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diff --git a/37445-h/37445-h.htm b/37445-h/37445-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a64aca7 --- /dev/null +++ b/37445-h/37445-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1766 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Lady and her Horse, by T. A. Jenkins. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .5em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .5em; + text-indent: 1em; + } + p.noindent {text-indent: 0em;} + p.titlepage {text-indent: 0em; text-align: center; } + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + .chapterhead {margin-top: 4em; font-weight: normal;} + .sectionhead {margin-top: 2em; font-weight: normal;} + + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + .chapbreak {width: 65%; } + .declong {width: 8em; border: solid black 1px; margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;} + .decshort {width: 5em; border: solid black 1px; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + td {padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;} + .tdr {text-align: right;} + .tntable {margin-left: 0; } + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + a:focus, a:active { outline:#ffee66 solid 2px; background-color:#ffee66;} + a:focus img, a:active img {outline: #ffee66 solid 2px; } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; + text-align: right; + text-indent: 0em; + } /* page numbers */ + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .toc {width: 20em; position: relative; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } + .chapter {text-align: left; } + .page {text-align: right; position: absolute; right: 0;} + .size50per {font-size: 50%; } + .size70per {font-size: 70%; } + + .tn {background-color: #EEE; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em;} + + .poem {width: 20em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0em; margin: auto; } + .i10 {margin-left: 10em;} + .i14 {margin-left: 14em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Lady and Her Horse, by T. A. Jenkins + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Lady and Her Horse + Being Hints Selected from Various Sources and Compiled + into a System of Equitation + +Author: T. A. Jenkins + +Release Date: September 16, 2011 [EBook #37445] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LADY AND HER HORSE *** + + + + +Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<div class="tn"> +<p class="titlepage"><b>Transcriber’s Note</b></p> + +<p class="noindent">Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. A <a href="#trans_note">list</a> of corrections +is found at the end of the text. Inconsistencies in spelling and +hyphenation have been maintained. A <a href="#trans_note">list</a> of inconsistently spelled and +hyphenated words is found at the end of the text.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chapbreak" /> + + + +<h1 class="chapterhead"><span class="size70per">THE</span><br /> +LADY AND HER HORSE,<br /> +<span class="size70per">BEING HINTS SELECTED</span><br /> +<span class="size50per">FROM VARIOUS SOURCES</span><br /> +<span class="size70per">AND COMPILED INTO A SYSTEM</span><br /> +<span class="size50per">OF</span><br /> +EQUITATION.</h1> + + +<p class="titlepage">BY<br /> +<span class="smcap">Major T. A. JENKINS.</span></p> + +<hr class="decshort" /> + +<p class="titlepage">MADRAS:<br /> +<span class="size70per">PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY PHAROAH AND CO.<br /> +ATHENÆUM PRESS, MOUNT ROAD.</span><br /> +1857.</p> + + + +<hr class="chapbreak" /> +<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2> + +<hr class="decshort" /> + +<div class="toc"> +<span class="chapter"> </span> <span class="page"><i>Page.</i></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Introductory Address</span> <span class="page"><a href="#INTRODUCTORY">1</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Preparatory Remarks</span> <span class="page"><a href="#PREPARATORY">2</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Directions for Mounting</span> <span class="page"><a href="#MOUNTING">5</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">The Seat and Balance</span> <span class="page"><a href="#SEAT">7</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Holding the Reins</span> <span class="page"><a href="#REINS">10</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Aids and Indications</span> <span class="page"><a href="#AIDS">11</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Guiding</span> <span class="page"><a href="#GUIDING">16</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Animations</span> <span class="page"><a href="#ANIMATIONS">22</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Soothing</span> <span class="page"><a href="#SOOTHINGS">21</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Corrections</span> <span class="page"><a href="#CORRECTIONS">25</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Vices</span> <span class="page"><a href="#VICES">26</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Paces of the Horse</span> <span class="page"><a href="#PACES">33</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Leaping</span> <span class="page"><a href="#LEAPING">39</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Road Riding</span> <span class="page"><a href="#ROAD">41</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Dismounting</span> <span class="page"><a href="#DISMOUNTING">46</a></span><br /> +<span class="chapter">Concluding Remarks</span> <span class="page"><a href="#CONCLUDING">48</a></span> +</div> + + + +<hr class="chapbreak" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="chapterhead">EQUITATION.</h2> + +<hr class="decshort" /> + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="INTRODUCTORY" id="INTRODUCTORY"></a>INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.</h3> + +<p class="poem"><span class="i10">“What delight</span><br /> +To back the flying Steed, that challenges<br /> +The wind for speed! Seems native more of Air,<br /> +Than Earth! Whose burden only lends him fire!<br /> +Whose soul is in his task, turns labour into sport<br /> +And makes your pastime his!”<br /> + +<span class="i14">‘<i>Love Chase.</i>’</span> +</p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">The</span> chief point in Horsemanship”, Colonel <span class="smcap">Greenwood</span> observes in his +“Hints on Horsemanship” “is to get your horse to be of your party; and +not only to obey, but to obey willingly,”—“Good riding as a whole is +indeed no trifle, and is worth acquiring by those whose pleasure or +business it is to ride, because it is soon, and easily acquired, and +when acquired it becomes habitual, and is as easy, nay much more so; and +infinitely more safe, than bad riding. Good riding is an affair of +skill, but bad riding is an affair of courage.” Yet, in no other art, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>are there so many self-thought Amateurs. Many ladies have a decided +objection to going through the ordeal of a riding school; others have no +opportunity of obtaining instructions, and the generality consider, that +they are in possession of all that can be acquired upon the subject, +when they have discovered a mode of retaining the seat, and guiding the +horse; but to those who wish to sit a horse through all his paces, +firmly, yet gracefully, to have the animal entirely under command, and +as if imbued with one intelligence, to unite boldness, with modesty, and +employ energy, without losing delicacy, these hints are addressed.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="PREPARATORY" id="PREPARATORY"></a>PREPARATORY REMARKS.</h3> + +<p><i>A lady’s riding dress</i>, should be neat, and compact, at the same time +she should carefully avoid the slightest approach to a <i>mannish</i> +appearance; she may study the becoming, provided there be nothing in her +whole toilette likely to become disarranged or loosened by wind, or +violent exercise. The hair should be so arranged that it cannot be blown +about the eyes, and the hat should be perfectly secured on the head. So +much for outward appearance, in other respects comfort alone should be +studied.</p> + +<p><i>The whip</i>, should be light, and stiff. When too pliable, a lady +frequently touches her horse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> with it unintentionally, thereby teasing +and exciting him, and moreover such a whip is useless as an “aid.”</p> + +<p><i>The lady’s bridle</i>, should be, what is called a double bitted bridle, +consisting of a bit with a curb-chain; and a snaffle, two separate +head-stalls, united by one brow-band, each, with a separate rein.</p> + +<p>The <i>curb-bit</i> is a very powerful implement, the best for all purposes +is a light one; in choosing a bit for a horse, the distance between the +cheeks, should accord with the width of the horse’s mouth; they should +be of an average length, and the mouth-piece should be only sufficiently +arched, to admit of the horse’s tongue passing freely underneath it. The +bit should be placed in the horse’s mouth, so that the mouth-piece be +one inch above the lower tusk, the curb chain should be laid flat, and +smooth under the jaw, and so loose, as to allow a finger to pass freely +inside of it.</p> + +<p>The <i>snaffle</i> acts as an auxiliary to the curb-bit, and is placed above +it in the horse’s mouth, it should bear slightly upon the corners of the +mouth, but not so as to wrinkle the cheeks.