training longer than any
+other branch of athletics, and it was by no means uncommon for watermen,
+when matched by their patrons, to be placed under the supervision of
+some mentor from the P.R. as regards their diet and exercise. But before
+long watermen began to take care of themselves in this respect. Their
+system of training did not differ materially from that in vogue with the
+P.R. It consisted of hard work in thick clothing, early during the
+course of preparation, to reduce weight; and a good deal of pedestrian
+exercise formed part of the day's programme; a material result of the
+association of the P.R. system of preparation. The diet was less varied
+and liberal than in these days, but abstinence from fluid to as great
+an extent as possible was from the outset recognised as all-important
+for reducing bulk and clearing the wind.
+
+A prizefighter or waterman used to commence his training with a liberal
+dose of physic. The idea seems to have a stable origin, analogous to the
+principle of physic balls for a hunter on being taken up from grass. The
+system was not amiss for men of mature years, who had probably been
+leading a life of self-indulgence since the time when they had last been
+in training. But when University crews began to put themselves under the
+care of professional trainers, those worthies used to treat these
+half-grown lads as they would some gin-sodden senior of forty, and would
+physic their insides before they set them to work. They would try to
+sweat them down to fiddle-strings, and were not happy unless they could
+show considerable reduction of weight in the scale, even with a lad who
+had not attained his full growth. Still, though many a young athlete
+naturally went amiss under this severe handling, there is no doubt that
+these professional trainers used to turn out their charges in very fine
+condition, on the average.
+
+No trainer of horses would work a two-year-old on the same system that
+he would an aged horse; and the error of these old professional trainers
+lay in their not realising the difference in age between University men
+and the ordinary classes of professional athletes. In time University
+men began to think and to act for themselves in the matter of training.
+When college eights first began to row against each other, there were
+only three or four clubs which manned eights; and these eights now and
+then were filled up with a waterman or two. (In these days few college
+crews would take an Oxford waterman as a gift--_quâ_ his oarsmanship!)
+These crews, when they began to adopt training, employed watermen as
+mentors. Before long there were more eights than watermen, and some
+crews could not obtain this assistance. The result was, a rule against
+employing professional tuition within a certain date of the race. This
+regulation threw University men upon their own resources, and before
+long they came to the conclusion that good amateur coaching and training
+was more effective than that of professionals. Mr. F. Menzies, the late
+Mr. G. Hughes, and the Rev. A. Shadwell, had much to do in converting
+the O.U.B.C. to these wholesome doctrines. From that time amateurs of
+all rowing clubs have very much depended on themselves and their
+_confrčres_ for tuition in oarsmanship and training.
+
+The usual _régime_ of amateur training is now very much to the following
+effect.
+
+Réveille at 6.30 or 7 A.M.--Generally a brief morning walk; and if so,
+the 'tub' is usually postponed until the return from the walk. If it is
+summer, and there are swimming facilities, a header or two does no harm,
+but men should not be allowed to strike out hard in swimming, when under
+hard rowing rules. For some reason, which medical science can better
+explain, there seems to be a risk of straining the suspensory or some
+other ligaments, when they are suddenly relaxed in water, and then
+extended by a jerk. (This refers to arms that have lately been bearing
+the strain of rowing.) Also, the soakage in water for any length of time
+tends to relax the whole of the muscular system. Whether tub or swim be
+the order of the morning, the skin should be well rubbed down with rough
+towels after the immersion. In old days there used to be a _furore_ for
+running before breakfast. Many young men find their stomachs and
+appetites upset by hard work on an empty stomach, more especially in
+sultry weather. The Oxford U.B.C. eight at Henley in 1857 and 1859 used
+to go for a run up Remenham Hill before breakfast, and this within two
+or three days of the regatta. Such a system would now be tabooed as
+unsound.
+
+Breakfast consists of grilled chops or steaks; cold meat may be allowed
+if a man prefers it. If possible, it is well to let a roast joint cool
+_uncut_, to supply cold meat for a crew. The gravy is thus retained in
+the meat.
+
+Bread should be one day old; toast is better than bread. Many crews
+allow butter, but as a rule a man is better without it. It adds a
+trifle to adipose deposit, and does not do any special service towards
+strengthening his tissues or purifying his blood.
+
+Some green meat at breakfast is a good thing. Watercress for
+choice--next best are small salad and lettuce (plain).
+
+Tea is the recognised beverage; two cups are ample for a man. If he can
+dispense with sugar it will save him some ounces of fat, if he is at all
+of a flesh-forming habit of body. A boiled egg is often allowed, to wind
+up the repast.
+
+[Illustration: GOING TO SCALE.]
+
+Luncheon depends, as to its substance, very much upon the time of year
+and the hours of exercise. If the work can be done in two sections,
+forenoon and afternoon, all the better. In hot summer weather it may be
+too sultry to take men out between breakfast and the mid-day meal.
+Luncheon now usually consists of cold meat, to a reasonable amount,
+stale bread, green meat, and a glass of ale. In the days when the writer
+was at Oxford, the rule of the O.U.B.C. was to allow no meat at luncheon
+(only bread, butter, and watercress). This was a mistake; young men,
+daily wasting a large amount of tissue under hard work, had a natural
+craving for substantial food to supply the hiatus in the system. By
+being docked of it at luncheon, they gorged all the more at breakfast
+and dinner, where there was no limit as to quantity (of solids) to be
+consumed. They would have done better had their supply of animal food
+been divided into three instead of two daily allowances. They used to be
+allowed one slice of cold meat during their nine days' stay at Putney;
+it would have been well to have allowed this all through training.
+
+Dinner consists mainly of roast beef or mutton, or choice of both. It is
+the custom to allow 'luxuries' of some sort every other day, e.g. fish
+one day, and a course of roast poultry (chicken) on another. 'Pudding'
+is sometimes allowed daily, sometimes it only appears in its turn with
+'luxuries.' It generally consists of stewed fruit, with plain boiled
+rice, or else calves'-foot jelly. A crust, or biscuit, with a little
+butter and some watercress or lettuce, make a final course before the
+cloth is cleared.
+
+Drink is ale, for a standard; light claret, with water, is nowadays
+allowed for choice, and no harm in it. A pint is the normal measure;
+sometimes an extra half-pint may be conceded on thirsty days.
+
+An orange and biscuit for dessert usually follow. In the writer's days
+every man had two glasses of port wine. He thinks this was perhaps more
+than was required (as regards alcohol); one glass may suffice, but there
+may be no reason against the second wineglass being conceded, with water
+substituted, if the patient is really dry. Claret also may take the
+place of port after dinner. Fashions change; in the writer's active
+days, claret would have been scorned as un-English for athletes.
+
+Such is the usual nature of training diet; of the exercise of the day,
+more anon. There does not seem to be much fault to find with the
+_régime_ above sketched; in fact, the proof of soundness of the diet may
+be seen in the good condition usually displayed by those who adopt it.
+
+All the same, the writer, when he has trained crews, has slightly
+modified the above in a few details. He has allowed (a little) fish or
+poultry daily, as an extra course, and for the same reason has always
+endeavoured to have both beef and mutton on the table. He believes that
+change of dish aids appetite, so long as the varieties of food do not
+clash in digestion. Men become tired with a monotony of food, however
+wholesome. Puddings the writer does not think much of, provided that
+other varieties of dish can be obtained. A certain amount of vegetable
+food is necessary to blend with the animal food, else boils are likely
+to break out; but green vegetables such as are in season are far better
+than puddings for this purpose. Salad, daily _with the joint_, will do
+good. It is unusual to see it, that is all. The salad should not be
+dressed. Lettuce, endive, watercress, smallcress, beetroot, and some
+minced spring onions to flavour the whole, make a passable dish, which a
+hungry athlete will much relish. Asparagus, spinach, and French beans
+may be supplied when obtainable. Green peas are not so good, and broad
+beans worse. The tops of young nettles, when emerald green, make a
+capital dish, like spinach, rather more tasty than the latter vegetable.
+Such nettles can only be picked when they first shoot; old nettles are
+as bad as flowered asparagus.
+
+If a crew train in the fruit season, fruit to a small amount will not
+harm them, as a finale to either breakfast or dinner. But the fruit
+should be _very_ fresh, not bruised nor decomposed; strawberries,
+gooseberries, grapes, peaches, nectarines, apricots (say one of the last
+three, or a dozen of the smaller fruits, for a man's allowance), all are
+admissible. Not so melons, nor pines--so medical friends assert.
+
+In hot summer weather it is as well to dine about 2 P.M., to row in the
+cool of the evening, towards 7 P.M., and to sup about 8.30 or 9 P.M. It
+is a mistake to assume that because a regatta will come off midday,
+therefore those who train for it should accustom themselves to a burning
+sun for practice. With all due deference to Herodotus (who avers that
+the skeleton skulls of quondam combatant Persians and Egyptians could
+be known apart on the battle-field, because the turban-clad heads of
+Persians produced soft skulls which crumbled to a kick, while the
+sun-baked heads of Egyptians were hard as bricks), we do not believe in
+this sort of acclimatisation. If men have to be trained to row a
+midnight race, they would be best prepared for it by working at their
+ordinary daylight hours, not by turning night into day for weeks
+beforehand. On the same principle it would seem to be a mistake to
+expose oarsmen in practice to excessive heat to which they have not been
+accustomed, solely because they are likely eventually to row their race
+under a similar sun. In really oppressive weather at Henley the writer
+and his crews used to dine about 2 P.M. as aforesaid, finish supper at 9
+or 9.30, and go to bed two hours later. They rose proportionately later
+next day, taking a good nine hours in bed before they turned out. So far
+as their records read, those crews do not seem on the whole to have
+suffered in condition by this system of training.
+
+Many men are parched with thirst at night. The heat of the stomach,
+rather overladen with food, tends to this. The waste of the system has
+been abnormal during the day; the appetite, i.e. instinct to replenish
+the waste, has also been abnormal, and yet the capacity of the stomach
+is only normal. Hence the stomach finds it hard work to keep pace with
+the demands upon it. Next morning these men feel 'coppered,' as if they
+had drunk too much overnight, and yet it is needless to say they have
+not in any way exceeded the moderate scale of alcohol already propounded
+above as being customary.
+
+The best preventive of this tendency to fevered mouths is a cup of
+'water gruel,' or even a small slop-basin of it, the last thing before
+bedtime. It should not contain any milk; millet seed and oatmeal grits
+are best for its composition. The consumption of this light supper
+should be _compulsory_, whether it suits palates or not. The effect of
+it is very striking; it seems to soothe and promote digestion, and to
+allay thirst more than three times its amount of water would do. Some
+few men cannot, or profess to be unable to, stomach this gruel. The
+writer has had to deal with one or two such in his time. He had his
+doubts whether their stomach or their whims were to blame; but in such
+cases he gave way, and allowed a cup of chocolate instead--_without
+milk_. (Milk blends badly with meat and wine at the end of a hard day.)
+Chocolate is rather more fattening than gruel, otherwise it answers the
+same purpose, of checking any disposition to 'coppers.'
+
+It has been a time-honoured maxim with all trainers, that it is the
+fluids which lay on fat and which spoil the wind. Accordingly, reduction
+in the consumption of fluid has always been one of the first principles
+of training, and it is a sound one so long as it is not carried to
+excess. It is not at the outset of training that thirst so oppresses the
+patient, but at the end of the first week and afterwards, especially
+when temperature rises and days are sultry. Vinegar over greens at
+dinner tends to allay thirst; the use of pepper rather promotes it. In
+time the oarsman begins to accustom himself somewhat to his diminished
+allowance of fluid, and he learns to economise it during his meals, to
+wash down his solids.
+
+A coach should be reasonably firm in resisting unnecessary petitions for
+extra fluid, but he must exercise discretion, and need not be always
+obdurate. On this subject the writer reproduces his opinion as expressed
+in 'Oars and Sculls' in 1873:--
+
+    The tendency to 'coppers' in training is no proof of insobriety.
+    The whole system of training is unnatural to the body. It is an
+    excess of nature. Regular exercise and plain food are not in
+    themselves unnatural, but the amount of each taken by the
+    subject in training is what is unnatural. The wear and tear of
+    tissue is more than would go on at ordinary times, and
+    consequently the body requires more commissariat than usual to
+    replenish the system. The stomach has all its work cut out to
+    supply the commissariat, and leave the tendency to indigestion
+    and heat in the stomach. A cup of gruel seldom fails to set this
+    to rights, and a glass of water besides may also be allowed if
+    the coach is satisfied that a complaint of thirst is genuine.
+    There is no greater folly than stinting a man in his liquid. He
+    should not be allowed to blow himself out with drink, taking up
+    the room of good solid food; but to go to the other extreme, and
+    to spoil his appetite for want of an extra half-pint at dinner,
+    or a glass of water at bedtime, is a relic of barbarism. The
+    appetite is generally greatest about the end of the first week
+    of training. By that time the frame has got sufficiently into
+    trim to stand long spells of work at not too rapid a pace. The
+    stomach has begun to accustom itself to the extra demands put
+    upon it, and as at this time the daily waste and loss of flesh
+    is greater than later on, when there is less flesh to lose, so
+    the natural craving to replenish the waste of the day is greater
+    than at a later period. At this time the thirst is great, and
+    though drinking out of hours should be forbidden, yet the
+    appetite should not, for reasons previously stated, be suffered
+    to grow stale for want of sufficient liquid at meal times in
+    proportion to the solids consumed.
+
+Such views would have been reckoned scandalously heretical twenty-five
+or more years ago, but the writer feels that he is unorthodox in good
+company, and is glad to find Mr. E. D. Brickwood, in his treatise on
+'Boat-racing,' 1875, laying down his own experiences on the same subject
+to just the same effect. Mr. Brickwood's remarks on the subject of
+'thirst' (as per his index) may be studied with advantage by modern
+trainers. He says (page 201):--
+
+    As hunger is the warning voice of nature telling us that our
+    bodies are in need of a fresh supply of food, so thirst is the
+    same voice warning us that a fresh supply of liquid is required.
+    Thirst, then, being, like hunger, a natural demand, may safely
+    be gratified, and with water in preference to any other fluid.
+    The prohibition often put upon the use of water or fluid in
+    training may often be carried too far. To limit a man to a pint
+    or two of liquid per day, when his system is throwing off three
+    or four times that quantity through the medium of the ordinary
+    secretions, is as unreasonable as to keep him on half-rations.
+    The general thirst experienced by the whole system, consequent
+    upon great bodily exertion or extreme external heat, has but one
+    means of cure--drink, in the simplest form attainable. Local
+    thirst, usually limited to the mucous linings, of the mouth and
+    throat, may be allayed by rinsing the mouth and gargling the
+    throat, sucking the stone of stone fruit, or a pebble, by which
+    to excite the glands in the affected part, or even by dipping
+    the hands into cold water. Fruit is here of very little
+    benefit, as the fluid passes at once to the stomach, and affords
+    no relief to the parts affected; but after rinsing the mouth,
+    small quantities may be swallowed slowly. The field for the
+    selection of food to meet the waste of the body under any
+    condition of physical exertions is by no means restricted. All
+    that the exceptional requirements of training call for is to
+    make a judicious selection; but, in recognising this principle,
+    rowing men have formed a dietary composed almost wholly of
+    restrictions the effect of which has been to produce a sameness
+    in diet which has almost been as injurious in some cases as the
+    entire absence of any laws would be in others.
+
+It should be borne in mind that Mr. Brickwood's field as an amateur lay
+principally in sculling, which entailed solitary training, unlike that
+of a member of an eight or four. He had therefore to train himself, and
+to trust to his own judgment when so doing, blending self-denial with
+discretion. He is, in the above quotation, apparently speaking of the
+principles under which he governed himself when training. That they were
+crowned with good success his record as an athlete shows, for he twice
+won the Diamond Sculls, and also held the Wingfield (amateur
+championship) in 1861. Such testimony therefore is the more valuable
+coming from a successful and self-trained sculler.
+
+As regards sleep, the writer lays great stress upon obtaining a good
+amount of it. Even if a night is sultry, and sleep does not come easily,
+still the oarsman can gain something by mere physical repose, though his
+brain may now and then not obtain rest so speedily as he could wish. The
+adage ascribed to King George III. as to hours of sleep, 'six for a man,
+seven for a woman, and eight for a fool,' is unsound. He who is credited
+with having propounded it, showed in his later years that, either his
+brain had suffered from deficiency of rest, or that it never had been
+sufficiently brilliant to justify much attention being bestowed on his
+philosophy. Probably he never did a really hard day's (still less a
+week's) labour, of either brain or body, in his life. Had he done so, he
+would have found that not six, nor seven, and often not eight hours, are
+too much to enable the wasted tissues of brain or body, or both, to
+recuperate. It is when in a state of repose that the blood, newly made
+from the latest meal, courses through the system and replenishes what
+has been wasted during the day. Recruits are never measured for the
+standard at the end of a day's march, but next day--after a good rest.
+Cartilage, sinew, muscle, alike waste. The writer used, after racing the
+Henley course, perhaps thrice in an evening's practice (twice in a four
+or eight and afterwards in a pair-oar or sculling boat, &c), to take a
+good nine hours' sound sleep, and awoke all the better for it. Some men
+keep on growing to a comparatively late age in life; such men require
+more sleep, while thus increasing in size, than others who have earlier
+attained full bulk and maturity. As a rule, and regardless of what many
+other trainers may say to the contrary, the writer believes that the
+majority of men in training may sleep nine hours with advantage.
+
+The period of training varies according to circumstances. A man of
+twenty-five and upwards, who has been lying by for months, it may be for
+a year or two, can do with three months of it. The first half should be
+less severe than the last. He can begin with steady work, to redevelop
+his muscles, and to reduce his bulk (if he is much over weight) by
+degrees. The last six weeks should be 'strict' in every sense. He can
+get into 'hunting' condition in the first six weeks, and progress to
+'racing' condition in the succeeding six.
+
+University crews train from five to six weeks. The men are young, and
+have, most of them, been in good exercise some time before strict
+training begins.
+
+College crews cannot give much more than three weeks to train for the
+summer bumping races; tideway crews have been doing a certain amount of
+work for weeks before they go into strict training for Henley; this last
+stage usually lasts about four weeks.
+
+It is often supposed that a man needs less training for a short than for
+a long course. This is a mistake. The longer he prepares himself, so
+long as he does not overdo himself, the better he will be. Long and
+gradual training is better than short and severe reductions. Over a long
+course, when an untrained man once finds nature fail him, more ground
+will be lost than over a short course: _cela va sans dire_: but that is
+no argument against being thoroughly fit for even a half-mile row. The
+shorter the course, the higher the pressure of pace, and the crew that
+cracks first for want of condition--loses (_ceteris paribus_).
+
+Athletes of the running path will agree that it is as important to train
+a man thoroughly for a quarter-mile race as for a three-mile struggle.
+Pace kills, and it is condition which enables the athlete to endure the
+pace.
+
+[Illustration: SMOKING IS FORBIDDEN.]
+
+Smoking is, as every schoolboy knows, forbidden in training. However,
+_pro formâ_, the fact must be recorded that it is illicit. It spoils the
+freedom of the lungs, which should be as elastic as possible, in order
+to enable them to oxygenate properly the extra amount of blood which
+circulates under violent exertions.
+
+Aperients at the commencement of training used to be _de rigueur_.
+Young men of active habits hardly need them. Anyhow, no trainer should
+attempt to administer them on his own account; if he thinks the men need
+physic at the outset, let him call in a medical man to prescribe for
+them.
+
+
+WORK.
+
+We have said that proper diet keeps an oarsman up to the work which is
+necessary to bring him into good condition. Having detailed the _régime_
+of diet, and its appurtenances, such as sleep, we may now deal with the
+system of work itself.
+
+One item of work we have incidentally dealt with, to wit, the morning
+walk; but it was necessary to handle this detail at that stage because
+it had a reference to the morning tub and morning meal.
+
+The work which is set for a crew should be guided by the distance of
+time from the race. If possible, oarsmen should have their work
+lightened somewhat towards the close of training, and it is best to get
+over the heavy work, which is designed to reduce weight as well as to
+clear the wind, at a comparatively early stage of the training.
+
+There is also another factor to be taken into calculation by the
+trainer, and that is whether, at the time when sharp work is necessary
+to produce condition, his crew are sufficiently advanced as oarsmen to
+justify him in setting them to perform that work at a fast stroke in the
+boat. Not all crews require to be worked upon the same system,
+irrespective of the question of stamina and health.
+
+Suppose a crew are backward as oarsmen and also behindhand in condition.
+If such a crew are set to row a fast stroke in order to blow themselves
+and to accustom their vascular system to high pressure, their style may
+be damaged. If on the other hand they do no work except rowing at a slow
+stroke until within a few days of the race, they will come to the post
+short of condition. Such a crew should be kept at a slow stroke in the
+boat, in order to enable them to learn style, for a fortnight or so; but
+meantime the trainer should put them through some sharp work upon their
+legs. He should set them to run a mile or so after the day's rowing.
+This will get off flesh, and will clear the wind, and meantime style can
+be studied in the boat. Long rows without an easy are a mistake for
+backward men who are also short of work. When the pupil gets blown at
+the end of a few minutes he relapses into his old faults, and makes his
+last state worse than the first.
+
+[Illustration: 'RUN A MILE OR TWO.']
+
+Training not only gets off superfluous flesh, but also lays on muscle.
+The sooner the fat is off the sooner does the muscle lay on. The
+commissariat feeds the newly developing muscles better if there is no
+tax upon it to replenish the fat as well. For this reason, apart from
+the importance of clearing the wind, heavy work should come early in
+training. When a crew who have been considerably reduced in weight early
+in their course of training, feed up towards the last, and gain in
+weight, it is a good sign, and shows that their labours have been
+judiciously adjusted; the weight which they pick up at the close of
+training is new muscle replacing the discarded fat.
+
+In training college eights for summer races there is not scope for
+training on the above system. The time is too short, some of the men are
+already half-fit, and have been in work of some sort or other during the
+spring; while one or two of them may have been lying idle for a
+twelvemonth. In such cases a captain must use his own discretion; he can
+set his grosser men to do some running while he confines those who are
+fitter to work only in the ship. As a rule, however, unless men have no
+surplus flesh to take off, all oarsmen are the better for a little
+running at the end of the day during the early part of training. It
+prepares their wind for the time when a quick stroke will be required of
+them. A crew who have been rowing a slow stroke and who have meantime
+been improved in condition by running, will take to the quick stroke
+later on more kindly than a ditto class crew who have done no running,
+and whose condition has been obtained only by rowing exercise. The
+latter crew have been rowing all abroad while short of wind, and have
+thereby not corrected, and probably have contracted, faults. The former
+crew will have had better opportunities of improving their style, will
+be more like machinery, and will be less blown when they are at last
+asked to gallop in the boat.
+
+For the first few days it will be well to row an untrained crew over
+easy half-miles. A long day's work in the boat will not harm them: on
+the contrary, it will tend to shake them together; tired men can row
+well as to style, but men out of breath cannot row. At the end of a week
+or so, the men can cover a mile at a hard slow grind without an easy. If
+there is plenty of time, i.e. some five weeks of training, a good deal
+of paddling can be done, alternating with hard rowing at a slow stroke.
+If there are only three weeks to train, and men are gross, much paddling
+cannot be spared. If again time is short and men have already been in
+work for other races, and do not want much if any reduction in weight,
+then a good deal of the day's work may be done at a paddle.
+
+Thirty strokes a minute is plenty for slow rowing. Some strokes, though
+good to race behind, have a difficulty in rowing slow; especially after
+having had a spell at a fast stroke. It is important to inculcate upon
+the stroke that thirty a minute should be his 'walking' pace, and should
+always be maintained except when he is set to do a course, or a part of
+one, or to row a start. When once he is told to do something like racing
+over a distance, he must calculate his stroke to orders, whether
+thirty-two, -four, -six, -eight, &c. But when the 'gallop' is over, then
+the normal 'thirty' should resume. It is during the 'off' work, when
+rowing or paddling to or from a course, that there is most scope for
+coaching, and faults are best cured at a slow stroke.
+
+In training for a short course, such as Henley and college races, a crew
+may be taken twice each day backwards and forwards over the distance;
+the first time at thirty a minute each way, the second time at the 'set'
+pace of the day, over the course, relapsing into the usual 'thirty' on
+the reverse journey. The 'set' stroke depends on the stage of training.
+A fortnight before the race the crew may begin to cover the course, on
+the second journey, at about thirty-one a minute. A stroke a day can be
+added to this, until racing pace is reached. If men seem stale, an
+off-day should be given at light work. Meantime, each day, attention
+should be paid to 'starting,' so that all may learn to get hold of the
+first stroke well together. In order to accustom the men to a quicker
+stroke and to getting forward faster, a few strokes may be rowed, in
+each start, at a pace somewhat in advance of the rate of stroke set for
+the day's grind over the course. A couple such starts as this per diem
+benefit both crew and coach. The crew begin to feel what a faster stroke
+will be like, without being called upon to perform it over the whole
+distance before they are fit to go; the coach will be able to observe
+each man's work at the faster stroke. Many a green oarsman looks
+promising while the stroke is slow, but becomes all abroad when called
+upon to row fast. It is best to have some insight to these possible
+failings early in training, else it may be too late to remedy them or
+to change the man on the eve of battle.
+
+Towards the close of training the crew should do their level best once
+or twice over the course, to accustom them to being rowed out, and to
+give them confidence in their recuperative powers; also to enable the
+stroke to feel the power of his crew, and to form an opinion as to how
+much he can ask them to do in the race. The day before the racing
+begins, work should be light.
+
+In bumping races, if a college has no immediate fear of foes from the
+rear, it is well not to bring men too fine to the post; else, though
+they may do well enough for the first day or two, they may work stale or
+lose power before the end of the six days of the contest. It is better
+that a crew should row itself into condition than out of it. In training
+for long-distance racing, it is customary to make about every alternate
+day a light one, of about the same work as for college racing. The other
+days are long-course days of long grinds, to get men together, and to
+reduce weight. When men have settled to a light boat, and have begun to
+row courses against time, and especially when they reach Putney water,
+two long courses in each week are about enough. Many crews do not do
+even so much as this. As a rule a crew are better for not being taken
+for more than ten or eleven minutes of hard, uninterrupted racing,
+within three days of the race. A long course wastes much tissue, and it
+takes a day or two to feed up what they have wasted. Nevertheless, crews
+have been known to do long courses within 48 hours of a Putney match,
+and to win withal: e.g. the Oxonians of 1883, who came racing pace from
+Barnes to Putney two days before the race, and 'beat record' over that
+stretch of water.
+
+[Illustration: BUMPING RACE--WAITING FOR THE GUN.]
+
+Strokes and coaches do a crew much harm if they are jealous of 'times'
+prematurely in practice. Suppose an opponent does a fast time, there is
+no need to go to the starting point and endeavour to eclipse time.
+Possibly his rapid time has been accomplished by dint of a prematurely
+rapid stroke, while the pace of our own boat, with regard to the rate of
+stroke employed, discloses promise of better pace than our opponents,
+when racing shall arrive in real earnest. Now if we, for jealousy, take
+our own men at a gallop before they are ripe for it, we run great risk
+of injuring their style, and of throwing them back instead of improving
+them. After the day's race, the body should be well washed in tepid
+water, and rubbed dry with rough towels. It is a good thing for an
+oarsman to keep a toothbrush in his dressing-room. He will find it a
+great relief against thirst to wash his mouth out with it when dressing,
+more especially so if he also uses a little tincture of myrrh.
+
+One 'odd man' is of great service to training, even if he cannot spare
+time to row in the actual race. Many a man in a crew is the better for a
+day's, or half a day's, rest now and then. Yet his gain is loss of
+practice to the rest, unless a stop-gap can be found to keep the
+machinery going. The berth of ninth man in a University eight often
+leads to promotion to the full colours in a following season, as U.B.C.
+records can show.
+
+With college eights there used to be a _furore_, some twenty years ago,
+for taking them over the long course in a gig eight. These martyrs, half
+fit, were made to row the regulation long course, from 'first gate' to
+lasher, or at least to Nuneham railway bridge, at a hard and without an
+easy. The idea was to 'shake them together.' The latter desideratum
+could have been attained just as well by taking them to the lasher and
+back again, but allowing them to be eased once in each mile or so. Many
+crews that adopted the process met with undoubted success, but we fancy
+that their success would have been greater had their long row been
+judiciously broken by rest every five minutes. To behold a half-trained
+college eight labouring past Nuneham, at the end of some fifteen minutes
+of toil, jealous to beat the time of some rival crew, used to be a
+pitiable sight. More crews were marred than made by this fanaticism.
+
+On the morning of a race it is a good thing to send a crew to run
+sprints of seventy or eighty yards, twice. This clears the wind greatly
+for the rest of the day, without taking any appreciable strength out of
+the man. A crew thus 'aired' do not so much feel the severity of a
+sharp start in the subsequent race, and they gain their second wind much
+sooner.
+
+The meal before a race should be a light one, comparatively: something
+that can be digested very easily. Mutton is digested sooner than beef.
+H. Kelley used to swear by a wing of boiled chicken (without sauce)
+before a race. The fluid should be kept as low as possible just before a
+race; and there should be about three hours between the last meal and
+the start. A preliminary canter in the boat is advisable; it tests all
+oars and stretchers, and warms up the muscles. Even when men are rowing
+a second or third race in the day, they should not be chary of extending
+themselves for a few strokes on the way to the post. Muscles stiffen
+after a second race, and are all the better for being warmed up a trifle
+before they are again placed on the rack.
+
+Between races a little food may be taken, even if there is only an hour
+to spare: biscuit soaked in port wine stays the stomach; and if there is
+more than an hour cold mutton and stale bread (no butter), to the extent
+of a couple of sandwiches or more (according to time for digestion),
+will be of service. Such a meal may be washed down with a little cold
+tea and brandy. The tea deadens the pain of stiffened muscles; the
+brandy helps to keep the pulse up. If young hands are fidgetty and
+nervous, a little brandy and water may be given them; or brandy and tea,
+not exceeding a wine-glass, rather more tea than brandy. The writer used
+often to pick up his crew thus, and was sometimes laughed at for it in
+old days. He is relieved to find no less an authority than Mr. E. D.
+Brickwood, on page 219 of 'Boat-racing,' holding the same view as
+himself, and commending the same system of 'pick-me-up.'
+
+
+AILMENTS.
+
+A rowing man seems somehow to be heir to nearly as many ailments as a
+racehorse. Except that he does not turn 'roarer,' and that there is no
+such hereditary taint in rowing clubs, he may almost be likened to a
+Derby favourite.
+
+_Boils_ are one of the most common afflictions. They used to be seen
+more frequently in the writer's days than now. The modern recognition of
+the importance of a due proportion of vegetable food blended with the
+animal food has tended to reduce the proportion of oarsmen annually laid
+up by this complaint. A man is not carnivorous purely, but omnivorous,
+like a pig or a bear. If he gorges too much animal food meat, he
+disorders his blood, and his blood seeks to throw off its humours. If
+there is a sore anywhere on the frame at the time, the blood will select
+this as a safety valve, and will raise a fester there. If there is no
+such existing safety valve, the blood soon broaches a volcano of its
+own, and has an unpleasant habit of selecting most inconvenient sites
+for these eruptions. Where there is most wear and tear going on to the
+cuticle is a likely spot for the volcano to open, and nature in this
+respect is prone to favour the seat of honour more than any other
+portions of the frame. Next in fashion, perhaps, comes the neck; the
+friction of a comforter when the neck is dripping with perspiration
+tends often to make the skin of the neck tender and to induce a boil to
+break out there. A blistered hand is not unlikely to be selected as the
+scene of outbreak, or a shoulder chafed by a wet jersey.
+
+A crew should be under strict orders to report _all_ ailments, if only a
+blister, _instantly_ to the coach. It is better to leave _no_ discretion
+in this matter to the oarsman, even at the risk of troubling the mentor
+with trifles. If a man is once allowed to decide for himself whether he
+will report some petty and incipient ailment, he is likely to try to
+hush it up lest it should militate against his coach's selection of him;
+the effect of this is that mischief which might otherwise have been
+checked in the bud, is allowed to assume dangerous proportions for want
+of a stitch in time. An oarsman should be impressed that nothing is more
+likely to militate against his dream of being selected than disobedience
+to this or any other standing order. The smallest pimple should be shown
+forthwith to the coach, the slightest hoarseness or tendency to snuffle
+reported; any tenderness of joint or sinew instantly made known.
+
+To return to boils. If a boil is observed in the pimple stage, it may be
+scotched and killed. Painting it with iodine will drive it away, in the
+writer's experience. 'Stonehenge' advises a wash of nitrate of silver,
+of fifteen to twenty grains to the ounce, to be painted over the spot.
+Mr. Brickwood also, while quoting 'Stonehenge' on this point, recommends
+bathing with bay salt and water.
+
+Anyhow, these external means of repression do not of themselves suffice.
+They only bung up the volcano; the best step is to cure the blood,
+otherwise it will break out somewhere else. The writer's favourite
+remedy is a dose of syrup of iodide of iron; one teaspoonful in a
+wineglass of water, just before or after a meal, is about the best
+thing. A second dose of half the amount may be taken twenty-four hours
+later. This medicine is rather constipating; a slight aperient, if only
+a dose of Carlsbad salts before breakfast or a seidlitz powder, may be
+taken to counteract it in this respect. It is a strong but prompt
+remedy; anything is better than to have a member of a crew eventually
+unable to sit down for a week or so! An extra glass of port after
+dinner, _and plenty of green food_, will help to rectify the disordered
+blood.
+
+Another good internal remedy is brewer's yeast, a tablespoonful twice a
+day after meals. Watermen swear by this, and Mr. Brickwood personally
+recommends it.
+
+If care is taken a boil can be thus nipped in the bud (figuratively); to
+do this _literally_ is the very worst thing. Some people pinch off the
+head of a small boil. This only adds fuel to the fire. If a boil has
+become large, red, and angry before any remedies are applied, it is too
+late to drive it in, and the next best thing is to coax it out. This is
+done with strong linseed poultices. A doctor should be called in, and be
+persuaded to lance it, to the core, and to squeeze it, so soon as he
+judges it to be well filled with pus.
+
+_Raws_ used to be more common twenty-five years ago than now: boat
+cushions had much to do with them. Few oarsmen in these days use
+cushions. Raws are best anointed with a mixture of oxide of zinc,
+spermaceti and glycerine, which any chemist can make up, to the
+consistency of cold cream. It should be buttered on thickly, especially
+at bed-time.
+
+_Blisters_ should be pricked with a needle (_never_ with _pin_); the
+water should be squeezed out, and the old skin left on to shield the
+young skin below.
+
+Festers are only another version of boils. The internal remedies, to
+rectify the blood, should be the same as for boils. Cuts or wounds of
+broken skin may be treated like raws if slight; if deeper, then wrapped
+in lint, soaked in cold water, and bound with oilskin to keep the lint
+moist.
+
+_Abdominal strains_ sometimes occur (i.e. of the abdominal muscles of
+recovery) if a man does a hard day's work before he is fairly fit. A
+day's rest is the best thing; an hour's sitting in a hot hip bath,
+replenishing the heat as the water cools, gives much relief. The strain
+works off while the oarsman is warm to his work, but recurs with extra
+pain when he starts cold for the next row. If there is any suspicion of
+hernia (or 'rupture') work should instantly stop, even ten miles from
+home; the patient should row no more, walk gently to a resting-place,
+and send for a doctor. Once only has the writer known of real hernia in
+a day's row, and then the results were painfully serious. Inspection of
+the abdomen will show if there is any hernia.
+
+_Diarrh[oe]a_ is a common complaint. It is best to call in a doctor if
+the attack does not pass off in half a day. If a man has to go to the
+post while thus affected, it is a good thing to give him some _raw_
+arrowroot (three or four table-spoonfuls) in _cold_ water. The dose
+should be well stirred, to make the arrowroot swill down the throat. To
+put the arrowroot into hot water spoils the effect which is desired.
+
+Many doctors have a tender horror of consenting to any patient rowing,
+even for a day, so long as he is under their care, though only for a
+boil which does not affect his action.
+
+Professional instinct prompts them to feel that the speediest possible
+cure is the chief desideratum, and of course that object is best
+attained by lying on the shelf. A doctor who will consent to do his best
+to cure, subject to assenting to his patient's continuing at work so
+long as actual danger is not thereby incurred, and so long as
+disablement for the more important race day is not risked, is sometimes,
+but too rarely, found.
+
+_Sprains_, _colds_, _coughs_, &c., had better be submitted at once to a
+doctor. A cold on the chest may become much more serious than it appears
+at first, and should never be trifled with. Slightly sprained wrists
+weaken, but need not necessarily cripple a man. Mr. W. Hoare, stroke of
+Oxford boat in 1862, had a sprained wrist at Putney, and rowed half the
+race with only one hand, as also much of the practice. He was none the
+worse after Easter, when the tendons had rested and recuperated.
+
+Oarsmen should be careful to wrap up warmly the instant that they cease
+work. Many a cold has been caught by men sitting in their jerseys--cold
+wind suddenly checking perspiration after a sharp row--while some
+chatter is going on about the time which the trial has taken, or why No.
+So-and-so caught a small crab halfway. A woollen comforter should always
+be at hand to wrap promptly round the neck and over the chest when
+exertion ceases, and so soon as men land they should clothe up in warm
+flannel, until the time comes to strip and work.
+
+Siestas should not be allowed. There is a temptation to doze on a full
+stomach after a hard day, or even when fresh after a midday meal. No one
+should be allowed to give way to this; it only makes men 'slack,' and
+spoils digestion.
+
+If a man can keep his bedclothes on all night, and keep warm, he will do
+himself good if he sleeps with an open window, winter or summer. He
+thereby gets more fresh air, and accordingly has not to tax the
+respiratory muscles so much, in order to inhale the necessary amount of
+oxygen. Eight hours sleep with open windows refresh the frame more than
+nine hours and upwards in a stuffy bedroom. A roaring fire may obviate
+an open window, for it forces a constant current of air through the
+apartment. The writer has slept with windows wide open, winter and
+summer, since he first matriculated at his University, save once or
+twice for a night or two when suffering from cold (not contracted by
+having slept with open windows). If a bed is well tucked up, and the
+frame well covered, the chest cannot be chilled, and the mouth and nose
+are none the worse for inhaling cool fresh air, even below
+freezing-point. This refers to men of sound chests. Men of weak
+constitution have no business to train or to race.
+
+[Illustration: FOUR-OAR.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+ROWING CLUBS.
+
+
+The formation of a 'club' for the pursuit of any branch of sport gives a
+local stimulus at once to the game, and lends facilities for the
+acquisition of merit in the performance. This is peculiarly the case
+with rowing, and for more than one reason. Theoretically a man might, by
+unaided scientific study, elaborate for himself the most improved system
+or principle of oarsmanship. Practically he will do nothing of the sort,
+and if left to teach himself will develop all sorts of faults of style,
+which tend to the outlay of a maximum of exertion for a minimum of
+progress. The tiro in oarsmanship requires instruction from the outset;
+the sooner he is taught, the more likely is he to become proficient. If
+he begins to teach himself, he will certainly acquire faulty action,
+which will settle to habit. If later on he has recourse to a mentor, the
+labours of both pupil and tutor will be more arduous than if the pupil
+were a complete beginner; the pupil will require first to be _un_taught
+from his bad style before he is adapted for instruction in good action
+of limbs and body.
+
+Moreover, all rowing becomes so mechanical that the polished oarsman is
+almost as unconscious of merit in his style (save from what others may
+tell him of himself) as the duffer is of his various inelegancies. The
+very best oarsman is liable insidiously to develop faults in his own
+style which he himself, or a less scientific performer, would readily
+notice in another person.
+
+Hence, where men row together in a club, each can be of service to the
+other, in pointing out faults, of which the performer is unconscious. So
+that half-a-dozen oarsmen or scullers of equal class, if they will thus
+mutually assist each other, can attain between them a higher standard
+than if each had rowed like a hermit. Still more is the standard of
+oarsmanship raised among juniors when the older hands of a club take
+them in charge and coach them.
+
+In addition to this system of reciprocal education, a club fosters
+rivalry, and organises club races; and, in like manner, a plurality of
+clubs stimulates competition between clubs, and produces open racing
+between members of the rival institutions.
+
+College clubs seem to be the oldest on record. Some of them go back as
+early as the concluding years of George the Third. The rise of British
+oarsmanship has been traced in a preceding chapter. The oldest 'open'
+rowing club is the 'Leander.' When it originated seems to be uncertain,
+but it was considered relatively to be an 'old' club in 1837.
+
+Mr. G. D. Rowe, Hon. Secretary of the Club, has kindly extracted the
+following memoranda from the Club's history of its records:--
+
+    It would seem that the earliest known metropolitan rowing clubs
+    were 'The Star' and 'The Arrow,' which existed at the end of the
+    last century, and expired somewhere about 1820. Out of the ruins
+    sprang the Leander Club, which is still a flourishing
+    institution, and which includes amongst its members most of the
+    great University oarsmen of the last thirty years or so. So far
+    as can be ascertained, the Leander Club did not exist in 1820,
+    but it was in full swing in 1825, and in 1830 was looked upon as
+    a well-known and long-established boat club.
+
+    In 1837, 1838, and 1841 Leander rowed races against Cambridge,
+    losing the first and winning the last, whilst in 1838 the race
+    was declared a draw owing to fouling.
+
+    In all three the course was from Westminster to Putney.
+
+    In 1839 Leander was beaten for the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley
+    by the Oxford Etonians; but in 1840 the Leander crew won the
+    Cup, whilst in 1841 they came in first, but were disqualified on
+    a foul. In consequence of this Leander did not again compete for
+    the G.C.C. till 1858,[12] as the Club considered the ruling of
+    the Umpire unfair.
+
+    [12] The Leander entry at Henley, 1858, arose thus. A mixed team of
+         old Blues of _both_ colours got up an eight, and qualified by
+         rowing under the Leander flag.
+
+    Meanwhile, however, in 1843, -4, and -5 Leander won the
+    Challenge Cup at the Thames Regatta, and between 1845 and 1855
+    Leander won the Presentation Cup at Erith for Four-oars, several
+    times.
+
+    Leander, however, was as much a social association as a
+    competing rowing club. Up till 1856 the number of members was
+    limited to twenty-five men, who used to meet at Westminster once
+    or twice a week, and row to Putney or Greenwich, and take dinner
+    together. Sometimes they would go to the Albert Docks, and dine
+    on board a ship, at the expense of one of their members, who was
+    a large shipowner.
+
+    After 1856 the number of members was increased to thirty-five,
+    and in 1862 the Club was put on a more modern footing after the
+    example of the London Rowing Club, and no limit was put on the
+    number of members.
+
+    The Club quarters were moved to Putney, where a small piece of
+    ground was rented on which a tent was erected for housing boats.
+    This piece of ground was acquired by the London Rowing Club in
+    1864, and on it was built the present L.R.C. boat-house.
+    Leander, however, were able to get a lease of a piece of land
+    adjoining, and in 1866 built a boat-house, which still exists,
+    though the Club has of late thought of departing from Putney and
+    establishing themselves on one of the upper reaches of the
+    Thames.
+
+    The rowing successes of Leander of late years have not been very
+    great, though a Leander crew is always formidable 'on paper'
+    and comprises a good selection of 'Varsity oars. Want of
+    practice and of combination usually outweighs individual skill.
+    In 1875 and 1880 the Grand Challenge Cup was won by Leander
+    under the leadership of Goldie and Edwardes-Moss respectively,
+    but since 1880 all attempts to carry off the much-coveted prize
+    have proved futile.
+
+    It must have been a curious sight in old days to see a Leander
+    crew rowing in front of the 'Varsity race in their 'cutter'
+    steered by Jim Parish, their waterman coxswain. The crew used to
+    wear the orthodox top-hats on their heads, whilst the coxswain
+    was arrayed in all the glories of 'green plush kneebreeches,
+    silk stockings, "Brummagem" coat, and tall white silk hat.'
+
+The match between Oxford and Leander in 1831 had ended in the defeat of
+Oxford, and when, six years later, Cambridge challenged Leander, it was
+thought by the London division to be a rash venture on the part of the
+Cantabs. But we read in the Brasenose B.C. records that in the opinion
+of some experts the Leander oarsmanship was observed to have rather
+fallen off of late, and that there were not wanting good judges who were
+prepared for the Cantab victory in which the match resulted. This casual
+remark seems to show that Leander was a club of some years' standing at
+the time of this match. There seems to have been a 'scullers' club,
+hailing from Wandsworth, even earlier than this. But if it had a name,
+the title is lost. There must have been a fair amount of sculling among
+amateurs prior to 1830, in order to induce Mr. Lewis Wingfield in 1830
+to present the silver challenge sculls which still bear his name, and
+which to this day carry with them the title of Amateur Championship. The
+University clubs, when once founded, rapidly developed strength; new
+college clubs were founded, and eights were manned by colleges and halls
+which hitherto had not entered for the annual bumping races. But London
+oarsmanship gradually deteriorated between 1835 and 1855. The cause of
+this decay is intelligible. The tideway was churned up by steamers,
+rowing from Westminster was no longer the pleasant sport which it had
+been, and railway facilities for suburban rowing had hardly developed.
+Leander made one show at Henley after its foundation and failed to
+score a win. After that Leander crews absented themselves from the
+scene until the days of their modern revival. There was a club called
+the 'St. George's' which put on a good four-oar or two in the 'forties'
+at Henley; and after them came a 'Thames' club, which lasted some
+seasons, and chiefly distinguished itself by winning thrice running the
+'Gold Cup' of the old Thames Regatta of the 'forties.' The Thames Club
+also won the Grand at Henley; but they died out, and a lot of local
+small-fry clubs dismembered the rowing talent of the metropolis for the
+next few years. Of these, the most distinguished were the 'Argonauts,'
+between 1853 and 1856. They were not numerically strong, but they made
+up in quality for quantity. They were not enough to man an eight, and
+the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley was farmed for several seasons by the
+Universities. The Chester men came and went like a meteor in 1856. Their
+performances will be found under the description of the first keelless
+eight. In that year the London Rowing Club was founded, and in 1857,
+being then a year old, it made its _début_ at Henley, and won the Grand
+Challenge, Mr. Wood in the Oxford crew breaking an oar in the last two
+hundred yards of the race. The foundation of the London Club did more to
+raise the standard of amateur rowing than anything in modern times. It
+created a third great factor in eight-oared rowing, and served to keep
+the Universities up to the mark. It also encouraged other clubs.
+Kingston soon followed suit, first with a four and afterwards with an
+eight. After them the new (modern) Thames Club also made its appearance
+at Henley, beginning like Kingston with fours before aspiring to eights.
+In these days Thames are rivals with London for the pick of the rowing
+talent of the tideway, and each acts as a stimulus to the other. It is
+no exaggeration to say that at an average Henley Regatta, during the
+present decade, four or five eights may often be seen, any one of which
+would, _ceteris paribus_ (and sliding seats barred), have been
+considered a good winner of the Grand Challenge a quarter of a century
+ago, so great has been the advance in the standard of amateur rowing.
+
+The Leander Club has been a practical reality once more for nearly
+twenty years; it has competed periodically for the Grand Challenge and
+Stewards' Cups, and has twice won the Grand, but its composition is now
+widely different from what it was in the palmy 'Brilliant' days of fifty
+years ago. In those times it represented the rowing talent of the
+metropolitan element; it filled the same position that the London and
+Thames Clubs now jointly occupy. In these days it is almost entirely
+composed of University men, past and present. Having vacated its old
+functions, it has in turn filled those formerly performed by the
+'Subscription Rooms' of the Universities, which in the 'forties' used to
+hail from Stangate. There is but little junior rowing done or taught in
+Leander; most of its recruits are already more or less proficient before
+they join it. It is not a nursery of oarsmanship, but a colony, to which
+rowing men from the Universities resort. It is of value in promoting
+sport and competition, but it does not, from the very nature of its
+elements, fill the same sort of position that the London and Thames
+Clubs hold in the rowing world--as nurseries of junior talent on the
+tideway. On the upper Thames, Kingston holds a position of much the same
+nature as London and Thames. Twickenham are an old club, but it is only
+of late years that they have aspired to Grand Challenge form; they owe
+this aspiration to a reinforcement from Hertford College, Oxon. Besides
+these leading clubs there are sundry smaller bodies, which content
+themselves chiefly with junior rowing. Such are the 'West London' and
+'Grove Park,'[13] the 'East Sheen,' and others of this class.
+Five-and-thirty years ago it was a rarity to see even a scratch amateur
+eight on the tideway, so much had London rowing gone downhill. In the
+present day, on a June or July evening, especially on Saturday,
+half-a-dozen or more may be seen between Wandsworth and Richmond.
+
+  [13] Since the above was written, West London and Grove Park Clubs
+       have become extinct.
+
+Provincial oarsmanship has made considerable advance during the last
+thirty years. The Chester Club was the first to make a great mark, as
+mentioned elsewhere. The Eastern Counties are the most behindhand in the
+science, although they have good rivers in the Orwell and Yare.
+Newcastle produces strong local clubs, and once a champion, Mr. Fawcus,
+came from the Tyne. Mr. Wallace, a high-class sculler, also came south,
+but without absolute success, some years before Mr. Fawcus. Durham, what
+with its school, its University, and its town, shows plenty of sport on
+the Wear. Lancashire sent a fair 'Mersey' four to Henley in 1862, and in
+1870 the 'John o' Gaunt' men from the same river made a decided hit at
+Henley, although they failed to win. Bath has produced some good men
+before now, chiefly under the tuition of Mr. C. Herbert, a London
+oarsman. The Severn has woke up considerably. In 1850 we doubt whether
+four men could have been found on the whole river who could sit in an
+outrigger; but during the last fifteen years amateur rowing has made
+great advances at Worcester, Bewdley, Bridgnorth, and other towns.
