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diff --git a/37408-8.txt b/37408-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c2ea49 --- /dev/null +++ b/37408-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10042 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Rising Tide of Color Against White +World-Supremacy, by Theodore Lothrop Stoddard + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy + +Author: Theodore Lothrop Stoddard + +Release Date: September 12, 2011 [EBook #37408] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RISING TIDE OF COLOR *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + +THE RISING TIDE OF COLOR AGAINST WHITE WORLD-SUPREMACY + + + + + THE RISING TIDE OF COLOR + AGAINST WHITE WORLD-SUPREMACY + + + BY LOTHROP STODDARD, A.M., PH.D. (Harv.) + AUTHOR OF "THE STAKES OF THE WAR," + "PRESENT-DAY EUROPE: ITS NATIONAL STATES OF MIND," + "THE FRENCH REVOLUTION IN SAN DOMINGO," ETC. + + + WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY MADISON GRANT + CHAIRMAN NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY; TRUSTEE AMERICAN + MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY; COUNCILLOR AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY; + AUTHOR OF "THE PASSING OF THE GREAT RACE" + + + NEW YORK + CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS + 1921 + + + + + COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY + CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS + + _All rights reserved_ + + Published April, 1920 + Reprinted June, July, September, October, 1920; + February, 1921 + + + + +PREFACE + + +More than a decade ago I became convinced that the key-note of +twentieth-century world-politics would be the relations between the +primary races of mankind. Momentous modifications of existing +race-relations were evidently impending, and nothing could be more vital +to the course of human evolution than the character of these +modifications, since upon the _quality_ of human life all else depends. + +Accordingly, my attention was thenceforth largely directed to racial +matters. In the preface to an historical monograph ("The French Revolution +in San Domingo") written shortly before the Great War, I stated: "The +world-wide struggle between the primary races of mankind--the 'conflict of +color,' as it has been happily termed--bids fair to be the fundamental +problem of the twentieth century, and great communities like the United +States of America, the South African Confederation, and Australasia regard +the 'color question' as perhaps the gravest problem of the future." + +Those lines were penned in June, 1914. Before their publication the Great +War had burst upon the world. At that time several reviewers commented +upon the above dictum and wondered whether, had I written two months +later, I should have held a different opinion. + +As a matter of fact, I should have expressed myself even more strongly to +the same effect. To me the Great War was from the first the White Civil +War, which, whatever its outcome, must gravely complicate the course of +racial relations. + +Before the war I had hoped that the readjustments rendered inevitable by +the renascence of the brown and yellow peoples of Asia would be a gradual, +and in the main a pacific, process, kept within evolutionary bounds by the +white world's inherent strength and fundamental solidarity. The frightful +weakening of the white world during the war, however, opened up +revolutionary, even cataclysmic, possibilities. + +In saying this I do not refer solely to military "perils." The subjugation +of white lands by colored armies may, of course, occur, especially if the +white world continues to rend itself with internecine wars. However, such +colored triumphs of arms are less to be dreaded than more enduring +conquests like migrations which would swamp whole populations and turn +countries now white into colored man's lands irretrievably lost to the +white world. Of course, these ominous possibilities existed even before +1914, but the war has rendered them much more probable. + +The most disquieting feature of the present situation, however, is not the +war but the peace. The white world's inability to frame a constructive +settlement, the perpetuation of intestine hatreds, and the menace of fresh +white civil wars complicated by the spectre of social revolution, evoke +the dread thought that the late war may be merely the first stage in a +cycle of ruin. + +In fact, so absorbed is the white world with its domestic dissensions that +it pays scant heed to racial problems whose importance for the future of +mankind far transcends the questions which engross its attention to-day. + +This relative indifference to the larger racial issues has determined the +writing of the present book. So fundamental are these issues that a candid +discussion of them would seem to be timely and helpful. + +In the following pages I have tried to analyze in their various aspects +the present relations between the white and non-white worlds. My task has +been greatly aided by the Introduction from the pen of Madison Grant, who +has admirably summarized the biological and historical background. A +life-long student of biology, Mr. Grant approaches the subject along that +line. My own avenue of approach being world-politics, the resulting +convergence of different view-points has been a most useful one. + +For the stimulating counsel of Mr. Grant in the preparation of this book +my thanks are especially due. I desire also to acknowledge my indebtedness +for helpful suggestions to Messrs. Alleyne Ireland, Glenn Frank, and other +friends. + +LOTHROP STODDARD. + + NEW YORK CITY, + February 28, 1920. + + + + +CONTENTS + + + PAGE + + INTRODUCTION BY MADISON GRANT xi + + + PART I + + THE RISING TIDE OF COLOR + + CHAPTER + + I. THE WORLD OF COLOR 3 + + II. YELLOW MAN'S LAND 17 + + III. BROWN MAN'S LAND 54 + + IV. BLACK MAN'S LAND 87 + + V. RED MAN'S LAND 104 + + + PART II + + THE EBBING TIDE OF WHITE + + VI. THE WHITE FLOOD 145 + + VII. THE BEGINNING OF THE EBB 154 + + VIII. THE MODERN PELOPONNESIAN WAR 173 + + IX. THE SHATTERING OF WHITE SOLIDARITY 198 + + + PART III + + THE DELUGE ON THE DIKES + + X. THE OUTER DIKES 225 + + XI. THE INNER DIKES 236 + + XII. THE CRISIS OF THE AGES 299 + + + INDEX 311 + + + + +MAPS + + + PAGE + + I DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRIMARY RACES 14 + + II CATEGORIES OF WHITE WORLD-SUPREMACY 150 + + III DISTRIBUTION OF THE WHITE RACES 228 + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +Mr. Lothrop Stoddard's "The Rising Tide of Color," following so closely +the Great War, may appear to some unduly alarming, while others, as his +thread of argument unrolls, may recoil at the logic of his deductions. + +In our present era of convulsive changes, a prophet must be bold, indeed, +to predict anything more definite than a mere trend in events, but the +study of the past is the one safe guide in forecasting the future. + +Mr. Stoddard takes up the white man's world and its potential enemies as +they are to-day. A consideration of their early relations and of the +history of the Nordic race, since its first appearance three or four +thousand years ago, tends strongly to sustain and justify his conclusions. +For such a consideration we must first turn to the map, or, better, to the +globe. + +Viewed in the light of geography and zoölogy, Europe west of Russia is but +a peninsula of Asia with the southern shores of the Mediterranean Sea +included. True Africa, or rather Ethiopia, lies south of the Sahara Desert +and has virtually no connection with the North except along the valley of +the Nile. + +This Eurasiatic continent has been, perhaps, since the origin of life +itself, the most active centre of evolution and radiation of the higher +forms. + +Confining ourselves to the mammalian orders, we find that a majority of +them have originated and developed there and have spread thence to the +outlying land areas of the globe. All the evidence points to the origin of +the Primates in Eurasia and we have every reason to believe that this +continent was also the scene of the early evolution of man from his +anthropoid ancestors. + +The impulse that inaugurated the development of mankind seems to have had +its basic cause in the stress of changing climatic conditions in central +Asia at the close of the Pliocene, and the human inhabitants of Eurasia +have ever since exhibited in a superlative degree the energy developed at +that time. This energy, however, has not been equally shared by the +various species of man, either extinct or living, and the survivors of the +earlier races are, for the most part, to be found on the other continents +and islands or in the extreme outlying regions of Eurasia itself. + +In other words those groups of mankind which at an early period found +refuge in the Americas, in Australia, in Ethiopia, or in the islands of +the sea, represent to a large extent stages in man's physical and cultural +development, from which the more energized inhabitants of Eurasia have +long since emerged. In some cases, as in Mexico and Peru, the outlying +races developed in their isolation a limited culture of their own, but, +for the most part, they have exhibited, and continue to this day to +exhibit, a lack of capacity for sustained evolution from within as well as +a lack of capacity to adjust themselves of their own initiative to the +rapid changes which modern times impose upon them from without. + +In Eurasia itself this same inequality of potential capacity is found, but +in a lesser degree, and consequently, in the progress of humanity, there +has been constant friction between those who push forward and those who +are unable to keep pace with changing conditions. + +Owing to these causes the history of mankind has been that of a series of +impulses from the Eurasiatic continent upon the outlying regions of the +globe, but there has been an almost complete lack of reaction, either +racial or cultural, from them upon the masses of mankind in Eurasia +itself. There have been endless conflicts between the different sections +of Eurasia, but neither Amerinds, nor Austroloids, nor Negroes, have ever +made a concerted attack upon the great continent. + + * * * * * + +Without attempting a scientific classification of the inhabitants of +Eurasia, it is sufficient to describe the three main races. The first are +the yellow-skinned, straight black-haired, black-eyed, round-skulled +Mongols and Mongoloids massed in central and eastern Asia north of the +Himalayan system. + +To the west of them, and merged with them, lie the Alpines, also +characterized by dark, but not straight, hair, dark eyes, relatively +short stature, and round skulls. These Alpines are thrust like a wedge +into Europe between the Nordics and the Mediterraneans, with a tip that +reaches the Atlantic Ocean. Those of western Europe are derived from one +or more very ancient waves of round-skulled invaders from the East, who +probably came by way of Asia Minor and the Balkans, but they have been so +long in their present homes that they retain little except their +brachycephalic skull-shape to connect them with the Asiatic Mongols. + +South of the Himalayas and westward in a narrow belt to the Atlantic, and +on both sides of the Inland Sea, lies the Mediterranean race, more or less +swarthy-skinned, black-haired, dark-eyed, and long-skulled. + +On the northwest, grouped around the Baltic and North Seas, lies the great +Nordic race. It is characterized by a fair white skin, wavy hair with a +range of color from dark brown to flaxen, light eyes, tall stature, and +long skulls. + +These races show other physical characters which are definite but +difficult to describe, such as texture of skin and cast of features, +especially of the nose. The contrast of mental and spiritual endowments is +equally definite, but even more elusive of definition. + +It is with the action and interaction of these three groups, together with +internal civil wars, that recorded history deals. + +While, so far as we know, these three races have occupied their present +relative positions from the beginning, there have been profound changes +in their distribution. + +The two essential phenomena, however, are, first, the retreat of the +Nordic race westward from the Grasslands of western Asia and eastern +Europe to the borders of the Atlantic, until it occupies a relatively +small area on the periphery of Eurasia. + +The second phenomenon is of equal importance, namely, the more or less +thorough Nordicizing of the westernmost extensions of the other two races, +namely, the Mediterranean on the north coast of the Inland Sea, who have +been completely Aryanized in speech, and have been again and again +saturated with Nordic blood, and the even more profound Nordicization in +speech and in blood of the short, dark, round-skulled inhabitants of +central Europe, from Brittany through central France, southern Germany, +and northern Italy into Austrian and Balkan lands. So thorough has been +this process that the western Alpines have at the present time no separate +race consciousness and are to be considered as wholly European. + +As to the Alpines of eastern and central Europe, the Slavs, the case is +somewhat different. East of a line drawn from the Adriatic to the Baltic +the Nordicizing process has been far less perfect, although nearly +complete as to speech, since all the Slavic languages are Aryan. +Throughout these Slavic lands, great accessions of pure Mongoloid blood +have been introduced within relatively recent centuries. + +East of this belt of imperfectly Nordicized Alpines we reach the Asiatic +Alpines, as yet entirely untouched by western blood or culture. These +groups merge into the Mongoloids of eastern Asia. + +So we find, thrust westward from the Heartland, a race touching the +Atlantic at Brittany, thoroughly Asiatic and Mongoloid in the east, very +imperfectly Nordicized in the centre, and thoroughly Nordicized culturally +in the far west of Europe, where it has become, and must be accepted as, +an integral part of the White World. + +As to the great Nordic race, within relatively recent historic times it +occupied the Grasslands north of the Black and Caspian Seas eastward to +the Himalayas. Traces of Nordic peoples in central Asia are constantly +found, and when archæological research there becomes as intensive as in +Europe we shall be astonished to find how long, complete, and extended was +their occupation of western Asia. + +During the second millennium before our era successive waves of Nordics +began to cross the Afghan passes into India until finally they imposed +their primitive Aryan language upon Hindustan and the countries lying to +the east. + +All those regions lying northwest of the mountains appear to have been +largely a white man's country at the time of Alexander the Great. In +Turkestan the newly discovered Tokharian language, an Aryan tongue of the +western division, seems to have persisted down to the ninth century. The +decline of the Nordics in these lands, however, began probably far +earlier than Alexander's time, and must have been nearly completed at the +beginning of our era. Such blond traits as are still found in western Asia +are relatively unimportant, and for the last two thousand years these +countries must be regarded as lost to the Nordic race. + +The impulse that drove the early Nordics like a fan over the Himalayan +passes into India, the later Nordics southward into Mesopotamian lands, as +Kassites, Mitanni, and Persians, into Greece and Anatolia as Achæans, +Dorians, and Phrygians, westward as the Aryan-speaking invaders of Italy +and as the Celtic vanguards of the Nordic race across the Rhine into Gaul, +Spain, and Britain, may well have been caused by Mongoloid pressure from +the heart of central Asia. Of course, we have no actual knowledge of this, +but the analogy to the history of later migrations is strong, and the +conviction is growing among historians that the impulse that drove the +Hellenic Nordics upon the early Ægean culture world was the same as that +which later drove Germanic Nordics into the Roman Empire. + +North of the Caspian and Black Seas the boundaries of Europe receded +steadily before Asia for nearly a thousand years after our era opened, but +we have scant record of the struggles which resulted in the eviction of +the Nordics from their homes in Russia, Poland, the Austrian and east +German lands. + +By the time of Charlemagne the White Man's world was reduced to +Scandinavia, Germany west of the Elbe, the British Isles, the Low +Countries, and northern France and Italy, with outlying groups in southern +France and Spain. This was the lowest ebb for the Nordics and it was the +crowning glory of Charlemagne's career that he not only turned back the +flood, but began the organization of a series of more or less Nordicized +marches or barrier states from the Baltic to the Adriatic, which have +served as ramparts against Asiatic pressure from his day to ours. West of +this line the feudal states of mediæval Europe developed into western +Christendom, the nucleus of the civilized world of to-day. + +South of the Caspian and Black Seas, after the first swarming of the +Nordics over the mountains during the second millennium before Christ, the +East pressed steadily against Europe until the strain culminated in the +Persian Wars. The defeat of Asia in these wars resulted later in +Alexander's conquest of western Asia to the borders of India. + +Alexander's empire temporarily established Hellenic institutions +throughout western Asia and some of the provinces remained superficially +Greek until they were incorporated in the Roman Empire and ultimately +became part of early Christendom. On the whole, however, from the time of +Alexander the elimination of European blood, classic culture, and, +finally, of Christianity, went on relentlessly. + +By later Roman times the Aryan language of the Persians, Parthians, and +people of India together with some shreds of Greek learning were about all +the traces of Europe that were to be found east of the oscillating +boundary along the Euphrates. + +The Roman and Byzantine Empires struggled for centuries to check the +advancing tide of Asiatics, but Arab expansions under the impulse of the +Mohammedan religion finally tore away all the eastern and southern coasts +of the Mediterranean Sea, while from an Arabized Spain they threatened +western Europe. With the White Man's world thus rapidly receding in the +south, a series of pure Mongol invasions from central Asia, sweeping north +of the Caspian and Black Seas, burst upon central Europe. Attila and his +Huns were the first to break through into Nordic lands as far as the +plains of northern France. None of the later hordes were able to force +their way so far into Nordic territories, but spent their strength upon +the Alpines of the Balkans and eastern Europe. + +Eastern Germany, the Austrian states, Poland, and Russia had been Nordic +lands before the Slavs emerged after the fall of Rome. Whether the +occupation of Teutonic lands by the Wends and Slavs in eastern Europe was +an infiltration or a conquest is not known, but the conviction is growing +that, like other movements which preceded and followed, it was caused by +Mongoloid pressure. + +That the western Slavs or Wends had been long Nordicized in speech is +indicated by the thoroughly Aryan character of the Slavic languages. They +found in the lands they occupied an underlying Teutonic population. They +cannot be regarded as the original owners of Poland, Bohemia, Silesia, or +other Wendish provinces of eastern Germany and Austria. The Teutonic +Marcomanni and Quadi were in Bohemia long before the Czechs came in +through the Moravian Gate in the sixth century. Pomerania and the Prussias +were the home of Teutonic Lombards, Burgunds, Vandals, and Suevi, while +the Crimea and the northwestern coast of the Black Sea were long held by +the Nordic Goths, who, just before our era, had migrated overland from the +Baltic by way of the Vistula. + +No doubt some of this Nordic blood remained to ennoble the stock of the +later invaders, but by the time of Charlemagne, in the greater part of +Europe east of the Elbe, the Aryan language was the only bond with Europe. + +When the Frankish Empire turned the tide and Christianized these Wendish +and Polish lands, civilization was carried eastward until it met the +Byzantine influences which brought to Russia and the lands east of the +Carpathians the culture and Orthodox Christianity of the Eastern or Greek +Empire. + +The nucleus of Russia was organized in the ninth century by Scandinavian +Varangians, the Franks of the East, who founded the first civilized state +amid a welter of semi-Mongoloid tribes. How much Nordic blood they found +in the territories which afterward became Russia we have no means of +knowing, but it must have been considerable because we do know that from +the Middle Ages to the present time there has been a progressive increase +in brachycephaly or broad-headedness, to judge from the rise in the +percentage of round skulls found in the cemeteries of Moscow and elsewhere +in Russia. + +Such was the condition of eastern Europe when a new and terrible series of +Mongoloid invasions swept over it, this time directly from the centre of +Asia. + +The effect of these invasions was so profound and lasting that it may be +well to consider briefly the condition of eastern Europe after the +elimination of the Nordics and its partial occupation by the so-called +Slavs. Beginning with Attila and his Huns, in the fourth century, there +was a series of purely Mongoloid tribes entering from Asia in wave after +wave. + +Similar waves ultimately passed south of the Black and Caspian Seas, and +were called Turks, but these were long held back by the power of the +Byzantine Empire, to which history has done scant justice. + +In the north these invaders, called in the later days Tatars, but all +essentially of central Asiatic Mongol stock, occupied Balkan lands after +the expansion of the south Slavs in those countries. They are known by +various names, but they are all part of the same general movement, +although there was a gradual slowing down of the impulse. Prior to Jenghiz +Khan the later hordes did not reach quite as far west as the earlier ones. + +The first wave, Attila's Huns, were followed during the succeeding +centuries by the Avars, the Bulgars, the Hunagar Magyars, the Patzinaks +and the Cumans. All of these tribes forced their way over the Carpathians +and the Danube, and much of their blood, notably in that of the Bulgars +and Magyars, is still to be found there. Most of them adopted Slavic +dialects and merged in the surrounding population, but the Magyars retain +their Asiatic speech to this day. + +Other Tatar and Mongoloid tribes settled in southern and eastern Russia. +Chief among these were the Mongol Chazars, who founded an extensive and +powerful empire in southern and southeastern Russia as early as the eighth +century. It is interesting to note that they accepted Judaism and became +the ancestors of the majority of the Jews of eastern Europe, the +round-skulled Ashkenazim. + +Into this mixed population of Christianized Slavs and more or less +Christianized and Slavized Mongols burst Jenghiz Khan with his great +hordes of pure Mongols. All southern Russia, Poland, and Hungary collapsed +before them, and in southern Russia the rule of the Mongol persisted for +centuries, in fact the Golden Horde of Tatars retained control of the +Crimea down to 1783. + +Many of these later Tatars had accepted Islam, but entire groups of them +have retained their Asiatic speech and to this day profess the Mohammedan +religion. + +The most lasting result of these Mongol invasions was that southern Poland +and all the countries east and north of the Carpathians, including Rumania +and the Ukraine, were saturated anew with Tatar blood, and, in dealing +with these populations and with the new nations founded among them, this +fact must not be forgotten. + +The conflict between the East and the West--Europe and Asia--has thus +lasted for centuries, in fact it goes back to the Persian Wars and the +long and doubtful duel between Rome and Parthia along the eastern boundary +of Syria. As we have already said, the Saracens had torn away many of the +provinces of the Eastern Empire, and the Crusades, for a moment, had +rolled back the East, but the event was not decided until the Seljukian +and Osmanli Turks accepted Islam. + +If these Turks had remained heathen they might have invaded and conquered +Asia Minor and the Balkan States, just as their cousins, the Tartars, had +subjected vast territories north of the Black Sea, but they could not have +held their conquests permanently unless they had been able to incorporate +the beaten natives into their own ranks through the proselytizing power of +Islam. + +Even in Roman times the Greek world had been steadily losing, first its +Nordic blood and then later the blood of its Nordicized European +population, and it became in its declining years increasingly Asiatic +until the final fall of Constantinople in 1453. + +Byzantium once fallen, the Turks advanced unchecked, conquering the Alpine +Slav kingdoms of the Balkans and menacing Christendom itself. + +In these age-long conflicts between Asia and Europe the Crusades seem but +an episode, although tragically wasteful of Nordic stock. The Nordic +Frankish nobility of western Europe squandered its blood for two hundred +years on the desert sands of Syria and left no ethnic trace behind, save, +perhaps, some doubtful blond remnants in northern Syria and Edessa. + +If the predictions of Mr. Stoddard's book seem far-fetched, one has but to +consider that four times since the fall of Rome Asia has conquered to the +very confines of Nordic Europe. The Nordicized Alpines of eastern Europe +and the Nordicized Mediterraneans of southern Europe have proved too +feeble to hold back the Asiatic hordes, Mongol or Saracen. It was not +until the realms of pure Nordics were reached that the invaders were +turned back. This is shown by the fact that the Arabs had quickly mastered +northern Africa and conquered Spain, where the Nordic Goths were too few +in number to hold them back, while southern France, which was not then, +and is not now, a Nordic land, had offered no serious resistance. It was +not until the Arabs, in 732, at Tours, dashed themselves to pieces against +the solid ranks of heavy-armed Nordics, that Islam receded. + +The same fate had already been encountered by Attila and his Huns, who, +after dominating Hungary and southern Germany and destroying the +Burgundians on the Rhine, had pushed into northern France as far as +Châlons. Here, in 376, he was beaten, not by the Romanized Gauls but by +the Nordic Visigoths, whose king, Roderick, died on the field. These two +victories, one against the Arab south and the other over the Mongoloid +east, saved Nordic Europe, which was at that time shrunken to little more +than a fringe on the seacoast. + +How slender the thread and how easily snapped, had the event of either day +turned out otherwise! Never again did Asia push so far west, but the +danger was not finally removed until Charlemagne and his successors had +organized the Western Empire. + +Christendom, however, had sore trials ahead when the successors of Jenghiz +Khan destroyed Moscovy and Poland and devastated eastern Europe. The +victorious career of the Tatars was unchecked, from the Chinese Sea on the +east to the Indian Ocean on the south, until in 1241, at Wahlstatt in +Silesia, they encountered pure Nordic fighting men. Then the tide turned. +Though outnumbering the Christians five to one and victorious in the +battle itself, the Tatars were unable to push farther west and turned +south into Hungary and other Alpine lands. + +Some conception of the almost unbelievable horrors that western Europe +escaped at this time may be gathered from the fate of the countries which +fell before the irresistible rush of the Mongols, whose sole discernible +motive seems to have been blood lust. The destruction wrought in China, +central Asia, and Persia is almost beyond conception. In twelve years, in +China and the neighboring states, Jenghiz Khan and his lieutenants +slaughtered more than 18,500,000 human beings. After the sack of Merv in +Khorasan, the "Garden of Asia," the corpses numbered 1,300,000, and after +Herat was taken 1,600,000 are said to have perished. Similar fates befell +every city of importance in central Asia, and to this day those once +populous provinces have never recovered. The cities of Russia and Poland +were burned, their inhabitants tortured and massacred, with the +consequence that progress was retarded for centuries. + +Almost in modern times these same Mongoloid invaders, entering by way of +Asia Minor, and calling themselves Turks, after destroying the Eastern +Empire, the Balkan States, and Hungary, again met the Nordic chivalry of +western Europe under the walls of Vienna, in 1683, and again the Asiatics +went down in rout. + +On these four separate occasions the Nordic race and it alone saved modern +civilization. The half-Nordicized lands to the south and to the east +collapsed under the invasions. + +Unnumbered Nordic tribes, nameless and unsung, have been massacred, or +submerged, or driven from their lands. The survivors had been pushed ever +westward until their backs were against the Northern Ocean. There the +Nordics came to bay--the tide was turned. Few stop to reflect that it was +more than sixty years after the first American legislature sat at +Jamestown, Virginia, that Asia finally abandoned the conquest of Europe. + +One of the chief results of forcing the Nordic race back to the seacoast +was the creation of maritime power and its development to a degree never +before known even in the days of the Phoenicians and Carthaginians. +With the recession of the Turkish flood, modern Europe emerges and +inaugurates a counter-attack on Asia which has placed virtually the entire +world under European domination. + + * * * * * + +While in the mediæval conflicts between Europe and Asia the latter was the +aggressor, the case was otherwise in the early wars between the Nordic and +the Mediterranean peoples. Here for three thousand years the Nordics were +the aggressors, and, although these wars were terribly destructive to +their numbers, they were the medium through which classic civilization was +introduced into Nordic lands. As to the ethnic consequences, northern +barbarians poured over the passes of the Balkans, Alpines, and Pyrenees +into the sunny lands of the south only to slowly vanish in the languid +environment which lacked the stimulus of fierce strife with hostile nature +and savage rivals. + +Nevertheless, long before the opening of the Christian era the Alpines of +western Europe were thoroughly Nordicized, and in the centuries that +followed, the old Nordic element in Spain, Italy, and France has been +again and again strongly reinforced, so that these lands are now an +integral part of the White World. + +In recent centuries Russia was again superficially Nordicized with a top +dressing of Nordic nobility, chiefly coming from the Baltic provinces. +Along with this process there was everywhere in Europe a resurgence among +the submerged and forgotten Alpines and among the Mediterranean elements +of the British Isles, while Bolshevism in Russia means the elimination of +the Nordic aristocracy and the dominance of the half-Asiatic Slavic +peasantry. + + * * * * * + +All wars thus far discussed have been race wars of Europe against Asia, or +of the Nordics against Mediterraneans. The wars against the Mongols were +necessary and vital; there was no alternative except to fight to the +finish. But the wars of northern Europe against the south, from the racial +point of view, were not only useless but destructive. Bad as they were, +however, they left untouched to a large extent the broodland of the race +in the north and west. + +Another class of wars, however, has been absolutely deadly to the Nordic +race. There must have been countless early struggles where one Nordic +tribe attacked and exterminated its rival, such as the Trojan War, fought +between Achæans and Phrygians, both Nordics, while the later Peloponnesian +War was a purely civil strife between Greeks and resulted in the racial +collapse of Hellas. + +Rome, after she emerged triumphant from her struggle with the +Carthaginians, of Mediterranean race, plunged into a series of civil wars +which ended in the complete elimination of the native Nordic element in +Rome. Her conquests also were destructive to the Nordic race; particularly +so was that of Cæsar in Gaul, one of the few exceptional cases where the +north was permanently conquered by the south. The losses of that ten-year +conquest fell far more heavily upon the Nordic Celts in Gaul and Britain +than on the servile strata of the population. + +In the same way the Saxon conquest of England destroyed the Nordic +Brythons to a greater degree than the pre-Nordic Neolithic Mediterranean +element. From that time on all the wars of Europe, other than those +against the Asiatics and Saracens, were essentially civil wars fought +between peoples or leaders of Nordic blood. + +Mediæval Europe was one long welter of Nordic immolation until the Wars of +the Roses in England, the Hundred Years' War in the Lowlands, the +religious, revolutionary, and Napoleonic wars in France, and the ghastly +Thirty Years' War in Germany dangerously depleted the ruling Nordic race +and paved the way for the emergence from obscurity of the servile races +which for ages had been dominated by them. + +To what extent the present war has fostered this tendency, time alone will +show, but Mr. Stoddard has pointed out some of the immediate and visible +results. The backbone of western civilization is racially Nordic, the +Alpines and Mediterraneans being effective precisely to the extent in +which they have been Nordicized and vitalized. + +If this great race, with its capacity for leadership and fighting, should +ultimately pass, with it would pass that which we call civilization. It +would be succeeded by an unstable and bastardized population, where worth +and merit would have no inherent right to leadership and among which a +new and darker age would blot out our racial inheritance. + +Such a catastrophe cannot threaten if the Nordic race will gather itself +together in time, shake off the shackles of an inveterate altruism, +discard the vain phantom of internationalism, and reassert the pride of +race and the right of merit to rule. + +The Nordic race has been driven from many of its lands, but still grasps +firmly the control of the world, and it is certainly not at a greater +numerical disadvantage than often before in contrast to the teeming +population of eastern Asia. + +It has repeatedly been confronted with crises where the accident of +battle, or the genius of a leader, saved a well-nigh hopeless day. It has +survived defeat, it has survived the greater danger of victory, and, if it +takes warning in time, it may face the future with assurance. Fight it +must, but let that fight be not a civil war against its own blood kindred +but against the dangerous foreign races, whether they advance sword in +hand or in the more insidious guise of beggars at our gates, pleading for +admittance to share our prosperity. If we continue to allow them to enter +they will in time drive us out of our own land by mere force of breeding. + +The great hope of the future here in America lies in the realization of +the working class that competition of the Nordic with the alien is fatal, +whether the latter be the lowly immigrant from southern or eastern Europe +or whether he be the more obviously dangerous Oriental against whose +standards of living the white man cannot compete. In this country we must +look to such of our people--our farmers and artisans--as are still of +American blood to recognize and meet this danger. + +Our present condition is the result of following the leadership of +idealists and philanthropic doctrinaires, aided and abetted by the +perfectly understandable demand of our captains of industry for cheap +labor. + +To-day the need for statesmanship is great, and greater still is the need +for thorough knowledge of history. All over the world the first has been +lacking, and in the passions of the Great War the lessons of the past have +been forgotten both here and in Europe. + +The establishment of a chain of Alpine states from the Baltic to the +Adriatic, as a sequel to the war, all of them organized at the expense of +the Nordic ruling classes, may bring Europe back to the days when +Charlemagne, marching from the Rhine to the Elbe, found the valley of that +river inhabited by heathen Wends. Beyond lay Asia, and his successors +spent a thousand years pushing eastward the frontiers of Europe. + +Now that Asia, in the guise of Bolshevism with Semitic leadership and +Chinese executioners, is organizing an assault upon western Europe, the +new states--Slavic-Alpine in race, with little Nordic blood--may prove to +be not frontier guards of western Europe but vanguards of Asia in central +Europe. None of the earlier Alpine states have held firm against Asia, and +it is more than doubtful whether Poland, Bohemia, Rumania, Hungary, and +Jugo-Slavia can face the danger successfully, now that they have been +deprived of the Nordic ruling classes through democratic institutions. + +Democratic ideals among an homogeneous population of Nordic blood, as in +England or America, is one thing, but it is quite another for the white +man to share his blood with, or intrust his ideals to, brown, yellow, +black, or red men. + +This is suicide pure and simple, and the first victim of this amazing +folly will be the white man himself. + +MADISON GRANT. + +NEW YORK, March 1, 1920. + + + + +_PART I_ + +THE RISING TIDE OF COLOR + + + + +CHAPTER I + +THE WORLD OF COLOR + + +The man who, on a quiet spring evening of the year 1914, opened his atlas +to a political map of the world and pored over its many-tinted patterns +probably got one fundamental impression: the overwhelming preponderance of +the white race in the ordering of the world's affairs. Judged by accepted +canons of statecraft, the white man towered the indisputable master of the +planet. Forth from Europe's teeming mother-hive the imperious Sons of +Japhet had swarmed for centuries to plant their laws, their customs, and +their battle-flags at the uttermost ends of the earth. Two whole +continents, North America and Australia, had been made virtually as white +in blood as the European motherland; two other continents, South America +and Africa, had been extensively colonized by white stocks; while even +huge Asia had seen its empty northern march, Siberia, pre-empted for the +white man's abode. Even where white populations had not locked themselves +to the soil few regions of the earth had escaped the white man's imperial +sway, and vast areas inhabited by uncounted myriads of dusky folk obeyed +the white man's will. + +Beside the enormous area of white settlement or control, the regions under +non-white governance bulked small indeed. In eastern Asia, China, Japan, +and Siam; in western Asia, Turkey, Afghanistan, and Persia; in Africa, +Abyssinia, and Liberia; and in America the minute state of Haiti: such was +the brief list of lands under non-white rule. In other words, of the +53,000,000 square miles which (excluding the polar regions) constitute the +land area of the globe, only 6,000,000 square miles had non-white +governments, and nearly two-thirds of this relatively modest remainder was +represented by China and its dependencies. + +Since 1914 the world has been convulsed by the most terrible war in +recorded history. This war was primarily a struggle between the white +peoples, who have borne the brunt of the conflict and have suffered most +of the losses. Nevertheless, one of the war's results has been a further +whittling down of the areas standing outside white political control. +Turkey is to-day practically an Anglo-French condominium, Persia is +virtually a protectorate of the British Empire, while the United States +has thrown over the endemic anarchy of Haiti the ægis of the _Pax +Americana_. Study of the political map might thus apparently lead one to +conclude that white world-predominance is immutable, since the war's +ordeal has still further broadened the territorial basis of its authority. + +At this point the reader is perhaps asking himself why this book was ever +undertaken. The answer is: the dangerous delusion created by viewing world +affairs solely from the angle of politics. The late war has taught many +lessons as to the unstable and transitory character of even the most +imposing political phenomena, while a better reading of history must bring +home the truth that the basic factor in human affairs is not politics, but +race. The reader has already encountered this fundamental truth on every +page of the Introduction. He will remember, for instance, how west-central +Asia, which in the dawn of history was predominantly white man's country, +is to-day racially brown man's land in which white blood survives only as +vestigial traces of vanishing significance. If this portion of Asia, the +former seat of mighty white empires and possibly the very homeland of the +white race itself, should have so entirely changed its ethnic character, +what assurance can the most impressive political panorama give us that the +present world-order may not swiftly and utterly pass away? + +The force of this query is exemplified when we turn from the political to +the racial map of the globe. What a transformation! Instead of a world +politically nine-tenths white, we see a world of which only four-tenths at +the most can be considered predominantly white in blood, the rest of the +world being inhabited mainly by the other primary races of +mankind--yellows, browns, blacks, and reds. Speaking by continents, +Europe, North America to the Rio Grande, the southern portion of South +America, the Siberian part of Asia, and Australasia constitute the real +white world; while the bulk of Asia, virtually the whole of Africa, and +most of Central and South America form the world of color. The respective +areas of these two racially contrasted worlds are 22,000,000 square miles +for the whites and 31,000,000 square miles for the colored races. +Furthermore it must be remembered that fully one-third of the white area +(notably Australasia and Siberia) is very thinly inhabited and is thus +held by a very slender racial tenure--the only tenure which counts in the +long run. + +The statistical disproportion between the white and colored worlds becomes +still more marked when we turn from surveys of area to tables of +population. The total number of human beings alive to-day is about +1,700,000,000. Of these 550,000,000 are white, while 1,150,000,000 are +colored. The colored races thus outnumber the whites more than two to one. +Another fact of capital importance is that the great bulk of the white +race is concentrated in the European continent. In 1914 the population of +Europe was approximately 450,000,000. The late war has undoubtedly caused +an absolute decrease of many millions of souls. Nevertheless, the basic +fact remains that some four-fifths of the entire white race is +concentrated on less than one-fifth of the white world's territorial area +(Europe), while the remaining one-fifth of the race (some 110,000,000 +souls), scattered to the ends of the earth, must protect four-fifths of +the white territorial heritage against the pressure of colored races +eleven times its numerical strength. + +As to the 1,150,000,000 of the colored world, they are divided, as already +stated, into four primary categories: yellows, browns, blacks, and reds. +The yellows are the most numerous of the colored races, numbering over +500,000,000. Their habitat is eastern Asia. Nearly as numerous and much +more wide-spread than the yellows are the browns, numbering some +450,000,000. The browns spread in a broad belt from the Pacific Ocean +westward across southern Asia and northern Africa to the Atlantic Ocean. +The blacks total about 150,000,000. Their centre is Africa south of the +Sahara Desert, but besides the African continent there are vestigial black +traces across southern Asia to the Pacific and also strong black outposts +in the Americas. Least numerous of the colored race-stocks are the +reds--the "Indians" of the western hemisphere. Mustering a total of less +than 40,000,000, the reds are almost all located south of the Rio Grande +in "Latin America." + +Such is the ethnic make-up of that world of color which, as already seen, +outnumbers the white world two to one. That is a formidable ratio, and its +significance is heightened by the fact that this ratio seems destined to +shift still further in favor of color. There can be no doubt that at +present the colored races are increasing very much faster than the white. +Treating the primary race-stocks as units, it would appear that whites +tend to double in eighty years, yellows and browns in sixty years, blacks +in forty years. The whites are thus the slowest breeders, and they will +undoubtedly become slower still, since section after section of the white +race is revealing that lowered birth-rate which in France has reached the +extreme of a stationary population. + +On the other hand, none of the colored races shows perceptible signs of +declining birth-rate, all tending to breed up to the limits of available +subsistence. Such checks as now limit the increase of colored populations +are wholly external, like famine, disease, and tribal warfare. But by a +curious irony of fate, the white man has long been busy removing these +checks to colored multiplication. The greater part of the colored world is +to-day under white political control. Wherever the white man goes he +attempts to impose the bases of his ordered civilization. He puts down +tribal war, he wages truceless combat against epidemic disease, and he so +improves communications that augmented and better distributed +food-supplies minimize the blight of famine. In response to these +life-saving activities the enormous death-rate which in the past has kept +the colored races from excessive multiplication is falling to proportions +comparable with the death-rate of white countries. But to lower the +colored world's prodigious birth-rate is quite another matter. The +consequence is a portentous increase of population in nearly every portion +of the colored world now under white political sway. In fact, even those +colored countries which have maintained their independence, such as China +and Japan, are adopting the white man's life-conserving methods and are +experiencing the same accelerated increase of population. + +Now what must be the inevitable result of all this? It can mean only one +thing: a tremendous and steadily augmenting outward thrust of surplus +colored men from overcrowded colored homelands. Remember that these +homelands are already populated up to the available limits of subsistence. +Of course present limits can in many cases be pushed back by better living +conditions, improved agriculture, and the rise of modern machine industry +such as is already under way in Japan. Nevertheless, in view of the +tremendous population increases which must occur, these can be only +palliatives. Where, then, should the congested colored world tend to pour +its accumulating human surplus, inexorably condemned to emigrate or +starve? The answer is: into those emptier regions of the earth under white +political control. But many of these relatively empty lands have been +definitely set aside by the white man as his own special heritage. The +upshot is that the rising flood of color finds itself walled in by white +dikes debarring it from many a promised land which it would fain deluge +with its dusky waves. + +Thus the colored world, long restive under white political domination, is +being welded by the most fundamental of instincts, the instinct of +self-preservation, into a common solidarity of feeling against the +dominant white man, and in the fire of a common purpose internecine +differences tend, for the time at least, to be burned away. Before the +supreme fact of white political world-domination, antipathies within the +colored world must inevitably recede into the background. + +The imperious urge of the colored world toward racial expansion was well +visualized by that keen English student of world affairs, Doctor E. J. +Dillon, when he wrote more than a decade ago: "The problem is one of life +and death--a veritable sphinx-question--to those most nearly concerned. +For, no race, however inferior it may be, will consent to famish slowly in +order that other people may fatten and take their ease, especially if it +has a good chance to make a fight for life."[1] + +This white statement of the colored thesis is an accurate reflection of +what colored men say themselves. For example, a Japanese scholar, +Professor Ryutaro Nagai, writes: "The world was not made for the white +races, but for the other races as well. In Australia, South Africa, +Canada, and the United States, there are vast tracts of unoccupied +territory awaiting settlement, and although the citizens of the ruling +Powers refuse to take up the land, no yellow people are permitted to +enter. Thus the white races seem ready to commit to the savage birds and +beasts what they refuse to intrust to their brethren of the yellow race. +Surely the arrogance and avarice of the nobility in apportioning to +themselves the most and the best of the land in certain countries is as +nothing compared with the attitude of the white races toward those of a +different hue."[2] + +The bitter resentment of white predominance and exclusiveness awakened in +many colored breasts is typified by the following lines penned by a brown +man, a British-educated Afghan, shortly before the European War. +Inveighing against our "racial prejudice, that cowardly, wretched +caste-mark of the European and the American the world over," he exultantly +predicts "a coming struggle between Asia, all Asia, against Europe and +America. You are heaping up material for a Jehad, a Pan-Islam, a Pan-Asia +Holy War, a gigantic day of reckoning, an invasion of a new Attila and +Tamerlane--who will use rifles and bullets, instead of lances and spears. +You are deaf to the voice of reason and fairness, and so you must be +taught with the whirring swish of the sword when it is red."[3] + +Of course in these statements there is nothing either exceptional or +novel. The colored races never welcomed white predominance and were always +restive under white control. Down to the close of the nineteenth century, +however, they generally accepted white hegemony as a disagreeable but +inevitable fact. For four hundred years the white man had added continent +to continent in his imperial progress, equipped with resistless sea-power +and armed with a mechanical superiority that crushed down all local +efforts at resistance. In time, therefore, the colored races accorded to +white supremacy a fatalistic acquiescence, and, though never loved, the +white man was usually respected and universally feared. + +During the closing decades of the nineteenth century, to be sure, +premonitory signs of a change in attitude began to appear. The yellow and +brown races, at least, stirred by the very impact of Western ideas, +measured the white man with a more critical eye and commenced to wonder +whether his superiority was due to anything more than a fortuitous +combination of circumstances which might be altered by efforts of their +own. Japan put this theory to the test by going sedulously to the white +man's school. The upshot was the Russo-Japanese War of 1904, an event the +momentous character of which is even now not fully appreciated. Of course, +that war was merely the sign-manual of a whole nexus of forces making for +a revivified Asia. But it dramatized and clarified ideas which had been +germinating half-unconsciously in millions of colored minds, and both Asia +and Africa thrilled with joy and hope. Above all, the legend of white +invincibility lay, a fallen idol, in the dust. Nevertheless, though freed +from imaginary terrors, the colored world accurately gauged the white +man's practical strength and appreciated the magnitude of the task +involved in overthrowing white supremacy. That supremacy was no longer +acquiesced in as inevitable and hopes of ultimate success were confidently +entertained, but the process was usually conceived as a slow and difficult +one. Fear of white power and respect for white civilization thus remained +potent restraining factors. + +Then came the Great War. The colored world suddenly saw the white peoples +which, in racial matters had hitherto maintained something of a united +front, locked in an internecine death-grapple of unparalleled ferocity; it +saw those same peoples put one another furiously to the ban as +irreconcilable foes; it saw white race-unity cleft by political and moral +gulfs which white men themselves continuously iterated would never be +filled. As colored men realized the significance of it all, they looked +into each other's eyes and there saw the light of undreamed-of hopes. The +white world was tearing itself to pieces. White solidarity was riven and +shattered. And--fear of white power and respect for white civilization +together dropped away like garments outworn. Through the bazaars of Asia +ran the sibilant whisper: "The East will see the West to bed!" + +The chorus of mingled exultation, hate, and scorn sounded from every +portion of the colored world. Chinese scholars, Japanese professors, Hindu +pundits, Turkish journalists, and Afro-American editors, one and all +voiced drastic criticisms of white civilization and hailed the war as a +well-merited Nemesis on white arrogance and greed. This is how the +Constantinople _Tanine_, the most serious Turkish newspaper, characterized +the European Powers: "They would not look at the evils in their own +countries or elsewhere, but interfered at the slightest incident in our +borders; every day they would gnaw at some part of our rights and our +sovereignty; they would perform vivisection on our quivering flesh and cut +off great pieces of it. And we, with a forcibly controlled spirit of +rebellion in our hearts and with clinched but powerless fists, silent and +depressed, would murmur as the fire burned within: 'Oh, that they might +fall out with one another! Oh, that they might eat one another up!' And +lo! to-day they are eating each other up, just as the Turk wished they +would."[4] + +The Afro-American author, W. E. Burghardt Dubois, wrote of the colored +world: "These nations and races, composing as they do a vast majority of +humanity, are going to endure this treatment just as long as they must and +not a moment longer. Then they are going to fight, and the War of the +Color Line will outdo in savage inhumanity any war this world has yet +seen. For colored folk have much to remember and they will not forget."[5] + +"What does the European War mean to us Orientals?" queried the Japanese +writer, Yone Noguchi. "It means the saddest downfall of the so-called +western civilization; our belief that it was builded upon a higher and +sounder footing than ours was at once knocked down and killed; we are +sorry that we somehow overestimated its happy possibility and were +deceived and cheated by its superficial glory. My recent western journey +confirmed me that the so-called dynamic western civilization was all +against the Asiatic belief. And when one does not respect the others, +there will be only one thing to come, that is, fight, in action or +silence."[6] + + +[Illustration: DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRIMARY RACES] + + +Such was the colored world's reaction to the white death-grapple, and as +the long struggle dragged on both Asia and Africa stirred to their very +depths. To be sure, no great explosions occurred during the war years, +albeit lifting veils of censorship reveal how narrowly such explosions +were averted. Nevertheless, Asia and Africa are to-day in acute ferment, +and we must not forget that this ferment is not primarily due to the war. +The war merely accelerated a movement already existent long before 1914. +Even if the Great War had been averted, the twentieth century must have +been a time of wide-spread racial readjustments in which the white man's +present position of political world-domination would have been sensibly +modified, especially in Asia. However, had the white race and white +civilization been spared the terrific material and moral losses involved +in the Great War and its still unliquidated aftermath, the process of +racial readjustment would have been far more gradual and would have been +fraught with far fewer cataclysmic possibilities. Had white strength +remained intact it would have acted as a powerful shock-absorber, taking +up and distributing the various colored impacts. As a result, the coming +modification of the world's racial equilibrium, though inevitable, would +have been so graduated that it would have seemed more an evolution than a +revolution. Such violent breaches as did occur might have been localized, +and anything like a general race-cataclysm would probably have been +impossible. + +But it was not to be. The heart of the white world was divided against +itself, and on the fateful 1st of August, 1914, the white race, forgetting +ties of blood and culture, heedless of the growing pressure of the colored +world without, locked in a battle to the death. An ominous cycle opened +whose end no man can foresee. Armageddon engendered Versailles; earth's +worst war closed with an unconstructive peace which left old sores +unhealed and even dealt fresh wounds. The white world to-day lies +debilitated and uncured; the colored world views conditions which are a +standing incitement to rash dreams and violent action. + +Such is the present status of the world's race-problem, expressed in +general terms. The analysis of the specific elements in that complex +problem will form the subject of the succeeding chapters. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +YELLOW MAN'S LAND + + +Yellow Man's Land is the Far East. Here the group of kindred stocks +usually termed Mongolian have dwelt for unnumbered ages. Down to the most +recent times the yellows lived virtually a life apart. Sundered from the +rest of mankind by stupendous mountains, burning deserts, and the +illimitable ocean, the Far East constituted a world in itself, living its +own life and developing its own peculiar civilization. Only the wild +nomads of its northern marches--Huns, Mongols, Tartars, and the +like--succeeded in gaining direct contact with the brown and white worlds +to the West. + +The ethnic focus of the yellow world has always been China. Since the dawn +of history this immense human ganglion has been the centre from which +civilization has radiated throughout the Far East. About this "Middle +Kingdom," as it sapiently styled itself, the other yellow folk were +disposed--Japanese and Koreans to the east; Siamese, Annamites, and +Cambodians to the south; and to the north the nomad Mongols and Manchus. +To all these peoples China was the august preceptor, sometimes chastising +their presumption, yet always instilling the principles of its ordered +civilization. However diverse may have been the individual developments +of the various Far Eastern peoples, they spring from a common Chinese +foundation. Despite modern Japan's meteoric rise to political mastery of +the Far East, it must not be forgotten that China remains not only the +cultural but also the territorial and racial centre of the yellow world. +Four-fifths of the yellow race is concentrated in China, there being +nearly 400,000,000 Chinese as against 60,000,000 Japanese, 16,000,000 +Koreans, 26,000,000 Indo-Chinese, and perhaps 10,000,000 people of +non-Chinese stocks included within China's political frontiers. + +The age-long seclusion of the yellow world, first decreed by nature, was +subsequently maintained by the voluntary decision of the yellow peoples +themselves. The great expansive movement of the white race which began +four centuries ago soon brought white men to the Far East, by sea in the +persons of the Portuguese navigators and by land with the Cossack +adventurers ranging through the empty spaces of Siberia. Yet after a brief +acquaintance with the white strangers the yellow world decided that it +wanted none of them, and they were rigidly excluded. This exclusion policy +was not a Chinese peculiarity; it was common to all the yellow peoples and +was adopted spontaneously at about the same time. In China, Japan, Korea, +and Indo-China, the same reaction produced the same results. The yellow +world instinctively felt the white man to be a destructive, dissolving +influence on its highly specialized line of evolution, which it wished to +maintain unaltered. For three centuries the yellow world succeeded in +maintaining its isolation, then, in the middle of the last century, +insistent white pressure broke down the barriers and forced the yellow +races into full contact with the outer world. + +At the moment, the "opening" of the Far East was hailed by white men with +general approval, but of late years many white observers have regretted +this forcible dragging of reluctant races into the full stream of world +affairs. As an Australian writer, J. Liddell Kelly, remarks: "We have +erred grievously by prematurely forcing ourselves upon Asiatic races. The +instinct of the Asiatic in desiring isolation and separation from other +forms of civilization was much more correct than our craze for imposing +our forms of religion, morals, and industrialism upon them. It is not +race-hatred, nor even race-antagonism, that is at the root of this +attitude; it is an unerring intuition, which in years gone by has taught +the Asiatic that his evolution in the scale of civilization could best be +accomplished by his being allowed to develop on his own lines. Pernicious +European compulsion has led him to abandon that attitude. Let us not be +ashamed to confess that he was right and we were wrong."[7] + +However, rightly or wrongly, the deed was done, and the yellow races, +forced into the world-arena, proceeded to adapt themselves to their new +political environment and to learn the correct methods of survival under +the strenuous conditions which there prevailed. In place of their +traditional equilibrated, self-sufficient order, the yellow peoples now +felt the ubiquitous impacts of the dynamic Western spirit, insistent upon +rapid material progress and forceful, expansive evolution. Japan was the +first yellow people to go methodically to the white man's school, and +Japan's rapid acquirement of the white man's technology soon showed itself +in dramatic demonstrations like her military triumphs over China in 1894, +and over Russia a decade later. + +Japan's easy victory over huge China astounded the whole world. That these +"highly intelligent children," as one of the early British ministers to +Japan had characterized them, should have so rapidly acquired the +technique of Western methods was almost unbelievable. Indeed, the full +significance of the lesson was not immediately grasped, and the power of +New Japan was still underestimated. A good example of Europe's +underestimation of Japanese strength was the proposal a Dutch writer made +in 1896 to curb possible Japanese aggression on the Dutch Indies by taking +from Japan the island of Formosa which Japan had acquired from China as +one of the fruits of victory. "Holland," asserted this writer, "must take +possession of Formosa."[8] The grotesqueness of this dictum as it appears +to us in the light of subsequent history shows how the world has moved in +twenty-five years. + +But even at that time Japan's expansionist tendencies were well +developed, and voices were warning against Japanese imperialism. In the +very month when our Hollander was advocating a Dutch seizure of Formosa, +an Australian wrote the following lines in a Melbourne newspaper +concerning his recent travels in Japan: "While in a car with several +Japanese officers, they were conversing about Australia, saying that it +was a fine, large country, with great forests and excellent soil for the +cultivation of rice and other products. The whites settled in Australia, +so thought these officers, are like the dog in the manger. Some one will +have to take a good part of Australia to develop it, for it is a pity to +see so fine a country lying waste. If any ill-feeling arose between the +two countries, it would be a wise thing to send some battleships to +Australia and annex part of it."[9] + +Whatever may have been the world's misreading of the Chino-Japanese +conflict, the same cannot be said of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904. The +echoes of that yellow triumph over one of the great white Powers +reverberated to the ends of the earth and started obscure trains of +consequences even to-day not yet fully disclosed. The war's reactions in +these remoter fields will be discussed in later chapters. Its effect upon +the Far East is our present concern. And the well-nigh unanimous opinion +of both natives and resident Europeans was that the war signified a +body-blow to white ascendancy. So profound an English student of the +Orient as Meredith Townsend wrote: "It may be taken as certain that the +victory of Japan will be profoundly felt by the majority of European +states. With the exception of Austria, all European countries have +implicated themselves in the great effort to conquer Asia, which has now +been going on for two centuries, but which, as this author thinks, must +now terminate.... The disposition, therefore, to edge out intrusive +Europeans from their Asiatic possessions is certain to exist even if it is +not manifested in Tokio, and it may be fostered by a movement of which, as +yet, but little has been said. No one who has ever studied the question +doubts that as there is a comity of Europe, so there is a comity of Asia, +a disposition to believe that Asia belongs of right to Asiatics, and that +any event which brings that right nearer to realization is to all Asiatics +a pleasurable one. Japanese victories will give new heart and energy to +all the Asiatic nations and tribes which now fret under European rule, +will inspire in them a new confidence in their own power to resist, and +will spread through them a strong impulse to avail themselves of Japanese +instruction. It will take, of course, many years to bring this new force +into play; but time matters nothing to Asiatics, and they all possess that +capacity for complete secrecy which the Japanese displayed."[10] + +That Meredith Townsend was reading the Asiatic mind aright seems clear +from the pronouncements of Orientals themselves. For example, _Buddhism_, +of Rangoon, Burmah, a country of the Indo-Chinese borderland between the +yellow and brown worlds, expressed hopes for an Oriental alliance against +the whites. "It would, we think," said this paper, "be no great wonder if +a few years after the conclusion of this war saw the completion of a +defensive alliance between Japan, China, and not impossibly Siam--the +formulation of a new Monroe Doctrine for the Far East, guaranteeing the +integrity of existing states against further aggression from the West. The +West has justified--perhaps with some reason--every aggression on weaker +races by the doctrine of the Survival of the Fittest; on the ground that +it is best for future humanity that the unfit should be eliminated and +give place to the most able race. That doctrine applies equally well to +any possible struggle between Aryan and Mongolian--whichever survives, +should it ever come to a struggle between the two for world-mastery, will, +on their own doctrine, be the one most fit to do so, and if the survivor +be the Mongolian, then is the Mongolian no 'peril' to humanity, but the +better part of it."[11] + +The decade which elapsed between the Russo-Japanese and European Wars saw +in the Far East another event of the first magnitude: the Chinese +Revolution of 1911. Toward the close of the nineteenth century the world +had been earnestly discussing the "break-up" of China. The huge empire, +with its 400,000,000 of people, one-fourth the entire human race, seemed +at that time plunged in so hopeless a lethargy as to be foredoomed to +speedy ruin. About the apparently moribund carcass the eagles of the earth +were already gathered, planning a "partition of China" analogous to the +recent partition of Africa. The partition of China, however, never came +off. The prodigious moral shock of the Japanese War roused China's élite +to the imminence of their country's peril. First attempts at reform were +blocked by the Dowager Empress, but her reactionary lurch ended in the +Boxer nightmare and the frightful Occidental chastisement of 1900. This +time the lesson was learned. China was at last shaken broad awake. The +Bourbon Manchu court, it is true, wavered, but popular pressure forced it +to keep the upward path. Every year after 1900 saw increasingly rapid +reform--reform, be it noted, not imposed upon the country from above but +forced upon the rulers from below. When the slow-footed Manchus showed +themselves congenitally incapable of keeping step with the quickening +national pace, the rising tide of national life overwhelmed them in the +Republican Revolution of 1911, and they were no more. + +Even with the Manchu handicap, the rate of progress during those years was +such as to amaze the wisest foreign observers. "Could the sage, Confucius, +have returned a decade ago," wrote that "old China hand," W. R. Manning, +in 1910, "he would have felt almost as much at home as when he departed +twenty-five centuries before. Should he return a decade hence he will feel +almost as much out of place as Rip Van Winkle, if the recent rate of +progress continues."[12] Toward the close of 1909 a close student of +things Chinese, Harlan P. Beach, remarked: "Those who, like myself, can +compare the China of twenty-five years ago with the China of this year, +can hardly believe our senses."[13] It was on top of all this that there +came the revolution, a happening hailed by so sophisticated an observer as +Doctor Dillon as "the most momentous event in a thousand years."[14] +Whatever may have been the political blunders of the revolutionists (and +they were many), the revolution's moral results were stupendous. The +stream of Western innovation flowed at a vastly accelerated pace into +every Chinese province. The popular masses were for the first time +awakened to genuine interest in political, as distinguished from economic +or personal, questions. Lastly, the semi-religious feeling of family +kinship, which in the past had been almost the sole recognized bond of +Chinese race-solidarity, was powerfully supplemented by those +distinctively modern concepts, national self-consciousness and articulate +patriotism. + +Here was the Far Eastern situation at the outbreak of the Great War--a +thoroughly modernized, powerful Japan, and a thoroughly aroused, but still +disorganized, China. The Great War automatically made Japan supreme in the +Far East by temporarily reducing all the European Powers to ciphers in +Oriental affairs. How Japan proceeded to buttress this supremacy by +getting a strangle-hold on China, every one knows. Japan's methods were +brutal and cynical, though not a whit more so than the methods employed by +white nations seeking to attain vital ends. And "vital" is precisely how +Japan regards her hold over China. An essentially poor country with a +teeming population, Japan feels that the exploitation of China's +incalculable natural resources, a privileged position in the Chinese +market, and guidance of Chinese national evolution in ways not inimical to +Japan, can alone assure her future. + +Japan's attitude toward her huge neighbor is one of mingled superiority +and apprehension. She banks on China's traditional pacifism, yet she is +too shrewd not to realize the explosive possibilities latent in the modern +nationalist idea. As a Japanese publicist, Adachi Kinnosuke, remarks: "The +Twentieth Century Jenghiz Khan threatening the Sun-Flag with a Mongol +horde armed with Krupp guns may possibly strike the Western sense of +humor. But it is not altogether pleasing to contemplate a neighbor of +400,000,000 population with modern armament and soldiers trained on the +modern plan. The awakening of China means all this and a little more which +we of the present are not sure of. Japan cannot forget that between this +nightmare of armed China and herself there is only a very narrow sea."[15] +Certainly, "Young China" has already displayed much of that unpleasant +ebullience which usually accompanies nationalist awakenings. A French +observer, Jean Rodes, writes on this point: "One of the things that most +disquiet thinking men is that this new generation, completely neglecting +Chinese studies while knowing nothing of Western science, yet convinced +that it knows everything, will no longer possess any standard of values, +national culture, or foreign culture. We can only await with apprehension +the results of such ignorance united with unbounded pride as characterize +the Chinese youth of to-day."[16] And another French observer, René Pinon, +as far back as 1905, found the primary school children of Kiang-Su +province chanting the following lines: "I pray that the frontiers of my +country become hard as bronze; that it surpass Europe and America; that it +subjugate Japan; that its land and sea armies cover themselves with +resplendent glory; that over the whole earth float the Dragon Standard; +that the universal mastery of the empire extend and progress. May our +empire, like a sleeping tiger suddenly awakened, spring roaring into the +arena of combats."[17] + +Japan's masterful policy in China is thus unquestionably hazardous. +Chinese national feeling is to-day genuinely aroused against Japan, and +resentment over Japanese encroachments is bitter and wide-spread. +Nevertheless, Japan feels that the game is worth the risk and believes +that both Chinese race-psychology and the general drift of world affairs +combine to favor her ultimate success. She knows that China has in the +past always acquiesced in foreign domination when resistance has proved +patently impossible. She also feels that her aspirations for white +expulsion from the Far East and for the winning of wider spheres for +racial expansion should appeal strongly to yellow peoples generally and to +the Chinese in particular. To turn China's nascent nationalism into purely +anti-white channels and to transmute Chinese patriotism into a wider +"Pan-Mongolism" would constitute a Japanese triumph of incalculable +splendor. It would increase her effective force manyfold and would open up +almost limitless vistas of power and glory. + +Nor are the Chinese themselves blind to the advantages of Chino-Japanese +co-operation. They have an instinctive assurance in their own capacities, +they know how they have ultimately digested all their conquerors, and many +Chinese to-day think that from a Chino-Japanese partnership, no matter how +framed, the inscrutable "Sons of Han" would eventually get the lion's +share. Certainly no one has ever denied the Chinaman's extraordinary +economic efficiency. Winnowed by ages of grim elimination in a land +populated to the uttermost limits of subsistence, the Chinese race is +selected as no other for survival under the fiercest conditions of +economic stress. At home the average Chinese lives his whole life +literally within a hand's breadth of starvation. Accordingly, when removed +to the easier environment of other lands, the Chinaman brings with him a +working capacity which simply appalls his competitors. That urbane +Celestial, Doctor Wu-Ting-Fang, well says of his own people: "Experience +proves that the Chinese as all-round laborers can easily outdistance all +competitors. They are industrious, intelligent, and orderly. They can work +under conditions that would kill a man of less hardy race; in heat that +would kill a salamander, or in cold that would please a polar bear, +sustaining their energies through long hours of unremitting toil with only +a few bowls of rice."[18] This Chinese estimate is echoed by the most +competent foreign observers. The Australian thinker, Charles H. Pearson, +wrote of the Chinese a generation ago in his epoch-making book, "National +Life and Character": "Flexible as Jews, they can thrive on the mountain +plateaux of Thibet and under the sun of Singapore; more versatile even +than Jews, they are excellent laborers, and not without merit as soldiers +and sailors; while they have a capacity for trade which no other nation of +the East possesses. They do not need even the accident of a man of genius +to develop their magnificent future."[19] And Lafcadio Hearn says: "A +people of hundreds of millions disciplined for thousands of years to the +most untiring industry and the most self-denying thrift, under conditions +which would mean worse than death for our working masses--a people, in +short, quite content to strive to the uttermost in exchange for the simple +privilege of life."[20] + +This economic superiority of the Chinaman shows not only with other races, +but with his yellow kindred as well. As regards the Japanese, John +Chinaman has proved it to the hilt. Wherever the two have met in economic +competition, John has won hands down. Even in Japanese colonies like Korea +and Formosa, the Japanese, with all the backing of their government behind +them, have been worsted. In fact, Japan itself, so bitter at white +refusals to receive her emigrants, has been obliged to enact drastic +exclusion laws to protect her working classes from the influx of "Chinese +cheap labor." It seems, therefore, a just calculation when Chinese +estimate that Japanese triumphs against white adversaries would inure +largely to China's benefit. After all, Chinese and Japanese are +fundamentally of the same race and culture. They may have their very +bitter family quarrels, but in the last analysis they understand each +other and may arrive at surprisingly sudden agreements. One thing is +certain: both these over-populated lands will feel increasingly the +imperious need of racial expansion. For all these reasons, then, the +present political tension between China and Japan cannot be reckoned as +permanent, and we would do well to envisage the possibility of close +Chinese co-operation in the ambitious programme of Japanese foreign +policy. + +This Japanese programme looks first to the prevention of all further white +encroachment in the Far East by the establishment of a Far Eastern Monroe +Doctrine based on Japanese predominance and backed if possible by the +moral support of the other Far Eastern peoples. The next stage in Japanese +foreign policy seems to be the systematic elimination of all existing +white holdings in the Far East. Thus far practically all Japanese appear +to be in substantial agreement. Beyond this point lies a wide realm of +aspiration ranging from determination to secure complete racial equality +and freedom of immigration into white lands to imperialistic dreams of +wholesale conquests and "world-dominion." These last items do not +represent the united aspiration of the Japanese nation, but they are +cherished by powerful circles which, owing to Japan's oligarchical system +of government, possess an influence over governmental action quite +disproportionate to their numbers. + +Although Japanese plans and aspirations have broadened notably since 1914, +their outlines were well defined a decade earlier. Immediately after her +victory over Russia, Japan set herself to strengthen her influence all +over eastern Asia. Special efforts were made to establish intimate +relations with the other Asiatic peoples. Asiatic students were invited to +attend Japanese universities and as a matter of fact did attend by the +thousand, while a whole series of societies was formed having for their +object the knitting of close cultural and economic ties between Japan and +specific regions like China, Siam, the Pacific, and even India. The +capstone was a "Pan-Asiatic Association," founded by Count Okuma. Some of +the facts regarding these societies, about which too little is known, make +interesting reading. For instance, there was the "Pacific Ocean Society" +("Taheijoka"), whose preamble reads in part: "For a century the Pacific +Ocean has been a battle-ground wherein the nations have struggled for +supremacy. To-day the prosperity or decadence of a nation depends on its +power in the Pacific: to possess the empire of the Pacific is to be the +Master of the World. As Japan finds itself at the centre of that Ocean, +whose waves bathe its shores, it must reflect carefully and have clear +views on Pacific questions."[21] + +Equally interesting is the "Indo-Japanese Association," whose activities +appear somewhat peculiar in view of the political alliance between Japan +and the British Empire. One of the first articles of its constitution +(from Count Okuma's pen, by the way) reads: "All men were born equal. The +Asiatics have the same claim to be called men as the Europeans themselves. +It is therefore quite unreasonable that the latter should have any right +to predominate over the former."[22] No mention is made anywhere in the +document of India's political connection with England. In fact, Count +Okuma, in the autumn of 1907, had this to say regarding India: "Being +oppressed by the Europeans, the 300,000,000 people of India are looking +for Japanese protection. They have commenced to boycott European +merchandise. If, therefore, the Japanese let the chance slip by and do not +go to India, the Indians will be disappointed. From old times, India has +been a land of treasure. Alexander the Great obtained there treasure +sufficient to load a hundred camels, and Mahmoud and Attila also obtained +riches from India. Why should not the Japanese stretch out their hands +toward that country, now that the people are looking to the Japanese? The +Japanese ought to go to India, the South Ocean, and other parts of the +world."[23] + +In 1910, Putnam Weale, a competent English student of Oriental affairs, +asserted: "It can no longer be doubted that a very deliberate policy is +certainly being quietly and cleverly pursued. Despite all denials, it is a +fact that Japan has already a great hold in the schools and in the +vernacular newspapers all over eastern Asia, and that the gospel of 'Asia +for the Asiatics' is being steadily preached not only by her schoolmasters +and her editors, but by her merchants and peddlers, and every other man +who travels."[24] + +Exactly how much these Japanese propagandist efforts accomplished is +impossible to say. Certain it is, however, that during the years just +previous to the Great War the white colonies in the Far East were +afflicted with considerable native unrest. In French Indo-China, for +example, revolutionary movements during the year 1908 necessitated +reinforcing the French garrison by nearly 10,000 men, and though the +disturbances were sternly repressed, fresh conspiracies were discovered +in 1911 and 1913. Much sedition and some sharp fighting also took place in +the Dutch Indies, while in the Philippines the independence movement +continued to gain ground. + +What the growing self-consciousness of the Far East portended for the +white man's ultimate status in those regions was indicated by an English +publicist, J. D. Whelpley, who wrote, shortly after the outbreak of the +European War: "With the aid of Western ideas the Far East is fast +attaining a solidarity impossible under purely Oriental methods. The smug +satisfaction expressed in the West at what is called the 'modernization' +of the East shows lack of wisdom or an ineffective grasp of the meaning of +comparatively recent events in Japan, China, eastern Siberia, and even in +the Philippines. In years past the solidarity of the Far East was largely +in point of view, while in other matters the powerful nations of the West +played the game according to their own rules. To-day the solidarity of +mental outlook still maintains, while in addition there is rapidly coming +about a solidarity of political and material interests which in time will +reduce Western participation in Far Eastern affairs to that of a +comparatively unimportant factor. It might truly be said that this point +is already reached, and that it only needs an application of the test to +prove to the world that the Far East would resent Western interference as +an intolerable impertinence."[25] + +The scope of Japan's aspirations, together with differences of outlook +between various sections of Japanese public opinion as to the rate of +progress feasible for Japanese expansion, account for Japan's differing +attitudes toward the white Powers. Officially, the keystone of Japan's +foreign policy since the beginning of the present century has been the +alliance with England, first negotiated in 1902 and renewed with extensive +modifications in 1911. The 1902 alliance was universally popular in Japan. +It was directed specifically against Russia and represented the common +apprehensions of both the contracting parties. By 1911, however, the +situation had radically altered. Japan's aspirations in the Far East, +particularly as regards China, were arousing wide-spread uneasiness in +many quarters, and the English communities in the Far East generally +condemned the new alliance as a gross blunder of British diplomacy. In +Japan also there was considerable protest. The official organs, to be +sure, stressed the necessity of friendship with the Mistress of the Seas +for an island empire like Japan, but opposition circles pointed to +England's practical refusal to be drawn into a war with the United States +under any circumstances which constituted the outstanding feature of the +new treaty and declared that Japan was giving much and receiving nothing +in return. + +The growing divergence between Japanese and English views regarding China +increased anti-English feeling, and in 1912 the semi-official _Japan +Magazine_ asserted roundly that the general feeling in Japan was that the +alliance was a detriment rather than a benefit, going on to forecast a +possible alignment with Russia and Germany, and remarking of the latter: +"Germany's healthy imperialism and scientific development would have a +wholesome effect upon our nation and progress, while the German habit of +perseverance and frugality is just what we need. German wealth and +industry are gradually creeping upward to that of Great Britain and +America, and the efficiency of the German army and navy is a model for the +world. Her lease of the territory of Kiaochow Bay brings her into contact +with us, and her ambition to exploit the coal-mines of Shantung lends her +a community of interest with us. It is not too much to say that German +interests in China are greater than those of any other European Power. If +the alliance with England should ever be abrogated, we might be very glad +to shake hands with Germany."[26] + +The outbreak of the European War gave Japan a golden opportunity (of which +she was not slow to take advantage) to eliminate one of the white Powers +from the Far East. The German stronghold of Kiaochow was promptly reduced, +while Germany's possessions in the Pacific Ocean north of the equator, the +Caroline, Pelew, Marianne, and Marshall island-groups, were likewise +occupied by Japanese forces. Here Japan stopped and politely declined all +proposals to send armies to Europe or western Asia. Her sphere was the Far +East; her real objectives were the reduction of white influence there and +the riveting of her control over China. Japanese comment was perfectly +candid on these matters. As the semi-official _Japanese Colonial Journal_ +put it in the autumn of 1914: "To protect Chinese territory Japan is ready +to fight no matter what nation. Not only will Japan try to erase the +ambitions of Russia and Germany; it will also do its best to prevent +England and the United States from touching the Chinese cake. The solution +of the Chinese problem is of great importance for Japan, and Great Britain +has little to do with it."[27] + +Equally frank were Japanese warnings to the English ally not to oppose +Japan's progress in China. English criticism of the series of ultimatums +by which Japan forced reluctant China to do her bidding roused angry +admonitions like the following from the Tokio _Universe_ in April, 1915: +"Hostile English opinion seems to want to oppose Japanese demands in +China. The English forget that Japan has, by her alliance, rendered them +signal services against Russia in 1905 and in the present war by assuring +security in their colonies of the Pacific and the Far East. If Japan +allied herself with England, it was with the object of establishing +Japanese preponderance in China and against the encroachments of Russia. +To-day the English seem to be neglecting their obligations toward Japan by +not supporting her cause. Let England beware! Japan will tolerate no +wavering; she is quite ready to abandon the Anglo-Japanese alliance and +turn to Russia--a Power with whom she can agree perfectly regarding Far +Eastern interests. In the future, even, she is ready to draw closer to +Germany. The English colonies will then be in great peril."[28] + +As to the imminence of a Russo-Japanese understanding, the journal just +quoted proved a true prophet, for a year later, in July, 1916, the +Japanese and Russian Governments signed a diplomatic instrument which +amounted practically to an alliance. By this document Russia recognized +Japan's paramountcy over the bulk of China, while Japan recognized +Russia's special interests in China's Western dependencies, Mongolia and +Turkestan. Japan had thus eliminated another of the white Powers from the +Far East, since Russia renounced those ambitions to dominate China proper +which had provoked the war of 1904. + +Meanwhile the press campaign against England continued. A typical sample +is this editorial from the Tokio _Yamato_: "Great Britain never wished at +heart to become Japan's ally. She did not wish to enter into such intimate +relations with us, for she privately regarded us as an upstart nation +radically different from us in blood and religion. It was simply the force +of circumstances which compelled her to enter into an alliance with us. It +is the height of conceit on our part to think that England really cared +for our friendship, for she never did. It was the Russian menace to India +and Persia on the one hand, and the German ascendancy on the other, which +compelled her to clasp our hands."[29] + +At the same time many good things were being said about Germany. At no +time during the war was any real hostility to the Germans apparent in +Japan. Germany was of course expelled from her Far Eastern footholds in +smart, workmanlike fashion, but the fighting before Kiaochow was conducted +without a trace of hatred, the German prisoners were treated as honored +captives, and German civilians in Japan suffered no molestation. Japanese +writers were very frank in stating that, once Germany resigned herself to +exclusion from the Far East and acquiesced in Japanese predominance in +China, no reason existed why Japan and Germany should not be good friends. +Unofficial diplomatic exchanges certainly took place between the two +governments during the war, and no rancor for the past appears to exist on +either side to-day. + +The year 1917 brought three momentous modifications into the +world-situation: the entrance of the United States and China into the +Great War and the Russian Revolution. The first two were intensely +distasteful to Japan. The transformation of virtually unarmed America into +a first-class fighting power reacted portentously upon the Far East, while +China's adhesion to the Grand Alliance (bitterly opposed in Tokio) rescued +her from diplomatic isolation and gave her potential friends. The Russian +Revolution was also a source of perplexity to Tokio. In 1916, as we have +seen, Japan had arrived at a thorough understanding with the Czarist +régime. The new Russian Government was an unknown quantity, acting quite +differently from the old. + +Russia's collapse into Bolshevist anarchy, however, presently opened up +new vistas. Not merely northern Manchuria, but also the huge expanse of +Siberia, an almost empty world of vast potential riches, lay temptingly +exposed. At once the powerful imperialist elements in Japanese political +life began clamoring for "forward" action. An opportunity for such action +was soon vouchsafed by the Allied determination to send a composite force +to Siberia to checkmate the machinations of the Russian Bolsheviki, now +hostile to the Allies and playing into the hands of Germany. The +imperialist party at Tokio took the bit in its teeth, and, in flagrant +disregard of the inter-Allied agreement, poured a great army into Siberia, +occupying the whole country as far west as Lake Baikal. This was in the +spring of 1918. The Allies, then in their supreme death-grapple with the +Germans, dared not even protest, but in the autumn, when the battle-tide +had turned in Europe, Japan was called to account, the United States +taking the lead in the matter. A furious debate ensued at Tokio between +the imperialist and moderate parties, the hotter jingoes urging defiance +of the United States even at the risk of war. Then, suddenly, came the +news that Germany was cracking, and the moderates had their way. The +Japanese armies in Siberia were reduced, albeit they still remained the +most powerful military factor in the situation. + +Germany's sudden collapse and the unexpectedly quick ending of the war was +a blow to Japanese hopes and plans in more ways than one. Despite +official felicitations, the nation could hardly disguise its chagrin. For +Japan the war had been an unmixed benefit. It had automatically made her +mistress of the Far East and had amazingly enriched her economic life. +Every succeeding month of hostilities had seen the white world grow weaker +and had conversely increased Japanese power. Japan had counted on at least +one more year of war. Small wonder that the sudden passing of this halcyon +time provoked disappointment and regret. + +The above outline of Japanese foreign policy reveals beneath all its +surface mutations a fundamental continuity. Whatever may be its ultimate +goals, Japanese foreign policy has one minimum objective: Japan as hegemon +of a Far East in which white influence shall have been reduced to a +vanishing quantity. That is the bald truth of the matter--and no white man +has any reason for getting indignant about it. Granted that Japanese aims +endanger white vested interests in the Far East. Granted that this +involves rivalry and perhaps war. That is no reason for striking a moral +attitude and inveighing against Japanese "wickedness," as many people are +to-day doing. These mighty racial tides flow from the most elemental of +vital urges: self-expansion and self-preservation. Both outward thrust of +expanding life and counter-thrust of threatened life are equally normal +phenomena. To condemn the former as "criminal" and the latter as "selfish" +is either silly or hypocritical and tends to envenom with unnecessary +rancor what objective fairness might keep a candid struggle, inevitable +yet alleviated by mutual comprehension and respect. This is no mere plea +for "sportsmanship"; it is a very practical matter. There are critical +times ahead; times in which intense race-pressures will engender high +tensions and perhaps wars. If men will keep open minds and will eschew the +temptation to regard those opposing their desires to defend or possess +respectively as impious fiends, the struggles will lose half their +bitterness, and the wars (if wars there must be) will be shorn of half +their ferocity. + +The unexpected ending of the European War was, as we have seen, a blow to +Japanese calculations. Nevertheless, the skill of her diplomats at the +ensuing Versailles Conference enabled Japan to harvest most of her war +gains. Japan's territorial acquisitions in China were definitely written +into the peace treaty, despite China's sullen veto, and Japan's +preponderance in Chinese affairs was tacitly acknowledged. Japan also took +advantage of the occasion to pose as the champion of the colored races by +urging the formal promulgation of "racial equality" as part of the peace +settlement, especially as regards immigration. Of course the Japanese +diplomats had no serious expectation of their demands being acceded to; in +fact, they might have been rather embarrassed if they had succeeded, in +view of Japan's own stringent laws against immigration and alien +landholding. Nevertheless, it was a politic move, useful for future +propagandist purposes, and it advertised Japan broadcast as the +standard-bearer of the colored cause. + +The notable progress that Japan has made toward the mastery of the Far +East is written plainly upon the map, which strikingly portrays the +broadening territorial base of Japanese power effected in the past +twenty-five years. Japan now owns the whole island chain masking the +eastern sea frontage of Asia, from the tip of Kamchatka to the +Philippines, while her acquisition of Germany's Oceanican islands north of +the equator gives her important strategic outposts in mid-Pacific. Her +bridge-heads on the Asiatic continent are also strong and well located. +From the Korean peninsula (now an integral part of Japan) she firmly +grasps the vast Chinese dependency of Manchuria, while just south of +Manchuria across the narrow waters of the Pechili strait lies the rich +Chinese province of Shantung, become a Japanese sphere of influence as a +result of the late war. Thus Japan holds China's capital, Peking, as in +the jaws of a vice and can apply military pressure whenever she so +desires. In southern China lies another Japanese sphere of influence, the +province of Fukien opposite the Japanese island of Formosa. Lastly, all +over China runs a veritable network of Japanese concessions like the +recently acquired control of the great iron deposits near Hankow, far up +the Yangtse River in the heart of China. + +Whether this Japanese _imperium_ over China maintains itself or not, one +thing seems certain: future white expansion in the Far East has become +impossible. Any such attempt would instantly weld together Japanese +imperialism and Chinese nationalism in a "sacred union" whose result would +probably be at the very least the prompt expulsion of the white man from +every foothold in eastern Asia. + +That is what will probably come anyway as soon as Japan and China, +impelled by overcrowding and conscious of their united potentialities, +shall have arrived at a genuine understanding. Since population-pressure +seems to be the basic factor in the future course of Far Eastern affairs, +it would be well to survey possible outlets for surplus population within +the Far East itself, in order to determine how much of this race-expansion +can be satisfied at home, thereby diminishing, or at least postponing, +acute pressure upon the political and ethnic frontiers of the white world. + +To begin with, the population of Japan (approximately 60,000,000) is +increasing at the rate of about 800,000 per year. China has no modern +vital statistics, but the annual increase of her 400,000,000 population, +at the Japanese rate, would be 6,000,000. Now the settled parts of both +Japan and China may be considered as fully populated so far as agriculture +is concerned, further extensive increases of population being dependent +upon the rise of machine industry. Both countries have, however, thinly +settled areas within their present political frontiers. Japan's northern +island of Hokkaido (Yezo) has a great amount of good agricultural land as +yet almost unoccupied, some of her other island possessions offer minor +outlets, while Korea and Manchuria afford extensive colonizing +possibilities albeit Chinese and Korean competition preclude a Japanese +colonization on the scale which the size and natural wealth of these +regions would at first sight seem to indicate. China has even more +extensive colonizable areas. Both Mongolia and Chinese Turkestan, though +largely desert, contain within their vast areas enough fertile land to +support many millions of Chinese peasants as soon as modern roads and +railways are built. The Chinese colonization of Manchuria is also +proceeding apace, and will continue despite anything Japan may do to keep +it down. Lastly, the cold but enormous plateau of Tibet offers +considerable possibilities. + +Allowing for all this, however, it cannot be said that either China or +Japan possess within their present political frontiers territories likely +to absorb those prodigious accretions of population which seem destined to +occur within the next couple of generations. From the resultant congestion +two avenues of escape will naturally present themselves: settlement of +other portions of the Far East to-day under white political control, but +inhabited by colored populations; and pressure into accessible areas not +merely under white political control, but also containing white +populations. It is obvious that these are two radically distinct issues, +for while a white nation might not unalterably oppose Mongolian +immigration into its colored dependencies, it would almost certainly +fight to the limit rather than witness the racial swamping of lands +settled by its own flesh and blood. + +Considering the former issue, then, it would appear that virtually all the +peninsulas and archipelagoes lying between China and Australia offer +attractive fields for yellow, particularly Chinese, race-expansion. +Ethnically they are all colored men's lands; politically they are all, +save Siam, under white control; Britain, France, Holland, and the United +States being the titular owners of these extensive territories. So far as +the native races are concerned, none of them seem to possess the vitality +and economic efficiency needed to maintain themselves against unrestricted +Chinese immigration. Whether in the British Straits Settlements and North +Borneo, French Indo-China, the Dutch Indies, the American Philippines, or +independent Siam, the Chinaman, so far as he has been allowed, has +displayed his practical superiority, and in places where, like the Straits +Settlements, he has been allowed a free hand, he has virtually supplanted +the native stock, reducing the latter to an impotent and vanishing +minority. The chief barriers to Chinese race-expansion in these regions +are legal hindrances or prohibitions of immigration, and of course such +barriers are in their essence artificial and liable to removal under any +shift of circumstances. Many observers predict that most of these lands +will ultimately become Chinese. Says Alleyne Ireland, a recognized +authority on these regions: "There is every reason to suppose that, +throughout the tropics, possibly excepting India, the Chinaman, even +though he should continue to emigrate in no greater force than hitherto, +will gradually supersede all the native races."[30] Certainly, if this be +true, China has here a vast outlet for her surplus population. It has been +estimated that the undeveloped portions of the Dutch Indies alone are +capable of supporting 100,000,000 people living on the frugal Chinese +plane. Their present population is 8,000,000 semi-savages. + +China's possibilities of race-expansion in the colored regions of the Far +East are thus excellent. The same cannot be said, however, for Japan. The +Japanese, bred in a distinctively temperate, island environment, have not +the Chinese adaptability to climatic variation. The Japanese, like the +white man, does not thrive in tropic heat, nor does he possess the white +man's ability to resist sub-Arctic cold. Formosa is not in the real +tropics, yet Japanese colonists have not done well there. On the other +hand, even the far-from-Arctic winters of Hokkaido (part of the Japanese +archipelago) seem too chilly for the Japanese taste. + +Japan thus does not have the same vital interest as China in the Asiatic +tropics. Undoubtedly they would for Japan be valuable colonies of +exploitation, just as they to-day are thus valuable for white nations. But +they could never furnish outlets for Japan's excess population, and even +commercially Japan would be exposed to increasing Chinese competition, +since the Chinaman excels the Japanese in trade as well as in migrant +colonization. Japanese lack of climatic adaptability is also the reason +why Japan's present military excursion in eastern Siberia, even if it +should develop into permanent occupation, would yield no adequate solution +of Japan's population problem. For the Chinaman, Siberia would do very +well. He would breed amazingly there and would fill up the whole country +in a remarkably short space of time. But the Japanese peasant, so averse +to the winters of Hokkaido, would find the sub-Arctic rigors of Siberia +intolerable. + +Thus, for Japanese migration, neither the empty spaces of northern or +southern Asia will do. The natural outlets lie outside Asia in the United +States, Australasia, and the temperate parts of Latin America. But all +these outlets are rigorously barred by the white man, who has marked them +for his own race-heritage, and nothing but force will break those barriers +down. + +There lies a danger, not merely to the peace of the Far East, but to the +peace of the world. Fired by a fervent patriotism; resolved to make their +country a leader among the nations; the Japanese writhe at the +constriction of their present race-bounds. Placed on the flank of the +Chinese giant whose portentous growth she can accurately forecast, Japan +sees herself condemned to ultimate renunciation of her grandiose ambitions +unless she can somehow broaden the racial as well as the political basis +of her power. In short: Japan must find lands where Japanese can breed by +the tens of millions if she is not to be automatically overshadowed in +course of time, even assuming that she does not suffocate or blow up from +congestion before that time arrives. This is the secret of her aggressive +foreign policy, her chronic imperialism, her extravagant dreams of +conquest and "world-dominion." + +The longing to hack a path to greatness by the samurai sword lurks ever in +the back of Japanese minds. The library of Nippon's chauvinist literature +is large and increasing. A good example of the earlier productions is +Satori Kato's brochure entitled "Mastery of the Pacific," published in +1909. Herein the author announces confidently: "In the event of war Japan +could, as if aided by a magician's wand, overrun the Pacific with fleets +manned by men who have made Nelson their model and transported to the +armadas of the Far East the spirit that was victorious at Trafalgar. +Whether Japan avows it or not, her persistent aim is to gain the mastery +of the Pacific. Although peace seems to prevail over the world at present, +no one can tell how soon the nations may be engaged in war. It does not +need the English alliance to secure success for Japan. That alliance may +be dissolved at any moment, but Japan will suffer no defeat. Her victory +will be won by her men, not by armor-plates--things weak by +comparison."[31] + +The late war has of course greatly stimulated these bellicose emotions. +Viewing their own increased power and the debilitation of the white world, +Japanese jingoes glimpse prospects of glorious fishing in troubled +waters. The "world-dominion" note is stressed more often than of yore. For +instance, in the summer of 1919 the Tokio _Hochi_, Count Okuma's organ, +prophesied exultantly: "That age in which the Anglo-Japanese alliance was +the pivot and American-Japanese co-operation an essential factor of +Japanese diplomacy is gone. In future we must not look eastward for +friendship but westward. Let the Bolsheviki of Russia be put down and the +more peaceful party established in power. In them Japan will find a strong +ally. By marching then westward to the Balkans, to Germany, to France, and +Italy, the greater part of the world may be brought under our sway. The +tyranny of the Anglo-Saxons at the Peace Conference is such that it has +angered both gods and men. Some may abjectly follow them in consideration +of their petty interests, but things will ultimately settle down as has +just been indicated."[32] + +Still more striking are the following citations from a Japanese +imperialist pronouncement written in the autumn of 1916: + +"Fifty millions of our race wherewith to conquer and possess the earth! It +is indeed a glorious problem!... To begin with, we now have China; China +is our steed! Far shall we ride upon her! Even as Rome rode Latium to +conquer Italy, and Italy to conquer the Mediterranean; even as Napoleon +rode Italy and the Rhenish States to conquer Germany, and Germany to +conquer Europe; even as England to-day rides her colonies and her +so-called 'allies' to conquer her robust rival, Germany--even so shall we +ride China. So becomes our 50,000,000 race 500,000,000 strong; so grow our +paltry hundreds of millions of gold into billions! + +"How well have done our people! How well have our statesmen led them! No +mistakes! There must be none now. In 1895 we conquered China--Russia, +Germany, and France stole from us the booty. How has our strength grown +since then--and still it grows! In ten years we punished and retook our +own from Russia; in twenty years we squared and retook from Germany; with +France there is no need for haste. She has already realized why we +withheld the troops which alone might have driven the invader from her +soil! Her fingers are clutching more tightly around her Oriental booty; +yet she knows it is ours for the taking. But there is no need of haste: +the world condemns the paltry thief; only the glorious conqueror wins the +plaudits and approval of mankind. + +"We are now well astride of our steed, China; but the steed has long +roamed wild and is run down: it needs grooming, more grain, more training. +Further, our saddle and bridle are as yet mere makeshifts: would steed and +trappings stand the strain of war? And what would that strain be? + +"As for America--that fatuous booby with much money and much sentiment, +but no cohesion, no brains of government; stood she alone we should not +need our China steed. Well did my friend speak the other day when he +called her people a race of thieves with the hearts of rabbits. America, +to any warrior race, is not as a foe, but as an immense melon, ripe for +the cutting. But there are other warrior races--England, Germany--would +they look on and let us slice and eat our fill? Would they? + +"But, using China as our steed, should our first goal be the land? India? +Or the Pacific, the sea that must be our very own, even as the Atlantic is +now England's? The land is tempting and easy, but withal dangerous. Did we +begin there, the coarse white races would too soon awaken, and combine, +and forever immure us within our long since grown intolerable bounds. It +must, therefore, be the sea; but the sea means the Western Americas and +all the islands between; and with those must soon come Australia, India. +And then the battling for the balance of world-power, for the rest of +North America. Once that is ours, we own and control the whole--a dominion +worthy of our race! + +"North America alone will support a billion people; that billion shall be +Japanese with their slaves. Not arid Asia, nor worn-out Europe (which, +with its peculiar and quaint relics and customs should in the interests of +history and culture, be in any case preserved), nor yet tropical Africa, +is fit for our people. But North America, that continent so succulently +green, fresh, and unsullied--except for the few chattering, mongrel +Yankees--should have been ours by right of discovery: it shall be ours by +the higher, nobler right of conquest."[33] + +This apostle of Japanese world-dominion then goes on to discuss in detail +how his programme can best be attained. It should be remembered that at +the time he wrote America was still an unarmed nation, apparently ridden +by pacifism. Such imperialist extravagances as the above do not represent +the whole of Japan. But they do represent a powerful element in Japan, +against which the white world should be forewarned. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +BROWN MAN'S LAND + + +Brown Man's Land is the Near and Middle East. The brown world stretches in +an immense belt clear across southern Asia and northern Africa, from the +Pacific to the Atlantic Oceans. The numbers of brown and yellow men are +not markedly unequal (450,000,000 browns as against 500,000,000 yellows), +but in most other respects the two worlds are sharply contrasted. In the +first place, while the yellow world is a fairly compact geographical +block, the brown world sprawls half-way round the globe, and is not only +much greater in size, but also infinitely more varied in natural features. + +This geographical diversity is reflected both in its history and in the +character of its inhabitants. Unlike the secluded yellow world, the brown +world is nearly everywhere exposed to foreign influences and has undergone +an infinite series of evolutionary modifications. Racially it has been a +vast melting-pot, or series of melting-pots, wherein conquest and +migration have continually poured new heterogeneous elements, producing +the most diverse racial amalgamations. In fact, there is to-day no +generalized brown type-norm as there are generalized yellow or white +type-norms, but rather a series of types clearly distinguished from one +another. Some of these types, like the Persians and Ottoman Turks, are +largely white; others, like the southern Indians and Yemenite Arabs, are +largely black; while still others, like the Himalayan and Central Asian +peoples, have much yellow blood. Again, there is no generalized brown +culture like those possessed by yellows and whites. The great spiritual +bond is Islam, yet in India, the chief seat of brown population, Islam is +professed by only one-fifth of the inhabitants. + +Nevertheless, there is a fundamental comity between the brown peoples. +This comity is subtle and intangible in character, yet it exists, and +under certain circumstances it is capable of momentous manifestations. Its +salient feature is the instinctive recognition by all Near and Middle +Eastern peoples that they are fellow Asiatics, however bitter may be their +internecine feuds. This instinctive Asiatic feeling has been noted by +historians for more than two thousand years, and it is just as true to-day +as in the past. Of course it comes out most strongly in face of the +non-Asiatic--which in practice has always meant the white man. The action +and reaction of the brown and white worlds has, indeed, been a constant +historic factor, the rôles of hammer and anvil being continually reversed +through the ages. For the last four centuries the white world has, in the +main, been the dynamic factor. Certainly, during the last hundred years +the white world has displayed an unprecedentedly aggressive vigor, the +brown world playing an almost passive rôle. + +Here again is seen a difference between browns and yellows. The yellow +world did not feel the full tide of white aggression till the middle of +the last century, while even then it never really lost its political +independence and soon reacted so powerfully that its political freedom has +to-day been substantially regained. The brown world, on the other hand, +felt the impact of the white tide much earlier and was politically +overwhelmed. The so-called "independence" of brown states has long been +due more to white rivalries than to their own inherent strength. One by +one they have been swallowed up by the white Powers. In 1914 only three +(Turkey, Persia, and Afghanistan) survived, and the late war has sent them +the way of the rest. Turkey and Persia have lost their independence, +however they may still be painted on the map, while Afghanistan has been +compelled to recognize white supremacy as never before. Thus the cycle is +fulfilled, and white political mastery over the brown world is complete. + +Political triumphs, however, of themselves guarantee nothing, and the +permanence of the present order of things in the brown world appears more +than doubtful when we glance beyond the map. The brown world, like the +yellow world, is to-day in acute reaction against white supremacy. In +fact, the brown reaction began a full century ago, and has been gathering +headway ever since, moved thereto both by its own inherent vitality and by +the external stimulus of white aggression. The great dynamic of this brown +reaction is the Mohammedan Revival. But before analyzing that movement it +would be well to glance at the human elements involved. + +Four salient groupings stand out among the brown peoples: India, Irán, +"Arabistán," and "Turkestán." The last two words are used in a special +sense to denote ethnic and cultural aggregations for which no precise +terms have hitherto been coined. India is the population-centre of the +brown world. More than 300,000,000 souls live within its +borders--two-thirds of all the brown men on earth. India has not, however, +been the brown world's spiritual or cultural dynamic, those forces coming +chiefly from the brown lands to the westward. Irán (the Persian plateau) +is comparatively small in area and has less than 15,000,000 inhabitants, +but its influence upon the brown world has been out of all proportion to +its size and population. "Arabistán" denotes the group of peoples, Arab in +blood or Arabized in language and culture, who inhabit the Arabian +peninsula and its adjacent annexes, Syria and Mesopotamia, together with +the vast band of North Africa lying between the Mediterranean and the +Sahara Desert. The total number of these Arabic peoples is 40,000,000, +three-fourths of them living in North Africa. The term "Turkestán" covers +the group of kindred peoples, often called "Turanians," who stretch from +Constantinople to Central Asia, including the Ottoman Turks of Asia Minor, +the Tartars of South Russia and Transcaucasia, and the Central Asian +Turkomans. They number in all about 25,000,000. Such are the four +outstanding race-factors in the brown world. Let us now examine that +spiritual factor, Islam, from which the brown renaissance originally +proceeded, and on which most of its present manifestations are based. + +Islam's warlike vigor has impressed men's minds ever since the far-off +days when its pristine fervor bore the Fiery Crescent from France to +China. But with the passing cycles this fervor waned, and a century ago +Islam seemed plunged in the stupor of senile decay. The life appeared to +have gone out of it, leaving naught but the dry husks of empty formalism +and soulless ritual. Yet at this darkest hour a voice came crying from out +the vast Arabian desert, the cradle of Islam, calling the Faithful to +better things. This puritan reformer was the famous Abd-el-Wahab, and his +followers, known as Wahabees, soon spread over the length and breadth of +the Mohammedan world, purging Islam of its sloth and rekindling the fervor +of olden days. Thus began the great Mohammedan Revival. + +That revival, like all truly regenerative movements, had its political as +well as its spiritual side. One of the first things which struck the +reformers was the political weakness of the Moslem world and its +increasing subjection to the Christian West. It was during the early +decades of the nineteenth century that the revival spread through Islam. +But this was the very time when Europe, recovering from the losses of the +Napoleonic Wars, began its unparalleled aggressions upon the Moslem East. +The result in Islam was a fusing of religion and patriotism into a "sacred +union" for the combined spiritual regeneration and political emancipation +of the Moslem world. + +Of course Europe's material and military superiority were then so great +that speedy success was recognized to be a vain hope. Nevertheless, with +true Oriental patience, the reformers were content to work for distant +goals, and the results of their labors, though hidden from most Europeans, +was soon discernible to a few keen-sighted white observers. Half a century +ago the learned Orientalist Palgrave wrote these prophetic lines: "Islam +is even now an enormous power, full of self-sustaining vitality, with a +surplus for aggression; and a struggle with its combined energies would be +deadly indeed.... The Mohammedan peoples of the East have awakened to the +manifold strength and skill of their Western Christian rivals; and this +awakening, at first productive of respect and fear, not unmixed with +admiration, now wears the type of antagonistic dislike, and even of +intelligent hate. No more zealous Moslems are to be found in all the ranks +of Islam than they who have sojourned longest in Europe and acquired the +most intimate knowledge of its sciences and ways.... Mohammedans are +keenly alive to the ever-shifting uncertainties and divisions that +distract the Christianity of to-day, and to the woful instability of +modern European institutions. From their own point of view, Moslems are as +men standing on a secure rock, and they contrast the quiet fixity of their +own position with the unsettled and insecure restlessness of all +else."