</p> + +<p>For a person who has not a light hand, the curb-bit may, with advantage, +be placed a little higher in the horse’s mouth; and when the mouth may +be wanting in delicacy, it may be lowered a little, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> it should never +touch the tusk, or it will fret the horse.</p> + +<p>The <i>reins</i> should be soft, flexible, and of a good quality, the rein +which is attached to the curb-bit is usually fastened in the centre by a +sewing, while that attached to the snaffle may be known, by its having a +small buckle in the centre.</p> + +<p><i>Throat-strap</i> should not be buckled too tightly, but only sufficiently +so, to prevent the headstalls of the bridle, from getting out of place.</p> + +<p><i>Martingales</i>, though frequently used, are very seldom necessary if the +horse has been educated, and taught to carry his head properly, and to +be <i>obedient to the bit</i>; but if a horse carries his head high, or be +unsteady and fretful, then a light running martingale will be found of +service; it must however be attached to the snaffle reins, and never to +the curb-bit reins.</p> + +<p>The <i>saddle</i> should be roomy, but not too large, it should in short, be +made to fit the person. The third crutch is indispensable, as it renders +the seat so much more secure, and if properly fitted, it never +incommodes the rider. The saddle should be placed on the horse’s back, +so as not in the least to interfere with the action of the horse’s +shoulder, and care must be taken that the pad, or stuffing, only rests +on the horse’s ribs, leaving in the centre a thorough channel, over the +spine.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>The lady’s horse</i> should be good tempered, free and willing, for a +sluggish horse is the most unpleasant of any to a lady; but he must not +be restless, nor impatient in company: he should be steady, and safe on +the roads, smooth in all his paces; and with these natural +qualifications which are essential, he must be properly broken, and +taught to go collectedly in all his paces; and particularly to lead off +in a canter with the right leg; to arch his neck on the reins being +felt, to be obedient, and light in hand; it is further desirable that +the horse should possess elegance of figure, power, and action, with +speed in all his paces. However, much will depend upon the person, for +whom he is intended, as a timid rider would be alarmed by the +sprightliness of a free going horse, which might perfectly suit a lady +with a light hand, and a steady seat. A young horse is naturally +unsteady, the beau ideal of a lady’s horse, is an officer’s charger, +about ten years old, as he still possesses life and spirit, without the +freshness of a colt.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="MOUNTING" id="MOUNTING"></a>DIRECTIONS FOR MOUNTING.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> lady holding the falling folds of her habit in both hands, walks up +to the horse’s head, or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> side; but never behind him, lest he should kick +at her.</p> + +<p>There should be two persons in attendance, the groom should stand before +the horse’s head, with a hand on each side of the bridle, close to his +mouth, to keep him steady; the gentleman takes the reins in his left +hand, separating them with his forefingers, the lady receives them in +her right hand, in like manner, and lets them glide gently and evenly +through her fingers, until her hand reaches the near crutch, which she +takes hold of; and having passed the whip over the saddle, she holds it +also in her right hand. Standing close to the near side of the saddle, +and facing the gentleman who has taken a lock of the mane in his left +hand, the lady places her left foot, which he stoops to receive, full in +his right hand, lets the habit fall from her left hand, which she places +upon his right shoulder, leaning thereon, and assisted by her hold on +the crutch, she springs up from her right instep, as uprightly as +possible, having been careful not to place her left foot too far +forward, but keeping it directly under her, she straightens her left +knee and assumes an upright position; the gentleman, when he feels her +spring, accelerates the movement, by simultaneously lifting his hand +high enough, to place the lady on the saddle, she steadying herself, by +the hold she has with her right<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> hand, seats herself, and places her +right leg between the two outward pommels, the gentleman places her foot +in the stirrup, and she takes the reins in her left hand. To adjust the +habit, the lady raises herself by placing her right hand on the off +pommel and standing in her stirrup, the gentleman shakes the back part +of the skirt into its place, she re-seats herself, and raising her right +knee to free the habit, the gentleman assists to adjust the front part +of the skirt by gently drawing it forward.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="SEAT" id="SEAT"></a>THE SEAT AND BALANCE.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">A lady</span> seldom appears to greater advantage than when mounted on a fine +horse, that is, if her deportment be graceful; and her position +corresponds with his paces and attitudes; but the reverse is the case, +if, instead of acting with, and influencing the movements of, the horse, +she appears to be tossed to and fro, and overcome by them. She should +rise, and descend, advance, and stop with, and not after the animal. +From this harmony of motion results ease, elegance, and a good effect. +The lady should sit in such a position, that the weight of her body may +rest on the centre of the saddle, and so far back, as just to admit of +her right leg passing easily round the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> crutch, for if the knee be too +far forward, the seat will be very insecure; the right foot should be +flat to the saddle, the toe turned downwards, that it may not be seen +through the habit, when a firmer seat is required, the heel should be +depressed, as doing so, will tend to brace the muscles of the leg, and +give a firmer hold on the crutch.</p> + +<p>The <i>left leg</i> and knee must be in close contact with the saddle, from +the knee the leg should fall in a natural position, the foot should be +parallel to the horse’s side, and close to it, the heel slightly +depressed. The stirrup leather should be adjusted accordingly, as it is +only of use, to support the foot in its proper position, too long a +stirrup throws the rider on one side, and raises the right hip, too +short a stirrup again, forces the knee outwards, and throws the seat too +much to the right, giving to the rider a distorted appearance. A small +strap fastened to the surcingle about two inches above the stirrup, +passing round the stirrup leather, with a play of about three inches, +adds greatly to the security of the seat, as it prevents the leg from +flying out from the saddle.</p> + +<p>The <i>arms</i> should hang straight down from the shoulder, nearly close to +the sides, but not stiffly, the elbows bent, and the hands level with +the elbows, the right arm and hand, when not occupied with the reins, +may be allowed to hang straight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> from the shoulder. The whip should be +held with the lash downwards, between the two fingers and thumb. The +whip may also be carried in the manner adopted by gentlemen; but care +should be taken that its point does not tickle, or irritate the horse.</p> + +<p><i>The proper position of the bridle hand</i>, is immediately opposite to the +centre of the waist, and about three or four inches from it, the wrist +should be slightly rounded, the back of the hand to the front, the +knuckles opposite to the horse’s ears, the thumb uppermost, and pressed +over the third joint of the finger. The hand should not be allowed to +move across the body, all the movements being made by the wrist. The arm +from the shoulder to the waist, must be one continued spring, impulsive +to the motion of the horse’s head, moving backwards and forwards as he +moves, for if it be not so, the horse’s mouth will be spoiled by the +dead pull upon it.</p> + +<p>The <i>body</i> must always be in a situation, as well to preserve the +balance, as to maintain the seat. The shoulders should be thrown back, +so as to open the chest as much as possible. The rider should look in +the direction, and lean to the side the horse is turning to, which is in +fact the <i>necessary balance</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="REINS" id="REINS"></a>HOLDING THE REINS.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">There</span> are various ways of holding the reins, depending upon fancy, and +circumstances; such as the fineness of a horse’s mouth, and the delicacy +of the rider’s hand.</p> + +<p><i>Holding a single rein.</i>—The rein is taken in the centre where the +joining is, between the fore-finger and thumb of the right hand, and +drawn towards the body, the left hand is placed over the reins, and the +little finger is inserted between them; the hand is <a name="corr01" id="corr01"></a>then closed, and the +reins are drawn through the fingers, by the right hand, until a proper +feeling is obtained upon the horse’s mouth; the loop end of the rein is +allowed to drop over the fore-finger, and the thumb is placed upon the +rein, to prevent its slipping.