+Tewkesbury started a regatta about a quarter of a century ago, and other
+towns on the Severn have followed suit. At present the Severn clubs
+confine their rowing very much to contests among themselves, and do not
+try their luck on the Thames in the leading regattas. The time may come
+when they will acquire sufficient talent to enable them to make a
+creditable display against the greater clubs of the Thames. The Trent,
+though one of the finest of our English rivers, does very little for
+oarsmanship. Some very second-class rowing is now and then seen at
+Nottingham, and also at Burton-on-Trent. The latter, many years ago,
+sent a pair-oar to Henley Regatta; but, so far as we can recall, the
+men, or one of them, was a Cantab (Mr. Nadin), and we may surmise that
+he owed his oarsmanship to the Cam rather than to the Trent. One curious
+feature in provincial rowing is, and has been, the absence of any
+professional talent. The Tyne alone has really rivalled the Thames in
+respect of producing leading professionals. A good four once or twice
+came from Glasgow to the Thames Regatta about sixteen years ago, and
+now and then a fair second-class sculler (such as Strong, of
+Barrow-in-Furness) has appeared from the provinces, but in other
+respects great apathy seems to prevail as regards professional
+oarsmanship on all our rivers except Thames and Tyne. The later
+decadence of professional talent on these once famous rivers will be
+treated in another chapter.
+
+Mr. Brickwood, in his book on 'Boat-racing,' gives some admirable
+suggestions for the formation of rowing clubs, which should be read by
+all who aspire to found such institutions. For the benefit of those who
+may hereafter take the lead in establishing new boat clubs, or in
+remodelling old ones, he propounds a 'draft' code of general rules; it
+would be presumptuous to attempt to improve upon them, and we take the
+liberty of giving them _in extenso_, as sketched by this eminent
+authority.
+
+
+DRAFT RULES.
+
+    1. This club shall be called the ---- Rowing (or Boat) Club; and
+    the colours shall be ----.
+
+    2. The object of this club shall be the encouragement of rowing
+    on the river ---- amongst gentlemen amateurs.
+
+    3. Any gentleman desirous of becoming a member shall cause a
+    notice in writing, containing his name, occupation, and address,
+    together with the names of his proposer and seconder (both of
+    whom must be members of the club, and personally acquainted with
+    him, and one of whom must be present at the ballot), to be
+    forwarded to the secretary fourteen days prior to the general
+    meeting at which the candidate shall be balloted for; one black
+    ball in five shall exclude. In the case of neither the proposer
+    nor seconder being able to attend the ballot for a new member,
+    the committee may institute such inquiries as they may deem
+    requisite, and on the receipt of satisfactory replies in writing
+    from both proposer and seconder such attendance may be waived,
+    and the election may proceed in the usual manner.
+
+    4. The annual subscription shall be ----, due and payable on
+    February 1 in each year.
+
+    5. Subscriptions becoming due on February 1 shall be paid by
+    April 1, and subscriptions becoming due after February 1 be paid
+    within two months; or, in default, the names of the members
+    whose subscriptions are in arrears may be placed conspicuously
+    in the club-room, with a notice that they are not entitled to
+    the benefits of the club.
+
+    6. The name of any member whose subscriptions shall be in
+    arrear twelve months shall be posted in the club-room as a
+    defaulter, and published in the circular next issued.
+
+    7. The proposer of any candidate shall (upon his election) be
+    responsible to the club for the entrance-fee and first annual
+    subscription of such candidate.
+
+    8. Members wishing to resign shall tender their resignation in
+    writing to the secretary before February 1, otherwise they will
+    be liable for the year's subscription; the receipt of such
+    resignation shall be acknowledged by the secretary.
+
+    9. The officers of the club shall consist of a president,
+    vice-president, captain, and secretary, to be elected by ballot
+    at the first general meeting in February in each year; the same
+    to be _ex-officio_ members of the committee.
+
+    10. The captain shall be at liberty, from time to time, to
+    appoint a member of the club to act as his deputy, such
+    appointment to be notified in the club-room.
+
+    11. The general management of the club shall be entrusted to a
+    committee of ---- members, and ---- shall form a quorum; such
+    committee to be chosen by ballot at the first general meeting in
+    February in each year.
+
+    12. A general meeting shall be held in every month, in the
+    club-room, during the rowing season, and at such time and place
+    during the winter as may be selected by the committee.
+
+    13. A notice containing the names of candidates for election at
+    the general meeting shall be sent to every member of the club.
+
+    14. Any member who shall wilfully or by gross negligence damage
+    any property belonging the club shall immediately have the same
+    repaired at his own expense. The question of the damage being or
+    not being accidental shall be decided by the committee from such
+    evidence as they may be able to obtain.
+
+    15. A general meeting shall have power to expel any member from
+    the club who has made himself generally obnoxious; but no ballot
+    shall be taken until fourteen days' notice shall have been
+    given; one black ball to three white to expel such member. This
+    rule shall not be enforced except in extraordinary cases, and
+    until the member complained of shall have been requested by the
+    committee to resign.
+
+    16. No crew shall contend for any public prize, under the name
+    of the club, without the sanction of the committee. All races
+    for money are strictly prohibited.
+
+    17. The committee shall have the management of all club
+    matches.
+
+    18. The rules and by-laws of the club shall be printed, and
+    posted in the club-room, and the copy sent to every member; and
+    any member who shall wilfully persist in the infraction of any
+    such rules or by-laws shall be liable to be expelled.
+
+    19. Any member wishing to propose any alteration in the rules of
+    the club shall give notice in writing to the secretary, two
+    weeks prior to the question being discussed, when, if the notice
+    be seconded, a ballot shall be taken, and to carry the proposed
+    alteration the majority in favour must be two to one.
+
+    20. The committee shall have power to make, alter, and repeal
+    by-laws.
+
+
+_By-Laws._
+
+    1. The boats of the club shall be for the general use of the
+    members on all days during the season (Sundays excepted),
+    subject to the following by-laws.
+
+    2. That no visitor be permitted to row in a club boat to the
+    exclusion of a member of the club.
+
+    3. That the club day be ---- in each week during the season, and
+    the hour of meeting ----.
+
+    4. That on club days members be selected by the captain (or in
+    his absence by his deputy) to form crews; the members present at
+    the hour of meeting to have priority of claim. Should the
+    decision of the captain or his deputy be considered
+    unsatisfactory by the majority of members present, the matter in
+    dispute shall be settled by lot.
+
+    5. All boats shall be returned to the boathouse by ten o'clock
+    at night, except on club days, when club boats taken out before
+    the usual hour must be returned half an hour before the time
+    fixed for meeting. Any expense incurred by the club through an
+    infringement of this by-law shall be paid by the member
+    offending.
+
+    6. Any dispute as regards rowing in any particular boat or boats
+    shall be settled by lot, this provision having reference more
+    particularly to club days.
+
+    7. In the event of there being more members present than can be
+    accommodated in the club boats, it shall be at the discretion of
+    the captain or his deputy, or of such members of the committee
+    as may be present, to hire extra boats at the expense of the
+    club.
+
+    8. The committee shall from time to time appoint one of their
+    number to superintend the management of the boathouse, and to
+    make all necessary arrangements for keeping the boats of the
+    club in a thorough state of repair and cleanliness.
+
+    9. All crews sent by the club to contend at a public regatta
+    shall be formed by the captain and two other experienced members
+    to be named by the committee, such crews when formed to be
+    subject to the approval of the committee.
+
+    10. In the event of a crew being chosen to contend in any public
+    race or match, such crew shall be provided by the club with a
+    boat for their exclusive use during their time of training, and
+    shall have their entrance-fees paid by the club.
+
+    11. The expense of conveying boats to public regattas at which
+    crews of the club contend shall be paid by the crews, but the
+    committee shall have power to repay the whole or any part of
+    such expenses out of the club funds.
+
+    12. The committee, on the occasion of a club race or other
+    special event, shall appoint a member of the club to take charge
+    of and conduct all arrangements connected with the same.
+
+    13. The member pulling the stroke-oar in any club boat shall
+    have command of the crew.
+
+    14. Upon the arrival of a crew at the place appointed for
+    stopping, the captain of the boat shall (if required) fix the
+    time for returning; and, if any member be absent at the
+    appointed time, the crew shall be at liberty to hire a
+    substitute at the expense of the absentee.
+
+    15. Every member, on landing from a club boat, shall be bound to
+    assist in housing such boat, and in doing so shall follow the
+    direction of the captain or other officer.
+
+    16. Any member using a private boat without the consent of its
+    owner shall thereby render himself liable to a vote of censure,
+    and, if need be, expulsion.
+
+Clubs are often but ephemeral. Some leading spirit founds one, and, when
+his influence vanishes with himself, the club wanes; perhaps it pales
+before a rival, perhaps it amalgamates with another. From various causes
+many minor clubs have risen and set on the Thames within the writer's
+memory during the last two decades; others which were in full swing when
+he was at school or college have ceased to exist. In the summer of 1886
+this question of extinction of small clubs became a subject of
+correspondence in the aquatic columns of the 'Field.' Subsequently the
+writer of this chapter discussed the question in the following leading
+article, published in the 'Field' on July 17, 1886, and now reproduced
+by the courtesy of the proprietors. It is given _in extenso_ for the
+sake of the history and reminiscences embodied in it.
+
+
+_The Extinction of Small Rowing Clubs._
+
+    We published a fortnight ago a letter of complaint on this
+    subject from a correspondent who signed himself 'Senior
+    Oarsman.' We quite admit the fact that the tendency of the great
+    rowing clubs of the Thames has been to absorb the numerous petty
+    clubs which at one time abounded on the tideway, but we entirely
+    fail to agree with his view that this consummation is to be
+    deprecated, either in the interests of oarsmanship or of
+    regattas. Our own opinion is, that four or five strong clubs
+    raise the standard of rowing and the prestige of regattas to a
+    far greater extent than if these same societies were split up
+    into a dozen or more minor associations. We can remember when
+    there were a large number of petty clubs of that description,
+    many of them hailing from Putney. The ground-floor doors of the
+    annexe to the 'Star and Garter' at Putney still commemorate the
+    names of some of them, though the clubs have been extinct for
+    ages. 'Nautilus' and 'Star' are among the titles which are still
+    painted on the doors. Prior to the founding of the London Rowing
+    Club in 1856, the rowing talent of the Thames was split up into
+    many such small sections. None of them, save the 'Argonauts,'
+    were fit to man one decent four between them. The L.R.C.
+    consolidated these small societies for the time being; but there
+    are always to be found oarsmen who prefer to pose as leaders of
+    small-fry clubs rather than play second or third fiddle in
+    first-class clubs. Hence, no sooner had the L.R.C. consolidated
+    one batch of small clubs than others sprang into existence. At
+    the date of the founding of the Metropolitan Regatta in 1866
+    there were once more a host of these minor societies on the
+    Thames, and one of the causes of weakness in the executive of
+    that regatta arose from the recognition of these small clubs by
+    the L.R.C. as factors to be consulted in its organisation. These
+    petty clubs had no chance of winning the open prizes, but they
+    were keen to distinguish themselves and have a hand in the
+    gathering, and accordingly the 'metropolitan' eights and pairs
+    for local second-raters had to be established, in order to
+    induce the small clubs to join the undertaking. The result of
+    this policy was, that before long the L.R.C. provided by far the
+    larger proportion of the funds for the regatta, and yet had to
+    defer to the majority of votes of the small clubs in the matter
+    of executive. At that date Kingston was the only other club
+    (except those of the U.B.C's.) which was up to Grand Challenge
+    form, like the L.R.C. Since that date there has been an
+    expansion of other strong clubs, and, as a necessary corollary,
+    a gradual decay of minor ones. Thames has grown to be a worthy
+    rival of London, and has done much to raise the standard of
+    oarsmanship. Leander has been revived, and Twickenham, which at
+    one time (in the sixties) was quite a small local club, now
+    comes out also in Grand Challenge form. This club have not yet
+    actually landed the great prize, but they have more than once
+    been good enough to win it, had they been fortunate enough to
+    draw the best station. Besides these clubs, there has been the
+    Molesey Club, which in 1875 and 1876 was capable of making the
+    best crews gallop at Henley, and won the Senior fours at sundry
+    minor Thames regattas later in the season. Its later absence
+    from Henley is due to the retirement from active oarsmanship of
+    Mr. H. Chinnery and others, whose personal energies alone
+    sufficed to combat the difficulty of distance from London.
+    Meantime, clubs like the Ariel, Corsair West London, Ino, and
+    others have become 'fine by degrees and beautifully less,' until
+    they expired of inanition. There are, and always will be, sundry
+    ambitious second-class oarsmen who regret the extinction of
+    societies of this sort, and who recall with regret the
+    pot-hunting for junior prizes which sometimes fell in their way.
+    But when we recollect that clubs of this stamp were
+    conspicuously absent from the winning roll, and usually even
+    from the competition in senior races in minor Thames regattas,
+    we fail to see wherein rowing science suffers by their
+    absorption. Junior oarsmen obtain far better instruction in the
+    ranks of the crack clubs than they could hope to find in the
+    small-fry institutions, and they have found this out. When men
+    have matriculated as oarsmen in weak clubs, they constantly
+    contract insidious faults of style, the result of being put to
+    race in light boats before they have mastered the first
+    principles of oarsmanship. If such men subsequently aspire to
+    join the better clubs, they have a worse chance of attaining a
+    seat in a first or even a second crew than if they had joined
+    the big club at the outset, and had been carefully taught in
+    tubs till they were fairly proficient. They have to be
+    'untaught' from a bad style before they can be moulded in a good
+    one. The Thames cup eights at Henley are of a higher order now
+    than they were seven or eight years ago, and we are inclined to
+    ascribe this fact to the 'absorption' system, which not only
+    strengthens the large clubs, but also provides better
+    instruction for the rising generation than was the case when
+    talent was more split up. Oarsmen of good standard who are
+    really desirous of distinguishing themselves, and are not too
+    proud to serve in the ranks of a big club after having held
+    office in a smaller one, freely gravitate from minor to leading
+    clubs. The juniors of their clubs follow their leaders, and so
+    the minor clubs become gradually depleted.
+
+    We do not consider that regatta entries are practically injured
+    by the development of the large clubs at the expense of the
+    smaller ones. We have already said that these small clubs are of
+    little or no use for senior races, whereas their ingredients,
+    consolidated in larger bodies, create one or two more strong
+    clubs which are good enough to produce competent senior crews,
+    and so swell senior entries. We admit that to some extent junior
+    entries may fall off in numbers, in consequence of the breaking
+    up of petty clubs; but, even allowing this, we hold that the
+    quality of junior entries increases in proportion as those
+    juniors hail from a good club endowed with scientific coaching.
+    Clubs whose powers are limited to the production of junior crews
+    do not contribute much to the standard of oarsmanship, and at
+    the same time they divert material which in good hands might
+    attain a good standard. The many petty clubs of fifteen or
+    twenty years ago used to labour, each by itself, through a whole
+    season to produce just one junior crew; and this possibly won a
+    race at last, on a sort of tontine principle, through the
+    gradual victories of former opponents in junior races, which on
+    each occasion removed a rival from the field of the future. The
+    modern strong and first class clubs turn out one junior crew
+    after another in the season; so that batch after batch of
+    juniors are thus taken in hand, and competently coached during
+    the season. Besides regatta rowing, there are club contests, and
+    these are to be found in even greater abundance and variety
+    under the management of the leading clubs, and afford more scope
+    for rising oarsmen, than ever was the case in the expiring and
+    expired minor clubs. We gave publicity to our correspondent's
+    complaint, as a matter of fair play in a subject that might be
+    of interest to many; but, all things considered, we come to the
+    conclusion that his deductions break down in every respect, and
+    that rowing and regattas alike benefit rather than lose by
+    consolidation of material in the first-class clubs of the day.
+
+[Illustration: EARLY AMATEURS.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+THE AMATEUR, HIS HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION.
+
+
+The old theory of an amateur was that he was a 'gentleman,' and that the
+two were simply convertible terms. The amateur of old might make rowing
+his sport, so long as he did not actually make it his ostensible means
+of livelihood. The Leander oarsmen who matched themselves against
+University crews between 1830 and 1840 did not consider that they lost
+caste by rowing for a stake.
+
+In 1831 Oxford and Leander rowed at Henley for 200_l._ a side, with
+watermen steering them. Much later than this it was not considered
+improper for two 'gentlemen' to row a match (or race one) for a mutual
+_stake_ (not a bet). Until 1861, when the conditions of the Wingfield
+Sculls were remodelled at a meeting of ex-champions and old competitors,
+it had been the custom for all entries for that prize to pay a fee of
+5_l._, and the winner swept the pool! No one dreamed of suggesting that
+this was in any way derogatory to the status of an amateur.
+
+But as rowing became more popular, and more widely adopted as a pastime,
+it began to be felt that it was invidious to leave the question 'Is he
+an amateur?' to the local opinion of the regatta committee, before whom
+such a question might be raised. Oarsmen came to the conclusion that
+some written definition of the qualification was necessary; some hard
+and fast rule, prospective, if not retrospective. Till then, various
+executives had adopted various opinions as to what constituted an
+amateur. One year, about 1871, the Henley executive declined to
+recognise one of the local crews engaged in the 'Town Cup' as
+'amateurs;' and on this ground refused to allow them to start for the
+Wyfold Cup. It was not alleged that any of this crew had ever laboured
+as a mechanic, or rowed for money. The allegation of the Henley
+executive was that this crew were not 'gentlemen amateurs,' and as such
+they declined to admit them. A few days later another regatta executive
+freely admitted this same crew, and none of the recognised amateur clubs
+opposed to them raised any objection to the local crew's status.
+
+This variety of opinion led to consultation among certain old amateurs
+whose ideas were universally respected, and as a result, on April 10,
+1878, a meeting was held at Putney, at which there were present--
+
+  FRANCIS PLAYFORD, L.R.C., _Chairman_.
+  T. EDMUND HOCKIN, Secretary, C.U.B.C.
+  T. C. EDWARDES-MOSS, President, O.U.B.C.
+  F. S. GULSTON, Captain, London R.C.
+  HENRY P. MARRIOTT, for Secretary, O.U.B C.
+  C. GURDON, President, C.U.B.C.
+  JAMES HASTIE, Captain, Thames R.C.
+  M. G. FARRER, Captain, Leander B.C.
+  C. D. HEATLEY, Captain, Kingston R.C.
+  ROBERT W. RISLEY, O.U.B.C.
+  FRANK WILLAN, O.U.B.C.
+  J. G. CHAMBERS, C.U.B.C.
+  EDWARD H. FARRIE, C.U.B.C.
+  JNO. IRELAND, L.R.C.
+  H. H. PLAYFORD, Vice-President, L.R.C.
+  E. D. BRICKWOOD, L.R.C., _Secretary_.
+
+These gentlemen drew up and passed the following:--
+
+
+_Definition of an Amateur._
+
+    An amateur oarsman or sculler must be an officer of her
+    Majesty's Army, or Navy, or Civil Service, a member of the
+    Liberal Professions, or of the Universities or Public Schools,
+    or of any established boat or rowing club not containing
+    mechanics or professionals; and must not have competed in any
+    competition for either a stake, or money, or entrance-fee, or
+    with or against a professional for any prize; nor ever taught,
+    pursued, or assisted in the pursuit of athletic exercises of any
+    kind as a means of livelihood, nor have ever been employed in or
+    about boats, or in manual labour; nor be a mechanic, artisan, or
+    labourer.
+
+In the following year the Henley executive drew up a definition of their
+own, much to the same effect, but slightly different in phraseology
+(this was on April 8, 1879). It read thus:--
+
+    No person shall be considered as an amateur oarsman or sculler--
+
+    1. Who has ever competed in any open competition for a stake,
+    money, or entrance-fee.
+
+    2. Who has competed with or against a professional for any
+    prize.
+
+    3. Who has ever taught, pursued, or assisted in the practice of
+    athletic exercise of any kind as a means of gaining a
+    livelihood.
+
+    4. Who has been employed in or about boats for money or wages.
+
+    5. Who is or has been, by trade or employment for wages, a
+    mechanic, artisan, or labourer.
+
+This definition, with a further slight verbal alteration, will be found
+still embodied in the rules of Henley regatta, which are given at p. 48.
+This new definition was adopted by the 'Amateur Rowing Association.'
+
+This latter body arose in 1879. The original object of its constitution
+was to found a general club which could comprise all the best amateur
+talent of Britain, and from which, in the event of any foreign or
+colonial crew, composed of the full force of its own country, coming to
+these shores, could be put forward to represent the honour of the mother
+country; so that the individual clubs of Britain should never hereafter
+be in danger of being attacked separately, with forces divided, by the
+concentrated resources of some foreign or colonial country. The
+association was first called the 'Metropolitan Rowing Association,' but
+eventually it took its present name. The rules of this association are
+here given _in extenso_, and sufficiently explain the _raison d'ętre_.
+
+
+RULES OF THE AMATEUR ROWING ASSOCIATION, LATE METROPOLITAN ROWING
+ASSOCIATION.
+
+_Committee._
+
+  The President of the Oxford University Boat Club.        }
+  The President of the Cambridge University Boat Club.     }
+  The Captain of the Dublin University Boat Club.          }
+  The Captain of the Dublin University Rowing Club.        }     _Ex_
+  The Captain of the Leander Boat Club.                    }  _Officio._
+  The Captain of the London Rowing Club.                   }
+  The Captain of the Kingston Rowing Club.                 }
+  The Captain of the Thames Rowing Club.                   }
+
+  JAMES CATTY, T.R.C.              | F. S. GULSTON, L.R.C.
+  H. J. CHINNERY, L.R.C.           | JAMES HASTIE, T.R.C.
+  F. FENNER, L.R.C.                | Rev. R. W. RISLEY, O.U.B.C.
+  J. H. D. GOLDIE, C.U.B.C.        | S. LE BLANC SMITH, L.R.C.
+
+                            _Hon. Secretary._
+                         S. LE BLANC SMITH, Esq.
+
+                        _Head Quarters, pro tem._
+                       LONDON ROWING CLUB, PUTNEY.
+
+    1. That this Club be called 'The Amateur Rowing Association.'
+
+    2. That the object of the Association be to associate members of
+    existing amateur rowing clubs for the purpose of forming
+    representative British crews to compete against Foreign and
+    Colonial representative crews, in the event of such entering at
+    any regattas in the United Kingdom, or challenging this country.
+
+    3. That the government and management of the Association be
+    vested in a committee of fifteen members (of whom five shall be
+    a quorum), with power to add to their number, who, except the
+    _ex-officio_ members, shall retire annually, and be eligible for
+    re-election.
+
+    4. That the Presidents of the Oxford University Boat Club and
+    Cambridge University Boat Club, the Captains of the Dublin
+    University Boat Club, Dublin University Rowing Club, Leander
+    Boat Club, London Rowing Club, Kingston Rowing Club, and Thames
+    Rowing Club, for the time being be _ex-officio_ members of the
+    committee.
+
+    5. That no one be eligible as a member of the Association unless
+    he be a member of a recognised Amateur Rowing Club.
+
+    6. That candidates for election must be proposed and seconded by
+    two members of the committee, and unanimously elected by the
+    committee.
+
+    7. That, when members of different clubs are selected to form a
+    crew, they must, for the time being, place themselves
+    exclusively at the disposal of the Association.
+
+    8. That general meetings of the members be summoned by the
+    Honorary Secretary at such times as not less than five of the
+    committee think fit, and that committee meetings be held once,
+    at least, in every three months, and as much oftener as a quorum
+    shall, from time to time, decide.
+
+This Amateur Rowing Association began modestly, and without any
+assumption, to dictate to the rowing world. It was content to take the
+patriotic part of guarding national amateur prestige in aquatics. But
+all leading clubs so fully recognised the value of the new association,
+that pressure was often put upon it to make a _coup d'état_, and to take
+the sceptre of amateur rowing and the control of amateur regattas, a
+position analogous to that held respectively by the 'Jockey Club' on the
+turf, the 'Grand National Hunt Committee' in steeple-chasing, and the
+'Amateur Athletic Association' on the running path. To some extent the
+Association have followed the course urged upon them, and last season
+(1886) they propounded a code of regatta rules, which will doubtless be
+adopted by all regattas that desire to entice first-class amateur
+competitions on their waters. These rules read thus:--
+
+                       AMATEUR ROWING ASSOCIATION.
+
+                           _Established 1879._
+
+     (Hon. Sec, S. LE BLANC SMITH, Esq., Coombeside, Sydenham, S.E.)
+
+  Cambridge University Boat Club--Cambridge.
+  Kingston Rowing Club--Surbiton.
+  Leander Club--Putney.
+  London Rowing Club--Putney.
+  Oxford University Boat Club--Oxford.
+  Reading Rowing Club--Reading.
+  Royal Chester Rowing Club--Chester.
+  Thames Rowing Club--Putney.
+  Twickenham Rowing Club--Twickenham.
+  West London Rowing Club--Putney.
+  Marlow Boat Club--Marlow.
+  Henley Rowing Club--Henley.
+
+
+_Rules for Amateur Regattas._
+
+    1. The committee shall state on their programmes, and all other
+    official notices and advertisements, that their regatta is held
+    under the Rules of the A.R.A.
+
+    2. No 'value' prize (_i.e._ a cheque on a tradesman) shall be
+    offered for competition, nor shall a prize and money be offered
+    as alternatives.
+
+    3. Entries shall close at least three clear days before the date
+    of the regatta.
+
+    4. No assumed name shall be given to the secretary unless
+    accompanied by the real name of the competitor.
+
+    5. No one shall be allowed to enter twice for the same race.
+
+    6. The secretary of the regatta shall not be permitted to
+    divulge any entry, nor to report the state of the entrance list,
+    until such list be closed.
+
+    7. The committee shall investigate any questionable entry
+    irrespective of protest.
+
+    8. The committee shall have absolute power to refuse or return
+    any entry up to the time of starting, without being bound to
+    assign a reason.
+
+    9. The captain or secretary of each club or crew entered shall,
+    at least three clear days before the day of the regatta, deliver
+    to the secretary of the regatta a list containing the names of
+    the actual crew appointed to compete, to which list the names of
+    not more than four other members for an eight-oar and two for a
+    four-oar may be added as substitutes; provided that no person
+    may be substituted for another who has already rowed a heat.
+
+    10. The secretary of the regatta, after receiving the list of
+    the crews entered, and of the substitutes, shall, if required,
+    furnish a copy of the same with the names, real and assumed, to
+    the captain or secretary of each club, or in the case of pairs
+    or scullers to each competitor entered.
+
+    11. The committee shall appoint one or more umpires, to act
+    under the Laws of Boat Racing.
+
+    12. The committee shall appoint one or more judges, whose
+    decision as to the order in which the boats pass the post shall
+    be final.
+
+    13. Objections to the qualification of a competitor should be
+    made in writing to the secretary of the regatta at the earliest
+    moment practicable. No protest shall be entertained unless
+    lodged before the prizes are distributed.
+
+    14. Every competitor must wear complete clothing from the
+    shoulders to the knees--including a sleeved jersey.
+
+    15. In the event of there being but one crew or competitor
+    entered for any prize, or if more than one enter and all
+    withdraw but one, the sole competitor must row over the course
+    to become entitled to such prize.
+
+    16. Boats shall be held to have completed the course when their
+    bows reach the winning post.
+
+    17. The whole course must be completed by a competitor before he
+    can be held to have won a trial or final heat.
+
+    18. In the event of a dead heat any competitor refusing to row
+    again, as may be directed by the committee, shall be adjudged to
+    have lost.
+
+    19. A junior oarsman is one (A) who has never won any race at a
+    regatta other than a school race, a race in which the
+    construction of the boats was restricted, or a race limited to
+    numbers of one club; (B) who has never been a competitor in any
+    International or Inter-University match.
+
+    A junior sculler is one (A) who has never won any sculling race
+    at a regatta other than a race in which the construction of the
+    boats was restricted, or a race limited to members of one club;
+    (B) who has never competed for the Diamond Sculls at Henley, or
+    for the Amateur Championship of any country.
+
+    N.B.--The qualification shall in every case relate to the day of
+    the regatta.
+
+    20. All questions not specially provided for shall be decided by
+    the committee.
+
+With these safeguards, and with the guidance of this leading
+Association, it is to be hoped that the status of amateurs in England
+will be preserved at that high standard which alone can properly
+demarcate the amateur from the professional.
+
+Foreign crews which seek to compete at our regattas are often of a very
+dubious character as regards amateurship. The imposture of Lee, the
+Yankee professional, at Henley regatta in 1878, was not discovered until
+too late; and his case has been by no means an isolated one. The Henley
+executive now impose certain conditions upon foreign countries, which
+enable our own authorities to make timely inquiries as to the real
+status of proposed visitors. These conditions will be found under No. 4
+of the 'General Rules' of Henley (p. 49).
+
+[Illustration: WINDSOR.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+ROWING AT ETON COLLEGE.
+
+
+The River Thames flows so near the College of Eton that it necessarily
+affords an attraction to the boys at least equal to the playing fields,
+and has always been frequented for bathing and rowing as well as other
+aquatic pursuits. All such amusements have been styled from time
+immemorial 'Wet bobbing,' as distinguished from cricket, which is 'Dry
+bobbing:' the boys who boat are called 'Wet bobs' and the cricketers
+'Dry bobs.' In the good old times, by which we mean the times told of by
+old men of our early acquaintance, extending to the end of the last and
+beginning of this century, the river was used by the boys for some other
+delightful though unlawful sports. Fishing was in those times more
+attractive to them than it has been in recent years, and many boys who
+did not join the boats would go out gudgeon, pike, or trout fishing with
+persistent zeal. Old gentlemen have told us of getting up in the early
+morning in the summer half, breaking out through the windows of their
+dame's or tutor's houses, and getting on the river to fish before the
+early school. Shooting was also practised on the river both at such
+times and during the legitimate play hours. The watermen took care of
+guns for sporting boys, and went with them in pursuit of water-hens,
+kingfishers, swallows, or any bird that might be found about the eyots,
+in the willow beds, or up the backwaters of Clewer or Cuckoo Weir. Of
+course these sports were interdicted; but the use of the river for any
+purpose whatever was so far forbidden that masters must be shirked in
+going to or coming from it, and the river itself was out of bounds. The
+sixth form also had to be shirked in old times, and could have any lower
+boy punished for being out of bounds; but it must have been a sixth-form
+boy of no sporting propensities himself who could have given 100 lines
+to a lower boy caught shooting in the Clewer stream. Was it more or was
+it less praiseworthy of one of the tutors who caught the same lad with
+his gun, and only remonstrated with him because it might be dangerous,
+and not because he was breaking the rules of the school?
+
+No one but an Etonian could possibly understand the anomalous condition
+of things which made the river out of bounds, though no boy was really
+prevented from going on it unless he was caught on the way by a master
+and actually sent back. The fact was that, when on the river, the boy
+was safe from interference. Once only did a headmaster attempt to stop
+an eight which he heard was to row up to Surly; this was Dr. Keate, and
+he was so finely hoaxed that he never even made a second attempt.
+Hearing that an eight was to go out on a certain day, he threatened to
+expel anyone who should take part in the expedition, and then went for a
+walk along the towpath to waylay them. There issued from the Brocas a
+crew of watermen dressed like the Eton eight, and wearing masks over
+their faces. Crowds of people followed to see what would happen. Keate
+caught them between the Hopes and shouted, 'Foolish boys, I know you
+all. Lord ----, I know you. A----, you had better come ashore. Come here
+or you will all be expelled.' The boat however pursued its course,
+several of the masters followed on horseback, and the ruse was not
+discovered until the crew disembarked and took off their masks with a
+loud 'Hurrah!' Keate was furious, and vowed that there should be no
+Easter holidays unless the boys who had been hooting him behind hedges
+gave themselves up, and some twenty victims were accordingly swished.
+
+As a matter of fact the river was permitted from March 1 till Easter
+holidays for long boats, and from Easter till Midsummer for boats of all
+kinds. In going to or from the river a boy had to shirk a master by
+getting into a shop out of his sight. The masters avoided going along
+the river when rowing was practised; they ignored, or pretended to
+ignore, the procession of boats on June 4 and Election Saturday, and
+winked at the Fireworks and the boys being late for lock-up on those
+days. On June 4, 1822, Dr. Keate sent for the captain of the boats and
+said to him, 'The boys are often very noisy on this evening and late for
+lock-up. You know I know nothing! But I hear you are in a position of
+authority. I hope you will not be late to-night, and do your best to
+prevent disorder. Lock-up time will be twenty minutes later than usual:
+it is your customary privilege.'
+
+On March 1, 1860, the captain of the boats went boldly up to Dr.
+Goodford and requested that the 'boats' (or boys who belonged to the
+eight-oared boats) might be allowed to go to the Brocas without
+shirking, and somewhat to his surprise the Doctor gave his consent. In
+the following half shirking was abolished in Eton for all the school.
+
+There is however one important condition on which a boy may boat: he
+must 'pass' in swimming. When the authorities ignored the boating, boys
+who could not swim daily risked their lives, and casualties sometimes
+occurred. It was in 1840 that C. F. Montagu was drowned near Windsor
+Bridge, and such an effect had this calamity, that the masters
+thenceforth ordained that boating should be formally recognised, and
+that no boy should be allowed to get into a boat until he had passed an
+examination in swimming. One or two masters were appointed river
+masters. Bathing-places were made at Athens, Upper Hope, and Cuckoo
+Weir, and the eighth and sixth form were allowed to bathe in Boveney
+Weir. No boy might bathe at any place but Cuckoo Weir until he had
+passed. Watermen were engaged to teach swimming, and be ready with their
+punts at bathing-places and elsewhere to watch the boys on the river, to
+prevent accidents and report unlawful acts. Bathing is permitted as soon
+after the Easter holidays as weather is warm enough, and two days a week
+the river masters attend at Cuckoo Weir for 'Passing.' This examination
+(so much pleasanter than any other) is conducted as follows: a number of
+boys whom the waterman thinks proficient enough appear undressed in a
+punt. A pole is stuck up in the water (which is out of depth at the
+place) about thirty yards off; the master stands on a high place called
+Acropolis, and as he calls the name, each in turn takes a header and
+swims round the pole once or twice. He must not only be able to take a
+header and swim the distance, but must also swim in approved form so as
+to be capable of swimming in his clothes. Since 'passing' was
+established there has been only one boy drowned, though many are swamped
+under all kinds of circumstances. A boy who has not passed belongs to
+the class called 'non nant.'
+
+[Illustration: OFF THE BROCAS.]
+
+The Thames at Eton has changed somewhat from what it was in the 'old
+times.' Boveney and Bray Locks were made in 1839, and before that the
+river was much more rapid, and there was no sandbank at Lower Hope. At
+the weir below Windsor Bridge the fall of water was not so great as it
+is now, and many a boy used to amuse himself in the dangerous adventure
+of shooting the weir in a skiff or funny.
+
+Although boating was formally recognised by the masters in 1840, it is a
+fact that the first race honoured by the presence of a headmaster was
+the Sculling Sweepstakes in 1847, when Dr. Hawtrey was rowed in a boat
+to see the racing by two undermasters, the Rev. H. Dupuis and Mr. Evans.
+
+From time immemorial there was a ten-oar and several eight and six-oared
+boats, with regular crews, captains and steerers. In the early state of
+things a waterman always rowed stroke and drilled or coached the crew,
+and this practice was continued with some of the eights till 1828, and
+after that the captain of each crew rowed the stroke oar. The crews had
+to subscribe for the waterman's pay, his beer, and clothes. The best
+remembered watermen were Jack Hall, 'Paddle' Brads, Piper, Jack
+Haverley, Tom Cannon and Fish. There were upper boats manned by sixth
+and fifth form boys, and lower boats originally with six oars for lower
+boys. A lower boy could not get into the upper boats however well he
+might row. From more recent times no lower boy can get into the 'boats'
+at all, but must content himself with his own lock-up skiff, gig, or
+outrigger. We should explain here that a lock-up means a boat which a
+boy, for himself or jointly with a friend, hires for the summer half and
+keeps exclusively. The boat-builders also allow other boats (not
+lock-ups) to be used indiscriminately on payment of a less sum, which
+are called 'chance boats.' Boys in the 'boats' generally also have a
+lock-up or outrigger of their own, or jointly with others.
+
+The ten-oar was always called the 'Monarch,' and is the head boat in all
+processions. The captain of the boats rows stroke of the 'Monarch,' and
+until 1830 the second captain rowed nine. After that date the second
+captain became captain of the second boat. The boats themselves bore
+certain names. In the early lists (none exist earlier than 1824) the
+'Britannia' was the second boat, and in that year there were five upper
+boats, 'Hibernia,' 'Etonian,' and 'Nelson' being the other three. And
+the lower boats with six oars were the 'Defiance,' 'Rivals,' and
+'Victory.' The following year there were only three upper boats, which
+has remained the custom till this day, except in 1832, when there was a
+fourth upper boat called the 'Adelaide.' The 'Victory' has always been
+the second boat since 1834. And the favourite names of other boats whose
+places have changed in different years are the 'Rivals,' 'Prince of
+Wales,' 'Trafalgar,' 'Prince George,' 'Thetis,' and 'Dreadnought.' There
+has never been any difficulty in getting crews for the one ten-oar and
+seven eight-oared boats, and in fact the names put down usually have
+exceeded the number of vacancies. In 1869 an additional boat was put on
+in consequence of the collegers being allowed to join, and in 1877 the
+'Alexandra' was added to the list owing to the increased number of
+entries. Before 1869 the collegers had fours and sometimes an eight to
+themselves, but did not join the procession of the boats; and as they
+did not belong to the oppidan 'boats' they could not row in the eight of
+the school.[14] But they rowed some successful matches against
+University men on several occasions. There was never any racing between
+collegers and oppidans, and the collegers could only race between
+themselves. Before 1840 they kept their boats at a wharf by the playing
+fields and had a bathing place there. They used to row down to Datchet
+and Bells of Ouseley, but from that time were forbidden to go below
+bridge and were put on the same recognised footing as oppidans.
+
+  [14] In 1864, however, Marsden, a colleger, rowed in the eight, though
+       collegers were still excluded from the boats.
+
+As soon as the boys return to school after the Christmas holidays a
+large card is placed at Saunders' shop, on which those fifth and sixth
+form who wish to join and are not then in the boats inscribe their
+names. There is some excitement for a time while the captain of the
+boats appoints the captain to each boat, which he does usually in the
+order of 'choices' (a term which is explained hereafter) of the previous
+year; but sometimes it is thought best to put a high 'choice' or two in
+the 'Victory' and appoint as captain of some of the lower boats some
+good fellow who is not likely to get into the eight of the school, in
+order that when the eight is practising these boats should have the
+advantage of their captains to take them out. The captain of the lower
+boats ranks higher than the captain of the third upper boat. The crew
+of the 'Monarch' (ten-oar) is then selected by the captain of the boats,
+and he places a high choice as 'nine,' that position being considered
+about the fifth highest place. His crew is chosen not of the best oars,
+for they are always placed in the 'Victory' or second boat, but usually
+of boys high up in the school, and sometimes a good cricketer or two
+gets a place in the Easter half and leaves it afterwards. The captain of
+the cricket eleven is almost always formally asked to take an oar in the
+ten. The second captain then makes up his crew, then the captain of the
+third upper, and so on. Each captain has to submit his list to the
+captain of the boats, who advises him on his selection. The steerers are
+chosen in the same order, and the best steerer (who is also to have the
+honour of steering the eight of the school) always steers the ten. The
+crews are always selected on what is known of their merits as good oars,
+and there is never any preference given to favouritism or rank. When the
+lists are all made out they are printed and published in the 'Boating
+Calendar.'
+
+Boating begins on March 1 'after twelve,' unless the weather is
+excessively bad, or the river unusually high, when it has to be stopped
+for a few days. It ends practically at the summer holidays. The half
+from after the summer holidays till Christmas is devoted to football and
+fives. Before the Easter holidays the long boats only are allowed, but
+towards the end of that half some fours are allowed by special
+permission of the river master. We remember a four going out in this
+half without permission and an attempt being made to row up to
+Maidenhead when lock-up was at 6.30, but it was swamped in Bray Lock and
+the crew had to walk or run home; on their way they met the river
+master, and he gave them all 200 lines to write out, though the day
+being very cold he might have thought them sufficiently punished by the
+ducking they had got.
+
+The first day opens with a procession of all the boats to Surly Hall;
+each crew dressed in flannel shirt and straw hats of different colours,
+and the name of the boat on the hatband. The last boat starts first,
+then the others in inverse order to their places, and after rowing a
+short way they 'easy all' and await the ten-oar, which pursues an
+uninterrupted course to Boveney Lock, followed by the others in their
+proper order. All go into the lock together, and then on to Surly Hall,
+where they land, play games, and perhaps drink a glass of beer. 'Oars'
+are called by the captain after about twenty minutes or half an hour,
+and all go back in the same processional order. Before locks were built
+there was always a sort of race from Rushes to Surly, each boat trying
+to catch and bump the one before it, and the fun was to try and get the
+rudders off and have a regular jostle. After 12 there is not time to get
+further than Surly, but on a half-holiday after 4 several of the boats
+get to Monkey Island, and occasionally when lock-up was at 6.30 there
+was time for an eight to row to Maidenhead. The distance from Windsor
+Bridge to Rushes is 1 mile 6 furlongs, to Boveney Lock 2 miles 1-3/4
+furlong, to Surly (about) 3 miles, to Monkey 4 miles 3 furlongs, to Bray
+Lock 5 miles, to Maidenhead 6 miles.
+
+The usual practice is for the eights to go out occasionally with the
+captain steering and coaching them, and for long rows to Surly or
+Monkey. In the summer half there is so much practising for races that
+the upper boats seldom get a row with their proper crews. The boys who
+'wet bob' and are not in the boats row in skiffs, gigs, or outriggers to
+the bathing-places and to Surly, or paddle about from Brocas to Lower
+Hope. Canoes, punting, and sailing are not allowed. On June 4 (and
+formerly on Election Saturday) there is a procession in the evening, and
+the crews wear striped cotton shirts, straw hats lettered, and sailors'
+jackets. The steerers are dressed as admirals, captains or midshipmen of
+the Royal Navy, and have a large bouquet of flowers; we need not further
+describe the well-known scene. On the three Check nights of old days the
+upper boats went to Surly in the evening to partake of ducks and green
+peas, and were joined by the lower boats as they came home all dressed
+in 4th June costume.
+
+The captain of the boats is the acknowledged 'swell' of the school. He
+has unlimited power over the boats, managing and controlling all
+affairs connected with them; as treasurer and secretary he keeps the
+accounts, and writes a journal of the races and events. No one disputes
+his authority. No money can be levied without the authority of the
+headmaster. The changes effected in 1861 in abolishing Check nights and
+Oppidan dinner were ordered and carried out by him without the least
+idea that anyone might have objected. He was always asked to play _ex
+officio_ in the collegers' and oppidans' football match if he was
+anything of a good football player, and in the cricket match whether he
+could play cricket or not. He still manages the foot races of the
+school. It has happened four times that a boy has been captain two
+years, and his power in his second year is if possible greater than
+ever.
+
+The eight of the school are the best rowers, whether captains or not,
+and are alone entitled to wear white flannel trousers and the light blue
+coats. Now that the race at Henley is an institution they are selected
+for that event. Before the Radley race of 1858 there was no regular
+race, and if a casual crew came down to row it was generally without the
+challenge being given long beforehand, so that no training could take
+place. The last race of the season was upper eights, the captain and
+second captain tossing up for first choice and choosing alternately; the
+first eight choices were generally the eight, and paper lists were given
+out afterwards of these choices which ruled the position of the boys who
+stayed on for the next year.
+
+The earliest school event we hear of was a race against a Christ Church
+four in 1819, which was won by the Eton four.
+
+An attempt was made in 1820 to have a match against Westminster; the
+challenge from them was accepted, and an eight chosen, but the
+authorities forbade it. The first race between the two schools was rowed
+on July 27, 1829, from Putney Bridge to Hammersmith and back, and was
+won easily by Eton, and Westminster were beaten at Maidenhead in 1831,
+at Staines in 1836, and at Putney in 1843 and 1847. Eton were beaten by
+Westminster at Datchet in 1837, and at Putney in 1842, 1845, and 1846.
+From 1847 till 1858 there were races only against scratch crews, and
+Oxford or Cambridge colleges. In 1858 a match, which was thought a grand
+event at the time, was rowed on the Henley course against Radley and won
+by Eton. In 1860, 1861, 1862, and 1864 the Westminster race was revived
+and was rowed from Putney Bridge to Chiswick Eyot, and Eton was so
+easily the winner that it has not been thought worth while to continue
+this match.
+
+In 1860 Mr. Warre came to Eton as an assistant master, and at the
+request of the captain of the boats assisted him to arrange the
+Westminster race, and engaged to coach the eight. It was with his
+assistance that Dr. Goodford was persuaded to allow the eight to go to
+Henley Regatta in 1861, and the tacit understanding was made that if the
+authorities would allow this, and also the boating bill by which two
+long boats might escape six o'clock absence and have time to row to
+Cliefden, the boats would give up Oppidan dinner and Check nights. Mr.
+Warre, with the greatest kindness and with unremitting zeal and energy,
+first coached the eight for the Westminster races, and then continued
+coaching for the Henley Regatta evening after evening during their
+training every year for twenty-four years, until he was appointed
+headmaster. The Rev. S. A. Donaldson has since undertaken the coaching.
+University men at first disliked the appearance of Eton at Henley. Old
+oarsmen thought it would ruin the regatta, as men would hate to be
+beaten by boys. Masters predicted that the coaching by a master would
+spoil the boys, but time has dissipated these objections, and the
+Regatta has flourished better than ever.
+
+It will be seen that Eton has on several occasions beaten trained
+college and other crews without winning the plate, and we may fairly say
+that her place on the river is about equal to that of the best colleges.
+After all, the boys are boys of seventeen and eighteen, and if they are
+not as strong or heavy as men a year or two older, they have the
+advantage of practically always being in training, are easily got
+together, and are living a regular and active life.
+
+RESULTS OF HENLEY REGATTA.
+
+  ----+--------------+-------------------+-------------------+----------
+      |              |                   |                   | Average
+      |              |                   |                   |  Weight
+  Year|     Race     |Eton was beaten by |    Eton beat      | of Eton
+      |              |                   |                   |  crew
+  ----+--------------+-------------------+-------------------+----------
+      |              |                   |                   |st.  lb.
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1861|Ladies' Plate |Trinity College,   |Radley             |  9 12
+      |              |Oxford             |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1862|Ladies' Plate |University College,|Radley             | 10  7-3/4
+      |              |Oxford             |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1863|Ladies' Plate |University College,|Trinity Hall,      | 10  7-1/4
+      |              |Oxford             |Cambridge;         |
+      |              |                   |Brasenose, Oxford; |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1864|Ladies' Plate |                   |Trinity Hall,      | 10  6-3/4
+      |(winners)     |                   |Cambridge; Radley  |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1865|Grand         |London R. C.;      |                   | 10  4-1/2
+      |Challenge     |Third Trinity,     |                   |
+      |              |Cambridge          |                   |
+      |Ladies' Plate |Third Trinity,     | Radley            |  --
+      |              |Cambridge          |                   |
+      |              |(by a foul)        |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1866|Grand         |Oxford Etonians;   |                   |  --
+      |Challenge     |London R.C.        |                   |
+      |Ladies' Plate |                   |First Trinity or   | 10  9-3/4
+      |(winners)     |                   |Black Prince,      |
+      |              |                   |Cambridge; Radley  |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1867|Grand         |   (scratched)     |Kingston R.C.      | 10  7
+      |Challenge     |                   |                   |
+      |Ladies' Plate |                   |Radley             |
+      |(winners)     |                   |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1868|Grand         |London R.C.        |University College,| 10  8
+      |Challenge     |                   |Oxford; Kingston   |
+      |              |                   |R.C.               |
+      |Ladies' Plate |                   |University College,| --
+      |(winners)     |                   |Oxford; Pembroke   |
+      |              |                   |College, Cambridge |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1869|Grand         |Oxford Etonians    |                   | 10 10-3/4
+      |Challenge     |                   |                   |
+      |Ladies' Plate |                   |Lady Margaret,     | --
+      |(winners)     |                   |Cambridge          |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1870|Grand         |London R.C.        |                   | --
+      |Challenge     |                   |                   |
+      |Ladies' Plate |                   |Dublin Trinity     | 10  9-7/8
+      |(winners)     |                   |College            |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1871|Grand         |Oxford Etonians;   |Dublin Trinity     | --
+      |Challenge     |London R.C.        |College Oscillators|
+      |Ladies' Plate |Pembroke College,  |                   | --
+      |              |Cambridge          |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1872|Ladies' Plate |Jesus College,     |                   | 10  6
+      |              |Cambridge          |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1873|Grand         |London R.C.        |Balliol College,   | 10  9-3/8
+      |Challenge     |                   |Oxford             |
+      |Ladies' Plate |Dublin Trinity     |                   | --
+      |              |College            |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1874|Grand         |London R. C.       |First Trinity,     | 10  7-3/4
+      |Challenge     |                   |Cambridge; B.N.C., |
+      |              |                   |Oxford; Thames R.C.|
+      |Ladies' Plate |First Trinity      |Radley             |    --
+      |              |Cambridge          |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1875|Ladies' Plate |Dublin Trinity     |                   | 10  5-1/4
+      |              |College            |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1876|Ladies' Plate |Caius College,     |                   | 10  3-1/4
+      |              |Cambridge          |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1877|Ladies' Plate |Jesus College,     |Cheltenham         |    --
+      |              |Cambridge          |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1878|Ladies' Plate |Jesus College,     |Cheltenham         | 10  5-1/4
+      |              |Cambridge          |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1879|Ladies' Plate |Lady Margaret,     |Hertford College,  | 11  0
+      |              |Cambridge          |Oxford             |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1880|Ladies' Plate |Trinity Hall,      |Exeter College,    | 11  7-1/2
+      |              |Cambridge          |Oxford; Caius      |
+      |              |                   |College, Cambridge |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1881|Grand         |Leander R.C.       |                   | 11  1-5/8
+      |Challenge     |                   |                   |
+      |Ladies' Plate |First Trinity,     |                   |    --
+      |              |Cambridge          |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1882|Ladies' Plate |                   |Trinity Hall,      | 11 10-1/4
+      |(winners)     |                   |Cambridge; Radley  |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1883|Ladies Plate  |Christ Church,     |Radley             | 11  0
+      |              |Oxford             |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1884|Ladies' Plate |                   |Caius College,     | 11  5-1/4
+      |(winners)     |                   |Cambridge; Radley  |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1885|Ladies' Plate |                   |Oriel College,     | 11  5-1/4
+      |(winners)     |                   |Oxford; Corpus     |
+      |              |                   |College, Oxford    |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1886|Ladies' Plate |Pembroke College,  |Radley; Bedford    | 10 12-1/4
+      |              |Cambridge          |                   |
+      |              |                   |                   |
+  1887|Ladies' Plate |Trinity Hall,      |Hertford College,  | 11  1-3/4
+      |              |Cambridge          |Oxford             |
+  ----+--------------+-------------------+-------------------+----------
+
+The eight are permitted during training below bridge at Datchet. Of the
+races at the school in old times, upper sixes was the great event. It
+was rowed from Brocas up to Surly and back before the lock was made, and
+in after times round Rushes. All races were rowed round a turning point,
+and there was more or less bumping. There were no rules of racing then,
+and bumping or jostling, knocking off a rudder, and foul play of any
+kind was part of the fun; the only object was to get in first anyhow.