[34] + +This stability to which Palgrave alludes must not be confused with dead +rigidity. Too many of us still think of the Moslem East as hopelessly +petrified. But those Westerners best acquainted with the Islamic world +assert that nothing could be farther from the truth; emphasizing, on the +contrary, Islam's present plasticity and rapid assimilation of Western +ideas and methods. "The alleged rigidity of Islam is a European myth,"[35] +says Theodore Morison, late principal of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental +College at Aligarh, India; and another Orientalist, Marmaduke Pickthall, +writes: "There is nothing in Islam, any more than in Christianity, which +should halt progress. The fact is that Christianity found, some time ago, +a _modus vivendi_ with modern life, while Islam has not yet arrived +thither. But this process is even now being worked out."[36] + +The way in which the Mohammedan world has availed itself of white +institutions such as the newspaper in forging its new solidarity is well +portrayed by Bernard Temple. "It all comes to this, then," he writes. +"World-politics, as viewed by Mohammedanism's political leaders, resolve +themselves into a struggle--not necessarily a bloody struggle, but still +an intense and vital struggle--for place and power between the three great +divisions of mankind. The Moslem mind is deeply stirred by the prospect. +Every Moslem country is in communication with every other Moslem country: +directly, by means of special emissaries, pilgrims, travellers, traders, +and postal exchanges; indirectly, by means of Mohammedan newspapers, +books, pamphlets, leaflets, and periodicals. I have met with Cairo +newspapers in Bagdad, Teheran, and Peshawar; Constantinople newspapers in +Basra and Bombay; Calcutta newspapers in Mohammerah, Kerbela, and Port +Said."[37] + +These European judgments are confirmed by what Asiatics say themselves. +For example, a Syrian Christian, Ameen Rihani, thus characterizes the +present strength and vitality of the Moslem world: "A nation of +250,000,000 souls, more than one-half under Christian rule, struggling to +shake off its fetters; to consolidate its opposing forces; replenishing +itself in the south and in the east from the inexhaustible sources of the +life primitive; assimilating in the north, but not without discrimination, +the civilization of Europe; a nation with a glorious past, a living faith +and language, an inspired Book, an undying hope, might be divided against +itself by European diplomacy but can never be subjugated by European +arms.... What Islam is losing on the borders of Europe it is gaining in +Africa and Central Asia through its modern propaganda, which is conducted +according to Christian methods. And this is one of the grand results of +'civilization by benevolent assimilation.' Europe drills the Moslem to be +a soldier who will ultimately turn his weapons against her; and she sends +her missionaries to awaken in the ulema the proselytizing evil."[38] + +Typical of Mohammedan literature on this subject are the following +excerpts from a book published at Cairo in 1907 by an Egyptian, Yahya +Siddyk, significantly entitled "The Awakening of the Islamic Peoples in +the Fourteenth Century of the Hegira."[39] The book is doubly interesting +because the author has a thorough Western education, holding a law degree +from the French university of Toulouse, and is a judge on the Egyptian +bench. Although writing as far back as 1907, Yahya Siddyk clearly foresaw +the imminence of the European War. "Behold," he writes, "these Great +Powers ruining themselves in terrifying armaments; measuring each other's +strength with defiant glances; menacing each other; contracting alliances +which continually break and which presage those terrible shocks which +overturn the world and cover it with ruins, fire, and blood! The future is +God's, and nothing is lasting save His Will!" + +He considers the white world degenerate. "Does this mean," he asks, "that +Europe, our 'enlightened guide,' has already reached the summit of its +evolution? Has it already exhausted its vital force by two or three +centuries of hyper-exertion? In other words: is it already stricken with +senility, and will it see itself soon obliged to yield its civilizing rôle +to other peoples less degenerate, less neurasthenic; that is to say, +younger, more robust, more healthy, than itself? In my opinion, the +present marks Europe's apogee, and its immoderate colonial expansion +means, not strength, but weakness. Despite the aureole of so much +grandeur, power, and glory, Europe is to-day more divided and more fragile +than ever, and ill conceals its malaise, its sufferings, and its anguish. +Its destiny is inexorably working out!... + +"The contact of Europe on the East has caused us both much good and much +evil: good, in the material and intellectual sense; evil, from the moral +and political point of view. Exhausted by long struggles, enervated by a +brilliant civilization, the Moslem peoples inevitably fell into a malaise, +but they are not stricken, they are not dead! These peoples, conquered by +the force of cannon, have not in the least lost their unity, even under +the oppressive régimes to which the Europeans have long subjected them.... +I have said that the European contact has been salutary to us from both +the material and the intellectual point of view. What reforming Moslem +Princes wished to impose by force on their Moslem subjects is to-day +realized a hundredfold. So great has been our progress in the last +twenty-five years in science, letters, and art that we may well hope to be +in all these things the equals of Europeans in less than half a +century.... + +"A new era opens for us with the fourteenth century of the Hegira, and +this happy century will mark our renaissance and our great future! A new +breath animates the Mohammedan peoples of all races; all Moslems are +penetrated with the necessity of work and instruction! We all wish to +travel, do business, tempt fortune, brave dangers. There is in the East, +among the Mohammedans, a surprising activity, an animation, unknown +twenty-five years ago.... There is to-day a real public opinion throughout +the East." + +The author concludes: "Let us hold firm, each for all, and let us hope, +hope, hope! We are fairly launched on the path of progress: let us profit +by it! It is Europe's very tyranny which has wrought our transformation! +It is our continued contact with Europe which favors our evolution and +inevitably hastens our revival! It is simply History repeating itself; the +Will of God fulfilling itself despite all opposition and all +resistance.... Europe's tutelage over Asiatics is becoming more and more +nominal--the gates of Asia are closing against the European! Surely we +glimpse before us a revolution without parallel in the world's annals. A +new age is at hand!"[40] + +If this be indeed the present spirit of Islam it is a portentous fact, for +its numerical strength is very great. The total number of Mohammedans is +estimated at from 200,000,000 to 250,000,000, and they not only +predominate throughout the brown world with the exception of India, but +they also count 10,000,000 adherents in China and are gaining prodigiously +among the blacks of Africa. + +The proselyting power of Islam is extraordinary, and its hold upon its +votaries is even more remarkable. Throughout history there has been no +single instance where a people, once become Moslem, has ever abandoned the +faith. Extirpated they may have been, like the Moors of Spain, but +extirpation is not apostasy. This extreme tenacity of Islam, this ability +to keep its hold, once it has got a footing, under all circumstances short +of downright extirpation, must be borne in mind when considering the +future of regions where Islam is to-day advancing. + +And, save in eastern Europe, it is to-day advancing along all its +far-flung frontiers. Its most signal victories are being won among the +negro races of central Africa, and this phase will be discussed in the +next chapter, but elsewhere the same conditions, in lesser degree, +prevail. Every Moslem is a born missionary and instinctively propagates +his faith among his non-Moslem neighbors. The quality of this missionary +temper has been well analyzed by Meredith Townsend. "All the emotions +which impel a Christian to proselytize," he writes, "are in a Mussulman +strengthened by all the motives which impel a political leader and all the +motives which sway a recruiting sergeant, until proselytism has become a +passion, which, whenever success seems practicable, and especially success +on a large scale, develops in the quietest Mussulman a fury of ardor which +induces him to break down every obstacle, his own strongest prejudices +included, rather than stand for an instant in the neophyte's way. He +welcomes him as a son, and whatever his own lineage, and whether the +convert be negro, or Chinaman, or Indian, or even European, he will +without hesitation or scruple give him his own child in marriage, and +admit him fully, frankly, and finally into the most exclusive circle in +the world."[41] + +Such is the vast and growing body of Islam, to-day seeking to weld its +forces into a higher unity for the combined objectives of spiritual +revival and political emancipation. This unitary movement is known as +"Pan-Islamism." Most Western observers seem to think that Pan-Islamism +centres in the "Caliphate," and European writers to-day hopefully discuss +whether the Caliphate's retention by the discredited Turkish Sultans, its +transferrence to the rulers of the new Arab Hedjaz Kingdom, or its total +suppression, will best clip Islam's wings. + +This, however, is a very short-sighted and partial view. The Khalifa or +"Caliph" (to use the Europeanized form), the Prophet's representative on +earth, has played an important historic rôle, and the institution is still +venerated in Islam. But the Pan-Islamic leaders have long been working on +a much broader basis. Pan-Islamism's real driving power lies, not in the +Caliphate, but in institutions like the "Hajj" or pilgrimage to Mecca, the +propaganda of the "Habl-ul-Matin" or "Tie of True Believers," and the +great religious fraternities. The Meccan Hajj, where tens of thousands of +picked zealots gather every year from every quarter of the Moslem world, +is really an annual Pan-Islamic congress, where all the interests of the +faith are discussed at length, and where plans are elaborated for its +defense and propagation. Similarly ubiquitous is the Pan-Islamic +propaganda of the Habl-ul-Matin, which works tirelessly to compose +sectarian differences and traditional feuds. Lastly, the religious +brotherhoods cover the Islamic world with a network of far-flung +associations, quickening the zeal of their myriad members and +co-ordinating their energies for potential action. + +The greatest of these brotherhoods (though there are others of importance) +is the famous Senussiyah, and its history well illustrates Islam's +evolution during the past hundred years. Its founder, Seyyid Mahommed ben +Senussi, was born in Algeria about the beginning of the nineteenth +century. He was of high Arab lineage, tracing his descent from Fatima, the +daughter of the Prophet. In early youth he went to Arabia and there came +under the influence of the Wahabee movement. In middle life he returned to +Africa, settling in the Sahara Desert, and there built up the fraternity +which bears his name. Before his death the order had spread to all parts +of the Mohammedan world, but it is in northern Africa that it has attained +its peculiar pre-eminence. The Senussi Order is divided into local +"Zawias" or lodges, all absolutely dependent upon the Grand Lodge, headed +by The Master, El Senussi. The Grand Mastership still remains in the +family, a grandson of the founder being the order's present head. The +Senussi stronghold is an oasis in the very heart of the Sahara. Only one +European eye has ever seen this mysterious spot. Surrounded by absolute +desert, with wells many leagues apart and the routes of approach known +only to experienced Senussi guides, every one of whom would suffer a +thousand deaths rather than betray him, El Senussi, The Master, sits +serenely apart, sending his orders throughout North Africa. + +The Sahara itself is absolutely under Senussi control, while "Zawias" +abound in distant regions like Morocco, Lake Chad, and Somaliland. These +local Zawias are more than mere "lodges." Their spiritual and secular +heads, the "Mokaddem" or priest and the "Wekil" or civil governor, have +discretionary authority not merely over the Zawia members, but also over +the community at large--at least, so great is the awe inspired by the +Senussi throughout North Africa that a word from Wekil or Mokaddem is +always listened to and obeyed. Thus, beside the various European +authorities, British, French, or Italian as the case may be, there exists +an occult government with which the colonial authorities are careful not +to come into conflict. + +On their part, the Senussi are equally careful to avoid a downright breach +with the European Powers. Their long-headed, cautious policy is truly +astonishing. For more than half a century the order has been a great +force, yet it has never risked the supreme adventure. In all the numerous +fanatic risings against Europeans which have occurred in various parts of +Africa, local Senussi have undoubtedly taken part, but the order has never +officially entered the lists. + +These Fabian tactics as regards open warfare do not mean that the Senussi +are idle. Far from it. On the contrary, they are ceaselessly at work with +the spiritual arms of teaching, discipline, and conversion. The Senussi +programme is the welding, first of Moslem Africa, and later of the whole +Moslem world, into the revived "Imamat" of Islam's early days; into a +great theocracy, embracing all true believers--in other words, +Pan-Islamism. But they believe that the political liberation of Islam from +Christian domination must be preceded by a profound spiritual +regeneration, thereby engendering the moral forces necessary both for the +war of liberation and for the fruitful reconstruction which should follow +thereafter. This is the secret of the order's extraordinary +self-restraint. This is the reason why, year after year, and decade after +decade, the Senussi advance slowly, calmly, coldly, gathering great latent +power but avoiding the temptation to expend it one instant before the +proper time. Meanwhile they are covering Africa with their lodges and +schools, disciplining the people to the voice of their Mokaddems and +Wekils--and converting millions of pagan negroes to the faith of Islam. + +And what is true of the Senussi holds equally for the other wise leaders +who guide the Pan-Islamic movement. They know both Europe's strength and +their own weakness. They know the peril of premature action. Feeling that +time is on their side, they are content to await the hour when internal +regeneration and external pressure shall have filled to overflowing the +cup of wrath. This is why Islam has offered only local resistance to the +unparalleled white aggressions of the last twenty years. This is the main +reason why there was no real "Holy War" in 1914. But the materials for a +Holy War have long been piling high, as a retrospective glance will show. + +Europe's conquests of Africa and Central Asia toward the close of the last +century, and the subsequent Anglo-French agreement mutually appropriating +Egypt and Morocco, evoked murmurs of impotent fury from the Moslem world. +Under such circumstances the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 sent a feverish +tremor throughout Islam. The Japanese might be idolaters, but the +traditional Moslem loathing of idolaters as beings much lower than +Christians and Jews (recognized by Mohammed as "Peoples of The Book") was +quite effaced by the burning sense of subjugation to the Christian yoke. +Accordingly, the Japanese were hailed as heroes throughout Islam. Here we +see again that tendency toward an understanding between Asiatic and +African races and creeds (in other words, a "Pan-Colored" alliance against +white domination) which has been so patent in recent years. The way in +which Islamic peoples began looking to Japan is revealed by this editorial +in a Persian newspaper, written in the year 1906: "Desirous of becoming as +powerful as Japan and of safeguarding its national independence, Persia +should make common cause with it. An alliance becomes necessary. There +should be a Japanese ambassador at Teheran. Japanese instructors should be +chosen to reorganize the army. Commercial relations should also be +developed."[42] Indeed, some pious Moslems hoped to bring this heroic +people within the Islamic fold. Shortly after the Russo-Japanese War a +Chinese Mohammedan sheikh wrote: "If Japan thinks of becoming some day a +very great power and making Asia the dominator of the other continents, it +will be only by adopting the blessed religion of Islam."[43] And _Al +Mowwayad_, an Egyptian Nationalist journal, remarked: "England, with her +60,000,000 Indian Moslems, dreads this conversion. With a Mohammedan +Japan, Mussulman policy would change entirely."[44] As a matter of fact, +Mohammedan missionaries actually went to Japan, where they were smilingly +received. Of course the Japanese had not the faintest intention of turning +Moslems, but these spontaneous approaches from the brown world were quite +in line with their ambitious plans, which, as the reader will remember, +were just then taking concrete shape. + +However, it soon became plain that Japan had no present intention of going +so far afield as Western Asia, and Islam presently had to mourn fresh +losses at Christian hands. In 1911 came Italy's barefaced raid on Turkey's +African dependency of Tripoli. So bitter was the anger in all Mohammedan +lands at this unprovoked aggression that many European observers became +seriously alarmed. "Why has Italy found 'defenseless' Tripoli such a +hornet's nest?" queried Gabriel Hanotaux, a former French minister of +foreign affairs. "It is because she has to do, not merely with Turkey, but +with Islam as well. Italy has set the ball rolling--so much the worse for +her--and for us all."[45] But the Tripoli expedition was only the +beginning of the Christian assault, for next year came the Balkan War, +which sheared away Turkey's European holdings to the walls of +Constantinople and left her crippled and discredited. At these disasters a +cry of wrathful anguish swept the world of Islam from end to end. Here is +how a leading Indian Moslem interpreted the Balkan conflict: + +"The King of Greece orders a new crusade. From the London Chancelleries +rise calls to Christian fanaticism, and Saint Petersburg already speaks of +the planting of the cross on the dome of Sant' Sophia. To-day they speak +thus; to-morrow they will thus speak of Jerusalem and the Mosque of Omar. +Brothers! Be ye of one mind, that it is the duty of every true believer to +hasten beneath the Khalifa's banner and to sacrifice his life for the +safety of the faith."[46] And another Indian Moslem leader thus adjured +the British authorities: "I appeal to the present government to change its +anti-Turkish attitude before the fury of millions of Moslem fellow +subjects is kindled to a blaze and brings disaster."[47] + +Still more significant were the appeals made by the Indian Moslems to +their Brahman fellow countrymen, the traditionally despised "Idolaters." +These appeals betokened a veritable revolution in outlook, as can be +gauged from the text of one of them, significantly entitled "The Message +of the East." "Spirit of the East," reads this noteworthy document, "arise +and repel the swelling flood of Western aggression! Children of Hindustan, +aid us with your wisdom, culture, and wealth; lend us your power, the +birthright and heritage of the Hindu! Let the Spirit Powers hidden in the +Himalayan mountain-peaks arise. Let prayers to the god of battles float +upward; prayers that right may triumph over might; and call to your myriad +gods to annihilate the armies of the foe!"[48] In China also the same +fraternizing spirit was visible. During the Republican Revolution the +Chinese Mohammedans, instead of holding jealously aloof, co-operated +whole-heartedly with their Buddhist and Confucian fellow citizens, and +Doctor Sun-Yat-Sen, the Republican leader, announced gratefully: "The +Chinese will never forget the assistance which their Moslem compatriots +have rendered in the interest of order and liberty."[49] The Great War +thus found Islam deeply stirred against European aggression, keenly +conscious of its own solidarity, and frankly reaching out for colored +allies in the projected struggle against white domination. + +Under these circumstances it may at first sight appear strange that no +general Islamic explosion occurred when Turkey entered the lists at the +close of 1914 and the Sultan-Khalifa issued a formal summons to the Holy +War. Of course this summons was not the flat failure which Allied reports +led the West to believe at the time. As a matter of fact there was trouble +in practically every Mohammedan land under Allied control. To name only a +few of many instances: Egypt broke into a tumult smothered only by +overwhelming British reinforcements, Tripoli burst into a flame of +insurrection that drove the Italians headlong to the coast, Persia was +prevented from joining Turkey only by prompt Russian intervention, and the +Indian Northwest Frontier was the scene of fighting that required the +presence of a quarter of a million Anglo-Indian troops. The British +Government has officially admitted that during 1915 the Allies' Asiatic +and African possessions stood within a hand's breadth of a cataclysmic +insurrection. + +That insurrection would certainly have taken place if Islam's leaders had +everywhere spoken the fateful word. But the word was not spoken. Instead, +influential Moslems outside of Turkey generally condemned the latter's +action and did all in their power to calm the passions of the fanatic +multitude. The attitude of these leaders does credit to their +discernment. They recognized that this was neither the time nor the +occasion for a decisive struggle with the West. They were not yet +materially prepared, and they had not perfected their understandings +either among themselves or with their prospective non-Moslem allies. Above +all, the moral urge was lacking. They knew that athwart the Khalifa's writ +was stencilled "Made in Germany." They knew that the "Young Turk" clique +which had engineered the coup was made up of Europeanized renegades, many +of them not even nominal Moslems, but atheistic Jews. Far-sighted Moslems +had no intention of pulling Germany's chestnuts out of the fire, nor did +they wish to further Prussian schemes of world-dominion which for +themselves would have meant a mere change of masters. Far better to let +the white world fight out its desperate feud, weaken itself, and reveal +fully its future intentions. Meanwhile Islam could bide its time, grow in +strength, and await the morrow. + +The Versailles Peace Conference was just such a revelation of European +intentions as the Pan-Islamic leaders had been awaiting in order to +perfect their programmes and enlist the moral solidarity of their peoples. +At Versailles the European Powers showed unequivocally that they had no +intention of relaxing their hold upon the Near and Middle East. By a +number of secret treaties negotiated during the war the Ottoman Empire had +been virtually partitioned between the victorious Allies, and these secret +treaties formed the basis of the Versailles settlement. Furthermore, +Egypt had been declared a British protectorate at the very beginning of +the European struggle, while the Versailles Conference had scarcely +adjourned before England announced an "agreement" with Persia which made +that country another British protectorate, in fact, if not in name. The +upshot was, as already stated, that the Near and Middle East were +subjected to European political domination as never before. + +But there was another side to the shield. During the war years the Allied +statesmen had officially proclaimed times without number that the war was +being fought to establish a new world-order based on such principles as +the rights of small nations and the liberty of all peoples. These +pronouncements had been treasured and memorized throughout the East. When, +therefore, the East saw a peace settlement based, not upon these high +professions, but upon the imperialistic secret treaties, it was fired with +a moral indignation and sense of outraged justice never known before. A +tide of impassioned determination began rising which has already set the +entire East in tumultuous ferment, and which seems merely the premonitory +ground-swell of a greater storm. Many European students of Eastern affairs +are gravely alarmed at the prospect. Here, for example, is the judgment of +Leone Caetani, Duke of Sermoneta, an Italian authority on Oriental and +Mohammedan questions. Speaking in the spring of 1919 on the war's effect +on the East, he said: "The convulsion has shaken Islamitic and Oriental +civilization to its foundations. The entire Oriental world, from China to +the Mediterranean, is in ferment. Everywhere the hidden fire of +anti-European hatred is burning. Riots in Morocco, risings in Algiers, +discontent in Tripoli, so-called Nationalist attempts in Egypt, Arabia, +and Lybia, are all different manifestations of the same deep sentiment, +and have as their object the rebellion of the Oriental world against +European civilization."[50] + +The state of affairs in Egypt is a typical illustration of what has been +going on in the East ever since the close of the late war. Egypt was +occupied by England in 1882, and British rule has conferred immense +material benefits, raising the country from anarchic bankruptcy to ordered +prosperity. Yet British rule was never really popular, and as the years +passed a "Nationalist" movement steadily grew in strength, having for its +slogan the phrase "Egypt for the Egyptians," and demanding Britain's +complete evacuation of the country. This demand Great Britain refused even +to consider. Practically all Englishmen are agreed that Egypt with the +Suez Canal is the vital link between the eastern and western halves of the +British Empire, and they therefore consider the permanent occupation of +Egypt an absolute necessity. There is thus a clear deadlock between +British imperial and Egyptian national convictions. + +Some years before the war Egypt became so unruly that England was obliged +to abandon all thoughts of conciliation and initiated a régime of frank +repression enforced by Lord Kitchener's heavy hand. The European War and +Turkey's adhesion to the Teutonic Powers caused fresh outbreaks in Egypt, +but these were quickly repressed and England took advantage of Ottoman +belligerency to abolish the fiction of Turkish overlordship and declare +Egypt a protectorate of the British Empire. + +During the war Egypt, flooded with British troops, remained quiet, but the +end of the war gave the signal for an unparalleled outburst of Nationalist +activity. Basing their claims on such doctrines as the "rights of small +nations" and the "self-determination of peoples," the Nationalists +demanded immediate independence and attempted to get Egypt's case before +the Versailles Peace Conference. In defiance of English prohibitions, they +even held a popular plebiscite which upheld their claims. When the British +authorities answered this defiance by arresting Nationalist leaders, Egypt +flamed into rebellion from end to end. Everywhere it was the same story. +Railways and telegraph lines were systematically cut. Trains were stalled +and looted. Isolated British officers and soldiers were murdered. In Cairo +alone, thousands of houses were sacked by the mob. Soon the danger was +rendered more acute by the irruption out of the desert of swarms of +Bedouin Arabs bent on plunder. For a few days Egypt trembled on the verge +of anarchy, and the British Government admitted in Parliament that all +Egypt was in a state of insurrection. + +The British authorities, however, met the crisis with vigor and +determination. The number of British troops in Egypt was very large, +trusty black regiments were hurried up from the Sudan, and the +well-disciplined Egyptian native police generally obeyed orders. The +result was that after several weeks of sharp fighting, lasting through the +spring of 1919, Egypt was again gotten under control. The outlook for the +future is, however, ominous in the extreme. Order is indeed restored, but +only the presence of massed British and Sudanese black troops guarantees +that order will be maintained. Even under the present régime of stern +martial law hardly a month passes without fresh rioting and heavy loss of +life. Egypt appears Nationalist to the core, its spokesmen swear they will +accept nothing short of independence, and in the long run Britain will +realize the truth of that pithy saying: "You can do everything with +bayonets except sit on them." + +India is likewise in a state of profound unrest. The vast peninsula has +been controlled by England for almost two centuries, yet here again the +last two decades have witnessed a rapidly increasing movement against +British rule. This movement was at first confined to the upper-class +Hindus, the great Mohammedan element preserving its traditional loyalty to +the British "Raj," which it considered a protection against the +Brahmanistic Hindu majority. But, as already seen, the Pan-Islamic leaven +presently reached the Indian Moslems, European aggressions on Islam +stirred their resentment, and at length Moslem and Hindu adjourned their +ancient feud in their new solidarity against European tutelage. + +The Great War provoked relatively little sedition in India. Groups of +Hindu extremists, to be sure, hatched terroristic plots and welcomed +German aid, but India as a whole backed England and helped win the war +with both money and men. At the same time, Indians gave notice that they +expected their loyalty to be rewarded, and at the close of the war various +memorials were drawn up calling for drastic modifications of the existing +governmental régime. + +India is to-day governed by an English Civil Service whose fairness, +honesty, and general efficiency no informed person can seriously impugn. +But this no longer contents Indian aspirations. India desires not merely +good government but self-government. The ultimate goal of all Indian +reformers is emancipation from European tutelage, though they differ among +themselves as to how and when this emancipation is to be attained. The +most conservative would be content with self-government under British +guidance, the middle group asks for the full status of a Dominion of the +British Empire like Canada and Australia, while the radicals demand +complete independence. Even the most conservative of these demands would, +however, involve great changes of system and a diminution of British +control. Such demands arouse in England mistrust and apprehension. +Englishmen point out that India is not a nation but a congeries of +diverse peoples spiritually sundered by barriers of blood, language, +culture, and religion, and they conclude that, if England's control were +really relaxed, India would get out of hand and drift toward anarchy. As +for Indian independence, the average Englishman cannot abide the thought, +holding it fatal both for the British Empire and for India itself. The +result has been that England has failed to meet Indian demands, and this, +in turn, has roused an acute recrudescence of dissatisfaction and unrest. +The British Government has countered with coercive legislation like the +Rowlatt Acts and has sternly repressed rioting and terrorism. British +authority is still supreme in India. But it is an authority resting more +and more upon force. In fact, some Englishmen have long considered British +rule in India, despite its imposing appearance, a decidedly fragile +affair. Many years ago Meredith Townsend, who certainly knew India well, +wrote: + +"The English think they will rule India for many centuries or forever. I +do not think so, holding rather the older belief that the empire which +came in a day will disappear in a night.... Above all this inconceivable +mass of humanity, governing all, protecting all, taxing all, rises what we +call here 'the Empire,' a corporation of less than 1,500 men, partly +chosen by examination, partly by co-optation, who are set to govern, and +who protect themselves in governing by finding pay for a minute white +garrison of 65,000 men, one-fifth of the Roman legions--though the masses +to be controlled are double the subjects of Rome. That corporation and +that garrison constitute the 'Indian Empire.' There is nothing else. +Banish those 1,500 men in black, defeat that slender garrison in red, and +the empire has ended, the structure disappears, and brown India emerges, +unchanged and unchangeable. To support the official world and its +garrison--both, recollect, smaller than those of Belgium--there is, except +Indian opinion, absolutely nothing. Not only is there no white race in +India, not only is there no white colony, but there is no white man who +purposes to remain.... There are no white servants, not even grooms, no +white policemen, no white postmen, no white anything. If the brown men +struck for a week, the 'Empire' would collapse like a house of cards, and +every ruling man would be a starving prisoner in his own house. He could +not move or feed himself or get water."[51] + +These words aptly illustrate the truth stated at the beginning of this +book that the basic factor in human affairs is not politics but race, and +that the most imposing political phenomena, of themselves, mean nothing. +And that is just the fatal weakness underlying the white man's present +political domination over the brown world. Throughout that entire world +there is no settled white population save in the French colonies of +Algeria and Tunis along the Mediterranean seaboard, where whites form +perhaps one-sixth of the total. Elsewhere, from Morocco to the Dutch +Indies, there is in the racial sense, as Townsend well says, "no white +anything," and if white rule vanished to-morrow it would not leave a human +trace behind. White rule is therefore purely political, based on +prescription, prestige, and lack of effective opposition. These are indeed +fragile foundations. Let the brown world once make up its mind that the +white man _must_ go, and he _will_ go, for his position will have become +simply impossible. It is not solely a question of a "Holy War"; mere +passive resistance, if genuine and general, would shake white rule to its +foundations. And it is precisely the determination to get rid of white +rule which seems to be spreading like wild-fire over the brown world +to-day. The unrest which I have described in Egypt and India merely typify +what is going on in Morocco, Central Asia, the Dutch Indies, the +Philippines, and every other portion of the brown world whose inhabitants +are above the grade of savages. + +Another factor favoring the prospects of brown emancipation is the lack of +sustained resistance which the white world would probably offer. For the +white world's interests in these regions, though great, are not +fundamental; that is to say, racial. However grievously they might suffer +politically and economically, racially the white peoples would lose almost +nothing. Here again we see the basic importance of race in human affairs. +Contrast, for example, England's attitude toward an insurgent India with +France's attitude toward an insurgent North Africa. England, with nothing +racial at stake, would hesitate before a reconquest of India involving +millions of soldiers and billions of treasure. France, on the other hand, +with nearly a million Europeans in her North African possessions, half of +these full-blooded Frenchmen, might risk her last franc and her last +_poilu_ rather than see these blood-brothers slaughtered and enslaved. + +Assuming, then, what to-day seems probable, that white political control +over the brown world is destined to be sensibly curtailed if not generally +eliminated, what are the larger racial implications? Above all: will the +browns tend to impinge on white race-areas as the yellows show signs of +doing? Probably, no; at least, not to any great extent. In the first +place, the brown world has within its present confines plenty of room for +potential race-expansion. Outside India, Egypt, Java, and a few lesser +spots, there is scarcely a brown land where natural improvements such as +irrigation would not open up extensive settlement areas. Mesopotamia +alone, now almost uninhabited, might support a vast population, while +Persia could nourish several times its present inhabitants. + +India, to be sure, is almost as congested as China, and the spectre of the +Indian coolie has lately alarmed white lands like Canada and South Africa +almost as much as the Chinese coolie has done. But an independent India +would fall under the same political blight as the rest of the brown +world--the blight of internecine dissensions and wars. The brown world's +present growing solidarity is not a positive but a negative phenomenon. It +is an alliance, against a common foe, of traditional enemies who, once the +bond was loosed in victory, would inevitably quarrel among themselves. +Turk would fly at Arab and Turkoman at Persian, as of yore, while India +would become a welter of contending Hindus, Moslems, Sikhs, Gurkhas, and +heaven knows what, until perchance disciplined anew by the pressure of a +Yellow Peril. In Western Asia it is possible that the spiritual and +cultural bonds of Islam might temper these struggles, but Western Asia is +precisely that part of the brown world where population-pressure is +absent. India, the overpeopled brown land, would undergo such a cycle of +strife as would devour its human surplus and render distant aggressions +impossible. + +A potential brown menace to white race-areas would, indeed, arise in case +of a brown-yellow alliance against the white peoples. But such an alliance +could occur only in the first stages of a pan-colored war of liberation +while the pressure of white world-predominance was still keenly felt and +before the divisive tendencies within the brown world had begun to take +effect. + +Short of such an alliance (wherein the browns would abet the yellows' +aggressive, racial objectives in return for yellow support of their own +essentially defensive, political ends), the brown world's emancipation +from white domination would apparently not result in more than local +pressures on white race-areas. It would, however, affect another sphere of +white political control--black Africa. The emancipation of brown, Islamic +North Africa would inevitably send a sympathetic thrill through every +portion of the Dark Continent and would stir both Mohammedan and pagan +negroes against white rule. Islam is, in fact, the intimate link between +the brown and black worlds. But this subject, with its momentous +implications, will be discussed in the next chapter. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +BLACK MAN'S LAND + + +Black Man's Land is primarily Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Here +dwell the bulk of all the 150,000,000 black men on earth. The negro and +negroid population of Africa is estimated at about +120,000,000--four-fifths of the black race-total. Besides its African +nucleus the black race has two distant outposts: the one in Australasia, +the other in the Americas. The Eastern blacks are found mainly in the +archipelagoes lying between the Asiatic land-mass and Australia. They are +the Oriental survivors of the black belt which in very ancient times +stretched uninterruptedly from Africa across southern Asia to the Pacific +Ocean. The Asiatic blacks were overwhelmed by other races ages ago, and +only a few wild tribes like the "Negritos" of the Philippines and the +jungle-dwellers of Indo-China and southern India survive as genuine +negroid stocks. All the peoples of southern Asia, however, are darkened by +this ancient negroid strain. The peoples of south India are notably tinged +with black blood. As for the pure blacks of the Australasian +archipelagoes, they are so few in numbers (about 3,000,000) and so low in +type that they are of negligible importance. Quite otherwise are the +blacks of the Far West. In the western hemisphere there are some +25,000,000 persons of more or less mixed black blood, brought thither in +modern times as slaves by the white conquerors of the New World. Still, +whatever may be the destiny of these transplanted black folk, the black +man's chief significance, from the world aspect, must remain bound up with +the great nucleus of negro population in the African homeland. + +Black Africa, as I have said, lies south of the Sahara Desert. Here the +negro has dwelt for unnumbered ages. The key-note of black history, like +yellow history, has been isolation. Cut off from the Mediterranean by the +desert which he had no means of crossing, and bounded elsewhere by oceans +which he had no skill in navigating, the black man vegetated in savage +obscurity, his habitat being well named the "Dark Continent." + +Until the white tide began breaking on its sea-fronts four centuries ago, +the black world's only external stimuli had come from brown men landing on +its eastern coasts or ascending the valley of the Nile. As time passed, +both brown and white pressures became more intense, albeit the browns long +led in the process of penetration. Advancing from the east and trickling +across the desert from the north, Arab or Arabized adventurers conquered +black Africa to the equator; and this political subjugation had also a +racial side, for the conquerors sowed their blood freely and set a +brownish stamp on many regions. As for the whites, they long remained mere +birds of passage. Half a century ago they possessed little more than +trading-posts along the littorals, their only real settlement lying in the +extreme south. + +Then, suddenly, all was changed. In the closing decades of the nineteenth +century, Europe turned its gaze full upon the Dark Continent, and within a +generation Africa was partitioned between the European Powers. Negro and +Arab alike fell under European domination. Only minute Liberia and remote +Abyssinia retained a qualified independence. Furthermore, white settlement +also made distinct progress. The tropical bulk of Africa defied white +colonization, but the continent's northern and southern extremities were +climatically "white man's country." Accordingly, there are to-day nearly a +million whites settled along the Algerian and Tunisian seaboard, while in +South Africa, Dutch and British blood has built up a powerful commonwealth +containing fully one and one-half million white souls. In Africa, unlike +Asia, the European has taken root, and has thus gained at least local +tenures of a fundamental nature. + +The crux of the African problem therefore resolves itself into the +question whether the white man, through consolidated racial holds north +and south, will be able to perpetuate his present political control over +the intermediate continental mass which climate debars him from +populating. This is a matter of great importance, for Africa is a land of +enormous potential wealth, the natural source of Europe's tropical raw +materials and foodstuffs. Whether Europe is to retain possession depends, +in the last analysis, on the character of the inhabitants. It is, then, +to the nature of the black man and his connection with the brown world +that we must direct our attention. + +From the first glance we see that, in the negro, we are in the presence of +a being differing profoundly not merely from the white man but also from +those human types which we discovered in our surveys of the brown and +yellow worlds. The black man is, indeed, sharply differentiated from the +other branches of mankind. His outstanding quality is superabundant animal +vitality. In this he easily surpasses all other races. To it he owes his +intense emotionalism. To it, again, is due his extreme fecundity, the +negro being the quickest of breeders. This abounding vitality shows in +many other ways, such as the negro's ability to survive harsh conditions +of slavery under which other races have soon succumbed. Lastly, in ethnic +crossings, the negro strikingly displays his prepotency, for black blood, +once entering a human stock, seems never really bred out again. + +Negro fecundity is a prime factor in Africa's future. In the savage state +which until recently prevailed, black multiplication was kept down by a +wide variety of checks. Both natural and social causes combined to +maintain an extremely high death-rate. The negro's political ineptitude, +never rising above the tribal concept, kept black Africa a mosaic of +peoples, warring savagely among themselves and widely addicted to +cannibalism. Then, too, the native religions were usually sanguinary, +demanding a prodigality of human sacrifices. The killings ordained by +negro wizards and witch-doctors sometimes attained unbelievable +proportions. The combined result of all this was a wastage of life which +in other races would have spelled a declining population. Since the +establishment of white political control, however, these checks on black +fecundity are no longer operative. The white rulers fight filth and +disease, stop tribal wars, and stamp out superstitious abominations. In +consequence, population increases by leaps and bounds, the latent +possibilities being shown in the native reservations in South Africa, +where tribes have increased as much as tenfold in fifty or sixty years. It +is therefore practically certain that the African negroes will multiply +prodigiously in the next few decades. + +Now, what will be the attitude of these augmenting black masses toward +white political dominion? To that momentous query no certain answer can be +made. One thing, however, seems clear: the black world's reaction to white +ascendancy will be markedly different from those of the brown and yellow +worlds, because of the profound dissimilarities between negroes and men of +other stocks. To begin with, the black peoples have no historic pasts. +Never having evolved civilizations of their own, they are practically +devoid of that accumulated mass of beliefs, thoughts, and experiences +which render Asiatics so, impenetrable and so hostile to white influences. +Although the white race displays sustained constructive power to an +unrivalled degree, particularly in its Nordic branches, the brown and +yellow peoples have contributed greatly to the civilization of the world +and have profoundly influenced human progress. The negro, on the contrary, +has contributed virtually nothing. Left to himself, he remained a savage, +and in the past his only quickening has been where brown men have imposed +their ideas and altered his blood. The originating powers of the European +and the Asiatic are not in him. + +This lack of constructive originality, however, renders the negro +extremely susceptible to external influences. The Asiatic, conscious of +his past and his potentialities, is chary of foreign innovations and +refuses to recognize alien superiority. The negro, having no past, +welcomes novelty and tacitly admits that others are his masters. Both +brown and white men have been so accepted in Africa. The relatively faint +resistance offered by the naturally brave blacks to white and brown +conquest, the ready reception of Christianity and Islam, and the +extraordinary personal ascendancy acquired by individual Arabs and +Europeans, all indicate a willingness to accept foreign tutelage which in +the Asiatic is wholly absent. + +The Arab and the European are, in fact, rivals for the mastership of black +Africa. The Arab had a long start, but the European suddenly overtook him +and brought not only the blacks but the African Arabs themselves under his +sway. It remains to be seen whether the Arab, allying himself with the +blacks, can oust his white rival. That some such move will be attempted, +in view of the brown world's renaissance in general and the extraordinary +activity of the Arab peoples in particular, seems a foregone conclusion. +How the matter will work out depends on three things: (1) the brown man's +inherent strength in Africa; (2) the possibilities of black disaffection +against white tutelage; (3) the white man's strength and power of +resistance. + +The seat of brown power in Africa is of course the great belt of territory +north of the Sahara. From Egypt to Morocco the inhabitants are Arabized in +culture and Mohammedan in faith, while Arab blood has percolated ever +since the Moslem conquest twelve centuries ago. In the eastern half of +this zone Arabization has been complete, and Egypt, Tripoli, and the Sudan +can be considered as unalterably wedded to the brown Islamic world. The +zone's western half, however, is in different case. The majority of its +inhabitants are Berbers, an ancient stock generally considered white, with +close affinities to the Latin peoples across the Mediterranean. As usual, +blood tells. The Berbers have been under Arab tutelage for over a thousand +years, yet their whole manner of life remains distinct, they have largely +kept their language, and there has been comparatively little +intermarriage. Pure-blooded Arabs abound, but they are still, in a way, +foreigners. To-day the entire region is under white, French, rule. +Algeria, in particular, has been politically French for almost a hundred +years. Europeans have come in and number nearly a million souls. The Arab +element shows itself sullen and refractory, but the Berbers display much +less aversion to French rule, which, as usual, is considerate of native +susceptibilities. The French colonial authorities are alive to the +Berber's ethnic affinities and tactfully seek to stimulate his dormant +white consciousness. In Algeria intermarriage between Europeans and +Berbers has actually begun. Of course the process is merely in its first +stages. Still, the blood is there, the leaven is working, and in time +Northwest Africa may return to the white world, where it was in Roman days +and where it racially belongs. In the anti-European disturbances now +taking place in Algeria and Tunis it is safe to say that the Arab element +is making most of the trouble. + +It is Northeast Africa, then, which is the real nucleus of Arabism. Here +Arabism and Islam rule unchecked, and in the preceding chapter we saw how +the Senussi Order was marshalling the fierce nomads of the desert. These +tribesmen are relatively few in numbers, but more splendid fighting +material does not exist in the wide world. Furthermore, the Arab-negroid +peoples which have developed along the southern edge of the desert so +blend the martial qualities of both strains that they frequently display +an almost demoniacal fighting-power. It is Pan-Islamism's hope to use +these Arab or Arabized fanatics as an officers' corps for the black +millions whom it is converting to the faith. + +Concerning Islam's steady progress in black Africa there can be no shadow +of a doubt. Every candid European observer tells the same story. +"Mohammedanism," says Sir Charles Elliott, "can still give the natives a +motive for animosity against Europeans and a unity of which they are +otherwise incapable."[52] Twenty years ago another English observer, T. R. +Threlfall, wrote: "Mohammedanism is making marvellous progress in the +interior of Africa. It is crushing paganism out. Against it the Christian +propaganda is a myth.... The rapid spread of militant Mohammedanism among +the savage tribes to the north of the equator is a serious factor in the +fight for racial supremacy in Africa. With very few exceptions the colored +races of Africa are pre-eminently fighters. To them the law of the +stronger is supreme; they have been conquered, and in turn they conquered. +To them the fierce, warlike spirit inherent in Mohammedanism is infinitely +more attractive than is the gentle, peace-loving, high moral standard of +Christianity: hence, the rapid headway the former is making in central +Africa, and the certainty that it will soon spread to the south of the +Zambezi."[53] + +The way in which Islam is marching southward is dramatically shown by a +recent incident. A few years ago the British authorities suddenly +discovered that Mohammedanism was pervading Nyassaland. An investigation +brought out the fact that it was the work of Zanzibar Arabs. They began +their propaganda about 1900. Ten years later almost every village in +southern Nyassaland had its Moslem teacher and its mosque-hut. Although +the movement was frankly anti-European, the British authorities did not +dare to check it for fear of repercussions elsewhere. Another interesting +fact, probably not unconnected, is that Nyassaland has lately been the +theatre of an anti-white "Christian" propaganda--the so-called "Ethiopian +Church," of which I shall presently speak. + +Islam has thus two avenues of approach to the African negro--his natural +preference for a militant faith and his resentment at white tutelage. It +is the disinclination of the more martial African peoples for a pacific +creed which perhaps accounts for Christianity's slow progress among the +very warlike tribes of South Africa, such as the Zulus and the Matabele. +Islam is as yet unknown south of the Zambezi, but white men universally +dread the possibility of its appearance, fearing its effect upon the +natives. Of course Christianity has made distinct progress in the Dark +Continent. The natives of the South African Union are predominantly +Christianized. In east-central Africa Christianity has also gained many +converts, particularly in Uganda, while on the West African Guinea coast +Christian missions have long been established and have generally succeeded +in keeping Islam away from the seaboard. Certainly, all white men, whether +professing Christians or not, should welcome the success of missionary +efforts in Africa. The degrading fetishism and demonology which sum up the +native pagan cults cannot stand, and all negroes will some day be either +Christians or Moslems. In so far as he is Christianized, the negro's +savage instincts will be restrained and he will be disposed to acquiesce +in white tutelage. In so far as he is Islamized, the negro's warlike +propensities will be inflamed, and he will be used as the tool of Arab +Pan-Islamism seeking to drive the white man from Africa and make the +continent its very own. + +As to specific anti-white sentiments among negroes untouched by Moslem +propaganda, such sentiments undoubtedly exist in many quarters. The +strongest manifestations are in South Africa, where interracial relations +are bad and becoming worse, but there is much diffused, half-articulate +dislike of white men throughout central Africa as well. Devoid though the +African savage is of either national or cultural consciousness, he could +not be expected to welcome a tutelage which imposed many irksome +restrictions upon him. Furthermore, the African negro does seem to possess +a certain rudimentary sense of race-solidarity. The existence of both +these sentiments is proved by the way in which the news of white military +reverses have at once been known and rejoiced in all over black Africa; +spread, it would seem, by those mysterious methods of communication +employed by negroes everywhere and called in our Southern States +"grape-vine telegraph." The Russo-Japanese War, for example, produced all +over the Dark Continent intensely exciting effects. + +This generalized anti-white feeling has, during the past decade, taken +tangible form in South Africa. The white population of the Union, though +numbering 1,500,000, is surrounded by a black population four times as +great and increasing more rapidly, while in many sections the whites are +outnumbered ten to one. The result is a state of affairs exactly +paralleling conditions in our own South, the South African whites feeling +obliged to protect their ascendancy by elaborate legal regulations and +social taboos. The negroes have been rapidly growing more restive under +these discriminations, and unpleasant episodes like race-riots, rapings, +and lynchings are increasing in South Africa from year to year. + +One of the most significant, not to say ominous, signs of the times is the +"Ethiopian Church" movement. The movement began about fifteen years ago, +some of its founders being Afro-American Methodist preachers--a fact which +throws a curious light on possible American negro reflexes upon their +ancestral homeland. The movement spread rapidly, many native mission +congregations cutting loose from white ecclesiastical control and joining +the negro organization. It also soon displayed frankly anti-white +tendencies, and the government became seriously alarmed at its unsettling +influence upon the native mind. It was suspected of having had a hand in +the Zulu rising which broke out in Natal in 1907 and which was put down +only after many whites and thousands of natives had lost their lives. +Shortly afterward the authorities outlawed the Ethiopian Church and +forbade Afro-American preachers to enter South Africa, but the movement, +though legally suppressed, lived surreptitiously on and appeared in new +quarters. + +In 1915 a peculiarly fanatical form of Ethiopianism broke out in +Nyassaland. Its leader was a certain John Chilembwe, an Ethiopian preacher +who had been educated in the United States. His propaganda was bitterly +anti-white, asserting that Africa belonged to the black man, that the +white man was an intruder, and that he ought to be killed off until he +grew discouraged and abandoned the country. Chilembwe plotted a rising all +over Nyassaland, the killing of the white men, and the carrying off of the +white women. In January, 1915, the rising took place. Some plantations +were sacked and several whites killed, their heads being carried to +Chilembwe's "church," where a thanksgiving service for victory was held. +The whites, however, acted with great vigor, the poorly armed insurgents +were quickly scattered, and John Chilembwe himself was soon hunted down +and killed. In itself, the incident was of slight importance, but, taken +in connection with much else, it does not augur well for the future.