</p> + +<p><i>Holding a double rein.</i>—The curb rein being held as directed, the loop +of the snaffle rein is placed over the curb rein in the palm of the left +hand, or, to have a double bearing upon the horse’s mouth, the rein may +be drawn, till the required tension is obtained, the left rein lying +over the curb rein in the palm of the hand, the right snaffle rein, +passing between the second and third fingers. In dividing the reins with +the little finger, the right rein, which passes over that finger, is +always a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>little longer than the other, and requires to be shortened, if +this be not attended to, the horse will be ridden chiefly upon the left +rein, his head will be bent to the left, and he will not be looking the +way he is going.</p> + +<p><i>Holding the Curl and snaffle reins separated.</i>—The curb being held as +directed in the first described method, the snaffle rein is taken in the +same manner, in the right hand, below the left; the principal bearing is +brought upon this rein, which keeps the horse’s head steady, while with +the left hand the horse’s mouth is kept alive, by a play on the bit, +giving and taking, but, at the same time retaining a light bearing upon +the horse’s mouth. This is an excellent method for holding the reins +with a fiery, high actioned horse, not up to hand.</p> + +<p><i>Adjusting the reins.</i>—The rider should take hold of the loop end of +the rein, and draw it through her hand until the proper bearing and +tension has been obtained.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="AIDS" id="AIDS"></a>AIDS AND INDICATIONS.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">All</span> those motions of the body, the hand, the leg, and the whip, which +either indicate the rider’s wishes, or in some degree assist the horse +to perform them, are, in the art of riding denominated ‘aids;’ in their +execution, a perfect combination,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> and the greatest uniformity, +exactness, and delicacy are required.</p> + +<p><i>The indications of the hand</i> are of two sorts, guiding and retaining, +those of the leg and whip, are also of two sorts, guiding and urging. +The aids serve to put the horse in movement, to direct, and to stop him; +they should not only decide the pace which the horse is to take, but +also signify to him, the rate at which each pace is to be executed, and +also determine his carriage during the performance of it. The power of +these aids, and the degree of severity to be used, must be governed by +circumstances, and the sensibility of the horse.</p> + +<p><i>The hand</i>, being placed holding the reins, as previously described, and +the reins being drawn to that determined length, that the bracing of the +muscles of the hand would rein the horse back, and the easing of them +permit him to advance freely; if the hand be held steady, as the horse +advances in a trot, the fingers will feel by the tightening and +loosening of the reins, a slight sensation or tug, occasioned by the +measure or cadence of every step, this sensation or tug, which is +reciprocally felt in the horse’s mouth, by means of the correspondence +between the hand and the mouth, is called the appui; and while this +appui is preserved, the horse is in perfect obedience to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> rider, the +hand directing him with the greatest ease, so that the horse seems to +work by the will of the rider, rather than by the compulsion of the +hand.</p> + +<p>When a horse is ridden on a snaffle, he only feels the direct pull more +or less of the rider’s hand, with a curb-bit in his mouth the effect is +different, and more powerful, on account of the lever which tightens the +curb-chain on the horse’s jaw. A curb in a rough and uneven hand, +becomes an instrument of extreme torture; the hand should always be +firm, but delicate, the horse’s mouth should never be surprised, by any +sudden transition of the bearing from tight to slack, or from slack to +tight, every thing in horsemanship should be effected by degrees.</p> + +<p>The rider should never rest her hand upon the pommel, as by doing so, +she at once destroys the sympathy which ought to exist between the hand +and the horse’s mouth.</p> + +<p><i>Fineness of mouth</i>, means a mouth that is perfectly trained, and +responds to the determined action of a sensitive hand. The acquirement +of the bearing upon the horse’s mouth, the turning the horse upon the +proper rein, the power of collecting the horse, and retaining him on his +proper balance, smoothness of indications, in the shortening of the +reins, and the working together of the hand, leg,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> and whip, are the +unseen, and unappreciated foundation, upon which good riding stands; +these, and not strength, nor violence commands the animal, with these, +the horse will rely on the hand, comply to it, and without force on the +rider’s part, he will bend to the hand in every articulation. Without +these, however unintentional on the rider’s part, she will be +perpetually subjecting him to the severest torture, to defend himself +against which, he will resist the hand, poke his nose, stiffen his neck, +and every other part of his body; for the horse can endure no greater +torture, than that resulting from an uneven hand.</p> + +<p><i>The Leg and Whip.</i>—The leg should hang straight from the knee, easy +and steady, and be near to the horse’s sides; the pressure being +increased as occasion required, but the size and substance of the flap +of the saddle, in numerous cases, renders the pressure of the leg +nugatory, therefore, as the whip is the chief additional aid a lady has +to depend upon, its exact management ought to be reduced to a perfect +science. Every movement and touch of the whip must be made for purpose +and effect; it can be used on both sides of the horse, as the case may +require; the lady will have no difficulty in using it, on the right, or +off side of the horse: but to use the whip on the near side requires +caution and address.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> + +<p>To strike the near forehand; the lady should raise the whip gently to an +upright position, holding it with a firm grasp, she should then let the +whip suddenly descend along the shoulder, and instantly remove it: she +should be careful not to strike the horse on any part of the head except +in cases of vice. To strike the near hind quarters, the lady must pass +her right hand gently behind her waist, as far as the arm will reach, +without distorting the body; and holding the whip between the two first +fingers and thumb, strike the horse. This position is most excellent +practice, by compelling the pupil to draw in her waist to its proper +place: and until a lady can perform it easily, without disturbing the +position and action of her bridle hand, she will fail in attaining a +graceful and elegant carriage. The whip on the one side, pressed to the +horse’s side, corresponds with the leg on the other, but except in +moving straight-forward, they should not be applied opposite to each +other; that the pressure of one, may not counteract the effect of the +other; thus the one intended to communicate a forward impulse, should be +applied further forward, to keep the horse up to hand, than that, which +communicates an impulse to the horse to step side ways, which should be +applied behind the girth.</p> + +<p>The rider must always bear in mind, that every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> movement of the bridle, +the leg, and of the whip, is felt, and responded to, by the +sensitiveness of the horse; when she errs, the horse goes wrong, it is +therefore indispensable that they should act in conjunction.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="GUIDING" id="GUIDING"></a>GUIDING.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> horse, previous to moving forward, should be made to collect +himself, to arch his neck, and to stand evenly upon both his hind legs, +for thereupon depends the balance of the horse’s body, his lightness in +hand, and proper carriage.</p> + +<p><i>To advance.</i>—The lady should call the attention of the horse, by an +increased bearing upon the reins, and at the same time should animate +him, by closing the leg, and using the whip gently on the right flank; +having communicated a sufficient impulse to the horse, to carry him +forward, she should at the same moment, by turning up the back of her +hand, ease the pressure upon the reins, and prevent him to move forward: +but she should not slacken the reins, because by doing so, the horse’s +head and neck may relapse into a position, which the hand cannot +control.</p> + +<p>To turn the horse, Colonel <span class="smcap">Greenwood</span> in his book of “Hints on +Horsemanship” observes, “When you wish to turn to the right, pull the +right rein stronger than the left; this is common<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> sense—the common +error is, when you wish to turn to the right, to pass the hand to the +right, by which the right rein is slackened, and the left rein +tightened, across the horse’s neck; and the horse is required to turn to +the right, when the left rein is pulled.”</p> + +<p><i>To turn to the right.