+There was a match in 1817 between a four of Mr. Carter's house and four
+watermen which caused great excitement, and was unexpectedly won by the
+boys. Two sides of college, and dames and tutors, were annual events,
+but were done away with in 1870. Tutors had won thirteen, and dames the
+same number of races. There used to be an annual punting race, but
+punting was forbidden after 1851. One of the masters used to give a
+prize for tub-sculling, in which about 100 or more started and afforded
+great amusement. This was before outrigged sculling and pair-oared boats
+were much used, and since they became fashionable there have been junior
+pairs and junior sculling. House fours as a regular institution was
+begun in 1857, when the Challenge cup was procured by means of a school
+subscription. In 1876 trial eights were first rowed, and the race took
+place in the Easter half. There are challenge prizes for the house fours
+and for the sculling and pulling, as the pair-oar outrigger race is
+called. The number of races had to be curtailed owing to the time taken
+to train the eight for Henley. The four and eight-oared races start from
+Rushes, and are rowed down stream; total distance 1 mile 6 furlongs. The
+pulling and sculling races start from Brocas and go round a ryepack at
+Rushes and back, a distance of 3 miles 4 furlongs. The winning point is
+always Windsor Bridge. The Brocas is the name given to the field between
+the railway and the boathouses, and is so called from the family of
+Brocas, who used to own the property. The times vary so much with the
+state of the river that little comparison can be made between the merits
+of individual oarsmen or scullers. It takes about 7-1/2 minutes for an
+eight to row down from Rushes with a fair stream, and about 8 minutes 20
+seconds for a four. A good sculler can get round Rushes and back in
+about 20 to 21 minutes. Pair-oared rowing without coxswains was
+introduced in 1863, and a good pair now wins in 19 to 20 minutes. Fours
+still continue to carry coxswains.
+
+The boats themselves that are used are very different now from what they
+were forty years ago. Up to 1839 they were still built of oak (a very
+heavy wood), and measured fifty-two feet in length and were painted all
+over. The first outriggers used in the University boat race in 1846 were
+built in streaks, and it was not until 1857 that both University crews
+rowed in the present sort of boats with smooth skins made of mahogany
+without keels and with round loomed oars. The first time an outrigger
+was used at Eton was in 1852, and until 1860 the 'Victory' was the only
+one in regular use: all the other eights and fours were built with
+streaks and had rowlocks in the gunwale, with a half-outrigger for
+stroke and bow. The ten-oar had half-outriggers in that year, but soon
+afterwards all the eights became fully outrigged. Sliding seats were
+first used about 1874. The builders were Mr. Searle, Tolliday, and
+Goodman. Perkins, better known for many years by the sobriquet of
+'Sambo,' has now become owner of Mr. Searle's premises.
+
+In the old-fashioned boats rowing was to a certain extent done in an
+old-fashioned style. The boats went steadily along without any spring to
+the first touch of the oars in the water. The stroke was rapid forward,
+but became a slow drag from the first dash of the oar into the water
+till recovered. Now the boat leaps to the catch, whereas when the first
+note was sounded by a University oarsman to 'catch the beginning,' the
+Eton boy in the old heavy boat found it impossible to respond. But Eton
+boys knew what was meant by Mr. Warre when they got the celebrated Mat
+Taylor boat in 1860, and soon learned the new style. The stroke became
+quicker, the recovery sharp, and every nerve was strained to cover the
+blade of the oar at the first touch in the water when the whole pull had
+to be made. From the time when the watermen used to coach and row, no
+regular coaching had been done by anyone but the captains. A neat and
+traditional style was handed down with all the essential points of good
+oarsmanship. But the art of propelling the Mat Taylor, and boats
+afterwards used of the same sort of type, was taught by Mr. Warre.
+
+We have alluded to the doubts at first in the minds of old Etonians
+about the eight going to Henley, and the great changes effected at that
+time. No one now will say that it was anything but unmixed good for the
+school. The convivial entertainments of Check nights and Oppidan dinners
+had already become institutions of a past age. Drinking and smoking had
+died out, and all that was wanted to stir the boys from lounging about
+in their skiffs under willow bushes and back streams was the excitement
+of a great annual race and the effort to qualify for a place in the
+eight. There have almost always been Eton men in the University crews,
+and since 1861 there have sometimes been as many as five in one crew,
+and certainly as many, if not more, in every 'Varsity' race. Eton has
+always had its full share of the Presidentships. Third Trinity,
+Cambridge, has never ceased to hold its own in a high position on the
+Cam, and we have never heard a word of any deterioration, and much the
+other way, of the moral effect on the boys of being coached during their
+training. The special advantage of having the river as a recreation
+place in addition to the playing fields puts Eton to the front in
+athletics among our public schools; and the use of varieties of boats
+from early life, under all sorts of difficulties, on a rapid stream, and
+having to keep his proper side to avoid other craft, makes the 'Wet bob'
+a first class waterman. _Floreat Etona._
+
+CAPTAINS OF THE BOATS AND NOTABLE EVENTS.
+
+  +----+------------------------+-------------------------------------+
+  |Year| Captain of the Boats   |              Notable Events         |
+  +----+------------------------+-------------------------------------+
+  |1812| G. Simson              |                  --                 |
+  |1814| R. Wyatt               |                  --                 |
+  |1815| T. Hill                |                  --                 |
+  |1816| Bridgeman Simpson      |                  --                 |
+  |1816| M. Bligh               |                  --                 |
+  |1817| J. O. Secher           |                  --                 |
+  |1818| J. H. Tuckfield        |                  --                 |
+  |1819| R. Tuckfield           |                  --                 |
+  |1820| Lord Dunlo             |                  --                 |
+  |1821| M. Ashley              |                  --                 |
+  |1822| J. A. Kinglake         |                  --                 |
+  |1823| P. J. Nugent           |                  --                 |
+  |1824| W. Carew               |                  --                 |
+  |1825| A. Leith               |                  --                 |
+  |1825| M. Clifford            |                  --                 |
+  |1826| T. Staniforth          |                  --                 |
+  |1827| T. H. Taunton          |                  --                 |
+  |1828| T. Edwardes-Moss       |                  --                 |
+  |1829| Lord Alford            | Beat Westminster                    |
+  |1830| G. H. Ackers           |                  --                 |
+  |1831| C. M. Roupell          | Beat Westminster; beaten by Leander |
+  |1832| E. Moore               |                  --                 |
+  |1833| G. Arkwright           |                  --                 |
+  |1834| J. Quicke              |                  --                 |
+  |1835| E. Stanley             |                  --                 |
+  |1836| E. Fellowes            | Beat Westminster                    |
+  |1837| W. J. Garnett          | Beaten by Westminster               |
+  |1838| P. J. Croft            |                  --                 |
+  |1839| W. C. Rayer            |                  --                 |
+  |1840| W. R. Harris-Arundell  | Beat Old Etonians, and an Oxford    |
+  |    |                        | Etonian Club                        |
+  |1841| W. R. Harris-Arundell  | Beat Cambridge Subscription Room    |
+  |1842| F. J. Richards         | Beaten by Westminster               |
+  |1843| F. E. Tuke             | Beat Westminster                    |
+  |1844| W. W. Codrington       |                  --                 |
+  |1845| H. A. F. Luttrell      | Beaten by Westminster               |
+  |1846| G. F. Luttrell         | Beaten by Westminster               |
+  |1847| C. H. Miller           | Beat Westminster; beaten by Thames  |
+  |    |                        | in Putney Regatta                   |
+  |1848| H. H. Tremayne         |                  --                 |
+  |1849| R. B. H. Blundell      |                  --                 |
+  |1850| G. M. Robertson        | Beat scratch Cambridge crew; beaten |
+  |    |                        | by Oxford                           |
+  |1851| J. B. H. Blundell      |                  --                 |
+  |1852| C. H. R. Trefusis      | Beaten by an Oxford crew            |
+  |1853| J. J. Harding          |                  --                 |
+  |1854| J. C. Moore            | Beat a scratch Oxford crew          |
+  |1855| R. L. Lloyd            | Beaten by a Cambridge crew and by   |
+  |    |                        | Balliol                             |
+  |1856| G. S. F. Lane-Fox      | Beat an Oxford and Cambridge mixed  |
+  |    |                        | crew by a foul, and beaten by an    |
+  |    |                        | Oxford eight                        |
+  |1857| T. Baring              | Beaten by an Oxford eight           |
+  |1858| Mr. Lawless[15]        | Beat Radley at Henley               |
+  |1859| C. A. Wynne            |                   --                |
+  |1860| R. H. Blake Humfrey[16]| Beat Westminster                    |
+  |1861| R. H. Blake Humfrey    | Beat Westminster and Radley; beaten |
+  |    |                        | by Trinity College, Cambridge       |
+  |1862| C. B. Lawes            | Beat Westminster and Radley; beaten |
+  |    |                        | by University College at Henley     |
+  |1863| W. R. Griffiths        | Beat Trinity Hall, Brasenose, and   |
+  |    |                        | Radley; beaten by University College|
+  |    |                        | at Henley                           |
+  |1864| S. C. Cockran          | Beat Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and   |
+  |    |                        | Radley, and won Ladies' Plate at    |
+  |    |                        | Henley                              |
+  |1865| J. Mossop              |                  --                 |
+  |1866| E. Hall                | Won Ladies' Plate against Black     |
+  |    |                        | Prince, Cambridge                   |
+  |1867| W. D. Benson           | Won Ladies' Plate against Radley    |
+  |1868| J. M'Clintock-Bunbury  | Won Ladies' Plate against University|
+  |    |                        | College and Pembroke, Oxford        |
+  |1869| T. Edwardes-Moss       | Won Ladies' Plate against Lady      |
+  |    |                        | Margaret, Cambridge                 |
+  |1870| F. A. Currey           | Won Ladies' Plate against Dublin    |
+  |    |                        | Trinity College                     |
+  |1871| F. C. Ricardo          | Won heats of Grand Challenge and of |
+  |    |                        | Ladies' Plate                       |
+  |1872| E. R. S. Bloxsome      |                  --                 |
+  |1873| T. Edwardes-Moss       | Won first heat of Grand Challenge   |
+  |    |                        | against Balliol                     |
+  |1874| T. Edwardes-Moss       | Won second heat of Grand Challenge  |
+  |    |                        | against First Trinity, Cambridge,   |
+  |    |                        | and B.N.C., Oxford                  |
+  |1875| A. J. Mulholland       | Beaten by Dublin in Ladies' Plate   |
+  |1876| G. Cunard              | Beaten by Caius College, Cambridge, |
+  |    |                        | in Ladies' Plate                    |
+  |1876| S. Sandbach            |                  --                 |
+  |1877| M. F. G. Wilson        | Beat Cheltenham, but beaten by Jesus|
+  |    |                        | College for Ladies' Plate           |
+  |1878| G. Grenville-Grey      | Won second heat against Cheltenham; |
+  |    |                        | beaten by Jesus College in final for|
+  |    |                        | Ladies' Plate                       |
+  |1879| L. R. West             | Won second heat against Hertford    |
+  |    |                        | College; beaten by Lady Margaret    |
+  |    |                        | in final for Ladies' Plate          |
+  |1880| G. C. Bourne           | Won first heat, beaten by Trinity   |
+  |    |                        | Hall, Cambridge, in final for       |
+  |    |                        | Ladies' Plate                       |
+  |1881| G. C. Bourne           |                  --                 |
+  |1882| F. E. Churchill        | Won Ladies' Plate, after interval of|
+  |    |                        | twelve years                        |
+  |1883| H. S. Close            | Won first heat Ladies' Plate; lost  |
+  |    |                        | with broken stretcher in final      |
+  |1884| H. McLean              | Won Ladies' Plate                   |
+  |1885| C. Barclay             | Won Ladies' Plate                   |
+  |1886| C. T. Barclay          | Beaten by Pembroke College in final |
+  |    |                        | for Ladies' Plate                   |
+  |1887| Lord Ampthill          | Beaten by Second Trinity Hall in    |
+  |    |                        | final for Ladies' Plate             |
+  |1888| Lord Ampthill          |                  --                 |
+  +----+------------------------+-------------------------------------+
+
+  [15] Now Lord Gloncurry.
+
+  [16] Changed his name to Mason.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+WATERMEN AND PROFESSIONALS.
+
+
+The London waterman is the oldest type of professional oarsmanship. He
+was called into existence for the purpose of locomotion, and race-rowing
+was a very secondary consideration with him in the first instance. Just
+as in the present day credentials of respectability are required by the
+Commissioners of Police of drivers of cabs and omnibuses (and none may
+ply for hire in these capacities within the metropolis unless duly
+licensed), so in olden days great stress was laid on the due
+qualification of watermen. An aspirant was and is required to serve
+seven years' apprenticeship before he can be 'free' of the river, and
+until he is 'free' of it he may not ply for hire upon it under heavy
+penalties for so doing. This regulation is in the interests of public
+safety. If apprentices exhibit special talent for rowing they can win
+what are called 'coats and badges,' given by certain corporate bodies,
+and by so doing they can take up their 'freedom' without paying fees for
+the privilege. We believe that no such restrictions exist on our other
+British rivers. The rule survives on the Thames because in olden times
+the Thames was a highway for passenger traffic in 'wherries.' In those
+times, where a passenger would now go to a thoroughfare or call a cab,
+he would have gone to the nearest 'stairs' and have hailed a wherry.
+London had not then grown to its present dimensions, and the Thames lay
+conveniently as a highway between Westminster, the City, and the docks.
+
+Amateurs began to take up rowing early in the present century as a
+sport; and these contests seem to have fostered the idea of
+match-making among watermen. The title of a Champion of the Thames seems
+first to have been held by one R. Campbell, who beat C. Williams,
+another waterman, in a match on September 9, 1831, and also beat R.
+Coombes in a match the date of which is doubtful, but it was in heavy
+boats. Campbell was a powerful and heavy man, while Coombes weighed less
+that ten stone. Coombes turned the tables on Campbell a few years later
+(in 1846), and for some years Coombes was held to be invincible. In
+those times London watermen could, at scratch, man an eight to hold or
+even beat the best trained crew of amateurs. The original waterman's
+wherry was a vehicle of conveyance; it was of much greater size than
+would be required to carry one man alone in a sheer contest for speed,
+but so soon as 'racing' came into vogue among watermen, lighter craft
+were built for matches, and were called 'wager' boats. The hull of the
+wherry was constructed as narrow as possible, and the sides flared out
+just at the greatest beam, so as to allow of sufficient width to carry
+the rowlocks with the requisite leverage for the sculls. This detail has
+already been treated in Chapter XI. under the head of 'boat building.'
+
+Coombes had been beaten by Campbell in old-fashioned wherries, such as
+could be used for the business of conveying passengers. When he in turn
+defeated Campbell both men used 'wager boats.' The time came when years
+told on Coombes, and he had to yield to his own pupil Cole. Coombes was
+not convinced by his defeat, and made another match, but Cole this time
+won with greater ease. They rowed in 'outriggers' on these occasions.
+Cole in turn succumbed to Messenger of Teddington in 1855, and two years
+later Harry Kelley, the best waterman the Thames ever produced, either
+as an oarsman or as a judge of rowing, beat Messenger. Up to this time
+London watermen had been considered invincible at sculling. Harry
+Clasper had produced four-oar crews from the Tyne to oppose Coombes and
+his four, but no Tyne sculler had dared to lay claim to the
+Championship. However, in 1859 Robert Chambers was matched with Kelley,
+and to the horror of the Thames men their favourite was beaten, and
+with considerable ease. The Tyne man was the bigger, and had a very long
+sweep with his sculls; on that day he showed to great advantage, the
+more so because Kelley was not sculling up to his best form. Defeated
+men can always suggest excuses for failure, and Kelley, for years after
+that race, averred that he had not been beaten on his merits; he had
+been kept waiting a long time at the post, and was cold and stiff at the
+start. In those days, whether in University matches or in public
+sculling races, the lead was a matter of special importance. In the
+first place the old code of rules were in force, which enabled a leading
+sculler to take his opponent's water, to wash him, to retain the
+captured course, and to compel his adversary to row round him in order
+to pass him. Secondly, and even more important, was the action of the
+crowds of steamers which followed such races. The Thames Conservancy had
+no control over them, and they would lie half-way up Putney Reach
+waiting for a race, and then steam alongside of or even ahead of the
+sternmost competitor. Their paddles drew away the water from him, and
+caused him literally to row uphill. Under such circumstances even the
+champion of the day would have found it next to impossible to overhaul
+even an apprentice sculler, if the latter were in clear water ahead of
+the steamer fleet and the former were a few lengths behind in the 'draw'
+of the paddles.
+
+[Illustration: THAMES WATERMAN--CIRC. 1825.]
+
+All this was well known, and could be seen any day in an important
+Thames race (the hollowness of the Oxford wins of 1861 and 1862 against
+Cambridge was undoubtedly owing to the treatment which the Cantabs
+experienced from the steamers when once the lead had become decisive).
+Kelley argued to his friends that all that could be said of the race was
+that he could not go as fast that day as Chambers for the first mile,
+and that after this point, whether or not he could have rowed down his
+opponent was an open question, for the steamers never gave him a chance
+of fair play. However, for a long time Kelley could not find backers for
+a new match. Meantime, Tom White and Everson in turn tried their luck
+against Chambers and were hopelessly beaten. In 1863 Green the
+Australian came to England to make a match with Chambers. Green was a
+square, powerful man, about Kelley's height, but a stone heavier. He
+sculled upright in body, and with too much arm work for staying power,
+and did not make enough use of his body, especially as to swing back at
+the end of the stroke. He sculled a fast stroke, and so long as his arms
+lasted went a tremendous pace. Kelley and he fraternised, and practised
+together. When the match came off against Chambers, Green went right
+away for a mile, and then maintained his lead of three or more clear
+lengths for another half-mile. Chambers sculled rather below his form at
+first, wildly, as if flurried at being so easily led, but off Craven he
+settled down to his old long sweep, and held Green. The end came
+suddenly; off the Soap Works Green collapsed, clean rowed out, and
+Chambers finished at his leisure. This match did Kelley good with his
+friends, for they knew that he could always in private practice go by
+Green after a mile or so had been sculled, quite as easily as Chambers
+eventually had done. Proposals were broached for a match between the
+cracks of the Thames and Tyne, and although the Tyne party pressed to
+have the race on the Tyne, they gave way at last, and the venue was the
+Thames. The stakes were 200_l._ a side, as usual in Champion matches,
+and there was also a staked 'bet' of 300_l._ to 200_l._ on Chambers.
+(The race was on August 8, 1865.) The Tyne man was a strong favourite at
+the start, but Kelley got away with the lead, and was never again
+caught, winning cleverly by four lengths, and sculling in form such as
+was never seen before or after, on old-fashioned fixed seats. Just at
+this time there was a speedy Tyne sculler called Cooper; he lately had
+sculled a mile match with Chambers on the Tyne, and Chambers had won by
+_one yard_ only, in a surf which was all in favour of the bigger man
+(Chambers). A week or two after the aforesaid Champion race, Kelley,
+Cooper, and Chambers met for a 300_l._ sweepstake (specially got up for
+these three men, over the two-mile tidal course of the 'Eau Brink Cut'
+at King's Lynn). Both Kelley and Chambers had been indulging a little
+after their Champion's training. Cooper, who had been lately beaten by
+Chambers in the Thames Regatta, for a 50_l._ purse (Hammersmith to
+Putney), was very fit, and jumped away from both the cracks. Chambers
+was short of wind, and was never in the race. Kelley stuck to Cooper,
+and rowed him down half a mile from the finish. Cooper then rowed across
+Kelley, fouled him, and drove him ashore. Cooper was properly
+disqualified on the foul. Next year Hammill the American came over to
+scull Kelley, and the races took place on the Tyne. One race was end on
+end, and the other round a stake boat. Kelley won each race with utter
+ease. Hammill's style was an exaggeration of Green's, all arm work, and
+a stroke up to 55 a minute at the start. About this time J. Sadler was
+rising to fame. He had been a chimney-sweep, and afterwards was 'Jack in
+the water' to Simmonds' yard at Putney. He, unfortunately for himself,
+exposed much of his merits when rowing for the Thames Regatta Sculls in
+1865, and instead of making a profitable series of matches up the scale,
+beginning with third-rate opponents, he had to make his first great
+match with T. Hoare, who was reputed second only to Kelley on the
+Thames. Sadler beat Hoare easily, and was at the close of 1866 matched
+to scull Chambers for the Championship, Kelley having 'retired' from the
+title (Kelley and Sadler were allies at the time, and Sadler was
+Kelley's pupil). In the match Sadler went well and fast at Hammersmith,
+and then tired, fouled Chambers, and lost the race.
+
+In the following year Kelley and Chambers were once more matched. Kelley
+came out of his retirement in consequence of some wrangling which had
+arisen out of the previous defeat of his pupil Sadler by Chambers. The
+new match took place on the Tyne, on a rough day and with a bad tide, on
+May 6. Kelley won and with some ease. It was evident that Chambers was
+no longer the man that he had been. He never again sculled for the
+Championship, but he took part in the Paris International Regatta in
+July of the same year. Very soon after this his lungs showed extensive
+disease, and he gradually sank of decline.
+
+_En passant_ we may say of Chambers that, apart from grand physique and
+science as an oarsman, he displayed qualities throughout his career
+which would stamp him as a model for champions of the present day. He
+was always courteous, never puffed up with success, never overbearing,
+and yet at the same time always fondly confident in his own powers and
+stamina. A more honourable man never sat in a boat. The writer recalls a
+little incident as characteristic of Chambers. Just before the 1865
+match against Kelley, he accosted Chambers at Putney and asked him if he
+wished to sell his boat after the match. (It was a common practice for
+Tyne scullers to do this, to save the cost of conveyance back to the
+Tyne.) Chambers replied, he would sell her. The writer asked if he might
+try her after the race. 'Hoot mon,' said Chambers, 'try her noo, if ye
+like.' Now the writer was known to be an ally of Kelley (who usually
+accompanied him when training on the tideway for sculling races). In
+these days we much doubt whether any championship candidate would allow
+a third person--whether amateur or professional--known to be in sympathy
+with his opponent, to set foot in his racing craft on the eve of a
+match. Nothing would be easier than to have an 'accident' with her; and
+all scullers know that to have to adopt a strange boat on the day of a
+match would be a most serious drawback. That Chambers never for a moment
+harboured such suspicion of his rivals shows that he judged them by his
+own faultless standard of fair play.
+
+Not that we suggest for an instant that amateurs of this or of former
+days were ever suspected of being prone to foul play, but none the less
+do we believe that in these days few scullers in such a position as
+Chambers would have made the gratuitous offer which he did upon the
+occasion referred to.
+
+In the autumn of 1867, Kelley and his pupil, J. Sadler, fell out; the
+result was a Champion match between them. On the first essay Kelley came
+in first after having been led, and having fairly tired Sadler out. But
+a foul had occurred when Kelley was giving Sadler the go-by, and the
+referee was unable to decide which was in the wrong. He accordingly
+ordered them to row again next day. The articles of the match provided
+for a start by 'mutual consent,' and somehow Sadler did not 'consent' at
+any moment when Kelley was ready. Strong opinions were expressed by
+several persons who watched the affair from the steamers, and eventually
+the referee ordered Kelley to row over the course. The stakes were
+awarded to Kelley by the referee, but Sadler brought an action against
+the stakeholder, M. J. Smith, then proprietor of the 'Sportsman'
+newspaper. The case became a _cause célčbre_. The Court decided that the
+referee had acted _ultra vires_ in awarding the stakes to Kelley,
+inasmuch as he had not first taken the trouble to observe for himself
+Sadler's man[oe]uvres at the starting post. He had formed his opinion
+from hearsay and separate statements. Eventually both parties withdrew
+their stakes.
+
+In the year 1868 a new sculler of extraordinary merit came suddenly to
+the fore. The late Mr. J. G. Chambers, C.U.B.C., had got up a revived
+edition of the old Thames professional regattas, and with a liberal
+amount of added money. The sculls race brought out all the best men of
+the day, and among them Kelley; the distance was the full metropolitan
+course. Renforth, a Tyne sculler, electrified all by the ease with which
+he won. He was a heavier man than Kelley; he had a rather cramped finish
+at the chest, but a tremendous reach and grip forward. He slid on the
+seat to a considerable extent, especially when spurting.
+
+Kelley was rather over weight at the time, and excuses were made for him
+on this score. As a matter of prestige he had to defend his title to the
+championship in a match, and he met Renforth on November 17. He made a
+better fight on that day than in the regatta sculls, but the youth and
+strength of Renforth were too much for the old champion. Renforth
+remained in undisputed possession until his death, which took place
+under very tragic circumstances during a four-oared match between an
+English and Canadian crew in Canada. The Englishmen were well ahead,
+when Renforth, rowing stroke, faltered, fainted, and died shortly after
+reaching shore. Some attributed his death to poison, some to epilepsy.
+The matter remains a mystery.
+
+Sadler was now tacitly acknowledged to be the best sculler left in the
+kingdom (Kelley having retired). But Sadler could not claim the title of
+champion without winning it in a match. At last, in 1874, a mediocre
+Tyne sculler named Bagnall was brought out to row him for the title, and
+Sadler won easily enough.[17] Next year R. W. Boyd was the hope of the
+Tyne. He had a bad style for staying. He was all slide and no body
+swing; his body at the end of the stroke was unsupported by any leg
+work. So long as the piston action of his legs continued he went fast,
+but when the legs began to tire he stopped as if shot. His bad style was
+the result of his having taken to a slide before he had mastered the
+first principles of rowing upon a fixed seat, or had learned how to
+swing his body from the hips. Sadler, on the other hand, had been rowing
+for years on fixed seats before he ever saw a sliding seat; the veteran
+did not discard his old body swing when he took to the slide, but simply
+added slide to swing, whereas Boyd substituted slide for swing. The
+difference in style between the two was most marked when they showed in
+the race. Boyd had youth and strength on his side. Sadler was getting
+old and stale, his hair was grey, and he was not nearly so good as when
+he had rowed Kelley in 1867 (save that the slide added mechanically to
+his powers for speed). Boyd darted away with a long lead; before a mile
+had been crossed his piston action began to flag and his boat to go
+slower. Sadler plodded on, and when once up to him left him as if
+standing still, led easily through Hammersmith Bridge, and won hands
+down. Boyd never seemed to profit by this lesson. He stuck to his bad
+style so long as he was on the water, else he might have made a good
+sculler.
+
+  [17] This was the first champion race rowed on sliding seats.
+
+In 1876 Australia once more challenged England. Sadler was the holder of
+the championship, and Trickett was the crack of Australia. The
+Australian was a younger and bigger man than Sadler; he slid well, but
+he bent his arms much too early in the stroke. This would tend to tire
+them prematurely, and if the pace could be kept up, Trickett would soon
+have realised the effects of this salient fault of his. But Sadler was
+older, staler, and more grizzled than ever. He made a poor fight against
+Trickett, and a few weeks later in the Thames Regatta Sculls he came in
+nowhere, finishing even behind old 'Jock' Anderson, who never had been
+more than a third-rate sculler. Enough was then seen to show that our
+best sculler, as to style, was hopelessly old and stale, and that our
+new men, even if faster than he, had no style to make them worthy to
+uphold the old country's honours on the water. Trickett returned to
+Australia without trying conclusions with any other of our scullers for
+the championship. He made a match with Lumsden, a Tyne man, but the
+latter forfeited. If at the moment it had been known that the Sadler of
+1876 was some ten lengths in the mile inferior to the Sadler of 1875, it
+is likely that Lumsden would have gone to the post, and that some other
+British sculler would also have endeavoured, while there was time, to
+arrange a match with the Australian.
+
+The title of Champion of the World had now left England. Sadler retired,
+and there was still an opening for candidature for his abandoned title.
+As regards the now purely local honours of the representatives of
+Britain in sculling, Mr. Charles Bush, a well-known supporter of
+professional sculling, had found a coal-heaver, by name Higgins, who had
+shown good form in a Thames regatta, and was looked upon as the rising
+man of the Thames. There was also a rising sculler of the name of
+Blackman, who had won the Thames Regatta Sculls. Higgins was matched for
+champion honours against Boyd, and the match came off on May 20, 1877,
+The wind blew a gale from S.W., and Boyd had the windward station. In
+such a cross wind station alone sufficed to decide the race, and Boyd
+won easily. The two met again on October 8 of the same year, and Higgins
+proved himself the better stayer of the two. He had a better idea of
+sliding than Boyd, and used his legs better and swung farther back. Boyd
+stuck to his piston action, and was rowed out in six minutes. They met
+a third time on the following January 11, this time on the Tyne, and
+once more Higgins won, after a foul. He was plainly the better man of
+the two for any distance beyond a mile.
+
+In the succeeding summer a Durham pitman, one W. Elliott, came out as a
+Championship candidate. He was short and thick-set, and was decidedly
+clumsy at his first essay. He met Higgins, and was beaten easily. He
+improved rapidly and came out again the following September. The
+proprietors of the 'Sportsman' had established a challenge cup, to be
+won by three successive victories, under certain conditions. Higgins,
+Boyd, and Elliott competed for it, and Elliott beat them both. The final
+heat was on September 17. In the following year, 1879, Elliott and
+Higgins met on the Tyne, on February 21, and once more Elliott held his
+own. He remained the representative of British professional sculling
+until the arrival of Edward Hanlan in this country.
+
+Hanlan first attracted notice at the Philadelphia regatta of 1876. Mr.
+R. H. Labat, of the Dublin University, London, and Thames Rowing Clubs,
+took part in that regatta, and entered into conversation with Hanlan.
+He, as one of the L.R.C. men, lent Hanlan a pair of sculls for the
+occasion, and with them Hanlan won the Open Professional Sculling Prize.
+He beat among others one Luke, who had beaten Higgins in a trial heat.
+Higgins was at the moment suffering from exertions in a four-oared race
+earlier in the day, so that his defeat did not occasion much surprise;
+but Mr. Labat on his return to England told the writer of this chapter
+that in his opinion Hanlan was far and away the best sculler he had ever
+seen, and that even if Higgins had been fresh and fit, Hanlan would have
+been too good for him. At that date Hanlan had not made his great
+reputation, but the soundness of Mr. Labat's estimate of his powers was
+fully verified subsequently.
+
+In 1879 Hanlan, having beaten the best American scullers, came to
+England to row for the 'Sportsman' Challenge Cup. He commenced his
+career in England by beating a second-rate northern sculler, in a sort
+of trial match; but this was only a feeler before trying conclusions
+with Elliott. The two met on the Tyne on June 16, and Elliott was simply
+'never in it.' Hanlan led him, played with him, and beat him as he
+liked.
+
+It did not require any very deep knowledge of oarsmanship to enable a
+spectator to observe the vast difference which existed between his style
+and that of such men as Boyd or Elliott. Hanlan used his slide
+concurrently with swing, carrying his body well back, with straight arms
+long past the perpendicular, before he attempted to row the stroke in by
+bending the arms. His superiority was manifest, and yet our British
+(professional) scullers seemed wedded to this vicious trick of premature
+slide and no swing, and doggedly declined to recognise the maxim
+
+    Fas est et ab hoste doceri.
+
+At that rate the two best British scullers were, in the writer's
+opinion, two amateurs--viz., Mr. Frank Playford, holder of the Wingfield
+Sculls, and Mr. T. C. Edwardes-Moss, twice winner of the Diamonds at
+Henley. Either of these gentlemen could have made a terrible example of
+the best British professionals, could amateur etiquette have admitted a
+match between the two classes. The only time that these gentlemen met,
+Mr. Playford proved the winner, over the Wingfield course. A sort of
+line as to relative merit between amateur and professional talent is
+gained by recalling Mr. Edwardes-Moss's victory for the Diamond Sculls
+in 1878. In that year he met an American, Lee, then self-styled an
+amateur, but who now openly practises as a professional, and who is
+quite in the first flight of that class in America. He could probably
+beat any English professional of to-day, or at least make a close fight
+with our best man. When the two met at Henley Mr. Edwardes-Moss was by
+no means in trim to uphold the honour of British sculling. He had gone
+through three commemoration balls at Oxford about ten days before the
+regatta. He had only an old sculling boat, somewhat screwed and limp. He
+had lent her freely to Eton and Windsor friends during the preceding
+summer, not anticipating that he would need her to race in again; but
+when the regatta drew nigh he could find no boat to suit him, and had to
+make shift with the old boat. In the race he had to give Lee the inside,
+or Berks station; and all who have known Henley Regatta are well aware
+of the advantage of that side; it gives dead water for some hundreds of
+yards below Poplar Point, and still further gains on rounding the point.
+Three lengths would fairly represent the minimum of the handicap between
+the two stations on a smooth day, such as that of the race. The two
+scullers raced round the point, Lee leading slightly; but the Oxonian
+caught him and just headed him on the post. Lee stopped one stroke too
+soon, whether from exhaustion or error is uncertain, but the performance
+plainly stamped the English amateur as his superior, half trained and
+badly boated as he was. Over a champion course, in a match, Lee would in
+his Henley form have been a score or more lengths behind the Oxonian.
+
+Enough can be guessed from these calculations to show that there would
+have been a most interesting race, to say the least, if it could have
+been arranged for a trial of power between Mr. Playford and Hanlan. The
+latter sculler used to admit, so we always understood, that the London
+Rowing Club sculler was the only man he had seen whom he did not feel
+confident of being able to beat.
+
+Hanlan's style, good though it undoubtedly was, appeared to even greater
+advantage when seen alongside of the miserable form of our
+professionals. Hanlan was a well-made man, of middle height, and a
+thoroughly scientific sculler. He was the best exponent of sliding-seat
+sculling among professionals, only a long way so; but we, who can recall
+Kelley and Chambers in their best days, must hold to the opinion that
+the two latter were, _ceteris paribus_, as good professors of fixed-seat
+sculling as ever was Hanlan of the art on a slide. Had sliding seats
+been in vogue in 1860, and the next half-dozen years, we believe that
+Kelley and Chambers would have proved themselves capable of doing much
+the same that Hanlan did in his own generation. We have seen Kelley
+scull on a sliding seat. He was fat and short of wind, and never
+attempted to make a study of the leg-work of sliding; but, being simply
+an amateur at it, his style was a model for all our young school to
+copy. Like all old fixed-seat oarsmen who have attained merit in the old
+school, he stuck to his traditional body swing, and added the slide to
+it, as it were instinctively. There could hardly be a greater contrast
+of action than to see scullers like Boyd or Blackman kicking backwards
+and forwards, with piston action and helpless bodies doubled up at the
+finish, and to observe, paddling within sight of these, old stagers like
+Biffen and Kelley in a double-sculling boat fitted with slides. It was
+easy to see that until the new generation of British professionals could
+be taught first principles of rowing on a fixed seat, there was small
+chance of their ever acquiring the proper use of the slide as
+exemplified by Hanlan.
+
+To return to Hanlan's performances. The Championship of the 'World'
+still rested in Trickett, who had further maintained his title (since he
+had beaten Sadler), by defeating Rush on the Paramatta, Sydney, on June
+30, 1877. Rush had once been the Australian champion; Trickett had
+beaten him before tackling Sadler, and this was a new attempt by Rush to
+regain his lost honours. Technically, Trickett could have claimed to
+defend his title in his own country; but plenty of money was forthcoming
+to recoup him for expenses of travel, and he assented to meet Hanlan on
+the Thames for the nominal trophy of the 'Sportsman' Challenge Cup, but
+really for the wider honour of champion of the world. The match came off
+on November 16, 1880, and Trickett was defeated with even greater ease
+than Elliott on the Tyne.
+
+Just about this date a sculling regatta, open to the world, was
+organised on the Thames. It was got up purely for commercial purposes by
+a company called the 'Hop Bitters,' who required to advertise their
+wares. Nevertheless, it produced good sport. Hanlan did not compete in
+it. It came off only two days after his match with Trickett. Our British
+scullers took part in it, and with most humiliating results. Not one of
+them could gain a place in the final heat, for which four prizes were
+awarded to the four winners of trial heats. The four winners of the
+contest were one and all either colonials or Americans, and the winner
+was one Elias Laycock, also a Sydney man, and undoubtedly a better
+sculler than Trickett, although the latter was the nominal champion of
+Australia at the time. Laycock sculled in good style, so far as leg-work
+and finish of the stroke; his body action was not cramped, but he had
+not so long a swing as should, if possible, be displayed by a man of his
+size. He scaled rather above twelve stone. Wallace Ross, who finished
+second to him, after leading him some distance, had been the favourite,
+and had been reputed as only a trifle inferior to Hanlan. The forward
+reach and first part of Ross's stroke was as good as could be wished,
+but he had a cramped, tiring, and ugly finish with his arms and
+shoulders. When Laycock succeeded in beating him a furore was created;
+Laycock's staying powers were unmistakable, and many who saw him fancied
+that his stamina would enable him to give Hanlan trouble before the end
+of four miles. Laycock himself was not endued with so high an opinion of
+his own merits; but he was too game a man to shirk a contest when it was
+proposed to him, and the result was that he was soon matched to scull
+Hanlan.
+
+The match came off on the following February 14, 1881, over the Thames
+course. Laycock stuck to his work all the way, but was never in it for
+speed. Hanlan led from start to finish, and won easily. A year later
+Hanlan was back in England to row Boyd on the Tyne. Boyd's friends
+fondly fancied that he had developed some improvement, but it was a
+delusion. Never was an oarsman more wedded to vicious style and wanton
+waste of strength than the pet of the Tyne. The race came off on April
+3, 1882, and was, of course, an easy paddle for Hanlan. The knowledge
+that Hanlan was going to be again on English waters, brought about a
+return match between him and Trickett. This was rowed on the Thames on
+May 1 following, and once more the Canadian won easily.
+
+No one in Britain thought fit to challenge Hanlan again, after the
+decisive manner in which he had disposed of all his opponents; but in
+his own country he twice defended his title, in 1883. On May 31 in that
+year he rowed J. L. Kennedy, a comparatively new man, in Massachusetts,
+and beat him; and on the following July 18 he once more met his old
+opponent, Wallace Ross, on the St. Lawrence, and beat him, though after
+a closer race than heretofore.
+
+In England about this time sculling had sunk even lower among
+professionals than in the days when Boyd and Elliott were the professors
+of the science. These men had retired; there were sundry second and
+third class competitors for champion honours, among them one Largan, who
+had been to Australia to scull a match or two, and one Perkins, and one
+Bubear. The latter at first was inferior to Perkins, and was a man of
+delicate health and somewhat difficult to train. He often disappointed
+his backers by going amiss just before a match was due, but he took
+rather more pains with his style than other British scullers had done of
+late, and eventually he succeeded in surpassing them, and in becoming
+the representative (such as it was) of British professional oarsmanship.
+
+We should mention that in 1881 the brothers Messrs. Walter and Harry
+Chinnery most generously made an expensive attempt to raise the lost
+standard of British sculling, by giving 1000_l._ in prizes for a series
+of years, to be sculled for. These two gentlemen were well-known leading
+amateur athletes in their day. The elder had been a champion amateur
+long-distance runner; the younger had won the amateur boxing
+championship, and had rowed a good oar at Henley regattas and elsewhere.
+It may be invidious to look a gift horse in the mouth, but we feel that
+this generous subsidy of the Messrs. Chinnery was practically wasted for
+want of being fettered with a certain condition. That condition should
+have been, that the competitions for the Chinnery prizes should be on
+fixed seats. One reason why professional racing has fallen off of late
+so much, compared to amateur performances, may be found in the fact
+that amateurs are taught, and are willing to be taught, from first
+principles: whereas our professionals nowadays are little better than
+self-taught. Rowing and sculling require scientific instruction more
+than ever on slides. In old days the main business of a professional
+oarsman was to carry passengers in his boat; the calling produced a
+large following, and out of these some few were good oarsmen and took to
+boat-racing as well as to mere plying for hire. Here there was a natural
+nursery for professional racing oarsmen. The disuse of the wherry for
+locomotion destroyed this nursery; we have already shown that our later
+professionals are as a rule neither London watermen nor Tyne keelmen.
+They are a medley lot by trade; a chimney-sweep, a collier, a
+coal-heaver, a miner, a cabman, &c., all swell the ranks. Such men as
+these take to the water simply for what they can make out of it, by
+racing on it. Their one ambition is to race, and to run before they can
+decently walk. Hence they do not go through the school of fixed-seat
+rowing before they graduate on sliders, and they have no instructors,
+nor will they listen to advice.
+
+Amateurs, on the other hand, belong as a rule to clubs; and all clubs of
+any prestige coach their juniors carefully, and lay down rules for their
+improvement. Two very usual club rules are, that juniors shall not begin
+by racing in keelless crank boats, but in steady 'tub'-built craft. No
+such control exists over junior professionals; if a bricklayer's
+apprentice takes to the water in spare hours, and begins to fancy
+himself as an oarsman, he will probably find friends who will back him
+for a small stake against some brother hobbledehoy. Each of these
+aspirants will thus endeavour to use the speediest boat and appliances
+that he can obtain. Unfortunately it so happens that sliding seats give
+so much extra power that even bad sliding _ŕ la_ Boyd produces more pace
+than good fixed-seat rowing. The result of this is, that, however little
+a tiro may know of rowing, he will, in a day or two, get more pace on a
+slide than if he adhered to a fixed seat. So the two cripples race each
+other on slides, before they have acquired the barest rudiments of
+swing, and as a natural result they can never be expected hereafter to
+progress beyond mediocrity.
+
+Now, if there were prizes offered for rising professionals, subject to
+the condition that sliding seats should not be used, these tiros would
+have some chance of being induced to study the art of using the body for
+swing, and of mastering this all-important feature in oarsmanship,
+before they ventured to fly so high as to race upon slides.
+
+Twenty and more years ago there was a class of match-making on the
+Thames which is now obsolete. This was to row in what were called
+'old-fashioned' wager boats, i.e. the lightest form of wherry which used
+to be built before H. Clasper established outriggers. The keelless boat
+requires a sharp catch up at the beginning to get the best pace out of
+it, and it also requires more 'sitting' to keep it on an even keel. (If
+it is not on an even keel, the hands do not grip the water evenly, and
+power thereby is wasted.) It was because this fact used to be realised
+in those days better than now, that so many rough scullers were matched
+in 'old-fashioned' boats, rather than in 'best and best' boats, as the
+fastest built craft were usually styled in the articles of matches. It
+would do good if this quondam practice of matching duffers on even terms
+in steady old-fashioned craft could be re-introduced on the Thames.
+
+Another incident has tended greatly to the deterioration of professional
+rowing, and this is the lapse of professional regattas. Certain
+gentlemen connected with the University and the leading Thames boat
+clubs used formerly to get up an annual summer regatta for the benefit
+of professional oarsmen. In the 'forties' a somewhat similar regatta had
+also existed for a time, but it had consisted of amateur competitions as
+well as of professional. This earlier regatta faded away when its chief
+trophy, the 'Gold Cup' for amateur eight oars, was won thrice in
+succession by, and became the property of, the 'Thames Club.' (That
+Thames Club is now extinct, and must not be confounded with the
+well-known 'Thames _Rowing_ Club' of the present day.) Some of the
+members of the Thames crew that won this 'Gold Cup' in the forties are
+still to be found, the most notable of them being Messrs. Frank
+Playford, senr. (amateur champion in 1849); and Rhodes Cobb, the
+president of the Kingston Rowing Club. (The sons of each of these old
+athletes have similarly made their mark in aquatics of the present
+generation.) Owing to the action of the chairman of a steamboat company
+and other gentlemen who had other interests than those of boating to
+serve, these regattas have lapsed.
+
+To resume--as to Thames regattas. The Thames Subscription Club, between
+1861 and 1866, got up a Thames regatta, which annually produced fine
+sport between Thames and Tyne men, and once or twice good Glasgow crews
+joined in the competition. In 1866 the amateur element was introduced as
+a mixture. This was the last year of the series.
+
+Meantime the late Mr. H. H. Playford had for three years laboured to
+form a sort of 'nursery' regatta for professionals. It was styled the
+'Sons of the Thames' regatta, and it had the effect of bringing out
+several good men, such as the Biffens, Wise, Tagg, &c., who afterwards
+distinguished themselves in the greater regattas on the Thames, which
+were open to the world. Never was professional rowing at higher flood
+than just at this date, thanks to the gentleman referred to.
+
+In 1867 there was no regatta; but in 1868 a new series was founded. The
+late Messrs. J. G. Chambers, George Morrison, Allan Morrison, Rev. R. W.
+Risley, the Playfords, Brickwood and other prominent amateurs, gave
+money and labour to aid the scheme, and it flourished right well for
+nine seasons. It produced, like the preceding series, fine rowing, and
+many a subsequent sculling or four-oar match arose out of the regatta
+contests. So far these regattas had been promoted solely for sport, and
+in pure unselfishness. In 1876 a steamboat company originated the idea
+of a Thames regatta, and advertised a scheme. Subscriptions were
+obtained from several of the City sources which had formerly subscribed
+to _bonâ fide_ Thames regatta, and thus the funds of the old-established
+meeting were sapped. The latter came off all the same that year, there
+thus being two Thames regattas for one season. But there were not funds
+to carry on two such meetings, and the amateur promoters of the old
+established regatta retired next year in favour of the speculative
+promoters. The speculative regatta lived just one year more, and then
+its promoters gave up, and left our British professionals with no
+regatta at all to encourage them.
+
+And this was just at a time when our champion honours had been wrested
+from us, and when we needed more than ever some disinterested
+assistance, in order to revive and encourage the falling fortunes of
+professional oarsmanship! It was too late to revive the old regatta; the
+hand of Death was busy among the old amateurs who had founded the second
+series, and the four or five gentlemen whose names headed the list of
+promoters (_supra_) have passed rapidly away, from one cause or another,
+in the prime of life. Whether hereafter any combination of later
+amateurs will once more come to the rescue, as did the late Messrs.
+Chambers, H. Playford, the Morrisons, and Risley, remains to be seen. If
+they do so, we hope they will found something, at first, more on the
+lines of the Playford series of 'Sons of the Thames' regatta, to bring
+out new blood; and that they will insist upon _no slides_ being used in
+any race of the meeting, for at least two seasons. Slides are not
+allowed in the public schools fours (lately rowed for at Henley, and now
+competed for at Marlow), nor in Oxford torpids, nor in Cambridge lower
+division races. Nor do the leading amateur tideway clubs allow their
+juniors to race on them in club matches. If we are to educate a new
+generation of professional talent, we must do so on the same general
+principle that we teach our junior amateurs in rowing clubs.
+
+Since the date of Hanlan's invasion of Britain, British scullers have
+not been in the hunt for champion competitions. Such champion racing as
+has taken place has been confined to Canadians, Americans, or
+Australians. In 1884, May 22, Laycock was once more brought out to row
+Hanlan on the Nepean river, New South Wales, and Hanlan again held his
+own. Meantime an emigrant (in childhood) from Chertsey, one William
+Beach, had been rapidly improving his style in New South Wales. He took
+hints from his conquerors until, when he was about forty, a time when
+most scullers are past their prime, he could beat all comers in his own
+colony. Hanlan was persuaded to visit Australia to row him, and the
+first match between them came off August 16, 1884, on the Paramatta. To
+the surprise of all, Beach went as fast as Hanlan, and outstayed him.
+Excuses were made for this reverse to one who had been reckoned
+invincible: Hanlan had been unfairly washed by a steamer, and some
+fancied he had held Beach too cheap, and was not fully trained. Another
+match was made for March 28, 1885. Meantime Beach easily beat, on
+February 28 of that year, another colonial challenger, T. Clifford. In
+his return match with Hanlan he fairly tired the Canadian out. Beach
+scales a trifle over twelve stone, and proves the truth of the old
+saying that a good big one is better than a good little one.