[54] + +An interesting indication of the growing sense of negro race-solidarity +was the "Pan-African Congress" held at Paris early in 1919. Here delegates +from black communities throughout the world gathered to discuss matters of +common interest. Most of the delegates were from Africa and the Americas, +but one delegate from New Guinea was also present, thus representing the +Australasian branch of the black race. The Congress was not largely +attended and was of a somewhat provisional character, but arrangements for +the holding of subsequent congresses were made. + +Here, then, is the African problem's present status: To begin with, we +have a rapidly growing black population, increasingly restive under white +tutelage and continually excited by Pan-Islamic propaganda with the +further complication of another anti-white propaganda spread by negro +radicals from America. + +The African situation is thus somewhat analogous to conditions in Asia. +But the analogy must not be pressed too far. In Asia white hegemony rests +solely on political bases, while the Asiatics themselves, browns and +yellows alike, display constructive power and possess civilizations built +up by their own efforts from the remote past. The Asiatics are to-day once +more displaying their innate capacity by not merely adopting, but +adapting, white ideas and methods. We behold an Asiatic _renaissance_, +whose genuineness is best attested by the fact that there have been +similar movements in past times. + +None of this applies to Africa. The black race has never shown real +constructive power. It has never built up a native civilization. Such +progress as certain negro groups have made has been due to external +pressure and has never long outlived that pressure's removal, for the +negro, when left to himself, as in Haiti and Liberia, rapidly reverts to +his ancestral ways. The negro is a facile, even eager, imitator; but +there he stops. He adopts; but he does not adapt, assimilate, and give +forth creatively again. + +The whole of history testifies to this truth. As the Englishman Meredith +Townsend says: "None of the black races, whether negro or Australian, have +shown within the historic time the capacity to develop civilization. They +have never passed the boundaries of their own habitats as conquerors, and +never exercised the smallest influence over peoples not black. They have +never founded a stone city, have never built a ship, have never produced a +literature, have never suggested a creed.... There seems to be no reason +for this except race. It is said that the negro has been buried in the +most 'massive' of the four continents, and has been, so to speak, lost to +humanity; but he was always on the Nile, the immediate road to the +Mediterranean, and in West and East Africa he was on the sea. Africa is +probably more fertile, and almost certainly richer than Asia, and is +pierced by rivers as mighty, and some of them at least as navigable. What +could a singularly healthy race, armed with a constitution which resists +the sun and defies malaria, wish for better than to be seated on the Nile, +or the Congo, or the Niger, in numbers amply sufficient to execute any +needed work, from the cutting of forests and the making of roads up to the +building of cities? How was the negro more secluded than the Peruvian; or +why was he 'shut up' worse than the Tartar of Samarcand, who one day shook +himself, gave up all tribal feuds, and, from the Sea of Okhotsk to the +Baltic and southward to the Nerbudda, mastered the world?... The negro +went by himself far beyond the Australian savage. He learned the use of +fire, the fact that sown grain will grow, the value of shelter, the use of +the bow and the canoe, and the good of clothes; but there to all +appearances he stopped, unable, until stimulated by another race like the +Arab, to advance another step."[55] + +Unless, then, every lesson of history is to be disregarded, we must +conclude that black Africa is unable to stand alone. The black man's +numbers may increase prodigiously and acquire alien veneers, but the black +man's nature will not change. Black unrest may grow and cause much +trouble. Nevertheless, the white man must stand fast in Africa. No black +"renaissance" impends, and Africa, if abandoned by the whites, would +merely fall beneath the onset of the browns. And that would be a great +calamity. As stated in the preceding chapter, the brown peoples, of +themselves, do not directly menace white race-areas, while Pan-Islamism is +at present an essentially defensive movement. But Islam is militant by +nature, and the Arab is a restless and warlike breed. Pan-Islamism once +possessed of the Dark Continent and fired by militant zealots, might forge +black Africa into a sword of wrath, the executor of sinister adventures. + +Fortunately the white man has every reason for keeping a firm hold on +Africa. Not only are its central tropics prime sources of raw materials +and foodstuffs which white direction can alone develop, but to north and +south the white man has struck deep roots into the soil. Both extremities +of the continent are "white man's country," where strong white peoples +should ultimately arise. Two of the chief white Powers, Britain and +France, are pledged to the hilt in this racial task and will spare no +effort to safeguard the heritage of their pioneering children. Brown +influence in Africa is strong, but it is supreme only in the northeast and +its line of communication with the Asiatic homeland runs over the narrow +neck of Suez. Should stern necessity arise, the white world could hold +Suez against Asiatic assault and crush brown resistance in Africa. + +In short, the real danger to white control of Africa lies, not in brown +attack or black revolt, but in possible white weakness through chronic +discord within the white world itself. And that subject must be reserved +for later chapters. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +RED MAN'S LAND + + +Red Man's Land is the Americas between the Rio Grande and the tropic of +Capricorn. Here dwells the "Amerindian" race. At the time of Columbus the +whole western hemisphere was theirs, but the white man has extirpated or +absorbed them to north and south, so that to-day the United States and +Canada in North America and the southern portions of South America are +genuine "white man's country." In the intermediate zone above mentioned, +however, the Amerindian has survived and forms the majority of the +population, albeit considerably mixed with white and to a lesser degree +with negro blood. The total number of "Indians," including both +full-bloods and mixed types, is about 40,000,000--more than two-thirds of +the whole population. In addition, there are several million negroes and +mulattoes, mostly in Brazil. The white population of the intermediate +zone, even if we include "near-whites," does not average more than 10 per +cent, though it varies greatly with different regions. The reader should +remember that neither the West India Islands nor the southern portion of +the South American continent are included in this generalization. In the +West Indies the Amerindian has completely died out and has been replaced +by the negro, while southern South America, especially Argentina and +Uruguay, are genuine white man's country in which there is little Indian +and no negro blood. Despite these exceptions, however, the fact remains +that, taken as a whole, "Latin America," the vast land-block from the Rio +Grande to Cape Horn, is racially not "Latin" but Amerindian or negroid, +with a thin Spanish or Portuguese veneer. In other words, though commonly +considered part of the white world, most of Latin America is ethnically +colored man's land, which has been growing more colored for the past +hundred years. + +Latin America's evolution was predetermined by the Spanish Conquest. That +very word "conquest" tells the story. The United States was _settled_ by +colonists planning homes and bringing their women. It was thus a genuine +migration, and resulted in a full transplanting of white stock to new +soil. The Indians encountered were wild nomads, fierce of temper and few +in number. After sharp conflicts they were extirpated, leaving virtually +no ethnic traces behind. The colonization of Latin America was the exact +antithesis. The Spanish _Conquistadores_ were bold warriors descending +upon vast regions inhabited by relatively dense populations, some of +which, as in Mexico and Peru, had attained a certain degree of +civilization. The Spaniards, invincible in their shining armor, paralyzed +with terror these people still dwelling in the age of bronze and polished +stone. With ridiculous ease mere handfuls of whites overthrew empires and +lorded it like gods over servile and adoring multitudes. Cortez marched +on Mexico with less than 600 followers, while Pizarro had but 310 +companions when he started his conquest of Peru. Of course the fabulous +treasures amassed in these exploits drew swarms of bold adventurers from +Spain. Nevertheless, their numbers were always infinitesimal compared with +the vastness of the quarry, while the proportion of women immigrants +continued to lag far behind that of the men. The breeding of pure whites +in Latin America was thus both scanty and slow. + +On the other hand, the breeding of mixed-bloods began at once and attained +notable proportions. Having slaughtered the Indian males or brigaded them +in slave-gangs, the Conquistadores took the Indian women to themselves. +The humblest man-at-arms had several female attendants, while the leaders +became veritable pashas with great harems of concubines. The result was a +prodigious output of half-breed children, known as "mestizos" or "cholos." + +And soon a new ethnic complication was added. The Indians having developed +a melancholy trick of dying off under slavery, the Spaniards imported +African negroes to fill the servile ranks, and since they took negresses +as well as Indian women for concubines, other +half-breeds--mulattoes--appeared. Here and there Indians and negroes mated +on their own account, the offspring being known as "zambos." In time these +various hybrids bred among themselves, producing the most extraordinary +ethnic combinations. As Garcia-Calderon well puts it: "Grotesque +generations with every shade of complexion and every conformation of +skull were born in America--a crucible continually agitated by unheard-of +fusions of races.... But there was little Latin blood to be found in the +homes formed by the sensuality of the first conquerors of a desolated +America."[56] + +To be sure, this mongrel population long remained politically negligible. +The Spaniards regarded themselves as a master-caste, and excluded all save +pure whites from civic rights and social privileges. In fact, the +European-born Spaniards refused to recognize even their colonial-born +kinsmen as their equals, and "Creoles"[57] could not aspire to the higher +distinctions or offices. This attitude was largely inspired by the desire +to maintain a lucrative monopoly. Yet the European's sense of superiority +had some valid grounds. There can be no doubt that the Creole whites, as a +class, showed increasing signs of degeneracy. Climate was a prime cause in +the hotter regions, but there were many plateau areas, as in Colombia, +Mexico, and Peru, which though geographically in the tropics had a +temperate climate from their elevation. + +Even more than by climate the Creole was injured by contact with the +colored races. Pampered and corrupted from birth by obsequious slaves, the +Creole usually led an idle and vapid existence, disdaining work as +servile and debarred from higher callings by his European-born superiors. +As time passed, the degeneracy due to climate and custom was intensified +by degeneracy of blood. Despite legal enactment and social taboo, colored +strains percolated insidiously into the creole stock. The leading +families, by elaborate precautions, might succeed in keeping their +escutcheons clean, but humbler circles darkened significantly despite +fervid protestations of "pure-white" blood. Still, so long as Spain kept +her hold on Latin America, the process of miscegenation, socially +considered, was a slow one. The whole social system was based on the idea +of white superiority, and the colors were carefully graded. "In America," +wrote Humboldt toward the close of Spanish rule, "the more or less white +skin determines the position which a man holds in society."[58] + +The revolution against Spain had momentous consequences for the racial +future of Latin America. In the beginning, to be sure, it was a white +civil war--a revolt of the Creoles against European oppression and +discrimination. The heroes of the revolution--Bolívar, Miranda, San +Martín, and the rest--were aristocrats of pure-white blood. But the +revolution presently developed new features. To begin with, the struggle +was very long. Commencing in 1809, it lasted almost twenty years. The +whites were decimated by fratricidal fury, and when the Spanish cause was +finally lost, multitudes of loyalists mainly of the superior social +classes left the country. Meanwhile, the half-castes, who had rallied +wholesale to the revolutionary banner, were demanding their reward. The +Creoles wished to close the revolutionary cycle and establish a new +society based, like the old, upon white supremacy, with themselves +substituted for the Spaniards. Bolívar planned a limited monarchy and a +white electoral oligarchy. But this was far from suiting the half-castes. +For them the revolution had just begun. Raising the cry of "democracy," +then become fashionable through the North American and French revolutions, +they proclaimed the doctrine of "equality" regardless of skin. +Disillusioned and full of foreboding, Bolívar, the master-spirit of the +revolution, disappeared from the scene, and his lieutenants, like the +generals of Alexander, quarrelled among themselves, split Latin America +into jarring fragments, and waged a long series of internecine wars. The +flood-gates of anarchy were opened, the result being a steady weakening of +the whites and a corresponding rise of the half-castes in the political +and social scale. Everywhere ambitious soldiers led the mongrel mob +against the white aristocracy, breaking its power and making themselves +dictators. These "caudillos" were apostles of equality and miscegenation. +Says Garcia-Calderon: "Tyrants found democracies; they lean on the support +of the people, the half-breeds and negroes, against the oligarchies; they +dominate the colonial nobility, favor the crossing of races, and free the +slaves."[59] + +The consequences of all this were lamentable in the extreme. Latin +America's level of civilization fell far below that of colonial days. +Spanish rule, though narrow and tyrannical, had maintained peace and +social stability. Now all was a hideous chaos wherein frenzied castes and +colors grappled to the death. Ignorant mestizos and brutal negroes +trampled the fine flowers of culture under foot, while as by a malignant +inverse selection the most intelligent and the most cultivated perished. + +These deplorable conditions prevailed in Latin America until well past the +middle of the nineteenth century. Of course, here as elsewhere, anarchy +engendered tyranny, and strong caudillos sometimes perpetuated their +dictatorship for decades, as in Paraguay under Doctor Francia and in +Mexico under Porfirio Diaz. However, these were mere interludes, of no +constructive import. Always the aging lion lost his grip, the lurking +hyenas of anarchy downed him at last, and the land sank once more into +revolutionary chaos. Some parts of Latin America did, indeed, definitely +emerge into the light of stable progress. But those favored regions owed +their deliverance, not to dictatorship, but to race. One of two factors +always operated: either (1) an efficient white oligarchy; or (2) +Aryanization through wholesale European immigration. + +Stabilization through oligarchy is best illustrated by Chile. Chilean +history differs widely from that of the rest of Latin America. A land of +cool climate, no gold, and warlike Araucanian Indians, Chile attracted +the pioneering settler rather than the swashbuckling seeker of +treasure-trove. Now the pioneering types in Spain come mainly from those +northern provinces which have retained considerable Nordic blood. The +Chilean colonists were thus largely blond Asturians or austere, reasonable +Basques, seeking homes and bringing their women. Of course there was +crossing with the natives, but the fierce Araucanian aborigines clung to +their wild freedom and kept up an interminable frontier warfare in which +the occasions for race-mixture were relatively few. The country was thus +settled by a resident squirearchy of an almost English type. This ruling +gentry jealously guarded its racial integrity. In fact, it possessed not +merely a white but a Nordic race-consciousness. The Chilean gentry called +themselves sons of the Visigoths, scions of Euric and Pelayo, who had +found in remote Araucania a chance to slake their racial thirst for +fighting and freedom. + +In Chile, as elsewhere, the revolution provoked a cycle of disorder. But +the cycle was short, and was more a political struggle between white +factions than a social welter of caste and race. Furthermore, Chile was +receiving fresh accessions of Nordic blood. Many English, Scotch, and +Irish gentleman-adventurers, taking part in the War of Independence, +settled down in a land so reminiscent of their own. Germans also came in +considerable numbers, settling especially in the colder south. Thus the +Chilean upper classes, always pure white, became steadily more Nordic in +ethnic character. The political and social results were unmistakable. +Chile rapidly evolved a stable society, essentially oligarchic and +consciously patterned on aristocratic England. Efficient, practical, and +extremely patriotic, the Chilean oligarchs made their country at once the +most stable and the most dynamic factor in Latin America. + +The distinctly "Northern" character of Chile and the Chileans strike +foreign observers. Here, for example, are the impressions of a recent +visitor, the North American sociologist, Professor E. A. Ross. Landing at +the port of Valparaiso, he is "struck by signs of English influence. On +the commercial streets every third man suggests the Briton, while a large +proportion of the business people look as if they have their daily tub. +The cleanliness of the streets, the freshness of the parks and squares, +the dressing of the shop-windows, and the style of the mounted police +remind one of England."[60] As to the Nordic affinities of the upper +classes: "One sees it in stature, eye color, and ruddy complexion.... +Among the pupils of Santiago College there are as many blonds as +brunets."[61] Even among the peon or "roto" class, despite considerable +Indian crossing, Professor Ross noted the strong Nordic strain, for he met +Chilean peasants "whose stature, broad shoulders, big faces, and tawny +mustaches proclaimed them as genuine Norsemen as the Icelanders in our +Red River Valley."[62] + +Chile is thus the prime example of social stability and progress attained +through white oligarchic rule. Other, though less successful, instances +are to be noted in Peru, Colombia, and Costa Rica. Peru and Colombia, +though geographically within the tropics, have extensive temperate +plateaux. Here numerous whites settled during the colonial period, forming +an upper caste over a large Indian population. Unlike Chile, few Nordics +came to leaven society with those qualities of constructive genius and +racial self-respect which are the special birthright of Nordic man. Unlike +Chile again, not only were there dense Indian masses, but there was also +an appreciable negro element. Lastly, the number of mixed-bloods was very +large. It is thus not surprising that for both Peru and Colombia the +revolution ushered in a period of turmoil from which neither have even yet +emerged. The whites have consistently fought among themselves, invoking +the half-castes as auxiliaries and using Indians and negroes as their +pawns. The whites are still the dominant element, but only the first +families retain their pure blood, and miscegenation creeps upward with +every successive generation. As for Costa Rica, it is a tiny bit of cool +hill-country, settled by whites in colonial times, and to-day rises an +oasis of civilization, above the tropic jungle of degenerate, mongrel +Central America. + +The second method of social stabilization in Latin America--Aryanization +through wholesale European immigration--is exemplified by Argentina and +Uruguay. Neither of these lands had very promising beginnings. Their +populations, at the revolution, contained strong Indian infusions and +traces of negro blood, while after the revolution both fell under the sway +of tyrannical dictators who persecuted the white aristocrats and favored +miscegenation. However, Argentina and Uruguay possessed two notable +advantages: they were climatically white man's country, and they at first +contained a very small population. Since they produced neither gold nor +tropical luxuries, Spain had neglected them, so that at the revolution +they consisted of little more than the port-towns of Buenos Aires and +Montevideo with a few dependent river-settlements. Their vast hinterlands +of fertile prairie then harbored only wandering tribes of nomad savages. + +During the last half of the nineteenth century, however, the development +of ocean transport gave these antipodean prairies value as stock-raising +and grain-growing sources for congested Europe, and Europe promptly sent +immigrants to supply her needs. This immigrant stream gradually swelled to +a veritable deluge. The human tide was, on the whole, of sound stock, +mostly Spaniards and north Italians, with some Nordic elements from +northern Europe in the upper strata. Thus Europe locked antipodean America +securely to the white world. As for the colonial stock, it merged easily +into the newer, kindred flood. Here and there signs of former +miscegenation still show, the Argentino being sometimes, as Madison Grant +well puts it, "suspiciously swarthy."[63] Nevertheless, these are but +vestigial traces which the ceaseless European inflow will ultimately +eradicate. The large impending German immigration to Argentina and Uruguay +should bring valuable Nordic elements. + +This same tide of European immigration has likewise pretty well Aryanized +the southern provinces of Brazil, adjacent to the Uruguayan border. Those +provinces were neglected by Portugal as Argentina and Uruguay were by +Spain, and half a century ago they had a very sparse population. To-day +they support millions of European immigrants, mostly Italians and European +Portuguese, but with the further addition of nearly half a million +Germans. Brazil is, in fact, evolving into two racially distinct +communities. The southern provinces are white man's country, with little +Indian or negro blood, and with a distinct "color line." The tropical +north is saturated with Indian and negro strains, and the whites are +rapidly disappearing in a universal mongrelization. Ultimately this must +produce momentous political consequences. + +Bearing in mind the exceptions above noted, let us now observe the vast +tropical and semi-tropical bulk of Latin America. Here we find notable +changes since colonial days. White predominance is substantially a thing +of the past. Persons of unmixed Spanish or Portuguese descent are +relatively few, most of the so-called "whites" being really _near_-whites, +more or less deeply tinged with colored bloods. It is a striking token of +white race-prestige that these near-whites, despite their degeneracy and +inefficiency, are yet the dominant element; occupying, in fact, much the +same status as the aristocratic Creoles immediately after the War of +Independence. Nevertheless, the near-whites' supremacy is now threatened. +Every decade of chronic anarchy favors the darker half-breeds, while below +these, in turn, the Indian and negro full-bloods are beginning to stir, as +in Mexico to-day. + +Most informed observers agree that the mixed-bloods of Latin America are +distinctly inferior to the whites. This applies to both mestizos and +mulattoes, albeit the mestizo (the cross between white and Indian) seems +less inferior than the mulatto--the cross between white and black. As for +the zambo, the Indian-negro cross, everybody is agreed that it is a very +bad one. Analyses of these hybrid stocks show remarkable similarities to +the mongrel chaos of the declining Roman Empire. Here is the judgment of +Garcia-Calderon, a Peruvian scholar and generally considered the most +authoritative writer on Latin America. "The racial question," he writes, +"is a very serious problem in American history. It explains the progress +of certain peoples and the decadence of others, and it is the key to the +incurable disorder which divides America. Upon it depend a great number +of secondary phenomena; the public wealth, the industrial system, the +stability of governments, the solidity of patriotism.... This complication +of castes, this admixture of diverse bloods, has created many problems. +For example, is the formation of a national consciousness possible with +such disparate elements? Would such heterogeneous democracies be able to +resist the invasion of superior races? Finally, is the South American +half-caste absolutely incapable of organization and culture?"[64] While +qualifying his answers to these queries, Garcia-Calderon yet deplores the +half-caste's "decadence."[65] "In the Iberian democracies," he says, "an +inferior Latinity, a Latinity of the decadence, prevails; verbal +abundance, inflated rhetoric, oratorical exaggeration, just as in Roman +Spain.... The half-caste loves grace, verbal elegance, quibbles even, and +artistic form; great passions and desires do not move him. In religion he +is sceptical, indifferent, and in politics he disputes in the Byzantine +manner. No one could discover in him a trace of his Spanish forefather, +stoical and adventurous."[66] Garcia-Calderon therefore concludes: "The +mixture of rival castes, Iberians, Indians, and negroes, has generally had +disastrous consequences.... None of the conditions established by the +French psychologists are realized by the Latin American democracies, and +their populations are therefore degenerate. The lower castes struggle +successfully against the traditional rules: the order which formerly +existed is followed by moral anarchy; solid conviction by a superficial +scepticism; and the Castilian tenacity by indecision. The black race is +doing its work, and the continent is returning to its primitive +barbarism."[67] This melancholy fate can, according to Garcia-Calderon, be +averted only by wholesale white immigration: "In South America +civilization is dependent upon the numerical predominance of the +victorious Spaniard, on the triumph of the white man over the mulatto, the +negro, and the Indian. Only a plentiful European immigration can +re-establish the shattered equilibrium of the American races."[68] + +Garcia-Calderon's pronouncements are echoed by foreign observers. During +his South American travels Professor Ross noted the same melancholy +symptoms and pointed out the same unique remedy. Speaking of Ecuador, he +says: "I found no foreigners who have faith in the future of this people. +They point out that while this was a Spanish colony there was a continual +flow of immigrants from Spain, many of whom, no doubt, were men of force. +Political separation interrupted this current, and since then the country +has really gone back. Spain had provided a ruling, organizing element, +and, with the cessation of the flow of Spaniards, the mixed-bloods took +charge of things, for the pure-white element is so small as to be +negligible. No one suggests that the mestizos equal the white stock either +in intellect or in character.... Among the rougher foreigners and +Peruvians the pet name for these people is 'monkeys.' The thoughtful often +liken them to Eurasians, clever enough, but lacking in solidity of +character. Natives and foreigners alike declare that a large white +immigration is the only hope for Ecuador."[69] + +Concerning Bolivia, Professor Ross writes: "The wisest sociologist in +Bolivia told me that the zambo, resulting from the union of Indian with +negro, is inferior to both the parent races, and that likewise the mestizo +is inferior to both white and Indian in physical strength, resistance to +disease, longevity, and brains. The failure of the South American +republics has been due, he declares, to mestizo domination. Through the +colonial period there was a flow of Spaniards to the colonies, and all the +offices down to _corregidor_ and _cura_ were filled by white men. With +independence, the whites ceased coming, and the lower offices of state and +church were filled with mestizos. Then, too, the first crossing of white +with Indian gave a better result than the union between mestizos, so that +the stock has undergone progressive degeneration. The only thing, then, +that can make these countries progress is a large white immigration, +something much talked about by statesmen in all these countries, but which +has never materialized."[70] + +These judgments refer particularly to Spanish America. Regarding +Portuguese Brazil, however, the verdict seems to be the same. Many years +ago Professor Agassiz wrote: "Let any one who doubts the evil of this +mixture of races, and is inclined from mistaken philanthropy to break down +all barriers between them, come to Brazil. He cannot deny the +deterioration consequent upon the amalgamation of races, more wide-spread +here than in any country in the world, and which is rapidly effacing the +best qualities of the white man, the negro, and the Indian, leaving a +mongrel, nondescript type, deficient in physical and mental energy."[71] + +The mongrel's political ascendancy produces precisely the results which +might have been expected. These unhappy beings, every cell of whose bodies +is a battle-ground of jarring heredities, express their souls in acts of +hectic violence and aimless instability. The normal state of tropical +America is anarchy, restrained only by domestic tyrants or foreign +masters. Garcia-Calderon exactly describes its psychology when he writes: +"Precocious, sensual, impressionable, the Americans of these vast +territories devote their energies to local politics. Industry, commerce, +and agriculture are in a state of decay, and the unruly imagination of the +Creole expends itself in constitutions, programmes, and lyrical +discourses; in these regions anarchy is sovereign mistress."[72] The +tropical republics display, indeed, a tendency toward "atomic +disintegration.... Given to dreaming, they are led by presidents suffering +from neurosis."[73] + +The stock feature of the mongrel tropics is, of course, the "revolution." +These senseless and perennial outbursts are often ridiculed in the United +States as comic opera, but the grim truth of the matter is that few Latin +American revolutions are laughing matters. The numbers of men engaged may +not be very large according to our standards, but measured by the scanty +populations of the countries concerned, they lay a heavy blood-tax on the +suffering peoples. The tatterdemalion "armies" may excite our mirth, but +the battles are real enough, often fought out to the death with +razor-edged machetes and rusty bayonets, and there is no more ghastly +sight than a Latin American battle-field. The commandeerings, burnings, +rapings, and assassinations inflicted upon the hapless civilian population +cry to heaven. There is always wholesale destruction of property, +frequently appalling loss of life, and a general paralysis of economic and +social activity. These wretched lands have now been scourged by the +revolutionary plague for a hundred years, and W. B. Hale does not +overstate the consequences when he says: "Most of the countries clustering +about the Caribbean have sunk into deeper and deeper mires of misrule, +unmatched for profligacy and violence anywhere on earth. Revolution +follows revolution; one band of brigands succeeds another; atrocities +revenge atrocities; the plundered people grow more and more abject in +poverty and slavishness; vast natural resources lie neglected, while +populations decrease, civilization recedes, and the jungle advances."[74] +Of course, under these frightful circumstances, the national character, +weak enough at best, degenerates at an ever-quickening pace. Peaceful +effort of any sort appears vain and ridiculous, and men are taught that +wealth is procurable only by violence and extortion. + +Another important point should be noted. I have said that Latin American +anarchy was restrained by dictatorship. But the reader must not infer that +dictatorships are halcyon times--for the dictated. On the contrary, they +are usually only a trifle less wretched and demoralizing than times of +revolution. The "caudillos" are nearly always very sinister figures. Often +they are ignorant brutes; oftener they are blood-thirsty, lecherous +monsters; oftenest they are human spiders who suck the land dry of all +fluid wealth, banking it abroad against the day when they shall fly before +the revolutionary blast to the safe haven of Paris and the congenial +debaucheries of Montmartre. The millions amassed by tyrants like Castro of +Venezuela and Zelaya of Nicaragua are almost beyond belief, considering +the backward, bankrupt lands they have "administered." + +Yet how can it be otherwise? Consider Critchfield's incisive account of a +caudillo's accession to power: "When an ignorant and brutal man, whose +entire knowledge of the world is confined to a few Indian villages, and +whose total experience has been gained in the raising of cattle, doffs his +_alpagartes_, and, machete in hand, cuts his way to power in a few weeks, +with a savage horde at his back who know nothing of the amenities of +civilization and care less than they know--when such a man comes to +power, evil and evil only can result. Even if the new dictator were +well-intentioned, his entire ignorance of law and constitutional forms, of +commercial processes and manufacturing arts, and of the fundamental and +necessary principles underlying all stable and free governments, would +render a successful administration by him extremely difficult, if not +impossible. But he is surrounded by all the elements of vice and flattery, +and he is imbued with that vain and absurd egotism which makes men of +small caliber imagine themselves to be Napoleons or Cæsars. Thus do petty +despotisms, unrestrained by constitutional provisions or by anything like +a virile public opinion, lead from absurdity to outrage and crime."[75] + +Such is the situation in mongrel-ruled America: revolution breeding +revolution, tyranny breeding tyranny, and the twain combining to ruin +their victims and force them ever deeper into the slough of degenerate +barbarism. The whites have lost their grip and are rapidly disappearing. +The mixed-breeds have had their chance and have grotesquely failed. The +oft-quoted panacea--white immigration--is under present conditions a vain +dream, for white immigrants will not expose themselves (and still less +their women) to the horrors of mongrel rule. So far, their, as internal +factors are concerned, anarchy seems destined to continue unchecked. + +In fact, new conflicts loom on the horizon. The Indian masses, so docile +to the genuine white man, begin to stir. The aureole of white prestige has +been besmirched by the near-whites and half-castes who have traded so +recklessly upon its sanctions. Strong in the poise of normal heredity, the +Indian full-blood commences to despise these chaotic masters who turn his +homelands into bear-gardens and witches' sabbaths. An "Indianista" +movement is to-day on foot throughout mongrel-ruled America. It is most +pronounced in Mexico, whose interminable agony becomes more and more a war +of Indian resurgence, but it is also starting along the west coast of +South America. Long ago, wise old Professor Pearson saw how the wind was +blowing. Noting how whites and near-whites were "everywhere fighting and +intriguing for the spoils of office," he also noted that the Indian +masses, though relatively passive and "seemingly unobservant," were yet +"conquering a place for themselves in other ways than by increasing and +multiplying," and he concluded: "the general level of the autochthonous +race is being raised; it is acquiring riches and self-respect, and must +sooner or later get the country back into its hands."[76] Recent visitors +to the South American west coast note the signs of Indian unrest. Some +years ago Lord Bryce remarked of Bolivia: "There have been Indian risings, +and firearms are more largely in their hands than formerly. They so +preponderate in numbers that any movement which united them against the +upper class might, could they find a leader, have serious +consequences."[77] Still more recently Professor Ross wrote concerning +Peru: "In Cuzco I met a gentleman of education and travel who is said to +be the only living lineal descendant of the Incas. He has great influence +with the native element and voices their bitterness and their aspirations. +He declares that the politics of Peru is a struggle between the Spanish +mestizos of Lima and the coast and the natives of Cuzco and the interior, +and predicts an uprising unless Cuzco is made the capital of the nation. +He even dreams of a Kechua republic, with Cuzco as its capital and the +United States its guarantor, as she is guarantor of the Cuban +republic."[78] And of Bolivia, Professor Ross writes: "Lately there has +been a general movement of the Bolivian Indians for the recovery of the +lands of which they have been robbed piecemeal. Conflicts have broken out +and, although the government has punished the ringleaders, there is a +feeling that, so long as the exploiting of the Indian goes on, Bolivians +are living 'in the crater of a slumbering volcano.'"[79] + +Since the white man has gone and the Indian is preparing to wrest the +sceptre of authority from the mongrel's worthless hands, let us examine +this Indian race, to see what potentiality it possesses of restoring order +and initiating progress. + +To begin with, there can be no doubt that the Indian is superior to the +negro. The negro, even when quickened by foreign influences, never built +up anything approaching a real civilization; whereas the Indian, though +entirely sundered from the rest of mankind, evolved genuine polities and +cultures like the Aztec of Mexico, the Inca of Peru, and the Maya of +Yucatan. The Indian thus possesses creative capacity to an appreciable +degree. However, that degree seems strictly limited. The researches of +archæologists have sadly discounted the glowing tales of the +Conquistadores, and the "Empires" of Mexico and Peru, though far from +contemptible, certainly rank well below the achievements of European and +Asiatic races in mediæval and even in classic times. + +The Indian possesses notable stability and poise, but the very intensity +of these qualities fetters his progress and renders questionable his +ability to rise to the modern plane. His conservatism is immense. With +incredible tenacity he clings to his ancestral ways and exhibits a dull +indifference to alien innovation. Of course the Indian sub-races differ +considerably among themselves, but the same fundamental tendencies are +visible in all of them. Says Professor Ellsworth Huntington: "The Indians +are very backward. They are dull of mind and slow to adopt new ideas. +Perhaps in the future they will change, but the fact that they have been +influenced so little by four hundred years of contact with the white man +does not afford much ground for hope. Judging from the past, there is no +reason to think that their character is likely to change for many +generations.... Those who dwell permanently in the white man's cities are +influenced somewhat, but here as in other cases the general tendency seems +to be to revert to the original condition as soon as the special impetus +of immediate contact with the white man is removed."[80] And Lord Bryce +writes in similar vein: "With plenty of stability, they lack initiative. +They make steady soldiers, and fight well under white or mestizo leaders, +but one seldom hears of a pure Indian accomplishing anything or rising +either through war or politics, or in any profession, above the level of +his class...."[81] + +The truth about the Indian seems to be substantially this: Left alone, he +would probably have continued to progress, albeit much more slowly than +either white or Asiatic peoples. But the Indian was not left alone. On the +contrary, he was suddenly felled by brutal and fanatical conquerors, who +uprooted his native culture and plunged him into abject servitude. The +Indian's spiritual past was shorn away and his evolution was perverted. +Prevented from developing along his own lines, and constitutionally +incapable of adapting himself to the ways of his Spanish conquerors, the +Indian vegetated, learning nothing and forgetting much that he knew. This +has continued for four hundred years. Is it not likely that his ancestral +aptitudes have atrophied or decayed? Slavery and mental sloth have indeed +scarred him with their fell stigmata. Says Garcia-Calderon: "Without +sufficient food, without hygiene, a distracted and laborious beast, he +decays and perishes; to forget the misery of his daily lot he drinks, +becomes an alcoholic, and his numerous progeny present the characteristics +of degeneracy."[82] + +Furthermore, the Indian degenerates from another cause--mongrelization. +Miscegenation is a dual process. It works upward and downward at one and +the same time. In Latin America hybridization has been prodigious, the +hybrids to-day numbering millions. In some regions, as in Venezuela and +parts of Central America, there are very few full-blooded Indians left, +hybrids forming practically the entire population. Now, on the whole, the +white or "mestizo" crossing seems hurtful to the Indian, for what he gains +in intelligence he more than loses in character. But the mestizo crossing +is not the worst. There is another, much graver, racial danger. The hot +coastlands swarm with negroes, and the zambo or negro-Indian is +universally adjudged the worst of matings. Thus, for the Indian, white +blood appears harmful, while black blood is absolutely fatal. Yet the +mongrelizing tide sweeps steadily on. The Indian draws no "color line," +and continually impairs the purity of his blood and the poise of his +heredity. + +Bearing all the above facts in mind, can we believe the Indian capable of +drawing mongrel-ruled America from its slough of despond? Can he set it on +the path of orderly progress? It does not seem possible. Assuming for the +sake of argument complete freedom from foreign intervention, the Indian +might in time displace his mongrel rulers--provided he himself were not +also mongrelized. But the present "Indianista" movement is not a sign of +Indian political efficiency; not the harbinger of an Indian "renaissance." +It is the instinctive turning of the harried beast on his tormentor. +Maddened by the cruel vagaries of mongrel rule and increasingly conscious +of the mongrel's innate worthlessness, the Indian at last bares his teeth. +Under civilized white tutelage the "Indianista" movement would have been +practically inconceivable. + +However, guesses as to the final outcome of an Indian-mongrel conflict are +academic speculation, because mongrel America will not be left to itself. +Mongrel America cannot stand alone. Indeed, it never has stood alone, for +it has always been bolstered up by the Monroe Doctrine. But for our +protection, outside forces would have long since rushed into this +political and economic vacuum, and every omen to-day denotes that this +vacuum, like all others, will presently be filled. A world close packed as +never before will not tolerate countries that are a torment to themselves +and a dangerous nuisance to their neighbors. A world half bankrupt will +not allow vast sources of potential wealth to lie in hands which idle or +misuse. Thus it is practically certain that mongrel America will presently +pass under foreign tutelage. Exactly how, is not yet clear. It may be done +by the United States alone, or, what is more probable, in "Pan-American" +co-operation with the lusty young white nations of the antipodean south. +It may be done by an even larger combination, including some European +states. After all, the details of such action do not lie within the scope +of this book, since they fall exclusively within the white man's sphere of +activity. + +There is, however, another dynamic which might transform mongrel America. +This dynamic is yellow Asia. The Far East teems with virile and laborious +life. It thrills to novel ambitions and desires. Avid with the urge of +swarming myriads, it hungrily seeks outlets for its superabundant +vitality. We have already seen how the Mongolian has earmarked the whole +Far East for his own, and in subsequent pages we shall see how he also +beats restlessly against the white world's race-frontiers. But mongrel +America! What other field offers such tempting possibilities for Mongolian +race-expansion? Vast regions of incalculable, unexploited wealth, sparsely +inhabited by stagnant populations cursed with anarchy and feeble from +miscegenation--how could such lands resist the onslaught of tenacious and +indomitable millions? The answer is self-evident. They could not resist; +and such an invasion, once begun, would be consummated with a celerity and +thoroughness perhaps unexampled in human history. + +Now the yellow world is alive to this momentous possibility. Japan, in +particular, has glimpsed in Latin America precious avenues to that racial +expansion which is the key-note of Japanese foreign policy. For years +Japanese statesmen and publicists have busied themselves with the problem. +The Chinese had, in fact, already pointed the way, for during the later +decades of the nineteenth century Chinamen frequented Latin America's +Pacific coast, economically vanquishing the natives with ease, and +settling in Peru in such numbers that the alarmed Peruvians hastily +stopped the inflow by drastic exclusion acts. The successes of these +Chinese pioneers, humble coolies entirely without official backing, have +fired the Japanese imagination. The Japanese press has long discussed +Latin America in optimistic vein. Count Okuma is a good exemplar of these +Japanese aspirations. Some years ago he told the American sociologist +Professor Ross: "South America, especially the northern part, will furnish +ample room for our surplus."[83] To his fellow countrymen Count Okuma was +still more specific. In 1907 he stated in the Tokio _Economist_ that the +Japanese were to overspread the earth like a cloud of locusts, alighting +on the North American coasts, and swarming into Central and South America. +Count Okuma expressed a strong preference for Latin American countries as +fields for Japanese immigration, because most of them were "much easier to +include within the sphere of influence of Japan in the future."[84] + +And the Japanese have supplemented words with deeds. Especially since +1914, Japanese activity in Latin America has been ubiquitous and +striking. The west coast of South America, in particular, is to-day +flooded with Japanese goods, merchants, commercial missions, and financial +agents seeking concessions of every kind. Our State Department has had to +exercise special vigilance concerning Japanese concession-hunting in +Mexico. + +Japan's present activity is of course mere reconnoitring--testings and +mappings of terrain for possible later action on a more extensive scale. +One thing alone gives Japan pause--our veto. Japan knows that real +aggression against our southern neighbors would spell war with the United +States. Japan does not contemplate war with us at present. She has many +fish to fry in the Far East. So in Latin America she plays safe. But she +bides her time. In Latin America itself she has friends--even partisans. +Japan seeks to mobilize to her profit that distrust of the "Yanqui" which +permeates Latin America. The half-castes, in particular, rage at our +"color line" and see in the United States the Nemesis of their anarchic +misrule. They flout the Monroe Doctrine, caress dreams of Japanese aid, +and welcome Nippon's pose as the champion of color throughout the world. + +Japanese activities in Mexico are of especial interest. Here Japan has +three strong strings to her bow: (1) patriotic dislike of the United +States; (2) mestizo hatred of the white "gringo"; (3) the Indianista +movement. In Mexico the past decade of revolutionary turmoil has developed +into a complicated race-war of the mestizos against the white or +near-white upper class and of the Indian full-bloods against both whites +and mestizos. The one bond of union is dislike of the gringo, which often +rises to fanatical hatred. Our war against Mexico in 1847 has never been +forgotten, and many Mexicans cherish hopes of revenge and even aspire to +recover the territories then ceded to us. During the early stages of the +European War our military unpreparedness and apparent pacifism actually +emboldened some Mexican hotheads to concoct the notorious "Plan of San +Diego." The conspirators plotted to rouse the Mexican population of our +southern border, sow disaffection among our Southern negroes, and explode +the mine at the psychological moment by means of a "Reconquering Equitable +Army" invading Texas. Our whole Southwest was to be rejoined to Mexico, +while our Southern States were to form a black republic. The projected war +was conceived strictly in terms of race, the reconquering equitable army +to be composed solely of "Latins," negroes, and Japanese. The racial +results were to be decisive, for the entire white population of both our +South and Southwest was to be pitilessly massacred. Of course the plot +completely miscarried, and sporadic attempts to invade Texas during 1915 +were easily repulsed. + +Nevertheless, this incident reveals the trend of many Mexican minds. The +framers of the "Plan of San Diego" were not ignorant peons, but persons of +some standing. The outrages and tortures inflicted upon numerous Americans +in Mexico during recent years are further indications of that wide-spread +hatred which expresses itself in vitriolic outbursts like the following +editorial of a Mexican provincial paper, written during our chase after +the bandit Villa in 1916: "Above all, do not forget that at a time of +national need, humanity is a crime and frightfulness is a virtue. Pull out +eyes, snatch out hearts, tear open breasts, drink--if you can--the blood +in the skulls of the invaders from the cities of Yankeeland. In defense of +liberty be a Nero, be a Caligula--that is to be a good patriot. Peace +between Mexico and the United States will be closed in throes of terror +and barbarism."[85] + +All this is naturally grist for the Japanese mill. Especially interesting +are Japanese attempts to play upon Mexican Indianista sentiment. Japanese +writers point out physical and cultural similarities between the Mexican +native races and themselves, deducing therefrom innate racial affinities +springing from the remote and forgotten past. All possible sympathetic +changes were rung during the diplomatic mission of Señor de la Barra to +Japan at the beginning of 1914. His reception in Tokio was a memorable +event. Señor de la Barra was greeted by cheering multitudes, and on every +occasion the manifold bonds between the two peoples were emphasized. This +of course occurred before the European War. During the war +Japanese-Mexican relations remained amicable. So far as official evidence +goes, the Japanese Government has never entered into any understandings +with the Mexican Government, though some Mexicans have hinted at a secret +agreement, and one Mexican writer, Gutierrez de Lara, asserts that in 1912 +Francisco Madero, then President, "threw himself into the arms of Japan," +and goes on: "We are well aware of the importance of this statement and of +its tremendous international significance, but we make it deliberately +with full confidence in our authority. Not only did Madero enlist the +ardent support of the South American republics in the cause of Mexico's +inviolability, but he entered into negotiations with the Japanese minister +in Mexico City for a close offensive and defensive alliance with Japan to +checkmate United States aggression. When during the fateful twelve days' +battle in Mexico City a rumor of American intervention, more alarming than +usual, was communicated to Madero, he remarked coldly that he was +thoroughly anxious for that intervention, for he was confident of the +surprise the American Government would receive in discovering that they +had to deal with Japan."[86] + +But, after all, an official Japanese-Mexican understanding is not the +fundamental issue. The really significant thing is Mexican popular +antagonism to the United States, which is so wide-spread that Japan could +in a crisis probably count on Mexican benevolent neutrality if not on +Mexican support. The present Carranza government of Mexico is of course +notoriously anti-American. Its consistent policy, notably revealed in its +complaisance toward Germany and its intrigues with other anti-American +régimes like those of Colombia and Venezuela, makes Mexico the centre of +anti-Americanism in Latin America. As for the numerous Japanese residents +in Mexico, they have lost no opportunity to abet this attitude. Here, for +instance, is the text of a manifesto signed by prominent members of the +Japanese colony during the American-Mexican crisis of 1916: "Japanese: +Mexico is a friendly nation. Our commercial bonds with her are great. She +is, like us, a nation of heroes who will never consent to the +world-domination of a hard and brutal race, as are the Yankees. We cannot +abandon Mexico in her struggle against a nation supposedly stronger. The +Mexicans know how to defend themselves, but there is lacking aid which we +can furnish. If the Yankees invade Mexico, if they seize the California +coasts, Japanese commerce and the Japanese navy will face a grave peril. +The Yankees believe us impotent because of the European War, and we will +be expelled from American soil and our children from American schools. We +will aid the Mexicans. We will aid Mexico against Yankee rapacity. This +great and beautiful country is a victim of Yankee hatred toward Japan. Our +indifference would be a lack of patriotism, since the Yankees already are +against us and our divine Emperor. They have seized Hawaii, they have +seized the Philippine Islands, near our coasts, and are now about to +crush under foot our friend and possible ally, and injure our commerce and +imperil our naval power."[87] + +The fact is that Latin America's attitude toward the yellow world tends +everywhere to crystallize along race lines. The half-castes, naturally +hostile to the United States, see in Japan a welcome offset to the +"Colossus of the North." The self-conscious Indianista elements likewise +heed Japanese suggestions of ethnic affinity. On the other hand, the +whites and near-whites instinctively react against Japanese advances. Even +those who have no love for the Yankee see in the Mongolian the greatest of +perils. Garcia-Calderon typifies this point of view. He dreads our +imperialistic tendencies, yet he reproves those Latin Americans who, in a +Japanese-American clash, would favor Japan. "Victorious," he writes, "the +Japanese would invade Western America and convert the Pacific into a vast +closed sea, closed to foreign ambitions, _mare nostrum_, peopled with +Japanese colonies. The Japanese hegemony would not be a mere change of +tutelage for the nations of America. In spite of essential differences, +the Latins oversea have certain common ties with the people of the +(United) States: a long-established religion, Christianity, and a +coherent, European, Occidental civilization. Perhaps there is some obscure +fraternity between the Japanese and the American Indians, between the +yellow men of Nippon and the copper-colored Quechuas, a disciplined and +sober people. But the ruling race, the dominant type of Spanish origin, +which imposes the civilization of the white man upon America, is hostile +to the entire invading East."