</i>—The hand, holding the reins the proper length, +and having a correct appui or feeling of the horse’s mouth, must not be +moved from its position, in a line with the crest; but the tightening of +the rein, must be effected, by turning the wrist; the little finger, +with the first joint pressing against the rein, is raised, and turned +towards the right shoulder; thus giving a double feeling, or pressure +upon the right rein, and turning the horse’s head in the desired +direction, the pressure of the left rein against the neck, which +follows, induces the horse to turn to the right. Or the right hand may +be placed upon the right rein, to tighten it. The pressure with the left +leg, should at the same time be increased, to prevent the horse from +throwing his hind quarters too much outwards, or to the left. The +rider’s body should incline inwards, and face the direction turning to. +If the whip be used, it should be applied upon the left shoulder, with a +continued pressure, till the turn has been completed.</p> + +<p><i>To turn to the left.</i>—The lady should increase<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> the bearing upon the +left rein, by turning the back of her hand downwards, so as to bring the +little finger towards the left shoulder; at the same time, she should +apply the whip to the horse’s right flank, to make him collect himself, +and to prevent him, from throwing his hind-quarters too much to the +right; when the horse has completed the turn, the bearing and pressure +should be equalized, to induce the horse to move straight forward.</p> + +<p>The horse, when at a stop, may be made to turn quite round by making him +move his hind-quarters only.</p> + +<p><i>To circle the horse to the right, on his fore-hand.</i>—The lady should +apply her leg, to the horse’s side, as far back as she can; to induce +him to step to the right, with his hind legs; at the same time, she must +increase the bearing upon the left rein; if the horse does not readily +obey the pressure of the foot, she may pass her hand behind her waist, +and touch the horse with the whip gently on his left flank.</p> + +<p><i>To circle the horse to the left, on the forehand.</i>—The lady should +apply the whip gently to the horse’s right flank, to induce him to step +to the left, she should have a double bearing upon the right rein, and +she should at the same time press her foot against the horse’s side, as +far forward as she can, to oppose the movement of the fore-legs.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> + +<p>The horse can be made to turn on his hind legs, by the movement only of +his fore-hand. The lady <i>to turn the horse to the right</i>, must apply her +leg as far back as possible, to keep the horse’s haunches steady; at the +same time, she should with the bit, bend the horse’s head a little to +the right, to induce him to step with his fore-feet to the right. If +necessary, the whip may be used, by gentle touches upon the left +shoulder.</p> + +<p><i>To turn on the haunches to the left.</i>—The lady must press her whip on +the horse’s right flank, and her leg, against his side as far forward as +possible, at the same time, she should communicate an impulse to the +horse, to step to the left, to turn the horse quite round when in +movement; the lady should first bring her horse to a momentary stop, and +then proceed to turn him.</p> + +<p><i>To stop.</i>—The lady must close her leg smartly to the horse’s side, to +make him bring his haunches under him; at the same instant she must +increase the bearing upon the reins, gradually yet firmly, by turning +the back of her bridle hand downwards, and drawing it back, and upwards; +the body should also be thrown backwards, to give weight to the pull: as +soon as the horse has obeyed the check and remains still, the lady +should ease the bearing upon the reins. If the lady does not give an +impulse to the horse, by the pressure of her leg to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> side, to bring +his haunches under him, but merely pulls the bridle, the horse might be +stopped by strength of arm, but it would be entirely on his fore-hand; +and she would be thrown up and down in her saddle, in a very helpless +way.</p> + +<p>The stop should not be made too suddenly.</p> + +<p><i>Reining back.</i>—The great use of reining back, is to render the horse +obedient, and tractable. The lady should first make her horse collect +himself, when well balanced, she should communicate an impulse to the +horse, by the pressure of her leg and whip to his sides, to induce him +to raise one of his hind feet, at the moment of his doing so, she should +double the feeling upon both reins, by drawing her hand back, and +turning her little finger up towards her chest; the horse, to recover +his balance, will step back. The movement of the hand must be repeated, +at each step of the horse; should the horse bring his haunches too much +under him, the bearing upon the reins must be eased, and the pressure of +the leg and whip, increased, to give him a forward impulse.</p> + +<p>The horse must not be allowed to hurry, or run back out of hand, nor to +diverge from the straight line; he should be guided, by an increased +pressure of either rein, as may be necessary, and by an additional +pressure with the leg, or whip, to keep his hind-quarters in the desired +direction.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Reining in.</i>—The object desired is, to make the horse assume a more +correct balance. The lady should shorten her reins a little, by drawing +them through her left hand, thus keeping the bit-hand low and steady, +with an extra bearing upon the reins; she should with her right hand, +play with the snaffle rein, and at the same time, communicate to the +horse a forward impulse; the horse feeling the bit to be an +insurmountable obstacle, will, in place of throwing his weight forward, +bring his haunches under him. Should the urging indication be applied +too abruptly, the horse may throw so much weight forward, as to pull the +reins out of the rider’s hands; if used judiciously, and controlled by +the hand, the horse will collect himself, arch his neck, champ the bit, +and be ready for any movement.</p> + +<p>This practice gives the horse confidence, for most young horses are +afraid of the bit; and if frightened by too sudden a jerk upon the reins +will never after, go kindly up to hand. The lady having learnt the +indications necessary, to induce the horse to move either, his fore-hand +round his haunches, or his croup round his fore-hand; may next proceed +to apply them, so as to induce the horse to move diagonally, or +sideways.</p> + +<p><i>Shoulder in.</i>—In this movement the horse’s body is bent more or less. +The pupil should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> separate her reins, and take one in each hand, holding +them rather short; if the horse is to move to the left, her right hand +must be drawn back to her hip, to bend the horse’s head to the right, +her left hand should be advanced to guide the horse, she must apply her +whip by light touches to the horse’s right side, in line with the +girths, to induce him to step diagonally.</p> + +<p><i>Passaging.</i>—Signifies moving side ways.—If the retaining and urging +indications be given with equal force, but the right rein be felt the +stronger, the horse will incline to the right; to induce him to move his +hind quarters also in that direction, the urging indication upon the +left flank must be increased, by the rider applying her leg to the +horse’s side, as far back as she can, if necessary, she may pass her +whip behind her waist, and touch the horse with it, on his left flank.</p> + +<p>In passaging to the left, the whip should be used by gentle touches, on +the horse’s right shoulder, or flank as may be necessary.</p> + +<p>The rider should lean to the side, the horse is moving to.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="ANIMATIONS" id="ANIMATIONS"></a>ANIMATIONS.</h3> + +<p><i>Animations</i> are intended to produce greater speed, or to render the +horse more lively, and on the alert, without increasing his pace; some +horses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> scarcely ever require animations, while others are so dull, and +deficient in mettle, as to call them frequently into use. The slightest +movement of the body, the hand, or the leg, is enough to rouse the well +bred, and thoroughly trained animal; but it is necessary with sluggish +horses, that the animations, to be so spirited and united, as almost to +become corrections: in fact, what is mere animation to the one horse, +would be a positive correction to another.</p> + +<p>Animations should be used in all cases, when the horse, contrary to the +rider’s inclination, either decreases his speed, droops his head, bears +heavily and languidly upon the bit, or begins to be lazy and slovenly in +the performance of his pace. A good rider foresees the necessity for an +animation, before the horse actually abates his speed, or loses the +<i>ensemble</i> of his action, and the grace and spirit of his deportment.</p> + +<p>It is much easier to maintain, than to restore a horse’s animation; +therefore, the whip, the hand, the leg, or the voice, should do its +office a few moments before, rather than at a time, when doing so has +become indispensable. A slight motion of the fingers of the bridle hand, +serves as an excellent animation; it reminds the horse of his duty, +awakens the sensibility of his mouth, and preserves a proper +correspondence between that, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> hand. When it is necessary to +recur to animation frequently, they ought to be varied; even the whip, +if it be often used, unless with different degrees of force, will lose +its effect.