+
+In December of 1885 Hanlan beat Neil Matterson, a young and rising
+Australian candidate for the championship.
+
+In the summer of 1886, a large amount was subscribed for a series of
+sculling prizes on the Thames. Beach was in England, training for a
+match against Gaudaur of St. Louis, U.S., who had lately beaten the best
+American scullers. Gaudaur did not row in this regatta of scullers, but
+Beach did.
+
+The trial heats of this regatta were rowed in stretches of about three
+miles each, following the tide over different parts of the tideway. In
+the first heat Neil Matterson beat Ross. In the second, Teemer, U.S.,
+beat Perkins, a London sculler. Bubear rowed over for the third heat,
+and the fourth was won by Beach beating Lee, U.S. (once a pseudo amateur
+and an unsuccessful competitor for the Diamond Sculls of Henley!) Next
+day Beach beat Bubear, and Teemer beat Matterson. The final heat took
+place over the regulation course of Putney to Mortlake. Beach won as he
+liked, on a tide that was not first class, in 22 min. 16 secs. The
+racing occupied August 31, and September 1 and 2.
+
+On September 18, Beach met Gaudaur for the championship over the Putney
+course. Beach was, as the race showed, a little 'off;' apparently he had
+been indulging; for to look at Gaudaur few would have expected him to
+make such a close fit of the race as he did. The stakes were 500_l._ a
+side. The tide was a good one, and the water was smooth beyond
+Hammersmith. Beach led, and seemed to have the race safe off Chiswick.
+Then he began to lose ground, Gaudaur came up to him, and Beach stopped,
+apparently rowed out. Possibly he had 'stitch,' as the sequel shows.
+Gaudaur got just in front of Beach, and could not get away. Beach
+stopped again, and still Gaudaur could do little better than paddle.
+Half way up Horse Reach Beach seemed to recover, and once more came up
+with his man. He led by a few feet at Barnes Bridge, and after that drew
+steadily away, winning by three lengths in the exceptionally good time
+of 22 min. 30 secs. or 22 min. 29 secs.
+
+A week later Beach did a much finer performance, for time. He rowed
+Wallace Ross for the championship, over the usual course, and beat him
+in a common paddle, without being extended, and with wind foul, on a
+_neap_ tide, in 23 min. 5 secs. The pace of this tide, let alone foul
+wind, must have been about a minute to a minute and a quarter (if not
+more) slower than the tide on which Beach and Gaudaur had sculled some
+days before. Those who know the effect of tides on pace, will admit that
+this last performance, all things considered, is Beach's best, and is
+also the best ever accomplished by any sculler over the Thames tideway
+course. Had Beach been on a spring tide that day, and been doing his
+best, he would probably have done a good deal faster than 21 min. 30
+secs. over our champion course. All factors considered, we believe that
+the present champion sculler is the fastest that the world has yet
+produced, better than even Hanlan at his best. To compare him with the
+best old fixed-seat champions would be invidious to all parties. Each in
+his day made the best of the mechanical appliances at his disposal, and
+was A1 in style for their use.
+
+[Illustration: A FOUL.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+LAWS OF BOAT-RACING (THEIR HISTORY, AND RULES OF THE ROAD).
+
+
+Laws of boat-racing, until 1872, were variously read by various
+executives. One rule was common to all, and yet differently interpreted
+by many an umpire or referee. It was that which related to a boat's
+course.
+
+The old rule was, that a boat which could take a clear lead of an
+opponent, and which could cross the proper track of that opponent with
+such clear lead, became entitled to the 'water' so taken. The boat
+astern had then to change its course, and to take its leader's vacated
+course. If thereafter they fouled, through the leader returning to the
+vacated water, the leader lost; if through the sternmost boat catching
+the leader in the 'captured' water, then the pursuer lost. Also, under
+the old code, a foul, however slight, lost a race, if one boat was in
+its right and the other in its wrong course at the time. If both were in
+the wrong, the foul did not count.
+
+This code led to many a wrangle over fouls. It also opened the door to
+sharp practice--e.g. a leader might cross an opponent, by dint of pure
+speed; and then, being in, his 'right' water, by dint of having crossed
+with a 'clear lead,' the leader might 'accidentally' shut off speed,
+before the boat behind had time to change its course. This forced on a
+foul, and the leader could then claim his pound of flesh, and the race.
+An umpire had no discretion in the matter.
+
+In 1872 a meeting of leading amateurs drew up a new code. This code was
+put in force at the Thames watermen's regattas, governed by amateurs. In
+time Henley adopted them, as did all leading regattas. Watermen for some
+time had a liking for the old code and its facilities for 'win, tie, or
+wrangle' in a match, but as time passed on the new code gained ground,
+and gradually the old one became obsolete. The late Mr. John Graham
+Chambers, C.U.B.C., was the leading spirit in this reform.
+
+The revised code is now part of the creed of the Amateur Rowing
+Association, of which mention has already been made. These rules are now
+appended. The Henley executive publish a similar code, but differently
+numbered. Rule 15 is more of a _regatta_ rule. It is usually waived in
+sculling matches, and in the Wingfield Sculls for the amateur
+championship its operation is, by order of the parliament of old
+champions, suspended.
+
+
+THE LAWS OF BOAT-RACING AS APPROVED BY THE AMATEUR ROWING ASSOCIATION.
+
+    1. The starter, on being satisfied that the competitors are
+    ready, shall give the signal to start.
+
+    2. If the starter considers the start false, he shall at once
+    recall the boats to their stations, and any boat refusing to
+    start again shall be disqualified.
+
+    3. Any boat not at its post at the time specified shall be
+    liable to be disqualified by the umpire.
+
+    4. The umpire may act as starter as he thinks fit; when he does
+    not so act, the starter shall be subject to the control of the
+    umpire.
+
+    5. Each boat shall keep its own water throughout the race, and
+    any boat departing from its own water will do so at its peril.
+
+    6. A boat's own water is its straight course, paralleled with
+    those of the other competing boats, from the station assigned to
+    it at starting to the finish.
+
+    7. The umpire shall be sole judge of a boat's own water and
+    proper course during the race.
+
+    8. No fouling whatever shall be allowed; the boat committing a
+    foul shall be disqualified.
+
+    9. It shall be considered a foul when, after the race has
+    commenced, any competitor by his oar, boat, or person comes in
+    contact with the oar, boat, or person of another competitor,
+    unless in the opinion of the umpire such contact is so slight as
+    not to influence the race.
+
+    10. The umpire may, during the race, caution any competitor when
+    in danger of committing a foul.
+
+    11. The umpire, when appealed to, shall decide all questions as
+    to a foul.
+
+    12. A claim of foul must be made to the judge or the umpire by
+    the competitor himself before getting out of his boat.
+
+    13. In case of a foul the umpire shall have the power--
+
+    (_a_) To place the boats--except the boat committing the foul,
+    which is disqualified--in the order in which they come in;
+
+    (_b_) To order the boats engaged in the race, other than the
+    boat committing the foul, to row over again on the same or
+    another day;
+
+    (_c_) To re-start the qualified boats from the place where the
+    foul was committed.
+
+    14. Every boat shall abide by its accidents.
+
+    15. No boat shall be allowed to accompany a competitor for the
+    purpose of directing his course or affording him other
+    assistance. The boat receiving such direction or assistance
+    shall be disqualified at the discretion of the umpire.
+
+    16. The jurisdiction of the umpire extends over the race, and
+    all matters connected with it, from the time the race is
+    specified to start until its final termination, and his
+    decision in all cases shall be final and without appeal.
+
+    17. Any competitor refusing to abide by the decision or to
+    follow the directions of the umpire shall be disqualified.
+
+    18. The umpire, if he thinks proper, may reserve his decision,
+    provided that in every case such decision be given on the day of
+    the race.
+
+The 'rule of the road' on the river is not settled quite as hard and
+fast as on land, or in marine navigation; but certain general principles
+are recognised by all rowing men of experience, for the sake of mutual
+safety. The following draft of the recognised principles referred to is
+set forth by the editor of the 'Rowing Almanack,' and other authorities,
+to whom rowing men are much indebted for the publication.
+
+In case of any 'running-down' action, arising out of a collision between
+pleasure-boats on the Thames, it would probably go hardly with the
+occupants of a boat which had brought about an accident by disregard of
+these 'rules of the road.'
+
+
+_'The Rule of the Road' on the River._
+
+    The following are the generally recognised rules adopted by the
+    leading rowing clubs:--
+
+    1. A row-boat going against the stream or tide should take the
+    shore or bank--which bank is immaterial--and should keep inside
+    all boats meeting it.
+
+    2. A row-boat going with stream or tide should take a course in
+    mid-river, and should keep outside all boats meeting it.
+
+    3. A row-boat overtaking another boat proceeding in the same
+    direction should keep clear of the boat it overtakes, which
+    should maintain its course.
+
+    4. A row-boat meeting another end-on in still or open waters, or
+    lakes, should keep to the right as in walking, leaving the boat
+    passed on the port or left side.
+
+    5. A row-boat with a coxswain should give way to a boat without
+    a coxswain, subject to the foregoing rules, in so far as they
+    apply.
+
+    6. A boat towing with stream or tide should give way to a boat
+    towing against it, and if it becomes necessary to unship or drop
+    a tow-line, the former should give way to the latter; but when
+    a barge towing is passed by a pleasure-boat towing, the latter
+    should give way and go outside, as a small boat is the easier of
+    the two to manage, in addition to which the river is the barge's
+    highway.
+
+    7. A row-boat must give way to a sailing-boat.
+
+    8. When a row-boat and a steamer pass each other, their actions
+    should, as a rule, be governed by the same principle as on two
+    row-boats passing; but in shallow waters the greater draughts of
+    the steam-vessel should be remembered, and the row-boat give way
+    to her.
+
+[Illustration: CLIEFDEN.]
+
+
+
+
+'THE TEMPLE OF FAME.'
+
+
+_WINNERS OF THE WINGFIELD SCULLS._
+
+  +----+----------------------+-------+--------------------------------+
+  |Time|        Winner        | m. s. |             Losers             |
+  +----+----------------------+-------+--------------------------------+
+  |1830| J. H. Bayford        |  --   |{ Lewis, Wood, Horneman, Revel, |
+  |    |                      |       |{ A. Bayford, C. Duke, Hume     |
+  |1831| C. Lewis             |  --   |  Bayford                       |
+  |1832| A. A. Julius         |  --   |  Lewis                         |
+  |1833|_a_ C. Lewis          |  --   |  Julius                        |
+  |1834| A. A. Julius         |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1835| A. A. Julius         |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1836| H. Wood              |  --   |  Patrick Colquhoun             |
+  |1837| P. Colquhoun         |  --   |  Wood, Jones                   |
+  |1838|_a_ H. Wood           |  --   |{ Colquhoun, C. Pollock, H.     |
+  |    |                      |       |{ Chapman                       |
+  |1839|_a_ H. Chapman        |  --   |  Pollock, Crockford            |
+  |1840| T. L. Jenkins        |  --   |{ Crockford, Wallace, A.        |
+  |    |                      |       |{ Earnshaw                      |
+  |1841|_a_ T. L. Jenkins     |  --   |  Chapman                       |
+  |1842| H. Chapman           |  --   |  Wallace                       |
+  |1843| H. Chapman           |  --   |  Wallace, Kennedy, A. Earnshaw |
+  |1844| T. B. Bumpstead      |  --   |{ Chapman, Hon. G. Denman,      |
+  |    |                      |       |{ Romayne                       |
+  |1845|_a_ H. Chapman        |  --   |  Bumpstead                     |
+  |1846|_a_ W. Russell        |  --   |  Walmsley, Fellows, Dodd       |
+  |1847| J. R. L. Walmsley    |  --   |  H. Murray, C. Harrington      |
+  |1848|_a_ J. R. L. Walmsley |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1849|_a_ _b_ F. Playford   |  --   |  T. R. Bone                    |
+  |1850| T. R. Bone           |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1851|_a_ T. R. Bone        |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1852| E. G. Peacock        |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1853|_a_ J. Paine          |  --   |{ A. Rippingall, J. Nottidge,   |
+  |    |                      |       |{ H. C. Smith                   |
+  |1854| H. H. Playford       |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1855| A. A. Casamajor      |  --   |  H. H. Playford                |
+  |1856| A. A. Casamajor      |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1857| A. A. Casamajor      |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1858| A. A. Casamajor      |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1859| A. A. Casamajor      |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1860|_a_ A. A. Casamajor   |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1861|_c_ E. D. Brickwood   | 29  0 |  G. R. Cox, A. O. Lloyd        |
+  |1862|_a_ W. B. Woodgate    | 27  0 |  E. D. Brickwood, G. R. Cox    |
+  |1863|_a_ J. E. Parker      | 25  0 |  E. B. Michell, J. Wallace     |
+  |1864| W. B. Woodgate       | 25 35 |  W. P. Cecil, G. Ryan          |
+  |1865|_a_ C. B. Lawes       | 27  4 |{ W. B. Woodgate, E. B. Michell,|
+  |    |                      |       |{ W. P. Cecil, T. Lindsay       |
+  |1866|_a_ E. B. Michell     | 27 26 |  W. B. Woodgate, J. G. Chambers|
+  |1867| W. B. Woodgate       |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1868|_a_ W. Stout          | 26 52 |  E. B. Michell, W. B. Woodgate |
+  |1869| A. de L. Long        |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1870| A. de L. Long        |  --   |{ J. Ross, A. C. Yarborough,    |
+  |    |                      |       |{ W. Chillingworth              |
+  |1871| W. Fawcus            | 26 13 |  A. de L. Long                 |
+  |1872| C. C. Knollys        | 28 30 |  W. Fawcus                     |
+  |1873| A. C. Dicker         | 25 40 |{ C. C. Knollys, N. H. Eyre,    |
+  |    |                      |       |{ F. S. Gulston                 |
+  |1874| A. C. Dicker         | 25 45 | {W. H. Eyre, W. Fawcus, W.     |
+  |    |                      |       | {Chillingworth                 |
+  |1875| F. L. Playford       | 27  6 |  A. C. Dicker                  |
+  |1876| F. L. Playford       | 24 46 |{ A. C. Dicker, A. V. Frere,    |
+  |    |                      |       |{ R. H. Labat                   |
+  |1877| F. L. Playford       | 24 20 | {T. C. Edwardes-Moss, A. H.    |
+  |    |                      |       | {Grove, J. H. Bucknill         |
+  |1878| F. L. Playford       | 24 13 |  Alexander Payne               |
+  |1879|_a_ F. L. Playford    | 25 51 |  J. Lowndes                    |
+  |1880| Alex. Payne          | 24  8 |  J. Lowndes, C. G. White       |
+  |1881| J. Lowndes           | 25 13 |  W. R. Grove                   |
+  |1882| A. Payne             | 27 40 |  W. R. Grove                   |
+  |1883| J. Lowndes           |  --   |  rowed over                    |
+  |1884| W. S. Unwin          | 24 12 |{ C. J. S. Batt, E. F. Green,   |
+  |    |                      |       |{ W. Hawkes, R. H. Smith        |
+  |1885| W. S. Unwin          |  --   |  F. J. Pitman, C. W. Hughes    |
+  |1886|_a_ F. J. Pitman      | 24 12 |{ W. H. Cumming, A. M.          |
+  |    |                      |       |{ Cowper-Smith                  |
+  |1887| G. Nickalls          |  --   |  J. C. Gardner.                |
+  +----+----------------------+-------+--------------------------------+
+
+  (_a_) Resigned.
+
+  (_b_) The course before this race was from Westminster to Putney, but
+        for the first time it took place from Putney to Kew.
+
+  (_c_) The course was altered again this year to the present one, from
+        Putney to Mortlake.
+
+
+
+
+WINNERS AT HENLEY REGATTA.
+
+
+_GRAND CHALLENGE CUP._
+
+                                                   m.  s.
+  1839     Cambridge, Trin. Coll.                   8 30
+  1840     Leander Club                             9 15
+  1841 _a_ London, Camb. Rooms                       --
+  1842     London, Camb. Rooms                      8 30
+  1843 _b_ Oxford University                        9  0
+  1844     Oxford, Etonian Club                     8 25
+  1845     Cambridge University                     8 30
+  1846     London, Thames Club                      8 15
+  1847     Oxford University                        8  0
+  1848     Oxford University                        9 11
+  1849 _a_ Oxford, Wadham Coll.                     8  0
+  1850     Oxford University                        r.o.
+  1851 _c_ Oxford University                        7 45
+  1852     Oxford University                         --
+  1853     Oxford University                        8  3
+  1854     Cambridge, Trin. Coll.                   8 15
+  1855     Cambridge University                     8 32
+  1856     Royal Chester R.C.                        --
+  1857     London R.C.                              7 55
+  1858     Cambridge University                     7 43
+  1859     London R.C.                              7 45
+  1860     Cambridge, First Trin.                   8 45
+  1861     Cambridge, First Trin.                   8 10
+  1862     London R.C.                              8  5
+  1863     Oxford University                        7 45
+  1864     Kingston R.C.                            7 43
+  1865     Kingston R.C.                            7 21
+  1866     Oxford, Etonian Club                     8 22
+  1867     Oxford, Etonian Club                     7 54
+  1868     London R.C.                              7 20
+  1869     Oxford, Etonian Club                     7 28
+  1870 _d_ Oxford, Etonian Club                     7 17
+  1871     Oxford, Etonian Club                     7 55
+  1872     London R.C.                              8 38
+  1873     London R.C.                              7 52
+  1874     London R.C.                              7 42
+  1875     Leander R.C.                             7 19
+  1876     Thames R.C.                              7 27
+  1877 _e_ London R.C.                              8 16-1/2
+  1878     Thames R.C.                              7 41
+  1879     Camb., Jesus Coll.                       8 39
+  1880     Leander B.C.                             7  3
+  1881     London R.C.                              7 24
+  1882     Oxford, Exeter Coll.                     8 11
+  1883     London R.C.                              7 51
+  1884     London R.C.                              7 27
+  1885     Camb. Jesus Coll.                        7 22
+  1886     Camb., Trin. Hall                        6 53-1/2
+  1887     Camb., Trin. Hall                        6 56
+
+  (_a_) Won on a foul.
+
+  (_b_) The winners only rowed seven oars in the final heat.
+
+  (_c_) Cambridge carried away a rowlock soon after starting.
+
+  (_d_) The fastest on record for the final.
+
+  (_e_) In the preliminary heat London did the course in 7 min. 12
+        secs.--the fastest time on record after that date.
+
+
+_STEWARDS' CUP._
+
+                                                    m.  s.
+  1841 _a_ First class fours for medals. Won by
+           Oxford Aquatic Club                      10  5
+  1842     Oxford Club, London                       9 16
+  1843     London, St. George's Club                10 15
+  1844     Oxford University                         9 16
+  1845     Oxford University                         8 25
+  1846     Oxford University                          --
+  1847 _b_ Oxford C.C.C.                             r.o.
+  1848     Oxford C.C.C.                             r.o.
+  1849     London, Leander Club                      r.o.
+  1850     Oxford University                         r.o.
+  1851     Cambridge Univ.                           8 54
+  1852     Oxford University                          --
+  1853     Oxford University                         8 57
+  1854     Oxon., Pembroke Club                      9 54
+  1855     Royal Chester R.C.                         --
+  1856     Argonaut Club                              --
+  1857     London R.C.                               8 25
+  1858     London R.C.                               r.o.
+  1859     Camb., Third Trin.                        8 25
+  1860     Camb., First Trin.                        9 26
+  1861     Camb., First Trin.                        9 35
+  1862     Oxon., Brasenose Coll.                    8 40
+  1863     Oxford, Univ. Coll.                       8 24
+  1864     London R.C.                                --
+  1865     Camb., Third Trin.                        8  8
+  1866     Oxford, Univ. Coll.                       9 20
+  1867     Oxford University                         8 45
+  1868     London R.C.                                --
+  1869     London R.C.                               8 36
+  1870 _c_ Oxon., Etonian Club                       8  5
+  1871     London R.C.                                --
+  1872     London R.C.                               9 21
+  1873 _d_ London R.C.                               8 25
+  1874     London R.C.                               9  0
+  1875 _e_ London R.C.                               7 56
+  1876 _f_ London R.C.                                --
+  1877     London R.C.                               9  7
+  1878     London R.C.                               8 37
+  1879     Camb., Jesus Coll.                        9 37
+  1880     Thames R.C.                               7 58
+  1881     Oxford, Hert. Coll.                       8 15
+  1882     Oxford, Hert. Coll.                        --
+  1883     Thames R.C.                                --
+  1884     Kingston R.C.                              --
+  1885     Camb., Trin. Hall                         7 53
+  1886     Thames R.C.                               7 39
+  1887     Camb., Trin. Hall.                        7 53
+
+  (_a_) The prize which is now known as the Stewards' Challenge Cup was
+        not instituted until the following year.
+
+  (_b_) Worcester College, Oxford, were also entered, but withdrawn.
+
+  (_c_) Fastest time on record with coxswains.
+
+  (_d_) Coxswains abolished.
+
+  (_e_) Fastest time on record.
+
+  (_f_) Won on a foul.
+
+
+_PAIR-OARS._
+
+          Won by                                   m.  s.
+  1845 _a_ Arnold and Mann, Cambridge                --
+  1846     Milman and Haggard, Christ Church         --
+  1847 _b_ Falls and Coulthard, London               --
+  1848 _b_ Thompson and Johnson, Oxford              --
+  1849     Peacock and Rayford                       --
+  1850 _c_ Chitty and Hornby, Oxford                r.o.
+  1851     Chitty and Guess                          --
+  1852 _d_ Barker and Nind                          r.o.
+  1853     Barbee and Godson, Cambridge            10  0
+  1854     Cadogan and Short, Oxford                9  5
+  1855     Nottidge and Casamajor, London            --
+  1856     Nottidge and Casamajor, London            --
+  1857     Warren and Lonsdale, Oxford               --
+  1858     Playford and Casamajor, London            --
+  1859     Warre and Arkell, Oxford                 9  0
+  1860     Casamajor and Woodbridge, London        11 50
+  1861     Woodgate & Champneys, Oxford              --
+  1862     Woodgate & Champneys, Oxford             8 45
+  1863     Woodgate and Shepherd, Oxford            r.o.
+  1864     Selwyn and Kinglake, Cambridge           9 29
+  1865     May and Fenner, London R.C.              9  7
+  1866     Woodgate and Corrie, Kingston R.C.       9 15
+  1867     Corrie and Brown, Eton and Radley        8 49
+  1868     Crofts and Woodgate, Oxford               --
+  1869     Long and Stout, London R.C.              9 25
+  1870     Corrie and Hall, Kingston R.C.            --
+  1871     Gulston and Long, London R.C.             --
+  1872     Long and Gulston, London R.C.             --
+  1873     Knollys and Trower, Kingston R.C.        9 22
+  1874     Gulston and Long, London R.C.           10  3
+  1875 _b_ Herbert and Chillingworth                 --
+  1876     S. Le B. Smith and F. S. Gulston         8 35
+  1877     W. H. Eyre and J. Hastie                10 30
+  1878     W. A. Ellison and T. C. Edwardes-Moss    9 14
+  1879     F. S. Gulston and R. H. Labat,
+           London R.C.                             11  6
+  1880     E. H. Eyre and J. Hastie, Thames R.C.    8 45
+  1881     W. H. Eyre and J. Hastie, Thames R.C.    9  4
+  1882     D. E. Brown and J. Lowndes, Hertford
+           Coll., Oxford                             --
+  1883     G. Q. Roberts and D. E. Brown,
+           Twickenham R.C.                          9 22
+  1884     J. Lowndes and D. E. Brown, Twickenham
+           R.C.                                     9  1
+  1885     H. McLean and D. H. McLean, Etonians,
+           Oxford                                    --
+  1886     F. E. Churchill and A. D. Muttlebury,
+           Third Trin., Cambridge                   8 40
+  1887     C. T. Barclay and A. D. Muttlebury       8 45
+
+  (_a_) The first pair-oared race rowed at Henley, which was then called
+        the Silver Wherries till 1850.
+
+  (_b_) Won on a foul.
+
+  (_c_) The race was rowed this year for the first time as the Silver
+        Goblets.
+
+  (_d_) Short and Irving, of Oxford, withdrew in the final.
+
+
+_DIAMOND SCULLS._
+
+                                                   m.  s.
+  1844 _a_ Bumpstead, Scullers' Club, London       10 32
+  1845     Wallace, Leander Club                   11 30
+  1846     Sir Frederick Moon, Magdalen, Oxford      --
+  1847     Maule, Trinity Coll., Cambridge         10 45
+  1848     Bagshawe, Camb.                           --
+  1849     Bone, Meteor Club, London                 --
+  1850     Bone, Meteor Club, London                 --
+  1851     Edwards, London                           --
+  1852     Macnaghten, Camb.                         --
+  1853     Rippingall, Camb.                       10  2
+  1854 _b_ Playford, Wandle College                  --
+  1855     Casamajor, Argonauts                     9 27
+  1856     Casamajor, Argonauts                      --
+  1857     Casamajor, Argonauts                      --
+  1858     Casamajor, Argonauts                     r.o.
+  1859     E. D. Brickwood, London                 10  0
+  1860     H. H. Playford, London                  12  8
+  1861     Casamajor, Argonauts                    10  4
+  1862 _c_ E. D. Brickwood                          9 40
+  1863     C. B. Lawes, Camb.                       9 43
+  1864     W. B. Woodgate                          10 10
+  1865     E. B. Michell, Oxford                    9  5
+  1866     E. B. Michell, Oxford                     --
+  1867     W. C. Crofts, Oxford                    10  2
+  1868     W. Stout, London R.C.                     --
+  1869     W. C. Crofts, Kingston                   8 57
+  1870     J. B. Close, Camb.                       9 43
+  1871     W. Fawcus, Tynemouth R.C.               10  9
+  1872     C. C. Knollys, Oxford                   10 48
+  1873     A. C. Dicker, Camb.                      9 13
+  1874     A. C. Dicker, Camb.                     10 47
+  1875     A. C. Dicker, Camb.                      9 15
+  1876     F. L. Playford, London R. C.             9 28
+  1877     T. C. Edwardes-Moss, Oxford             10 20
+  1878     T. C. Edwardes-Moss, Oxford              9 37-1/2
+  1879     J. Lowndes, Oxford                      12 30
+  1880     J. Lowndes, Derby                        9 10
+  1881     J. Lowndes, Derby                        9 28
+  1882     J. Lowndes, Derby                       11 43
+  1883     J. Lowndes, Thames R.C.                 10  2
+  1884     W. S. Unwin, Magdalen                    9 44
+  1885     W. S. Unwin, Magdalen                    9 22
+  1886     F. J. Pitman, Third Trinity, Cambridge   9  5
+  1887     J. C. Gardner, Cambridge                 8 51
+
+  (_a_) After two fouls the race was given in favour of Wallace.
+
+  (_b_) At Newenham a foul took place, and the race was awarded to
+        Playford.
+
+  (_c_) After a dead heat, which was rowed in 10 minutes 22 seconds.
+
+
+_LADIES CHALLENGE PLATE FOR EIGHT-OARS._
+
+_Established 1845._
+
+                                                   m.  s.
+  1845     London, St. George's Club                8 25
+  1846     Camb., First Trin.                        --
+  1847     Oxford, Brasenose                        9  0
+  1848     Oxon., Christ Church                      --
+  1849     Oxon., Wadham Coll.                       --
+  1850     Oxon., Lincoln Coll.                     r.o.
+  1851     Oxford, Brasenose                        8 10
+  1852     Oxford, Pembroke College                  --
+  1853     Camb., First Trin.                       8 15
+  1854     Camb., First Trin.                       7 55
+  1855     Oxford, Balliol Coll.                    7 58
+  1856     Royal Chester R.C.                        --
+  1857     Oxford, Exeter Coll.                     7 57
+  1858     Oxford, Balliol Coll.                    7 51
+  1859     Camb., First Trin.                       7 55
+  1860     Camb., First Trin.                       r.o.
+  1861     Cambridge, First Trinity (r.o.)          8 17
+  1862     Oxford, Univ. Coll.                      8 17
+  1863     Oxford, Univ. Coll.                      7 23
+  1864     Eton College B.C.                        7 56
+  1865     Camb., Third Trin.                       7 38
+  1866     Eton College B.C.                        8 16
+  1867     Eton College B.C.                        7 56
+  1868     Eton College B.C.                        7 25
+  1869     Eton College B.C.                        7 56
+  1870     Eton College B.C.                        7 47
+  1871     Oxford, Pembroke College                 7 56
+  1872     Camb., Jesus Coll.                       8 39
+  1873     Camb., Jesus Coll.                       7 54
+  1874     Camb., First Trin.                       8  9
+  1875     Dublin, Trin. Coll.                      7 28
+  1876     Camb., Jesus Coll.                       7 31
+  1877     Camb., Jesus Coll.                       8 22
+  1878     Camb., Jesus Coll.                       8 52
+  1879     Cambridge, Lady Margaret B.C.            8 52
+  1880     Camb., Trin. Hall                        7 26
+  1881     Camb., First Trin.                       7 51
+  1882     Eton College B.C.                        8 37
+  1883     Oxon., Christ Church                     7 50
+  1884     Eton College B.C.                        7 37
+  1885     Eton College B.C.                        7 21
+  1886     Camb., Pembroke College                  7 17
+  1887     Trinity Hall, Cambridge (2nd crew)       7 10
+
+
+_VISITORS' CHALLENGE CUP FOR FOUR-OARS._
+
+_Established 1847._
+
+                                                    m. s.
+  1847     Oxon., Christ Church                     9  0
+  1848     Oxon., Christ Church                      --
+  1849     Oxon., Christ Church                      --
+  1850     Oxon., Christ Church                      --
+  1851     Oxon., Christ Church                     9  0
+  1852     London, Argonauts Club                    --
+  1853     London, Argonauts Club                    --
+  1854     Camb., St. John's                        8 48
+  1855     Camb., St. John's                         --
+  1856     Camb., St. John's                         --
+  1857     Oxford, Pembroke College                 8 40
+  1858     Camb., First Trin.                        --
+  1859     Camb., Third Trin.                        --
+  1860     Camb., First Trin.                        --
+  1861     Camb., First Trin.                       8  5
+  1862     Oxford, Brasenose College                8 40
+  1863     Oxford, Brasenose College                 --
+  1864     Oxford, Univ. Coll.                       --
+  1865     Camb., Third Trin.                        --
+  1866     Oxford, Univ. Coll.                      8 49
+  1867     Oxford, Univ. Coll.                       --
+  1868     Oxford, Univ. Coll.                      8 15
+  1869     Oxford, Univ. Coll.                      9  7
+  1870     Dublin, Trin. Coll.                      8 37
+  1871     Camb., First Trin.                       9  8
+  1872     Oxford, Pembroke College                 9 28
+  1873     Dublin, Trin. Coll.                       --
+  1874     Dublin, Trin. Coll.                      8 50
+  1875     Oxford, Univ. Coll.                      8 20
+  1876     Oxford, Univ. Coll.                      8  5
+  1877     Camb., Jesus Coll.                       9  7
+  1878     U.S.A., Columbia College                 8 42
+  1879     Cambridge, Lady Margaret B.C.            9 21
+  1880     Camb., Third Trin.                       8 16
+  1881     Camb., First Trin.                       8 22
+  1882     Oxford, Brasenose College                9 23
+  1883     Oxon., Christ Church                      --
+  1884     Camb., Third Trin.                       8 39
+  1885     Camb., Trin. Hall                        7 41
+  1886     Cambridge, First Trinity B.C.            8 20-1/2
+  1887     Trinity Hall, Cambridge                  8  8
+
+
+_WYFOLD CHALLENGE CUP FOR FOUR-OARS._
+
+_Established 1856._
+
+                                                    m. s.
+  1873     Thames R.C.                              8  2
+  1856     London, Argonauts Club                    --
+  1857     Oxford, Pembroke College                 8 30
+  1858     Camb., First Trin.                        --
+  1859     Camb., First Trin.                       8 21
+  1860     London R.C.                             10  8
+  1861     Oxford, Brasenose College                 --
+  1862     London R.C.                              9 20
+  1863     Kingston R.C.                            8 50
+  1864     Kingston R.C.                             --
+  1865     Kingston R.C.                            8 23
+  1866     Kingston R.C.                             --
+  1867     Kingston R.C.                             --
+  1868     Kingston R.C.                            8 32
+  1869     Surbiton, Oscillators B.C.               8 58
+  1870     Thames R.C.                              8 34
+  1871     Thames R.C.                               --
+  1872     Thames R.C.                             10  8
+  1873     Kingstown Harbour B.C.                   8 37
+  1874     Newcastle A.R.C.                         8 58
+  1875     Thames R.C.                              8 10
+  1876     West London R.C.                         8 56
+  1877     Kingston R.C.                             --
+  1878     Kingston R.C.                            8 44
+  1879     London R.C.                              9 56
+  1880     London R.C.                              8  4
+  1881     Dublin Univ. R.C.                        8  8
+  1882     Camb., Jesus Coll.                       8 58
+  1883     Kingston R.C.                            8 51
+  1884     Thames R.C.                              8 58
+  1885     Kingston R.C.                             --
+  1886     Thames R.C.                              8  4
+  1887     Pembroke College, Cambridge              7 50
+
+
+_THAMES CHALLENGE CUP FOR EIGHT-OARS._
+
+_Established 1868._
+
+                                                    m. s.
+  1868     Oxford, Pembroke College                 7 46
+  1869     Surbiton, Oscillators B.C.                --
+  1870     Surbiton, Oscillators B.C.                --
+  1871     London, Ino R.C.                         8  3
+  1872     Thames R.C.                              8 42
+  1873     Thames R.C.                              8  2
+  1874     Thames R.C.                              8 19
+  1875     London R.C.                              7 33
+  1876     West London R.C.                         7 37
+  1877     London R.C.                              8 29
+  1878     London R.C.                              7 55
+  1879     Twickenham R.C.                          8 55
+  1880     London R.C.                              7 43
+  1881     Twickenham R.C.                          7 50
+  1882     Royal Chester R.C.                        --
+  1883     London R.C.                              8  5
+  1884     Twickenham R.C.                          7 48
+  1885     London R.C.                              7 36
+  1886     London R.C.                               --
+  1887     Trinity Hall, Cambridge (2nd crew)       7 20
+
+
+_PUBLIC SCHOOLS' CHALLENGE CUP FOR FOURS._
+
+_Established 1879._
+
+                                                    m. s.
+  1879     Cheltenham College B.C.                 11  6
+  1880     Bedford Grammar School B.C.              8 42
+  1881     Bedford Grammar School B.C.              8 22
+  1882     Magdalen College B. C.                    --
+  1883     Hereford School B.C.                      --
+  1884     Derby School B.C.                         --
+  1885     Bedford Model School B.C.[18]             --
+
+  [18] Transferred to Marlow Regatta in 1886.
+
+
+_TOWN CHALLENGE CUP._
+
+  1839     Wave B.C.
+  1840     Dreadnought Cutter Club
+  1841     Dreadnought Cutter Club
+  1842     Dreadnought Club
+  1843     Albion Club
+  1844     Aquatic Club
+  1845     Aquatic Club
+  1846     Dreadnought Cutter Club
+  1847     Dreadnought Cutter Club
+  1848     Dreadnought Cutter Club
+  1849     Albion Club
+  1850     Albion Club
+  1854     Wargrave Club
+  1855     Henley B.C.
+  1856     Henley B.C.
+  1857     Henley B.C.
+  1858     Henley B.C.
+  1859     Henley B.C.
+  1860     Dreadnought Cutter Club
+  1862     Oxford, Staff B.C.
+  1863     Henley B.C.
+  1864     Henley B.C.
+  1865     Henley B.C.
+  1866     Eton Excelsior B.C.
+  1867     Eton Excelsior B.C.
+  1868     Henley R.C.
+  1869     Eton Excelsior B.C.
+  1870     Eton Excelsior B.C.
+  1871     Reading R.C.
+  1872     Marlow R.C.
+  1873     Henley R.C.
+  1874     Marlow R.C.
+  1875     Marlow R.C.
+  1876     Marlow R.C.
+  1877     Marlow R.C.
+  1878     Henley R.C.
+  1879     Greenwood Lodge B.C.
+  1880     Reading R.C.
+  1881     Reading R.C.
+  1882     Reading R.C.
+  1883     Marlow R.C.[19]
+
+  [19] Ditto in 1884.
+
+
+
+
+OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE BOAT RACE.
+
+_WINNERS since 1828._
+
+
+  +----+------------------------+-----------+---------+---------------+
+  |Year|          Place         |  Winner   |  Time   |    Won by     |
+  +----+------------------------+-----------+---------+---------------+
+  |1829|   Hambledon Lock to    |           | m. s.   |               |
+  |    |   Henley Bridge        |  Oxford   |14 30    | easy          |
+  |1836|   Westminster to Putney| Cambridge |36  0    | 1 m.          |
+  |1839|   Westminster to Putney| Cambridge |31  0    | 1 m. 45 s.    |
+  |1840|   Westminster to Putney| Cambridge |29 30    | 2/3 length    |
+  |1841|   Westminster to Putney| Cambridge |32 30    | 1 m. 4 s.     |
+  |1842|   Westminster to Putney|  Oxford   |30 45    | 13 s.         |
+  |1845|   Putney to Mortlake   | Cambridge |23 30    | 30 s.         |
+  |1846|_a_Mortlake (Church) to |           |         |               |
+  |    |   Putney               | Cambridge |21  5    | 2 lengths     |
+  |1849|   Putney to Mortlake   |           |         |               |
+  |    |   (Ship)               | Cambridge |22  0    | 4 lengths     |
+  |1849|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   | --      | foul          |
+  |1852|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |21 56    | 27 s.         |
+  |1854|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |25 29    | 11 strokes    |
+  |1856|_b_Barker's rails to    |           |         |               |
+  |    |   Putney               | Cambridge |25 50    | 1/2 length    |
+  |1857|_c_Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |22 55    | 35 s.         |
+  |1858|   Putney to Mortlake   | Cambridge |21 23    | 22 s.         |
+  |1859|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |24 40    | C. sank       |
+  |1860|   Putney to Mortlake   | Cambridge |26  5    | 1 length      |
+  |1861|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |23 28    | 43 s.         |
+  |1862|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |24 41    | 30 s.         |
+  |1863|_b_Barker's rails to    |           |         |               |
+  |    |   Putney               |  Oxford   |23  6    | 43 s.         |
+  |1864|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |22 15    | 26 s.         |
+  |1865|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |21 24    | 4 s.          |
+  |1866|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |25 14    | 15 s.         |
+  |1867|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |22 30    | 1/2 length    |
+  |1868|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |20 37    | 6 lengths     |
+  |1869|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |20  6-1/2| 3 lengths     |
+  |1870|   Putney to Mortlake   | Cambridge |21 30-3/4| 2 lengths     |
+  |1871|   Putney to Mortlake   | Cambridge |23  9-1/2| 1 length      |
+  |1872|   Putney to Mortlake   | Cambridge |21 14    | 2 lengths     |
+  |1873|_d_Putney to Mortlake   | Cambridge |19 36    | 3 lengths     |
+  |1874|   Putney to Mortlake   | Cambridge |22 35    | 3-1/2 lengths |
+  |1875|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |22  2    | 29 s.         |
+  |1876|   Putney to Mortlake   | Cambridge |20 19    | 5 lengths     |
+  |1877|_e_Putney to Mortlake   | Dead heat |24  6-1/2| dead heat     |
+  |1878|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |22 15    | 40 s.         |
+  |1879|   Putney to Mortlake   | Cambridge |21 18    | 3-1/2 lengths |
+  |1880|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |21 23    | 4 lengths     |
+  |1881|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |21 52    | 3-1/2 lengths |
+  |1882|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |20 12    | 20 s.         |
+  |1883|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |22 18    | 2-1/2 lengths |
+  |1884|   Putney to Mortlake   | Cambridge |21 39    | 3 lengths     |
+  |1885|   Putney to Mortlake   |  Oxford   |21 36    | 5 lengths     |
+  |1886|   Putney to Mortlake   | Cambridge |22 20    | 2/3 length    |
+  |1887|   Putney to Mortlake   | Cambridge |20 52    | 2-1/4 lengths |
+  |1888|   Putney to Mortlake   | Cambridge |20 48    | 5 lengths     |
+  +----+------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+
+
+  (_a_) This was the first race rowed in outrigged eights.
+
+  (_b_) These races were rowed from Barker's rails to Putney, about
+        1,200 yards more than the usual course. Barker's rails are still
+        marked by a brick pedestal under Middlesex shore.
+
+  (_c_) This was the first race rowed in keelless boats.
+
+  (_d_) Sliding seats first used in these races.
+
+  (_e_) This is the only dead heat ever rowed in this race. Bow in
+        Oxford boat broke his oar.
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY MEETINGS AT HENLEY,
+
+_FOR THE GRAND CHALLENGE CUP_.
+
+
+  +------+------------------+-------+---------------+
+  | Year |      Winner      |  Time |    Won by     |
+  +------+------------------+-------+---------------+
+  |      |                  | m. s. |               |
+  | 1845 |   Cambridge      |  8 30 | 2 lengths     |
+  | 1847 |   Oxford         |  8  4 | 2 lengths     |
+  | 1851 |_a_Oxford         |  7 45 | 6 lengths     |
+  | 1853 |   Oxford         |  8  3 | 6 inches      |
+  | 1855 |   Cambridge      |  8 32 | 2-1/2 lengths |
+  +------+------------------+-------+---------------+
+
+  (_a_) Cambridge broke a rowlock off Remenham farm.
+
+Also at the Thames Regatta, June 22, 1844, Oxford beat Cambridge for the
+Gold Cup.
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OARSMEN.
+
+
+The following lists show what oarsmen in eights or fours represented
+their respective Universities from year to year, whether in matches or
+at regattas. Those whose names appear as having thus represented their
+University are recognised as 'old Blues.' In some cases crews are given
+which are not strictly University crews, e.g. the 'Cambridge
+Subscription Rooms,' 'Oxford Aquatic Club,' &c. These crews sometimes
+took the place of U.B.C. crews, and though all these members may not be
+strictly 'Blues,' the performances are recorded, in order to give as far
+as possible a continuous history.
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OARSMEN.
+
+1829.
+
+_Hambledon Lock to Henley, Wednesday, June 10, 1829, 7.56 p.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Carter, J., St. John's                             --
+  2. Arbuthnot, J. E., Balliol                          --
+  3. Bates, J. E., Christ Church                        --
+  4. Wordsworth, Charles, Christ Church             11  10
+  5. Toogood, J. J., Balliol                        14  10
+  6. Garnier, T. F., Worcester                         --
+  7. Moore, G. B., Christ Church                    12   4
+     Staniforth, T., Christ Church (stroke)         12   0
+     Fremantle, W. R., Christ Church (cox.)            --
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Holdsworth, A. B. E., First Trinity            10   7
+  2. Bayford, A. F., Trinity Hall                   10   8
+  3. Warren, C., Second Trinity                     10  10
+  4. Merivale, C., Lady Margaret                    11   0
+  5. Entwisle, T., Trinity                          11   4
+  6. Thompson, W. T., Jesus                         11  13
+  7. Selwyn, G. A., Lady Margaret                   11  13
+     Snow, W., Lady Margaret (stroke)               11   4
+     Heath, B. R., First Trinity (cox.)              9   4
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   1-3/4
+
+
+1831.
+
+_Leander Match v. Oxford, Henley Course, June 12._
+
+            LEANDER, 1.            |          OXFORD, 2.
+  1. Horniman                      | 1. Carter
+  2. Revell                        | 2. Waterford (Marquis of)
+  3. Weedon                        | 3. Marsh
+  4. Cannon                        | 4. Peard
+  5. Lewis                         | 5. Pelham
+  6. T. Bayford                    | 6. Barnes
+  7. Capt. Shaw                    | 7. Lloyd
+     Bishop (stroke)               |    Copplestone (stroke)
+     Noulton, waterman (cox.)      |    G. West, waterman (cox.)
+
+
+1836.
+
+_Westminster to Putney, June 17, 1836, 4.20 p.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Solly, W. H., First Trinity                    11   0
+  2. Green, F. S., Caius                            11   2
+  3. Stanley, E. S., Jesus                          11   4
+  4. Hartley, P., Trinity Hall                      12   0
+  5. Jones, W. M., Caius                            12   0
+  6. Keane, J. H., First Trinity                    12   0
+  7. Upcher, A. W., Second Trinity                  12   0
+     Granville, A. K. B., C.C.C. (stroke)           11   7
+     Egan, T. S., Caius (cox.)                       9   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   8-5/8
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Carter, G., St. John's                         10   0
+  2. Stephens, E., Exeter                           10   7
+  3. Baillie, W., Christ Church                     11   7
+  4. Harris, T., Magdalen                           12   4
+  5. Isham, J. V., Christ Church                    12   0
+  6. Pennefather, J., Balliol                       12  10
+  7. Thompson, W. S., Jesus                         13   0
+     Moysey, F. L., Christ Church (stroke)          10   6
+     Davies, E. W. L., Jesus (cox.)                 10   3
+                                                    -----------
+                        Average                     11   7-3/4
+
+
+1837.
+
+_First Leander Match (C.U.B.C.), Westminster to Putney, June 9, 1837._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Nicholson, W. N., First Trinity                11   0
+  2. Green, F. S., Caius                            11   2
+  3. Budd, R. H., Lady Margaret                     12   0
+  4. Keane, J. H., First Trinity                    12   0
+  5. Brett, W. B., Caius                            12   0
+  6. Penrose, C. T., First Trinity                  12   0
+  7. Fletcher, R., Lady Margaret                    11  10
+     Granville, A. K. B., Corpus (stroke)           11   7
+     Moulton, W. (cox.)                               --
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   9-5/8
+
+                        LEANDER, 2.
+  1. Shepheard
+  2. Layton
+  3. Wood
+  4. Lloyd
+  5. Sherrard
+  6. Dalgleish
+  7. Lewis
+     Horneman (stroke)
+     James Parish (cox.)
+
+
+1838.
+
+_Second Leander Match (C.U.B.C.)_
+
+             CAMBRIDGE, 1.               LEANDER, 2.
+  1. Shadwell, A. H., Lady Margaret. | 1. Shepheard
+  2. Smyth, W. W., Second Trinity.   | 2. Sherrard
+  3. Gough, Walter R., First Trinity.| 3. Lloyd
+  4. Yatman, W. H., Caius.           | 4. Layton
+  5. Penrose, C. T., First Trinity.  | 5. Wood
+  6. Paris, A., Corpus.              | 6. Dalgleish
+  7. Brett, W. B., Caius.            | 7. Bishop
+     Stanley, E., Jesus (stroke).    |    Lewis (stroke)
+     Moulton, W. (cox.)              |    Parish (cox.)
+                                 (A foul.)
+
+
+1839.
+
+_Westminster to Putney, April 3, 1839, 4.47 p.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Shadwell, Alfred H., Lady Margaret             10   7
+  2. Smyth, W. W., Second Trinity                   11   0
+  3. Abercrombie, J., Caius                         10   7
+  4. Paris, A., Corpus                                --
+  5. Penrose, C. T., First Trinity                  12   0
+  6. Yatman, W. H., Caius                             --
+  7. Brett, W. B., Caius                            12   0
+     Stanley, E. S., Jesus (stroke)                   --
+     Egan, T. S., Caius (cox.)                       9   0
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Lee, S., Queen's                               10   4
+  2. Compton, J., Merton                            11   5
+  3. Maberly, S. E., Christ Church                  11   4
+  4. Garnett, W. J., Christ Church                  12  10
+  5. Walls, R. G., Brasenose                        13   0
+  6. Hobhouse, R., Balliol                          12   0
+  7. Powys, P. L., Balliol                          12   0
+     Bewicke, C., University (stroke)               11   5
+     Ffooks, W. W., Exeter (cox.)                   10   2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  10-1/2
+
+
+1840.
+
+_Westminster to Putney, Wednesday, April 15, 1840, 1.30 p.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Shadwell, A. H., Lady Margaret                 10   7
+  2. Massey, W., First Trinity                      11   0
+  3. Taylor, S. B., First Trinity                   11   7
+  4. Ridley, J. M., Jesus                           12   8
+  5. Appleby, G. C., Magdalene                      11  12
+  6. Penrose, F. C., Magdalene                      12   1
+  7. Jones, H., Magdalene                           11   9
+     Viales, C. M., Third Trinity (stroke)          11   6
+     Egan, T. S., Caius, (cox.)                      9   0
+                                                    ------
+                        Average                     11   8
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Mountain, J. G., Merton                        11   0
+  2. Pocock, J. J. I., Merton                       11   2
+  3. Maberly, S. E., Christ Church                  11   4
+  4. Rogers, W., Balliol                            12  10
+  5. Walls, R. G., Brasenose                        12   7
+  6. Royds, E., Brasenose                           12   4
+  7. Meynell, G., Brasenose                         11  10
+     Somers Cocks, J. J. T., Brasenose (stroke)     11   3
+     Garnett, W. B., Brasenose (cox.)                9   7
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  10-1/2
+
+
+1841.