[88] + +White men throughout Latin America generally echo these sentiments. Chile +and Argentina repulse Oriental immigration, and the white oligarchs of +Peru dread keenly Japanese designs directed so specifically against their +country. Very recently a Peruvian, Doctor Jorge M. Corbacho,[89] wrote +most bitterly about the Japanese infiltration into Peru and adjacent +Bolivia, while some years ago Señor Augustin Edwards, owner of the leading +Chilean periodical, _El Mercurio_, denounced Count Okuma's menaces and +called for a Pan-American rampart against Asia from Behring Strait to Cape +Horn. "Japanese immigration," asserted Señor Edwards, "must be firmly +opposed, not only in South America, but in the whole American continent. +The same remark applies to Chinese immigration.... In short, these threats +of Okuma should induce the nations of South America to adopt the Monroe +Doctrine--an invincible weapon against the plans and intentions of that +'Empire of the Orient,' which has so lately risen up to new life, and +already manifests so dire a greed of conquest."[90] From Central America +similar voices arise. A Salvadorean writer urges political federation +with the United States as the sole refuge against the "Yellow Peril," to +avoid becoming "slaves and utterly insignificant";[91] and a well-known +Nicaraguan politician, Señor Moncada,[92] writes in similar vein. + +The momentous implications of Mongolian pressure upon Latin America are +admirably described by Professor Ross. "Provided that no barrier be +interposed to the inflow from man-stifled Asia," he says, "it is well +within the bounds of probability that by the close of this century South +America will be the home of twenty or thirty millions of Orientals and +descendants of Orientals.... But Asiatic immigration of such volume would +change profoundly the destiny of South America. For one thing, it would +forestall and frustrate that great immigration of Europeans which South +American statesmen are counting on to relieve their countries from mestizo +unprogressiveness and misgovernment. The white race would withhold its +increase or look elsewhere for outlets; for those with the higher standard +of comfort always shun competition with those of a lower standard. Again, +large areas of South America might cease to be parts of Christendom. Some +of the republics there might come to be as dependent upon Asiatic Powers +as the Cuban republic is dependent upon the United States."[93] + +Very pertinent is Professor Ross's warning as to the fate of the Indian +population--a warning which Indianista believers in Japanese "affinity" +should seriously take to heart. Whatever might be the lot of the Latin +American whites, Professor Ross points out that "an Asiatic influx would +seal the doom of the Indian element in these countries.... The Indians +could make no effective economic stand against the wide-awake, +resourceful, and aggressive Japanese or Chinese. The Oriental immigrants +could beat the Indians at every point, block every path upward, and even +turn them out of most of their present employments. In great part the +Indians would become a cringing _sudra_ caste, tilling the poorer lands +and confined to the menial or repulsive occupations. Filled with despair, +and abandoning themselves even more than they do now to pisco and coca, +they would shrivel into a numerically negligible element in the +population."[94] + +Such are the underlying factors in the Latin American situation. Once more +we see the essential instability of mere political phenomena. Once more we +see the supreme importance of race. No conquest could have been completer +than that of the Spaniards four centuries ago. The Indians were helpless +as sheep before the mail-clad Conquistadores. And military conquest was +succeeded by complete political domination. The Indian even lost his +cultural heritage, and became a passive tool in the hands of his white +masters. But the Spaniard did not seal his title-deed with the indelible +signet of race. Indian blood remained numerically predominant, and the +conqueror further weakened his tenure by bringing in black blood--the most +irreducible of ethnic factors. The inflow of white blood was small, and +much of what did come lost itself in the dismal swamp of miscegenation. +Lastly, the whites quarrelled among themselves. + +The result was inevitable. The colonial whites triumphed only by aid of +the half-castes, who promptly claimed their reward. A fresh struggle +ensued, ending (save in the antipodean regions) in the triumph of the +half-castes. But these, in turn, had called in the Indians and negroes. +Furthermore, the half-castes recklessly squandered the white political +heritage. So the colored full-bloods stirred in their turn, and a new +movement began which, if allowed to run its natural course, might result +in complete de-Aryanization. In other words, the white race has been going +back, and Latin America has been getting more Indian and negro for the +past hundred years. + +This cycle, however, now nears its end. Latin America will be neither red +nor black. It will ultimately be either white or yellow. The Indian is +patently unable to construct a progressive civilization. As for the negro, +he has proved as incapable in the New World as in the Old. Everywhere his +presence has spelled regression, and his one New World field of +triumph--Haiti--has resulted in an abysmal plunge to the jungle-level of +Guinea and the Congo. Thus is created a political vacuum. And this vacuum +unerring nature makes ready to fill. + +The Latin American situation is, indeed, akin to that of Africa. Latin +America, like Africa, cannot stand alone. An inexorable dilemma impends: +white or yellow. The white man has been first in the field and holds the +central colored zone between two strong bases, north and south, where his +tenure is the unimpeachable title of race. The yellow man has to conquer +every step, though he has already acquired footholds and has behind him +the welling reservoirs of Asia. Nevertheless, white victory in Latin +America is sure--if internecine discord does not rob the white world of +its strength. In Latin America, as in Africa, therefore, the whites must +stand fast--and stand together. + + + + +_PART II_ + +THE EBBING TIDE OF WHITE + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +THE WHITE FLOOD + + +The world-wide expansion of the white race during the four centuries +between 1500 and 1900 is the most prodigious phenomenon in all recorded +history. In my opening pages I sketched both the magnitude of this +expansion and its ethnic and political implications. I there showed that +the white stocks together constitute the most numerous single branch of +the human species, nearly one-third of all the human souls on earth to-day +being whites. I also showed that white men racially occupy four-tenths of +the entire habitable land-area of the globe, while nearly nine-tenths of +this area is under white political control. Such a situation is +unprecedented. Never before has a race acquired such combined +preponderance of numbers and dominion. + +This white expansion becomes doubly interesting when we realize how sudden +was its inception and how rapid its evolution. A single decade before the +voyage of Columbus, he would have been a bold prophet who should have +predicted this high destiny. At the close of the fifteenth century the +white race was confined to western and central Europe, together with +Scandinavia and the northwestern parts of European Russia. The total white +race-area was then not much over 2,000,000 square miles--barely one-tenth +its area to-day. And in numbers the proportion was almost as unfavorable. +At that moment (say, A. D. 1480) England could muster only about 2,000,000 +inhabitants, the entire population of the British Isles not much exceeding +3,000,000 souls. To be sure, the continent was relatively better peopled. +Still, the population of Europe in 1480 was probably not one-sixth that of +1914. + +Furthermore, population had dwindled notably in the preceding one hundred +and fifty years. During the fourteenth century Europe had been hideously +scourged by the "Black Death" (bubonic plague), which carried off fully +one-half of its inhabitants, while thereafter a series of great wars had +destroyed immense numbers of people. These losses had not been repaired. +Mediæval society was a static, equilibrated affair, which did not favor +rapid human multiplication. In fact, European life had been intensive and +recessive ever since the fall of the Roman Empire a thousand years before. +Europe's one mediæval attempt at expansion (the Crusades) had utterly +failed. In fact, far from expanding, white Europe had been continuously +assailed by brown and yellow Asia. Beginning with the Huns in the last +days of Rome, continuing with the Arabs, and ending with the Mongols and +Ottoman Turks, Europe had undergone a millennium of Asiatic aggression; +and though Europe had substantially maintained its freedom, many of its +outlying marches had fallen under Asiatic domination. In 1480, for +example, the Turk was marching triumphantly across southeastern Europe, +embryonic Russia was a Tartar dependency, while the Moor still clung to +southern Spain. + +The outlook for the white race at the close of the fifteenth century thus +seemed gloomy rather than bright. With a stationary or declining +population, exposed to the assaults of powerful external foes, and racked +by internal pains betokening the demise of the mediæval order, white +Europe's future appeared a far from happy one. + +Suddenly, in two short years, all was changed. In 1492 Columbus discovered +America, and in 1494 Vasco da Gama, doubling Africa, found the way to +India. The effect of these discoveries cannot be overestimated. We can +hardly conceive how our mediæval forefathers viewed the ocean. To them the +ocean was a numbing, constricting presence; the abode of darkness and +horror. No wonder mediæval Europe was static, since it faced on ruthless, +aggressive Asia, and backed on nowhere. Then, in the twinkling of an eye, +dead-end Europe became mistress of the ocean--and thereby mistress of the +world. + +No such strategical opportunity had, in fact, ever been vouchsafed. From +classic times down to the end of the fifteenth century, white Europe had +confronted only the most martial and enterprising of Asiatics. With such +peoples war and trade had alike to be conducted on practically equal +terms, and by frontal assault no decisive victory could be won. But, after +the great discoveries, the white man could flank his old opponents. Whole +new worlds peopled by primitive races were unmasked, where the white man's +weapons made victory certain, and whence he could draw stores of wealth to +quicken his home life and initiate a progress that would soon place him +immeasurably above his once-dreaded assailants. + +And the white man proved worthy of his opportunity. His inherent racial +aptitudes had been stimulated by his past. The hard conditions of mediæval +life had disciplined him to adversity and had weeded him by natural +selection. The hammer of Asiatic invasion, clanging for a thousand years +on the brown-yellow anvil, had tempered the iron of Europe into the finest +steel. The white man could think, could create, could fight superlatively +well. No wonder that redskins and negroes feared and adored him as a god, +while the somnolent races of the Farther East, stunned by this strange +apparition rising from the pathless ocean, offered no effective +opposition. + +Thus began the swarming of the whites, like bees from the hive, to the +uttermost ends of the earth. And, in return, Europe was quickened to +intenser vitality. Goods, tools, ideas, men: all were produced at an +unprecedented rate. So, by action and reaction, white progress grew by +leaps and bounds. The Spanish and Portuguese pioneers presently showed +signs of lassitude, but the northern nations--even more vigorous and +audacious--instantly sprang to the front and carried forward the proud +oriflamme of white expansion and world-dominion. For four hundred years +the pace never slackened, and at the close of the nineteenth century the +white man stood the indubitable master of the world. + +Now four hundred years of unbroken triumph naturally bred in the white +race an instinctive belief that its expansion would continue indefinitely, +leading automatically to ever higher and more splendid destinies. Before +the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 the thought that white expansion could be +stayed, much less reversed, never entered the head of one white man in a +thousand. Why should it, since centuries of experience had taught the +exact contrary? The settlement of America, Australasia, and Siberia, where +the few colored aborigines vanished like smoke before the white advance; +the conquest of brown Asia and the partition of Africa, where colored +millions bowed with only sporadic resistance to mere handfuls of whites; +both sets of phenomena combined to persuade the white man that he was +invincible, and that the colored types would everywhere give way before +him and his civilization. The continued existence of dense colored +populations in the tropics was ascribed to climate; and even in the +tropics it was assumed that whites would universally form a governing +caste, directing by virtue of higher intelligence and more resolute will, +and exploiting natural resources to the incalculable profit of the whole +white race. Indeed, some persons believed that the tropics would become +available for white settlement as soon as science had mastered tropical +diseases and had prescribed an adequate hygiene. + +This uncritical optimism, suggested by experience, was fortified by +ill-assimilated knowledge. During the closing decades of the past century, +not only were biology and economics less advanced than to-day, but they +were also infinitely less widely understood, exact knowledge being +confined to academic circles. The general public had only a vulgarized +smattering, mostly crystallizing about catchwords into which men read +their prepossessions and their prejudices. For instance: biologists had +recently formulated the law of the "Survival of the Fittest." This sounded +very well. Accordingly, the public, in conformity with the prevailing +optimism, promptly interpreted "fittest" as synonymous with "best," in +utter disregard of the grim truth that by "fittest" nature denotes only +the type best adapted to existing conditions of environment, and that if +the environment favors a low type, this low type (unless humanly +prevented) will win, regardless of all other considerations. So again with +economics. A generation ago relatively few persons realized that +low-standard men would drive out high-standard men as inevitably as bad +money drives out good, no matter what the results to society and the +future of mankind. These are but two instances of that shallow, cock-sure +nineteenth-century optimism, based upon ignorance and destined to be so +swiftly and tragically disillusioned. + +However, for the moment, ignorance was bliss. Accordingly, the _fin de +siècle_ white world, having partitioned Africa and fairly well dominated +brown Asia, prepared to extend its sway over the one portion of the +colored world which had hitherto escaped subjection--the yellow Far East. +Men began speaking glibly of "manifest destiny" or piously of "the white +man's burden." European publicists wrote didactically on "the break-up of +China," while Russia, bestriding Siberia, dipped behemoth paws in Pacific +waters and eyed Japan. + + +[Illustration: CATEGORIES OF WHITE WORLD-SUPREMACY] + + +Such was the white world's confident, aggressive temper at the close of +the last century. To be sure, voices were occasionally raised warning that +all was not well. Such were the writings of Professor Pearson and Meredith +Townsend. But the white world gave these Cassandras the reception always +accorded prophets of evil in joyous times--it ignored them or laughed them +to scorn. In fact, few of the prophets displayed Pearson's immediate +certainty. Most of them qualified their prophecies with the comforting +assurance that the ills predicted were relatively remote. + +Meredith Townsend is a good case in point. The reader may recall his +prophecy of white expulsion from Asia, quoted in my second chapter.[95] +That prophecy occurs in the preface to the fourth edition, published in +1911, and written in the light of the Russo-Japanese War. Now, of course, +Mr. Townsend's main thesis--Europe's inability permanently to master and +assimilate Asia--had been elaborated by him long before the close of the +nineteenth century. Nevertheless, the preface to the fourth edition speaks +of Europe's failure to conquer Asia as absolute and eviction from present +holdings as probable within a relatively short time; whereas, in his +original introduction, written in 1899, he foresaw a great European +assault upon Asia, which would probably succeed and from which Asia would +shake itself free only after the lapse of more than a century. + +In fact, Mr. Townsend's words of 1899 so exactly portray white confidence +at that moment that I cannot do better than quote him. His object in +publishing his book is, he says, "to make Asia stand out clearer in +English eyes, because it is evident to me that the white races under the +pressure of an entirely new impulse are about to renew their periodic +attempt to conquer or at least to dominate that vast continent.... So +grand is the prize that failures will not daunt the Europeans, still less +alter their conviction. If these movements follow historic lines they will +recur for a time upon a constantly ascending scale, each repulse eliciting +a greater effort, until at last Asia like Africa is 'partitioned,' that +is, each section is left at the disposal of some white people. If Europe +can avoid internal war, or war with a much-aggrandized America, she will +by A. D. 2000 be mistress in Asia, and at liberty, as her people think, to +enjoy."[96] If the reader will compare these lines with Mr. Townsend's +1911 judgment, he will get a good idea of the momentous change wrought in +white minds by Asia's awakening during the first decade of the twentieth +century as typified by the Russo-Japanese War. + +1900 was, indeed, the high-water mark of the white tide which had been +flooding for four hundred years. At that moment the white man stood on the +pinnacle of his prestige and power. Pass four short years, and the flash +of the Japanese guns across the murky waters of Port Arthur harbor +revealed to a startled world--the beginning of the ebb. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +THE BEGINNING OF THE EBB + + +The Russo-Japanese War is one of those landmarks in human history whose +significance increases with the lapse of time. That war was momentous, not +only for what it did, but even more for what it revealed. The legend of +white invincibility was shattered, the veil of prestige that draped white +civilization was torn aside, and the white world's manifold ills were laid +bare for candid examination. + +Of course previous blindness to the trend of things had not been +universal. The white world had had its Cassandras, while keen-sighted +Asiatics had discerned symptoms of white weakness. Nevertheless, so +imposing was the white world's aspect and so unbroken its triumphant +progress that these seers had been a small and discredited minority. The +mass of mankind, white and non-white alike, remained oblivious to signs of +change. + +This, after all, was but natural. Not only had the white advance been +continuous, but its tempo had been ever increasing. The nineteenth +century, in particular, witnessed an unprecedented outburst of white +activity. We have already surveyed white territorial gains, both as to +area of settlement and sphere of political control. But along many other +lines white expansion was equally remarkable. White race-increase--the +basis of all else--was truly phenomenal. In the year 1500 the white race +(then confined to Europe) could not have numbered more than 70,000,000. In +1800 the population of Europe was 150,000,000, while the whites living +outside Europe numbered over 10,000,000. The white race had thus a trifle +more than doubled its numbers in three centuries. But in the year 1900 the +population of Europe was nearly 450,000,000, while the extra-European +whites numbered fully 100,000,000. Thus the whites had increased threefold +in the European homeland, while in the new areas of settlement outside +Europe they had increased tenfold. The total number of whites at the end +of the nineteenth century was thus nearly 550,000,000--a gain in numbers +of almost 400,000,000, or over 400 per cent. This spelled an increase six +times as great as that of the preceding three centuries. + +White race-growth is most strikingly exemplified by the increase of its +most expansive and successful branch--the Anglo-Saxons. In 1480, as +already seen, the population of England proper was not much over +2,000,000. Of course this figure was abnormally low even for mediæval +times, it being due to the terrible vital losses of the Wars of the Roses, +then drawing to a close. A century later, under Elizabeth, the population +of England had risen to 4,000,000. In 1900 the population of England was +31,000,000, and in 1910 it was 35,000,000, the population of the British +Isles at the latter date being 45,500,000. But in the intervening +centuries British blood had migrated to the ends of the earth, so that the +total number of Anglo-Saxons in the world to-day cannot be much less than +100,000,000. This figure includes Scotch and Scotch-Irish strains (which +are of course identical with English in the Anglo-Saxon sense), and adopts +the current estimate that some 50,000,000 of people in the United States +are predominantly of Anglo-Saxon origin. Thus, in four centuries, the +Anglo-Saxons multiplied between forty and fifty fold. + +The prodigious increase of the white race during the nineteenth century +was due not only to territorial expansion but even more to those +astounding triumphs of science and invention which gave the race +unprecedented mastery over the resources of nature. This material advance +is usually known as the "industrial revolution." The industrial revolution +began in the later decades of the eighteenth century, but it matured +during the first half of the nineteenth century, when it swiftly and +utterly transformed the face of things. + +This transformation was, indeed, absolutely unprecedented in the world's +history. Hitherto man's material progress had been a gradual evolution. +With the exception of gunpowder, he had tapped no new sources of material +energy since very ancient times. The horse-drawn mail-coach of our +great-grandfathers was merely a logical elaboration of the horse-drawn +Egyptian chariot; the wind-driven clipper-ship traced its line unbroken to +Ulysses's lateen bark before Troy; while industry still relied on the +brawn of man and beast or upon the simple action of wind and waterfall. +Suddenly all was changed. Steam, electricity, petrol, the Hertzian wave, +harnessed nature's hidden powers, conquered distance, and shrunk the +terrestrial globe to the measure of human hands. Man entered a new +material world, differing not merely in degree but in kind from that of +previous generations. + +When I say "Man," I mean, so far as the nineteenth century was concerned, +the white man. It was the white man's brain which had conceived all this, +and it was the white man alone who at first reaped the benefits. The two +outstanding features of the new order were the rise of machine industry +with its incalculable acceleration of mass-production, and the correlative +development of cheap and rapid transportation. Both these factors favored +a prodigious increase in population, particularly in Europe, since Europe +became the workshop of the world. In fact, during the nineteenth century, +Europe was transformed from a semi-rural continent into a swarming hive of +industry, gorged with goods, capital, and men, pouring forth its wares to +the remotest corners of the earth, and drawing thence fresh stores of raw +material for new fabrication and exchange. The amount of wealth amassed by +the white world in general and by Europe in particular since the beginning +of the nineteenth century is simply incalculable. Some faint conception of +it can be gathered from the growth of world-trade. In the year 1818 the +entire volume of international commerce was valued at only $2,000,000,000. +In other words, after countless millenniums of human life upon our globe, +man had been able to produce only that relatively modest volume of +world-exchange. In 1850 the volume of world-trade had grown to +$4,000,000,000. In 1900 it had increased to $20,000,000,000, and in 1913 +it swelled to the inconceivable total of $40,000,000,000--a twentyfold +increase in a short hundred years. + +Such were the splendid achievements of nineteenth-century civilization. +But there was a seamy side to this cloth of gold. The vices of our age +have been portrayed by a thousand censorious pens, and there is no need +here to recapitulate them. They can mostly be summed up by the word +"Materialism." That absorption in material questions and neglect of +idealistic values which characterized the nineteenth century has been +variously accounted for. But, after all, was it not primarily due to the +profound disturbance caused by drastic environmental change? Civilized man +had just entered a new material world, differing not merely in degree but +in kind from that of his ancestors. It is a scientific truism that every +living organism, in order to survive, must adapt itself to its +environment. Therefore any change of environment must evoke an immediate +readjustment on the part of the organism, and the more pronounced the +environmental change, the more rapid and thoroughgoing the organic +readjustment must be. Above all, speed is essential. Nature brooks no +delay, and the disharmonic organism must attune itself or perish. + +Now, is not readaptation precisely the problem with which civilized man +has been increasingly confronted for the past hundred years? No one surely +can deny that our present environment differs vastly from that of our +ancestors. But if this be so, the necessity for profound and rapid +adaptation becomes equally true. In fact, the race has instinctively +sensed this necessity, and has bent its best energies to the task, +particularly on the materialistic side. That was only natural. The +pioneer's preoccupation with material matters in opening up new country is +self-evident, but what is not so generally recognized is the fact that +nineteenth-century Europe and the eastern United States are in many +respects environmentally "newer" than remote backwoods settlements. + +Of course the changed character of our civilization called for idealistic +adaptations no less sweeping. These were neglected, because their +necessity was not so compellingly patent. Indeed, man was distinctly +attached to his existing idealistic outfit, to the elaboration of which he +had so assiduously devoted himself in former days, and which had fairly +served the requirements of his simpler past. Therefore nineteenth-century +man concentrated intensively, exclusively upon materialistic problems, +feeling that he could thus concentrate because he believed that the +idealistic conquests of preceding epochs had given him sound moral bases +upon which to build the new material edifice. + +Unfortunately, that which had at first been merely a means to an end +presently became an end in itself. Losing sight of his idealisms, +nineteenth-century man evolved a thoroughly materialistic philosophy. The +upshot was a warped, one-sided development which quickly revealed its +unsoundness. The fact that man was much less culpable for his errors than +many moralists aver is quite beside the point, so far as consequences are +concerned. Nature takes no excuses. She demands results, and when these +are not forthcoming she inexorably inflicts her penalties. + +As the nineteenth century drew toward its close the symptoms of a profound +_malaise_ appeared on every side. Even those most fundamental of all +factors, the vitality and quality of the race, were not immune. Vital +statistics began to display features highly disquieting to thoughtful +minds. The most striking of these phenomena was the declining birth-rate +which affected nearly all the white nations toward the close of the +nineteenth century and which in France resulted in a virtually stationary +population. + +Of course the mere fact of a lessened birth-rate, taken by itself, is not +the unmixed evil which many persons assume. Man's potential reproductive +capacity, like that of all other species, is very great. In fact, the +whole course of biological progress has been marked by a steady checking +of that reproductive exuberance which ran riot at the beginning of life on +earth. As Havelock Ellis well says: "Of one minute organism it is +estimated that, if its reproduction were not checked by death or +destruction, in thirty days it would form a mass a million times larger +than the sun. The conger-eel lays 15,000,000 eggs, and if they all grew +up, and reproduced themselves on the same scale, in two years the whole +sea would become a wriggling mass of fish. As we approach the higher forms +of life reproduction gradually dies down. The animals nearest to man +produce few offspring, but they surround them with parental care, until +they are able to lead independent lives with a fair chance of surviving. +The whole process may be regarded as a mechanism for slowly subordinating +quantity to quality, and so promoting the evolution of life to ever higher +stages."[97] + +While man's reproductive power is slight from the standpoint of bacteria +and conger-eels, it is yet far from negligible, as is shown by the +birth-rate of the less-advanced human types at all times, and by the +birth-rate of the higher types under exceptionally favorable +circumstances. The nineteenth century was one of these favorable +occasions. In the new areas of settlement outside Europe, vast regions +practically untenanted by colored competitors invited the white colonists +to increase and multiply; while Europe itself, though historically "old +country," was so transformed environmentally by the industrial revolution +that it suddenly became capable of supporting a much larger population +than heretofore. By the close of the century, however, the most pressing +economic stimuli to rapid multiplication had waned in Europe and in many +of the race dependencies. Therefore the rate of increase, even under the +most favorable biological circumstances, should have shown a decline. + +The trouble was that this diminishing human output was of less and less +biological value. Wherever one looked in the white world, it was precisely +those peoples of highest genetic worth whose birth-rate fell off most +sharply, while within the ranks of the several peoples it was those social +classes containing the highest proportion of able strains which were +contributing the smallest quotas to the population. Everywhere the better +types (on which the future of the race depends) were numerically +stationary or dwindling, while conversely, the lower types were gaining +ground, their birth-rate showing relatively slight diminution. + +This "disgenic" trend, so ominous for the future of the race, is a +melancholy commonplace of our time, and many efforts have been made to +measure its progress in economic or social terms. One of the most striking +and easily measured examples, however, is furnished by the category of +race. As explained in the Introduction, the white race divides into three +main sub-species--the Nordics, the Alpines, and the Mediterraneans. All +three are good stocks, ranking in genetic worth well above the various +colored races. However, there seems to be no question that the Nordic is +far and away the most valuable type; standing, indeed, at the head of the +whole human genus. As Madison Grant well expresses it, the Nordic is "The +Great Race." + +Now it is the Nordics who are most affected by the disgenic aspects of our +civilization. In the newer areas of white settlement like our Pacific +coast or the Canadian Northwest, to be sure, the Nordics even now thrive +and multiply. But in all those regions which typify the transformation of +the industrial revolution, the Nordics do not fit into the altered +environment as well as either Alpines or Mediterraneans, and hence tend to +disappear. Before the industrial revolution the Nordic's chief eliminator +was war. His pre-eminent fighting ability, together with the position of +leadership which he had generally acquired, threw on his shoulders the +brunt of battle and exposed him to the greatest losses, whereas the more +stolid Alpine and the less robust Mediterranean stayed at home and +reproduced their kind. The chronic turmoil of both the mediæval and modern +periods imposed a perpetual drain on the Nordic stock, while the era of +discovery and colonization which began with the sixteenth century further +depleted the Nordic ranks in Europe, since it was adventurous Nordics who +formed the overwhelming majority of explorers and pioneers to new lands. +Thus, even at the end of the eighteenth century, Europe was much less +Nordic than it had been a thousand years before. + +Nevertheless, down to the close of the eighteenth century, the Nordics +suffered from no other notable handicaps than war and migration, and even +enjoyed some marked advantages. Being a high type, the Nordic is naturally +a "high standard" man. He requires healthful living conditions, and +quickly pines when deprived of good food, fresh air, and exercise. Down to +the close of the eighteenth century, Europe was predominantly +agricultural. In cool northern and central Europe, therefore, environment +actually favored the big, blond Nordics, especially as against the +slighter, less muscular Mediterranean; while in the hotter south the +Nordic upper class, being the rulers, were protected from field labor, and +thus survived as an aristocracy. In peaceful times, therefore, the Nordics +multiplied and repaired the gaps wrought by proscription and war. + +The industrial revolution, however, profoundly modified this state of +things. Europe was transformed from an agricultural to an urbanized, +industrial area. Numberless cities and manufacturing centres grew up, +where men were close packed and were subjected to all the evils of +congested living. Of course such conditions are not ideal for any stock. +Nevertheless, the Nordic suffered more than any one else. The cramped +factory and the crowded city weeded out the big, blond Nordic with +portentous rapidity, whereas the little brunet Mediterranean, in +particular, adapted himself to the operative's bench or the clerk's stool, +prospered--and reproduced his kind. + +The result of these new handicaps, combined with the continuance of the +traditional handicaps (war and migration), has been a startling decrease +of Nordics all over Europe throughout the nineteenth century, with a +corresponding resurgence of the Alpine, and still more of the +Mediterranean, elements. In the United States it has been the same story. +Our country, originally settled almost exclusively by Nordics, was toward +the close of the nineteenth century invaded by hordes of immigrant Alpines +and Mediterraneans, not to mention Asiatic elements like Levantines and +Jews. As a result, the Nordic native American has been crowded out with +amazing rapidity by these swarming, prolific aliens, and after two short +generations he has in many of our urban areas become almost extinct. + +The racial displacements induced by a changed economic or social +environment are, indeed, almost incalculable. Contrary to the popular +belief, nothing is more _unstable_ than the ethnic make-up of a people. +Above all, there is no more absurd fallacy than the shibboleth of the +"melting-pot." As a matter of fact, the melting-pot may mix but does not +melt. Each race-type, formed ages ago, and "set" by millenniums of +isolation and inbreeding, is a stubbornly persistent entity. Each type +possesses a special set of characters: not merely the physical characters +visible to the naked eye, but moral, intellectual, and spiritual +characters as well. All these characters are transmitted substantially +unchanged from generation to generation. To be sure, where members of the +same race-stock intermarry (as English and Swedish Nordics, or French and +British Mediterraneans), there seems to be genuine amalgamation. In most +other cases, however, the result is not a blend but a mechanical mixture. +Where the parent stocks are very diverse, as in matings between whites, +negroes, and Amerindians, the offspring is a mongrel--a walking chaos, so +consumed by his jarring heredities that he is quite worthless. We have +already viewed the mongrel and his works in Latin America. + +Such are the two extremes. Where intermarriage takes place between stocks +relatively near together, as in crossings between the main divisions of +the white species, the result may not be bad, and is sometimes distinctly +good. Nevertheless, there is no true amalgamation. The different +race-characters remain distinct in the mixed offspring. If the race-types +have generally intermarried, the country is really occupied by two or more +races, the races always tending to sort themselves out again as pure types +by Mendelian inheritance. Now one of these race-types will be favored by +the environment, and it will accordingly tend to gain at the other's +expense, while conversely the other types will tend to be bred out and to +disappear. Sometimes a modification of the environment through social +changes will suddenly reverse this process and will penalize a hitherto +favored type. We then witness a "resurgence," or increase, of the +previously submerged element. + +A striking instance of this is going on in England. England is inhabited +by two race-stocks--Nordics and Mediterraneans. Down to the eighteenth +century, England, being an agricultural country with a cool climate, +favored the Nordics, and but for the Nordic handicaps of war and +migration the Mediterraneans might have been entirely eliminated. Two +hundred years ago the Mediterranean element in England was probably very +small. The industrial revolution, however, reversed the selective process, +and to-day the small, dark types in England increase noticeably with every +generation. The swart "cockney" is a resurgence of the primitive +Mediterranean stock, and is probably a faithful replica of his ancestors +of Neolithic times. + +Such was the ominous "seamy side" of nineteenth-century civilization. The +regressive trend was, in fact, a vicious circle. An ill-balanced, faulty +environment penalized the superior strains and favored the inferior types; +while, conversely, the impoverishing race-stocks, drained of their +geniuses and overloading with dullards and degenerates, were increasingly +unable to evolve environmental remedies. + +Thus, by action and reaction, the situation grew steadily worse, +disclosing its parlous state by numberless symptoms of social ill-health. +All the unlovely _fin de siècle_ phenomena, such as the decay of ideals, +rampant materialism, political disruption, social unrest, and the +"decadence" of art and literature, were merely manifestations of the same +basic ills. + +Of course a thoughtful minority, undazzled by the prevalent optimism, +pointed out evils and suggested remedies. Unfortunately these "remedies" +were superficial, because the reformers confused manifestations with +causes and combated symptoms instead of fighting the disease. For +example: the white world's troubles were widely ascribed to the loss of +its traditional ideals, especially the decay of religious faith. But, as +the Belgian sociologist Réné Gérard acutely remarks, "to reason in this +manner is, we think, to mistake the effect for the cause. To believe that +philosophic and religious doctrines create morals and civilizations is a +seductive error, but a fatal one. To transplant the beliefs and the +institutions of a people to new regions in the hope of transplanting +thither their virtues and their civilization as well is the vainest of +follies.... The greater or less degree of vigor in a people depends on the +power of its vital instinct, of its greater or less faculty for adapting +itself to and dominating the conditions of the moment. When the vital +instinct of a people is healthy, it readily suggests to the people the +religious and moral doctrines which assure its survival. It is not, +therefore, because a people possesses a definite belief that it is healthy +and vigorous, but rather because the people is healthy and vigorous that +it adopts or invents the belief which is useful to itself. In this way, it +is not because it ceases to believe that it falls into decay, it is +because it is in decay that it abandons the fertile dream of its ancestors +without replacing this by a new dream, equally fortifying and creative of +energy."[98] + +Thus we return once more to the basic principle of race. For what is +"vital instinct" but the imperious urge of superior heredity? As Madison +Grant well says: "The lesson is always the same, namely, that race is +everything. Without race there can be nothing except the slave wearing his +master's clothes, stealing his master's proud name, adopting his master's +tongue, and living in the crumbling ruins of his master's palace."[99] + +The disastrous consequences of failure to realize this basic truth is +nowhere more strikingly exemplified than in the field of white +world-politics during the half-century preceding the Great War. That +period was dominated by two antithetical schools of political thinking: +national-imperialism and internationalism. Swayed by the ill-balanced +spirit of the times, both schools developed extremist tendencies; the +former producing such monstrous aberrations as Pan-Germanism and +Pan-Slavism, the latter evolving almost equally vicious concepts like +cosmopolitanism and proletarianism. The adherents of these rival schools +combated one another and wrangled among themselves. They both disregarded +the basic significance of race, together with its immediate corollary, the +essential solidarity of the white world. + +As a matter of fact, white solidarity has been one of the great constants +of history. For ages the white peoples have possessed a true "symbiosis" +or common life, ceaselessly mingling their bloods and exchanging their +ideas. Accordingly, the various white nations which are the race's +political expression may be regarded as so many planets gravitating about +the sun of a common civilization. No such sustained and intimate +race-solidarity has ever before been recorded in human annals. Not even +the solidarity of the yellow peoples is comparable in scope. + +Of course the white world's internal frictions have been legion, and at +certain times these frictions have become so acute that white men have +been led to disregard or even to deny their fundamental unity. This is +perhaps also because white solidarity is so pervasive that we _live in +it_, and thus ordinarily do not perceive it any more than we do the air we +breathe. Should white men ever really lose their instinct of +race-solidarity, they would asphyxiate racially as swiftly and surely as +they would asphyxiate physically if the atmospheric oxygen should suddenly +be withdrawn. However, down to 1914 at least, the white world never came +within measurable distance of this fatal possibility. On the contrary, the +white peoples were continually expressing their fundamental solidarity by +various unifying concepts like the "Pax Romana" of antiquity, the "Civitas +Dei" or Christian commonwealth of the Middle Ages, and the "European +Concert" of nineteenth-century diplomacy. + +It was typical of the _malaise_ which was overtaking the white world that +the close of the nineteenth century should have witnessed an ominous +ignoring of white solidarity; that national-imperialists should have +breathed mutual slaughter while internationalists caressed visions of +"human solidarity" culminating in universal race-amalgamation; lastly, +that Asia's incipient revolt against white supremacy, typified by the +Russo-Japanese War, should have found zealous white sponsors and abetters. + +Nothing, indeed, better illustrates the white world's unsoundness at the +beginning of the present century than its reaction to the Russo-Japanese +conflict. The tremendous significance of that event was no more lost upon +the whites than it was upon the colored peoples. Most far-seeing white men +recognized it as an omen of evil import for their race-future. And yet, +even in the first access of apprehension, these same persons generally +admitted that they saw no prospect of healing, constructive action to +remedy the ills which were driving the white world along the downward +path. Analyzing the possibility of Europe's presenting a common front to +the perils disclosed by the Japanese victories, the French publicist Réné +Pinon sadly concluded in the negative, believing that political passions, +social hates, and national rivalries would speak louder than the general +interest. "Contemporary Europe," he wrote, in 1905, "is probably not ready +to receive and understand the lesson of the war. What are the examples of +history to those gigantic commercial houses, uneasy for their New Year's +balances, which are our modern nations? It is in the nature of States +founded on mercantilism to content themselves with a hand-to-mouth policy, +without general views or idealism, satisfied with immediate gains and +unable to prepare against a distant future. + +"Whence, in the Europe of to-day, could come the principle of an +_entente_, and on what could it be based? Too many divergent interests, +too many rival ambitions, too many festering hates, too many 'dead who +speak,' are present to stifle the voice of Europe's conscience. + +"However menacing the external danger, we fear that political rancors +would not down; that the enemy from without would find accomplices, or at +least unconscious auxiliaries, within. Far more than in its regiments and +battleships, the power of Japan lies in our discords, in the absence of an +ideal capable of lifting the European peoples above the daily pursuit of +immediate interests, capable of stirring their hearts with the thrill of a +common emotion. The true 'Yellow Peril' lies within us."[100] + +Réné Pinon was a true prophet. Not only was the "writing on the wall" not +taken to heart, the decade following the Russo-Japanese conflict witnessed +a prodigious aggravation of all the ills which had afflicted white +civilization during the nineteenth century. As if scourged by a tragic +fate, the white world hurtled along the downward path, until it entered +the fell shadow of--the modern Peloponnesian War. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +THE MODERN PELOPONNESIAN WAR + + +The Peloponnesian War was the suicide of Greek civilization. It is the +saddest page of history. In the brief Periclean epoch preceding the +catastrophe Hellas had shone forth with unparalleled splendor, and even +those wonderful achievements seemed but the prelude to still loftier +heights of glory. On the eve of its self-immolation the Greek race, far +from being exhausted, was bubbling over with exuberant vitality and +creative genius. + +But the half-blown rose was nipped by the canker of discord. Jealous +rivalries and mad ambitions smouldered till they burst into a consuming +flame. For a generation Hellas tore itself to pieces in a delirium of +fratricidal strife. And even this was not the worst. The "peace" which +closed the Peloponnesian War was no peace. It was a mere truce, dictated +by the victors of the moment to sullen and vengeful enemies. Imposed by +the sword and infused with no healing or constructive virtue, the +Peloponnesian War was but the first of a war cycle which completed +Hellas's ruin. + +The irreparable disaster had, indeed, occurred: the gulfs of sundering +hatred had become fixed, and the sentiment of Greek race-unity was +destroyed. Having lost its soul, the Greek race soon lost its body as +well. Drained of its best strains, the diminished remnant bowed to +foreign masters and bastardized its blood with the hordes of inferior +aliens who swarmed into the land. By the time of the Roman conquest the +Greeks were degenerate, and the Roman epithet "Græculus" was a term of +deserved contempt. + +Thus perished the Greeks--the fairest slip that ever budded on the tree of +life. They perished by their own hands, in the flower of their youth, +carrying with them to the grave, unborn, potencies which might have +blessed and brightened the world for ages. Nature is inexorable. No living +being stands above her law; and protozoön or demigod, if they transgress, +alike must die. + +The Greek tragedy should be a warning to our own day. Despite many +unlikenesses, the nineteenth century was strangely reminiscent of the +Periclean age. In creative energy and fecund achievement, surely, its like +had not been seen since "the glory that was Greece," and the way seemed +opening to yet higher destinies. + +But the brilliant sunrise was presently dimmed by gathering clouds. The +birth of the twentieth century was attended with disquieting omens. The +ills which had afflicted the preceding epoch grew more acute, +synchronizing into an all-pervading, militant unrest. The spirit of change +was in the air. Ancient ideals and shibboleths withered before the fiery +breath of a destructive criticism, while the solid crust of tradition +cracked and heaved under the premonitory tremors of volcanic forces +working far below. Everywhere were seen bursting forth increasingly acute +eruptions of human energy: a triumph of the dynamic over the static +elements of life; a growing preference for violent and revolutionary, as +contrasted with peaceful and evolutionary, solutions, running the whole +politico-social gamut from "Imperialism" to "Syndicalism." Everywhere +could be discerned the spirit of unrest setting the stage for the great +catastrophe. + +Grave disorders were simply inevitable. They might perhaps have been +localized. They might even have taken other forms. But the ills of our +civilization were too deep-seated to have avoided grave disturbances. The +Prussian plotters of "Weltmacht" did, indeed, precipitate the impending +crisis in its most virulent and concentrated form, yet after all they were +but sublimations of the abnormal trend of the times. + +The best proof of this is the white world's acutely pathological condition +during the entire decade previous to the Great War. That fierce quest +after alliances and mad piling-up of armaments; those paroxysmal "crises" +which racked diplomacy's feverish frame; those ferocious struggles which +desolated the Balkans: what were all these but symptoms denoting a +consuming disease? To-day, by contrast, we think of the Great War as +having smitten a world basking in profound peace. What a delusion! Cast +back the mind's eye, and recall how hectic was the eve of the Great War, +not merely in politics but in most other fields as well. Those opening +months of 1914! Why, Europe seethed from end to end! When the Great War +began, England was on the verge of civil strife, Russia was in the throes +of an acute social revolt, Italy had just passed through a "red week" +threatening anarchy, and every European country was suffering from grave +internal disorders. It was a strange, nightmarish time, that early summer +of 1914, to-day quite overshadowed by subsequent events, but which later +generations will assign a proper place in the chain of world-history. + +Well, Armageddon began and ran its horrid course. With the grim chronology +of those dreary years this book is not concerned. It is with the aftermath +that we here deal. And that is a sufficiently gloomy theme. The material +losses are prodigious, the vital losses appalling, while the spiritual +losses have well-nigh bankrupted the human soul. + +Turning first to the material losses, they are of course in the broadest +sense incalculable, but approximate estimates have been made. Perhaps the +best of them is the analysis made by Professor Ernest L. Bogert, who +places the direct costs of the war at $186,000,000,000 and the indirect +costs at $151,000,000,000, thus arriving at the stupendous total of +$337,000,000,000. These well-nigh inconceivable estimates still do not +adequately represent the total losses, figured even in monetary terms, +for, as Professor Bogert remarks: "The figures presented in this summary +are both incomprehensible and appalling, yet even these do not take into +account the effect of the war on life, human vitality, economic +well-being, ethics, morality, or other phases of human relationships and +activities which have been disorganized and injured. It is evident from +the present disturbances in Europe that the real costs of the war cannot +be measured by the direct money outlays of the belligerents during the +five years of its duration, but that the very breakdown of modern economic +society might be the price exacted."[101] + +Yet prodigious as has been the destruction of wealth, the destruction of +life is even more serious. Wealth can sooner or later be replaced, while +vital losses are, by their very nature, irreparable. Never before were +such masses of men arrayed for mutual slaughter. During the late war +nearly 60,000,000 soldiers were mobilized, and the combatants suffered +33,000,000 casualties, of whom nearly 8,000,000 were killed or died of +disease, nearly 19,000,000 were wounded, and 7,000,000 taken prisoners. +The greatest sufferer was Russia, which had over 9,000,000 casualties, +while next in order came Germany with 6,000,000 and France with 4,500,000 +casualties. The British Empire had 3,000,000 casualties. America's losses +were relatively slight, our total casualties being a trifle under 300,000. + +And this is only the beginning of the story. The figures just quoted refer +only to fighting men. They take no account of the civilian population. But +the civilian losses were simply incalculable, especially in eastern Europe +and the Ottoman Empire. It is estimated that for every soldier killed, +five civilians perished by hunger, exposure, disease, massacre, or +heightened infant mortality. The civilian deaths in Poland and Russia are +placed at many millions, while other millions died in Turkey and Serbia +through massacre and starvation. One item alone will give some idea of the +wastage of human life during the war. The deaths beyond the normal +mortality due to influenza and pneumonia induced by the war are estimated +at 4,000,000. The total loss of life directly attributable to the war is +probably fully 40,000,000, while if decreased birth-rates be added the +total would rise to nearly 50,000,000. Furthermore, so far as civilian +deaths are concerned, the terrible conditions prevailing over a great part +of Europe since the close of 1918 have caused additional losses relatively +as severe as those during the war years. + +The way in which Europe's population has been literally decimated by the +late war is shown by the example of France. In 1914 the population of +France was 39,700,000. From this relatively moderate population nearly +8,000,000 men were mobilized during the war. Of these, nearly 1,400,000 +were killed, 3,000,000 were wounded, and more than 400,000 were made +prisoners. Of the wounded, between 800,000 and 900,000 were left permanent +physical wrecks. Thus fully 2,000,000 men--mostly drawn from the flower of +French manhood--were dead or hopelessly incapacitated. + +Meanwhile, the civilian population was also shrinking. Omitting the +civilian deaths in the northern departments under German occupation, the +excess of deaths over births was more than 50,000 for 1914, and averaged +nearly 300,000 for the four succeeding war years. And the most alarming +feature was that these losses were mainly due, not to deaths of adults, +but to a slump in the birth-rate. French births, which had been 600,000 in +1913, dropped to 315,000 in 1916 and 343,000 in 1917. All told, it seems +probable that between 1913 and 1919 the population of France diminished by +almost 3,000,000--nearly one-tenth of the entire population. + +France's vital losses are only typical of what has to a greater or less +extent occurred all over Europe. The disgenic effect of the Great War is +simply appalling. The war was nothing short of a headlong plunge into +white race-suicide. It was essentially a civil war between closely related +white stocks; a war wherein every physical and mental effective was +gathered up and hurled into a hell of lethal machinery which killed out +unerringly the youngest, the bravest, and the best. + +Even in the first frenzied hours of August, 1914, wise men realized the +horror that stood upon the threshold. The crowd might cheer, but the +reflective already mourned in prospect the losses which were in store. As +the English writer Harold Begbie then said: "Remember this. Among the +young conscript soldiers of Europe who will die in thousands, and perhaps +millions, are the very flower of civilization; we shall destroy brains +which might have discovered for us in ten or twenty years easements for +the worst of human pains and solutions for the worst of social dangers. We +shall blot those souls out of our common existence. We shall destroy +utterly those splendid burning spirits reaching out to enlighten our +darkness. Our fathers destroyed those strange and valuable creatures whom +they called 'witches.' We are destroying the brightest of our +angels."