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="SOOTHINGS" id="SOOTHINGS"></a>SOOTHINGS.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">We</span> should endeavor, as Xenophon observes, “to make ourself to our horse, +the organ of pleasure, and that he should associate with our presence, +the idea of the absence of pain.” Horses are by degrees made obedient, +through the hope of recompense, as well as the fear of punishment; to +use these two incentives with judgment, is a very difficult matter, +requiring much thought, much practice and good temper; mere force, and +want of skill, and coolness, tend to confirm vice and restiveness. The +voice, the leg and the whole body, may be employed to soothe and +encourage. High mettled or fretful horses, it is often necessary to +soothe, and timid ones to encourage. A spirited animal is frequently +impatient when first mounted, or if a horse or carriage pass him at a +quick rate; in either case, the rider should endeavor to soothe her +horse, by speaking to him in a calm gentle tone; she should keep her +whip as motionless as possible, taking even more care than usual, that +its lash do not touch his flank, her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> seat should be easy, her leg +still, and her bridle hand steady. The perfection of soothing consists +in the rider sitting so still, and easy, as not to add in the least, to +the horse’s animation, at the same time being on her guard, so as to be +able to meet any contingency that may occur.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="CORRECTIONS" id="CORRECTIONS"></a>CORRECTIONS.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> best horse sometimes requires correction, but the sooner a lady gets +rid of a horse that she is compelled to <i>flog</i>, the better; the effect +is most unpleasant, though the éclát may be great, and such a sight +would destroy every previously formed idea of her grace and gentleness: +moderate corrections are however some times necessary, and the lady +should make no scruple of having recourse to them when absolutely +necessary, but not otherwise. The best way to correct a horse is to +dishearten him, and make him do what he would fain avoid, not so much by +force and obstinate resolution, in contesting with him openly, and +directly, when he is perfectly prepared to resist; as by a cool +opposition, and indirect means. There are different methods of attaining +the same end, and those which are the least obvious to the animal should +be adopted; a lady cannot rival him in physical strength, but she may +conquer him by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> ingenuity, or subdue him by a calm determined assumption +of superior power: severe flogging seldom produces good effect, and all +quarrels between a horse and his rider should be avoided; on the other +hand, too much indulgence may induce him to think that she is afraid of +him; should he do so, she will find that he will exercise every means to +convince her, that he considers himself her master, instead of +acknowledging by <a name="corr02" id="corr02"></a>implicit obedience, that she is his.</p> + +<p>When it is necessary to use the whip as a correction, it should be +applied, by giving the horse two or three smart cuts in a line with the +girths, or on the shoulder. The lady should not fret her horse, by +continually tapping him with the whip.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="VICES" id="VICES"></a>VICES.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> word vice, is used to signify those actions which arise from a +perverse, or mischievous disposition—those, in which the horse opposes +his own will, to that of his rider, or those in which he purposely +attempts to injure other horses, or the persons about him. A lady +certainly should not ride any horse, that is addicted to shying, +stumbling, rearing, or any other kind of vice; but she ought +nevertheless, to be prepared against their occurrence; for, however +careful, and judicious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> those persons, by whom her horse is selected, +may be, and however long a trial she may have had of his temper, and +merits, she cannot be sure, even with the best tempered horse, that she +may not have to exercise her skill, to save herself from danger; she +should therefore, be prepared against frailty, or accident.</p> + +<p>When a horse resists, or suddenly becomes uneasy in his gait, instead of +punishing the animal; the bridle, saddle, girths, &c., should be +examined, to ascertain the cause, and remedy it. For want of this +necessary precaution, the poor animal is often used ill, without reason, +and being forced into despair, is in a manner obliged to act +accordingly, be his temper and inclination ever so good.</p> + +<p><i>Weakness</i> frequently drives horses into being vicious, when any thing +beyond their strength is required of them: great care should therefore +be taken, to ascertain from what cause the opposition arises.</p> + +<p><i>Resistance</i> in horses, is often a mark of strength and vigour, and +proceeds from high spirits, but punishment would turn it into vice; a +timorous rider, or a passionate person, would alike spoil the horse; the +former, by suffering him to have his own will, establishes bad habits, +and creates new ones; for horses find out many ways, and means of +opposing what is demanded to them; many will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> imperceptibly gain a +little every day on their riders; the lady must however always treat the +horse kindly, at the same time show him that she does not fear him. The +other, from want of reason, and temper, enrages the horse, and causes +him to become vicious. Horses of a bad disposition or temper, are +exceedingly subtle, and watch their opportunity; they first, as it were, +feel for their rider’s firmness of seat, and her resolution, and are +sure to defend themselves upon that point, on which they expect she will +attack them; now, the object of the lady in this contest must be, to +frustrate the horse’s intentions, and protect herself from injury in the +struggle.</p> + +<p>Some horses have a vicious habit of <i>turning round suddenly</i>; instead of +endeavouring to prevent him, in which the lady would in all <a name="corr03" id="corr03"></a>probability +be foiled, were she to try to do so by force; the better plan is, to +turn the horse smartly round to the side to which he is turning, until +his head has made a complete circle, and he finds to his astonishment, +that he is precisely in the place from which he started. Should he, on +the lady attempting to urge him forward, repeat the trick; she should +pull him round on the same side three or four times, and assist the hand +in doing so, by a smart aid of the whip, or the leg; while this is +doing, she must take care to preserve her balance,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> by an inclination of +the body, towards the centre of the circle which is described by the +horse’s head in his revolution. The same plan may be pursued, when the +horse endeavors <i>to turn a corner contrary to the wish of his rider</i>; +and if he be successfully baffled three or four times, it is most +probable that he will not renew his attempts.</p> + +<p>When a horse <i>refuses to advance</i>, and probably whipping would increase +his obstinacy, or make him rear, or bolt away in an opposite direction, +it is advisable, on the same principle, to make him walk backwards, +until he evinces a willingness to advance: should the rider not mind her +horse giving a kick or two, a couple of smart cuts over the croup, will +generally prove successful.</p> + +<p>Should a horse <i>back into difficulties</i>; he must be turned with his head +towards the danger, and then backed off, until there be sufficient room +to handle him.</p> + +<p>Restive horses, and even docile animals when put out of temper, +sometimes <i>rear up against a wall or a carriage</i>; an inexperienced +rider, in such a situation, would strive to pull his head <i>from</i> the +wall, which would bring her knee in contact with it, consequently, all +further chastisement thereupon ceases; for were the rider to make her +horse plunge, her legs would be crushed against the wall, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> horse +discovering the rider’s weakness, and that punishment had ceased; would +turn it to her disadvantage, and on future occasions fly to the wall for +shelter. Instead of <i>from</i> the wall. The horse’s head should be pulled +<i>towards</i> it, so as to place his eye, in place of his rider’s knee, +against it. She should use her leg, and whip, to force the croup out, +when the horse can be easily backed off, and he will never go near a +wall again.</p> + +<p>Some horses will <i>stand stock still</i>, if ladies have the patience to sit +on their backs, and keep them in the same spot for a time, it is the +most proper punishment for such an offence, and will surely cure that +mode of defence.