+
+_Westminster to Putney, Wednesday, April 14, 1841, 6.10 p.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Croker, W. R., Caius                            9  12
+  2. Denman, Hon. L. W., Magdalene                  10  12
+  3. Ritchie, A. M., First Trinity                  11  10
+  4. Ridley, J. M., Jesus                           12   7
+  5. Cobbold, R. H., Peterhouse                     12   4
+  6. Penrose, F. C., Magdalene                      12   0
+  7. Denman, Hon. G., First Trinity                 10   7
+     Viales, C. M., Third Trinity (stroke)          11   7
+     Croker, J. M., Caius (cox.)                    10   8
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   5-5/8
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Bethell, R., Exeter                            10   6
+  2. Richards, E. V., Christ Church                 11   2
+  3. Mountain, J. G., Merton                        10   9
+  4. Royds, E., Brasenose                           11  13
+  5. Hodgson, H. W., Balliol                        11  10
+  6. Lea, W., Brasenose                             11   7
+  7. Meynell, G., Brasenose                         11  11
+     Somers Cocks, J. J. T., Brasenose (stroke)     11   4
+     Wollaston, C. B., Exeter (cox.)                 9   2
+                                                    ---------
+                        Average                     11  4-1/8
+
+
+1841.
+
+_Grand Challenge Cup, Henley, 1841._
+
+         CAMBRIDGE SUBSCRIPTION ROOMS, 1.          st. lbs.
+  1. Denman, Hon. G., First Trinity                 10   8
+  2. Shadwell, A. H., Lady Margaret                 10   9
+  3. Cross, W. A., First Trinity                    10   6
+  4. Anson, T. A., Jesus                            12   8
+  5. Yatman, W. H., Caius                           10  10
+  6. Jones, W. M., Caius                            11  10
+  7. Viales, C. M., Third Trinity                   11   9
+     Brett, W. B., Caius (stroke)                   11  10
+     Egan, T. S., Caius (cox.)                       9   6
+
+                        LEANDER, 2.                 st. lbs.
+  1. Shepheard                                      10   2
+  2. Layton                                         10  11
+  3. Julius, W.                                     11   6
+  4. Romayne                                        11   8
+  5. Jenkins                                        12   3
+  6. Wallace                                        11   7
+  7. Wood                                           10  12
+     Dalgleish (stroke)                             11   2
+     Gibson, H. (cox.)                              11   0
+
+
+1842.
+
+_Westminster to Putney, Saturday, June 11, 1842._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. M'Dougall, F. T., Magdalen Hall                 9   8
+  2. Menzies, Sir R., University                    11   3
+  3. Breedon, E. A., Trinity                        12   4
+  4. Brewster, W. B., St. John's                    12  10
+  5. Bourne, G. D., Oriel                           13  12
+  6. Cox, J. C., Trinity                            10   8
+  7. Hughes, G. E., Oriel                           11   6
+     Menzies, F. N., University (stroke)            10  12
+     Shadwell, A. T. W., Balliol (cox.)             10   4
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   9-5/8
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Tower, E., Lady Margaret                       10   2
+  2. Denman, Hon. L. W., Magdalene                  10  11
+  3. Watson, W., Jesus                              10  13
+  4. Penrose, F. C., Magdalene                      11  10
+  5. Cobbold, R. H., Peterhouse                     12   6
+  6. Royds, J., Christ's                            11   7
+  7. Denman, Hon. G., First Trinity                 10   9
+     Ridley, J. M., Jesus (stroke)                  12   0
+     Pollock, A. B., First Trinity (cox.)            9   7
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   3-3/4
+
+
+1842.
+
+_Grand Challenge Cup, Henley, 1842._
+
+         CAMBRIDGE SUBSCRIPTION ROOMS, 1.          st. lbs.
+  1. Yatman, W. H., Caius                           10  10
+  2. Shadwell, A., John's                           10   9
+  3. Appleby, G. C., Magdalene                      11   2
+  4. Lonsdale, J. G., First Trinity                 12   4
+  5. Ritchie, A. M., First Trinity                  12   0
+  6. Jones, W. M., Caius                            11  10
+  7. Selwyn, C. J., Second Trinity                  11  12
+     Beresford, J., Peter's (stroke)                10  10
+     Egan, T. S., Caius (cox.)                       9   2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   5-1/8
+
+       CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY BOATING CLUB, 2.        st. lbs.
+  1. Tower, E., John's                              10   2
+  2. Denman, Hon. L. W., Magdalene                  10  11
+  3. Watson, W., Jesus                              10  13
+  4. Viales, C. M., Third Trinity                   11   9
+  5. Cobbold, R. H., Peter's                        12   6
+  6. Royds, J., Christ's                            11   7
+  7. Denman, Hon. G., First Trinity                 10   9
+     Ridley, J. M., Jesus (stroke)                  12   0
+     Pollock, J. C., Third Trinity (cox.)           10   2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   3-3/8
+
+
+1843.
+
+_Grand Challenge Cup, Henley, 1843._
+
+                OXFORD, THE 'SEVEN OAR,' 1.         st. lbs.
+  1. Menzies, Sir R., University                    11   3
+  2. Royds, E., Brasenose                           12   0
+  3. Brewster, W. B., St. John's                    13   0
+  4. Bourne, G. D., Oriel                           13  12
+  5. Cox, J. C., Trinity                            11  12
+  6. Lowndes, R., Christ Church                     11   2
+  7. Hughes, G. E., Oriel                           11  11
+     Shadwell, A. T. W., Balliol (cox.)             10   8
+     Menzies, F. (stroke), _ćger_                     --
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     12   1-2/7
+
+           CAMBRIDGE SUBSCRIPTION ROOMS, 2.         st. lbs.
+  1. Yatman, W. H., Caius                           10  12
+  2. Shadwell, A. H., Lady Margaret                 11   0
+  3. Mann, G., Caius                                12   0
+  4. Ridley, J. M., Jesus                           12   6
+  5. Cobbold, R. H., Peterhouse                     12   5
+  6. Jones, W. M., Caius                            11  12
+  7. Denman, Hon. L. W., Magdalene                  10  11
+     Viales, C. M., Third Trinity (stroke)          11  13
+     Egan, T. S., Caius (cox.)                       9   6
+                                                    ------
+                        Average                     11   9
+
+
+1843.
+
+_Gold Cup, Thames Regatta._
+
+OXFORD, 1.
+
+Crew same as 'Seven oar' _supra_, except W. Chetwynd-Stapylton, Merton,
+10 st. 6 lbs. at bow.
+
+
+1844.
+
+_Gold Cup, Thames Regatta. Chiswick Eyot to Putney Bridge._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Chetwynd-Stapylton, W., Merton                 10   8
+  2. Spottiswoode, W., Balliol                      10   6
+  3. Milman, W. H., Christ Church                   11   0
+  4. Morgan, H., Christ Church                      12  11
+  5. Buckle, W., Oriel                              13  12
+  6. Dry, W. J., Wadham                             11   5
+  7. Wilson, F. M., Christ Church                   12   8
+     Tuke, F. E., Brasenose (stroke)                11   9
+     Shadwell, A. T. W., Balliol (cox.)             10   8
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   1-7/8
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Raven, J., Magdalene                            8  13
+  2. Venables, H., Jesus                            10   2
+  3. Mann, G., Caius                                10   7
+  4. Cloves, W. P., First Trinity                   11  11
+  5. Brookes, T. W., First Trinity                  11   9
+  6. Richardson, J., First Trinity                  11  12
+  7. Nicholson, W. W., First Trinity                10   3
+     Arnold, F. M., Caius (stroke)                  11  11
+     Egan, T. S., Caius (cox.)                      10   0
+                                                    ------
+                        Average                     10  12
+
+                        LEANDER, 3.                 st. lbs.
+  1. Soanes                                          9   3
+  2. Peacock                                        10   0
+  3. Lee                                            12   0
+  4. Hodding                                        11   6
+  5. Julius                                         12   0
+  6. Bumpstead                                      12   0
+  7. Jefferies                                       9   4
+     Dalgleish (stroke)                             10   6
+     Shepheard (cox.)                               10   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     10  11-1/8
+
+
+1844.
+
+_Grand Challenge Cup, Henley._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Chetwynd-Stapylton, W., Merton                 10   8
+  2. Spottiswoode, W., Balliol                      10   6
+  3. Chetwynd-Stapylton, H. E., University          10  10
+  4. Spankie, J., Merton                            11   4
+  5. Wilson, F. M., Christ Church                   12   8
+  6. Tuke, F. E., Brasenose                         11   9
+  7. Conant, J. W., St. John's                      12   7
+     Morgan, H., Christ Church (stroke)             12   7
+     Shadwell, A. T. W., Balliol (cox.)             10   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   7-3/8
+
+
+1844.
+
+_The Stewards' Cup, Henley. (Final Heat.)_
+
+              OXFORD, 1.               ST. GEORGE'S CLUB,
+                                           LONDON, 2.        st. lbs.
+
+  1. Chetwynd-Stapylton, W., Merton | 1. Wadham               9  10
+  2. Dry, W. J., Wadham             | 2. M'Kay               10  11
+  3. Wilson, F. M., Christ Church   | 3. Ross                11   4
+     Tuke, F. E., Brasenose (stroke)|    Smith (stroke)      10   4
+     Lewis, G. B., Oriel (cox.)     |    Johnson, A. (cox.)   7  11
+
+
+1845.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, March 15, 1845, 6.1 p.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Mann, G., Caius                                10   7
+  2. Harkness, W., Lady Margaret                    10   0
+  3. Lockhart, W. S., Christ's                      11   3
+  4. Cloves, W. P., First Trinity                   12   0
+  5. Arnold, F. M., Caius                           12   0
+  6. Harkness, R., Lady Margaret                    11   0
+  7. Richardson, J., First Trinity                  12   0
+     Hill, C. G., Second Trinity (stroke)           10  11
+     Munster, H., First Trinity (cox.)               9   2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   2-5/8
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Haggard, M., Christ Church                     10   3
+  2. Chetwynd-Stapylton, W., Merton                 10  12
+  3. Milman, W. H., Christ Church                   11   0
+  4. Lewis, H., Pembroke                            11   7
+  5. Buckle, W., Oriel                              13  12
+  6. Royds, F. C., Brasenose                        11   5
+  7. Wilson, F. M., Christ Church                   12   3
+     Tuke, F. E., Brasenose (stroke)                12   2
+     Richards, F. J., Merton (cox.)                 10  10
+                                                    ------
+                        Average                     11   9
+
+
+1845.
+
+_Grand Challenge Cup, Henley._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Mann, G., Caius                                10   8
+  2. Harkness, W., Lady Margaret                    10   1
+  3. Lockhart, W. S., Christ's                      11   3
+  4. Cloves, W. P., First Trinity                   12   1
+  5. Hopkins, F. L., First Trinity                  12   7
+  6. Potts, H. J., Second Trinity                   11   9
+  7. Arnold, F. M., Caius                           12   2
+     Hill, C. G., Second Trinity (stroke)           10  12
+     Munster, H., Second Trinity (cox.)              9   2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   5-1/8
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+
+  1. Chetwynd-Stapylton, W., Merton                 10   6
+  2. Spottiswoode, W., Balliol                      10  11
+  3. Milman, W. H., Christ Church                   10  12
+  4. Buckle, W., Oriel                              13   7
+  5. Breedon, E. A., Trinity                        11  10
+  6. Penfold, E. H., St. John's                     11  10
+  7. Conant, J. W., St. John's                      11  13
+     Wilson, F. M., Christ Church (stroke)          12  11
+     Shadwell, A. T. W., Balliol (cox.)             10   4
+                                                    ------
+                        Average                     11  10
+
+
+1845.
+
+_The Stewards' Cup, Henley. (Final Heat.)_
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Chetwynd-Stapylton, W., Merton                 10   6
+  2. Milman, W. H., Christ Church                   10  10
+  3. Conant, J. W., St. John's                      11   3
+     Wilson, F. M., Christ Church (stroke)          12   1
+     Lewis, G. B., Oriel (cox.)                       --
+
+              ST. GEORGE'S CLUB, LONDON, 2.         st. lbs.
+  1. Wadham                                         10   0
+  2. Ross                                           11   0
+  3. Coulthard                                      11  11
+     Smith (stroke)                                 10  12
+     Johnson, A., (cox.)                             8   4
+
+
+1845.
+
+_Gold Cup, Thames Regatta._
+
+       CAMBRIDGE LONDON ROOMS, 1.
+  1. Rippingall, C., Lady Margaret
+  2. Shadwell, A. H., Lady Margaret
+  3. Lockhart, W. S., Christ's
+  4. Cloves, W. P., First Trinity
+  5. Wilder, E., Magdalene
+  6. Hopkins, F. L., First Trinity
+  7. Arnold, F. M., Caius
+     Hill, C. G., Second Trinity (stroke)
+     Egan, T. S., Caius (cox.)
+
+        OXFORD AQUATIC CLUB, 2.
+  1. Chetwynd-Stapylton, W., Merton
+  2. Milman, W. H., Christ Church
+  3. Meynell, G., Brasenose
+  4. Buckle, W., Oriel
+  5. Breedon, E. A., Trinity
+  6. Hughes, G. E., Oriel
+  7. Conant, J. W., St. John's
+     Wilson, F. M., Christ Church (stroke)
+     Richards, F. J., Merton (cox.)
+
+
+1846.
+
+_Mortlake to Putney, April 3, 1846, 11.10 a.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Murdoch, G. F., Lady Margaret                  10   2
+  2. Holroyd, G. F., First Trinity                  11   1
+  3. Clissold, S. T., Third Trinity                 12   0
+  4. Cloves, W. P., First Trinity                   12  12
+  5. Wilder, E., Magdalene                          12   2
+  6. Harkness, R., Lady Margaret                    11   6
+  7. Wolstenholme, E. P., First Trinity             11   1
+     Hill, C. G., Second Trinity (stroke)           11   1
+     Lloyd, T. B., Lady Margaret (cox.)              9   8
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   8-3/8
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Polehampton, H. S., Pembroke                   10   9
+  2. Burton, E. C., Christ Church                   11   0
+  3. Heygate, W. U., Merton                         11   8
+  4. Penfold, E. H., St. John's                     11   8
+  5. Conant, J. W., St. John's                      12   4
+  6. Royds, F. C., Brasenose                        11   9
+  7. Chetwynd-Stapylton, W., Merton                 10  12
+     Milman, W. H., Christ Church (stroke)          11   0
+     Soanes, C. J., St. John's (cox.)                9  13
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   4-1/8
+
+
+1846.
+
+_The Stewards' Cup, Henley. (Final Heat.)_
+
+                        O.U.B.C., 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Chetwynd-Stapylton, W., Merton                 10  6
+  2. Wilson, F. M., Christ Church                   12  1
+  3. Conant, J. W., St. John's                      11 13
+     Milman, W. H., Christ Church (stroke)          10 10
+     Haggard, M., Christ Church (cox.)                --
+                                                    -----
+                        Average                     11  4
+
+
+  GUY'S CLUB, LONDON, 2.
+  1. Forster
+  2. Gruggen
+  3. Ferguson
+     Cooper (stroke)
+     Roland (cox.)
+
+
+1847.
+
+_Grand Challenge Cup, Henley._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Moon, E. G., Magdalen                          10  4
+  2. Haggard, M., Christ Church                     10  8
+  3. Oldham, J., Brasenose                          11  7
+  4. Royds, F. C., Brasenose                        11 10
+  5. Griffiths, E. G. C., Worcester                 12  6
+  6. King, W., Oriel                                11  0
+  7. Winter, G. R., Brasenose                       11  3
+     Burton, E. C., Christ Church (stroke)          11  0
+     Soanes, C. J., St. John's (cox.)                9 10
+                                                    -----
+                        Average                     11  3
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Maule, W., First Trinity                        9 12
+  2. Gisborne, T. M., Lady Margaret                 10 10
+  3. Wolstenholme, E. P., First Trinity             10 10
+  4. Garfit, A., First Trinity                      12  8
+  5. Nicholson, C. A., First Trinity                13  5
+  6. Harkness, R., Lady Margaret                    11  4
+  7. Vincent, S., First Trinity                     10 10
+     Jackson, F. C., Lady Margaret (stroke)         11  0
+     Murdoch, G. F., Lady Margaret (cox.)           10  3
+                                                    ---------
+                        Average                     11  3-7/8
+
+
+1848.
+
+_Grand Challenge Cup, Henley. (First Heat.)_
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Rich, W. G., Christ Church                     10  11
+  2. Haggard, M., Christ Church                     10   4
+  3. Sykes, E., Worcester                           11   0
+  4. Royds, F. C., Brasenose                        11   4
+  5. Winter, G. R., Brasenose                       11   6
+  6. Mansfield, A., Christ Church                   10  10
+  7. Milman, W. H., Christ Church                   11   0
+     Burton, E. C., Christ Church (stroke)          11   0
+     Soanes, C. J., St. John's (cox.)                9  13
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     10  11-7/8
+
+                THAMES CLUB, LONDON, 2.             st. lbs.
+  1. Bruce                                          10   6
+  2. Thompson                                       10   8
+  3. Blake                                          10  12
+  4. Playford                                       11   4
+  5. Robinson                                       12   0
+  6. Wallace                                        12   8
+  7. Chapman                                        11   3
+     Walmsley (stroke)                              10   6
+     Field (cox.)                                    9   7
+
+
+1849
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Thursday, March 29, 5.40 p.m. (First Race.)_
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Proby, H., Second Trinity                       9  13
+  2. Jones, W. J. H., Second Trinity                10  13
+  3. De Rutzen, A., Third Trinity                   11   8
+  4. Holden, C. J., Third Trinity                   11   8
+  5. Bagshawe, W. L. G., Third Trinity              11  10
+  6. Waddington, W. H., Second Trinity              11  10
+  7. Hodgson, W. C., First Trinity                  11   2
+     Wray, J. C., Second Trinity (stroke)           10  12
+     Booth, G., First Trinity (cox.)                10   7
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   2-1/2
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Wauchope, D., Wadham                           10   4
+  2. Chitty, J. W., Balliol                         11   2
+  3. Tremayne, H. H., Christ Church                 11   5
+  4. Burton, E. C., Christ Church                   11   0
+  5. Steward, C. H., Oriel                          12   0
+  6. Mansfield, A., Christ Church                   11   8
+  7. Sykes, E., Worcester                           11   0
+     Rich, W. G., Christ Church (stroke)            10   0
+     Soanes, C. J., St. John's (cox.)               10   8
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   0-5/8
+
+
+1849
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, December 15, 2.44 p.m. (Second Race.)_
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Hornby, J. J., Brasenose                       11   8
+  2. Houghton, W., Brasenose                        11   2
+  3. Wodehouse, J., Exeter                          11   9
+  4. Chitty, J. W., Balliol                         11   9
+  5. Aitken, J., Exeter                             12   1
+  6. Steward, C. H., Oriel                          12   2
+  7. Sykes, E., Worcester                           11   2
+     Rich, W. G., Christ Church (stroke)            10   2
+     Cotton, R. W., Christ Church (cox.)             9   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   5-7/8
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Baldry, A., First Trinity                      10  10
+  2. Pellew, H. E., Third Trinity                   11   9
+  3. De Rutzen, A., Third Trinity                   11   8
+  4. Holden, C. J., Third Trinity                   11  11
+  5. Bagshawe, W. L. G., Third Trinity              12   0
+  6. Miller, H. J., Third Trinity                   12   0
+  7. Hodgson, W. C., First Trinity                  11   3
+     Wray, J. C., Clare (stroke)                    11   0
+     Booth, G., First Trinity (cox.)                10   8
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   5-3/4
+
+
+1850.
+
+_Grand Challenge Cup, Henley._
+
+                O.U.B.C. (_Walked over._)           st. lbs.
+  1. Cheales, H. J., Exeter                         10  11
+  2. Houghton, W., Brasenose                        11   2
+  3. Hornby, J. J., Brasenose                       11   8
+  4. Aitken, J., Exeter                             12   1
+  5. Steward, C. H., Oriel                          12   2
+  6. Chitty, J. W., Balliol                         11   9
+  7. Sykes, E., Worcester                           10   2
+     Rich, W. G., Christ Church (stroke)            11   2
+     Cotton, R. W., Christ Church (cox.)             9   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   4-5/8
+
+
+1850.
+
+_The Stewards' Cup, Henley._
+
+                O.U.B.C. (_Walked over._)           st. lbs.
+  1. Hornby, J. J., Brasenose                       11   8
+  2. Aitken, J., Exeter                             12   1
+  3. Steward, C. H., Oriel                          12   2
+     Chitty, J. W., Balliol (stroke)                11   9
+     Rich, W. G., Christ Church (cox.)              11   2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  12-1/4
+
+
+1851.
+
+_Grand Challenge Cup, Henley. (Final Heat.)_
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Rich, W. G., Christ Church                     10   0
+  2. Nixon, W., Worcester                           11   4
+  3. Hornby, J. J., Brasenose                       11   0
+  4. Houghton, W., Brasenose                        11  10
+  5. Aitken, J., Exeter                             11  12
+  6. Greenall, R., Brasenose                        11   2
+  7. Sykes, E., Worcester                           11   4
+     Chitty, J. W., Balliol (stroke)                11   3
+     Burton, E. C., Christ Church (cox.)            11   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   4-3/8
+
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Page, A. S., Lady Margaret                     10   1
+  2. Longmore, W. S., Sydney                        10   4
+  3. Formby, R., First Trinity                      11  11
+  4. Cowie, H., First Trinity                       11  12
+  5. Brandt, H., First Trinity                      11   5
+  6. Holden, C. J., Third Trinity                   11  11
+  7. Tuckey, H. E., Lady Margaret                   10  13
+     Johnson, F. W., Third Trinity (stroke)         10  11
+     Crosse, C. H., Caius (cox.)                     9   1
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   1-1/2
+
+
+1851.
+
+_The Stewards' Cup, Henley. (Final Heat.)_
+
+                       C.U.B.C., 1.                 st. lbs.
+  1. Page, A. S., Lady Margaret                     10   1
+  2. Longmore, W. S., Sidney                        10   4
+  3. Tuckey, H. E., Lady Margaret                   10  13
+     Johnson, F. W., Third Trinity (stroke)         10  11
+     Crosse, C. H., Caius (cox.)                     9   1
+
+               BRASENOSE COLLEGE, OXON, 2.
+  1. Mescott
+  2. Errington
+  3. Hornby
+     Greenall (stroke)
+     Balguy (cox.)
+
+
+1852.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, April 3, 1.4 p.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Prescot, K., Brasenose                         10   0
+  2. Greenall, R., Brasenose                        10  12
+  3. Nind, P. H., Christ Church                     11   2
+  4. Buller, R. J., Balliol                         12   4
+  5. Denne, H., University                          12   8
+  6. Houghton, W., Brasenose                        11   8
+  7. Meade-King, W. O., Pembroke                    11  11
+     Chitty, J. W., Balliol (stroke)                11   7
+     Cotton, R. W., Christ Church (cox.)             9   2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   6-1/2
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Macnaghten, E., First Trinity                  11   0
+  2. Brandt, H., First Trinity                      11   5
+  3. Tuckey, H. E., Lady Margaret                   11   3
+  4. Foord, H. B., First Trinity                    12   6
+  5. Hawley, E., Sidney                             12   4
+  6. Longmore, W. S., Sidney                        11   4
+  7. Norris, W. A., Third Trinity                   11   9
+     Johnson, F. W., Third Trinity (stroke)         11   8
+     Crosse, C. H., Caius (cox.)                     9   7
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   8-1/2
+
+
+1852.
+
+_The Stewards' Cup, Henley. (Final Heat.)_
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.
+  1. Greenall, R., Brasenose
+  2. Barker, H. R., Christ Church
+  3. Nind, P. H., Christ Church
+     Meade-King, W. O., Pembroke (stroke)
+     Balguy, F. St. J., Brasenose (cox.)
+
+               ARGONAUTS, London, 2.
+  1. Pryor
+  2. Payne
+  3. L. Payne
+     H. H. Playford (stroke)
+     Burchett (cox.)
+
+
+1853.
+
+_Grand Challenge Cup, Henley._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Short, W. F., New                              10   8
+  2. Moore, P. H., Brasenose                         9  12
+  3. King, W., Merton                               11  11
+  4. Buller, R. J., Balliol                         12   0
+  5. Denne, R. H., University                       12  10
+  6. Nind, P. H., Christ Church                     10  12
+  7. Prescot, K., Merton                            10   3
+     Meade-King, W. O., Pembroke (stroke)           11   7
+     Marshall, T. H., Exeter (cox.)                 10   1
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   4-3/8
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Forster, G. B., Lady Margaret                  10  10
+  2. Stephenson, S. V., Caius                       10   8
+  3. Bramwell, A., First Trinity                    10  12
+  4. Hawley, E., Sidney                             12   1
+  5. Courage, E., First Trinity                     12  12
+  6. Tomkinson, H. R., First Trinity                10   9
+  7. Blake, H., Corpus                              10  11
+     Macnaghten, E., First Trinity (stroke)         10   6
+     Freshfield, E., First Trinity (cox.)            8   6
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   1-5/8
+
+
+1854.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, April 8, 10.40 a.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Short, W. F., New                              10   3
+  2. Hooke, A., Worcester                           11   0
+  3. Pinckney, W., Exeter                           11   2
+  4. Blundell, T., Christ Church                    11   8
+  5. Hooper, T. A., Pembroke                        11   5
+  6. Nind, P. H., Christ Church                     10  13
+  7. Mellish, G. L., Pembroke                       11   2
+     Meade-King, W. O., Pembroke (stroke)           11   8
+     Marshall, T. H., Exeter (cox.)                 10   3
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   1-3/4
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Galton, R. C., First Trinity                    9  11
+  2. Nairne, S., Emmanuel                           10   2
+  3. Davis, J. C., Third Trinity                    11   1
+  4. Agnew, S., First Trinity                       10  12
+  5. Courage, E., First Trinity                     12   0
+  6. Johnson, H. F., Third Trinity                  10  13
+  7. Blake, H., Corpus                              11   1
+     Wright, J., Lady Margaret (stroke)             10   2
+     Smith, C. T., Caius (cox.)                      9  12
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     10  10-1/4
+
+
+1855.
+
+_Grand Challenge Cup, Henley. (Final Heat.)_
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Pearson, P. P., Lady Margaret                  11   0
+  2. Graham, E. C., First Trinity                   11   3
+  3. Schreiber, H. W., Trinity Hall                 11   3
+  4. Fairrie, E. H., Trinity Hall                   11  12
+  5. Williams, H., Lady Margaret                    11   8
+  6. Johnson, H. F., Third Trinity                  11   6
+  7. Blake, H., Corpus                              11  11
+     Jones, H. R. M., Third Trinity (stroke)        10   2
+     Wingfield, W., First Trinity (cox.)             8   6
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   5-1/8
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Short, W. F., New                              10   9
+  2. Codrington, J. E., Brasenose                   10   9
+  3. Everett, C, H., Balliol                        11   2
+  4. Denne, R. H., University                       12   6
+  5. Craster, T. H. University                      12   7
+  6. Nind, P. H., Christ Church                     11   8
+  7. Pinckney, W., Exeter                           11   2
+     Hooke, A., Worcester (stroke)                  10   6
+     Marshall, T. H., Exeter (cox.)                 10   8
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   4-3/8
+
+
+1856.
+
+_Mortlake to Putney, Saturday, March 15, 10.45 a.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. King-Salter, J. P., Trinity Hall                9  13
+  2. Alderson, F. C., Third Trinity                 11   3
+  3. Lewis-Lloyd, R., Third Trinity                 11  12
+  4. Fairrie, E. H., Trinity Hall                   12  10
+  5. Williams, H., Lady Margaret                    12   8
+  6. M'Cormick, J., Lady Margaret                   13   0
+  7. Snow, H., Lady Margaret                        11   8
+     Jones, H. R. M., Third Trinity (stroke)        10   7
+     Wingfield, W., First Trinity (cox.)             9   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   9-3/8
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Gurdon, P., University                         10   8
+  2. Stocken, W. F., Exeter                         10   1
+  3. Salmon, R. T., Exeter                          10  10
+  4. Rocke, A. B., Christ Church                    12   8
+  5. Townsend, R. N., Pembroke                      12   8
+  6. Lonsdale, A. P., Balliol                       11   4
+  7. Bennett, G., New                               10  10
+     Thorley, J. T., Wadham (stroke)                 9  12
+     Elers, F. W., Trinity (cox.)                    9   2
+                                                    ------------
+                        Average                     11   0-11/16
+
+
+1857.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, April 4, 11.10 a.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Risley, R. W., Exeter                          11   3
+  2. Gurdon, P., University                         10   0
+  3. Arkell, J., Pembroke                           10  10
+  4. Martin, R., Corpus                             12   1
+  5. Wood, W. H., University                        11  13
+  6. Warre, E., Balliol                             13   3
+  7. Lonsdale, A. P., Balliol                       12   0
+     Thorley, J. T., Wadham (stroke)                10   1
+     Elers, F. W., Trinity (cox.)                    9   2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   9-1/8
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Holme, A. P., Second Trinity                   11   8
+  2. Benn, A., Emmanuel                             11   5
+  3. Holley, W. H., Trinity Hall                    11   8
+  4. Smith, A. L., First Trinity                    11   3
+  5. Serjeantson, J. J., First Trinity              12   4
+  6. Lewis-Lloyd, R., Magdalene                     11  11
+  7. Pearson, P. P., Lady Margaret                  11   2
+     Snow, H., Lady Margaret (stroke)               11   8
+     Wharton, R., Magdalene (cox.)                   9   2
+                                                    ------
+                        Average                     11   8
+
+
+1858.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, March 27, 1 p.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Lubbock, H. H., Caius                          11   4
+  2. Smith, A. L., First Trinity                    11   4
+  3. Havart, W. J., Lady Margaret                   11   4
+  4. Darroch, D., First Trinity                     12   1
+  5. Williams, H., Lady Margaret                    12   4
+  6. Lewis-Lloyd, R., Magdalene                     11  13
+  7. Fairbairn, A. H., Second Trinity               11  12
+     Hall, J., Magdalene (stroke)                   10   7
+     Wharton, R., Magdalene (cox.)                   9   2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   7-7/8
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Risley, R. W., Exeter                          11   8
+  2. Arkell, J., Pembroke                           11   3
+  3. Lane, C. G., Christ Church                     11  10
+  4. Austin, W. G. G., Magdalen                     12   7
+  5. Lane, E., Balliol                              11  10
+  6. Wood, W. H., University                        12   0
+  7. Warre, E., Balliol                             13   2
+     Thorley, J. T., Wadham (stroke)                10   3
+     Walpole, H. S., Balliol (cox.)                  9   5
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  10-5/8
+
+
+1858.
+
+_Grand Challenge Cup, Henley. (Final Heat.)_
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Paley, G. A., Lady Margaret                    11   2
+  2. Smith, A. L., First Trinity                    11   4
+  3. Havart, W. J., Lady Margaret                   11   6
+  4. Darroch, D., First Trinity                     12   2
+  5. Fairbairn, A. H., Second Trinity               11  13
+  6. Lewis-Lloyd, R., Magdalene                     11  13
+  7. Royds, N., First Trinity                       10   4
+     Hall, J., Magdalene (stroke)                   10   5
+     Morland, F. T., First Trinity (cox.)            8  12
+
+                        L.R.C., 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Leeds-Paine, F.                                10   3
+  2. Walter, F.                                     10   0
+  3. Schlotel, C.                                   10  11
+  4. Ditton, E. G.                                  10  10
+  5. Farrar, W.                                     12   2
+  6. Paine, J.                                      12   5
+  7. Casamajor, A.                                  11   0
+     Playford, H. H. (stroke)                       10   4
+     Weston, H. (cox.)                               6   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     10  13-1/8
+
+
+1859.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Friday, April 15, 11 a.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Baxter, H. F., Brasenose                       10  12
+  2. Clarke, R. F., St. John's                      11  13
+  3. Lane, C. G., Christ Church                     11   9
+  4. Lawless, Hon. V., Balliol                      12   3
+  5. Morrison, G., Balliol                          13   1
+  6. Risley, R. W., Exeter                          11   2
+  7. Thomas, G. G. T., Balliol                      12   0
+     Arkell, J., Pembroke (stroke)                  10  12
+     Robarts, A. J., Christ Church (cox.)            9   1
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   8-3/4
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Royds, N., First Trinity                       10   6
+  2. Chaytor, A. J., Jesus.                         10  13
+  3. Smith, A. L., First Trinity                    11  11
+  4. Darroch, D., First Trinity                     12   4
+  5. Williams, H., Lady Margaret                    12   6
+  6. Lewis-Lloyd, R., Magdalene                     11   9
+  7. Paley, G. A., Lady Margaret                    11   7
+     Hall, J., Magdalene (stroke)                   10   2
+     Morland, J. T., First Trinity (cox.)            9   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   5-1/2
+
+
+1859.
+
+_Grand Challenge Cup, Henley. (First Heat.)_
+
+                        LONDON, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Dunnage, G.                                     9   5
+  2. Foster, C.                                     10   0
+  3. Potter, F.                                     10   4
+  4. Dunnage, W.                                    11   7
+  5. Farrar, W.                                     12   4
+  6. Paine, T.                                      12  10
+  7. Casamajor, A. A.                               10   9
+     Playford, H. H. (stroke)                       10   3
+     Weston, H. (cox.)                               6   4
+                                                    ------
+                        Average                     10  12
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Strong, C. T., University                      10  11
+  2. Baxter, H. F., Brasenose                       11   3
+  3. Lane, E., Balliol                              12   1
+  4. Warre, E., Balliol                             12  10
+  5. Morrison, G., Balliol                          13   5
+  6. Arkell, J., Pembroke                           11   2
+  7. Lane, C. G., Christ Church                     11  12
+     Risley, R. W., Exeter (stroke)                 11   1
+     Robarts, A. J., Christ Church (cox.)            9   1
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  10-7/8
+
+_Final Heat._
+
+                 LONDON, 1. (as before.)
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Heathcote, S., First Trinity                    9   7
+  2. Chaytor, H. J., Jesus                          11   2
+  3. Ingham, J. P., Third Trinity                   10  12
+  4. Lewis-Lloyd, R., Magdalene                     11  10
+  5. Holley, W. H., Trinity Hall                    12   0
+  6. Collings, H. H., Third Trinity                 10  12
+  7. Royds, N., First Trinity                       10   4
+     Hall, J., Magdalene (stroke)                   10   5
+     Morland, J. T., First Trinity (cox.)            8  13
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     10  11-3/4
+
+
+1860.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, March 31, 8.15 a.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Heathcote, S., First Trinity                   10   3
+  2. Chaytor, H. J., Jesus                          11   4
+  3. Ingles, D., First Trinity                      10  13
+  4. Blake, J. S., Corpus                           12   9
+  5. Coventry, M., Trinity Hall                     12   8
+  6. Cherry, B. N., Clare                           12   1
+  7. Fairbairn, A. H., Second Trinity               11  10
+     Hall, J., Magdalene (stroke)                   10   4
+     Morland, J. T., First Trinity (cox.)            9   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   6-1/2
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Macqueen, J. N., University                    11   7
+  2. Norsworthy, G., Magdalen                       11   0
+  3. Halsey, T. F., Christ Church                   11  11
+  4. Young, J., Corpus                              12   8
+  5. Morrison, G., Balliol                          12  13
+  6. Baxter, H. F., Brasenose                       11   7
+  7. Strong, C. T., University                      11   2
+     Risley, R. W., Exeter (stroke)                 11   8
+     Robarts, A. J., Christ Church (cox.)            9   9
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  10-1/2
+
+
+1861.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, March 23, 11 a.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Champneys, W., Brasenose                       10  11
+  2. Merriman, E. B., Exeter                        10   1
+  3. Medlicott, H. E., Wadham                       12   4
+  4. Robertson, W., Wadham                          11   3
+  5. Morrison, G., Balliol                          12   8
+  6. Poole, A. R., Trinity                          12   3
+  7. Hopkins, H. G., Corpus                         10   8
+     Hoare, W. M., Exeter (stroke)                  10  10
+     Ridsdale, S. O. B., Wadham (cox.)               9   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   4-1/4
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Richards, G. H., First Trinity                 10   4
+  2. Chaytor, H. J., Jesus                          11   3
+  3. Tarleton, W. H., St. John's                    11   0
+  4. Blake, J. S., Corpus                           12  10
+  5. Coventry, M., Trinity Hall                     13   3
+  6. Collings, H. H., Third Trinity                 10  11
+  7. Fitzgerald, R. U. P., Trinity Hall             11   2
+     Hall, J., Magdalene (stroke)                   10   6
+     Gaskell, T. K., Third Trinity (cox.)            8   3
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   4-7/8
+
+
+1862.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, April 12, 8 p.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Woodgate, W. B., Brasenose                     11   6
+  2. Wynne, O. S., Christ Church                    11   3
+  3. Jacobson, W. B. R., Christ Church              12   4
+  4. Burton, R. E. L., Christ Church                12   5
+  5. Morrison, A., Balliol                          12   8-1/2
+  6. Poole, A. R., Trinity                          12   5
+  7. Carr, C. R., Wadham                            11   2-1/2
+     Hoare, W. M., Exeter (stroke)                  11   1
+     Hopwood, F. E., Christ Church (cox.)            7   3
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  11-3/8
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Gorst, P. F., Lady Margaret                    10   4
+  2. Chambers, J. G., Third Trinity                 11   8
+  3. Sanderson, E., Corpus                          10  10
+  4. Smyly, W. C., First Trinity                    11   5
+  5. Fitzgerald. R. U. P., Trinity Hall             11   3
+  6. Collings, H. H., Third Trinity                 11   2
+  7. Buchanan, J. G., First Trinity                 10  12
+     Richards, G. H., First Trinity (stroke)        10   5
+     Archer, F. H., Corpus (cox.)                    5   2
+                                                    ----------
+                          Average                   10  13-1/8
+
+
+1863.
+
+_Mortlake to Putney, Saturday, March 28, 10.25 a.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Shepherd, R., Brasenose                        11   0-1/2
+  2. Kelly, F. H., University                       11   5-1/2
+  3. Jacobson, W. B. R., Christ Church              12   4
+  4. Woodgate, W. B., Brasenose                     11  11
+  5. Morrison, A., Balliol                          12   4
+  6. Awdry, W., Balliol                             11   4
+  7. Carr, C. R., Wadham                            11   3-1/2
+     Hoare, W. M., Exeter (stroke)                  11   7-1/2
+     Hopwood, F. E., Christ Church (cox.)            8   4-1/2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   8-1/2
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Hawkshaw, J. C., Third Trinity                 11   0
+  2. Smyly, W. C., First Trinity                    11   4
+  3. Morgan, R. H., Emmanuel                        11   3
+  4. Wilson, J. B., Pembroke                        11  10
+  5. La Mothe, C. H., St. John's                    12   3
+  6. Kinglake, R. A., Third Trinity                 12   0
+  7. Chambers, J. G., Third Trinity                 11   6
+     Stanning, J., First Trinity (stroke)           10   6
+     Archer, F. H., Corpus (cox.)                    5   9-1/2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   5-3/4
+
+
+1864.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, March 19, 11.30 a.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Roberts, C. P., Trinity                        10   9
+  2. Awdry, W., Balliol                             11   4-1/2
+  3. Kelly, F. H., University                       11   9
+  4. Parson, J. C., Trinity                         12   9
+  5. Jacobson, W. B. R., Christ Church              12   3-1/2
+  6. Seymour, A. E., University                     11   1
+  7. Brown, M. M., Trinity                          11   0
+     Pocklington, D., Brasenose (stroke)            11   4
+     Tottenham, C. R. W., Christ Church (cox.)       7   3
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   7-1/2
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Hawkshaw, J. C., Third Trinity                 11   3
+  2. Pigott, E. V., Corpus                          11   9
+  3. Watson, H. S., Pembroke                        12   4
+  4. Hawkins, W. W., Lady Margaret                  12   0
+  5. Kinglake, R. A., Third Trinity                 12   4
+  6. Borthwick, G., First Trinity                   12   1
+  7. Steavenson, D. F., Trinity Hall                12   1
+     Selwyn, J. R., Third Trinity (stroke)          11   0
+     Archer, F. H., Corpus (cox.)                    6   6
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  11-1/2
+
+
+1865.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, April 8, 1.3 p.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Raikes, R. T., Merton                          11   0
+  2. Senhouse, H. P., Christ Church                 11   1
+  3. Henley, E. F., Oriel                           12  13
+  4. Coventry, G. G., Pembroke                      11  12
+  5. Morrison, A., Balliol                          12   6
+  6. Wood, T., Pembroke                             12   2
+  7. Schneider, H., Trinity                         11  10
+     Brown, M. M., Trinity (stroke)                 11   4
+     Tottenham, C. R. W., Christ Church (cox.)       7  13
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  11-1/4
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Watney, H., Lady Margaret                      11   1
+  2. Beebee, M. H. L., Lady Margaret                10  12
+  3. Pigott, E. V., Corpus                          11  12
+  4. Kinglake, R. A., Third Trinity                 12   8
+  5. Steavenson, D. F., Trinity Hall                12   4
+  6. Borthwick, G., First Trinity                   11  13
+  7. Griffiths, W. R., Third Trinity                11   8
+     Lawes, C. B., Third Trinity (stroke)           11   7
+     Archer, F. H., Corpus (cox.)                    7   3
+                                                    ------
+                        Average                     11   9
+
+
+1866.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, March 24, 7.48 a.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Raikes, R. T., Merton                          11   0
+  2. Crowder, F., Brasenose                         11  11
+  3. Freeman, W. L., Merton                         12   7
+  4. Willan, F., Exeter                             12   2
+  5. Henley, E. F., Oriel                           13   0
+  6. Wood, W. W., University                        12   4
+  7. Senhouse, H. P., Christ Church                 11   3
+     Brown, M. M., Trinity (stroke)                 11   5
+     Tottenham, C. R. W., Christ Church (cox.)       7  13
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  12-3/4
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Still, J., Caius                               11   6
+  2. Selwyn, J. R., Third Trinity                   11   6
+  3. Bourke, J. U., First Trinity                   12   3
+  4. Fortescue, H. J., Magdalene                    12   2-1/2
+  5. Steavenson, D. F., Trinity Hall                12   5
+  6. Kinglake, R. A., Third Trinity                 12   9
+  7. Watney, H., Lady Margaret                      10  12
+     Griffiths, W. R., Third Trinity (stroke)       11   9
+     Forbes, A., Lady Margaret (cox.)                8   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  11
+
+
+1867.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, April 13, 8.50 a.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Bowman, W. P., University                      10  11
+  2. Fish, J. H., Worcester                         12   1
+  3. Carter, E. S., Worcester                       11  12
+  4. Wood, W. W., University                        12   6
+  5. Tinné, J. C., University                       13   4
+  6. Crowder, F., Brasenose                         11  11
+  7. Willan, F., Exeter                             12   3
+     Marsden, R. G., Merton (stroke)                11  11
+     Tottenham, C. R. W., Christ Church (cox.)       8   8
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     12   0-1/8
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Anderson, W. H., First Trinity                 11   0
+  2. Collard, J. M., Lady Margaret                  11   4
+  3. Bourke, J. U., First Trinity                   12   9
+  4. Gordon, Hon. J. H., First Trinity              12   3
+  5. Cunningham, F. E., King's                      12  12
+  6. Still, J., Caius                               11  12
+  7. Watney, H., Lady Margaret                      11   0
+     Griffiths, W. R., Third Trinity (stroke)       12   0
+     Forbes, A., Lady Margaret (cox.)                8   2
+                                                    ------
+                        Average                     11  12
+
+
+1868.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, April 4, 12 noon._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Benson, W. D., Balliol                         10  13
+  2. Yarborough, A. C., Lincoln                     11   8
+  3. Ross of Bladensburgh, R., Exeter               11   8
+  4. Marsden, R. G., Merton                         11  13
+  5. Tinné, J. C., University                       13   7
+  6. Willan, F., Exeter                             12   5
+  7. Carter, E. S., Worcester                       11   8
+     Darbishire, S. D., Balliol (stroke)            11   3
+     Tottenham, C. R. W., Christ Church (cox.)       8   7
+                                                    ------
+                        Average                     11  12
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Anderson, W. H., First Trinity                 11   2
+  2. Nichols, J. P., Third Trinity                  11   3
+  3. Wood, J. G., Emmanuel                          12   6
+  4. Lowe, W. H., Christ's                          12   4
+  5. Nadin, H. T., Pembroke                         12  11
+  6. MacMichael, W. F., Downing                     12   2
+  7. Still, J., Caius                               12   1
+     Pinckney, W. J., First Trinity (stroke)        10  10
+     Warner, T. D., Trinity Hall (cox.)              8   4
+                                                    ------
+                        Average                     11  11
+
+
+1869.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Wednesday, March 17, 3.58 p.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Woodhouse, S. H., University                   10  13
+  2. Tahourdin, R., St. John's                      11  11
+  3. Baker, T. S., Queen's                          12   8
+  4. Willan, F., Exeter                             12   2-1/8
+  5. Tinné, J. C., University                       13  10
+  6. Yarborough, A. C., Lincoln                     11  11
+  7. Benson, W. D., Balliol                         11   7
+     Darbishire, S. D., Balliol (stroke)            11   9
+     Neilson, D. A., St. John's (cox.)               7  10
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     12   0-1/4
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Rushton, J. A., Emmanuel                       11   5
+  2. Ridley, J. H., Jesus                           11  10
+  3. Dale, J. W., Lady Margaret                     11  12
+  4. Young, F. J., Christ's                         12   4
+  5. MacMichael, W. F., Downing                     12   4
+  6. Anderson, W. H., First Trinity                 11   4
+  7. Still, J., Caius                               12   1
+     Goldie, J. H. D., Lady Margaret (stroke)       12   1
+     Gordon, H. E., First Trinity (cox.)             7   8
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  12-1/8
+
+
+1869.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, August 27._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Willan, F., Exeter                             11  10
+  2. Yarborough, A. C., Lincoln                     12   2
+  3. Tinné, J. C., University                       13   8
+     Darbishire, S. D., Balliol (stroke)            11   6
+     Hall, J. H., Corpus (cox.)                      7   2
+
+                        HARVARD, 2.                 st. lbs.