[102] + +But it is doubtful if any of these seers realized the full price which the +race was destined to pay during more than four long, agonizing years. +Never before had war shown itself such an unerring gleaner of the best +racial values. As early as the summer of 1915 Mr. Will Irwin, an American +war correspondent, remarked the growing convictions among all classes, +soldiers as well as civilians, that the war was fatally impoverishing the +race. "I have talked," he wrote, "with British officers and British +Tommies, with English ladies of fashion and English housewives, with +French deputies and French cabmen, and in all minds alike I find the same +idea fixed--what is to become of the French race and the British race, +yes, and the German race, if this thing keeps up?" + +Mr. Irwin then goes on to describe the cumulative process by which the +fittest were selected--for death. + +"I take it for granted," he says, "that, in a general way, the bravest are +the best, physically and spiritually. Now, in this war of machinery, this +meat-mill, it is the bravest who lead the charges and attempt the daring +feats, and, correspondingly, the loss is greatest among those bravest. + +"So much when the army gets into line. But in the conscript countries, +like France and Germany, there is a process of selection in picking the +army by which the best--speaking in general terms--go out to die, while +the weakest remain. The undersized, the undermuscled, the underbrained, +the men twisted by hereditary deformity or devitalized by hereditary +disease--they remain at home to propagate the breed. The rest--all the +rest--go out to take chances. + +"Furthermore, as modern conscript armies are organized, it is the youngest +men who sustain the heaviest losses--the men who are not yet fathers. And +from the point of view of the race, that is, perhaps, the most melancholy +fact of all. + +"All the able-bodied men between the ages of nineteen and forty-five are +in the ranks. But the older men do not take many chances with death.... +These European conscript armies are arranged in classes according to age, +and the younger classes are the men who do most of the actual fighting. +The men in their late thirties or their forties, the 'territorials,' guard +the lines, garrison the towns, generally attend to the business of running +up the supplies. When we come to gather the statistics of this war we +shall find that an overwhelming majority of the dead were less than thirty +years old, and probably that the majority were under twenty-five. Now, the +territorial of forty or forty-five has usually given to the state as many +children as he is going to give, while the man of twenty-five or under +has usually given the state no children at all."[103] + +Mr. Irwin was gauging the racial cost by the criterion of youth. A leading +English scholar, Mr. H. A. L. Fisher, obtained equally alarming results by +applying the test of genius. He analyzed the casualty lists "filled with +names which, but for the fatal accidents of war, would certainly have been +made illustrious for splendid service to the great cause of life.... A +government actuated by a cold calculus of economic efficiency would have +made some provision for sheltering from the hazards of war young men on +whose exceptional intellectual powers our future progress might be thought +to depend. But this has not been done, and it is impossible to estimate +the extent to which the world will be impoverished in quality by the +disappearance of so much youthful genius and talent.... The spiritual loss +to the universe cannot be computed, and probably will exceed the injury +inflicted on the world by the wide and protracted prevalence of the +celibate orders in the Middle Ages."[104] + +The American biologist S. K. Humphrey did not underestimate the extent of +the slaughter of genius-bearing strains when he wrote: "It is safe to say +that among the millions killed will be a million who are carrying +_superlatively_ effective inheritances--the dependence of the race's +future. Nothing is more absurd than the notion that these inheritances can +be replaced in a few generations by encouraging the fecundity of the +survivors. They are gone forever. The survivors are going to reproduce +their own less-valuable kind. Words fail to convey the appalling nature of +the loss."[105] + +It is the same melancholy tale when we apply the test of race. Of course +the war bore heavily on all the white race-stocks, but it was the +Nordics--the best of all human breeds--who suffered far and away the +greatest losses. War, as we have seen, was always the Nordic's deadliest +scourge, and never was this truer than in the late struggle. From the +racial standpoint, indeed, Armageddon was a Nordic civil war, most of the +officers and a large proportion of the men on both sides belonging to the +Nordic race. Everywhere it was the same story: the Nordic went forth +eagerly to battle, while the more stolid Alpine and, above all, the little +brunet Mediterranean either stayed at home or even when at the front +showed less fighting spirit, took fewer chances, and oftener saved their +skins. + +The Great War has thus unquestionably left Europe much poorer in Nordic +blood, while conversely it has relatively favored the Mediterraneans. +Madison Grant well says: "As in all wars since Roman times, from the +breeding point of view the little dark man is the final winner."[106] + +Furthermore, it must be remembered that those disgenic effects which I +have been discussing refer solely to losses inflicted upon the actual +combatants. But we have already seen that for every soldier killed the war +took five civilian lives. In fact, the war's profoundly devitalizing +effects upon the general population can hardly be overestimated. Those +effects include not merely such obvious matters as privation and disease, +but also obscurer yet highly destructive factors like nervous shock and +prolonged overstrain. To take merely one instance, consider Havelock +Ellis's remarks concerning "the ever-widening circles of anguish and +misery and destitution which every fatal bullet imposes on humanity." He +concludes: "It is probable that for every 10,000,000 soldiers who fall on +the field, 50,000,000 other persons at home are plunged into grief, or +poverty, or some form of life-diminishing trouble."[107] + +Most serious has been the war's effect upon the children. At home, as at +the front, it is the young who have been sacrificed. The heaviest civilian +losses have come through increased infant mortality and decreased +birth-rates. The "slaughter of the innocents" has thus been twofold: it +has slain millions of those already alive, and it has prevented millions +more from being born or conceived. The decreased fecundity of women during +the war even under good material conditions apparently shows that war's +psychological reflexes tend to induce sterility. + +An Italian savant, Professor Sergi, has elaborated this hypothesis in +considerable detail. He contends that "war continued for a long time is +the origin of this phenomenon (relative sterility), not only in the +absolute sense of the loss of men in battle, but also through a series of +special conditions which arise simultaneously with an unbalancing of vital +processes and which create in the latter a complex phenomenon difficult to +examine in every one of its elements. + +"The biological disturbance does not derive solely from the destruction of +young lives, the ones best adapted to fecundity, but also from the +unfavorable conditions into which a nation is unexpectedly thrown; from +these come disorders of a mental and sentimental nature, nervousness, +anxiety, grief, and pain of all kinds, to which the serious economic +conditions of war-time also contribute; all these things have a harmful +effect on the general organic economy of nations."[108] + +From the combination of these losses on the battle-field and in the cradle +arises what the biologist Doctor Saleeby terms "the menace of the dearth +of youth." The European populations to-day contain an undue proportion of +adults and the aged, while "the younger generation is no longer knocking +at the door. We senescents may grow old in peace; but the facts bode ill +for our national future."[109] + +Furthermore, this "dearth of youth" will not be easily repaired. The war +may be over, but its aftermath is only a degree less unfavorable to human +multiplication, especially of the better kinds. Bad industrial conditions +and the fearfully high cost of living continue to depress the birth-rate +of all save the most reckless and improvident elements, whose increase is +a curse rather than a blessing. + +To show only one of the many causes that to-day keep down the birth-rate, +take the crushing burden of taxation, which hits especially the increase +of the upper classes. The London _Saturday Review_ recently explained this +very clearly when it wrote: "From a man with £2,000 a year the +tax-gatherer takes £600. The remaining £1,400, owing to the decreased +value of money, has a purchasing power about equal to £700 a year before +the war. No young man will therefore think of marrying on less than £2,000 +a year. We are thinking of the young man in the upper and middle classes. +The man who starts with nothing does not, as a rule, arrive at £2,000 a +year until he is past the marrying age. So the continuance of the species +will be carried on almost exclusively by the class of manual workers of a +low average caliber of brain. The matter is very serious. Reading the +letters and memoirs of a hundred years ago, one is struck by the size of +the families of the aristocracy. One smiles at reading of the overflowing +nurseries of Edens, and Cokes, and Fitzgeralds. Fourteen or fifteen +children were not at all unusual amongst the county families."[110] + +Europe's convalescence must, at the very best, be a slow and difficult +one. Both materially and spiritually the situation is the reverse of +bright. To begin with, the political situation is highly unsatisfactory. +The diplomatic arrangements made by the Versailles Peace Conference offer +neither stability nor permanence. In the next chapter I shall have more to +say about the Versailles Conference. For the moment, let me quote the +observations of the well-known British publicist J. L. Garvin, who +adequately summarizes the situation when he says: "As matters stand, no +great war ever was followed by a more disquieting and limited peace. +Everywhere the democratic atmosphere is charged with agitation. There is +still war or anarchy, or both, between the Baltic and the Pacific across a +sixth part of the whole earth. Without a restored Russia no outlook can be +confident. Either a Bolshevist or reactionary or even a patriotic junction +between Germany and Russia might disrupt civilization as violently as +before or to even worse effect."[111] + +Political uncertainty is a poor basis on which to rebuild Europe's +shattered economic life. And this economic reconstruction would, under the +most favorable circumstances, be very difficult. We have already seen how, +owing to the industrial revolution, Europe became the world's chief +workshop, exporting manufactured products in return for foodstuffs to feed +its workers and raw materials to feed its machines, these imports being +drawn from the four quarters of the globe. In other words, Europe had +ceased to be self-sufficing, the very life of its industries and its urban +populations being dependent upon foreign importations from the most +distant regions. Europe's prosperity before the war was due to the +development of a marvellous system of world-trade; intricate, nicely +adjusted, functioning with great efficiency, and running at high speed. + +Then down upon this delicately organized mechanism crashed the trip-hammer +of the Great War, literally smashing it to pieces. To reconstruct so +intricate a fabric takes time. Meanwhile, how are the huge urban masses to +live, unfitted and unable as they are to draw their sustenance from their +native soil? If their sufferings become too great there is a real danger +that all Europe may collapse into hopeless chaos. Mr. Frank A. Vanderlip +did not overstate the danger when he wrote: "I believe it is possible that +there may be let loose in Europe forces that will be more terribly +destructive than have been the forces of the Great War."[112] + +The best description of Europe's economic situation is undoubtedly that of +Mr. Herbert Hoover, who, from his experience as inter-Allied food +controller, is peculiarly qualified to pass authoritative judgment. Says +Mr. Hoover: + +"The economic difficulties of Europe as a whole at the signature of peace +may be almost summarized in the phrase 'demoralized productivity.' The +production of necessaries for this 450,000,000 population (including +Russia) has never been at so low an ebb as at this day. + +"A summary of the unemployment bureaus in Europe will show that 15,000,000 +families are receiving unemployment allowances in one form or another, and +are, in the main, being paid by constant inflation of currency. A rough +estimate would indicate that the population of Europe is at least +100,000,000 greater than can be supported without imports, and must live +by the production and distribution of exports; and their situation is +aggravated not only by lack of raw materials, and imports, but also by low +production of European raw materials. Due to the same low production, +Europe is to-day importing vast quantities of certain commodities which +she formerly produced for herself and can again produce. Generally, in +production, she is not only far below even the level of the time of the +signing of the armistice, but far below the maintenance of life and health +without an unparalleled rate of import.... + +"From all these causes, accumulated to different intensity in different +localities, there is the essential fact that, unless productivity can be +rapidly increased, there can be nothing but political, moral, and economic +chaos, finally interpreting itself in loss of life on a scale hitherto +undreamed of."[113] + +Such are the material and vital losses inflicted by the Great War. They +are prodigious, and they will not easily be repaired. Europe starts its +reconstruction under heavy handicaps, not the least of these being the +drain upon its superior stocks, which has deprived it of much of the +creative energy that it so desperately needs. Those 16,000,000 or more +dead or incapacitated soldiers represented the flower of Europe's young +manhood--the very men who are especially needed to-day. It is young men +who normally alone possess both maximum driving power and maximum +plasticity of mind. All the European belligerents are dangerously +impoverished in their stock of youth. The resultant handicap both to +Europe's working ability and Europe's brain-activity is only too plain. + +Moreover, material and even vital losses do not tell the whole story. The +moral and spiritual losses, though not easily measured, are perhaps even +more appalling. In fact, the darkest cloud on the horizon is possibly the +danger that reconstruction will be primarily material at the expense of +moral and spiritual values, thus leading to a warped development even more +pronounced than that of the nineteenth century and leading inevitably to +yet more disastrous consequences. + +The danger of purely material reconstruction is of course the peril which +lurks behind every great war, and which in the past has wrought such +tragic havoc. At the beginning of the late war we heard much talk of its +morally "regenerative" effects, but as the grim holocaust went on year +after year, far-sighted moralists warned against a fatal drain of +Europe's idealistic forces which might break the thin crust of European +civilization so painfully wrought since the Dark Ages. + +That these warning voices were not without reason is proved by the chaos +of spiritual, moral, and even intellectual values which exists in Europe +to-day, giving play to such monstrous insanities as Bolshevism. The danger +is that this chaos may be prolonged and deepened by the complex of two +concurrent factors: spiritual drain during the war, and spiritual neglect +in the immediate future due to overconcentration upon material +reconstruction. + +Many of the world's best minds are seriously concerned at the outlook. For +example, Doctor Gore, the Bishop of Oxford, writes: "There is the usual +depression and lowering of moral aims which always follows times of war. +For the real terror of the time of war is not during the war; then war has +certain very ennobling powers. It is after-war periods which are the curse +of the world, and it looks as if the same were going to prove true of this +war. I own that I never felt anxiety such as I do now. I think the aspect +of things has never been so dark as at this moment. I think the temper of +the nations has degraded since the declaration of the armistice to a +degree that is almost terrifying."[114] + +The intellectual impoverishment wrought by the war is well summarized by +Professor C. G. Shaw. "We did more before the war than we shall do after +it," he writes. "War will have so exhausted man's powers of action and +thought that he will have little wit or will left for the promotion of +anything over and above necessary repair."[115] + +Europe's general impoverishment in all respects was vividly portrayed by a +leading article of the London _Saturday Review_ entitled "The True +Destructiveness of War." Pointing to the devastated areas of northern +France as merely symptomatic of the devastation wrought in spiritual as +well as material fields, it said: + +"Reflection only adds to the effect upon us of these miles of wasted +country and ruined towns. All this represents not a thousandth part of the +desolation which the war has brought upon our civilization. These +devastated areas scarring the face of Europe are but a symbol of the +desolation which will shadow the life of the world for at least a +generation. The coming years will be bleak, in respect of all the generous +and gracious things which are the products of leisure and of minds not +wholly taken up by the necessity to live by bread alone. For a generation +the world will have to concentrate upon material problems. + +"The tragedy of the Great War--a tragedy which enhances the desolation of +Rheims--is that it should have killed almost everything which the best of +our soldiers died to preserve, and that it should have raised more +problems than it has solved. + +"We would sacrifice a dozen cathedrals to preserve what the war has +destroyed in England.... We would readily surrender our ten best +cathedrals to be battered by the artillery of Hindenburg as a ransom. +Surely it would be better to lose Westminster Abbey than never again to +have anybody worthy to be buried there."[116] + +Europe is, indeed, passing through the most critical spiritual phase of +the war's aftermath--what I may term the zero hour of the spirit. When the +trenches used to fill with infantry waiting in the first cold flicker of +the dawn for the signal to go "over the top," they called it the "zero +hour." Well, Europe now faces the zero hour of peace. It is neither a +pleasant nor a stimulating moment. The "tumult and the shouting" have +died. The captains, kings--and presidents--have departed. War's hectic +urge wanes, losses are counted, the heroic pose is dropped. Such is the +moment when the peoples are bidden to go "over the top" once more, this +time toward peace objectives no less difficult than those of the +battle-field. Weakened, tired Europe knows this, feels this--and dreads +the plunge into the unknown. Hence the _malaise_ of the zero hour. + +The extraordinary turmoil of the European soul is strikingly set forth by +the French thinker Paul Valéry. + +"We civilizations," he writes, "now know that we are mortal. We had heard +tell of whole worlds vanished, of empires gone to the bottom with all +their engines; sunk to the inexplorable bottom of the centuries with their +gods and their laws, their academies, their science, pure and applied; +their grammars, their dictionaries, their classics, their romantics and +their symbolists, their critics and their critics' critics. We knew well +that all the apparent earth is made of ashes, and that ashes have a +meaning. We perceived, through the mists of history, phantoms and huge +ships laden with riches and spiritual things. We could not count them. But +these wrecks, after all, were no concern of ours. + +"Elam, Nineveh, Babylon were vague and lovely names, and the total ruin of +these worlds meant as little to us as their very existence. But France, +England, Russia--these would also be lovely names. Lusitania also is a +lovely name. And now we see that the abyss of history is large enough for +every one. We feel that a civilization is as fragile as a life. +Circumstances which would send the works of Baudelaire and Keats to rejoin +the works of Menander are no longer in the least inconceivable; they are +in all the newspapers.... + +"Thus the spiritual Persepolis is ravaged equally with the material Susa. +All is not lost, but everything has felt itself perish. + +"An extraordinary tremor has run through the spinal marrow of Europe. It +has felt, in all its thinking substance, that it recognized itself no +longer, that it no longer resembled itself, that it was about to lose +consciousness--a consciousness acquired by centuries of tolerable +disasters, by thousands of men of the first rank, by geographical, racial, +historical chances innumerable.... + +"The military crisis is perhaps at an end; the economic crisis is visibly +at its zenith; but the intellectual crisis--it is with difficulty that we +can seize its true centre, its exact phase. The facts, however, are clear +and pitiless: there are thousands of young writers and young artists who +are dead. There is the lost illusion of a European culture, and the +demonstration of the impotence of knowledge to save anything whatever; +there is science, mortally wounded in its moral ambitions, and, as it +were, dishonored by its applications; there is idealism, victor with +difficulty, grievously mutilated, responsible for its dreams; realism, +deceived, beaten, with crimes and misdeeds heaped upon it; covetousness +and renunciation equally put out; religions confused among the armies, +cross against cross, crescent against crescent; there are the sceptics +themselves, disconcerted by events so sudden, so violent, and so moving, +which play with our thoughts as a cat with a mouse--the sceptics lose +their doubts, rediscover them, lose them again, and can no longer make use +of the movements of their minds. + +"The rolling of the ship has been so heavy that at the last the best-hung +lamps have been upset. + +"From an immense terrace of Elsinore which extends from Basle to Cologne, +and touches the sands of Nieuport, the marshes of the Somme, the chalk of +Champagne, and the granite of Alsace, the Hamlet of Europe now looks upon +millions of ghosts."[117] + +Such is Europe's deplorable condition as she staggers forth from the +hideous ordeal of the Great War; her fluid capital dissipated, her fixed +capital impaired, her industrial fabric rent and tattered, her finances +threatened with bankruptcy, the flower of her manhood dead on the +battle-field, her populations devitalized and discouraged, her children +stunted by malnutrition. A sombre picture. + +And Europe is the white homeland, the heart of the white world. It is +Europe that has suffered practically all the losses of Armageddon, which +may be considered the white civil war. The colored world remains virtually +unscathed. + +Here is the truth of the matter: The white world to-day stands at the +crossroads of life and death. It stands where the Greek world stood at the +close of the Peloponnesian War. A fever has racked the white frame and +undermined its constitution. The unsound therapeutics of its diplomatic +practitioners retard convalescence and endanger real recovery. Worst of +all, the instinct of race-solidarity has partially atrophied. + +Grave as is the situation, it is not yet irreparable, any more than +Greece's condition was hopeless after Ægospotami. It was not the +Peloponnesian War which sealed Hellas's doom, but the cycle of political +anarchy and moral chaos of which the Peloponnesian War was merely the +opening phase. Our world is too vigorous for even the Great War, of +itself, to prove a mortal wound. + +The white world thus still has its choice. But it must be a positive +choice. Decisions--firm decisions--must be made. Constructive +measures--drastic measures--must be taken. Above all: time presses, and +drift is fatal. The tide ebbs. The swimmer must put forth strong strokes +to reach the shore. Else--swift oblivion in the dark ocean. + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +THE SHATTERING OF WHITE SOLIDARITY + + +The instinctive comity of the white peoples is, as I have already said, +perhaps the greatest constant of history. It is the psychological basis of +white civilization. Cohesive instinct is as vital to race as gravitation +is to matter. Without them, atomic disintegration would alike result. In +speaking of race-instinct, I am not referring merely to the ethnic +theories that have been elaborated at various times. Those theories were, +after all, but attempts to explain intellectually the urge of that +profound emotion known to sociologists as the "consciousness of kind." + +White race-consciousness has been of course perturbed by numberless +internal frictions, which have at times produced partial inhibitions of +unitary feeling. Nevertheless, when really faced by non-white opposition, +white men have in the past instinctively tended to close their ranks +against the common foe. One of the Great War's most deplorable results has +been an unprecedented weakening of white solidarity which, if not +repaired, may produce the most disastrous consequences. + +During the nineteenth century the sentiment of white solidarity was +strong. The great explorers and empire-builders who spread white +ascendancy to the ends of the earth felt that they were apostles of their +race and civilization as well as of a particular country. Rivalries might +be keen and colonial boundary questions acute; nevertheless, in their +calmer moments, the white peoples felt that the expansion of one white +nation buttressed the expansion of all. + +Professor Pearson undoubtedly voiced the spirit of the day when he wrote +(about 1890) that it would be well "if European statesmen could understand +that the wars which carry desolation into civilized countries are allowing +the lower races to recruit their numbers and strength. Two centuries hence +it may be matter of serious concern to the world if Russia has been +displaced by China on the Amoor, if France has not been able to colonize +North Africa, or if England is not holding India. For civilized men there +can be only one fatherland, and whatever extends the influence of those +races that have taken their faith from Palestine, their laws of beauty +from Greece, and their civil law from Rome, ought to be matter of +rejoicing to Russian, German, Anglo-Saxon, and Frenchman alike."[118] + +The progress of science also fortified white race-consciousness with its +sanctions. The researches of European scholars identified the founders of +our civilization with a race of tall, white-skinned barbarians, possessing +regular features, brown or blond hair, and light eyes. This was, of +course, what we now know as the Nordic type. At first the problem was ill +understood, the tests applied being language and culture rather than +physical characteristics. For these reasons the early "Caucasian" and +"Aryan" hypotheses were self-contradictory and inadequate. Nevertheless, +the basis was sound, and the effects on white popular psychology were +excellent. + +Particularly good were the effects upon the peoples predominantly of +Nordic blood. Obviously typifying as they did the prehistoric creators of +white civilization, Nordics everywhere were strengthened in consciousness +of genetic worth, feeling of responsibility for world-progress, and urge +toward fraternal collaboration. The supreme value of Nordic blood was +clearly analyzed by the French thinker Count Arthur de Gobineau as early +as 1854[119] (albeit Gobineau employed the misleading "Aryan" +terminology), and his thesis was subsequently elaborated by many other +writers, notably by Englishmen, Germans, and Scandinavians. + +The results of all this were plainly apparent by the closing years of the +nineteenth century. Quickened Nordic race-consciousness played an +important part in stimulating Anglo-American fraternization, and induced +acts like the Oxford Scholarship legacy of Cecil Rhodes. The trend of this +movement, though cross-cut by nationalistic considerations, was clearly in +the direction of a Nordic _entente_--a Pan-Nordic syndication of power for +the safeguarding of the race-heritage and the harmonious evolution of the +whole white world. It was a glorious aspiration, which, had it been +realized, would have averted Armageddon. + +Unfortunately the aspiration remained a dream. The ill-balanced tendencies +of the late nineteenth century were against it, and they ultimately +prevailed. The abnormal growth of national-imperialism, in particular, +wrought fatal havoc. The exponents of imperialistic propagandas like +Pan-Germanism and Pan-Slavism put forth literally boundless pretensions, +planning the domination of the entire planet by their special brand of +national-imperialism. Such men had scant regard for race-lines. All who +stood outside their particular nationalistic group were vowed to the same +subjection. + +Indeed, the national-imperialists presently seized upon race teachings, +and prostituted them to their own ends. A notable example of this is the +extreme Pan-German propaganda of Houston Stewart Chamberlain[120] and his +fellows. Chamberlain makes two cardinal assumptions: he conceives modern +Germany as racially almost purely Nordic; and he regards all Nordics +outside the German linguistic-cultural group as either unconscious or +renegade Teutons who must at all costs be brought into the German fold. To +any one who understands the scientific realities of race, the monstrous +absurdity of these assumptions is instantly apparent. The fact is that +modern Germany, far from being purely Nordic, is mainly Alpine in race. +Nordic blood preponderates only in the northwest, and is merely veneered +over the rest of Germany, especially in the upper classes. While the +_Germania_ of Roman days was unquestionably a Nordic land, it has been +computed that of the 70,000,000 inhabitants of the German Empire in 1914, +only 9,000,000 were purely Nordic in character. This displacement of the +German Nordics since classic times is chiefly due to Germany's troubled +history, especially to the horrible Thirty Years' War which virtually +annihilated the Nordics of south Germany. This racial displacement has +wrought correspondingly profound changes in the character of the German +people. + +The truth of the matter is, of course, that the Pan-Germans were thinking +in terms of nationality instead of race, and that they were using +pseudo-racial arguments as camouflage for essentially political ends. The +pity of it is that these arguments have had such disastrous repercussions +in the genuine racial sphere. The late war has not only exploded +Pan-Germanism, it has also discredited Nordic race-feeling, so unjustly +confused by many persons with Pan-German nationalistic propaganda. Such +persons should remember that the overwhelming majority of Nordics live +outside of Germany, being mainly found in Scandinavia, the Anglo-Saxon +countries, northern France, the Netherlands, and Baltic Russia. To let +Teuton propaganda gull us into thinking of Germany as the Nordic +fatherland is both a danger and an absurdity. + +While Pan-Germanism was mainly responsible for precipitating Armageddon +with all its disastrous consequences, it was Russian Pan-Slavism which +dealt the first shrewd blow to white solidarity. Toward the close of the +nineteenth century, Pan-Slavism's "Eastern" wing, led by Prince Ukhtomsky +and other chauvinists of his ilk, went so far in its imperialistic +obsession as actually to deny Russia's white blood. These Pan-Slavists +boldly proclaimed the morbid, mystical dogma that Russia was Asiatic, not +European, and thereupon attempted to seize China as a lever for upsetting, +first the rest of Asia, and then the non-Russian white world--elegantly +described as "the rotten west." The white Power immediately menaced was, +of course, England, who in acute fear for her Indian Empire, promptly +riposted by allying herself with Japan. Russia was diplomatically isolated +and militarily beaten in the Russo-Japanese War. Thus the Russo-Japanese +War, that destroyer of white prestige whose ominous results we have +already noted, was precipitated mainly by the reckless short-sightedness +of white men themselves. + +A second blow to white solidarity was presently administered--this time by +England in concluding her second alliance-treaty with Japan. The original +alliance, signed in 1902, was negotiated for a definite, limited +objective--the checkmating of Russia's over-weening imperialism. Even that +instrument was dangerous, but under the circumstances it was justifiable +and inevitable. The second alliance-treaty, however, was so general and +far-reaching in character that practically all white men in the Far East, +including most emphatically Englishmen themselves, pronounced it a great +disaster. + +Meanwhile, German imperialism was plotting even deadlier strokes at white +race-comity, not merely by preparing war against white neighbors in +Europe, but also by ingratiating itself with the Moslem East and by toying +with schemes for building up a black military empire in central Africa. + +Lastly, France was actually recruiting black, brown, and yellow hordes for +use on European battle-fields; while Italy, by her buccaneering raid on +Tripoli, outraged Islam's sense of justice and strained its patience to +the breaking-point. + +Thus, in the years preceding Armageddon, all the European Powers displayed +a reckless absorption in particularistic ambitions and showed a callous +indifference to larger race-interests. The rapid weakening of white +solidarity was clearly apparent. + +However, white solidarity, though diplomatically compromised, was +emotionally not yet really undermined. Those dangerous games above +mentioned were largely the work of cynical chancelleries and +ultra-imperialist propagandas. The average European, whatever his +nationality, still tended to react instinctively against such practices. +This was shown by the sharp criticism which arose from the most varied +quarters. For example: Russia and Britain were alike sternly taken to task +both at home and abroad for their respective Far Eastern policies; +proposed German alliances with Pan-Islamism and Japan preached by +disciples of _Machtpolitik_ were strenuously opposed as race-treason by +powerful sections of German thought; while Italy's Tripolitan imbroglio +was generally denounced as the most foolhardy trifling with the common +European interest. + +A good illustration of instinctive white solidarity in the early years of +the twentieth century is a French journalist's description of the attitude +of the white spectators (of various nationalities) gathered to watch the +landing in Japan of the first Russian prisoners taken in the +Russo-Japanese War. This writer depicts in moving language the literally +horrifying effect of the spectacle upon himself and his fellows. "What a +triumph," he exclaims, "what a revenge for the little Nippons to see thus +humiliated these big, splendid men who, for them, represented, not only +Russians, but those Europeans whom they so detest! This scene tragic in +its simplicity, this grief passing amid joy, these whites, vanquished and +captives, defiling before those free and triumphant yellows--this was not +Russia beaten by Japan, not the defeat of one nation by another; it was +something new, enormous, prodigious; it was the victory of one world over +another; it was the revenge which effaced the centuries of humiliations +borne by Asia; it was the awakening hope of the Oriental peoples; it was +the first blow given to the other race, to that accursed race of the West, +which, for so many years, had triumphed without even having to struggle. +And the Japanese crowd felt all this, and the few other Asiatics who found +themselves there shared in this triumph. The humiliation of these whites +was solemn, frightful. I completely forgot that these captives were +Russians, and I would add that the other Europeans there, though +anti-Russian, felt the same _malaise_: they also were forced to feel that +these captives were their own kind. When we took the train for Kobè, an +instinctive solidarity drove us huddling into the same compartment."[121] + +Thus white solidarity, while unquestionably weakened, was still a weighty +factor down to August, 1914. But the first shots of Armageddon saw white +solidarity literally blown from the muzzles of the guns. An explosion of +internecine hatred burst forth more intense and general than any ever +known before. Both sets of combatants proclaimed a duel to the death; both +sides vowed the enemy to something near annihilation; while even +scientists and _littérateurs_, disrupting the ancient commonwealths of +wisdom and beauty, put one another furiously to the ban. + +In their savage death-grapple neither side hesitated for an instant to +grasp at any weapon, whatever the ultimate consequences to the race. The +Allies poured into white Europe colored hordes of every pigment under the +sun; the Teutonic Powers wielded Pan-Islam as a besom of wrath to sweep +clean every white foothold in Hither Asia and North Africa; while far and +wide over the Dark Continent black armies fought for their respective +masters--and learned the hidden weakness of the white man's power. In the +Far East, Japan, left to her own devices, bent amorphous China to her +imperious will, thereby raising up a potential menace for the entire +earth. Every day the tide of intestine hatred within the white world rose +higher, until the very concept of a common blood and cultural past seemed +in danger of being blotted out. + +A symposium of the "hate literature" of the Great War is fortunately no +part of my task, but the reader will readily recall both its abysmal fury +and its irreconcilable implications. The most appalling feature was the +way in which many writers assumed that this state of mind would be +permanent; that the end of the Great War might be only the beginning of a +war-cycle leading to the utter disruption of white solidarity and +civilization. In the spring of 1916, the London _Nation_ remarked +gloomily: "Europe is now being mentally conceived as inevitably and +permanently dual. We are ceasing to think of Europe. The normal end of war +(which is peace) is to be submerged in the idea of a war-series +indefinitely prolonged. Soon the entire Continent will have but one +longing--the longing for rest. The cup is to be dashed from its lips! For +a world steeped in fear and ruled by the barren logomachy of hate, +diplomatic intercourse would almost cease to be possible.... In the matter +of culture, modern Europe would tend to relapse to a state inferior even +to that of mediæval Europe, and to sink far below that of the +Renaissance."[122] + +In similar vein, the noted German historian Eduard Meyer[123] predicted +that Armageddon was only the first of a long series of Anglo-German "Punic +Wars" in which modern civilization would retrograde to a condition of +semi-barbarism. Germany, according to this prophecy, would be the +victor--but a Pyrrhic victor, for the colored races, taking advantage of +white decadence, would destroy European supremacy and involve all the +white nations in a common ruin. + +The ulcerated state of European war-psychology did, in fact, lend ominous +emphasis to these gloomy prognostications. Before 1914, as we have seen, +imperialistic trafficking with common race-interests usually roused +wide-spread criticism, while even more, the use of colored troops in white +quarrels always roused bitter popular condemnation. In the darkest hours +of the Boer War, English public opinion had refused to sanction the use of +either black African or brown Indian troops against the white foe, while +French plans for raising black armies of African savages for use in Europe +were almost universally reprobated. Before Armageddon there thus existed a +genuine moral repugnance against settling domestic differences by calling +in the alien without the gates. + +The Great War, however, sent all such scruples promptly into the discard. +Not only did the belligerent governments use all the colored troops they +could equip, but the belligerent peoples hailed this action with +unqualified approval. The Allies were of course the more successful in +practice, but the Germans were just as eager, and the exertions of the +Prussian General Liman von Sanders actually got Turkish divisions to the +European battle-fronts. + +The psychological effect of these colored auxiliaries in deepening the +hatred of the white combatants was deplorable. Germany's use of Turks +raised among the Allies wrathful emotions reminiscent of the Crusades, +while the havoc wrought in the Teutonic ranks by black Senegalese and +yellow Gurkhas, together with Allied utterances like Lord Curzon's wish to +see Bengal lancers on the Unter den Linden and Gurkhas camping at Sans +Souci, so maddened the German people that the very suggestion of white +solidarity was jeeringly scoffed at as the most idiotic sentimentality. + +Here is a German officer's account of a Senegalese attack on his position, +which vividly depicts the mingled horror and fury awakened in German +hearts by these black opponents: "They came. First singly, at wide +intervals. Feeling their way, like the arms of a horrible cuttlefish. +Eager, grasping, like the claws of a mighty monster. Thus they rushed +closer, flickering and sometimes disappearing in the cloud. Entire bodies +and single limbs, now showing in the harsh glare, now sinking in the +shadows, came nearer and nearer. Strong, wild fellows, their log-like, +fat, black skulls wrapped in pieces of dirty rags. Showing their grinning +teeth like panthers, with their bellies drawn in and their necks stretched +forward. Some with bayonets on their rifles. Many only armed with knives. +Monsters all, in their confused hatred. Frightful their distorted, dark +grimaces. Horrible their unnaturally wide-opened, burning, bloodshot eyes. +Eyes that seem like terrible beings themselves. Like unearthly, hell-born +beings. Eyes that seemed to run ahead of their owners, lashed, unchained, +no longer to be restrained. On they came like dogs gone mad and cats +spitting and yowling, with a burning lust for human blood, with a cruel +dissemblance of their beastly malice. Behind them came the first wave of +the attackers, in close order, a solid, rolling black wall, rising and +falling, swaying and heaving, impenetrable, endless."[124] + +Here, again, is the proposal of a British officer, to raise a million +black savages from England's African colonies for use on the Western +Front. Major Stuart-Stephens exults in Britain's "almost unlimited +reservoir of African man-power." In northern Nigeria alone, he remarks, +there are to-day more than 700,000 warlike tribesmen. "Let them be used!" +says the major. "These 'bonny fechters' are now engaged in the pastoral +arts of peace. But I would make bold to assert that a couple of hundred +thousand could, after six months' training, be usefully employed in +daredevil charges into German trenches." Major Stuart-Stephens hopes that +at least the Sudanese battalions will be transferred _en masse_ to the +Western Front. "This," he concludes, "would mean the placing at once in +the trenches of, say, 70,000 big, lusty coal-black devils, the time of +whose life is the wielding of the bayonet, and whose advent would not be +regarded by the Boches as a pleasing omen of more to come of the same +sort."[125] + +The military possibilities are truly engaging! There are literally tens of +millions of fighting blacks and scores of millions of fighting Asiatics +now living under white rule who could conceivably be armed and shipped to +European battle-fields. After which, of course, Europe, the white +homeland, would be--a queer place. + +Fortunately for our race, the late war did not see this sort of thing +carried to its logical conclusion. But the harm done was bad enough. The +white world grew accustomed to the use of colored mercenaries and to the +contracting of alliances with colored peoples against white opponents as a +mere matter of course. + +The German war-mind, in particular, teemed with colored alliance-projects. +Unable to compete with the Allies in getting colored troops to Europe, +Germans planned to revenge themselves in other fields. The Turkish +alliance and the resulting "Holy War" proclamation were hailed with +delight. "Over there in Turkey," wrote the well-known German publicist +Ernst Jaeckh, "stretch Anatolia and Mesopotamia: Anatolia, the 'Land of +the Sunrise'; Mesopotamia, the region of ancient paradise. May these names +be to us a sign: may this World War bring to Germany and Turkey the +sunrise and the paradise of a new time; may it confer upon an assured +Turkey and a Greater Germany the blessing of a fruitful Turco-Teutonic +collaboration in peace after a victorious Turco-Teutonic collaboration in +war."[126] + +The scope of Germany's Asiatic aspirations during the war is exemplified +by an article from the pen of the learned Orientalist Professor Bernhardt +Molden.[127] Germany's aid to Turkey, contends Professor Molden, is merely +symptomatic of her policy to raise the other Asiatic peoples now crushed +beneath English and Russian domination. Thus Germany will create puissant +allies for the "Second Punic War." Germany must therefore strive to +solidify the great Central Asian _bloc_--Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, +China. Professor Molden urges a "Pan-Asian railroad" from Constantinople +to Peking. This should be especially alluring to Afghanistan, which would +thereby become one of the great pivots of world-politics and trade. In +fine: "Germany must free Asia." As another prominent German writer, +Friedrich Delitzsch, wrote in similar vein: "To renovate the East--such is +Germany's mission."[128] + +In such a mood, Germans hailed Japan's absence of genuine hostility with +the greatest satisfaction. The gust of rage which swept Germany at +Japan's seizure of Kiao-chao was soon allayed by numerous writers +preaching reconciliation and eventual alliance with the mistress of the +Far East. Typical of this pro-Japanese propaganda is an article by Herr J. +Witte, a former official in the Far East, which appeared in 1915. Herr +Witte chides his countrymen for their talk about the Yellow Peril. Such a +peril may exist in the future, but it is not pressing at this moment, "at +any rate for us Germans, who have no great territorial possessions in the +Far East.... We might permit ourselves to speak of a Yellow Peril if there +was a white solidarity. This, however, does not exist. We are learning +this just now by bitter experience on our own flesh and blood. Our foes +have marshalled peoples of all races against us in battle. So long as this +helps them, all race-antipathies and race-interests are to them matters of +supreme indifference. Under these circumstances, in the midst of a +life-and-death struggle against the peoples of the white race, shall we +play the rôle of guardian angel of these peoples against the yellow +peoples? For us, as Germans, there is now only one supreme life-interest, +to which all other interests must be subordinated: the safety and +advancement of Germany and of _Deutschtum_ in the world." Herr Witte +therefore advocates a "close political understanding between Germany and +Japan. In future we can accomplish nothing in the teeth of Japan. +Therefore we must get on good terms with Japan. And we can do it, too. +Germany is, in fact, the country above all others who in the future has +the best prospect of allying herself advantageously with the Far Eastern +peoples."[129] + +And so it went throughout the war-years: both sides using all possible +colored aid to down the white foe; both sides alike reckless of the +ultimate racial consequences. + +In fact, leaving ultimate consequences aside, many persons feared during +the later phases of the war that Europe might be headed for immediate +dissolution. As early as mid-1916, Lord Loreburn expressed apprehension +lest the war was entailing general bankruptcy and "such a destruction of +the male youth of Europe as will break the thin crust of civilization +which has been built up since the Dark Ages."[130] These fears were +intensified by the Russian revolution of 1917, with its hideous corollary +of Bolshevism which definitely triumphed before the close of that year. +The Bolshevik triumph evoked despairing predictions like Lord Lansdowne's: +"We are not going to lose this war, but its prolongation will spell ruin +for the civilized world."[131] + +Well, the war was prolonged for another year, ending in the triumph of the +Allies and America, though leaving Europe in the deplorable condition +reviewed in the preceding chapter. The hopes of mankind were now centred +on the Peace Conference, but these hopes were oversanguine, for the +Versailles "settlement" was riddled with political and economic +imperfections from the Saar to Shantung. + +This was what a sceptical minority had feared from the first. At the very +beginning of the war, for instance, the French publicist Urbain Gohier had +predicted that when the diplomats gathered at the end of the conflict they +would find the problem of constructive settlement insoluble.[132] + +Most persons, however, had been more hopeful. Disappointment and +disillusionment were therefore correspondingly intense. The majority of +liberal-minded, forward-looking men and women throughout the world +deplored the Versailles settlement's faulty character, some, however, +accepting the situation as the best of a bad business, others entirely +repudiating it on the ground that by crystallizing an intolerable status +it would entail worse disasters in the near future. + +General Smuts, the South African delegate to the Conference, well +represents the first attitude. In a formal protest against the Versailles +settlement, General Smuts stated: "I have signed the peace treaty, not +because I consider it a satisfactory document, but because it is +imperatively necessary to close the war; because the world needs peace +above all, and nothing could be more fatal than the continuance of the +state of suspense between war and peace. The six months since the +armistice was signed have, perhaps, been as upsetting, unsettling, and +ruinous to Europe as the previous four years of war. I look upon the peace +treaty as the close of these two chapters of war and armistice, and only +on that ground do I agree to it. I say this now, not in criticism, but in +faith; not because I wish to find fault with the work done, but rather +because I feel that in the treaty we have not yet achieved the real peace +to which our peoples were looking, and because I feel that the real work +of making peace will only begin after this treaty has been signed, and a +definite halt has thereby been called to the destructive passions that +have been desolating Europe for nearly five years."[133] + +The English economist J. L. Garvin, who, like General Smuts, accepted the +treaty _faute de mieux_, makes these trenchant comments upon the +settlement itself: "Derisive human genius surveying with pity and laughter +the present state of mankind and some of the obsolete means adopted at +Paris to remedy it, might do most good by another satire like Rabelais, +Gulliver, or Candide. But let us put from us here the temptation to +conjure up vistas of the grotesque. Let us pursue these plain studies in +common sense. A treaty even when signed is paper. It is in itself +inoperative without the action or control of living forces which it seeks +to express or repress. Treaties not drawn against sound and certain assets +may be dishonored in the sequel like bad checks or bills. You do not get +peace merely by putting it on paper. And, much more to the point, all +that is called peace does not necessarily spell prosperity any more than +all that glitters is gold. You can 'make a solitude and call it peace.' +The quintessence of death or stupefaction resembles a kind of peace. You +can prolong relative stagnation and depression and yet say that it is +peace. But that would not be the reconciling and lasting, the constructive +and the creative peace, as it was visioned by the Allied peoples in their +greatest moments of insight and inspiration during the war. For that +higher and wiser thing we lavished our pent-up energies and the +accumulated treasure of a hundred years, and sent so many of our best to +die."[134] + +That veteran student of world-politics Doctor E. J. Dillon put the matter +succinctly when he wrote: "The peace is being made not, as originally +projected, on the basis of the fourteen points, nor on the lines of +territorial equilibrium, but by a compromise which misses the advantage of +either, and combines certain evils of both. The treaty has failed to lay +the axe to the roots of war, has perhaps increased their number while +purporting to destroy them. The germs of future conflicts, not only +between the recent belligerents, but also between other groups of states, +are numerous, and if present symptoms may be trusted will sprout up in the +fulness of time."