</p> + +<p>When a horse begins to <i>kick</i>, the rider must bear forcibly upon his +mouth, and keep his head up, at the same time, she should press her leg +to the horse’s side, keeping her body well back, to save herself from +being thrown forwards. She should use as little coercion as possible, +and be careful to preserve her own temper, and her seat; should the +horse, in spite of her exertions, get his head down; she must endeavour +to give him a smart blow with her whip on his head, which will induce +him to throw it up, and thereby stop his kicking; should an opportunity +occur, she should also try to give the horse, two or three smart turns; +this may also be done with effect, as a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> preventative, should she detect +any incipient attempts in the animal to kick.</p> + +<p><i>Rearing</i> is a bad vice, and in weak horses especially, a dangerous one. +When the horse rears, the rider must cease to bear upon the mouth, she +should lean her body well forward, towards his neck, and with her right +hand take hold of the mane, to save herself from falling off, or pulling +the horse backwards upon her; as the horse comes to the ground with his +fore-feet, not before, she should give him a few smart cuts with the +whip on his croup, to force him forward, and endeavor to pull him round +two or three times, and thus divert him from his object; the latter +course may also be adopted to prevent rearing, if the rider can foresee +the horse’s intention.</p> + +<p>If a lady have the misfortune to be mounted on a <i>runaway</i> horse, she +may avoid evil consequences, if she can but contrive to retain her +self-possession. She must endeavor also to retain her seat at all +hazards, sitting well back and perfectly quiet, for the least symptom of +alarm on her part, will increase the terror, or determination of the +horse. She should not attempt to throw herself off the horse, except in +cases when the horse may be taking her into imminent danger; she should +separate her reins, holding the curb in her left hand, and the snaffle +in her right, and pull at each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> alternately; which renders the mouth +more sensitive, than a dead heavy pull upon any one bit, and the horse +consequently more obedient to the hand. Should an open space present +itself, turning a horse in a circle, will frequently bring him up in a +few seconds.</p> + +<p><i>Plunging</i>, is very common amongst restive horses. If the horse continue +to do so in one place, or backing; he must be urged forward; but if the +horse does it flying forward, he should be kept back, and ridden slowly +for some time.</p> + +<p><i>Starting</i>, often proceeds from a defect in sight, which therefore +should be carefully looked to. When a horse starts or shies, no notice +should be taken of the movement, further, than to meet him, with the +proper bearings and pressures, to compel him to move in the true +direction; should he however, be alarmed at an object, and instead of +going up to, or passing it, turn round; he should <a name="corr04" id="corr04"></a>be soothed, and +brought up gently to it, <a name="corr05" id="corr05"></a>caressed at every step, he advances. To attempt +to force the horse up to the object he dreads, would not only be +ridiculous and dangerous, but the punishment would add to the alarm, and +the horse would take an early opportunity to shy afresh, at the first +strange object that presented itself, and very probably he would add +another start, in anticipation of the chastisement that might be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> in +store for him. Thus, what was originally a failing from defect of +vision, or ebullition of spirit from over feeding, or want of proper +exercise, becomes a vice rooted, and confirmed, and of a dangerous +character. When passing an object that the horse may be alarmed at, his +head should be turned away from it, rather than towards it, a good rider +thus prevents her horse from shying, while the young and bad rider, by +the reverse treatment, of pulling a horse’s head towards the object, and +whipping him up to it, makes her horse shy. The horse should never be +allowed to evade passing the object, but he should be got past in the +manner, that occasions the least alarm to, or contention with him.</p> + +<p>When the horse starts, the rider should instantly direct her eyes to the +horse’s ears, when her body will naturally take the same direction that +the horse shies to, but if her eyes be directed to what the horse shies +from, she may loose her balance, and fall.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="PACES" id="PACES"></a>PACES OF THE HORSE.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> <i>walk</i> is the least raised, the slowest, and the most gentle of all +the paces; but it should be an animated quick step, and to be pleasant +to the rider, it must be true; that is, it should be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>conducted by a +harmonious elevation and setting down of the feet, each foot being +dropped flat on the ground, and not, as is too often the case, the toe +being placed first, and then the heel. One lady by a good seat and hand, +will cause her horse to carry his head, with his neck arched, and to +elevate and extend his limbs, the one in unison with the other; another, +by her bad hand, and seat, will bring the horse she rides, to step +short, and irregular, and so mix his trot, with his walk, as to do +little more than shuffle over the ground.</p> + +<p>Previous to urging the horse into a walk, the lady should ascertain that +he is well in hand, and on his proper balance; then, by turning her +hand, with the little finger towards her breast, she must increase the +bearing upon the horse’s mouth, to draw his attention, and at the same +instant, she must communicate to him, by closing the leg, and using the +whip gently upon the right side, a sufficient impulse to carry him +forward, easing, as he advances, the bearing upon the mouth, by the hand +resuming its proper position, but she must not slacken the reins.</p> + +<p>In the walk, the reins should be held so that the rider have a delicate, +but distinct feeling of the horse’s mouth, to cause the horse to carry +his head in a proper position, and to keep time in the beats of his +action, but not held so tightly, as to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> impede the measurement of his +steps, or to make him, on being slightly animated, break from a walk +into a trot.</p> + +<p>The rider’s body should be erect but pliable, neither obeying too much +the action of the horse, nor yet resisting it.</p> + +<p>If the horse do not exert himself sufficiently, or hang on the bit, he +should be animated, by a play on the snaffle bridle; should he break +into a trot, he must be checked, but the bearing upon the reins, must +neither be so firm nor continued, as to make him stop.</p> + +<p><i>The trot</i>, is a more animated pace. To make the horse advance from the +walk into a trot, the horse must, with the leg and whip, be urged into +greater animation, at the same time retained, by an increased bearing +upon the reins. The lady must be careful, to retain the lightness in +hand, without counteracting the impulse necessary to the movement, when +the animal will proceed with that safety, which is natural to a horse +balanced and light in hand.</p> + +<p>When the horse trots, the lady must preserve her balance, steadiness and +pliancy, as in the walk; the rise in the trot, is to be acquired by +practice; when the horse in his action raises the rider from her seat, +she should advance her body, and rest a considerable portion of her +weight, upon her right<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> knee; by means of which and the bearing of her +left foot upon the stirrup, she may return to her former position, +without being jerked; but she must carefully time her movements to the +horse’s action, and the closer she maintains her seat, consistently with +her own comfort the better.</p> + +<p>The <i>Canter</i>, and <i>Gallop</i>, are paces of still higher animation; the +canter is a repetition of bounds, during which the forehand raises +first, and higher than the hind quarters; it is the most elegant and +agreeable of all the paces, when properly performed by horse and rider; +its perfection consists in its union and animation, rather than its +speed.</p> + +<p>A horse may canter false, disunited with the fore, or disunited with the +hind legs, for instance, if a horse is cantering in a circle to the +right, leads with his near fore leg, followed by the near hind leg, he +is cantering false. If leading with the near fore leg, the off hind, +remains further back than the near one, he is said to be disunited; if +leading with the proper fore leg, the off hind remains further back than +the left, the pace must be rectified. The lady should learn to ascertain +by the motion of the horse, if his canter be false or true, and she +should acquire the means, of making him rectify his action.</p> + +<p>A horse must not be allowed to canter with either leg leading at his own +will, but must be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> made to do so, at the will of the rider. When +cantering with the off fore-leg leading, the pace is more agreeable to +the lady, consequently a lady’s horse should be taught to start off into +a canter, with his right leg leading. There are many opinions, as to +what are the proper indications to be given to the horse, to induce him +to lead with either particular leg, but considering that a horse when +cantering in a circle to the right, must lead with the off-fore, and +that the indications in that case are, a double bearing upon the right +rein, and an increased pressure with the leg, or whip on the left side +of the horse, these appear to be the most rational.