+  1. Fay, J. S., Boston                             11   1
+  2. Lyman, F. O., Hawaiian Islands                 11   1
+  3. Simmonds, W. H., Concord                       12   2
+     Loring, A. P., Boston (stroke)                 11   0
+     Burnham, A., Chicago (cox.)                     7  10
+
+
+1870.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Wednesday, April 6, 5.14 p.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Randolph, E. S. L., Third Trinity              10  11-1/2
+  2. Ridley, J. H., Jesus                           11   9-1/2
+  3. Dale, J. W., Lady Margaret                     12   2-1/2
+  4. Spencer, E. A. A., Second Trinity              12   4-1/2
+  5. Lowe, W. H., Christ's                          12   7-1/2
+  6. Phelps, E. S., Sidney                          12   1-1/2
+  7. Strachan, J. F., Trinity Hall                  11  13
+     Goldie, J. H. D., Lady Margaret (stroke)       12   0
+     Gordon, H. E., First Trinity (cox.)             7  12
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  13
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Mirehouse, R. W. B., University                11   0
+  2. Lewis, A. G. P., University                    11   2-1/2
+  3. Baker, T. S., Queen's                          12   9
+  4. Edwardes-Moss, J. E., Balliol                  13   0
+  5. Payne, F. E. H., St. John's                    12  10
+  6. Woodhouse, S. H., University                   11   4
+  7. Benson, W. D., Balliol                         11  13
+     Darbishire, S. D., Balliol (stroke)            11  11
+     Hall, F. H., Corpus (cox.)                      7   7
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  13
+
+
+1871
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, April 1, 10.8 a.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Follett, J. S., Third Trinity                  11   6-1/2
+  2. Close, John B., First Trinity                  11   8
+  3. Lomax, H., First Trinity                       12   2
+  4. Spencer, E. A. A., Second Trinity              12   9
+  5. Lowe, W. H., Christ's                          12  10
+  6. Phelps, E. L., Sidney                          12   1
+  7. Randolph, E. S. L., Third Trinity              11  10
+     Goldie, J. H. D., Lady Margaret (stroke)       12   6-1/2
+     Gordon, H. E., First Trinity (cox.)             7  13
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     12   2
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Woodhouse, S. H., University                   11   6-1/2
+  2. Giles, E., Christ Church                       11  13-1/2
+  3. Baker, T. S., Queen's                          13   3-1/2
+  4. Malan, E. C., Worcester                        13   1
+  5. Edwardes-Moss, J. E., Balliol                  12   8-1/2
+  6. Payne, F. E. H., St. John's                    12   9-1/2
+  7. Bunbury, J. M'C., Brasenose                    11   8
+     Lesley, R., Pembroke (stroke)                  11  10-1/2
+     Hall, F. H., Corpus (cox.)                      7  10-1/2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     12   4
+
+
+1872.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, March 23, 1.35 p.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Close, James B., First Trinity                 11   3
+  2. Benson, C. W., Third Trinity                   11   4
+  3. Robinson, G. M., Christ's                      11  12
+  4. Spencer, E. A. A., Second Trinity              12   8-1/2
+  5. Read, C. S., First Trinity                     12   8
+  6. Close, John B., First Trinity                  11  10
+  7. Randolph, E. S. L., First Trinity              11  11
+     Goldie, J. H. D., Lady Margaret (stroke)       12   5
+     Roberts, C. H., Jesus (cox.)                    6   6-1/2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  12
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Ornsby, J. A., Lincoln                         11   0-1/2
+  2. Knollys, C. C., Magdalen                       10  12
+  3. Payne, F. E. H., St. John's                    12  11
+  4. Nicholson, A. W., Magdalen                     12   2-1/2
+  5. Malan, E. C., Worcester                        13   3
+  6. Mitchison, R. S., Pembroke                     12   4-1/2
+  7. Lesley, R., Pembroke                           11  13
+     Houblon, J. H. A., Christ Church (stroke)      10   5
+     Hall, F. H., Corpus (cox.)                      8   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  11-1/8
+
+
+1873.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday March 29, 2.32 p.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Close, James B., First Trinity                 11   3
+  2. Hoskyns, E., Jesus                             11   2
+  3. Peabody, J. E., First Trinity                  11   7
+  4. Lecky-Brown, W. C., Jesus                      12   1-1/2
+  5. Turnbull, T. S., Trinity Hall                  12  12
+  6. Read, C. S., First Trinity                     12  13
+  7. Benson, C. W., Third Trinity                   11   5-1/2
+     Rhodes, H. E., Jesus (stroke)                  11   1-1/2
+     Candy, C. H., Caius (cox.)                      7   5
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  10
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Knollys, C.C., Magdalen                        10  11
+  2. Little, J. B., Christ Church                   10  11
+  3. Farrer, M. G., Brasenose                       11  13-1/2
+  4. Nicholson, A. W., Magdalen                     12   5
+  5. Mitchison, R. S., Pembroke                      12   2
+  6. Sherwood, W. E., Christ Church                 11   1
+  7. Ornsby, J. A., Lincoln                         11   3
+     Dowding, F. T., St. John's (stroke)            11   0
+     Frewer, G. E., St. John's (cox.)                7  10
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   5
+
+
+1874.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, March 28, 11.14 a.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Hibbert, J. P., Lady Margaret                  11   1-1/2
+  2. Armytage, G. F., Jesus                         11   8
+  3. Close, James B., First Trinity                 11   0-1/2
+  4. Escourt, A. S., Trinity Hall                   11  10-1/2
+  5. Lecky-Brown, W. C., Jesus                      12   5
+  6. Aylmer, J. A., First Trinity                   12  11
+  7. Read, C. S., First Trinity                     12  11-1/2
+     Rhodes, H. E., Jesus (stroke)                  11   7
+     Candy, C. H., Caius (cox.)                      7   5
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  10-3/8
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Benson, H. W., Brasenose                       11   0
+  2. Sinclair, J. S., Oriel                         11   5-1/2
+  3. Sherwood, W. E., Christ Church                 11   8
+  4. Harding, A. R., Merton                         11   1-1/2
+  5. Williams, J., Lincoln                          13   0-1/2
+  6. Nicholson, A. W., Magdalen                     12  10
+  7. Stayner, H. J., St. John's                     11  10-1/2
+     Way, J. P., Brasenose (stroke)                 10   9
+     Lambert, W. F. A., Wadham (cox.)                7   2
+                                                    -------------
+                        Average                     11   9-1/8
+
+
+1875.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, March 20, 1.13 p.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Courtney, H. M'D., Pembroke                    11   0
+  2. Marriott, H. P., Brasenose                     11  12
+  3. Banks, J. E., University                       11  11
+  4. Mitchison, A. M., Pembroke                     12  12
+  5. Stayner, H. J., St. John's                     12   2-1/2
+  6. Boustead, J. M., University                    12   4
+  7. Edwardes Moss, T. C., Brasenose                12   5
+     Way, J. P., Brasenose (stroke)                 10  11
+     Hopwood, E. O., Christ Church (cox.)            8   3-1/2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  12
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Hibbert, J. P., Lady Margaret                  11   3
+  2. Close, W. B., First Trinity                    11  10
+  3. Dicker, G. C., First Trinity                   11   8
+  4. Michell, W. G., First Trinity                  11  11
+  5. Phillips, C. A., Jesus                         12   4-1/2
+  6. Aylmer, J. A., First Trinity                   12  12
+  7. Benson, C. W., Third Trinity                   11   3
+     Rhodes, H. E., Jesus (stroke)                  11   7
+     Davis, G. L., Clare (cox.)                      6  10
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  11
+
+
+1876.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, April 8, 2.2 p.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Brancker, P. W., Jesus                         11   3-1/2
+  2. Lewis, T. W., Caius                            11   8
+  3. Close, W. B., First Trinity                    11   8
+  4. Gurdon, C., Jesus                              12   9-3/4
+  5. Pike, G. L., Caius                             12   9
+  6. Hockin, T. E., Jesus                           12   8
+  7. Rhodes, H. E., Jesus                           11  13
+     Shafto, C. D., Jesus (stroke)                  11   9-1/2
+     Davis, G. L., Clare (cox.)                      6  13
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  13
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Courtney, H. M'D., Pembroke                    11   1-3/4
+  2. Mercer, F. R., Corpus                          11   6
+  3. Hobart, W. H., Exeter                          11  11
+  4. Mitchison, A. M., Pembroke                     13   0
+  5. Boustead, J. M., University                    12   5-3/4
+  6. Stayner, H. J., St. John's                     12   2-1/2
+  7. Marriott, H. P., Brasenose                     11   9-3/4
+     Edwardes-Moss, T. C., Brasenose (stroke)       12   3-1/4
+     Craven, W. D., Worcester (cox.)                 7   6-1/2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  13
+
+
+1877.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, March 24, 8.27 a.m. (Dead Heat.)_
+
+                        OXFORD. [+]                 st. lbs.
+  1. Cowles, D. J., St. John's                      11   3-1/2
+  2. Boustead, J. M., University                    12   9
+  3. Pelham, H., Magdalen                           12   7-1/4
+  4. Grenfell, W. H., Balliol                       12  10
+  5. Stayner, H. J., St. John's                     12   5-1/2
+  6. Mulholland, A. J., Balliol                     12   7-1/4
+  7. Edwardes-Moss, T. C., Brasenose                12   2
+     Marriott, H. P., Brasenose (stroke)            12   0-1/2
+     Beaumont, F. M., New (cox.)                     7   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     12   3
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE. [+]               st. lbs.
+  1. Hoskyns, B. G., Jesus                          10  11-1/2
+  2. Lewis, T. W., Caius                            11  10
+  3. Fenn, J. C., First Trinity                     11   6
+  4. Close, W. B., First Trinity                    11  12
+  5. Pike, L. G., Caius                             12   8
+  6. Gurdon, C., Jesus                              12  13-1/2
+  7. Hockin, T. S., Jesus                           12  11-1/2
+     Shafto, C. D., Jesus (stroke)                  12   1-1/2
+     Davis, G. L., Clare (cox.)                      7   6
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  13
+
+
+1878.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, April 13, 10.15 a.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Ellison, W. A., University                     10  13-1/2
+  2. Cowles, D. J., St. John's                      11   6
+  3. Southwell, H. B., Pembroke                     12   8
+  4. Grenfell, W. H., Balliol                       12  11
+  5. Pelham, H., Magdalen                           12   9-1/2
+  6. Burgess, G. F., Keble                          13   3-1/2
+  7. Edwardes-Moss, T. C., Brasenose                12   3
+     Marriott, H. P., Brasenose (stroke)            12   2-1/2
+     Beaumont, F. M., New (cox.)                     7   5
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     12   3
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Jones, L. I. R., Jesus                         10   9
+  2. Watson-Taylor, J. A., Magdalene                11   9-3/4
+  3. Barker, T. W., First Trinity                   12   6
+  4. Spurrell, R. J., Trinity Hall                  11  13-1/2
+  5. Pike, L. G., Caius                             12   8-1/2
+  6. Gurdon, C., Jesus                              12  10-1/4
+  7. Hockin, T. E., Jesus                           12   4-1/2
+     Prest, E. H., Jesus (stroke)                   10  12-3/4
+     Davis, G. L., Clare (cox.)                      7   5-1/2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  12
+
+
+1879.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, April 5, 12.45 p.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Prest, E. H., Jesus                            11   2
+  2. Sandford, H., Lady Margaret                    11   6-3/4
+  3. Bird, A. H. S., First Trinity                  11   8
+  4. Gurdon, C., Jesus                              13   0-1/2
+  5. Hockin, T. E., Jesus                           12   4-1/4
+  6. Fairbairn, C., Jesus                           12   7-1/2
+  7. Routledge, T., Emmanuel                        12   7-1/2
+     Davis, R. D., First Trinity (stroke)           12   4-1/2
+     Davis, G. L., Clare (cox.)                      7   7
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     12   1
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Wharton, J. H. T., Magdalen                    11   3-1/4
+  2. Robinson, H. M., New                           11   2-1/2
+  3. Disney, H. W., Hertford                        12   7
+  4. Southwell, H. B., Pembroke                     12   9
+  5. Cosby-Burrowes, T., Trinity                    12   9
+  6. Rowe, G. D., University                        11  13
+  7. Hobart, W. H., Exeter                          11  12
+     Marriott, H. P., Brasenose (stroke)            12   2-1/2
+     Beaumont, F. M., New (cox.)                     7   5
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  13
+
+
+1880.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Monday, March 22, 10.40 a.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Poole, R. H. J., Brasenose                     10   6
+  2. Brown, D. E., Hertford                         12   6
+  3. Hargreaves, F. M., Keble                       12   2
+  4. Southwell, H. B., Pembroke                     13   0
+  5. Kindersley, R. S., Exeter                      12   6
+  6. Rowe, G. D., University                        12   3
+  7. Wharton, J. H. T., Magdalen                    11  11
+     West, L. R., Christ Church (stroke)            11   1
+     Hunt, C. W., Corpus (cox.)                      7   5
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  13-3/8
+
+                        CAMBRIDGE, 2.               st. lbs.
+  1. Prest, E. H., Jesus                            10  12
+  2. Sandford, H., Lady Margaret                    11   5-1/2
+  3. Barton, W., Lady Margaret                      11   3-1/2
+  4. Warlow, W. M., Queens'                         12   0
+  5. Armytage, N. C., Jesus                         12   2-1/2
+  6. Davis, R. D., First Trinity                    12   8-1/2
+  7. Prior, R. D., Queens'                          11  13
+     Baillie, W. W., Jesus (stroke)                 11   2-1/2
+     Clarke, B. S., Lady Margaret (cox.)             7   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   7
+
+
+1881.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Friday, April 8, 8.34 a.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Poole, R. H. J., Brasenose                     10  11
+  2. Pinckney, R. A., Exeter                        11   3
+  3. Paterson, A. R., Trinity                       12   7
+  4. Buck, E., Hertford                             11  11
+  5. Kindersley, R. S., Exeter                      13   3
+  6. Brown, D. E., Hertford                         12   7
+  7. Wharton, J. H. T., Magdalen                    11  10
+     West, L. R., Christ Church (stroke)            11   0-1/2
+     Lyon, E. H., Hertford (cox.)                    7   0
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  10
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Gridley, R. G., Third Trinity                  10   7
+  2. Sandford, H., Lady Margaret                    11  10-1/2
+  3. Watson-Taylor, J. A., Magdalene                12   3-1/2
+  4. Atkin, P. W., Jesus                            11  13
+  5. Lambert, E., Pembroke                          12   0
+  6. Hutchinson, A. M., Jesus                       11  13
+  7. Moore, C. W., Christ's                         11   9
+     Brooksbank, E. C., Trinity Hall (stroke)       11   8
+     Woodhouse, H., Trinity Hall (cox.)              7   2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11   9-3/4
+
+
+1882.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, April 1, 1.2 p.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Bourne, G. C., New                             10  13
+  2. De Haviland, R. S., Corpus                     11   1
+  3. Fort, G. S., Hertford                          12   3-1/2
+  4. Paterson, A. R., Trinity                       12  12
+  5. Kindersley, R. S., Exeter                      13   4-1/2
+  6. Buck, E., Hertford                             12   0
+  7. Brown, D. E., Hertford                         12   6
+     Higgins, A. H., Magdalen (stroke)               9   6-1/2
+     Lyon, E. H., Hertford (cox.)                    7  12
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  11-1/8
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Jones, Ll. R., Jesus                           11   1
+  2. Hutchinson, M., Jesus                          12   1-1/2
+  3. Fellowes, J. C., First Trinity                 12   7
+  4. Atkin, P. W., Jesus                            12  11-1/2
+  5. Lambert, E., Pembroke                          11  12
+  6. Fairbairn, S., Jesus                           13   0
+  7. Moore, C. W., Christ's                         11   7
+     Smith, S. P., First Trinity (stroke)           11   1
+     Hunt, P. L., Cavendish (cox.)                   7   5
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  12-5/8
+
+
+1883.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Thursday, March 15, 5.39 p.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Bourne, G. C., New                             10  11-1/2
+  2. De Haviland, R. S., Corpus                     11   4
+  3. Fort, G. S., Hertford                          12   0
+  4. Puxley, E. L., Brasenose                       12   6-1/2
+  5. Maclean, D. H., New                            13   2-1/2
+  6. Paterson, A. R., New Inn Hall                  13   1
+  7. Roberts, G. Q., Hertford                       11   1
+     West, L. R., New Inn Hall (stroke)             11   0
+     Lyon, E. H., Hertford (cox.)                    8   1
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  12
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Gridley, R. G., Third Trinity                  10   7
+  2. Fox, F. W., First Trinity                      12   2
+  3. Moore, C. W., Christ's                         11  13
+  4. Atkin, P. W., Jesus                            12   1
+  5. Churchill, F. E., Third Trinity                13   4
+  6. Swann, S., Trinity Hall                        12  12
+  7. Fairbairn, S., Jesus                           13   4
+     Meyrick, F. C., Trinity Hall                   11   7
+     Hunt, P. L., Cavendish (cox.)                   8   1
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     12   2-3/4
+
+
+1884.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Monday, April 7, 12.54 p.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Gridley, R. C., Third Trinity                  10   6
+  2. Eyre, G. H., Corpus                            11   3-1/2
+  3. Straker, F., Jesus                             12   2
+  4. Swann, S., Trinity Hall                        13   3
+  5. Churchill, F. E., Third Trinity                13   2-1/2
+  6. Haig, E. W., Third Trinity                     11   6-2/3
+  7. Moore, C. W., Christ's                         11  12-3/4
+     Pitman, F. J., Third Trinity (stroke)          11  11-1/2
+     Biscoe, C. E. T., Jesus (cox.)                  8   2
+                                                    ----------
+                        Average                     11  13
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Shortt, A. G., Christ Church                   11   2
+  2. Stock, L., Exeter                              11   0
+  3. Carter, C. R., Corpus                          12  10
+  4. Taylor, P. W., Lincoln                         13   1
+  5. McLean, D. H., New                             12  11-1/2
+  6. Paterson, A. R., Trinity                       13   4
+  7. Blandy, W. C., Exeter                          10  13
+     Curry, W. D. B., Exeter (stroke)               10   4
+     Humphreys, F. J., Brasenose (cox.)              7   4
+                                                    ------------
+                  Average                           11  12-11/16
+
+
+1885.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, March 28, 12.26 p.m._
+
+                        OXFORD, 1.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Unwin, W. S., Magdalen                         10  10-1/2
+  2. Clemons, J. S., Corpus                         11   9
+  3. Taylor, P. W., Lincoln                         13   6-1/2
+  4. Carter, C. R., Corpus                          13   2
+  5. McLean, H., New                                12  12
+  6. Wethered, F. O., Christ Church                 12   6
+  7. McLean, D. H., New                             13   1-1/2
+     Girdlestone, H., Magdalen (stroke)             12   7
+     Humphreys, F. J., Brasenose (cox.)              8   2
+                                                    ------------
+                        Average                     12   6-13/16
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 2.                st. lbs.
+  1. Symonds, N. P., Lady Margaret                  10   8
+  2. Hardacre, W. R., Trinity Hall                  10   8
+  3. Perrott, W. H. W., First Trinity               12   2-1/2
+  4. Swann, S., Trinity Hall                        13   3-1/2
+  5. Churchill, F. E., Third Trinity                13   2-1/2
+  6. Haigh, E. W., Third Trinity                    11   8
+  7. Coke, R. H., Trinity Hall                      12   4
+     Pitman, F. J., Third Trinity (stroke)          11  11-1/2
+     Wilson, G., Third Trinity (cox.)                7  11
+                                                    ----------
+                       Average                      11  13
+
+
+1886.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, Saturday, April 3, 1.38 p.m._
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Bristowe, C. J., Trinity Hall                  10   8-1/2
+  2. Symonds, N. P., Lady Margaret                  10  10
+  3. Walmsley, J., Trinity Hall                     12   1
+  4. Flower, A. D., Clare                           12   8-1/2
+  5. Fairbairn, S., Jesus                           13   9
+  6. Muttlebury, S. D., Third Trinity               13   3
+  7. Barclay, C., Third Trinity                     11   3
+     Pitman, F. J., Third Trinity (stroke)          11  10-1/2
+     Baker, G. H., Queen's (cox.)                    6   9
+                                                    ------------
+                        Average                     11  13-11/16
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Unwin, W. S., Magdalen                         10  11
+  2. Bryne, L. S. R., Trinity                       11  11-1/2
+  3. Robertson, W. St. L., Wadham                   11   7-1/2
+  4. Carter, C. R., Corpus                          13   0-1/2
+  5. McLean, H., New                                12  12
+  6. Wethered, F. O., Christ Church                 12   6
+  7. McLean, D., New                                13   0
+     Girdlestone, H., Magdalen (stroke)             12   9-1/2
+     Maynard, W. E., Exeter (cox.)                   7  12
+                                                    ------------
+                        Average                     12   3-23/32
+
+
+1887.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, March 26. (Time, 20 min. 52 sec.)_
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. McKenna, R., Trinity Hall                      10   7
+  2. Barclay, F., Third Trinity                     11   1
+  3. Landale, P., Third Trinity                     12   0-1/2
+  4. Oxford, J. R., King's                          13   0
+  5. Fairbairn, S., Jesus                           13   5-1/2
+  6. Muttlebury, S. D., Third Trinity               13   6-1/2
+  7. Barclay, C., Third Trinity                     11   8
+     Bristowe, C. J., Trinity Hall (stroke)         10   7-1/2
+     Baker, G. H., Queen's (cox.)                    7   1
+
+                      OXFORD,[20] 2.               st.  lbs.
+  1. Holland, W. F. C., Brasenose                  10    7
+  2. Nickalls, G., Magdalen                        12    1
+  3. Williams, L. G., Corpus                       12    5
+  4. Parker, H. R., Brasenose                      13    3
+  5. McLean, H., New                               12    8-1/2
+  6. Wethered, F. O., Christ Church                12    5
+  7. McLean, D. H., New                            12    9
+     Titherington, A. F., Queen's (stroke)         12    2
+     Clarke, H. F., Exeter (cox.)                   7    9
+
+  [20] Oxford broke an oar (No. 7) at Barnes Bridge.
+
+
+1888.
+
+_Putney to Mortlake, March 24. (Time, 20 min. 48 sec.)_
+
+                       CAMBRIDGE, 1.                st. lbs.
+  1. Symonds-Tayler, R. H., Trinity Hall            10   7
+  2. Hannen, L., Trinity Hall                       11   3
+  3. Orde, R. H. P., First Trinity                  11   7
+  4. Bell, C. B. P., Trinity Hall                   12  13-1/2
+  5. Muttlebury, S. D., Third Trinity               13   7
+  6. Landale, P., Trinity Hall                      12   4
+  7. Maugham, F. H., Trinity Hall                   11   5
+     Gardner, J. C., Emmanuel (stroke)              11   7
+     Roxburgh, J. R., Trinity Hall (cox.)            8   2
+
+                        OXFORD, 2.                  st. lbs.
+  1. Holland, W. F. C., Brasenose                   11   0
+  2. Parker, A. P., Magdalen                        11  11
+  3. Bradford, W. E., Christ Church                 11   9
+  4. Fothergill, S. R., New                         12  10
+  5. Cross, H., Hertford                            13   0-1/2
+  6. Parker, H. R., Brasenose                       13   5
+  7. Nickalls, G., Magdalen                         12   4
+     Frere, L., Brasenose (stroke)                  10   0-1/2
+     Stewart, A., New (cox.)                         7  13-1/2
+
+[Illustration: OXFORD COURSE
+
+_London: Longmans & Co._
+
+E. Weller]
+
+
+
+
+O.U.B.C.: COLLEGE AND CLUB RACES.
+
+
+_OXFORD UNIVERSITY COLLEGE EIGHTS: HEAD OF THE RIVER._
+
+  1815  Brasenose (?)
+  1822  Christ Church
+  1823  No races
+  1824  Exeter
+  1825  Christ Church
+  1826  Christ Church
+  1827  Brasenose
+  1828 {Balliol
+       {Christ Church later on
+  1829  Christ Church
+  1830  No races
+  1831} No records
+  1832}
+  1833  Queen's
+  1834  Christ Church
+  1835  Christ Church
+  1836  Christ Church
+  1837  Queen's
+  1838  Exeter
+  1839  Brasenose[21]
+  1840  Brasenose
+  1841  University
+  1842  Oriel
+  1843  University
+  1844  Christ Church
+  1845  Brasenose
+  1846  Brasenose
+  1847  Christ Church
+  1848  Christ Church
+  1849  Christ Church
+  1850  Wadham
+  1851  Balliol
+  1852  Brasenose
+  1853  Brasenose
+  1854  Brasenose
+  1855  Balliol
+  1856  Wadham
+  1857  Exeter
+  1858  Exeter
+  1859  Balliol
+  1860  Balliol
+  1861  Trinity
+  1862  Trinity
+  1863  Trinity
+  1864  Trinity
+  1865  Brasenose
+  1866  Brasenose
+  1867  Brasenose
+  1868  Corpus
+  1869  University
+  1870  University
+  1871  University
+  1872  Pembroke
+  1873  Balliol
+  1874  University
+  1875  University
+  1876  Brasenose
+  1877  University
+  1878  University
+  1879  Balliol
+  1880  Magdalen
+  1881  Hertford
+  1882  Exeter
+  1883  Exeter
+  1884  Exeter
+  1885  Corpus
+  1886  Magdalen
+  1887  New College
+
+  [21] O.U.B.C. founded.
+
+
+_WINNERS OF THE UNIVERSITY PAIR-OARS._
+
+  1839  R. Menzies, F. W. Menzies, R. S. Fox (cox.), University.
+  1840  O. B. Barttelot, Corpus Christi; E. Royds, Brasenose; T. Evett
+        (cox.), Corpus Christi.
+  1841  H. E. C. Stapylton, W. Bolland, J. H. Griffiths (cox.),
+        University.
+  1842  W. Wilberforce, G. E. Hughes, G. B. Lewis (cox.), Oriel.
+  1843  M. Haggard, W. H. Milman, F. J. Prout (cox.), Christ Church.
+  1844  M. Haggard, W. H. Milman, F. J. Prout (cox.), Christ Church.
+  1845  M. Haggard, W. H. Milman, C. J. Fuller (cox.), Christ Church.
+  1846  A. Milman, E. C. Burton, H. Ingram (cox.), Christ Church.
+  1847  W. G. Rich, A. Milman, Christ Church.
+  1848  T. H. Michel, C. H. Steward, Oriel.
+  1849  E. M. Clissold, Exeter; J. W. Chitty, Balliol.
+  1850  J. C. Bengoagh, Oriel; J. W. Chitty, Balliol.
+  1851  R. Greenall, R. Prescot, Brasenose.
+  1852  W. F. Short, W. L. Rogers, New.
+  1853  C. Cadogan, Christ Church; W. F. Short, New.
+  1854  C. Cadogan, Christ Church; W. F. Short, New.
+  1855  A. F. Lonsdale, E. Warre, Balliol.
+  1856  E. Warre, A. F. Lonsdale, Balliol.
+  1857  P. W. Phillips, J. Arkell, Pemberton.
+  1858  T. B. Shaw-Hellier, Brasenose; F. Ho'comb, Wadham.
+  1859  B. de B. Russell, R. F. Clarke, St. John's.
+  1860  W. B. Woodgate, H. F. Baxter, Brasenose.
+  1861  W. Champneys, W. B. Woodgate, Brasenose.
+  1862  R. Shepherd, W. B. Woodgate, Brasenose.
+  1863  C. P. Roberts, M. Brown, Trinity.
+  1864  C. P. Roberts, M. Brown, Trinity.
+  1865  R. T. Raikes, Merton; M. Brown, Trinity.
+  1866  G. H. Swinney, G. H. Morrell, Merton.
+  1867  W. C. Crofts, F. Crowder, Brasenose.
+  1868  A. V. Jones, Exeter; W. C. Crofts, Brasenose.
+  1869  F. Pownall, A. V. Jones, Exeter.
+  1870  J. Mair, St. Alb.; C. J. Vesey, St. John's.
+  1871  J. W. M'C. Bunbury, Brasenose; A. G. P. Lewis, University.
+  1872  H. J. Preston, A. S. Daniel, University.
+  1873  W. Farrer, Balliol; M. Farrer, Brasenose.
+  1874  M. Farrer, H. Benson, Brasenose.
+  1875  H. J. Preston, University; Edwardes-Moss, Brasenose.
+  1876  H. M. Marriott, T. C. Edwardes-Moss, Brasenose.
+  1877  D. J. Cowles, W. L. Giles, St. John's.
+  1878  T. C. Edwardes-Moss, Brasenose; W. A. Ellison, University.
+  1879  C. R. L. Fletcher, F. P. Bulley, Magdalen.
+  1880  E. Staniland, Magdalen; L. R. West, Christ Church.
+  1881  C. Lowry, R. de Haviland, Corpus.
+  1882  G. C. Bourne, New; C. H. Sharpe, Hertford.
+  1883  A. G. Shortt, A. B. Shaw, Christ Church.
+  1884  W. S. Unwin, Magdalen; J. Reade, Brasenose.
+  1885  H. McLean, D. H. McLean, New.
+  1886  H. McLean, D. H. McLean, New.
+  1887  M. E. Bradford, F. W. Douglas, Christ Church.
+
+
+_WINNERS OF THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY SCULLS,_
+
+_Originally presented by Members of Christ Church._
+
+  1841  T. T. Peocock, Merton
+  1842  H. Morgan, Christ Church
+  1843  Sir F. E. Scott, Christ Church
+  1844  Sir F. E. Scott, Christ Church
+  1845  J. W. Conant, St. John's
+  1846  E. S. Moon, Magdalen
+  1847  E. C. Burton, Christ Church
+  1848  D. Wauchope, Wadham
+  1849  T. Erskine Clarke, Wadham
+  1850  T. Erskine Clarke, Wadham
+  1851  W. Heaven, Trinity
+  1852  H. M. Irving, Balliol
+  1853  W. F. Short, New
+  1854  W. F. Short, New
+  1855  E. Warre, Balliol
+  1856  E. Warre, Balliol
+  1857  R. W. Risley, Exeter
+  1858  R. W. Risley, Exeter
+  1859  H. F. Baxter, Brasenose
+  1860  T. R. Finch, Wadham
+  1861  W. B. Woodgate, Brasenose
+  1862  W. B. Woodgate, Brasenose
+  1863  J. E. Parker, University
+  1864  E. B. Michell, Magdalen
+  1865  J. Rickaby, Brasenose
+  1866  W. L. Freeman, Merton
+  1867  W. C. Crofts, Brasenose
+  1868  W. C. Crofts, Brasenose
+  1869  A. C. Yarborough, Lincoln
+  1870  A. C. Yarborough, Lincoln
+  1871  J. W. McC. Bunbury, Brasenose
+  1872  C. C. Knollys, Magdalen
+  1873  J. B. Little, Christ Church
+  1874  A. Michell, Oriel
+  1875  L. C. Cholmeley, Magdalen
+  1876  D. J. Cowles, St. John's
+  1877  T. C. Edwardes-Moss, Brasenose
+  1878  J. Lowndes, Hertford
+  1879  J. Lowndes, Hertford
+  1880  H. S. Chesshire, Worcester
+  1881  H. S. Chesshire, Worcester
+  1882  G. Q. Roberts, Hertford
+  1883  A. E. Staniland, Magdalen
+  1884  W. S. Unwin, Magdalen
+  1885  W. S. Unwin, Magdalen
+  1886  F. O. Wethered, Christ Church
+  1887  G. Nicholls, Magdalen
+
+
+_WINNERS OF THE UNIVERSITY FOUR-OARS._
+
+  1840  Brasenose
+  1841  University
+  1842  University
+  1843  Oriel
+  1844  University
+  1845  Christ Church
+  1846  Christ Church
+  1847  Christ Church
+  1848  Oriel
+  1849  Brasenose
+  1850  Brasenose
+  1851  Christ Church
+  1852  Trinity
+  1853  Trinity
+  1854  Exeter
+  1855  Exeter
+  1856  Balliol
+  1857  Pembroke
+  1858  Balliol
+  1859  University
+  1860  Brasenose
+  1861  Trinity
+  1862  University
+  1863  Trinity
+  1864  University
+  1865  University
+  1866  University
+  1867  University
+  1868  University
+  1869  Balliol
+  1870  Balliol
+  1871  Christ Church
+  1872  Balliol
+  1873  University
+  1874  Brasenose
+  1875  University
+  1876  Brasenose
+  1877  Brasenose
+  1878  Magdalen
+  1879  Hertford
+  1880  Magdalen
+  1881  Hertford
+  1882  Hertford
+  1883  Corpus
+  1884  Magdalen
+  1885  Magdalen
+  1886  Magdalen
+  1887  Brasenose
+
+
+
+
+C.U.B.C.: COLLEGE AND CLUB RACES.
+
+
+_CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY BOAT CLUB: HEAD OF THE RIVER._
+
+  1827  Trinity
+  1828  St. John's
+  1829  St. John's
+  1830 {Lent, St. John's
+       {May, Trinity
+  1831 {Lent, St. John's
+       {May, First Trinity
+  1832  First Trinity
+  1833 {Lent, First Trinity
+       {May, Christ's
+  1834 {Lent, First Trinity
+       {May, Third Trinity
+  1835 {Lent, Third Trinity
+       {May, Second Trinity
+  1836 {Lent, First Trinity
+       {May, Corpus
+  1837  Lady Margaret
+  1838  Lady Margaret
+  1839  First Trinity
+  1840  Caius
+  1841  Caius
+  1842  Peterhouse
+  1843  First Trinity
+  1844  Caius
+  1845  First Trinity
+  1846  First Trinity
+  1847  First Trinity
+  1848  Third Trinity
+  1849 {Lent, Third Trinity
+       {May, Second Trinity
+  1850  First Trinity
+  1851 {Lent, Lady Margaret
+       {May, First Trinity
+  1852  First Trinity
+  1853  First Trinity
+  1854 {Lent, First Trinity
+       {May, Lady Margaret
+  1855  Lady Margaret
+  1856  Lady Margaret
+  1857  Lady Margaret
+  1858 {Lent, Lady Margaret
+       {May, First Trinity
+  1859 {Lent, Trinity Hall
+       {May, Third Trinity
+  1860  First Trinity
+  1861  First Trinity
+  1862  Trinity Hall
+  1863  Third Trinity
+  1864  Trinity Hall
+  1865  Third Trinity
+  1866  First Trinity
+  1867  First Trinity
+  1868  First Trinity
+  1869  First Trinity
+  1870  First Trinity
+  1871  First Trinity
+  1872  Lady Margaret
+  1873  First Trinity
+  1874  First Trinity
+  1875  Jesus
+  1876  Jesus
+  1877  Jesus
+  1878  Jesus
+  1879  Jesus
+  1880  Jesus
+  1881  Jesus
+  1882  Jesus
+  1883  Jesus
+  1884  Jesus
+  1885  Jesus
+  1886  Trinity Hall
+  1887  Trinity Hall
+
+
+_WINNERS OF THE UNIVERSITY PAIR-OARS._
+
+  1844  T. W. Brooks and W. P. Cloves, First Trinity.
+  1845  S. Vincent and E. P. Wolstenholme, First Trinity.
+  1846  T. M. Hoare and T. M. Gisborne, St. John's.
+  1847  S. Vincent and W. Maule, First Trinity.
+  1848  A. B. Dickson and W. L. G. Bagshawe, Third Trinity.
+  1849  A. Baldry, First Trinity, and W. L. G. Bagshawe, Third Trinity.
+  1850  J. B. Cane and C. Hudson, St. John's.
+  1851  E. Macnaghten, First Trinity, and F. W. Johnson, Third Trinity.
+  1852  W. S. Langmore and E. Hawley, Sidney.
+  1853  R. Gordon and J. G. Barlee, Christ's.
+  1854  R. C. Galton, First Trinity, and H. Blake, Corpus.
+  1855  H. Blake, Corpus, and J. Wright, St. John's.
+  1856  R. Gordon and P. H. Wormald, Christ's.
+  1857  R. E. Thompson and N. Royds, First Trinity.
+  1858  R. Beaumont and F. W. Holland, Third Trinity.
+  1859  D. Ingles, First Trinity, and J. P. Ingham, Third Trinity.
+  1860  R. P. Fitzgerald, Trinity Hall, and J. P. Ingham, Third Trinity.
+  1861  A. D. A. Burney and A. M. Channell, First Trinity.
+  1862  J. G. Chambers, Third Trinity, and R. Neave, Trinity Hall.
+  1863  R. A. Kinglake and J. R. Selwyn, Third Trinity.
+  1864  R. A. Kinglake and W. R. Griffiths, Third Trinity.
+  1865  J. R. Selwyn and W. R. Griffiths, Third Trinity.
+  1866  W. R. Griffiths, Third Trinity, and J. U. Bourke, First Trinity.
+  1867  E. Hopkinson and H. Herbert, Christ's.
+  1868  C. Pitt-Taylor and J. Blake-Humphrey, Third Trinity.
+  1869  L. P. Muirhead and E. Phelps, Sidney.
+  1870  John B. Close and G. L. Rives, First Trinity.
+  1871  James B. Close and John B. Close, First Trinity.
+  1872  H. E. Rhodes and E. Hoskyns, Jesus.
+  1873  P. J. Hibbert and E. Sawyer, Lady Margaret.
+  1874  G. F. Armytage and C. D. Shafto, Jesus.
+  1875  W. B. Close and G. C. Dicker, First Trinity.
+  1876  T. E. Hockin and C. Gurdon, Jesus.
+  1877  J. G. Pinder and C. O. L. Riley, Caius.
+  1878  A. H. Prior and H. Sanford, Lady Margaret.
+  1879  J. A. Watson-Taylor, Magdalene, and T. E. Hockin, Jesus.
+  1880  L. R. Jones and E. Priest, Jesus.
+  1881  J. F. Keiser and S. P. Smith, First Trinity.
+  1882  W. K. Hardacre and F. C. Meyrick, Trinity Hall.
+  1883  C. J. Bristowe and F. C. Meyrick, Trinity Hall.
+  1884  P. S. Propert and S. Swann, Trinity Hall.
+  1885  R. H. Coke and S. Swann, Trinity Hall.
+  1886  S. D. Muttlebury and C. Barclay, Third Trinity.
+  1887  S. D. Muttlebury and C. T. Barclay, Third Trinity.
+
+
+_WINNERS OF THE UNIVERSITY FOUR-OARS._
+
+  1849  First Trinity
+  1850  Lady Margaret
+  1851  Third Trinity
+  1852  First Trinity
+  1853  Lady Margaret
+  1854  Third Trinity
+  1855  Trinity Hall
+  1856  Lady Margaret
+  1857  Magdalene
+  1858  Third Trinity
+  1859  Third Trinity
+  1860  First Trinity
+  1861  First Trinity and Trinity Hall rowed a dead-heat.
+  1862  Third Trinity
+  1863  Lady Margaret
+  1864  Lady Margaret
+  1865  Third Trinity
+  1866  First Trinity
+  1867  Emmanuel
+  1868  Sidney
+  1869  Sidney
+  1870  First Trinity
+  1871  First Trinity
+  1872  First Trinity
+  1873  Jesus
+  1874  First Trinity and Jesus rowed a dead-heat.
+  1875  Jesus
+  1876  Jesus
+  1877  Jesus
+  1878  Lady Margaret
+  1879  Lady Margaret
+  1880  Jesus
+  1881  Jesus
+  1882  Third Trinity
+  1883  Third Trinity
+  1884  Third Trinity
+  1885  Third Trinity
+  1886  Trinity Hall
+  1887  Trinity Hall
+
+
+_WINNERS OF THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY SCULLS._
+
+(COLQUHOUN CHALLENGE SCULLS).
+
+_Presented in 1837 by P. Colquhoun, Esq., to the lady Margaret Boat
+Club, and by that Club in 1842 to the competition of the C.U.B.C._
+
+  1837  Berney, Lady Margaret
+  1838  Antrobus, Lady Margaret
+  1839  Vincent, Lady Margaret
+  1840  Shadwell, Lady Margaret
+  1841  Shadwell (no challenger)
+  1842  Denman, First Trinity
+  1843  Thompson, Peterhouse
+  1844  Miles, Third Trinity
+  1845  Cloves, First Trinity
+  1846  Maule, First Trinity
+  1847  Bagshawe, Third Trinity
+  1848  Bagot, Second Trinity
+  1849  Miller, Third Trinity
+  1850  Cowle and Hudson[22]
+  1851  Macnaghten, First Trinity
+  1852  Courage, First Trinity
+  1853  Galton, First Trinity
+  1854  Wright, Lady Margaret
+  1855  Salter, Trinity Hall
+  1856  Beaumont, Third Trinity
+  1857  Busk, First Trinity
+  1858  Ingles, First Trinity
+  1859  Faley, Lady Margaret
+  1860  Channell, First Trinity
+  1861  J. C. Hawkshaw, Third Trinity
+  1862  C. B. Lawes, Third Trinity
+  1863  J. G. Chambers, Third Trin.
+  1864  G. D. Redpath, First Trinity
+  1865  H. Watney, Lady Margaret
+  1866  G. Shann, First Trinity
+  1867  G. H. Wright, First Trinity
+  1868  E. Phelps, Sidney, and F. E. Marshall, First Trinity
+  1869  No race; postponed to 1870
+  1870  J. B. Close, First Trinity
+  1870  J. H. D. Goldie, Lady Mar.
+  1871  C. W. Benson, Third Trinity
+  1872  James B. Close, First Trinity
+  1873  A. C. Dicker, Lady Margaret
+  1874  W. B. Close, First Trinity
+  1875  S. A. Saunders, Second Trinity
+  1876  J. C. Fenn, First Trinity
+  1877  T. W. Barker, First Trinity
+  1878  H. Sandford, Lady Margaret
+  1879  Prior, Lady Margaret
+  1880  J. Keiser, First Trinity
+  1881  J. C. Fellowes, First Trinity
+  1882  F. W. Fox, First Trinity
+  1883  S. Swann, Trinity Hall
+  1884  F. J. Pitman, Third Trinity
+  1885  J. M. Cowper-Smith, First Trinity
+  1886  J. C. Gardner, Emmanuel
+  1887  C. B. P. Bell, Trinity Hall
+
+  [22] Dead heat and division.
+
+
+
+
+PROFESSIONAL WINNERS OF REGATTAS AND CHAMPIONSHIPS.
+
+
+_WINNERS OF THE AQUATIC CHAMPIONSHIP._
+
+  +-----------------+---------------+---------------+------------+-----+
+  |      Date       |     Winner    |     Loser     |   Course   | Time|
+  +-----------------+---------------+---------------+------------+-----+
+  |                 |               |               |            |m. s.|
+  |   1831, Sept. 9 |C. Campbell    |C. Williams    |  W. to P.  | --  |
+  |   1838, Nov. 1  |C. Campbell    |R. Coombes     |  W. to P.  | --  |
+  |   1846, Aug. 19 |R. Coombes     |C. Campbell    |  P. to M.  |26 15|
+  |   1847, Sept. 29|R. Coombes     |R. Newell      |  P. to M.  |23 46|
+  |   1851, May 7   |R. Coombes     |T. Mackinnery  |  P. to M.  |25  5|
+  |   1852, May 24  |T. Cole        |R. Coombes     |  P. to M.  |25 15|
+  |   1852, Oct. 14 |T. Cole        |R. Coombes     |  P. to M.  |23 35|
+  |   1854, Nov. 20 |J. A. Messenger|T. Cole        |  P. to M.  |24 30|
+  |   1857, May 12  |H. Kelley      |J. A. Messenger|  P. to M.  |24 30|
+  |   1859, Sept. 29|R. Chambers    |H. Kelley      |  P. to M.  |25 25|
+  |   1860, Sept. 18|R. Chambers    |T. White       |  P. to M.  |23 15|
+  |   1863, April 14|R. Chambers    |G. W. Everson  |  P. to M.  |25 27|
+  |   1863, June 16 |R. Chambers    |R. A. W. Green |  P. to M.  |25 25|
+  |   1865, Aug. 8  |H. Kelley      |R. Chambers    |  P. to M.  |23 26|
+  |_a_1866, July 4  |H. Kelley      |Hammill        |    Tyne    |33 29|
+  |_b_1866, July 5  |H. Kelley      |Hammill        |    Tyne    | --  |
+  |   1866, Nov. 22 |R. Chambers    |J. H. Sadler   |  P. to M.  |25  4|
+  |   1867, May 6   |H. Kelley      |R. Chambers    |    Tyne    |31 41|
+  |   1868, Nov. 17 |J. Renforth    |H. Kelley      |  P. to M.  |23 15|
+  |   1874, April 16|J. H. Sadler   |R. Bagnall     |  P. to M.  |24 15|
+  |   1875, Nov. 15 |J. H. Sadler   |R. W. Boyd     |  P. to M.  |29  2|
+  |_c_1876, June 27 |E. Trickett    |J. Sadler      |  P. to M.  |24 35|
+  |   1876,         |{ A match was made between Trickett and     |     |
+  |                 |{ Lumsden, but the latter forfeited.        |     |
+  |                 | { A match was made between Sadler and      |     |
+  |   1876, June 29 | { Higgins for the Championship, subject to |     |
+  |                 | { the former beating Trickett, but after   |     |
+  |                 | { being defeated Sadler forfeited.         |     |
+  |   1877, May 28  |R. W. Boyd     |J. Higgins     |  P. to M.  |29  0|
+  |                 |{ Trickett beat Michael Rush for the        |     |
+  |   1877, June 30 |{ Championship of the World, on the Parmatta|     |
+  |                 |{ River, New South Wales.                   |     |
+  |   1877, Oct. 8  |J. Higgins     |R. W. Boyd     |  P. to M.  |24 10|
+  |   1878, Jan. 14 |J. Higgins     |R. W. Boyd     |   Tyne     | Foul|
+  |   1878, June 3  |J. Higgins     |W. Elliott     |  P. to M.  |24 38|
+  |                 |{ _d_  W. Elliott beat R. W. Boyd in final }|     |
+  |   1878, Sept. 17|{ heat of race for the 'Sportsman's'       }|24 20|
+  |                 |{ Challenge Cup, Putney to Mortlake.       }|     |
+  |   1879, Feb. 21 |W. Elliott     |J. Higgins     |   Tyne     |22  1|
+  |   1879, June 16 |E. Hanlan      |W. Elliott     |   Tyne     |21  1|
+  |   1880, Nov. 16 |E. Hanlan      |E. Trickett    |  Thames    |26 12|
+  |   1881, Feb. 14 |E. Hanlan      |E. C. Laycock  |  P. to M.  |25 41|
+  |   1882, April 3 |E. Hanlan      |R. W. Boyd     |   Tyne     |21 25|
+  |   1882, May 1   |E. Hanlan      |E. Trickett    |  P. to M.  |28  0|
+  |   1884, May 22  |E. Hanlan      |E. C. Laycock  |   Nepean   |  -- |
+  |                 |               |               |Riv., N.S.W.|     |
+  |   1884, Aug. 16 |W. Beach       |E. Hanlan      | Paramatta  |  -- |
+  |                 |               |               |Riv., N.S.W.|     |
+  |   1885, Feb. 28 |W. Beach       |C. Clifford    | Paramatta  |26  0|
+  |                 |               |               |Riv., N.S.W.|     |
+  |   1885, Mch. 28 |W. Beach       |E. Hanlan      | Paramatta  |22 51|
+  |                 |               |               |Riv., N.S.W.|     |
+  |   1885, Dec. 18 |W. Beach       |N. Matterson   | Paramatta  |24 11|
+  |                 |               |               |Riv., N.S.W.| -1/4|
+  |   1886, Sept. 18|W. Beach       |J. Gaudaur     |  P. to M.  |22 29|
+  |   1886, Sept. 25|W. Beach       |Wallace Ross   |  P. to M.  |23  5|
+  +-----------------+---------------+---------------+------------+-----+
+
+  (_a_) This was virtually a row over for Kelley, and no time was taken.
+
+  (_b_) Won on a foul.
+
+  (_c_) The first occasion of the Championship being taken from England.
+
+  (_d_) Boyd passed the post first, but the race was awarded to Elliott
+        on the foul.
+
+
+[Illustration: CAMBRIDGE COURSE
+
+_London: Longmans & Co._
+
+E. Weller]
+
+
+
+
+THAMES NATIONAL REGATTA
+
+FOR WATERMEN.
+
+
+_CHAMPION FOURS (Winners)._
+
+  1854  _Elswick Crew._--Winship, Cook, Davidson, Bruce, Oliver (cox.)
+  1855  _Shakspeare Crew._--Wood, Carrol, Ault, Taylor, Malony (cox.)
+  1856  _North and South Crew._--H. Clasper, W. Pocock, R. Chambers,
+        T. Mackinney, G. Driver (cox.)
+  1857  _Newcastle Crew._--J. H. Clasper, A. Maddeson, R. Chambers,
+        H. Clasper, Short (cox.)
+  1858  _Pride of the Thames Crew._--G. Francis, S. Salter, T. White,
+        G. Hammerton, J. Driver (cox.)
+  1859  _Newcastle Crew._--J. H. Clasper, R. Chambers, E. Winship,
+        H. Clasper, R. Clasper (cox.)
+  1860  _London Crew._--T. Pocock, J. Wise, T. White, H. Kelley,
+        W. Peters (cox.)
+  1861  _Kilmorey Crew._--G. Hammerton, J. W. Tagg, E. Winship, R.
+        Chambers, R. Clasper (cox.)
+  1862  _Newcastle Crew._--J. H. Clasper, R. Chambers, E. Winship, H.
+        Clasper, R. Clasper (cox.)
+  1863  _Thames Crew._--H. Harris, T. G. Tagg, J. W. Tagg, G. Hammerton,
+        R. W. Hanna (cox.)
+  1864  _Pride of the Thames Crew._--T. Hoare, H. Kelley, J. W. Tagg,
+        G. Hammerton, R. Hammerton (cox.)
+  1865  _Sons of the Thames Crew._--F. Kilsby, R. Cook, G. Cannon, J.
+        Sadler, S. Peters (cox.)
+  1866  _Pride of the Thames Crew._--T. Hoare, J. Pedgrift, J. Sadler,
+        G. Hammerton, J. Hill (cox.)
+
+
+_SCULLS._
+
+  1854  H. Kelley, Fulham
+  1855  R. Chambers, Newcastle
+  1856  H. Kelley, Fulham
+  1857  R. Chambers, Newcastle
+  1858  R. Chambers, Newcastle
+  1859  J. Wise, Kew
+  1860  G. Hammerton, Teddington
+  1861  H. Kelley, Fulham
+  1862  R. Cooper, Redheugh
+  1863  R. A. W. Green, Australia
+  1864  H. Kelley, Putney
+  1865  R. Chambers, Newcastle
+  1866  R. Cooper, Redheugh
+
+
+_PAIR-OARS (Winners)._
+
+  1854  Pocock and Clasper
+  1855  Winship and Bruce, Elswick
+  1856  Winship and Bruce
+  1857  Hammerton and Francis, Teddington
+  1858  Hammerton and Francis
+  1860  Winship and Chambers, Newcastle
+  1861  Winship and Chambers
+  1862  Winship and Chambers
+  1863  Green and Kelley, Australia and Putney
+  1864  Kilsby and Cook, London and Oxford
+  1865  Kilsby and Cook, London and Oxford
+  1866  G. Hammerton and J. Sadler, Surbiton
+
+
+_APPRENTICES' SCULLS: COAT AND BADGE (Winners)._
+
+  1856  G. Hammerton, Teddington
+  1857  S. Salter, Wandsworth
+  1858  E. Bell, Richmond
+  1859  W. Hemmings, Richmond
+  1860  E. Eagers, Chelsea
+  1861  T. Hoare, Hammersmith
+  1862  J. W. Tagg, Moulsey
+  1863  R. Cook, Oxford
+  1864  T. Wise, Hammersmith
+  1865  J. Callas, Richmond
+  1866  W. Sadler, Putney
+
+
+
+
+THAMES NATIONAL REGATTA (_Second Series_).
+
+
+_FOURS._
+
+  1868  _Newcastle Crew._--J. Taylor, M. Scott, A. Thompson, R. Chambers
+        (Wallsend) (stroke), T. French (cox.)
+  1869  _Surbiton Crew._--J. Sadler, J. Pedgrift, W. Messenger, G.
+        Hammerton (stroke), R. Hammerton (cox.)
+  1870  _Newcastle Crew._--R. Hepplewhite, J. Percy, J. Bright, R.
+        Chambers (stroke), F. M'Lean (cox.)
+  1871  _Glasgow Crew._--J. Moody, T. Smillie, J. Calderhead, W.
+        Calderhead (stroke), J. M. Green (cox.)
+  1872  _Hammersmith Crew._--H. Thomas, T. Green, J. Anderson, W.
+        Biffen, jun. (stroke), G. Martin (cox.)
+  1873  _Hammersmith Crew._--T. Green, H. Thomas, J. Anderson, W.
+        Biffen (stroke), H. Goldsmith (cox.)
+  1874  _Hammersmith Crew._--T. Green, H. Thomas, J. Anderson, W.
+        Biffen (stroke), G. Holder (cox.)
+  1875  _Newcastle Crew._--R. Hepplewhite, W. Nicholson, R. Bagnall, R.
+        W. Boyd (stroke), J. Cox (cox.)
+  1876  _Thames Crew._--W. F. Spencer, H. Thomas, J. Higgins, T. Green
+        (stroke), J. Holder (cox.)