[135] + +The badness of the Versailles treaties is nowhere more manifest than in +the way they have alienated idealistic support and enthusiasm from the +inchoate League of Nations. Multitudes of persons once zealous Leaguers +now feel that the League has no moral foundation. Such persons contend +that even were the covenant theoretically perfect, the League could no +more succeed on the basis of the present peace settlement than a +flawlessly designed palace could be erected if superimposed upon a +quicksand. + +Europe is thus in evil case. Her statesmen have failed to formulate a +constructive settlement. Old problems remain unsolved while fresh problems +arise. The danger is redoubled by the fact that both Europe and the entire +world are faced with a new peril--Bolshevism. The menace of Bolshevism is +simply incalculable. Bolshevism is a peril in some ways unprecedented in +the world's history. It is not merely a war against a social system, not +merely a war against our civilization; it is a war of the hand against the +brain. For the first time since man was man there is a definite schism +between the hand and the head. Every principle which mankind has thus far +evolved: community of interest, the solidarity of civilization and +culture, the dignity of labor, of muscle, of brawn, dominated and +illumined by intellect and spirit--all these Bolshevism howls down and +tramples in the mud. + +Bolshevism's cardinal tenets--the dictatorship of the proletariat, and the +destruction of the "classes" by social war--are of truly hideous import. +The "classes," as conceived by Bolshevism, are very numerous. They +comprise not merely the "idle rich," but also the whole of the upper and +middle social strata, the landowning country folk, the skilled working +men; in short, all except those who work with their untutored hands, +_plus_ the elect few who philosophize for those who work with their +untutored hands. + +The effect of such ideas, if successful, not only on our civilization, but +also on the very fibre of the race, can be imagined. The death or +degradation of nearly all persons displaying constructive ability, and the +tyranny of the ignorant and anti-social elements, would be the most +gigantic triumph of disgenics ever seen. Beside it the ill effects of war +would pale into insignificance. Civilization would wither like a plant +stricken by blight, while the race, summarily drained of its good blood, +would sink like lead into the depths of degenerate barbarism. + +This is precisely what is occurring in Russia to-day. Bolshevism has ruled +Russia less than three years--and Russia is ruined. She ekes out a bare +existence on the remains of past accumulations, on the surviving scraps of +her material and spiritual capital. Everywhere are hunger, cold, disease, +terror, physical and moral death. The "proletariat" is making its "clean +sweep." The "classes" are being systematically eliminated by execution, +massacre, and starvation. The racial impoverishment is simply +incalculable. Meanwhile Lenine, surrounded by his Chinese executioners, +sits behind the Kremlin walls, a modern Jenghiz Khan plotting the plunder +of a world. + +Lenine's Chinese "braves" are merely symptomatic of the intrigues which +Bolshevism is carrying on throughout the non-white world. Bolshevism is, +in fact, as anti-racial as it is anti-social. To the Bolshevik mind, with +its furious hatred of constructive ability and its fanatical determination +to enforce levelling, proletarian equality, the very existence of superior +biological values is a crime. Bolshevism has vowed the proletarianization +of the world, beginning with the white peoples. To this end it not only +foments social revolution within the white world itself, but it also seeks +to enlist the colored races in its grand assault on civilization. The +rulers of Soviet Russia are well aware of the profound ferment now going +on in colored lands. They watch this ferment with the same terrible glee +that they watched the Great War and the fiasco of Versailles--and they +plot to turn it to the same profit. + +Accordingly, in every quarter of the globe, in Asia, Africa, Latin +America, and the United States, Bolshevik agitators whisper in the ears of +discontented colored men their gospel of hatred and revenge. Every +nationalist aspiration, every political grievance, every social +discrimination, is fuel for Bolshevism's hellish incitement to racial as +well as to class war. + +And this Bolshevik propaganda has not been in vain. Its results already +show in the most diverse quarters, and they are ominous for the future. +China, Japan, Afghanistan, India, Java, Persia, Turkey, Egypt, Brazil, +Chile, Peru, Mexico, and the "black belts" of our own United States: here +is a partial list of the lands where the Bolshevik leaven in color is +clearly at work. + +Bolshevism thus reveals itself as the arch-enemy of civilization and the +race. Bolshevism is the renegade, the traitor within the gates, who would +betray the citadel, degrade the very fibre of our being, and ultimately +hurl a rebarbarized, racially impoverished world into the most debased and +hopeless of mongrelizations. + +Therefore, Bolshevism must be crushed out with iron heels, no matter what +the cost. If this means more war, let it mean more war. We know only too +well war's dreadful toll, particularly on racial values. But what +war-losses could compare with the losses inflicted by the living death of +Bolshevism? There are some things worse than war, and Bolshevism stands +foremost among those dread alternatives. + +So ends our survey of the white world as it emerges from the Great War. +The prospect is not a brilliant one. Weakened and impoverished by +Armageddon, handicapped by an unconstructive peace, and facing internal +Bolshevist disaffection which must at all costs be mastered, the white +world is ill-prepared to confront--the rising tide of color. What that +tide portends will be the subject of the concluding chapters. + + + + +_PART III_ + +THE DELUGE ON THE DIKES + + + + +CHAPTER X + +THE OUTER DIKES + + +In my first chapter I showed that the rising tide of color to-day finds +itself confronted by dikes erected by the white race during the centuries +of its expansion. The reader will also remember that white expansion has +taken two forms: settlement and political control. These two phases differ +profoundly in character. Areas of settlement like North America have +become integral portions of the white world. On the other hand, regions of +political control like India are merely white dependencies, highly +valuable perhaps, yet in the last analysis held by title of the sword. + +Between these clearly contrasted categories lies an intermediate class of +territories typified by South Africa, where whites have settled in large +numbers without displacing the native populations. Lastly, there exist +certain white territories which may be called "enclaves." These enclaves +have become thoroughly white by settlement, yet they are so distant from +the main body of the white world and so contiguous to colored race-areas +that white tenure does not possess that security which settlement and +displacement of the aborigines normally confer. Australia typifies this +anomalous class of cases. + +The white defenses against the colored tide can be divided into what may +be termed the "outer" and the "inner" dikes. The outer dikes (the regions +of white political control) contain no settled white population, so that +their abandonment, whatever the political or economic loss, would not +directly affect white race-integrity. The question of their retention or +abandonment should therefore (save in a few exceptional cases) be judged +by political, economic, or strategic considerations. The inner dikes (the +areas of white settlement), however, are a very different matter. Peopled +as they are wholly or largely by whites, they have become parts of the +race-heritage, which should be defended to the last extremity no matter if +the costs involved are greater than their mere economic value would +warrant. They are the true bulwarks of the race, the patrimony of future +generations who have a right to demand of us that they shall be born white +in a white man's land. Ill will it fare if ever our race should close its +ears to this most elemental call of the blood. Then, indeed, would be +manifest the writing on the wall. + +That issue, however, is reserved for the next chapter. Let us here examine +the matter of the outer dikes--the regions of white political control. +There, where the white man is not settler but suzerain, his suzerainty +should, in the last analysis, depend on the character of the inhabitants. + +Right here, let us clear away the doctrinaire pedantry that commonly +obscures discussion about the retention or abandonment of white political +control over racially non-white regions. Argument usually tends to +crystallize around two antitheses. On the one side are the doctrinaire +liberals, who maintain the "imprescriptible right" of every human group to +attain independence, and of every sovereign state to retain independence. +On the opposite side are the doctrinaire imperialists, who maintain the +equally imprescriptible right of their particular nation to "vital +expansion" regardless of injuries thereby inflicted upon other nations. + +Now I submit that both these assumptions are unwarranted. There is no +"imprescriptible right" to either independence or empire. It depends on +the realities of each particular case. The extreme cases at either end of +the scale can be adjudged offhand by ordinary common sense. No one except +a doctrinaire liberal would be likely to assert that the Andaman Islanders +had an imprescriptible right to independence, or that Haiti, which owed +its independence only to a turn in European politics,[136] should forever +remain a sovereign--international nuisance. On the other hand, the whole +world (with the exception of Teutonic imperialists) denounced Germany's +attempt to swallow highly civilized Belgium as a crime against humanity. + +In other words: realities, not abstract theories, decide. That does not +please the doctrinaires, who insist on setting up Procrustean beds of +theory on which realities should be racked or crammed. It does, however, +conform to the dictates of nature, which decree that what is attuned shall +live while the disharmonic and degenerate shall pass away. And nature +usually has the last word. + +Surveying the regions of white political control over non-white peoples in +this realistic way, thereby avoiding the pitfalls of doctrinaire theory +and blind prejudice, we may arrive at a series of conclusions which, +though lacking the trim symmetry of the idealogue, will correspond to the +facts in the various cases. + +One thing is certain: the white man will have to recognize that the +practically absolute world-dominion which he exercised during the +nineteenth century can no longer be maintained. Largely because of that +very dominion, colored races have been drawn out of their traditional +isolation and have been quickened by white ideas, while the +life-conserving nature of white rule has everywhere favored colored +multiplication. These factors have combined to produce a wide-spread +ferment which has been clearly visible for the past two decades, and which +is destined to grow more acute in the near future. + +This ferment would have developed even if the Great War had never +occurred. However, the white world's weakening through Armageddon has +immensely accelerated the process and has opened up the possibility of +violent "short cuts" which would have mutually disastrous consequences. +Especially has it evoked in bellicose and fanatical minds the vision of a +"Pan-Colored" alliance for the universal overthrow of white hegemony at a +single stroke--a dream which would turn into a nightmare of race-war +beside which the late struggle in Europe would seem the veriest child's +play. + + +[Illustration: DISTRIBUTION OF THE WHITE RACES] + + +The effective centres of colored unrest are the brown and yellow worlds of +Asia. Both those worlds are not merely in negative opposition to white +hegemony, but are experiencing a real _renaissance_ whose genuineness is +best attested by the fact that it is a faithful replica of similar +movements in past times. White men must get out of their heads the idea +that Asiatics are necessarily "inferior." As a matter of fact, while +Asiatics do not seem to possess that sustained constructive power with +which the whites, particularly the Nordics, are endowed, the browns and +yellows are yet gifted peoples who have profoundly influenced human +progress in the past and who undoubtedly will contribute much to +world-civilization. The Asiatics have by their own efforts built up +admirable cultures rooted in remote antiquity and worthy of all respect. +They are to-day once more displaying their innate capacity by not merely +adopting, but adapting, white ideas and methods. That this profound +Asiatic renaissance will eventually result in the substantial elimination +of white political control from Anatolia to the Philippines is as natural +as it is inevitable. + +This does not mean a precipitate white "scuttle" from Asia. Far from it. +It does mean, however, a candid facing of realities and a basing of policy +on realities rather than on prepossessions or prejudices. Unless the white +man does this, he will injure himself more than any one else. If Asia is +to-day really renascent, Asia will ultimately reap the political fruits. +Men worthy of independence will sooner or later get independence. This is +as certain as is the converse truth that men unworthy of independence, +though they cry for it never so loudly, will either remain subject or will +quickly relapse into subjection should they by some lucky circumstance +obtain what they could only misuse. + +If, then, Asia deserves to be free, she will be free. The only question +is, how she will attain her freedom. Shall it be an evolutionary process, +in the main peaceful, based upon mutual respect, with mutual recognition +of both increasing Asiatic fitness and white vested interests? Or shall it +come through cataclysmic revolution? This is the dilemma which those +imperialists should ponder who object to any relaxation of white political +control over Asia because of the "value" of the subject regions. That +white control over Asiatic lands has been, and still is, immensely +profitable, cannot be denied. But what basis for this value is there +except lack of effective opposition? If real, sustained opposition now +develops, if subject Asia becomes chronically rebellious, if its peoples +resolutely boycott white goods--as China and India have shown Asiatics +capable of doing, will not white control be transformed from an asset into +a liability? Above all, let us remember that no race-values are involved. +No white race-areas would have to be abandoned to non-white domination. +White control over Asia is political, and can thus be judged by the +criteria of material interest undisturbed by the categorical imperative of +race-duty. + +The need for sympathetic open-mindedness toward awakening Asia if +cataclysmic disasters are to be averted becomes all the clearer when we +realize that on important issues lying outside Asia the white world must +resolutely oppose Asiatic desires. We whites should be the more generous +in our attitude toward Asia because imperative reasons of self-protection +require us to deny to Asiatics some of their best opportunities in the +outer world. + +In my opening chapters I discussed the rapid growth of Asiatic populations +and the resultant steadily augmenting outward thrust of surplus Asiatics +(principally yellow men, but also in lesser degree brown men) from +overcrowded homelands toward the less-crowded regions of the earth. It is, +in fact, Asiatics, and above all Mongolian Asiatics, who form the first +waves of the rising tide of color. Unfortunately, the white world cannot +permit this rising tide free scope. White men cannot, under peril of their +very race-existence, allow wholesale Asiatic immigration into white +race-areas. This prohibition, which will be discussed in the next chapter, +is already a serious blow to Asiatic aspirations. + +But the matter does not end there. The white world also cannot permit with +safety to itself wholesale Asiatic penetration of non-Asiatic colored +regions like black Africa and tropical Latin America. To permit Asiatic +colonization and ultimate control of these vast territories with their +incalculable resources would be to overturn in favor of Asia the +political, the economic, and eventually the racial balance of power in the +world. At present the white man controls these regions. And he must stand +fast. No other course is possible. Neither black Africa nor mongrel-ruled +tropical America can stand alone. If the white man goes, the Asiatic +comes--browns to Africa, yellows to Latin America. And there is no reason +under heaven why we whites should deliberately present Asia with the +richest regions of the tropics, to our own impoverishment and probable +undoing. + +Our race-duty is therefore clear. We must resolutely oppose both Asiatic +permeation of white race-areas and Asiatic inundation of those non-white, +but equally non-Asiatic, regions inhabited by the really inferior races. +But we should also recognize that by taking this attitude we debar +Asiatics from golden opportunities and render impossible the realization +of aspirations intrinsically just as normal and laudable as our own. And, +having closed in their faces so many doors of hope, can we refuse to +discuss with gifted and capable Asiatics the problem of turning over to +them the keys of their own house without causing festering hatreds whose +poison may spread far beyond Asia into other colored lands and possibly +into white lands as well? Neither a Pan-Colored nor a Colored-Bolshevist +alliance are impossibilities, far-fetched though these terms may sound. + +The fact is, we whites are in no position to indulge in the luxury of +Bourbonism. Weakened by Armageddon, hampered by Versailles, and harassed +by Bolshevism, the white world can ill afford to flout legitimate Asiatic +aspirations to independence. Our imperialists may argue that this means +abandoning "outer dikes," but I contend that white positions in Asia are +not protective dikes but strategic blockhouses, built upon the sands +during the long Asiatic ebb-tide, and which the now rising Asiatic waves +must ultimately engulf. Is it not the part of wisdom to quit these +outposts before they collapse into the swirling waters? Our true "outer +dikes" stand, not in Asia, but in Africa and Latin America. Let us not +exhaust ourselves by stubborn resistance in Asia which in the end must +prove futile. Let us conserve our strength, remembering that by the time +Asia has been submerged the flood should have lost much of its pent-up +power. + +Particularly should this be true of the moral "imponderables." By taking a +reasonable, conciliatory attitude toward Asiatic aspirations to +independence we would thereby eliminate the moral factors in Asia's +present hostility toward ourselves. Many Asiatics would still be our foes +from resentment at balked expansion, but we should have separated the +sheep from the goats. + +And the sheep are the more numerous. There are of course irreconcilables +like Japanese imperialists and Pan-Islamic fanatics who would like to +upset the whole world. However, taken by and large, Asia is peopled +neither by fire-eating jingoes nor howling dervishes. The average Asiatic +is by nature less restless, less ambitious, and consequently less +aggressive than ourselves. To-day Asiatics are everywhere aroused by a +whole complex of stimuli like overcrowding, white domination, and white +denial of nationalistic aspirations, to an access of hatred and fury. +Those last-mentioned stimuli to anti-white hostility we can remove. The +first-mentioned cause of hostility--over-population--we cannot remove. +Only the Asiatic himself can do that by controlling his reckless +procreation. Of course over-population is of itself a sufficiently serious +provoker of trouble. There is no more certain breeder of strife than the +expansive urge of a fast-breeding people. Nevertheless, this hostile +stimulus applies primarily to yellow Asia. Brown Asia, once free or +clearly on the road to freedom, would be either satisfied or engrossed in +its intestine broils. At any rate, the twin spectres of a Pan-Asian or a +Pan-Colored alliance would probably vanish like a mirage of the desert, +and the white world would be far better able to deal with yellow pressure +on its race-frontiers--no light task, weakened and distracted as the +white world finds itself to-day. + +Unfortunately, no such wise foresight seems to have been vouchsafed our +statesmen. Imperialistic secret treaties formed the basis for Versailles's +treatment of Asiatic questions, and those treaties were drawn precisely as +though Armageddon were a skirmish and Asia the sleeping giant of a century +ago. Upon the brown world, in particular, white domination was riveted +rather than relaxed. + +This amazing disregard of present-day realities augurs ill for the future. +Indeed, its evil first-fruits are already apparent. The brown world, +convinced that its aspirations can be realized only by force, turns to the +yellow world and listens to Bolshevik propaganda, while Pan-Islamism +redoubles its efforts in Africa. + +Thus is once more manifest the diplomatic bankruptcy of Versailles. The +white man, like King Canute, seats himself upon the tidal sands and bids +the waves be stayed. He will be lucky if he escapes merely with wet +shoes. + + + + +CHAPTER XI + +THE INNER DIKES + + +We come now to the frontiers of the white world--to its true frontiers, +marked, not by boundary-stones, but by flesh and blood. These frontiers +are not continuous: far from the European homeland, some run in remote +quarters of the earth, sundered by vast stretches of ocean and connected +only by the slate-gray thread of sea-power--the master-talisman which the +white man still grasps firmly in his hand. + +But against these race-frontiers--these "inner dikes"--the rising tide of +color has for decades been beating, and will beat yet more fiercely as +congesting population, quickened self-consciousness, and heightened sense +of power impel the colored world to expansion and dominion. Above the +eastern horizon the dark storm-clouds lower, and the weakened, distracted +white world must soon face a colored peril threatening its integrity and +perhaps its existence. This colored peril has three facets: the peril of +arms, the peril of markets, and the peril of migration. All three contain +ominous potentialities, both singly and in combination. Let us review them +in turn, to appraise their dynamic possibilities. + +First, the peril of arms. The military potencies of the colored races have +been the subject of earnest, and frequently alarmist, speculation for the +past twenty years, particularly since the Russo-Japanese War. The +exciting effects of Pan-Islamism upon the warlike peoples of Asia and +Africa have been frequently discussed, while the "Yellow Peril" has long +been a journalistic commonplace. + +How shall we appraise the colored peril of arms? On the whole, it would +appear as though the colored military danger, in its isolated, purely +aggressive aspect, had been exaggerated. Visions of a united Asia, rising +suddenly in fanatic frenzy and hurling brown and yellow myriads upon the +white West _seem_ to be the products of superheated imaginations. I say +"seem," because there are unquestionably mysterious emotional depths in +the Asiatic soul which may yet justify the prophets of cataclysmic war. As +Hyndman says: "With all the facts before us, and with prejudice thrown +aside, we are still unable to lay bare the causes of the gigantic Asian +movements of the past. They were certainly not all economic in their +origin, unless we stretch the boundaries of theory so far as to include +the massacre of whole populations and the destruction of their wealth +within the limits of the invaders' desire for material gain. And, whether +these movements arose from material or emotional causes, they have been +before, and they may occur again. Forecast here is impossible. A new +Mohammed is quite as likely to make his appearance as a new Buddha, a +reborn Confucius, or a modern Christ.... Asia raided and scourged Europe +for more than a thousand years. Now, for five hundred years, the +counter-attack of Europe upon Asia has been steadily going on, and it may +be that the land of long memories will cherish some desire to avenge this +period of wrong and rapine in turn. The seed of hatred has already been +but too well sown."[137] + +Of course, on this particular point, forecast is, indeed, impossible. +Nevertheless, the point should be noted, for Asiatic war-fever may appear, +if not in isolation, then in conjunction with other stimuli to warlike +action, like population-pressure or imperialistic ambition, which to-day +exist and whose amplitude can be approximately gauged. We have already +analyzed the military potencies of Pan-Islamism and Japan, and China also +should not be forgotten. Pacifist though China has long been, she has had +her bellicose moments in the past and may have them in the future. Should +this occur, China, as the world's greatest reservoir of intelligent +man-power, would be immensely formidable. Pearson visualizes a China +"become an aggressive military power, sending out her armies in millions +to cross the Himalayas and traverse the Steppes, or occupying the islands +and the northern parts of Australia, by pouring in immigrants protected by +fleets. Luther's old name for the Turks, that they were 'the people of the +wrath of God,' may receive a new and terrible application."[138] + +Granted that the Chinese will never become the fighting equals of the +world's warrior races, their incredible numbers combined with their +tenacious vitality might overcome opponents individually their superiors. +Says Professor Ross: "To the West the toughness of the Chinese physique +may have a sinister military significance. Nobody fears lest in a stand-up +fight Chinese troops could whip an equal number of well-conditioned white +troops. But few battles are fought by men fresh from tent and mess. In the +course of a prolonged campaign involving irregular provisioning, bad +drinking-water, lying out, loss of sleep, exhausting marches, exposure, +excitement, and anxiety, it may be that the white soldiers would be worn +down worse than the yellow soldiers. In that case the hardier men with +less of the martial spirit might in the closing grapple beat the better +fighters with the less endurance."[139] + +The potentialities of the Chinese soldier would acquire vastly greater +significance if China should be thoroughly subjugated by, or solidly +leagued to, ambitious and militaristic Japan. The combined military +energies of the Far East, welded into an aggressive unity, would be a +weapon of tremendous striking-power. + +The colored peril of arms may thus be summarized: The brown and yellow +races possess great military potentialities. These (barring the action of +certain ill-understood emotional stimuli) are unlikely to flame out in +spontaneous fanaticism; but, on the other hand, they are very likely to +be mobilized for political reasons like revolt against white dominion or +for social reasons like over-population. The black race offers no real +danger except as the tool of Pan-Islamism. As for the red men of the +Americas, they are of merely local significance. + +We are now ready to examine the economic facet of the colored peril: the +industrial-mercantile phase. In the second part of this volume I showed +the profound effect of the "industrial revolution" in furthering white +world-supremacy, and I pointed out the tremendous advantages accruing to +the white world from exploitation of undeveloped colored lands and from +exports of manufactured goods to colored markets. The prodigious wealth +thereby amassed has been a prime cause of white prosperity, has buttressed +the maintenance of white world-hegemony, and has made possible much of the +prodigious increase of white population. + +We little realize what the loss of these advantages would mean. As a +matter of fact, it would mean throughout the white world diminished +prosperity, lessened political and military strength, and such relative +economic and social stagnation as would depress national vigor and check +population. It is even possible to visualize a white world reverting to +the condition of Europe in the fifteenth century--thrown back upon itself, +on the defensive, and with a static rather than a progressive +civilization. Such conditions could of course occur only as the result of +colored military and industrial triumphs of the most sweeping character. +But the possibility exists, nevertheless, as I shall endeavor to show. + +Down to the close of the nineteenth century white supremacy was as +absolute in industry as it was in politics and war. Even the civilized +brown and yellow peoples were negligible from the industrial point of +view. Asia was economically on an agricultural basis. Such industries as +she possessed were still in the "house-industry" stage, and her products, +while often exquisite in quality, were produced by such slow, antiquated +methods that their quantity was limited and their market-price relatively +high. Despite very low wages, Asiatic products not only could not compete +in the world-market with European and American machine-made, mass-produced +articles, but were hard hit in their home-markets as well. The way in +which an ancient Asiatic handicraft like the Indian textiles was literally +annihilated by the destructive competition of Lancashire cottons is only +one of many similar instances. + +With the beginning of the twentieth century, however, Asia began to show +signs of an economic activity as striking in its way as the activity which +Asia was displaying in idealistic and political fields. Japan had already +laid the foundations of her flourishing industrial life based on the most +up-to-date Western models, while in other Asiatic lands, notably in China +and India, the whir of machinery and the smoke of tall factory chimneys +proclaimed that the East was fathoming the industrial secrets of the +West. + +What Asiatics were seeking in their industrial revival was well expressed +a decade ago by a Hindu, who wrote in a leading Indian periodical: "In one +respect the Orient is really menacing the West, and so earnest and +open-minded is Asia that no pretense or apology whatever is made about it. +The Easterner has thrown down the industrial gantlet, and from now on Asia +is destined to witness a progressively intense trade warfare, the +Occidental scrambling to retain his hold on the markets of the East, and +the Oriental endeavoring to beat him in a battle in which heretofore he +has been an easy victor.... In competing with the Occidental +commercialists, the Oriental has awakened to a dynamic realization of the +futility of pitting unimproved machinery and methods against modern +methods and appliances. Casting aside his former sense of +self-complacency, he is studying the sciences and arts that have given the +West its material prosperity. He is putting the results of his +investigations to practical use, as a rule, recasting the Occidental +methods and tools to suit his peculiar needs, and in some instances +improving upon them."[140] + +The accuracy of this Hindu statement of Asia's industrial awakening is +indorsed by the statements of white observers. At the very moment when the +above article was penned, an American economic writer, Clarence Poe, was +making a study tour of the Orient, from which he brought back the +following report: "The real cause of Asia's poverty lies in just two +things: the failure of Asiatic governments to educate their people, and +the failure of the people to increase their productive capacity by the use +of machinery. Ignorance and lack of machinery are responsible for Asia's +poverty; knowledge and modern tools are responsible for America's +prosperity." But, continues Mr. Poe, we must watch out. Asia now realizes +these things and is doing much to remedy the situation. Hence, "we must +face in ever-increasing degree the rivalry of awakening peoples who are +strong with the strength that comes from struggle with poverty and +hardship, and who have set themselves to master and apply all our secrets +in the coming world-struggle for industrial supremacy and for racial +readjustment."[141] And more recently another American observer of Asiatic +economic conditions reports: "All Asia is being permeated with modern +industry and present-day mechanical progress."[142] + +Take, for example, the momentous possibilities involved in the industrial +awakening of China. China is not merely the most populous of lands, +containing as it does nearly one-fourth of all the human beings on earth, +but it is also dowered with immense natural resources, notably coal and +iron--the prime requisites of modern industrial life. Hitherto China has +been on an agricultural basis, with virtually no exploitation of her +mineral wealth and with no industry in the modern sense. But the day when +any considerable fraction of China's laborious millions turn from the +plough and handicrafts to the factory must see a portentous reaction in +the most distant markets. + +Thirty years ago, Professor Pearson forecast China's imminent industrial +transformation. "Does any one doubt," he asks, "that the day is at hand +when China will have cheap fuel from her coal-mines, cheap transport by +railways and steamers, and will have founded technical schools to develop +her industries? Whenever that day comes, she may wrest the control of the +world's markets, especially throughout Asia, from England and +Germany."[143] + +Much of what Professor Pearson prophesied has already come to pass, for +China to-day has the beginnings of a promising industrial life. Even a +decade ago Professor Ross wrote of industrial conditions there: + +"Assuredly the cheapness of Chinese labor is something to make a factory +owner's mouth water. The women reelers in the silk filatures of Shanghai +get from eight to eleven cents for eleven hours of work. But Shanghai is +dear; and, besides, everybody there complains that the laborers are +knowing and spoiled. In the steel works at Hanyang common labor gets three +dollars a month, just a tenth of what raw Slavs command in the South +Chicago iron-works. Skilled mechanics get from eight to twelve dollars. In +a coal-mine near Ichang a thousand miles up the Yangtse the coolie +receives one cent for carrying a 400-pound load of coal on his back down +to the river a mile and a half away. He averages ten loads a day but must +rest every other week. The miners get seven cents a day and found; that +is, a cent's worth of rice and meal. They work eleven hours a day up to +their knees in water, and all have swollen legs. After a week of it they +have to lie off a couple of days. No wonder the cost of this coal +(semi-bituminous) at the pit's mouth is only thirty-five cents a ton. At +Chengtu servants get a dollar and a half a month and find themselves. +Across Szechuan lusty coolies were glad to carry our chairs half a day for +four cents each. In Sianfu the common coolie gets three cents a day and +feeds himself, or eighty cents a month. Through Shansi roving harvesters +were earning from four to twelve cents a day, and farm-hands got five or +six dollars a year and their keep. Speaking broadly, in any part of the +empire, willing laborers of fair intelligence may be had in any number at +from eight to fifteen cents a day. + +"With an ocean of such labor power to draw on, China would appear to be on +the eve of a manufacturing development that will act like a continental +upheaval in changing the trade map of the world. The impression is +deepened by the tale of industries that have already sprung up."[144] + +Of course there is another side to the story. Low wages alone do not +insure cheap production. As Professor Ross remarks: "For all his native +capacity, the coolie will need a long course of schooling, industrial +training, and factory atmosphere before he inches up abreast of the German +or American working man."[145] In the technical and directing staffs there +is the same absence of the modern industrial spirit, resulting in chronic +mismanagement, while Chinese industry is further handicapped by +traditional evils like "squeeze," nepotism, lust for quick profits, and +incapacity for sustained business team-play. These failings are not +peculiar to China; they hamper the industrial development of other Asiatic +countries, notably India. Still, the way in which Japanese industry, with +all its faults, is perfecting both its technic and its methods shows that +these failings will be gradually overcome and indicates that within a +generation Asiatic industry will probably be sufficiently advanced to +supply at least the Asiatic home-markets with most of the staple +manufactures. + +Thus it looks as though white manufactures will tend to be progressively +eliminated from Asiatic markets, even under conditions of absolutely free +competition. But it is a very moot point whether competition will remain +free--whether, on the contrary, white wares will not be increasingly +penalized. The Asiatic takes a keen interest in his industrial development +and consciously favors it even where whites are in political control. The +"swadeshi" movement in India is a good example, while the Chinese and +Egyptian boycotts of foreign as against native goods are further +instances in point. The Japanese have supplemented these spontaneous +popular movements by systematic governmental discrimination in favor of +Japanese products and the elimination of white competition from Japan and +its dependencies. This Japanese policy has been markedly successful, and +should Japan's present hegemony over China be perpetuated the white man +may soon find himself economically as well as politically expelled from +the whole Far East. + +A decade ago Putnam Weale wrote warningly: "If China is forced, owing to +the short-sighted diplomacy of those for whom the question has really +supreme importance, to make common cause with Japan as a _pis aller_, then +it may be accepted as inevitable that in the course of time there will be +created a _mare clausum_, which will extend from the island of Saghalien +down to Cochin-China and Siam, including all the island-groups, and the +shores of which will be openly hostile to the white man.... + +"And since there will be no danger from the competition of white workmen, +but rather from the white man's ships, the white man's merchants, his +inventions, his produce--it will be these which will be subjected to +humiliating conditions.... It is not a very far cry from tariffs on goods +to tariffs and restrictions on foreign shipping, on foreign merchants, on +everything foreign--restrictions which by imposing vast and unequal +burdens on the activities of aliens will soon totally destroy such +activities.... What can very easily happen is that the federation of +eastern Asia and the yellow races will be finally arranged in such a +manner as to exclude the white man and his commerce more completely than +any one yet dreams of."[146] + +This latter misfortune may be averted by concerted white action, but it is +difficult to see how the gradual elimination of white goods from Asiatic +markets as the result of successful Asiatic competition can be averted. +Certainly the stubborn maintenance of white political domination over a +rebellious Asia would be no remedy. That would merely intensify swadeshi +boycotts in the subject regions, while in the lands freed from white +political control it would further Japan's policy of excluding everything +white. If Asiatics resolve to buy their own products instead of ours we +may as well reconcile ourselves to the loss. Here again frank recognition +of the inevitable will enable us to take a much stronger and more +justifiable position on the larger world-aspects of the problem. + +For Asia's industrial transformation is destined to cause momentous +reactions in other parts of the globe. If Asiatic industry really does get +on an efficient basis, its potentialities are so tremendous that it must +presently not only monopolize the home-markets but also seek to invade +white markets as well, thus presenting the white world with commercial and +economic problems as unwelcome as they will be novel. + +Again, industrialization will in some respects aggravate Asiatic longings +for migration and dominion. In my opening pages I mentioned +industrialization as a probable reliever of population-pressure in Asiatic +countries by affording new livelihoods to the congested masses. This is +true. But, looking a trifle farther, we can also see that +industrialization would stimulate a further prodigious increase of +population. Consider the growth of Europe's population during the +nineteenth century under the stimulus of the industrial revolution, making +possible the existence in our industrialized Europe of three times as many +people as existed in the agricultural Europe of a hundred years ago. Why +should not a similar development occur in Asia? To-day Asia, though still +upon a basis as agricultural as eighteenth-century Europe, contains fully +900,000,000 people. That even a partially industrialized Asia might +support twice that number would (judging by the European precedent) be far +from improbable. + +But this would mean vastly increased incentives to expansion--commercial, +political, racial--beyond the bounds of Asia. It would mean intensified +encroachments, not only upon areas of white settlement, but perhaps even +more upon non-Asiatic colored regions of white political control like +Africa and tropical America. Here again we see why the white man, however +conciliatory in Asia, must stand like flint in Africa and Latin America. +To allow the whole tropic belt clear round the world to pass into Asiatic +hands would practically spell white race-suicide. + +Professor Pearson paints a truly terrible picture of the stagnation and +hopelessness which would ensue. "Let us conceive," he writes, "the leading +European nations to be stationary, while the black and yellow belt, +including China, Malaysia, India, central Africa, and tropical America, is +all teeming with life, developed by industrial enterprise, fairly well +administered by native governments, and owning the better part of the +carrying trade of the world. Can any one suppose that, in such a condition +of political society, the habitual temper of mind in Europe would not be +profoundly changed? Depression, hopelessness, a disregard of invention and +improvement, would replace the sanguine confidence of races that at +present are always panting for new worlds to conquer. Here and there, it +may be, the more adventurous would profit by the traditions of old +supremacy to get their services accepted in the new nations, but as a rule +there would be no outlet for energy, no future for statesmanship. The +despondency of the English people, when their dream of conquest in France +was dissipated, was attended with a complete decay of thought, with civil +war, and with a standing still, or perhaps a decline of population, and to +a less degree of wealth.... It is conceivable that our later world may +find itself deprived of all that is valued on earth, of the pageantry of +subject provinces and the reality of commerce, while it has neither a +disinterred literature to amuse it nor a vitalized religion to give it +spiritual strength."[147] + +To sum up: The economic phase of the colored peril, though not yet a +major factor, must still be seriously reckoned with by forward-looking +statesmanship as something which will increasingly complicate the +relations of the white and non-white worlds. In fact, even to-day it tends +to intensify Asiatic desires for expansion, and thus exacerbates the +third, or migratory, phase of the colored peril, which is already upon us. + +The question of Asiatic immigration is incomparably the greatest external +problem which faces the white world. Supreme phase of the colored peril, +it already presses, and is destined to press harder in the near future. It +infinitely transcends the peril of arms or markets, since it threatens not +merely our supremacy or prosperity but our very race-existence, the +wellsprings of being, the sacred heritage of our children. + +That this is no overstatement of the issue, a bare recital of a few +biological axioms will show. We have already seen that nothing is more +_unstable_ than the racial make-up of a people, while, conversely, nothing +is more _unchanging_ than the racial divisions of mankind. We have seen +that true amalgamation is possible only between members of the same +race-stock, while in crossings between stocks even as relatively near +together as the main divisions of the white species, the race-characters +do not really fuse but remain distinct in the mixed offspring and tend +constantly to resort themselves as pure types by Mendelian inheritance. +Thus a country inhabited by a mixed population is really inhabited by +different races, one of which always tends to dominate and breed the +other out--the outbred strains being lost to the world forever. + +Now, since the various human stocks differ widely in genetic worth, +nothing should be more carefully studied than the relative values of the +different strains in a population, and nothing should be more rigidly +scrutinized than new strains seeking to add themselves to a population, +because such new strains may hold simply incalculable potentialities for +good or for evil. The potential reproductive powers of any stock are +almost unlimited. Therefore the introduction of even a small group of +prolific and adaptable but racially undesirable aliens may result in their +subsequent prodigious multiplication, thereby either replacing better +native stocks or degrading these by the injection of inferior blood. + +The admission of aliens should, indeed, be regarded just as solemnly as +the begetting of children, for the racial effect is essentially the same. +There is no more damning indictment of our lopsided, materialistic +civilization than the way in which, throughout the nineteenth century, +immigration was almost universally regarded, not from the racial, but from +the material point of view, the immigrant being viewed not as a creator of +race-values but as a mere vocal tool for the production of material +wealth. + +Immigration is thus, from the racial standpoint, a form of procreation, +and like the more immediate form of procreation it may be either the +greatest blessing or the greatest curse. Human history is largely the +story of migrations, making now for good and now for ill. Migration +peopled Europe with superior white stocks displacing ape-like aborigines, +and settled North America with Nordics instead of nomad redskins. But +migration also bastardized the Roman world with Levantine mongrels, +drowned the West Indies under a black tide, and is filling our own land +with the sweepings of the European east and south. + +Migration, like other natural movements, is of itself a blind force. It is +man's divine privilege as well as duty, having been vouchsafed knowledge +of the laws of life, to direct these blind forces, rejecting the bad and +selecting the good for the evolution of higher and nobler destinies. + +Colored immigration is merely the most extreme phase of a phenomenon which +has already moulded prodigiously the development of the white world. In +fact, before discussing the specific problems of colored immigration, it +would be well to survey the effects of the immigration of various white +stocks. When we have grasped the momentous changes wrought by the +introduction of even relatively near-related and hence relatively +assimilable strains, we will be better able to realize the far more +momentous consequences which the introduction of colored stocks into white +lands would entail. + +The racial effects of immigration are ably summarized by that lifelong +student of immigration problems, Prescott F. Hall. These effects are, he +truly remarks, "more far-reaching and potent than all others. The +government, the state, society, industry, the political party, social and +political ideals, all are concepts and conventions created by individual +men; and when individuals change these change with them. Recent +discoveries in biology show that in the long run heredity is far more +important than environment or education; for though the latter can +develop, it cannot create. They also show what can be done in a few years +in altering species, and in producing new ones with qualities hitherto +unknown, or unknown in combination."[148] + +The ways in which admixture of alien blood can modify or even destroy the +very soul of a people have been fully analyzed both by biologists and by +social psychologists like Doctor Gustave Le Bon.[149] The way in which +wholesale immigration, even though mainly white, has already profoundly +modified American national character is succinctly stated by Mr. Eliot +Norton. "If," he writes, "one considers the American people from, say, +1775 to 1860, it is clear that a well-defined national character was in +process of formation. What variations there were, were all of the same +type, and these variations would have slowly grown less and less marked. +It needs little study to see of what great value to any body of men, +women, and children a national or racial type is. It furnishes a standard +of conduct by which any one can set his course. The world is a difficult +place in which to live, and to establish moral standards has been one of +the chief occupations of mankind. Without such standards, man feels as a +mariner without a compass. Religions, rules, laws, and customs are only +the national character in the form of standards of conduct. Now national +character can be formed only in a population which is stable. The repeated +introduction into a body of men of other men of different type or types +cannot but tend to prevent its formation. Thus the 19,000,000 of +immigrants that have landed have tended to break up the type which was +forming, and to make the formation of any other type difficult. Every +million more will only intensify this result, and the absence of a +national character is a loss to every man, woman, and child. It will show +itself in our religions, rules of conduct, in our laws, in our +customs."[150] + +The vital necessity of restriction and selection in immigration to +conserve and build race-values is thus set forth by Mr. Hall: + +"There is one aspect of immigration restriction in the various countries +which does not often receive much attention; namely, the possibility of +its use as a method of world-eugenics. Most persons think of migration in +terms of space--as the moving of a certain number of people from one part +of the earth's surface to another. Whereas the much more important aspect +of it is that of a functioning in time. + +"This comes from two facts. The first is that the vacuum left in any +country by emigration is rapidly filled up through a rise in the +birth-rate.... The second fact is that immigration to any country of a +given stratum of population tends to sterilize all strata of higher social +and economic levels already in that country. So true is this that nearly +all students of the matter are agreed that the United States would have a +larger population to-day if there had been no immigration since 1820, and, +it is needless to add, a much more homogeneous population. As long as the +people of any community are relatively homogeneous, what differences of +wealth and social position there may be do not affect the birth-rate, or +do so only after a considerable time. But put into that community a number +of immigrants, inferior mentally, socially, and economically, and the +natives are unwilling to have their children associate with them in work +or social life. They then limit the number of their children in order to +give them the capital or education to enter occupations in which they will +not be brought into contact with the new arrivals. This result is quite +apparent in New England, where successive waves of immigration from lower +and lower levels have been coming in for eighty years. In the West, the +same New England stock has a much higher birth-rate, showing that its +fertility is in no way diminished. In the South, where until very recently +there was no immigration at all, and the only socially inferior race was +clearly separated by the accident of color, the birth-rate has remained +very high, and the very large families of the colonial period are even now +not uncommon. + +"This is not to say that other causes do not contribute to lower the +birth-rate of a country, for that is an almost world-wide phenomenon. But +the desire to be separated from inferiors is as strong a motive to +birth-control as the desire for luxury or to ape one's economic superiors. +Races follow Gresham's law as to money: the poorer of two kinds in the +same place tends to supplant the better. Mark you, _supplant_, not drive +out. One of the most common fallacies is the idea that the natives whose +places are taken by the lower immigrants are 'driven up' to more +responsible positions. A few may be pushed up; more are driven to a new +locality, as happened in the mining regions; _but most are prevented from +coming into existence at all_. + +"What is the result, then, of the migration of 1,000,000 persons of lower +level into a country where the average is of a higher level? Considering +the world as a whole, there are, after a few years, 2,000,000 persons of +the lower type in the world, and probably from 500,000 to 1,000,000 less +of the higher type. The proportion of lower to higher in the country from +which the migration goes may remain the same; but in the country receiving +it, it has _risen_. Is the world as a whole the gainer? + +"Of course the euthenist[151] says at once that these immigrants are +improved. We may grant that, although the improvement is probably much +exaggerated. You cannot make bad stock into good by changing its meridian, +any more than you can turn a cart-horse into a hunter by putting it into a +fine stable, or make a mongrel into a fine dog by teaching it tricks. But +such improvement as there is involves time, expense, and trouble; and, +when it is done, has anything been gained? Will any one say that the races +that have supplanted the old Nordic stock in New England are any better, +or as good, as the descendants of that stock would have been if their +birth-rate had not been lowered? + +"Further, in addition to the purely biological aspects of the matter, +there are certain psychological ones. Although a cosmopolitan atmosphere +furnishes a certain freedom in which strong congenital talents can +develop, it is a question whether as many are not injured as helped by +this. Indeed, there is considerable evidence to show that for the +production of great men, a certain homogeneity of environment is +necessary. The reason of this is very simple. In a homogeneous community, +opinions on a large number of matters are fixed. The individual does not +have to attend to such things, but is free to go ahead on some special +line of his own, to concentrate to his limit on his work, even though that +work be fighting the common opinions. + +"But in a community of many races, there is either cross-breeding or there +is not. If there is, the children of such cross-breeding are liable to +inherit two souls, two temperaments, two sets of opinions, with the +result in many cases that they are unable to think or act strongly and +consistently in any direction. The classic examples are Cuba, Mexico, and +Brazil. On the other hand, if there is no cross-breeding, the diversity +exists in the original races, and in a community full of diverse ideals of +all kinds much of the energy of the higher type of man is dissipated in +two ways. First, in the intellectual field there is much more doubt about +everything, and he tends to weigh, discuss, and agitate many more +subjects, in order to arrive at a conclusion amid the opposing views. +Second, in practical affairs, much time and strength have to be devoted to +keeping things going along old lines, which could have been spent in new +research and development. In how many of our large cities to-day are men +of the highest type spending their whole time fighting, often in vain, to +maintain standards of honesty, decency, and order, and in trying to +compose the various ethnic elements, who should be free to build new +structures upon the old! + +"The moral seems to be this: Eugenics among individuals is encouraging the +propagation of the fit, and limiting or preventing the multiplication of +the unfit. World-eugenics is doing precisely the same thing as to races +considered as wholes. Immigration restriction is a species of segregation +on a large scale, by which inferior stocks can be prevented from both +diluting and supplanting good stocks. Just as we isolate bacterial +invasions, and starve out the bacteria by limiting the area and amount of +their food-supply, so we can compel an inferior race to remain in its +native habitat, where its own multiplication in a limited area will, as +with all organisms, eventually limit its numbers and therefore its +influence. On the other hand, the superior races, more self-limiting than +the others, with the benefits of more space and nourishment will tend to +still higher levels. + +"This result is not merely a selfish benefit to the higher races, but a +good to the world as a whole. The object is to produce the greatest number +of those fittest not 'for survival' merely, but fittest for all purposes. +The lower types among men progress, so far as their racial inheritance +allows them to, chiefly by imitation and emulation. The presence of the +highest development and the highest institutions among any race is a +distinct benefit to all the others. It is a gift of _psychological +environment_ to any one capable of appreciation."[152] + +The impossibility of any advanced and prosperous community maintaining its +social standards and handing them down to its posterity in these days of +cheap and rapid transportation except by restrictions upon immigrations is +thus explained by Professor Ross: "Now that cheap travel stirs the social +deeps and far-beckoning opportunity fills the steerage, immigration +becomes ever more serious to the people that hopes to rid itself at least +of slums, 'masses,' and 'submerged.' What is the good of practising +prudence in the family if hungry strangers may crowd in and occupy at the +banquet table of life the places reserved for its children? Shall it, in +order to relieve the teeming lands of their unemployed, abide in the pit +of wolfish competition and renounce the fair prospect of growth in +suavity, comfort, and refinement? If not, then the low-pressure society +must not only slam its doors upon the indraft, but must double-lock them +with forts and iron-clads, lest they be burst open by assault from some +quarter where 'cannon food' is cheap."[153] + +These admirable summaries of the immigration problem in its world-aspect +are strikingly illustrated by our own country, which may be considered as +the leading, if not the "horrible," example. Probably few persons fully +appreciate what magnificent racial treasures America possessed at the +beginning of the nineteenth century. The colonial stock was perhaps the +finest that nature had evolved since the classic Greeks. It was the very +pick of the Nordics of the British Isles and adjacent regions of the +European continent--picked at a time when those countries were more Nordic +than now, since the industrial revolution had not yet begun and the +consequent resurgence of the Mediterranean and Alpine elements had not +taken place. + +The immigrants of colonial times were largely exiles for conscience's +sake, while the very process of migration was so difficult and hazardous +that only persons of courage, initiative, and strong will-power would +voluntarily face the long voyage overseas to a life of struggle in an +untamed wilderness haunted by ferocious savages. + +Thus the entire process of colonial settlement was one continuous, drastic +cycle of eugenic selection. Only the racially fit ordinarily came, while +the few unfit who did come were mostly weeded out by the exacting +requirements of early American life. + +The eugenic results were magnificent. As Madison Grant well says: "Nature +had vouchsafed to the Americans of a century ago the greatest opportunity +in recorded history to produce in the isolation of a continent a powerful +and racially homogeneous people, and had provided for the experiment a +pure race of one of the most gifted and vigorous stocks on earth, a stock +free from the diseases, physical and moral, which have again and again +sapped the vigor of the older lands. Our grandfathers threw away this +opportunity in the blissful ignorance of national childhood and +inexperience."[154] The number of great names which America produced at +the beginning of its national life shows the high level of ability +possessed by this relatively small people (only about 3,000,000 whites in +1790). With our hundred-odd millions we have no such output of genius +to-day. + +The opening decades of the nineteenth century seemed to portend for +America the most glorious of futures. For nearly seventy years after the +Revolution, immigration was small, and during that long period of ethnic +isolation the colonial stock, unperturbed by alien influences, adjusted +its cultural differences and began to display the traits of a genuine new +type, harmonious in basic homogeneity and incalculably rich in racial +promise. The general level of ability continued high and the output of +talent remained extraordinarily large. Perhaps the best feature of the +nascent "native American" race was its strong idealism. Despite the +materialistic blight which was then creeping over the white world, the +native American displayed characteristics more reminiscent of his +Elizabethan forebears than of the materialistic Hanoverian Englishman. It +was a wonderful time--and it was only the dawn! + +But the full day of that wondrous dawning never came. In the late forties +of the nineteenth century the first waves of the modern immigrant tide +began breaking on our shores, and the tide swelled to a veritable deluge +which never slackened till temporarily restrained by the late war. This +immigration, to be sure, first came mainly from northern Europe, was thus +largely composed of kindred stocks, and contributed many valuable +elements. Only during the last thirty years have we been deluged by the +truly alien hordes of the European east and south. But, even at its best, +the immigrant tide could not measure up to the colonial stock _which it +displaced_, not reinforced, while latterly it became a menace to the very +existence of our race, ideals, and institutions. All our slowly acquired +balance--physical, mental, and spiritual--has been upset, and we to-day +flounder in a veritable Serbonian bog, painfully trying to regain the +solid ground on which our grandsires confidently stood. + +The dangerous fallacy in that short-sighted idealism which seeks to make +America the haven of refuge for the poor and oppressed of all lands, and +its evil effects not only on America but on the rest of the world as well, +has been convincingly exposed by Professor Ross. He has scant patience +with those social "uplifters" whose sympathy with the visible alien at the +gate is so keen that they have no feeling for the _invisible_ children of +_our_ poor who will find the chances gone, nor for those at the gate of +the to-be, who might have been born, but will not be. + +"I am not of those," he writes, "who consider humanity and forget the +nation, who pity the living but not the unborn. To me, those who are to +come after us stretch forth beseeching hands as well as do the masses on +the other side of the globe. Nor do I regard America as something to be +spent quickly and cheerfully for the benefit of pent-up millions in the +backward lands. What if we become crowded without their ceasing to be so? +I regard it (America) as a nation whose future may be of unspeakable value +to the rest of mankind, provided that the easier conditions of life here +be made permanent by high standards of living, institutions, and ideals, +which finally may be appropriated by all men. We could have helped the +Chinese a little by letting their surplus millions swarm in upon us a +generation ago; but we have helped them infinitely more by protecting our +standards and having something worth their copying when the time +came."[155] + +The perturbing influence of recent immigration must vex American life for +many decades. Even if laws are passed to-morrow so drastic as to shut out +permanently the influx of undesirable elements, it will yet take several +generations before the combined action of assimilation and elimination +shall have restabilized our population and evolved a new type-norm +approaching in fixity that which was on the point of crystallizing +three-quarters of a century ago. + +The biologist Humphrey thus punctures the "melting-pot" delusion: "Our +'melting-pot,'" he writes, "would not give us in a thousand years what +enthusiasts expect of it--a _fusing_ of all our various racial elements +into a new type which shall be the true American. It _will_ give us for +many generations a perplexing diversity in ancestry, and since our +successors must reach back into their ancestry for characteristics, this +diversity will increase the uncertainty of their inheritances. They will +inherit no stable blended character, because there is no such thing. They +will inherit from a mixture of unlike characteristics contributed by +unlike peoples, and in their inheritance they will have certain of these +characteristics in full identity, while certain others they will not have +at all."