</p> + +<p>To start the horse into a <i>canter</i> with the right or off-fore leg +leading. The lady having her horse properly animated, light in hand, and +well balanced, should, as in the walk, draw the horse’s attention, by an +increased bearing upon both reins, but upon the right rein the stronger; +and at the same time, by a strong pressure of the leg, or heel, and by +the <a name="corr06" id="corr06"></a>application of the whip to the horse’s left shoulder, communicate to +him, an impulse to carry him forward. If the horse hesitates to canter, +she should pass the whip behind her waist, and strike the horse on his +near-hind-quarter; the whip must not be used on the right side of the +horse, because muscular action being retractile,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> doing so, would cause +him to draw back his right leg, rather than to advance it before the +left.</p> + +<p>To start the horse into a canter, with the left leg leading, the extra +bearing must be made upon the left rein, and the horse should be touched +with the whip on the right shoulder or flank. It is an excellent lesson +to cause the horse to change the leading leg, when in the canter, so +that upon any disturbance of pace, or change of direction, the action of +the one, may be as familiar, and as easy to the rider, as the other. The +lady should sit well down in the centre of the saddle, with her body +<a name="corr07" id="corr07"></a>perfectly upright, and square to the front, without stiffness or +constraint, she must continue the bearings upon the horse’s mouth, +throughout the entire pace, and if the horse flags in his movements, or +does not respond to the action of the bridle-hand, then the whip must be +instantly applied. In turning a corner, or cantering in a curve, the +lady must incline her body in that direction, to preserve her balance, +and she must be careful that the bridle arm, does not acquire the bad +habit, of moving from the side of the body, and throwing the elbow +outwards.</p> + +<p>The <i>gallop</i>, is a further increase of pace upon the full canter, but no +lady of taste ever gallops on the road, into this pace, the lady’s horse +is never urged, nor permitted to break, excepting in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> the field. The +action being the same as that of the canter, excepting being more +extended and quicker, nothing further need be said in this place.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="LEAPING" id="LEAPING"></a>LEAPING.</h3> + +<p>A lady’s horse must be perfectly steady, and thoroughly trained, before +she attempts to put him to a <a name="corr08" id="corr08"></a>leap. Leaping is beneficial, as it tends to +confirm the seat, and enables the rider more effectually to preserve her +balance, should she ever be mounted upon an unsteady, or vicious horse.</p> + +<p>The skill in leaping consists principally, in the rider’s own <a name="corr09" id="corr09"></a>acute +anticipation of the <a name="corr10" id="corr10"></a>horse’s spring, and in participating in his +movements, going over with him, as a part of the horse’s-self; she must +not, by being late, and hanging back, have to be jerked forward by the +spring; which operating at an angle of the person, pitches the rider +over the horse’s head, before the animal’s fore-quarters reach the +ground.</p> + +<p>Preparatory to the leap, the rider should take up the snaffle rein, and +slacken the curb; because the snaffle acting in the corners of the +horse’s mouth, lifts up his head, and allows him more freedom, whereas +the curb-bit acting lower down in the mouth, tends to draw the head and +chin inwards, towards the breast, and restrains his power of extension.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p> + +<p>Leaps are of two kinds, the “standing” and the “flying.” In the standing +leap, or leap over a height from a standing position; the horse raises +himself on his hind feet, and springs from his hind legs, throwing +himself over the object. The flying leap, is taken from any pace, it +differs from the standing leap, principally in agility, and in the horse +being more extended in his movements.</p> + +<p>The position of the rider is to be governed in this, as in all other +cases, by the action of the horse; no weight should be borne on the +stirrup, the right leg must press strongly the middle pommel, and the +left, be closed to the saddle. The bridle should be held so as to offer +no check to the horse’s movement, but should the horse show an +unwillingness to jump, or be inclined to swerve, it is prudent to keep +him firmly in hand, until the moment of his spring, when the tension on +the reins may be lessened.</p> + +<p><i>A standing jump.</i>—The rider must press her leg close against the +saddle, she must animate the horse to jump, by gently lifting his head; +as he raises on his haunches for the leap, she should yield the reins, +to give him ample room to extend his neck and shoulders, and to exert +himself; as his fore-quarters ascend, the lady should lean slightly +forward, keeping her head upright and steady; as he springs, she resumes +her upright position, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> as he descends, she inclines her body +backwards to balance herself; urging, and at the same time restraining +the horse, to induce him to collect, and fully recover himself upon his +legs.</p> + +<p><i>The flying leap.</i>—In the flying leap, the seat is to be preserved, as +in the standing leap, but the horse’s posture being more horizontal, the +lady need not lean forward as he raises; she must approach the leap in +such a manner, as neither to hurry or flurry the horse, but so as to +allow him a full view of the place he has to go over. Holding the +horse’s head with the snaffle, with a firm but delicate hand, straight +to his jump, she brings him up at an animated pace. As he springs, she +must slightly yield the reins, as he descends, she must incline her body +backwards pressing her left leg firmly to the third crutch, and looking +straight to her front, she will retain her seat and balance immoveably; +she then resumes the tension of the reins; and the moment the horse +touches the ground, she should be prepared to use her whip if necessary, +to induce the horse to collect himself, to prevent him from stumbling or +falling.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="ROAD" id="ROAD"></a>ROAD RIDING.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">When</span> persons are pursuing their business or pleasure on the road, +precise formality, and at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>tention to the strict rules of riding, would +interrupt their enjoyment.</p> + +<p>The rudiments of the art being once known, when on the road, no more of +it is to be applied, than will, with the greatest ease, facilitate our +designs. When nothing more is required of the horse, than to perform the +natural paces, he will walk, trot, and gallop with the greatest freedom. +The rider participates in the like ease, or unrestrained liberty, but +this ease or inattention, is not to suffer unseemly habits to take +place, such as the back and shoulders to get round, the head to shake, +the leg to dangle, and beat against the horse’s side.</p> + +<p>These errors may creep on a person, who has not been confirmed in the +principles by sufficient practice; but when habits of good riding are +once firmly established, the ease and liberty the rider assumes, will +not exceed propriety, risk her security, nor abandon, nor baffle her +horse,—her hand will keep its situation and properties, though the body +be turned to any extreme for the purpose of conversing, and the like, +nor will the body by any freedom it takes, throw itself out of balance, +nor take the liberty, when it cannot be done with safety. This freedom +and ease, so desirable and so universally admired, is affected by every +person who is in the habit of riding, but with this difference, some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +possess system, with negligence, and ease, and others merely negligence +and ease, without system.</p> + +<p>A lady’s horse should be sure footed, but the best become careless. When +a horse trips, he should be kept more than usually collected. It is +useless to whip a horse after stumbling, as it is also after shying, for +it is clear, he would not run the risk of breaking his knees nor his +nose if he could help it. A bad horsewoman throws her horse down, which +a good horsewoman does not do. That is, because a bad horsewoman hurries +her horse, over bad ground, or down hill, or over loose stones, or rough +and broken ground, lets him flounder into difficulties, and when there, +pulls him so that he cannot see, nor exert himself to get out of them +and expecting chastisements, the horse springs to avoid it, before he +has recovered his feet, and goes down with a tremendous impetus; if she +have to cross a rut to the right, she probably forces her horse across +it, when the right foot is on the ground; in which case, unless the +horse collect himself, and jump; if he attempts to step across it, the +probability is, that crossing his legs, he knocks one against the other +and falls. The reverse of all this, Colonel <span class="smcap">Greenwood</span>, writes, should be +the case, if the lady have not sufficient tact to feel, which of her +horse’s feet is on the ground, she must allow him his own time for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +crossing, which will be, when the left foot is on the ground. The rider +should habitually choose her horse’s ground for him, this by practice, +will become as easy to her, as choosing her own path when walking.