+
+
+_PAIRS._
+
+  1868  J. Taylor and M. Scott, Newcastle
+  1869  J. Taylor and T. Winship, Newcastle
+  1870  G. Carr and T. Matfin, Newcastle
+  1871  W. Biffen, jun. and G. Hammerton
+  1872  J. Taylor and T. Winship, Newcastle
+  1873  R. Bagnall and J. Taylor, Newcastle
+  1874  W. Biffen and H. Thomas
+  1875  R. Bagnall and R. W. Boyd, Newcastle
+  1876  T. Green and H. Thomas, Thames
+
+
+_SCULLS._
+
+  1868     J. Renforth, Newcastle
+  1869     J. Renforth, Newcastle
+  1870     J. H. Sadler, Surbiton
+  1871 _a_ J. Anderson, Hammersmith
+  1872 _b_ J. Anderson, Hammersmith
+  1873 _b_ A. Hogarth, Sunderland
+  1874 _b_ R. W. Boyd, Newcastle
+  1875 _b_ T. Blackman, London
+  1876     T. Blackman, Dulwich
+
+  (_a_) Limited to men who have never sculled for a stake of 50_l._
+
+  (_b_) For men who have never sculled for a stake of 100_l._
+
+
+_APPRENTICES' SCULLS: COAT AND BADGE._
+
+  1868  W. Biffen, Jun., Hammersmith
+  1869  J. Griffiths, Wandsworth
+  1870  W. Messenger, Teddington
+  1871  T. Green, Hammersmith
+  1872  H. Messum, Richmond
+  1873  J. Phillips, Putney
+  1874  W. Phillips, Putney
+  1875  J. Tarryer, Rotherhithe
+  1876  H. Clasper, Oxford
+
+
+
+
+THAMES INTERNATIONAL REGATTA.
+
+
+_CHAMPION SCULLS._
+
+  1876  R. W. Boyd,
+  1877  T. Blackman,
+  1878  W. Elliott.
+
+
+_CHAMPION FOURS._
+
+  1876 _a_ Tyne crew,
+  1877     Thames crew,
+  1878     Tyne crew.
+
+  (_a_) After a foul, the Tyne men won on the second day.
+
+
+_CHAMPION PAIRS._
+
+  1876  R. W. Boyd and W. Lumsden.
+  1877  J. Higgins and H. Thomas.
+  1878  R. W. Boyd and W. Lumsden.
+
+
+
+
+ROYAL THAMES REGATTA,
+
+_Established 1843_.
+
+
+_WATERMEN'S PRIZES._
+
+  1843  No race for professionals.
+  1844  FOURS.--_London four_, T. Coombes, Phelps, Newell, and R.
+        Coombes beat H. Clasper's crew for 100_l._ prize.
+        SCULLS.--H. Clasper won in the first 'outrigged' sculling boat.
+  1845  FOURS.--H. Clasper, R. Clasper, W. Clasper, and Hawtor beat
+        Coombes's four.
+  1846  FOURS.--T. Coombes, Newell, Phelps, and R. Coombes won.
+  1847  No race.
+  1848  Clasper's crew won (Coombes in the boat).
+  1849  Clasper's crew won fours. (This was the last year of the
+        regatta.)
+
+
+
+
+BRITISH REGATTA IN PARIS, 1867
+
+(EXHIBITION YEAR).
+
+
+_CHAMPION FOURS._
+
+  1867  _Albion Crew, Newcastle._--J. Taylor, M. Scott, A. Thompson,
+        R. Chambers (St. Anthony's) (st.), T. Richardson (cox.)
+
+
+_PAIR-OARS._
+
+  R. Cook and H. Kelley, Oxford and London.
+
+
+_SCULLS._
+
+  H. Kelley, Putney.
+
+
+
+
+WORLD'S REGATTA ON THE THAMES.
+
+
+  1880 On November 18 a sculling regatta organised by an American firm,
+       'The Hop Bitters' Co., was commenced on the Thames. It
+       lasted three days, and prizes amounting to 1,000_l._ were given
+       and won as under:--
+
+    1. Elias C. Laycock, Sydney, N.S.W.           Ł500
+    2. Wallace Ross, St. John's, New Brunswick     300
+    3. George Hosmer, Boston, U.S.A.               140
+    4. Warren Smith, Halifax, Nova Scotia           60
+
+
+
+
+WINNERS OF DOGGETT'S COAT AND BADGE.
+
+
+  1791  T. Easton, Old Swan
+  1792  J. Kettleby, Westminster
+  1793  A. Haley, Horselydown
+  1794  J. Franklin, Putney
+  1795  W. Parry, Hungerford
+  1796  J. Thompson, Wapping Old Stairs
+  1797  J. Hill, Bankside
+  1798  T. Williams, Ratcliff Cross
+  1799  J. Dixon, Paddington Street
+  1800  J. Burgoyne, Blackfriars
+  1801  J. Curtis, Queenhithe
+  1802  W. Burns, Limehouse
+  1803  J. Fowler, Hungerford
+  1804  C. Gingle, Temple
+  1805  T. Johnson, Vauxhall
+  1806  J. Godwin, Ratcliff Cross
+  1807  J. Evans, Mill Stairs
+  1808  G. Newell, Battle Bridge
+  1809  F. Jury, Hermitage
+  1810  J. Smart, Strand
+  1811  W. Thornton, Hungerford
+  1812  R. May, Westminster
+  1813  R. Farson, Bankside
+  1814  R. Harris, Bankside
+  1815  J. Scott, Bankside
+  1816  T. Senham, Blackfriars
+  1817  J. Robson, Wapping Old Stairs
+  1818  W. Nicholls, Greenwich
+  1819  W. Emery, Hungerford
+  1820  J. Hartley, Strand
+  1821  T. Cole, sen., Chelsea
+  1822  W. Noulton, Lambeth
+  1823  G. Butcher, Hungerford
+  1824  G. Fogo, Battle Bridge
+  1825  G. Staples, Battle Bridge
+  1826  J. Foett, Bankside
+  1827  J. Foss, Fountain Stair
+  1828  R. Mallett, Lambeth
+  1829  S. Stubbs, Old Barge House
+  1830  W. Butler, Vauxhall
+  1831  R. Oliver, Deptford
+  1832  R. Waight, Bankside
+  1833  G. Maynard, Lambeth
+  1834  W. Tomlinson, Whitehall
+  1835  W. Dyson, Kidney Stairs
+  1836  J. Morris, Horselydown
+  1837  T. Harrison, Bankside
+  1838  S. Bridge, Kidney Stairs
+  1839  T. Goodrum, Vauxhall Stairs
+  1840  W. Hawkins, Kidney Stairs
+  1841  R. Moore, Surrey Canal
+  1842  J. Liddey, Wandsworth
+  1843  J. Fry, Kidney Stairs
+  1844  F. Lett, Lambeth
+  1845  J. Cobb, Greenwich
+  1846  J. Wing, Pimlico
+  1847  W. Ellis, Westminster
+  1848  J. Ash, Rotherhithe
+  1849  T. Cole, jun., Chelsea
+  1850  W. Campbell, Winchester
+  1851  G. Wigget, Somer's Quay
+  1852  C. Constable, Lambeth
+  1853  J. Finnis, Tower
+  1854  D. Hemmings, Bankside
+  1855  H. White, Mill Stairs
+  1856  G. W. Everson, Greenwich
+  1857  T. White, Mill Stairs
+  1858  C. J. Turner, Rotherhithe
+  1859  C. Farrow, jun., Mill Stairs
+  1860  H. J. M. Phelps, Fulham
+  1861  S. Short, Bermondsey
+  1862  J. Messenger, Cherry Garden Stairs
+  1863  T. Young, Rotherhithe
+  1864  D. Coombes, Horselydown
+  1865  J. W. Wood, Mill Stairs
+  1866  A. Iles, Kew
+  1867  H. M. Maxwell, Custom House
+  1868  A. Egalton, Blackwall
+  1869  G. Wright, Bermondsey
+  1870  R. Harding, Blackwall
+  1871  T. J. Mackinney, Richmond
+  1872  T. G. Green, Hammersmith
+  1873  H. Messum, Richmond
+  1874  R. W. Burwood, Wapping
+  1875  W. Phelps, Putney
+  1876  C. T. Bullman, Shadwell Dock
+  1877  J. Tarryer, Rotherhithe
+  1878  T. E. Taylor, Hermitage Stairs
+  1879  Henry Cordery, Putney
+  1880  W. G. Cobb, Putney
+  1881  G. Claridge, Richmond
+  1882  H. A. Audsley, Waterloo
+  1883  J. Lloyd, Chelsea
+  1884  C. Phelps, Putney
+  1885  J. Mackinney, Richmond
+  1886  H. Cole, Deptford
+  1887  W. G. East
+
+
+
+
+RIVERS AND COURSES.
+
+
+_RIVER LEA._
+
+                                    Distance from
+                                /---------^---------\
+                              LIMEHOUSE         HERTFORD
+                               m.   f.           m.  f.
+  Hertford                     27   7            0   0
+  Hertford Lock                27   2            0   5
+  Ware Lock                    25   7            2   0
+  Ware                         25   2            2   5
+  Hard Mead Lock               24   3            3   4
+  Amwell Lock                  23   4            4   3
+  Stanstead Lock               22   7            5   0
+  Rye House, Hoddesdon         21   4            6   3
+  Feildes Weir Lock            21   2            6   5
+  Dobbs's Weir Lock            20   3            7   4
+  Carthagena Lock              19   6            8   1
+  Broxbourne Lock              19   1            8   6
+  Aqueduct Lock                17   5           10   2
+  Cheshunt Mill                16   7           11   1
+  Waltham Common Lock          15   7           12   0
+  Waltham Abbey Lock           14   7           13   0
+  Romney Marsh Lock            14   3           13   4
+  Enfield Lock                 13   1           14   6
+  Ponder's End Lock            11   2           16   5
+  Pickett's Lock               10  2            17   5
+  Edmonton Lock                 9  2            18   5
+  Stone Bridge Lock             8  2            19   5
+  Tottenham Lock                7  3            20   4
+  Tottenham Railway Bridge.     6  7            21   0
+  Lea Bridge.                   5  0            22   7
+  Homerton Lock                 4  2            23   5
+  Duckett's Canal Junction      3  1            24   6
+  Old Ford Lock                 2  6            25   1
+  Bow Railway Bridge            2  3            25   4
+  Bow Bridge                    2  1            25   6
+  Bromley Lock                  1  4            26   3
+  Britannia Lock                0  1            27   6
+  Limehouse Cut Entrance        0  0            27   7
+
+
+_LENGTH OF RACING COURSES._
+
+  Barnes Regatta Course                            1-1/2 mile
+  Barrow, Walney Channel                           2 miles 600 yards
+  Bedford Regatta                                  3/4 mile
+  Blyth, Flanker to Cowper Gut                     2 miles
+  Bristol, from Hotwells to Bristol                1-1/2 mile
+  Boston, River Witham                             2-1/2 miles
+  Cambridge                                        1-1/2 mile
+  Chester                                          1-1/4 mile
+  Clydesdale                                       1-1/2 mile
+  Cork                                             2 miles
+  Derby                                            1 mile
+  Dublin                                           2-1/4 miles
+  Durham                                           1 mile 300 yards
+  Ely, Littleport to Adelaide Bridge               2-1/2 miles
+  Exeter                                           2-1/2 miles
+  Halton Water                                     1-3/4 mile
+  Henley-on-Thames                                 1 mile 2-1/2 furlongs
+  Huntington                                       1-3/4 mile
+      "      for time races                        3 miles
+  Hollingworth Lake                                3 miles
+  Hereford                                         1 mile 536 yards
+  Ipswich                                          1 mile 700 yards
+  King's Lynn, Champion Course                     2 miles
+      "        Prince of Wales's Course            1-1/4 mile
+  Kingston-on-Thames, Seething Wells to Kingston
+  Bridge                                           1-1/4 mile
+  Lincoln, sculling and pair-oared                 3/4 mile
+     "     four-oared                              1-1/2 miles
+  London Bridge to Old Swan, Chelsea               4 miles 3 furlongs
+  Manchester                                       2 miles
+  Moulsey (down stream)                            1-1/4 mile
+  Newark, Devonmouth to Magnus Boathouse           1 mile
+  Oxford, Iffley to the Barges                     1-1/8 mile
+     "    Abingdon Lasher to Nuneham Cottage       1-1/2 mile
+  Putney to Barnes Bridge                          3 miles 6 furlongs
+     "   to Chiswick                               2 miles 4 furlongs
+     "   to Hammersmith                            1 mile 6 furlongs
+     "   to Mortlake                               4 miles 3 furlongs
+  Richmond, Sion House to Richmond Bridge          1 mile 7 furlongs
+     "      Cross Deep, Twickenham, to Richmond
+            Railway Bridge                         1 mile 5 furlongs
+  Stockton-on-Tees, Portrack Course                4 miles
+           "           "       "    above bridges  1-1/2 mile
+  Stourport                                        1-1/4 mile
+  Sunderland, North Hylton to Spa Well             1 mile
+  Tyne, High Level Bridge to Waterson's Gates      1 mile
+    "       "        "       Meadow's House        1-3/4 mile
+    "       "        "       Armstrong's Crane     2 miles
+    "       "        "       West Point of
+                             Paradise Quay         2-1/2 miles
+    "       "        "       Scotswood Suspension
+                             Bridge                3 miles 713 yards
+    "       "        "       Lemington Point       4-1/2 miles
+  Tewkesbury                                       2 miles
+  Walton-on-Thames (up stream)                     1 mile
+  Warwick                                          1-1/2 mile
+  Worcester                                        1 mile
+
+
+_DISTANCES OF WEIRS ETC. OXFORD TO LECHLADE._
+
+                                    Distance from
+                                  /--------^-------\
+                               OXFORD          LECHLADE
+                               BRIDGE           BRIDGE
+                               m.   f.           m.  f.
+  Oxford Bridge                 0  0            36   0
+  Godstow Lock                  3  3            33   0
+  King's Weir                   4  4            31   4
+  Ensham Bridge                 7  5            28   3
+  Pinkhill Lock                10  0            26   0
+  Skinner's Weir               11  0            25   0
+  Badlock Ferry                12  4            23   4
+  Ridge's Weir                 16  0            20   0
+  Newbridge                    17  2            18   6
+  Shifford Weir                19  0            17   0
+  Dexford Weir                 20  0            16   0
+  Tenfoot Weir Bridge          22  0            14   0
+  Kent or Tadpole Bridge       23  5            12   3
+  Bushey Weir                  24  5            11   3
+  Old Nan's Weir               26  1             9   7
+  Old Man's or Harper's Weir   26  7             9   1
+  Radcot Bridge                28  3             7   5
+  Eaton or Hart's Upper Weir   31  3             4   5
+  Buscot Lock                  33  3             2   5
+  St. John's Bridge            35  2             0   6
+  Lechlade Bridge              36  0             0   0
+
+
+_TABLES OF DISTANCES OF LOCKS ETC. ON THE THAMES._
+
+                                                     Distance from
+                                                /----------^---------\
+                                                OXFORD FOLLY      LONDON
+                                                  BRIDGE         BRIDGE
+                                                m.  f.        m.  f.
+  Oxford Folly Bridge (stone) and Lock           0  0        110  1-1/4
+  Iffley Lock                                    1  1        109  0-1/4
+  Rose Island                                    1  7-1/2    108  1-3/4
+  Sandford Lock                                  2  5-3/4    107  3-1/2
+  Abingdon Lock                                  7  0-1/4    103  1
+  Abingdon Bridge (stone)                        7  3        102  5-1/2
+  Culham Lock                                    9  5-1/4    100  4
+  Clifton Lock                                  12  2-3/4     97  6
+  Clifton Hampden Bridge (brick)                12  6-3/4     97  2-1/2
+  Day's Lock                                    15  3-1/4     94  6-1/2
+  Shillingford Bridge (stone)                   17  7-1/2     92  1
+  Benson Lock                                   19  0-1/4     91  1
+  Wallingford Bridge (stone)                    20  2-3/4     89  6-1/2
+  Wallingford Lock                              20  6-3/4     81  7
+  Little Stocke Ferry                           23  0-3/4     87  0-1/2
+  Moulsford Ferry                               24  3-1/2     85  5-3/4
+  Cleeve Lock                                   25  5-1/2     84  3-3/4
+  Goring Lock                                   26  3         83  6-1/4
+  Basildon Railway Bridge                       27  5         82  4-1/4
+  Whitchurch Lock                               30  3         79  6-1/4
+  Pangbourne Bridge                             30  4-1/2     79  4-3/4
+  Maple Durham Lock                             32  5-1/2     77  3-3/4
+  Caversham Bridge (iron)                       36  0-3/4     74  0-1/2
+  Caversham Lock                                36  6         73  3-1/4
+  Sonning Lock                                  39  3         70  6-1/4
+  Sonning Bridge (brick)                        39  5-1/4     70  4
+  Shiplake Lock                                 42  0-1/4     68  1
+  Wargrave Railway Bridge                       42  2-1/2     67  7-3/4
+  Wargrave Ferry                                42  4-1/2     67  4-3/4
+  Marsh Lock                                    44  5         65  4-1/4
+  Henley Bridge (stone)                         45  4         64  5-1/2
+  Regatta Island (from this to Henley Bridge is
+  the usual Regatta course)                     46  7-1/2     63  1-3/4
+  Hambledon Lock                                47  6-1/2     62  2-3/4
+  Medmenham Abbey and Ferry                     49  6-1/2     60  2-3/4
+  Hurley Lock                                   51  2         58  7-1/4
+  Temple Lock                                   51  7-1/2     58  1-3/4
+  Marlow Suspension Bridge (iron)               53  3-1/2     56  5-3/4
+  Marlow Lock                                   53  5         56  4-1/4
+  Cookham Railway Bridge (wooden)               56  0-1/4     54  1
+  Cookham Bridge (iron)                         57  2         52  7-1/4
+  Cookham Lock                                  57  5         52  4-1/4
+  Boulter's Lock                                60  0-3/4     50  0-1/2
+  Maidenhead Bridge (stone)                     60  6-1/2     49  2-3/4
+  Maidenhead Railway Bridge (brick)             60  0-1/4     49  1
+  Bray                                          61  6-1/2     48  2-3/4
+  Bray Lock                                     62  0-1/2     48  0-3/4
+  Monkey Island                                 62  0-1/4     47  3
+  Queen's Island                                63  2-1/4     46  7
+  Boveney Lock                                  64  7-1/2     45  1-3/4
+  Windsor Railway Bridge (iron)                 66  6-1/4     43  3
+  Windsor Bridge (iron)                         67  1-1/4     43  0
+  Windsor Lock                                  67  4-3/4     42  4-1/2
+  South-Western Railway Bridge (iron)           67  7         42  2-1/4
+  Victoria Bridge (iron)                        68  3         41  6-1/4
+  Datchet                                       68  7-1/2     41  1-3/4
+  Albert Bridge (iron)                          69  6         40  3-1/4
+  Old Windsor Lock                              70  4-1/2     39  4-3/4
+  Magna Charta Island                           71  7-1/2     38  1-3/4
+  Bell Weir Lock                                73  3-3/4     36  5-1/2
+  Staines Bridge (stone)                        74  3-1/2     35  5-3/4
+  Staines Railway Bridge (iron)                 74  6-1/4     35  3
+  Penton Hook Lock                              76  1-1/2     33  7-3/4
+  Laleham Ferry                                 76  7-1/4     33  2
+  Chertsey Lock                                 77  7-3/4     32  1-1/2
+  Chertsey Bridge (stone)                       78  0-3/4     32  0-1/2
+  Shepperton Lock                               79  6         30  3-1/4
+  Shepperton                                    80  4         29  5-1/4
+  Halliford                                     81  0-3/4     29  0-1/2
+  Walton Bridge (iron)                          81  7-1/2     28  1-3/4
+  Sunbury Lock                                  83  4-3/4     26  4-1/2
+  Hampton Ferry                                 85  5-3/4     24  3-1/2
+  Moulsey Lock                                  86  4-3/4     23  4-1/2
+  Hampton Court Bridge (iron)                   86  5-3/4     23  3-1/2
+  Thames Ditton Ferry                           87  4-3/4     22  4-1/2
+  Messenger's Island                            88  5-3/4     21  3-1/2
+  Kingston Bridge (stone)                       89  5-1/4     20  4
+  Kingston Railway Bridge (iron)                89  6-1/4     20  3
+  Teddington Lock                               91  2-1/4     18  7
+  Twickenham Ferry                              92  5-1/2     17  3-3/4
+  Richmond Bridge (stone)                       94  0-1/4     16  0-3/4
+  Richmond Railway Bridge (iron)                94  3-1/2     15  5-3/4
+  Isleworth (Railhead) Ferry                    94  7-1/2     15  1-3/4
+  Isleworth                                     95  2-1/2     14  6-3/4
+  Brentford Ferry                               96  4-1/2     13  4-3/4
+  Kew Bridge (stone)                            97  1         13  0-1/4
+  Strand-on-the-Green Railway Bridge (iron)
+  about                                         97  5         12  4-1/4
+  Barnes Railway Bridge (iron)                  99  0-3/4     11  0-1/2
+  Hammersmith South Bridge (iron)              100  7-3/4      9  1-1/2
+  Putney Bridge (wooden)                       102  5-3/4      7  3-1/2
+  Battersea Railway Bridge                     104  4-1/4      5  5
+  Battersea Bridge (wooden)                    105  1-1/4      5  0
+  Chelsea Suspension Bridge (iron)             106  1-1/4      4  0
+  Vauxhall Bridge (iron)                       107  1-1/2      2  7-3/4
+  Lambeth Suspension Bridge (iron)             107  6          2  3-1/4
+  Westminster Bridge (iron)                    108  1-1/2      1  7-3/4
+  Charing Cross Railway Bridge (iron)          108  4-1/2      1  4-3/4
+  Waterloo Bridge (stone)                      108  6-1/2      1  2-3/4
+  Blackfriars Bridge (iron)                    109  3          0  6-1/4
+  Southwark Bridge (iron)                      109  6-3/4      0  2-1/2
+  Cannon Street Railway Bridge (iron)          110  0          0  1-1/4
+  London Bridge (stone)                        110  1-1/4      0  0
+
+
+_ON THE RIVER MEDWAY._
+
+                                   Distance from
+                                /---------^---------\
+                              SHEERNESS       TONBRIDGE
+                                  m. f.         m. f.
+  Tonbridge                      46  4          0  0
+  Tonbridge Lock                 46  2          0  2
+  Giles's Lock                   45  5          0  7
+  Eldridge's Lock                44  4          2  0
+  Porter's Lock                  43  5          2  7
+  East Lock                      42  0          4  4
+  Nook Weare Lock                41  3          5  1
+  New Lock                       40  4          6  0
+  Sluice Weare Lock              40  0          6  4
+  Brandbridge's Lock             39  3          7  1
+  South-Eastern Railway Bridge   39  0          7  4
+  Stoneham Lock                  38  6          7  6
+  Yalding Village                37  6          8  6
+  Hampstead Lock                 37  3          9  1
+  Wateringbury Bridge            35  4         11  0
+  Yeston Lock                    34  2         12  2
+  Yeston Bridge                  34  1         12  3
+  East Farleigh Lock             32  0         14  0
+  East Farleigh Bridge           32  0         14  4
+  Maidstone Lock                 29  7         16  5
+  Maidstone Bridge               29  6         16  6
+  Gibraltar Lock                 27  6         18  6
+  Aylesford Bridge               25  6         20  6
+  Snodland Ferry                 20  4         26  0
+  Lower Halling Ferry            18  4         28  0
+  Rochester Bridge               14  0         32  4
+  Rochester Railway Bridge       14  0         32  4
+  Chatham                        12  4         34  0
+  Chatham Dockyard               12  0         34  4
+  Upnor Castle                   11  0         35  4
+  Gillingham                      8  4         38  0
+  River Swale                     2  0         44  4
+  Sheerness                       0  0         46  4
+
+
+_ON THE RIVER WEY._
+
+                                    Distance from
+                                /---------^---------\
+                              THAMES LOCK    GODALMING
+                                  m. f.         m. f.
+  Godalming                      20  1          0  0
+  Catshail Lock                  19  3          0  0
+  Unsted Lock                    18  3          1  6
+  Broadford Bridge               17  5          2  6
+  Shalford Railway Bridge        17  0          3  0
+  St. Catherine's Lock           16  5          3  4
+  St. Catherine's Ferry          16  3          3  6
+  Guildford Lock                 15  5          4  4
+  Guildford Bridge               15  4          4  5
+  Stoke Lock                     12  4          7  5
+  Bower's Lock                   11  5          6  4
+  Trigg's Lock                    9  5         10  0
+  Scud Heath                      9  1         11  5
+  Worsfold's Gates                8  7         11  2
+  Paper Court Lock                7  3         12  6
+  Newark Lock                     6  1         14  0
+  Pirford Lock                    5  2         14  0
+  South-Western Railway Bridge    3  0         17  1
+  New Haw Lock                    2  4         17  0
+  Cox's Lock                      1  5         18  4
+  Weybridge Lock                  1  0         19  1
+  Thames Junction Lock            0  0         20  1
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+_THE EARLY HISTORY OF BOAT RACING AT THE UNIVERSITIES._[23]
+
+  [23] Reprinted from _Land and Water_ of December 17, 1881.
+
+
+The history of early college boat racing is not strictly that of the
+University boat race itself, but it is closely wound up with it, and it
+was, moreover, the origin of that aquatic rivalry between the two
+Universities which led to the first match of 1829.
+
+Oxford had inaugurated eight-oared rowing; that introduced inter-college
+bumping races. Cambridge followed suit and established similar races,
+and hence arose the constant study of aquatics which produced the first
+match. For these reasons, we think that the history here given will be
+read with interest by all University oarsmen, the more so because it, to
+the best of our knowledge, has never before appeared in print. No
+official record of their early races has been preserved; the oldest
+boating record in Oxford is the Brasenose Club Book, dating 1837. That
+of the O.U.B.C. commences with its establishment, 1839. The 'Charts' of
+the boat races from 1837, published by Messrs. Spiers & Sons, and which
+were not invented till after the year 1850, obtain the retrospective
+racing, prior to the time when they first appeared, from the MS. records
+of the B.N.C. book, the contents of which were communicated to the
+publishers by the late Rev. T. Codrington. But prior to 1837 all is
+blank. For the lost history here unearthed we are indebted to the
+reminiscences and diaries of oarsmen of those days still in the land of
+the living.
+
+Oxford started college boat racing before Cambridge. It does not seem
+quite clear as to when bumping races actually commenced. Two or three
+colleges had boat clubs and manned eight oars, and at first it seems to
+have been the practice for out-college men to join the club and crew of
+colleges to which they did not belong.
+
+The eight oars seem to have been in the habit of going down to Sandford
+or Nuneham to dine, and of rowing home in company. From Iffley to Oxford
+they were inclined to race to see who could be home first. They could
+not race abreast, so they rowed in Indian file, and those behind
+jealously tried to overtake the leaders. Hence began the idea of
+starting in a fixed order out of Iffley Lock, of racing in procession,
+and of an overtaken boat giving place to its victor on the next night of
+procession.
+
+In 1822, at all events, there were bumping races. Christ Church seems to
+have been head. There was a disputed bump between B.N.C. and Jesus, and
+some violence seems to have occurred, B.N.C. trying to haul down the
+Jesus flag, and the Jesus men defending their colours. The dispute was
+finally closed by Post of B.N.C. saying, 'These cries of "Jesus" and
+"B.N.C." remind me of the old saying:--
+
+    Different people are of different opinions;
+    Some like leeks, some like onions.'
+
+(The oars of Jesus were decorated with leeks.) The quarrel was made up,
+and the crews went together to Nuneham in their racing boats.
+Unfortunately Musgrave, one of the party, fell overboard and was drowned
+during the festivities. In 1823 there were no eight-oared races, the sad
+accident of the year before having cast a gloom over the pursuit. But
+several boats were manned. Christ Church refused to put on a boat in
+consequence of Stephen Davis, the boat-builder, rowing in the B.N.C.
+eight, and Isaac King (who eventually took Davis's business) in the
+Jesus boat. Some strong feeling was displayed on this point. When the
+B.N.C. boat came up the river, the Christ Church men used to run
+alongside of it for many nights shouting, 'No hired watermen.' After
+this year no watermen rowed in the college crews. Exeter had a boat
+afloat that year, built by Hall of Oxford. She was called the
+'Buccleuch' in honour Of the Duke of that ilk.
+
+Among the Exeter men was one Moresby, who was a relative of a naval
+captain of that name, and through his advice Exeter ordered an eight-oar
+of Little, of Plymouth. She was finished in time to be put on in 1824,
+and became famous as the 'Exeter white boat.' Stephen Davis was sent
+with a carriage constructed for the purpose, to meet the boat at
+Portsmouth, whither she was brought by sea. As this boat was built of
+deal, a raft was provided to receive her--the first use of a raft for
+this purpose at Oxford. The oars sent with the boat were such as are
+used at sea, and made of ash. They were discarded in favour of ordinary
+oars, such as those already in use for fresh-water rowing. She was found
+to be too high out of the water, so Isaac King cut her down one streak.
+The boat, as depicted in Turner's water-colour drawing of her, was taken
+when she was afloat and unmanned; her crew were painted in her
+afterwards; consequently she rides too high out of the water. The boats
+on the river in 1824 were, at the beginning of the season, Christ Church
+1, B.N.C. 2, Exeter 3. Exeter bumped B.N.C. under the willows on the
+first night; the next night of racing Christ Church took off, and Exeter
+became head by the other's default. The races were renewed another day,
+and B.N.C. bumped Christ Church. This was the _last_ year in which the
+boats started out for Iffley Lock. The racing has hitherto been
+conducted on this principle; the start between the boats were just so
+much as the dexterity of the stroke could obtain. He, the stroke, stood
+on the bow thwart, and ran down the row of thwarts; pushing the boat
+along with his shoulder against the lock gates, he reached his own
+thwart, by which time the impetus had shot the boat clear of the lock,
+he dropped on to his own seat, and began to row. The oarsmen had their
+oars 'tossed' meantime. The boat next in order then followed the same
+process, and so on. The boats lay in _échelon_ while waiting for the
+start. Bulteel, who was stroke of B.N.C. in the disputed race of 1822
+(above mentioned), and who afterwards was elected Fellow of Exeter in
+1823, was especially skilful at this. The Exeter crew of 1824 were:
+Wareing, Dick, Parr, Dowglass, J. C. Clutterbuck, Cole, R. Pocklington
+(father of D. Pocklington, stroke of Oxford in 1864), Bulteel (stroke),
+S. Pocklington (cox.) The Rev. J. C. Clutterbuck, now rector of Long
+Wittenham, near Abingdon, is well known as a conservator of the Thames,
+to whom the Universities and rowing men are much indebted for the
+clauses in the Conservancy Acts which give that body powers to clear the
+river for boat racing. The names of the other two crews of 1824 have not
+come fully to posterity, but among B.N.C. are Meredith, North and Karle
+(stroke); and in the Christ Church crew were Hussey, Baring and Smyth
+(stroke).
+
+In 1825 the boats started in line along the bank, each having its umpire
+to regulate the distance between it and its neighbours (one length). The
+boats at starting were Exeter, Christ Church Worcester, Balliol (in this
+order). Exeter had discarded their old love, and had got a 'black boat,'
+larger than the old 'white boat,' but not so fast, according to later
+experiments. However, they elected to row in her at first, and Christ
+Church bumped them, also Worcester on a subsequent night. Later on
+Exeter rebumped Worcester, and at the close of the racing the order was:
+Christ Church, Exeter, Worcester, Balliol. Smyth was again stroke of
+Christ Church, and R. Pocklington stroke of Exeter, in which Messrs.
+Clutterbuck, Parr, Dowglass, Cole, and Wareing rowed again, with Messrs.
+Harndon and Day as recruits.
+
+The term 'Torpid' seems to have arisen about this date, and to have been
+applied to the 'second' boats of colleges, such as Christ Church, who
+launched a second boat in 1826. Later on the 'Torpids' took to racing
+among themselves as a separate class, and under distinct qualifications.
+
+In 1826 the following rules were drawn up for the boat-racing, and we
+give them verbatim:--
+
+_Rule_ 186.--Resolved (1) That racing do commence on Monday, May 1.
+
+(2) That the days for racing be Monday and Friday in each week, and that
+if any boat does not come out on those days its flag do go to the
+bottom.
+
+(3) That no out-college crews be allowed to row in any boat, except in
+cases of illness or other unavoidable absence, and then that the cause
+of such absence be signified to the strokes of the other boats.
+
+(4) That the boats below the one that bumps stop racing, and those above
+continue it.
+
+(5) That there be a distance of fifty feet between each boat at
+starting.
+
+(6) That the boats start by pistol shot.
+
+(7) That umpires be appointed by each college to see each boat in its
+proper position before starting, and to decide any accidental dispute.
+
+  H. Saunders, Ch. Ch.
+  H. Moresby, Ex. Coll.
+  E. A. Hughes, Jes. Coll.
+  Henry Towers, Ch. Ch.
+  T. North, B. N. Coll.
+  H. Roberts, Ball. Coll.
+
+Of the details of the racing, all that we can gather is that Christ
+Church finished head.
+
+In 1827 rules were again drawn up and signed at a meeting of strokes;
+the new code being much the same as its predecessor, but with one or two
+small alterations. There was no U.B.C. in existence, and therefore no
+fixed code, but only such as was agreed on from year to year.
+
+
+_Rules for Boat-Racing, 1827._
+
+(1) That the racing do begin on May 29.
+
+(2) That the days of racing be Tuesday and Friday in each week, and that
+if any boat does not come out on those days its flag do go to the
+bottom.
+
+(3) That no out-college man be allowed to row in any boat.
+
+(4) That no boat be allowed to race with less than eight oars.
+
+(5) That the boats below the one that bumps stop racing, those above
+continue it.
+
+(6) That there be a distance of fifty feet between each boat at
+starting.
+
+(7) That the boats start by pistol shot.
+
+(8) That umpires be appointed by each college to see each boat in its
+proper place at starting, and to settle any accidental dispute.
+
+The rules of the racing signed by:--
+
+  C.H. Page, Ch. Ch.
+  R. T. Congreve, B.N.C.
+  A. C. Budge, Ex. Coll.
+  R. Pennefather, Ball. Coll.
+  F. C. Chaytor
+  Geo. D. Hill, Trin. Coll.
+  David Reid
+  T. Fox
+
+
+During these races Christ Church lost their pride of place. Balliol
+seems to have first displaced them, and they in turn fell victims to
+B.N.C. who remained head. The exact details of the racing and full list
+of boats in this are unfortunately wanting.
+
+The racing of 1828 began as usual. No MS. copy of the rules has come to
+our hands for this year, but they are believed to be a reproduction of
+those of 1827.
+
+The racing resulted thus:--
+
+June 1.--Order of starting B.N.C., Balliol, University, Christ Church,
+Trinity, Oriel.
+
+B.N.C. and Balliol remained in _statu quo_; Christ Church claimed a bump
+against University which the latter disputed. Oriel bumped Trinity. The
+disputed race between University and Christ Church was renewed on June
+3, and the Christ Church men put wet paint on their bows so as to make
+sure of leaving their mark if they should touch their opponents. They
+effected their bump. The other boats do not seem to have raced on June
+3.
+
+The next race was on June 4 between B.N.C., Balliol, Christ Church,
+University, Trinity, and Oriel. Balliol bumped B.N.C., and the other
+boats therefore ceased rowing according to the rules.
+
+The third race was on June 7. Balliol, B.N.C., Christ Church,
+University, Trinity, and Oriel, started in this order: Balliol kept
+ahead; Christ Church bumped B.N.C., and the two between them had
+therefore to cease rowing; Trinity then took off. On June 10 the races
+were renewed, but no bump was effected by any boat.
+
+On June 13 there was another race, and Christ Church displaced Balliol
+and went head.
+
+The races concluded on June 16, when Christ Church retained the
+headship, and B.N.C. rebumped Balliol.
+
+The Christ Church crew of 1828 were:--(bow) Goodenough; 2, Gwilt; 3,
+Lloyd; 4, Moore; 5, Hamilton; 6, Mayne; 7, Bates; (stroke) Staniforth.
+Hamilton became Bishop of Salisbury.
+
+In 1829, in consequence of the first match of its kind being then
+arranged with Cambridge, and the date being fixed for March 10, there
+were no bumping races. Christ Church were accredited as head of the
+river, from their having held that position from the preceding year; and
+they were saluted as such. A scratch race, however, was improvised on
+Commemoration afternoon, between the boats, apparently manned by mixed
+crews of all colleges. It seems to have been a bumping and not a level
+race, for the record of the race is 'no bump.'
+
+In 1830 the races were renewed, and the following colleges put on
+eights:--Christ Church, B.N.C., Balliol, University, St. John's, in the
+order named.
+
+The racing began on June 8, and Balliol bumped B.N.C.
+
+On June 11, another race, and no bump by any boat.
+
+On June 15, St. John's bumped University, the others above them
+retaining their places and rowing to the end, as the bump was astern of
+them.
+
+On June 18 another race, but no bump.
+
+On June 20 another race, and no bump.
+
+We hope at a later period to supply the hiatus in history between this
+last mentioned year and 1837, in which year the written records of
+the B.N.C. book commenced, and for which charts of the races are
+published. Meanwhile we shall thankfully receive any information on this
+subject from the heroes of those days who may now be alive and hearty.
+
+[Illustration: HENLEY COURSE
+
+_London: Longmans & Co._
+
+E. Weller]
+
+
+
+
+_HENLEY, PAST AND FUTURE._[24]
+
+  [24] From the _Field_, July 5, 1886.
+
+
+The inauguration of a new era in the history of Henley Regatta naturally
+tends to make the mind wander into vistas of the past, perhaps even more
+than into speculations of the future. There are oarsmen living who can
+recollect when Henley Regatta did not even exist, and yet we are within
+an appreciable distance (three years) of the 'jubilee' of the gathering.
+There are sundry old Blues of the 1829 match still hale and hearty, and
+the regatta was not founded until ten years after that date. _Apropos_
+of that 1829 match, we have never seen it officially recorded that in
+the race Cambridge steered up the Bucks and Oxford in the Berks channel
+of the river, where the island divides it. Yet we have heard the Rev. T.
+Staniforth, the Oxford stroke, relate the fact. For some strange reason,
+the general opinion of _habitués_ of the river prior to that match was
+that the Bucks channel gave the better course. The boughs of the island
+trees obstructed the Berks channel more than now, and this may explain
+the delusion. However, the Oxonians doubted the soundness of local
+opinion, and tested in practice the advantages of the two channels by
+timing themselves through each. They naturally found the inside course
+the shorter cut. In the race they adopted it, while Cambridge, so we
+hear, took the outside channel; and the previous lead of Oxford was more
+than trebled by the time that the boats came again into the main river.
+
+Times and ideas of rowing have changed much since the first regatta at
+Henley opened and closed with contests for the Grand Challenge Cup, the
+only prize at its foundation. The 'Town' Cup seems to have been the next
+addition, under the name of the 'District Challenge' Cup, in 1840; but
+it does not figure again until 1842, and in 1843 takes the name of the
+Town Cup. There were first class fours 'for medals' in 1841, but the
+Stewards' Cup was not founded till the following year. The 'Diamonds'
+appeared in 1844. 'Pairs' came into existence in 1845, styled 'silver
+wherries,' and the then winners, Arnold and Mann, of Caius, have ever
+been handed down by tradition as something much above the average. The
+prize became 'silver goblets' in 1850, and the first winners of them
+were Justice Sir Joseph Chitty and Dr. Hornby, provost of Eton. The
+Ladies' Plate was called the 'New' Cup when it appeared in 1845. At that
+time it was open to the world, like the Grand. Clubs from the Thames won
+it on sundry occasions. In 1857 it was restricted to schools and
+colleges as now, copying the 'Visitors' Cup' for fours, founded upon
+parallel principles in 1847. The Wyfold Cup dates from 1847, though it
+does not figure in the local official calendar of the regatta as a
+four-oar prize until 1856. In the latter year it became a four-oar
+prize, open to all, and the Argonauts won it and the 'Stewards,' with
+the same crew. Later on it obtained its present qualification. As to the
+forgotten functions of the 'Wyfold' between 1847 and 1856, we venture to
+record them. The cup originally was held by the winner of the trial
+heats for the Grand. If the best challenger won the Grand also, or if
+the 'holders' did not compete, then the same crew would take both Grand
+and Wyfold for the season; but the Grand holders were ineligible to row
+for the Wyfold. This latter anomaly in time induced the executive to
+obtain leave from the donor to alter the destination of the cup and to
+devote it to fours. Local races flourished in the forties and fifties.
+Besides the Town Cup, there were local sculls, sometimes for a 'silver
+wherry,' and sometimes for a presentation cup. Local pairs existed from
+1858 to 1861 inclusive. The Thames Cup began life in 1868 as a sort of
+junior race, but later on obtained its present qualification. There was
+a presentation prize for fours without coxswains in 1869, but the
+Stewards' Cup was not opened for fours of the modern style till 1873;
+and the Visitors' and Wyfold were similarly emancipated a year later.
+The advent and disappearance of the Public Schools' Cup need no comment.
+
+We well recollect the sensation produced by the first keelless eight,
+that of Chester, in 1856. The club came like a meteor, and won both
+Grand and Ladies' (the latter being an open race for the last time in
+that year). The art of 'watermanship' had not then reached its present
+pitch. The Chester men could not sit their boat in the least; they
+flopped their blades along the water on the recovery in a manner which
+few junior crews at minor regattas would now be guilty of; but they
+rowed well away from their opponents, who were only college crews. In
+that year, in consequence of the Chester ship being some dozen feet
+shorter than the iron keeled craft of Exeter and Lady Margaret, a
+question arose as to how the boats should be adjudicated past the post.
+The boats started by _sterns_, therefore Chester would be giving several
+feet start if adjudged at the finish by bows. So the stewards ordered
+the races to be decided by _sterns_ past the post. This edict remained
+in force, but unknown to the majority of competitors, till after 1864.
+In that year the winner of the Diamonds reached the post several lengths
+before his opponent, but stopped opposite to it in a stiff head wind.
+The loser came up behind him leisurely, chatted, and shoved the winner
+past the post by rowlocks locking. Presently it transpired that the
+official fiat was 'won by a foot,' and that the judge did not consider
+the race over until the winner's stern was clear of the line! This
+discovery caused some inquiry, and the half-forgotten edict of 1857 was
+thus repealed; and races have since then been adjudged again by bows.
+Among other reminiscences, we can recall the old starting 'rypecks,'
+with bungs and cords attached; these bungs had to be held by competitors
+till the signal to start; the ropes often fouled rudder lines, and were
+awkward to deal with. In 1862 the system of starting with sterns held
+from moored punts, now in vogue, was first adopted.
+
+Such are some of the recollections which evolve themselves at this date,
+when we are on the eve of a new era and a new course. The old 'time'
+records, which have been gradually improving and which, to our
+knowledge, are recorded in the most random manner in the local calendar,
+will now have to stand or fall by themselves. A new course, with less
+slack water in it, will hardly bear close comparison with an old one as
+to time. The old soreness of fluky winds, and 'might have beens,' laid
+to the discredit of much-abused Poplar Point, must now find no longer
+scope. Luck in station there still will be, inevitably, when wind blows
+off shore; but there now will be no bays to coast, and no Berks corner
+to cut. The glories of Henley bridge have been on the wane for some
+years past; we can remember when enterprising rustics ranked their muck
+carts speculatively along the north side of the bridge; but fashion and
+the innovation of large moored craft have lost the bridge much of its
+old popularity. Besides, the newly planted aspens along the towpath,
+which were given to replace the old time-honoured 'poplars,' shut off
+the view of the reach from the bridge. It is no longer possible,
+telescopically, to time opponents in practice from the Lion and Angel
+window, as of old. It is not so much as twenty years ago that steamers
+were unknown on the reach. The 'Ariel' (the late Mr. Blyth's) was the
+first of her kind built by Mr. Thornycroft. Till then, row-boats had the
+reach to themselves. We are old enough to recall the Red Lion
+flourishing as a coaching inn; then came its breakdown, when 'rail'
+broke the 'road,' and it shut up, until Mrs. Williams, the veteran
+landlady, who erst welcomed, and is still welcomed by, so many retired
+generations of oarsmen, migrated from the Catherine Wheel in 1858, and
+re-opened the Lion once more.
+
+The strength of amateur talent is treble what it was twenty-five years
+ago. After the pristine Leander retired from action, and the St.
+George's shut up, and the Old Thames Club dispersed, the Universities
+had Henley almost to themselves as to eights and fours until Chester
+woke them up in eights in 1856, and the Argonauts four a year or two
+before produced the nucleus of the talent which in 1857 burst upon the
+world under the new flag of the L.R.C. They were joined by Kingston in a
+four in 1859. In 1861 Kingston had their first eight. Thames, in like
+manner, began modestly with a four, which in due time developed winning
+Grand eights. We have already spoken of the march of watermanship. A
+quarter of a century ago the idea of amateurs sitting a keelless eight
+or four, without rolling rowlocks under, until they had first practised
+for days or weeks in a steady craft, would have been derided. In these
+days three or four scratch eights can be manned any day at Putney,
+capable of sitting a racing ship, and of trying starts with trained
+University crews. We are not _laudatores temporis acti_ as to
+oarsmanship; sliding seats spoilt form and style at first until they
+were better understood; but, in our opinion, there are now (_cćteris
+paribus_ as to slides _versus_ fixed seats) many more high-class oarsmen
+than were to be found thirty, or even twenty, years ago. There are more
+men rowing, and more science, and better coaching than of old. 'Vixere
+fortes ante Agamemnona;' but we believe that there are on the average
+some five Agamemnons now afloat for every two in the fifties and early
+years of the sixties. Nor do we wonder at it with four or five times as
+many men on the muster rolls of rowing clubs of the present day. As to
+boat-building, we think that the 'lines' of racing eights have fallen
+off. We can recall no such capacity for travelling between the strokes
+as in Mat Taylor's best craft, _e.g._ the Chester boat and the old
+'Eton' ship; both of which did duty and beat all comers for many years.
+While looking back with interest, we look forward with hope, and
+believe that the new Henley will maintain, and perhaps improve, its
+modern enhanced and extended standard of oarsmanship, and that the new
+course, when fairly tried, will encourage, rather than discourage,
+competition that looks for fair field and no favour.
+
+[Illustration: PUTNEY COURSE
+
+_London: Longmans & Co._
+
+E. Weller]
+
+
+
+
+_THAMES PRESERVATION ACT._
+
+
+In 1884 a Committee of the House of Commons sat to inquire into the best
+method of preserving public rights and those of riparians on the Thames.
+The latter had developed so much pleasure traffic during the last
+quarter of a century that some 'highway' legislation on the subject
+became imperative. An Act for regulating steam-launch traffic on the
+Thames had been passed in 1883. The report of the Committee produced the
+following Act, which should be read by all who intend to navigate the
+Thames for pleasure.
+
+Draft by-laws, to carry out the provisions of this Act in detail, have
+twice been propounded by the Thames Conservancy during 1886, and a third
+code was drafted early in 1887, but the first two editions provoked so
+much hostile criticism that the Conservancy withdrew them; and, up to
+the date of going to press, the third edition of proposed by-laws, which
+still seems too objectionable in many details, has not received the
+sanction of the Board of Trade, which is necessary before the code can
+become law.
+
+
+THAMES PRESERVATION ACT, 1885.
+
+48 & 49 VICT. CAP. 76.
+
+    _An Act for the preservation of the River Thames above
+    Teddington Lock for purposes of public recreation, and for
+    regulating the pleasure traffic thereon._ [_August 14, 1885._]
+
+    Whereas the River Thames is a navigable highway; and whereas, by
+    reason of the increase of population in London and other places
+    near the said river, it has come to be largely used as a place
+    of public recreation and resort, and it is expedient that
+    provision should be made for regulating the different kinds of
+    traffic in the said river between the town of Cricklade and
+    Teddington Lock, and upon the banks thereof within the limits
+    aforesaid, and for the keeping of public order and the
+    prevention of nuisances, to the intent that the said river
+    should be preserved as a place of regulated public recreation;
+
+    Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty,
+    by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and
+    Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and
+    by the authority of the same, as follows:
+
+
+    PART I.--NAVIGATION.
+
+    1. _Public right of navigation._--It shall be lawful for all
+    persons, whether for pleasure or profit, to go and be, pass and
+    repass, in boats or vessels over or upon any and every part of
+    the River Thames, through which Thames water flows, between the
+    town of Cricklade and Teddington Lock, including all such
+    backwaters, creeks, side-channels, bays and inlets connected
+    therewith as form parts of the said river within the limits
+    aforesaid.
+
+    2. _Private artificial cuts not to be deemed parts of the
+    river._--All private artificial cuts for purposes of drainage or
+    irrigation, and all artificial inlets for moats, boathouses,
+    ponds, or other like private purposes, already made or hereafter
+    to be made, and all channels which by virtue of any conveyance
+    from or agreement with the Conservators, or the Commissioners
+    acting under any of the Acts mentioned in the First Schedule to
+    this Act, or by any lawful title have been enjoyed as private
+    channels for the period of twenty years before the passing of
+    this Act, shall be deemed not to be parts of the said river for
+    the purposes of the last preceding section, or any provisions
+    consequent thereon.
+
+    3. _Conservators may exclude the public._--Notwithstanding
+    anything in the first section contained, it shall be lawful for
+    the Conservators from time to time to exclude the public for a
+    limited period from specified portions of the said river, for
+    purposes connected with the navigation, or with any public work
+    or uses, or for the preservation of public order.
+
+    4. _Right of navigation to include anchoring and mooring._--The
+    right of navigation hereinbefore described shall be deemed to
+    include a right to anchor, moor, or remain stationary for a
+    reasonable time in the ordinary course of pleasure navigation,
+    subject to such restrictions as the Conservators shall from time
+    to time by by-laws determine; and it shall be the duty of the
+    Conservators to make special regulations for the prevention of
+    annoyance to any occupier of a riparian residence, by reason of
+    the loitering or delay of any house-boat or steam-launch, and
+    for the prevention of the pollution of the river by the sewage
+    of any house-boat or steam-launch. Provided that nothing in this
+    Act, or in any by-law made thereunder, shall be construed to
+    deprive any riparian owner of any legal rights in the soil or
+    bed of the river which he may now possess, or of any legal
+    remedies which he may now possess for prevention of anchoring,
+    mooring, loitering, or delay of any boat or other vessel, or to
+    give any riparian owner any right as against the public, which
+    he did not possess before the passing of this Act, to exclude
+    any person from entering upon or navigating any backwater,
+    creek, channel, bay, inlet, or other water, whether deemed to be
+    part of the River Thames as in this Act defined or not.
+
+    Provided also, that the powers given by this clause shall be in
+    addition to, and not to be deemed to be in substitution for, any
+    powers already possessed by the Conservators.
+
+    5. _Riparian owner to remove obstructions unless maintained for
+    twenty years._--Any person obstructing the navigation
+    hereinbefore described, by means of any weir, bridge, piles,
+    dam, chain, barrier, or other impediment, shall be liable to be
+    called upon by the Conservators to remove the same, and his
+    refusal to do so shall be deemed to be a continuing offence
+    within the meaning of this Act, and the obstruction itself shall
+    be deemed to be a nuisance to the navigation unless the same, or
+    substantially the same, has been maintained for the period of
+    twenty years before the commencement of this Act.
+
+    6. _Provision against shooting or use of firearms on the
+    river._--From and after the passing of this Act it shall be
+    unlawful to discharge any firearm, air-gun, gun, or similar
+    instrument over or upon the said river within the limits
+    aforesaid, or the banks or towpaths thereof, or any land
+    acquired by the Conservators under the provisions of this Act,
+    and every person discharging any firearm, air-gun, gun, or
+    similar instrument over or upon the said river limits as
+    aforesaid, or the banks or towpath thereof, or any such land as
+    aforesaid, shall be deemed to have committed an offence under
+    this Act.
+
+
+    PART II.--REGULATION OF PLEASURE-BOATS.
+
+    7. _Registration of boats._--In addition to the rights and
+    duties of the Conservators relating to registration and tolls
+    already created by the Thames Navigation Act, 1870, the Thames
+    Conservancy Act, 1878, and the Thames Act, 1883, or by any other
+    of the Acts in the First Schedule to this Act mentioned, it
+    shall be lawful for the Conservators to direct by by-law that
+    all boats or vessels, with the exception of any such class of
+    boats or vessels as may, together with the reasons of such
+    exception, be specified in any such by-law for pleasure
+    navigation, shall be registered, together with the true names
+    and addresses of the owners thereof respectively, in a General
+    Register to be kept at their chief office in a form by them to
+    be prescribed, and as to all vessels propelled by steam power,
+    and all house-boats, and all rowing or sailing boats plying for
+    hire, and any such other particular class of boats or vessels as
+    by them from time to time by by-law, may be prescribed to issue
+    licences to ply upon any part of the upper navigation, or upon a
+    limited part thereof only, according to regulations in each case
+    by them to be made by by-law in manner hereinafter provided.
+
+    8. _Navigating without registration to be an offence._--From and
+    after the dates by any such by-law to be fixed respectively, it
+    shall be an offence under this Act to use any boat or vessel of
+    the class mentioned in the same by-law, on any part of the river
+    to which such by-law applies, unless such boat or vessel shall
+    have been previously registered or licensed in manner therein
+    provided.
+
+    9. _Lists to be kept of private boats and boats for hire._--In
+    the General Register in the seventh section of this Act
+    mentioned, separate lists shall be kept of boats and vessels
+    used for pleasure navigation by private owners, and of boats and
+    vessels let for hire. The former class of boats or vessels shall
+    be distinguished, according to regulations to be made from time
+    to time by the Conservators, by a registered number, crest,
+    badge, or mark, and the latter class by a registered number; and
+    the provisions of section eleven and section thirteen of the
+    Thames Act, 1883, as to displaying or concealing the same or
+    number of any steam-launch shall be deemed in all cases to apply
+    to the said registered numbers, crests, badge, and marks
+    respectively, with such modifications as the Conservators may by
+    such regulations from time to time direct.
+
+    10. _Renewal of yearly registration._--It shall be lawful for
+    the Conservators by by-law to enact as to any or all of the
+    classes of boats or vessels by them from time to time required
+    to be licensed or registered as aforesaid, that such licence or
+    registration shall be renewed at any interval not being less
+    than one year.
+
+    11. _Fee for registration._--It shall be lawful for the
+    Conservators to charge, in respect of boats or vessels
+    registered under this Act, sums not exceeding the sums
+    following; that is to say, for each registration of a
+    pleasure-boat not being a house-boat, a sum not exceeding two
+    shillings and sixpence, and for each registration of a
+    house-boat a sum not exceeding five pounds; and if such
+    house-boat shall be more than thirty feet in length, a further
+    sum not exceeding twenty shillings in respect of every complete
+    five feet and the fraction of an incomplete five feet by which
+    such house boat shall exceed thirty feet in length.
+
+    Provided always that nothing in this Act shall require a boat or
+    vessel not being a house-boat to be registered oftener than once
+    in three years.
+
+    12. _Present registration or licence not to be
+    affected._--Nothing in this Act shall require any vessel which
+    may under any Act be required to be registered or licensed by
+    the master, wardens, and commonalty of watermen and lightermen
+    of the River Thames to be registered or licensed under this Act.
+
+    13. _First registration._--For the purposes of the last
+    preceding section a fresh registration or licence of any boat or
+    vessel in a class other than that in which the same was first
+    registered or licensed shall be deemed a first registration or
+    licence.
+
+    14. _Application of ss. 7, 8, 9, and 14 of The Thames Act, 1883,
+    to all registered boats and vessels._--The provisions of
+    sections seven, eight, nine, and fourteen of The Thames Act,
+    1883, as to registered owners of steam-launches, shall apply to
+    the registered owners of all boats or vessels for the time being
+    registered pursuant to the provisions of this Act, and of the
+    by-laws in that behalf from time to time in force, and the same
+    section nine and section fourteen shall be read as if the words
+    'boat or vessel' therein were substituted for the word
+    'steam-launch,' and as if the words 'this Act' therein referred
+    to the present Act.
+
+    15. _Every boat or vessel to be deemed to be in charge of one
+    person._--Every boat or vessel used for pleasure navigation upon
+    any part of the River Thames within the limits aforesaid shall
+    be deemed to be in charge of one person, who shall be in every
+    case a registered owner, or the person duly appointed or
+    permitted by him to be in charge, or the person hiring such boat
+    or vessel, and, in the absence of any such person, then any
+    person having control or being in command of such boat or
+    vessel.
+
+    16. _Person in charge to be responsible for order_.--Every
+    person who for the time being is in charge of any boat or vessel
+    shall be responsible for the preservation of order and decency,
+    and for the observance of the provisions of this Act; and upon
+    proof that an offence under this Act has been committed by any
+    person on board such boat or vessel, and that the person in
+    charge has refused to give the name and address of the
+    offender, then the person in charge shall be deemed to have
+    committed an offence under this Act.
+
+
+    PART III.--GENERAL POWERS.
+
+    17. _Conservators may accept and hold land for certain
+    purposes._--In addition to their existing powers to take and
+    hold land, it shall be lawful for the Conservators to accept and
+    hold any land which any person may offer to them for dedication
+    to public uses in connection with the purposes of this Act, upon
+    such terms and conditions as they may see fit, and it shall be
+    lawful for the Corporation of the City of London, or the
+    Metropolitan Board of Works, and for the University of Oxford,
+    or, subject to the provisions of the Municipal Corporations Act,
+    1882, so far as they are applicable, for the Corporation of the
+    City of Oxford, or any corporation or other person, to give,
+    grant, dedicate, convey, or devise any land or right over land
+    to the extent of their estates and interests respectively, unto
+    the Conservators, for the purpose of enabling the public to use
+    such and or any part thereof as a public highway, or as a place
+    of public resort, or for the purpose of creating bathing-places
+    or camping-grounds or landing-places, or for any other purposes
+    connected with this Act, any of the provisions of the Act passed
+    in the ninth year of the reign of King George the Second,
+    chapter thirty-six, or any other statute or any rule of law to
+    the contrary notwithstanding.
+
+    18. _Acquisition by agreement of right of abstracting water from
+    the river._--Where any company or person is entitled under any
+    Act of Parliament, grant, custom, or otherwise, to any right of
+    abstracting or appropriating water which might otherwise flow or
+    find its way into the river, it shall be lawful for any such
+    person on the one hand and the Conservators or any other person
+    on the other hand, to enter into and carry into effect an
+    agreement or agreements for the conveyance of such right to the
+    Conservators; and every such right may be conveyed to the
+    Conservators by deed, and shall as from the date of such
+    conveyance be absolutely extinguished to the intent that such
+    water shall thereafter be allowed to flow into the river.
+
+    And it shall be lawful for any of the companies supplying water
+    within the Metropolis to make contributions out of their capital
+    or revenue in aid of the acquisition and extinguishment of any
+    such right, and for the Conservators to accept such
+    contributions and contributions from any other person or persons
+    and employ them for that purpose.
+
+    19. _Alteration and suspension of by-laws._--It shall be lawful
+    for the Conservators, in addition to all powers of making
+    by-laws already possessed by them under the Acts mentioned in
+    the First Schedule hereto, to make, and from time to time to
+    suspend or alter in the same manner and with the same consent as
+    in the same Acts is provided, all by-laws which they may deem
+    necessary for the purposes mentioned in this Act, or in the
+    Second Schedule hereto.
+
+    20. _Continuing offences._--Any act or default in contravention
+    of any of the said by-laws or of the provisions of this Act,
+    which after due notice is repeated or continued, shall be a
+    continuing offence under this Act.
+
+
+    PART IV.--PROCEDURE.
+
+    21. _Penalty for offence against the Act._--Any person convicted
+    of an offence under this Act shall, where no other penalty is
+    provided by this Act or any of the Acts mentioned in the First
+    Schedule hereto, or by any by-law made thereunder respectively,
+    be liable to a penalty not exceeding forty shillings.
+
+    22. _Penalty for continuing offence._--Any person convicted of
+    an offence which is a continuing offence under this Act shall,
+    where no greater penalty has been provided for such offence by
+    any of the Acts mentioned in the First Schedule hereto, be
+    liable to a penalty not exceeding five pounds.
+
+    23. _Jurisdiction of certain justices._--For the purposes of
+    this Act, and of every by-law to be made by the Conservators
+    thereunder, the jurisdiction of all justices of the peace for
+    the counties of Surrey, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Gloucester,
+    Oxford, Buckingham, and Middlesex, and of the magistrates for
+    the city of Oxford, and of every other borough, the police
+    jurisdiction of which extends to any place upon the River Thames
+    within the limits aforesaid, and the jurisdiction, powers, and
+    authority of the Proctors of the University of Oxford and the
+    marshals and officers acting under them, and the power and
+    authority of the Metropolitan Police, and of all police officers
+    and constables acting for any of the said counties or boroughs,
+    shall extend over the whole of the River Thames, and the
+    towpaths, banks, and precincts thereof, within the limits
+    aforesaid.
+
+    24. _As to place where offence committed._--For the purposes of
+    any proceedings in respect of any offence under this Act, or
+    under any of the Acts mentioned in the First Schedule hereto,
+    every such offence shall be deemed to have been committed, and
+    every cause of complaint in respect thereof shall be deemed to
+    have arisen either in the place in which the same actually was
+    committed or arose, or in any place in which the offender or
+    person complained against may be.
+
+    25. _Bailiffs and servants of Conservators may be sworn in as
+    police constables._--It shall be in the power and at the
+    discretion of the Conservators to procure all or any of their
+    water-bailiffs, river-keepers, lock-keepers, or other servants,
+    to be sworn in as police constables for any of the counties or
+    boroughs aforesaid, but they shall not be liable, without the
+    consent of the Conservators, to be called upon to perform the
+    duties of such police constables, except for the purposes of
+    this Act or of the Acts mentioned in the First Schedule hereto.
+
+    26. _Proceedings for summary conviction._--Proceedings in
+    relation to any offence or continuing offence under this Act or
+    any of the Acts mentioned in the First Schedule hereto, or under
+    any by-law already made or hereafter to be made by the
+    Conservators, or for the recovery of any penalty under this Act
+    or any of the said Acts mentioned in the First Schedule hereto,
+    or any by-law made thereunder respectively, may be taken before
+    a court of summary jurisdiction, according to the provisions of
+    the Summary Jurisdiction Acts, and all such penalties, whether
+    recovered summarily or otherwise, shall be paid to the
+    Conservators, and shall form part of their funds.
+
+    27. _Moneys paid to the Conservators to be carried to the
+    Conservancy Fund._--All moneys recovered or received by the
+    Conservators or their secretary, or other officer under any of
+    the provisions of this Act, shall be carried to the Conservancy
+    Fund, and all moneys arising in respect of the Upper River, as
+    defined by the Acts mentioned in the schedule hereto, shall be
+    credited to the Upper Navigation Fund.
+
+    28. _Saving clause._--Saving always to the Queen's most
+    Excellent Majesty, her heirs and successors, and to all and
+    every other person or persons and body or bodies politic,
+    corporate or collegiate, and his, her, or their heirs,
+    successors, executors, and administrators, all such right,
+    title, estate, and interest, as they or any of them could or
+    ought to have had or enjoyed of, in to or in respect of the
+    river and the banks and towpaths thereof within the limits
+    aforesaid in case this Act had not been passed, excepting so far
+    as relates to the said right of navigation and other rights
+    expressly declared and provided for by this Act.
+
+    29. _Definitions._--In this Act the following terms have the
+    several meanings hereby assigned to them, unless there be
+    something in the subject or context repugnant to such
+    construction (that is to say):
+
+    The terms 'the River Thames' and 'the said river' shall for the
+    purposes of this Act mean and include all and every part of the
+    River Thames specified in section one, excepting the cuts,
+    inlets, and channels specified in section two;
+
+    The term 'the Conservators' means the Conservators of the River
+    Thames;
+
+    The term 'due notice' means a notice in writing given by the
+    Conservators or any person duly authorised in writing by them to
+    act in their behalf;
+
+    The words 'consent of the Conservators' shall mean permission in
+    writing signed by the secretary of the Conservators;
+
+    The term 'by-law' includes rules, orders, and regulations;
+
+    The term 'person' includes corporation;
+
+    The term 'land' includes land of any tenure, and tenements and
+    hereditaments, corporeal or incorporeal, and houses and other
+    buildings, and also an undivided share in land, and any rights
+    over land whatsoever, whether appendant, appurtenant, or in
+    gross;
+
+    The term 'precincts' includes any place within a hundred yards
+    of the said river on either side thereof;
+
+    The term 'vessel' shall include any ship, lighter, barge,
+    launch, house-boat, boat, randan, wherry, skiff, dingey,
+    shallop, punt, canoe, raft, or other craft.
+
+    30. _Short title._--This Act may be cited as 'The Thames
+    Preservation Act, 1885.'
+
+
+    SCHEDULE I.
+
+    24 Geo. II. c. 8, 30 Geo. II. c. 21, 11 Geo. III. c. 45, 14 Geo.
+    III. c. 91, 15 Geo. III. c. 11, 17 Geo. III. c. 18, 28 Geo. III.
+    c. 51, 35 Geo. III. c. 106, 50 Geo. III. c. cciv., 52 Geo. III.
+    c. xlvi., 52 Geo. III. c. xlvii., 54 Geo. III. c. ccxxiii., 20 &
+    21 Vict. c. cxlvii. (the Thames Conservancy Act, 1857), 27 & 28
+    Vict. c. 113 (the Thames Conservancy Act, 1864), 29 & 30 Vict.
+    c. 89 (the Thames Navigation Act, 1866), 30 & 31 Vict. c. ci.
+    (the Thames Conservancy Act, 1867), 33 & 34 Vict. c. cxlix. (the
+    Thames Navigation Act, 1870), 41 & 42 Vict. c. ccxvi. (the
+    Thames Conservancy Act, 1878), 45 & 47 Vict. c. lxxix. (the
+    Thames Act, 1883).
+
+
+    SCHEDULE II.
+
+    PURPOSES FOR WHICH BY-LAWS MAY BE MADE UNDER THE POWERS AND
+    PROVISIONS OF THIS ACT.
+
+    1. For preventing offences against decency by persons using the
+    River Thames, and the banks and towpaths thereof, or any land
+    acquired by the Conservators under the provisions of this Act.
+
+    2. For preventing disorderly conduct, or the use of obscene,
+    scandalous, or abusive language to the annoyance of persons
+    using the said River Thames or the banks or towpaths thereof, or
+    any land acquired by the Conservators under the provisions of
+    this Act.
+
+    3. For preventing any nuisance to riparian residents or others
+    by persons using the river.
+
+    4. For preventing trespasses upon any riparian dwelling-houses
+    or the curtilages or gardens belonging thereto.
+
+    5. For regulating the navigation with a view to the safety and
+    amenity of the said river in relation to the purposes of this
+    Act.
+
+    6. For preventing injury to flowering and other plants, shrubs,
+    vegetation, trees, woods and underwoods on or near the said
+    river.
+
+    7. For preventing bird-catching, bird-nesting, bird-trapping,
+    and the searching for, taking, or destruction of swans' and
+    other birds' nests, eggs, or the young of any birds or other
+    animals on or about the said river, saving all existing rights
+    of fowling, shooting, hunting, and sporting.
+
+    8. For preserving the various notice-boards and other works and
+    things set up by the Conservators or with their consent.
+
+    9. For preventing disturbance of the navigation provided for by
+    this Act.
+
+    10. For registering and licensing boats or vessels, and for
+    regulating the conditions of such licences, and the letting or
+    hiring of boats, vessels, conveyances, horses or other animals,
+    in connection with the purposes of this Act.
+
+    11. For imposing penalties for breaches of by-laws, subject to
+    the provisions of this Act and of the Acts in the First Schedule
+    mentioned.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+  Abdominal strains, treatment of, 175
+  Ailments, 172-176
+  Amateur, the,
+    anomalous status of, 193;
+    definition of term, 48, 194;
+    Henley executive definition, 194;
+    foundation of Amateur Rowing Association, 195;
+    A.R.A. rules, 195;
+    regulations for the conduct of amateur regattas, 197-199;
+    conditions imposed on foreign crews, 199;
+    laws of boat-racing approved by A.R.A., 239
+  Amateur Rowing Association, 195-199, 239, 240
+  Amateurs, past and present:--
+    Babcock, J. C., 105;
+    Barnes, 35;
+    Bayford, J., 35, 36;
+    Birch, R. O., 104;
+    Bishop, 35;
+    Brickwood, E. D., 29, 107, 138, 172, 174, 185, 234;
+    Brown, M., 86;
+    Brown, W., 105;
+    Bulteel, 315;
+    Carter, 35;
+    Casamajor, 134, 137, 138;
+    Chambers, J. G., 44, 223, 239;
+    Chinnery, Walter and Harry, 231;
+    Close, J. B., 105;
+    Clutterbuck, Rev. J. C, 315;
+    Cobb, Rhodes, 234;
+    Copplestone, 35, 36;
+    Corkran, Colonel Seymour, 86;
+    Cox, J. R., 138;
+    Donaldson, Rev. S. A., 209;
+    Edwardes-Moss, T. C, 181, 227;
+    Fawcus, 184;
+    Godfrey, 85, 86;
+    Goldie, J. H. D., 86, 117, 181;
+    Griffiths, W. R., 86;
+    Gulston, F. S., 87, 88, 105, 107;
+    Henley, E. F., 152;
+    Herbert, C., 184;
+    Hoare, W., 86, 176;
+    Hornemann, 35;
+    Hughes, G., 156;
+    Jacobson, 89;
+    Labat, R. H., 226;
+    Le Blanc Smith, 195, 197;
+    Lesley, R., 86;
+    Lewis, 35;
+    Lloyd, 35;
+    Long, A. de L., 105;
+    Long, W., 87;
+    Lowndes, 141;
+    Marsh, 35;
+    Marshall, T. H., 92;
+    Menzies, F., 156;
+    Montagu, C. F., 203;
+    Morrison, Allan, 234, 235;
+    Morrison, George, 89, 234, 235;
+    Mossop, 87;
+    Musgrave, 32, 314;
+    Nadin, 184;
+    Parker, J. E., 134, 137;
+    Payne, 141;
+    Peard, 35, 36;
+    Pelham, 34-46;
+    Percy, 103;
+    Phillips, R. M., 37;
+    Pitman, 86;
+    Playford, Frank, 134, 227, 234;
+    Playford, H. H., 234, 235;
+    Revell, 35;
+    Rhodes, H., 86, 116, 117;
+    Risley, Rev. R. W., 234, 235;
+    Rowe, G. D., 179;
+    Shadwell, Rev. A., 92, 156;
+    Shaw, Captain, 35, 36;
+    Staniforth, Rev. T., 30, 32, 34, 319;
+    Unwin, W. S., 134;
+    Wallace, 184;
+    Warre, 209, 213;
+    Way, 116, 117;
+    Weedon, 35;
+    West, 86;
+    Wood, 182;
+    Wynne, 89;
+    see under Temple of Fame, 243-296
+  Aquatic championship, winners of the, 296
+  Authors quoted, see under Books
+
+  Bathing, 156
+  Beach, W., champion of the world, 236, 237
+  Biglin-Coulter crew, the, 105
+  Biremes, 12, 15-17
+  Blisters, treatment of, 173, 175
+  Boats,
+    early history of, 3;
+    sanpans, 4, 6, 10;
+    Ulysses' boat, 5;
+    dug-outs, 6;
+    canoes, 7;
+    cayaks, 8;
+    Madras surf-boats, 9;
+    analogy of construction with that of orders of fishes, 9;
+    Chinese junks, 10;
+    Egyptian boats, 12;
+    Ph[oe]nician vessels, 13;
+    ships of Homer, 13;
+    biremes, 15-17, 25;
+    triremes, 17, 18, 20-23;
+    pace of the ancient Greek galleys, 24;
+    early Roman vessels, 24;
+    boat-building, 142;
+    wherries, 142;
+    skiffs, 143, 144;
+    gigs, 143, 144;
+    'carvel' build, 143;
+    inrig and outrig, 144;
+    dingies, 145;
+    dimensions, 145-152;
+    prices, 146, 148;
+    shape, 150, 151;
+    position of seats, 151
+  Boat-builders:--
+    Archer (of Lambeth), 35;
+    Clasper, Jack, 146, 147;
+    Goodman, 213;
+    Hall (of Oxford), 314;
+    Little (of Plymouth), 314;
+    Perkins (Sambo), 213;
+    Salter, Messrs., 145, 152;
+    Searle, 35, 213;
+    Sewell, 147;
+    Swaddell and Winship, 147;
+    Taylor, Mat, 87, 147-149, 151, 213, 322;
+    Thornycroft, 322;
+    Tolliday, 213
+  Boils, treatment of, 173, 174
+  Books, &c. and authors quoted:
+    Archéologie Navale, 25;
+    Aristophanes, 18;
+    'Argonaut,' 147, 148;
+    Bell's Life, 28, 34, 35, 110, 147;
+    Boating Calendar, 206;
+    Boat Racing, 27, 31, 162, 172, 185;
+    Brickwood, E. D., 27, 31, 32, 95, 103, 104, 162;
+    Denkmäler (Lepsius's), 10;
+    Egan, T., 110, 147;
+    Encyclopćdia Britannica, 20;
+    Field, the, 40, 107, 188, 319;
+    Fleet of an Egyptian Queen (Duemichen's), 10;
+    Frogs, 18;
+    Graser, Dr., 20;
+    Glossaire Nautique, 25;
+    Herodotus, 9;
+    Homer, 4, 5, 13;
+    Horace, 3;
+    Jal, M., 25;
+    Land and Water, 30, 313;
+    Lane, 122;
+    Merivale, Dr., 33;
+    Notes on Coaching (Dr. Warre's), 77;
+    Oars and Sculls, 161;
+    Old Blues and their Battles, 34;
+    Record of the University Boat Race, 34;
+    Rowing Almanack, 241;
+    Socrates, 154;
+    Stonehenge, 174;
+    Staniforth, Rev. T., 30, 32;
+    Treherne, G. T., 34;
+    Urkunden über das Seewesen des attischen Staates, 20;
+    Warre, Dr., 64, 77;
+    Westminster Water Ledger, 27;
+    Williamson, Dr., 28;
+    Xenophon, 24
+  Brandy, as a restorative, 172
+  Building (boat), see under Boats
+  Bumping races, 33, 313-315, 318
+  By-laws of boat clubs, 187
+
+  Cambridge University Boat Club, 32, 36, 42;
+    head of the river, 292;
+    pair-oars, 293;
+    four-oars, 294;
+    sculls, 295;
+    races with Oxford, &c., 252-288;
+    college and club races, 292-296;
+    see Temple of Fame
+  Canoes, 7
+  Captains, 79;
+    qualifications for, 80;
+    multitude of counsellors, 80;
+    dealing with malcontents, 82-84;
+    enforcement of punctuality, 84;
+    position in boat, 85, 207;
+    former identity of stroke and captain, 86;
+    duties of, 87;
+    recruiting, 87;
+    selection by, of candidates for trial eights, 88;
+    coaching of juniors by, 89;
+    conduct of, on retirement from office, 90;
+    resident in college, 90;
+    lessons of the post, 91;
+    list of captains of Eton boats, 214-216
+  Championship of the world, 296, 297;
+    see also under Professional racing
+  Chitty, Sir Joseph, 320
+  Clothing, Henley rule concerning, 51
+  Clubs,
+    practical advantages of, 178;
+    Star and Arrow, 179;
+    early records of the Leander, 179-181;
+    the Leander's matches with the Universities, 181;
+    the Argonauts, 182;
+    foundation of the London Rowing Club, 182;
+    past and present composition of the Leander, 183;
+    suburban clubs, 183;
+    provincial clubs, 184;
+    draft rules for the formation of, 185;
+    by-laws, 187;
+    extinction of small clubs, 188-191;
+    list of those contending at Henley, 245-73;
+    O.U.B.C. college and club races, 289-292;
+    C.U.B.C. college and club races, 292-296
+  Clubs:--
+    Argonauts, 189, 269, 320, 322;
+    Ariel, 190;
+    Atalanta (New York), 106;
+    Bath, 184;
+    B.N.C. Oxon, 119, 122, 181, 267;
+    Burton-on-Trent, 184;
+    Cambridge London Rooms, 263;
+    Cambridge Subscription Rooms, 285, 289;
+    Chester, 182, 183;
+    Christ Church, 31, 208;
+    Corsair, 190;
+    C.U.B.C., see under;
+    Dublin, 106, 184;
+    Durham, 184;
+    Grove Park, 183;
+    Guy's Club (London), 264;
+    Ino, 190;
+    John o' Gaunt, 184;
+    Kingston, 43, 79, 87, 106, 109, 182, 183, 190, 210, 234, 322;
+    Lady Margaret, 38, 106;
+    Leander, 33, 34, 79, 117, 179, 180, 183, 190, 192, 211, 254-256,
+    258, 260, 272;
+    London, 79, 87, 88, 105, 106, 180, 182, 183, 189, 190, 210, 211,
+    226, 228, 272, 273;
+    Mersey, 184;
+    Molesey, 190;
+    Nautilus, 189;
+    Newcastle, 184;
+    Nottingham, 184;
+    Oscillators, 122;
+    Oxford Aquatic, 263;
+    Oxford Radleian, 119;
+    Oxford Etonians, 152, 180, 210;
+    O.U.B.C. (see under);
+    Pembroke (Oxon), 106, 109;
+    Queen's College, Oxford, 31, 38, 85, 86;
+    Radley College, 209;
+    St. George's, 182, 261, 262;
+    St. John's Canadian, 119;
+    Severn, 184;
+    Star, 189;
+    Thames, 42, 79, 182, 183, 233, 265;
+    Thames Subscription, 42, 234;
+    Twickenham, 183, 190;
+    University College, 87;
+    Wandsworth, 181;
+    West London, 183, 190;
+    Westminster, 208, 209;
+    see also Temple of Fame, 245-296
+  Coaching, 66;
+    tendency to become 'mechanical,' 66;
+    coach should be a scientific oarsman, 67;
+    testing rowing apparatus, 67;
+    cause of faults in rowing, 68;
+    'lateness,' 68;
+    over-reach of shoulders, 69;
+    meeting oar, 70;
+    faulty swing, 70;
+    screwing, 70;
+    feather under water, 71;
+    swing across boat, 71;
+    prematurely bending the arms, 71;
+    exercise of crew in paddling, 72, 73;
+    watermanship, good and bad, 74, 75;
+    firmness in dealing with pupils, 75;
+    selection and arrangement of crew, 76;
+    Dr. Warre's 'Notes on Coaching,' 77;
+    consumption of liquid in training, 161
+  Colds and coughs, treatment of, 176
+  College races, 245-251
+  Colquhoun Challenge Sculls, 38;
+    winners of, 295, 296
+  Conservators, Thames, powers of, 323-327
+  Course, boat's, 238
+  Coxswains, Henley Regatta rules concerning, 51;
+    see also under Steering
+
+  Diamond Challenge Sculls,
+    rules, 48;
+    Edwardes-Moss's victory, 227;
+    winners of, 248
+  Diarrh[oe]a, treatment of, 175
+  Diet, 153-163
+  Dingey, the, 145, 146
+  Doggett's coat and badge, 26;
+    list of winners of, 303, 304
+  Drink, 158
+  Dublin Trinity College, results of matches at Henley Regatta, 210, 211
+  Dug-outs, 6
+
+  Egyptian boats, 12
+  Entries, regulations concerning, 49
+  Eton,
+    rowing at, 86, 87, 200;
+    fishing and shooting at, 201;
+    the river out of bounds, 201;
+    Dr. Keate and the sham eight, 201;
+    shirking abolished, 202;
+    swimming enforced, 202;
+    river masters and bathing places, 203;
+    'passing,' 203;
+    changes in the course of the Thames, 203;
+    first race under official patronage, 204;
+    watermen as stroke or coach, 204;
+    upper and lower boats, 204;
+    names and number of boats, 204, 205;
+    entries for eights, 205;
+    captains and 'choices,' 205;
+    procession on opening day, 206;
+    practice, 207;
+    procession on June 4, 207;
+    position of captain of boat, 207;
+    _v._ Christ Church four, 208;
+    _v._ Westminster, 208, 209;
+    _v._ Radley, 209;
+    lists of results of races at Henley Regatta, 210-211;
+    upper sixes, 211;
+    four _v._ watermen, 212;
+    punting and tub-sculling, 212;
+    courses and winning point, 212;
+    the Brocas, 212;
+    times, 212;
+    build of boats, 213;
+    style of rowing, 213;
+    list of captains of boats and notable events, 214-216
+
+  Festers, treatment of, 175
+  'Field,' article on Henley Past and Present, 319-323
+  Firearms, use of, on river, 325
+  Foreign crews, regulations concerning, 199
+  Fouls, 239
+  Four-oars, 118;
+    without coxswain, 119;
+    steering apparatus, 119;
+    in practice, 122;
+    winners of races, 249-251, 292, 294, 298, 299, 301, 302
+
+  Gigs, 143, 144
+  Gold Cup for eights, 42, 260
+  Goodford, Dr., 202, 209
+  Grand Challenge Cup, 40;
+    rules concerning, 47;
+    racing record, 182, 183, 210, 211, 253, 258, 259, 261, 262, 264-268,
+    270, 272, 273, 319, 320;
+    list of winners, 245
+
+  Hanlan, E., Canadian champion, 227, 229-231, 236
+  Hawtrey, Dr., 204
+  Henley Regatta,
+    foundation of, 38;
+    old and new courses, 40;
+    qualification rules for cups, 47;
+    general rules, 48;
+    definition of an amateur oarsman, 48;
+    entries, 49;
+    objections to entries, 50;
+    course and stations, 50;
+    a row over, 50;
+    heats, 50;
+    clothing, 51;
+    coxswains, 51;
+    flag, 51;
+    umpire and judge, 51;
+    prizes, 51;
+    committee, 52;
+    restrictions on foreign crews, 199;
+    Eton eight first at, 209;
+    results of Eton racing at, 210;
+    advantage of Berks station at, 228;
+    Oxford _v._ Cambridge at, 254;
+    Leander _v._ Oxford at, 254;
+    random recollections of, 319-323;
+    see also Temple of Fame, 245-253, 258-262, 264-270, 272, 273
+  Hornby, Dr., 320
+  House-boats, 324, 325
+
+  Junks, Chinese, 10
+
+  Keate, Dr., 201, 202
+  Kelley, Harry, and his contests, 218, 220, 221, 223
+
+  Ladies' Challenge Plate,
+    rules, 47;
+    racing record, 210, 211;
+    winners of, 248
+  'Land and Water,' article on Boat-racing at the Universities, 313-319
+  Laws of boat-racing, 238;
+    boats' course, 238;
+    fouls, 239;
+    code adopted by Amateur Rowing Association, 239, 240;
+    rule of the road on river, 241, 242
+  Limehouse to Hertford and intermediate distances, 304, 305
+
+  Medway (Sheerness to Tonbridge, and intermediate distances), 310
+  Milk, cautious use of, 161
+
+  Navigation of the Thames, regulations for, 324
+
+  Oxford and Cambridge University Boat Race, list of winners since 1828,
+  252
+  Oxford to Lechlade and intermediate distances, 306, 307
+  Oxford to London and intermediate distances of locks, &c., 307-310
+  Oxford University Boat Club, races of, with C.U.B.C. and other clubs,
+  32, 36, 42, 89, 252-258, 260-288;
+    college eights (head of the river), 289;
+    winners of pair-oars, 290;
+    winners of sculls, 291;
+    winners of four-oars, 292;
+    college and club races, 289-292;
+    see Temple of Fame
+
+  Paddling, 72, 73
+  Pair-oars,
+    the acme of watermanship, 123;
+    give-and-take action, 124;
+    'jealous' rowing, 124;
+    balance and steering, 126;
+    the start, 126;
+    manipulation of the oars, 126;
+    winners of, at Henley, 246, 293
+  Paramatta, rowing on the, 229, 236
+  Passing swimmers at Eton, 203
+  Ph[oe]nicians, the, 13
+  Pleasure-boats, regulation of, 325
+  Professional races and their winners:--
+    The aquatic championship, 296, 297;
+    Thames National Regatta (champion fours), 298;
+    sculls, 299;
+    apprentices' sculls (coat and badge), 299;
+    T.N.R. (second series), fours, 299;
+    pairs, 300;
+    sculls, 300;
+    apprentices' sculls (coat and badge), 300;
+    Thames International Regatta, champion sculls, fours, and pairs,
+    301;
+    Royal Thames Regatta, watermen's prizes, 301;
+    British Regatta in Paris, fours, pairs, and sculls, 302;
+    World's Regatta on the Thames, 302;
+    winners of Doggett's coat and badge, 303
+  Professional racing, 217;
+    the London waterman, 217;
+    first championship of the Thames, 218;
+    defeat of Kelley by Chambers, 218;
+    Green defeated by Chambers, 220;
+    Chambers beaten by Kelley, 220;
+    Cooper and Chambers defeated by Kelley, 221;
+    Hammill beaten by Kelley, 221;
+    Hoare defeated by Sadler, 221;
+    second defeat of Chambers by Kelley, 221;
+    anecdote of Chambers, 222;
+    Kelley defeats Sadler, 223;
+    Renforth beats Kelley, 223;
+    Sadler defeats Boyd, 224;
+    Trickett defeats Sadler, 225;
+    Boyd beats Higgins, 225;
+    Higgins beats Boyd, 225;
+    Higgins defeats Elliott, 226;
+    Elliott beats Boyd and Higgins, 226;
+    Elliott defeated by Hanlan, 227;
+    Trickett beaten by Hanlan, 229;
+    Hanlan's victories over Laycock and Boyd, 230;
+    he beats Kennedy and Wallace Ross, 231;
+    cause of deterioration in professional rowing, 232, 233;
+    bad form with sliding seats, 224, 225, 229, 230, 232, 235;
+    lapse of professional regattas, 233;
+    Beach defeats Hanlan, 236;
+    Gaudaur beaten by Beach, 237;
+    Beach paddles away from Wallace Ross, 237
+  Professionals, past and present:--
+    Anderson, Jock, 225;
+    Bagnall, 224;
+    Beach, William, 236, 237;
+    Biffen, 229, 234;
+    Blackman, 225, 229;
+    Boyd, R. W., 224, 225, 226, 229-231;
+    Bubear, 146, 231, 236;
+    Cannon, Tom, 204;
+    Chambers, Robert, 103, 105, 137, 218-222, 228;
+    Campbell, 28, 218;
+    Clasper, Harry, 124,143, 218;
+    Clasper, Jack, 103, 124;
+    Clifford, T., 236;
+    Cole, 29, Cooper, 220, 221;
+    Everson, 219;
+    Fish, 204;
+    Gaudaur, 236, 237;
+    Green, 137, 138, 220;
+    Elliott, W., 226, 231;
+    Hall, Jack, 204;
+    Hammill, 221;
+    Hanlan, Edward, 134, 137, 225-230, 235, 236;
+    Haverley, Jack, 204;
+    Hoare, T., 221;
+    Kelley, Harry, 138,172, 218-223, 228;
+    Kemp, 29;
+    Kennedy, J. L., 231;
+    Largan, 231;
+    Laycock, Elias, 230, 231, 235;
+    Lee, 199, 227;
+    Luke, 226;
+    Lumsden, 225;
+    Matterson, Neil, 236;
+    Noulton, 36;
+    Paddle Brads, 204;
+    Perkins, 231, 236;
+    Piper, 204;
+    Renforth, 104, 105, 223;
+    Ross, Wallace, 230, 231, 237: Rush, 229;
+    Sadler, J. H., 103, 221-223;
+    Strong, 184;
+    Tagg, 234;
+    Taylor, 105;
+    Teemer, 236;
+    Trickett, 224, 225, 229, 230;
+    West, George, 33;
+    White, Tom, 219;
+    Williams, 28;
+    Williams, C., 218;
+    Wise, 234;
+    see also 296-304
+  Prizes, rules regarding, 51
+  Public Schools Challenge Cup for fours, winners of, 251
+  Punctuality, 84
+
+  Racing courses, length of, 305
+  Raws, cure of, 174
+  Regattas,
+    amateur rules governing, 197-199;
+    lapse of professional, 233;
+    see Temple of Fame
+  Regattas:--
+    Barnes, 43;
+    British Regatta in Paris, 302;
+    Harvard, 279;
+    Henley, see under;
+    International, 44;
+    King's Lynn, 104;
+    Metropolitan, 42, 189;
+    Molesey, 43;
+    National, 42;
+    Paris International, 119, 152, 221;
+    Philadelphia, 226;
+    Reading, 44;
+    Royal Thames, 301;
+    Sons of the Thames, 234, 235;
+    Tewkesbury, 184;
+    Thames, 42, 180, 221, 234, 260, 263;
+    Thames International, 301;
+    Thames National, 298-300;
+    Walton-on-Thames, 43;
+    World's Regatta on the Thames, 302
+  Registration of boats, 325
+  Renforth, James, champion, 223
+  Rivers and courses, 304;
+    distances of locks, &c., on river Lea from Limehouse to Hertford,
+    304;
+    length of racing courses, 305;
+    distances of weirs, &c., from Oxford to Lechlade, 306;
+    tables of distances of locks, &c., from Oxford to London, 307-310;
+    intermediate distances on river Medway from Sheerness to Tonbridge,
+    310;
+    intermediate distances on river Wey from Thames Lock to Godalming,
+    311
+  Rowing,
+    rise of modern, 26;
+    Doggett's prize, 26, 303;
+    Westminster 'Water Ledger,' 27;
+    match between randan and four-oar, 28;
+    modest championship stakes, 28;
+    Kemp's match against time, 29;
+    foundation of Wingfield Sculls, 29;
+    University training, 30;
+    first University race, 32;
+    records of college racing, 33;
+    Oxford eight steered by professional, 34;
+    London and Oxford amateurs, 35;
+    adoption of 'light blue' by Cambridge, 37;
+    match between Universities at Henley, 37, 38;
+    foundation of Henley Regatta, 38;
+    pair-oar races established at Universities, 38;
+    Colquhoun sculls and University sculls, 38;
+    four-oar races, 39;
+    regattas, 40;
+    Grand Challenge Cup at Henley, 40, 42;
+    the 'seven-oar episode,' 42;
+    Thames Regatta, 42;
+    'National' Regatta, 42;
+    Metropolitan Regatta, 42;
+    Barnes Regatta, 43;
+    minor regattas, 43;
+    constitution and rules of Henley Regatta, 45-52;
+    first principles of scientific rowing, 53-56;
+    muscular movement and mental volition, 54, 55;
+    instruction in details, 57, 58;
+    stroke, 57;
+    set of back, 58, 59;
+    swing, 59;
+    use of legs and feet, 59, 60, 62, 64;
+    government of oar, 60, 62;
+    recovery, 61-63;
+    feathering, 63;
+    notes on stroke, 64;
+    origin and use of sliding-seats, 102-117;
+    four-oared rowing, 118-122;
+    pair-oared rowing, 123-126;
+    sculling, 127-141;
+    training, 153-177;
+    clubs, 178-191;
+    amateurs, 192-199;
+    Eton, 200-216;
+    watermen and professionals, 217-237;
+    laws of racing, 238-242
+  Rule of the road on river, 241
+  Rules for boat-racing, 316, 317
+  Rules for the formation of rowing clubs, 185
+  Running, 168, 171
+  Rupture, treatment of, 175
+  Rypecks, 321
+
+  Sanpan, the, 4, 6
+  Scientific oarsmanship, art of, 53-65
+  Sculling, 127;
+    management of sculls, 128, 129, 132, 136;
+    first lessons, 128;
+    stretcher, 128;
+    rowlocks, 129;
+    thowl, 128;
+    even action of wrists, 130, 131, 132;
+    steering, 131;
+    feathering under water, 131;
+    the swing, 134, 136, 137, 138;
+    steering apparatus, 134;
+    slides, 135;
+    pace, 137, 138;
+    taking an opponent's water, 139;
+    pilots, 140
+  Sheerness to Tonbridge, 310
+  Siestas, 176
+  Silver Goblets for pair-oars, rules, 48
+  Skiffs, 143, 144
+  Sleep, 163
+  Sliding seats,
+    their origin, 102-106;
+    use, 107;
+    merits and defects of, 108;
+    superiority over fixed seats, 109;
+    practice at, 112;
+    swing, 113;
+    recovery, 114;
+    remedying faulty work on, 115;
+    introduction at Eton, 213;
+    professionals at fault in use of, 224, 225, 229, 230, 232, 235;
+    Hanlan's superiority on, 227, 228
+  Smoking, 165
+  'Sportsman' Challenge Cup, 146, 226, 229
+  Sprains, treatment of, 176
+  Steamers at races, 219
+  Steering, 92;
+    early days of the coxswain, 93;
+    the coxswain's attitude and action, 94;
+    handling the rudder-lines, 94;
+    words of command, 94;
+    turning, 95;
+    'coaxing with the rudder,' 95;
+    landmarks, 95, 96;
+    characteristics of the boat, 96;
+    four-oars, 119;
+    boy coxswains, 122;
+    pair-oars, 125;
+    in sculling, 131, 134
+  Stewards' Cup,
+    rules, 49;
+    racing record, 261, 262, 264, 266, 267, 269, 320;
+    winners of, 245
+  Strains, treatment of, 175
+  Stroke, notes on the, 64
+  Surf boats, 9
+  Swimming at Eton, 202, 203
+
+  Tea, 172
+  Temple of Fame, the, a list of winners, crews and men, 243-304
+  Thames Challenge Cup,
+    rules, 47;
+    winners of, 250
+  Thames Lock to Godalming, 311
+  Thames Preservation Act, 323;
+    navigation, 324;
+    regulation of pleasure-boats, 325;
+    general powers of conservators, 327;
+    legislative procedure, 328
+  Thirst, 160-163
+  Torpid, the term, 316
+  Town Challenge Cup, winners of, 251
+  Training, 153;
+    diet, 154;
+    old training of a prizefighter or a waterman, 155;
+    present course, 156;
+    morning bathing, 156;
+    breakfast, 156;
+    luncheon, 157;
+    dinner, 158;
+    drink, 158;
+    practice, 160;
+    thirst, 160-163;
+    consumption of fluids, 161-163;
+    sleep, 163;
+    period of training, 164;
+    smoking, 165;
+    aperients, 165;
+    work, 166;
+    running, 168, 171;
+    the 'set' stroke, 169;
+    starting, 169;
+    avoidance of over-fineness of condition, 170;
+    use of the toothbrush, 171;
+    value of the 'odd man,' 171;
+    the 'long course,' 171;
+    meal before and between races, 172;
+    ailments, 172-176;
+    wraps, 176;
+    siestas, 176
+  Triremes, 17, 18, 20-23
+
+  Universities,
+    results of races at Henley Regatta, 210, 211;
+    record of inter and club contests, &c., 254-288;
+    early history of boat-racing at the, 313;
+    Brasenose Club Book, 313;
+    bumping races, 314;
+    'no hired watermen,' 314;
+    the 'Buccleuch,' 314;
+    first use of a raft at Oxford, 315;
+    boats and crews in 1824, 315;
+    the term 'Torpid,' 316;
+    rules drawn up for boat-racing in 1826, 316;
+    ditto for 1827, 317;
+    results of racing in 1828, 317;
+    racing in 1829 and 1830, 318
+  University oarsmen, lists of, with their weights, and races in which
+  they rowed, 243-296
+
+  Visitors' Challenge Cup, winners of, 249
+
+  Water, abstraction of, from river, 327
+  Waterford, Marquis of, 34, 35
+  Water-gruel, as a corrective of thirst, 160
+  Watermanship, as a technical term, explained, 74, 75
+  Watermen, employed as stroke or coach, 204;
+    and see under Professionals
+  Westminster School, 208, 209
+  Wey (Thames Lock to Godalming and intermediate distances), 311
+  Wherries, 142, 218
+  Wingfield, Mr. Lewis, his institution of the prize which bears his
+  name, 181
+  Wingfield Sculls,
+    foundation of, 29;
+    winners of the, 243, 244
+  Wraps, 176
+  Wyfold Challenge Cup,
+    rules, 48;
+    conditions held under, 320;
+    winners of, 250
+
+
+
+
+                               PRINTED BY
+                SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
+                                 LONDON
+
+
+
+
+  +----------------------------------------------------------------+
+  |                                                                |
+  |              ADDITIONAL TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:                   |
+  |                                                                |
+  | The scans on which this e-book has been based have been        |
+  | generously made available by the Internet Archive.             |
+  |                                                                |
+  | Footnotes have been moved to directly under the paragraph or   |
+  | table they refer to.                                           |
+  |                                                                |
+  | Page 40: the July 1886: possibly a word is missing (issue or   |
+  | similar).                                                      |
+  |                                                                |
+  | Page 254 and further: body weights given in the tables do not  |
+  | always result in the average weights given in the tables.      |
+  |                                                                |
+  | Where the scans were not clear, the text has been completed    |
+  | based on other scanned copies and on 'best guesses.'           |
+  |                                                                |
+  | Inconcistencies (including hyphenation) and (typographical)    |
+  | errors in the original text have not been changed, except as   |
+  | indicated below. Some names are spelled inconsistently even    |
+  | when they (probbaly) refer to the same person: Mc... and M'...,|
+  | Haig and Haigh, Hornemann, Horneman and Horniman, Langmore and |
+  | Longmore, and Revell and Revel, etc. These have not been       |
+  | changed.                                                       |
+  |                                                                |
+  | Changes and corrections made to the text:                      |
+  |   Some obvious typographical and punctuation errors have been  |
+  |   corrected silently;                                          |
+  |   page 44: 'Bridgenorth' changed to 'Bridgnorth';              |
+  |   page 53 (chapter title): 'OARMANSHIP' changed to             |
+  |   'OARSMANSHIP' as elsewhere;                                  |
+  |   page 155: 'at a gift' changed to 'as a gift';                |
+  |   page 257: 'Uppleby' changed to 'Appleby';                    |
+  |   page 263: 'Magdalen' changed to 'Magdalene;'                 |
+  |   page 267: year (1851) added above 'Stewards' Cup';           |
+  |   page 272: 'Darrock' changed to 'Darroch';                    |
+  |   page 279, 282: 'Edwardes Moss' changed to 'Edwardes-Moss';   |
+  |   page 281: 'Michison' changed to 'Mitchison';                 |
+  |   page 304: 'Feildep Weir Lock' changed to 'Feildes Weir Lock';|
+  |   page 333: 'das attischen Staates' changed to 'des attischen  |
+  |   Staates';                                                    |
+  |   page 340: 'tooth-brush' changed to 'toothbrush' as in text;  |
+  |   Map of Putney Course (caption): 'E. Wellar' changed to 'E.   |
+  |   Weller'.                                                     |
+  |                                                                |
+  | The erratum has already been corrected in the text.            |
+  |                                                                |
+  +----------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Boating, by W. B. Woodgate
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