</p> + +<p>It is a common error to suppose, that a rider can support a horse when +falling, lift him over a leap, or hold him up, they are mechanical +impossibilities. Were a similar weight attached to the thin rein of a +lady’s bridle, could the lady lift it with her left hand. A pull from +the curb, will indeed give the horse so much pain in the mouth, that he +will throw up his head, and the rider flatters herself that she has +saved her horse from falling; but this error is not harmless, by so +doing, she prevents his seeing to foot out any unsafe ground; and +further, when an unmounted horse stumbles, nature teaches him to drop +his head and neck, which relieves the shoulders of their weight, and +that is the instant that the horse makes his effort to recover himself; +the muscular power employed to raise the head and neck, will act to sink +his knees, for as much as the rider pulls up, so much will she pull +down. The great point is, to keep the horse so well balanced and in +hand, with his legs well under him, that should the horse stumble, or +get into difficulties, he is able to recover himself without much +exertion.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>When proceeding along a road</i>, the rule is, to keep to the left side of +it, but when about to pass those travelling in the same direction, +though at a less speedy pace; to pass on their right. A party meeting +another passes to the right, that is, the right hands of the parties +meeting, are towards each other.</p> + +<p><i>A gentleman riding with a lady</i>, should be on her right side, as on +that side, if the road be dirty, he does not bespatter the lady’s habit, +and on that side also, he is situated next the carriages, and various +objects they meet, or which may be passing near them.</p> + +<p>If a lady find her horse become affected and uneasy in his gait, she +should endeavor to ascertain the cause, the probability is, there will +be found to be something wrong, in the bridle or saddle or perhaps a +stone in the horse’s foot, and she should have it remedied if possible.</p> + +<p>A lady should also habitually prevent her horse out-walking, or lagging +behind her companions, she is either very unsociable, or a bad +horsewoman, who does not keep abreast of them.</p> + +<p>A lady, although advised to ride in general on the curb bridle, should +occasionally use both hands to the reins. It assists in obtaining a firm +seat, by giving greater power and command over the horse; it prevents +the strain on the left arm,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> which is the natural result of holding a +horse entirely with one hand, it makes the pressure upon the animal’s +mouth more even, which is so truly essential to the comfort of both +horse and rider, it keeps the shoulders square, a very important point +in the elegance of a young lady’s appearance, it causes the elbows to be +even on either side instead of one being infinitely in the rear of the +other, as is too often the case, and though last not least, it keeps the +whip quiet until its use is called for.</p> + +<p>There is a piece of inhumanity practised, as much, perhaps more by +ladies than by gentlemen, it is, <i>riding a horse fast on hard ground</i>. +If the ground be hard and even, a collected canter may be allowed, but +one hour’s gallop on hard and uneven ground, would do the soundest horse +irremediable injury, his sinews would be strained, his joints +prematurely stiffened, fever in the feet would be produced, and the +horse would be deprived at once, and for ever, of his elasticity and +action, and be brought prematurely a cripple to the grave.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="DISMOUNTING" id="DISMOUNTING"></a>DISMOUNTING.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> first operation preparatory to dismounting is, to bring the horse to +an easy yet perfect stop.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> + +<p>If the lady be light, and dexterous, she may dismount without +assistance.</p> + +<p>The lady when preparing to dismount, should take the reins in her right +hand, and put the whip in her left. The reins should be held +sufficiently tight, to restrain the horse from advancing; and yet not so +firmly, as to cause him to back, rear, or swerve.</p> + +<p>The lady should next disengage her right leg from the pommel clearing +her dress as she raises her knee; place her right hand on the near +crutch, and take her foot out of the stirrup.</p> + +<p>If the lady be assisted, the gentleman taking her left hand in his left, +places his right hand under her left elbow, which she keeps firm to her +side; as she springs, he supports her in her descent, she retains hold +of the crutch or of the hunting pommel; as she quits the saddle, she +turns to face the gentleman, who stands near the horse’s shoulder, and +alights on the ground on the balls of her feet.</p> + +<p>If the lady dismount without assistance, after clearing her foot from +the stirrup, she places her right hand on the near crutch, and her left +upon the third crutch or hunting pommel, she must spring clear from the +saddle facing towards the horse’s side as she descends. By whatever mode +the lady dismount, she should, to prevent an <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>unpleasant shock on +reaching the ground bend her knees, suffer her body to be perfectly +pliant, and alight upon the balls of her feet; she is not to relinquish +her hold, nor the gentleman to withdraw his support, until she be +perfectly safe on the ground.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead"><a name="CONCLUDING" id="CONCLUDING"></a>CONCLUDING REMARKS.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Riding</span> for recreation, and riding for improvement, are distinct things, +yet both are necessary. Many persons unacquainted with the principles of +“Horsemanship,” can perceive no other excellence, than riding boldly, +and riding fast, and some even assert, that a horse broken by a riding +master, has been spoiled; this idea is easily accounted for, as the +better a horse is broken or educated, the more unsuited he is for an +awkward rider.</p> + +<p>There are many, it is true, who have been in the habit of riding from +their infancy, who, although they never have had any instructions, ride +hunting, or on a straight road admirably well; but many more affect to +ride as well, who commit the greatest absurdities.</p> + +<p>Though the ordinary modes of riding may gratify, and convey one on a +horse’s back, wherever the will directs, yet, from want of knowledge of +the true principles of riding, one is continually exposed to innumerable +hazards.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> + +<p>Most persons are desirous to ride well, though not in a <i>manége</i> style. +To ride well, a lady must be perfectly at her ease, with a hand capable +of managing her horse, with facility to herself, and comfort to her +animal. These requirements will be sooner attained, by a few proper +lessons, with study and application, than by years of riding without +them.</p> + +<p>To conclude, a lady on horseback cannot look too quiet; she should +appear perfectly at her ease, and in perfect temper with her horse; in +short whether natural, or acquired, she should seem, “born with a sweet +temper, a light hand, and a good seat.”</p> + + + + +<hr class="chapbreak" /> + +<div class="tn"> +<p class="titlepage"><a name="trans_note" id="trans_note"></a><b>Transcriber’s Note</b></p> + +<p class="noindent">The following typographical errors were corrected.</p> + +<table class="tntable" summary="typos" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> +<tr> + <td>Page</td> + <td>Error</td> + <td>Correction</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr01">10</a></td> + <td>hand is them</td> + <td>hand is then</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr02">26</a></td> + <td>by implict</td> + <td>by implicit</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr03">28</a></td> + <td>all probabilty</td> + <td>all probability</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr04">32</a></td> + <td>should he soothed</td> + <td>should be soothed</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr05">32</a></td> + <td>carressed</td> + <td>caressed</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr06">37</a></td> + <td>applicacation</td> + <td>application</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr07">38</a></td> + <td>perpectly</td> + <td>perfectly</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr08">39</a></td> + <td>to a leap,</td> + <td>to a leap.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr09">39</a></td> + <td>rider’s own accute</td> + <td>rider’s own acute</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr10">39</a></td> + <td>of the horses</td> + <td>of the horse’s</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="noindent">The following words were inconsistently hyphenated.</p> +<p class="noindent">fore-hand / forehand<br /> +head-stalls / headstalls</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Lady and Her Horse, by T. 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