[156] + +Thus, under even the most favorable circumstances, we are in for +generations of racial readjustment--an immense travail, essentially +needless, since the final product will probably not measure up to the +colonial standard. We will probably never (unless we adopt positive +eugenic measures) be the race we might have been if America had been +reserved for the descendants of the picked Nordics of colonial times. + +But that is no reason for folding our hands in despairing inaction. On the +contrary, we should be up and doing, for though some of our race-heritage +has been lost, more yet remains. We can still be a very great people--if +we will it so. Heaven be praised, the colonial stock was immensely +prolific before the alien tide wrought its sterilizing havoc. Even to-day +nearly one-half of our population is of the old blood, while many millions +of the immigrant stock are sound in quality and assimilable in kind. +Only--the immigrant tide must at all costs be stopped and America given a +chance to stabilize her ethnic being. It is the old story of the sibylline +books. Some, to be sure, are ashes of the dead past; all the more should +we conserve the precious volumes which remain. + +One fact should be clearly understood: If America is not true to her own +race-soul, she will inevitably lose it, and the brightest star that has +appeared since Hellas will fall like a meteor from the human sky, its +brilliant radiance fading into the night. "We Americans," says Madison +Grant, "must realize that the altruistic ideals which have controlled our +social development during the past century and the maudlin sentimentalism +that has made America 'an asylum for the oppressed,' are sweeping the +nation toward a racial abyss. If the melting-pot is allowed to boil +without control and we continue to follow our national motto and +deliberately blind ourselves to 'all distinctions of race, creed, or +color,' the type of native American of colonial descent will become as +extinct as the Athenian of the age of Pericles and the Viking of the days +of Rollo."[157] + +And let us not lay any sacrificial unction to our souls. If we cheat our +country and the world of the splendid promise of American life, we shall +have no one to blame but ourselves, and we shall deserve, not pity, but +contempt. As Professor Ross well puts it: "A people that has no more +respect for its ancestors and no more pride of race than this deserves the +extinction that surely awaits it."[158] + +This extended discussion of the evil effects of even white immigration +has, in my opinion, been necessary in order to get a proper perspective +for viewing the problem of colored immigration. For it is perfectly +obvious that if the influx of inferior kindred stocks is bad, the influx +of wholly alien stocks is infinitely worse. When we see the damage wrought +in America, for example, by the coming of persons who, after all, belong +mostly to branches of the white race and who nearly all possess the basic +ideals of white civilization, we can grasp the incalculably greater damage +which would be wrought by the coming of persons wholly alien in blood and +possessed of idealistic and cultural backgrounds absolutely different from +ours. If the white immigrant can gravely disorder the national life, it is +not too much to say that the colored immigrant would doom it to certain +death. + +This doom would be all the more certain because of the enormous potential +volume of colored immigration. Beside it, the white immigrant tide of the +past century would pale into insignificance. Leaving all other parts of +the colored world out of the present discussion, three Asiatic +countries--China, Japan, and India--together have a population of nearly +800,000,000. That is practically twice the population of Europe--the +source of white immigration. And the vast majority of these 800,000,000 +Asiatics are potential immigrants into white territories. Their standards +of living are so inconceivably low, their congestion is so painful, and +their consequent desire for relief so keen that the high-standard, +relatively empty white world seems to them a perfect paradise. Only the +barrier of the white man's veto has prevented a perfect deluge of colored +men into white lands, and even as it is the desperate seekers after fuller +life have crept and crawled through every crevice in that barrier, until +even these advance-guards to-day constitute serious local problems along +the white world's race-frontiers. + +The simple truth of the matter is this: A mighty problem--a planet-wide +problem--confronts us to-day and will increasingly confront us in the days +to come. Says Putnam Weale: "A struggle has begun between the white man +and all the other men of the world to decide whether non-white men--that +is, yellow men, or brown men, or black men--may or may not invade the +white man's countries in order there to gain their livelihood. The +standard of living being low in the lands of colored men and high in the +lands of the white man, it has naturally followed that it has been in the +highest degree attractive for men of color during the past few decades to +proceed to regions where their labor is rewarded on a scale far above +their actual requirements--that is, on the white man's scale. This simple +economic truth creates the inevitable contest which has for years filled +all the countries bordering on the Pacific with great dread; and which, in +spite of the temporary truce which the so-called 'Exclusion Policy' has +now enforced, will go much farther than it has yet gone."[159] + +The world-wide significance of colored immigration and the momentous +conflicts which it will probably provoke are ably visualized by Professor +Ross. + +"The rush of developments," he writes, "makes it certain that the vision +of a globe 'lapped in universal law' is premature. If the seers of the +mid-century who looked for the speedy triumph of free trade had read their +Malthus aright, they might have anticipated the tariff barriers that have +arisen on all hands within the last thirty years. So, to-day one needs no +prophet's mantle to foresee that presently the world will be cut up with +immigration barriers which will never be levelled until the intelligent +accommodation of numbers to resources has greatly equalized +population-pressure all over the globe.... Dams against the color races, +with spillways of course for students, merchants, and travellers, will +presently enclose the white man's world. Within this area minor dams will +protect the high wages of the less prolific peoples against the surplus +labor of the more prolific. + +"Assuredly, every small-family nation will try to raise such a dam, and +every big-family nation will try to break it down. The outlook for peace +and disarmament is, therefore, far from bright. One needs but compare the +population-pressures in France, Germany, Russia, and Japan to realize +that, even to-day, the real enemy of the dove of peace is not the eagle of +pride or the vulture of greed, but the stork! + +"The great point of doubt in birth restriction is the ability of the +Western nations to retain control of the vast African, Australasian, and +South American areas they have staked out as preserves to be peopled at +their leisure with the diminishing overflow of their population. If +underbreeding should leave them without the military strength that alone +can defend their far-flung frontiers in the southern hemisphere, those +huge underdeveloped regions will assuredly be filled with the children of +the brown and the yellow races."[160] + +Thus, white men, of whatever country and however far removed from personal +contact with colored competitors, must realize that the question of +colored immigration vitally concerns every white man, woman, and child; +because nowhere--_absolutely nowhere_--can white labor compete on equal +terms with colored immigrant labor. The grim truth is that there are +enough hard-working colored men to swamp the whole white world. + +No palliatives will serve to mitigate the ultimate issue, for if the white +race should to-day surrender enough of its frontiers to ease the existing +colored population-pressure, so quickly would these surrendered regions be +swamped, and so rapidly would the fast-breeding colored races fill the +homeland gaps, that in a very short time the diminished white world would +be faced with an even louder colored clamor for admittance--backed by an +increased power to enforce the colored will. + +The profoundly destructive effects of colored competition upon white +standards of labor and living has long been admitted by all candid +students of the problem. So warm a champion of Asiatics as Mr. Hyndman +acknowledges that "the white workers cannot hold their own permanently +against Chinese competition in the labor market. The lower standard of +life, the greater persistence, the superior education of the Chinese will +beat them, and will continue to beat them."[161] + +Wherever the white man has been exposed to colored competition, +particularly Asiatic competition, the story is the same. Says the +Australian Professor Pearson: "No one in California or Australia, where +the effects of Chinese competition have been studied, has, I believe, the +smallest doubt that Chinese laborers, if allowed to come in freely, could +starve all the white men in either country out of it, or force them to +submit to harder work and a much lower standard of wages."[162] + +And a South African, writing of the effects of Hindu immigration into +Natal, remarks in similar vein: "The condition of South Africa--especially +of Natal--is a warning to other lands to bar Asiatic immigrants.... Both +economically and socially the presence of a large Oriental population is +bad. The Asiatics either force out the white workers, or compel the latter +to live down to the Asiatic level. There must be a marked deterioration +amongst the white working classes, which renders useless a great deal of +the effort made in educational work. The white population is educated and +trained according to the best ideas of the highest form of Western +civilization--and has to compete for a livelihood against Asiatics! In +South Africa this competition is driving out the white working class, +because the average European cannot live down to the Asiatic level--and if +it is essential that the European must do so, for the sake of his own +happiness, do not educate him up to better things. If cheapness is the +only consideration, if low wages are to come before everything else, then +it is not only waste of money, but absolute cruelty, to inspire in the +white working classes tastes and aspirations which it is impossible for +them to realize. To meet Asiatic competition squarely, it would be +necessary to train the white children to be Asiatics. Even the +pro-Orientals would hardly advocate this."[163] + +The lines just quoted squarely counter the "survival of the fittest" plea +so often made by Asiatic propagandists for colored immigration. The +argument runs that, since the Oriental laborer is able to underbid the +white laborer, the Oriental is the "fittest" and should therefore be +allowed to supplant the white man in the interests of human progress. This +is of course merely clever use of the well-known fallacy which confuses +the terms "fittest" and "best." The idea that, because a certain human +type "fits" in certain ways a particular environment (often an unhealthy, +man-made social environment), it should be allowed to drive out another +type endowed with much richer potentialities for the highest forms of +human evolution, is a sophistry as absurd as it is dangerous. + +Professor Ross puts the matter very aptly when he remarks concerning +Chinese immigration: "The competition of white laborer and yellow is not +so simple a test of human worth as some may imagine. Under good conditions +the white man can best the yellow man in turning off work. But under bad +conditions the yellow man can best the white man, because he can better +endure spoiled food, poor clothing, foul air, noise, heat, dirt, +discomfort, and microbes. Reilly can _outdo_ Ah-San, but Ah-San can +_underlive_ Reilly. Ah-San cannot take away Reilly's job as being a better +workman; but because he can live and do some work at a wage on which +Reilly cannot keep himself fit to work at all, three or four Ah-Sans can +take Reilly's job from him. And they will do it, too, unless they are +barred out of the market where Reilly is selling his labor. Reilly's +endeavor to exclude Ah-San from his labor market is not the case of a man +dreading to pit himself on equal terms against a better man. Indeed, it is +not quite so simple and selfish and narrow-minded as all that. It is a +case of a man fitted to get the most out of good conditions refusing to +yield his place to a weaker man able to withstand bad conditions."[164] + +All this is no disparagement of the Asiatic. He is perfectly justified in +trying to win broader opportunities in white lands. But we whites are +equally justified in keeping these opportunities for ourselves and our +children. The hard facts are that there is not enough for both; that when +the enormous outward thrust of colored population-pressure bursts into a +white land _it cannot let live_, but automatically crushes the white man +out--first the white laborer, then the white merchant, lastly the white +aristocrat; until every vestige of white has gone from that land forever. + +This inexorable process is thus described by an Australian: "The colored +races become agencies of economic disturbance and social degradation. They +sap and destroy the upward tendencies of the poorer whites. The latter, +instead of always having something better to look at and strive after, +have a lower standard of living, health, and cleanliness set before them, +and the results are disastrous. They sink to the lower level of the +Asiatics, and the degrading tendency proceeds upward by saturation, +affecting several grades of society.... There is an insidious, yet +irresistible, process of social degradation. The colored race does not +intentionally, or even consciously, lower the European; it simply happens +so, by virtue of a natural law which neither race can control. As debased +coinage will drive out good currency, so a lowered standard of living will +inexorably spread until its effects are universally felt."[165] + +It all comes down to a question of self-preservation. And, despite what +sentimentalists may say, self-preservation _is_ the first law of nature. +To love one's cultural, idealistic, and racial heritage; to swear to pass +that heritage unimpaired to one's children; to fight, and, if need be, to +die in its defense: all this is eternally right and proper, and no amount +of casuistry or sentimentality can alter that unalterable truth. An +Englishman put the thing in a nutshell when he wrote: "Asiatic immigration +is not a question of sentiment, but of sheer existence. The whole problem +is summed up in Lafcadio Hearn's pregnant phrase: 'The East can +_underlive_ the West.'"[166] + +Rigorous exclusion of colored immigrants is thus vitally necessary for the +white peoples. Unfortunately, this exclusion policy will not be easily +maintained. Colored population-pressure is insistent and increasing, while +the matter is still further complicated by the fact that, while no white +_community_ can gain by colored immigration, white +_individuals_--employers of labor--may be great gainers and hence often +tend to put private interest above racial duty. Barring a handful of +sincere but misguided cosmopolitan enthusiasts, it is unscrupulous +business interests which are behind every white proposal to relax the +exclusion laws protecting white areas. + +In fairness to these business interests, however, let us realize their +great temptations. To the average employer, especially in the newer areas +of white settlement where white labor is scarce and dictatorial, what +could be more enticing than the vision of a boundless supply of cheap and +eager colored labor? + +Consider this Californian appraisement of the Chinese coolie: "The Chinese +coolie is the ideal industrial machine, the perfect human ox. He will +transform less food into more work, with less administrative friction, +than any other creature. Even now, when the scarcity of Chinese labor and +the consequent rise in wages have eliminated the question of cheapness, +the Chinese have still the advantage over all other servile labor in +convenience and efficiency. They are patient, docile, industrious, and +above all 'honest' in the business sense that they keep their contracts. +Also, they cost nothing but money. Any other sort of labor costs human +effort and worry, in addition to the money. But Chinese labor can be +bought like any other commodity, at so much a dozen or a hundred. The +Chinese contractor delivers the agreed number of men, at the agreed time +and place, for the agreed price, and if any one should drop out he finds +another in his place. The men board and lodge themselves, and when the +work is done they disappear from the employer's ken until again needed. +The entire transaction consists in paying the Chinese contractor an agreed +number of dollars for an agreed result. This elimination of the human +element reduces the labor problem to something the employer can +understand. The Chinese labor-machine, from his standpoint, is +perfect."[167] + +What is true of the Chinese is true to a somewhat lesser extent of all +"coolie" labor. Hence, once introduced into a white country, it becomes +immensely popular--among employers. How it was working out in South +Africa, before the exclusion acts there, is clearly explained in the +following lines: "The experience of South Africa is that when once Asiatic +labor is admitted, the tendency is for it to grow. One manufacturer +secures it and is able to cut prices to such an extent that the other +manufacturers are forced either to employ Asiatics also or to reduce white +wages to the Asiatic level. Oriental labor is something which does not +stand still. The taste for it grows. A party springs up financially +interested in increasing it. In Natal to-day the suggestion that Indian +labor should no longer be imported is met by an outcry from the planters, +the farmers, and landowners, and a certain number of manufacturers, that +industries and agriculture will be ruined. So the coolie ships continue to +arrive at Durban, and Natal becomes more and more a land of black and +brown people and less a land of white people. Instead of becoming a Canada +or New Zealand, it is becoming a Trinidad or Cuba. Instead of white +settlers, there are brown settlers.... The working-class white population +has to go, as it is going in Natal. The country becomes a country of white +landlords and supervisors controlling a horde of Asiatics. It does not +produce a nation or a free people. It becomes what in the old days of +English colonization was called a 'plantation.'"[168] + +All this gives a clearer idea of the difficulties involved in a successful +guarding of the gates. But it also confirms the conviction that the gates +must be strictly guarded. If anything further were needed to reinforce +that conviction it should be the present state of those white outposts +where the gates have been left ajar. + +Hawaii is a good example. This mid-Pacific archipelago was brought under +white control by masterful American Nordics, who established Anglo-Saxon +institutions and taught the natives the rudiments of Anglo-Saxon +civilization. The native Hawaiians, like the other Polynesian races, could +not stand the pressure of white civilization, and withered away. But the +white oligarchy which controlled the islands determined to turn their +marvellous fertility to immediate profit. Labor was imported from the ends +of the earth, the sole test being working ability without regard to race +or color. There followed a great influx of Asiatic labor--at first Chinese +until annexation to the United States brought Hawaii under our Chinese +exclusion laws; later on Filipinos, Koreans, and, above all, Japanese. + +The results are highly instructive. These Asiatics arrived as agricultural +laborers to work on the plantations. But they did not stay there. Saving +their wages, they pushed vigorously into all the middle walks of life. The +Hawaiian fisherman and the American artisan or shopkeeper were alike +ousted by ruthless undercutting. To-day the American mechanic, the +American storekeeper, the American farmer, even the American contractor, +is a rare bird indeed, while Japanese corporations are buying up the +finest plantations and growing the finest pineapples and sugar. Fully half +the population of the islands is Japanese, while the Americans are being +literally encysted as a small and dwindling aristocracy. In 1917 the +births of the two races were: American, 295; Japanese, 5,000! Comment is +superfluous. + +Clear round the globe, the island of Mauritius, the half-way house between +Asia and Africa, tells the same tale. Originally settled by Europeans, +mostly French, Mauritius imported negroes from Africa to work its rich +soil. This at once made impossible the existence of a white laboring +class, though the upper, middle, and artisan classes remained unaffected +by the economically backward blacks. A hundred years ago one-third of the +population were whites. But after the abolition of slavery the negroes +quit work, and Asiatics were imported to take their place. The upshot was +that the whites were presently swamped beneath the Asiatic tide--here +mostly Hindus. To-day the Hindus alone form more than two-thirds of the +whole population, the whites numbering less than one-tenth. Indeed, the +very outward aspect of the island is changing. The old French landmarks +are going, and the fabled land of "Paul and Virginia" is becoming a bit of +Hindustan, with a Chinese fringe. Even Port Louis, the capital town, has +mostly passed from white to Indian or Chinese hands. + +Now what do these two world-sundered cases mean? They mean, as an English +writer justly remarks, "that under the British flag Mauritius has become +an outpost of Asia, just as Hawaii is another such and under the Stars and +Stripes."[169] And, of course, there is Natal, already mentioned, which, +at the moment when the recent South African Exclusion Act stayed the +Hindu tide, had not only been partially transformed into an Asiatic land, +but was fast becoming a centre of Asiatic radiation all over South Africa. + +With such grim warnings before their eyes, it is not strange that the +lusty young Anglo-Saxon communities bordering the Pacific--Australia, New +Zealand, British Columbia, and our own "coast"--have one and all set their +faces like flint against the Oriental and have emblazoned across their +portals the legend: "All White." Nothing is more striking than the +instinctive and instantaneous solidarity which binds together Australians +and Afrikanders, Californians and Canadians, into a "sacred union" at the +mere whisper of Asiatic immigration. + +Everywhere the slogan is the same. "The 'White Australia' idea," cries an +antipodean writer, "is not a political theory. It is a gospel. It counts +for more than religion; for more than flag, because the flag waves over +all kinds of races; for more than the empire, for the empire is mostly +black, or brown or yellow; is largely heathen, largely polygamous, partly +cannibal. In fact, the White Australia doctrine is based on the necessity +for choosing between national existence and national suicide."[170] "White +Australia!" writes another Australian in similar vein. "Australians of all +classes and political affiliations regard the policy much as Americans +regard the Constitution. It is their most articulate article of faith. +The reason is not far to seek.... Australian civilization is little more +than a partial fringe round the continental coastline of 12,210 miles. The +coast and its hinterlands are settled and developed, although not +completely for the entire circumference; in the centre of the country lie +the apparently illimitable wastes of the Never-Never Land, occupied +entirely by scrub, snakes, sand, and blackfellows. The almost manless +regions of the island-continent are a terrible menace. It is impossible to +police at all adequately such an enormous area. And the peoples of Asia, +beating at the bars that confine them, rousing at last from their age-long +slumber, are chafing at the restraints imposed upon their free entry into +and settlement of such uninhabited, undeveloped lands."[171] + +So the Australians, 5,000,000 whites in a far-off continent as large as +the United States, defy clamoring Asia and swear to keep Australia a white +man's land. Says Professor Pearson: "We are guarding the last part of the +world in which the higher races can increase and live freely, for the +higher civilization. We are denying the yellow race nothing but what it +can find in the home of its birth, or in countries like the Indian +Archipelago, where the white man can never live except as an exotic."[172] + +So Australia has raised drastic immigration barriers conceived on the +lines laid down by Sir Henry Parkes many years ago: "It is our duty to +preserve the type of the British nation, and we ought not for any +consideration whatever to admit any element that would detract from, or in +any appreciable degree lower, that admirable type of nationality. We +should not encourage or admit amongst us any class of persons whatever +whom we are not prepared to advance to all our franchises, to all our +privileges as citizens, and all our social rights, including the right of +marriage. I maintain that no class of persons should be admitted here who +cannot come amongst us, take up all our rights, perform on a ground of +equality all our duties, and share in our august and lofty work of +founding a free nation."[173] + +From Canada rises an equally uncompromising determination. Listen to Mr. +Vrooman, a high official of British Columbia: "Our province is becoming +Orientalized, and one of our most important questions is whether it is to +remain a British province or become an Oriental colony--for we have three +races demanding seats in our drawing-room, as well as places at our +board--the Japanese, Chinese, and East Indian."[174] And a well-known +Canadian writer, Miss Laut, thus defines the issue: "If the resident Hindu +had a vote--and as a British subject, why not?--and if he could break down +the immigration exclusion act, he could outvote the native-born Canadian +in ten years. In Canada are 5,500,000 native-born, 2,000,000 aliens. In +India are hundreds of millions breaking the dikes of their own natural +barriers and ready to flood any open land. Take down the barriers on the +Pacific coast, and there would be 10,000,000 Hindus in Canada in ten +years."[175] + +Our Pacific coast takes precisely the same attitude. Says Chester H. +Rowell, a California writer: "There is no right way to solve a race +problem except to stop it before it begins.... The Pacific coast is the +frontier of the white man's world, the culmination of the westward +migration which is the white man's whole history. It will remain the +frontier so long as we regard it as such; no longer. Unless it is +maintained there, there is no other line at which it can be maintained +without more effort than American government and American civilization are +able to sustain. The multitudes of Asia are awake, after their long sleep, +as the multitudes of Europe were when our present flood of immigration +began. We know what could happen, on the Asiatic side, by what did happen +and is happening on the European side. On that side we have survived.... +But against Asiatic immigration we could not survive. The numbers who +would come would be greater than we could encyst, and the races who would +come are those which we could never absorb. The permanence not merely of +American civilization, but of the white race on this continent, depends on +our not doing on the Pacific side what we have done on the Atlantic +coast."[176] + +Says another Californian, Justice Burnett: "The Pacific States comprise an +empire of vast potentialities and capable of supporting a population of +many millions. Those now living there propose that it shall continue to be +a home for them and their children, and that they shall not be overwhelmed +and driven eastward by an ever-increasing yellow and brown flood."[177] + +All "economic" arguments are summarily put aside. "They say," writes +another Californian, "that our fruit-orchards, mines, and seed-farms +cannot be worked without them (Oriental laborers). It were better that +they never be developed than that our white laborers be degraded and +driven from the soil. The same arguments were used a century and more ago +to justify the importation of African labor.... As it is now, no +self-respecting white laborer will work beside the Mongolian upon any +terms. The proposition, whether we shall have white or yellow labor on the +Pacific coast, must soon be settled, for we cannot have both. If the +Mongolian is permitted to occupy the land, the white laborer from east of +the Rockies will not come here--he will shun California as he would a +pestilence. And who can blame him?"[178] + +The middle as well as the working class is imperilled by any large number +of Orientals, for "The presence of the Japanese trader means that the +white man must either go out of business or abandon his standard of +comfort and sink to the level of the Asiatic, who will sleep under his +counter and subsist upon food that would mean starvation to his white +rival."[179] + +Indeed, Californian assertions that Oriental immigration menaces, not +merely the coast, but the whole continent, seem well taken. This view was +officially indorsed by Mr. Caminetti, Commissioner-General of Immigration, +who testified before a Congressional committee some years ago: "Asiatic +immigration is a menace to the whole country, and particularly to the +Pacific coast. The danger is general. No part of the United States is +immune. The Chinese are now spread over the entire country, and the +Japanese want to encroach. The Chinese have become so acclimated that they +can prosper in any part of our country.... I would have a law to register +the Asiatic laborers who come into the country. It is impossible to +protect ourselves from persons who come in surreptitiously."[180] + +Fortunately, the majority of thinking Americans are to-day convinced that +Oriental immigration must not be tolerated. Most of our leading men have +so expressed themselves. For example, Woodrow Wilson, during his first +presidential campaign, declared on May 3, 1912: "In the matter of Chinese +and Japanese coolie immigration, I stand for the national policy of +exclusion. The whole question is one of assimilation of diverse races. We +cannot make a homogeneous population of a people who do not blend with the +Caucasian race. Their lower standard of living as laborers will crowd out +the white agriculturist and is in other fields a most serious industrial +menace. The success of free democratic institutions demands of our people +education, intelligence, and patriotism, and the State should protect them +against unjust and impossible competition. Remunerative labor is the basis +of contentment. Democracy rests on the equality of the citizen. Oriental +coolieism will give us another race-problem to solve and surely we have +had our lesson."[181] + +The necessity for rigid Oriental exclusion is nowhere better exemplified +than by the alarm felt to-day in California by the extraordinarily high +birth-rate of its Japanese residents. There are probably not over 150,000 +Japanese in the whole United States, their numbers being kept down by the +"Gentlemen's Agreement" entered into by the Japanese and American +Governments. But, few though they are, they bring in their women--and +these women bring many children into the world. The California Japanese +settle in compact agricultural colonies, which so teem with babies that a +leading California organ, the Los Angeles _Times_, thus seriously +discusses the matter: + +"There may have been a time when an anti-Japanese land bill would have +limited Japanese immigration. But such a law would be impotent now to keep +native Japanese from possessing themselves of the choicest agricultural +and horticultural land in California. For there are now more than 30,000 +children in the State of Japanese parentage, native-born; they possess all +the rights of leasing and ownership held by white children born here.... +The birth statistics seem to prove that the danger is not from the +Japanese soldiers, but from the picture brides. The fruitfulness of those +brides is almost uncanny.... Here is a Japanese problem of sufficient +gravity to merit serious consideration. We are threatened with an +over-production of Japanese children. First come the men, then the picture +brides, then the families. If California is to be preserved for the next +generation as a 'white man's country' there must be some movement started +that will restrict the Japanese birth-rate in California. When a condition +is reached in which two children of Japanese parentage are born in some +districts for every white child, it is about time something else was done +than making speeches about it in the American Senate.... If the same +present birth-ratio were maintained for the next ten years, there would be +150,000 children of Japanese descent born in California in 1929 and but +40,000 white children. And in 1949 the majority of the population of +California would be Japanese, ruling the State."[182] + +The alarm of our California contemporary may, in this particular instance, +be exaggerated. Nevertheless, when we remember the practically unlimited +expansive possibilities of even small human groups under favorable +conditions, the picture drawn contains no features inherently impossible +of realization. What is absolutely certain is that any wholesale Oriental +influx would inevitably doom the whites, first of the Pacific coast, and +later of the whole United States, to social sterilization and ultimate +racial extinction. + +Thus all those newer regions of the white world won by the white expansion +of the last four centuries are alike menaced by the colored migration +peril; whether these regions be under-developed, under-populated frontier +marches like Australia and British Columbia, or older and better-populated +countries like the United States. + +And let not Europe, the white brood-land, the heart of the white world, +think itself immune. In the last analysis, the self-same peril menaces it +too. This has long been recognized by far-sighted men. For many years +economists and sociologists have discussed the possibility of Asiatic +immigration into Europe. Low as wages and living standards are in many +European countries, they are yet far higher than in the congested East, +while the rapid progress of social betterment throughout Europe must +further widen the gap and make the white continent seem a more and more +desirable haven for the swarming, black-haired bread-seekers of China, +India, and Japan. + +Indeed, a few observers of modern conditions have come to the conclusion +that this invasion of Europe by Asiatic labor is unescapable, and they +have drawn the most pessimistic conclusions. For example, more than a +decade ago an English writer asserted gloomily: "No level-headed thinker +can imagine that it will always be possible to prevent the free migration +of intelligent races, representing in the aggregate half the peoples of +the world, should those peoples actively conceive that their welfare +demands that they should seek employment in Europe. In these days of rapid +transit, of aviation, such a measure of repression is impossible.... We +shall not be destroyed, perhaps, by the sudden onrush of invaders, as Rome +was overwhelmed by the northern hordes; we shall be gradually subdued and +absorbed by the 'peaceful penetration' of more virile races."[183] + +Now, mark you! All that I have thus far written concerning colored +immigration has been written without reference to the late war. In other +words, the colored-migration peril would have been just as grave as I have +described it even if the white world were still as strong as in the years +before 1914. + +But the war has of course immensely aggravated an already critical +situation. The war has shaken both the material and psychological bases of +white resistance to colored infiltration, while it has correspondingly +strengthened Asiatic hopes and hardened Asiatic determination to break +down the barriers debarring colored men from white lands. + +Asia's perception of what the war signified in this respect was +instantaneous. The war was not a month old before Japanese journals were +suggesting a relaxation of Asiatic exclusion laws in the British colonies +as a natural corollary to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and Anglo-Japanese +comradeship in arms. Said the Tokio _Mainichi Deupo_ in August, 1914: "We +are convinced that it is a matter of the utmost importance that Britons +beyond the seas should make a better attempt at fraternizing with Japan, +as better relations between the English-speaking races and Japan will have +a vital bearing on the destiny of the empire. There is no reason why the +British colonies fronting on the Pacific should not actively participate +in the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. Britain needs population for her surplus +land and Japan needs land for her surplus population. This fact alone +should draw the two races closer together. Moreover, the British people +have ample capital but deficiency of labor, while it is the reverse with +Japan.... The harmonious co-operation of Britain and her colonies with +Japan insures safety to British and Japanese interests alike. Without such +co-operation, Japan and Great Britain are both unsafe."[184] + +What this "co-operation" implies was very frankly stated by _The Japan +Magazine_ at about the same date: "There is nothing that would do so much +to bind East and West firmly together as the opening of the British +colonies to Japanese immigration. Then, indeed, Britain would be a lion +endowed with wings. Large numbers of Japanese in the British colonies +would mean that Britain would have the assistance of Japan in the +protection of her colonies. But if an anti-Japanese agitation is +permitted, both countries will be making the worst instead of the best of +the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. Thus it would be allowed to make Japan an +enemy instead of a friend. It seems that the British people both at home +and in the colonies are not yet alive to the importance of the policy +suggested, and it is, therefore, pointed out and emphasized before it is +too late."[185] + +The covert threat embodied in those last lines was a forerunner of the +storm of anti-white abuse which rose from the more bellicose sections of +the Japanese press as soon as it became evident that neither the British +Dominions nor the United States were going to relax their immigration +laws. Some of this anti-white comment, directed particularly against the +Anglo-Saxon peoples, I have already noted in the second chapter of this +book, but such comment as bears directly on immigration matters I have +reserved for discussion at this point. + +For example, the Tokio _Yorodzu_ wrote early in 1916: "Japan has been most +faithful to the requirements of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, and yet the +treatment meted out to our countrymen in Canada, Australia, and other +British colonies has been a glaring insult to us."[186] A year later a +writer in _The Japan Magazine_ declared: "The agitation against Japanese +in foreign countries must cease, even if Japan has to take up arms to stop +it. She should not allow her immigration to be treated as a +race-question."[187] And in 1919 the _Yorodzu_ thus paid its respects to +the exclusionist activity of our Pacific coast States: "Whatever may be +their object, their actions are more despicable than those of the Germans +whose barbarities they attacked as worthy of Huns. At least, these +Americans are barbarians who are on a lower plane of civilization than the +Japanese."[188] + +The war produced no letting down of immigration barriers along the white +world's exposed frontiers, where men are fully alive to the peril. But the +war did produce temporary waverings of sentiment in the United States, +while in Europe colored labor was imported wholesale in ways which may +have ominous consequences. + +Our own acute labor shortage during the war, particularly in agriculture, +led many Americans, especially employers, to cast longing eyes at the +tempting reservoirs of Asia. Typical of this attitude is an article by +Hudson Maxim in the spring of 1918. Mr. Maxim urged the importation of a +million Chinese to solve our farming and domestic-service problems. + +"If it is possible," he wrote, "by the employment of Chinese methods of +intensive farming, to increase the production of our lands to such an +extent, how stupendous would be the benefit of wide introduction of such +methods. The exhausted lands of New England could be made to produce like +a tropical garden. The vast areas of the great West that are to-day not +producing 10 per cent of what they ought to produce could be made to +produce the other 90 per cent by the introduction of Chinese labor.... The +average American does not like farming. The sons of the prosperous farmers +do not take kindly to the tilling of the soil with their own hands. They +prefer the excitement and the diversions and stimulus of the life of city +and town, and they leave the farm for the office and factory.... + +"Chinese, imported as agricultural laborers and household servants, would +solve the agricultural labor problem and the servant problem, and we +should have the best agricultural workers in the world and the best +household servants in the world, in unlimited numbers."[189] + +Now I submit that such arguments, however well-intentioned, are nothing +short of race-treason. If there be one truth which history has proved, it +is the solemn truth that those who _work_ the land will ultimately _own_ +the land. + +Furthermore, the countryside is the seed-bed from which the city +populations are normally recruited. The one bright spot in our otherwise +dubious ethnic future is the fact that most of our unassimilable aliens +have stopped in the towns, while many of the most assimilable immigrants +have settled in the country, thus reinforcing rather than replacing our +native American rural population. Any suggestion which advocates the +settlement of our countryside by Asiatics and the deliberate driving of +our native stocks to the towns, there to be sterilized and eliminated, is +simply unspeakable. + +Fortunately, such fatal counsels were with us never acted upon, albeit +they should be remembered as lurking perils which will probably be urged +again in future times of stress. But during Europe's war-agony, yellow, +brown, and black men were imported wholesale, not only for the armies, but +also for the factories and fields. These colored aliens have mostly been +shipped back to their homes. Nevertheless, they have carried with them +vivid recollections of the marvellous West, and the tale will spread to +the remotest corners of the colored world, stirring hard-pressed colored +bread-seekers to distant ventures. Furthermore, Europe has had a practical +demonstration of the colored alien's manifold usefulness, and if Europe's +troubles are prolonged, the colored man may be increasingly employed there +both in peace and war. + +Even during the war the French and English working classes felt the +pressure of colored competition. Race-feeling grew strained, and presently +both England and France witnessed the (to them) unwonted spectacles of +race-riots in their port-towns where the colored aliens were most thickly +gathered. An American observer thus describes the "breaking of the +exclusion walls erected against the Chinese": + +"In London, one Wednesday evening, twenty-four months ago (_i. e._, in +1916), there was a mass-meeting held on the corner of Piggot Street, +Limehouse, to protest against the influx of John Chinaman into bonny old +England.... The London navvies that night heard a protest against 'the +Chinese invasion' of Britain. They knew that down on the London docks +there were two Chinamen to every white man since the coming of war. They +knew that many of these yellow aliens were married. They knew, too, that a +big Chinese restaurant had just opened down the West India Dock Road. + +"The Sailors' and Firemen's Union--one of the most powerful in +England--carried the protest into the Trades-Union Congress held at +Birmingham. There, alarm was voiced at the steady increase in the number +of Chinese hands on Britain's ships. It was an increase, true, since the +stress of war-times had begun to try Britain. But what England's sons of +the seven seas wanted to know was: when is 'this Orientalizing' of the +British marine to stop?... The seamen's unions were willing to do their +bit for John Bull, but they wondered what was going to happen after the +coming of peace. Would the Chinese continue to man John Bull's ships?... + +"Such is one manifestation of the decisive lifting of gates and barriers +that has taken place since the white world went to war. To-day the +Chinese--for decades finding a wall in every white man's country--are +numbered by the tens of thousands in the service of the Allies. They have +made good. They are a war-factor.... All told, 200,000 Chinese are +'carrying on' in the war-zone, laboring behind the lines, in +munition-works and factories, manning ships.... + +"What will happen when peace comes upon this red world--a world turned +topsyturvy by the white man's Great War, which has taken John Chinaman +from Shantung, Chihli, and Kwangtung to that battle-ground in France?... +That makes the drafting of China's man-power one of the most supremely +important events in the Great War. The family of nations is taking on a +new meaning--John Chinaman overseas has a place in it. As Italian +harvest-labor before the war went to and from Argentina for a few months' +work, so the Chinese have gone to Europe under contract and go home again. +Perhaps this action will have a bearing on the solution of the Far West's +agricultural labor problem. + +"Do not believe for a moment that the armies of Chinese in Europe will +forget the lessons taught them in the West. When these sons of Han come +home, the Great War will be found to have given birth to a new East."[190] + +So ends our survey. It has girdled the globe. And the lesson is always the +same: Colored migration is a _universal_ peril, menacing every part of the +white world. Nowhere can the white man endure colored competition; +everywhere "the East can _underlive_ the West." The grim truth of the +matter is this: The whole white race is exposed, immediately or +ultimately, to the possibility of social sterilization and final +replacement or absorption by the teeming colored races. + +What this unspeakable catastrophe would mean for the future of the planet, +and how the peril may be averted, will form the subject of my concluding +pages. + + + + +CHAPTER XII + +THE CRISIS OF THE AGES + + +Ours is a solemn moment. We stand at a crisis--the supreme crisis of the +ages. For unnumbered millenniums man has toiled upward from the dank +jungles of savagery toward glorious heights which his mental and spiritual +potentialities give promise that he shall attain. His path has been slow +and wavering. Time and again he has lost his way and plunged into deep +valleys. Man's trail is littered with the wrecks of dead civilizations and +dotted with the graves of promising peoples stricken by an untimely end. + +Humanity has thus suffered many a disaster. Yet none of these disasters +were fatal, because they were merely local. Those wrecked civilizations +and blighted peoples were only parts of a larger whole. Always some strong +barbarians, endowed with rich, unspoiled heredities, caught the falling +torch and bore it onward flaming high once more. + +Out of the prehistoric shadows the white races pressed to the front and +proved in a myriad ways their fitness for the hegemony of mankind. +Gradually they forged a common civilization; then, when vouchsafed their +unique opportunity of oceanic mastery four centuries ago, they spread over +the earth, filling its empty spaces with their superior breeds and +assuring to themselves an unparalleled paramountcy of numbers and +dominion. + +Three centuries later the whites took a fresh leap forward. The nineteenth +century was a new age of discovery--this time into the realms of science. +The hidden powers of nature were unveiled, incalculable energies were +tamed to human use, terrestrial distance was abridged, and at last the +planet was integrated under the hegemony of a single race with a common +civilization. + +The prospects were magnificent, the potentialities of progress apparently +unlimited. Yet there were commensurate perils. Towering heights mean +abysmal depths, while the very possibility of supreme success implies the +possibility of supreme failure. All these marvellous achievements were due +solely to superior heredity, and the mere maintenance of what had been won +depended absolutely upon the prior maintenance of race-values. +Civilization of itself means nothing. It is merely an effect, whose cause +is the creative urge of superior germ-plasm. Civilization is the body; the +race is the soul. Let the soul vanish, and the body moulders into the +inanimate dust from which it came. + +Two things are necessary for the continued existence of a race: it must +remain itself, and it must breed its best. Every race is the result of +ages of development which evolves specialized capacities that make the +race what it is and render it capable of creative achievement. These +specialized capacities (which particularly mark the superior races), +being relatively recent developments, are highly unstable. They are what +biologists call "recessive" characters; that is, they are not nearly so +"dominant" as the older, generalized characters which races inherit from +remote ages and which have therefore been more firmly stamped upon the +germ-plasm. Hence, when a highly specialized stock interbreeds with a +different stock, the newer, less stable, specialized characters are bred +out, the variation, no matter how great its potential value to human +evolution, being _irretrievably lost_. This occurs even in the mating of +two superior stocks if these stocks are widely dissimilar in character. +The valuable specializations of both breeds cancel out, and the mixed +offspring tend strongly to revert to generalized mediocrity. + +And, of course, the more primitive a type is, the more prepotent it is. +This is why crossings with the negro are uniformly fatal. Whites, +Amerindians, or Asiatics--all are alike vanquished by the invincible +prepotency of the more primitive, generalized, and lower negro blood. + +There is no immediate danger of the world being swamped by black blood. +But there is a very imminent danger that the white stocks may be swamped +by Asiatic blood. + +The white man's very triumphs have evoked this danger. His virtual +abolition of distance has destroyed the protection which nature once +conferred. Formerly mankind dwelt in such dispersed isolation that +wholesale contact of distant, diverse stocks was practically impossible. +But with the development of cheap and rapid transportation, nature's +barriers are down. Unless man erects and maintains artificial barriers the +various races will increasingly mingle, and the inevitable result will be +the supplanting or absorption of the higher by the lower types. + +We can see this process working out in almost every phase of modern +migration. The white immigration into Latin America is the exception which +proves the rule. That particular migration is, of course, beneficent, +since it means the influx of relatively high types into undeveloped lands, +sparsely populated by types either no higher or much lower than the new +arrivals. But almost everywhere else, whether we consider interwhite +migrations or colored encroachments on white lands, the net result is an +expansion of lower and a contraction of higher stocks, the process being +thus a disgenic one. Even in Asia the evils of modern migration are +beginning to show. The Japanese Government has been obliged to prohibit +the influx of Chinese and Korean coolies who were undercutting Japanese +labor and thus undermining the economic bases of Japanese life. + +Furthermore, modern migration is itself only one aspect of a still more +fundamental disgenic trend. The whole course of modern urban and +industrial life is disgenic. Over and above immigration, the tendency is +toward a replacement of the more valuable by the less valuable elements of +the population. All over the civilized world racial values are +diminishing, and the logical end of this disgenic process is racial +bankruptcy and the collapse of civilization. + +Now why is all this? It is primarily because we have not yet adjusted +ourselves to the radically new environment into which our epochal +scientific discoveries led us a century ago. Such adaptation as we have +effected has been almost wholly on the material side. The no less sweeping +idealistic adaptations which the situation calls for have not been made. +Hence, modern civilization has been one-sided, abnormal, unhealthy--and +nature is exacting penalties which will increase in severity until we +either fully adapt or _finally perish_. + +"Finally perish!" That is the exact alternative which confronts the white +race. For white civilization is to-day conterminous with the white race. +The civilizations of the past were local. They were confined to a +particular people or group of peoples. If they failed, there were always +some unspoiled, well-endowed barbarians to step forward and "carry on." +But to-day _there are no more white barbarians_. The earth has grown +small, and men are everywhere in close touch. If white civilization goes +down, the white race is irretrievably ruined. It will be swamped by the +triumphant colored races, who will obliterate the white man by elimination +or absorption. What has taken place in Central Asia, once a white and now +a brown or yellow land, will take place in Australasia, Europe, and +America. Not to-day, nor yet to-morrow; perhaps not for generations; but +surely in the end. If the present drift be not changed, we whites are all +ultimately doomed. Unless we set our house in order, the doom will sooner +or later overtake us all. + +And that would mean that the race obviously endowed with the greatest +creative ability, the race which had achieved most in the past and which +gave the richer promise for the future, had passed away, carrying with it +to the grave those potencies upon which the realization of man's highest +hopes depends. A million years of human evolution might go uncrowned, and +earth's supreme life-product, man, might never fulfil his potential +destiny. This is why we to-day face "The Crisis of the Ages." + +To many minds the mere possibility of such a catastrophe may seem +unthinkable. Yet a dispassionate survey of the past shows that it is not +only possible but probable if present conditions go on unchanged. The +whole history of life, both human and subhuman, teaches us that nature +will not condone disobedience; that, as I have already phrased it, "no +living being stands above her law, and protozoön or demigod, if they +transgress, alike must die." + +Now we have transgressed; grievously transgressed--and we are suffering +grievous penalties. But pain is really kind. Pain is the importunate +tocsin which rouses to dangerous realities and spurs to the seeking of a +cure. + +As a matter of fact we are confusedly aware of our evil plight, and legion +are the remedies to-day proposed. Some of these are mere quack nostrums. +Others contain valuable remedial properties. To be sure, there is probably +no _one_ curative agent, since our troubles are complex and magic elixirs +heal only in the realm of dreams. But one element should be fundamental to +all the compoundings of the social pharmacopoeia. That element is +_blood_. + +It is clean, virile, genius-bearing blood, streaming down the ages through +the unerring action of heredity, which, in anything like a favorable +environment, will multiply itself, solve our problems, and sweep us on to +higher and nobler destinies. What we to-day need above all else is a +changed attitude of mind--a recognition of the supreme importance of +heredity, not merely in scientific treatises but in the practical ordering +of the world's affairs. We are where we are to-day primarily because we +have neglected this vital principle; because we have concerned ourselves +with dead things instead of with living beings. + +This disregard of heredity is perhaps not strange. It is barely a +generation since its fundamental importance was scientifically +established, and the world's conversion to even the most vital truth takes +time. In fact, we also have much to unlearn. A little while ago we were +taught that all men were equal and that good conditions could, of +themselves, quickly perfect mankind. The seductive charm of these +dangerous fallacies lingers and makes us loath to put them resolutely +aside. + +Fortunately, we now know the truth. At last we have been vouchsafed clear +insight into the laws of life. We now know that men are not, and never +will be, equal. We know that environment and education can develop only +what heredity brings. We know that the acquirements of individuals are +either not inherited at all or are inherited in so slight a degree as to +make no perceptible difference from generation to generation. In other +words: we now know that heredity is paramount in human evolution, all +other things being secondary factors. + +This basic truth is already accepted by large numbers of thinking men and +women all over the civilized world, and if it becomes firmly fixed in the +popular consciousness it will work nothing short of a revolution in the +ordering of the world's affairs. + +For race-betterment is such an intensely _practical_ matter! When peoples +come to realize that the _quality_ of the population is the source of all +their prosperity, progress, security, and even existence; when they +realize that a single genius may be worth more in actual dollars than a +dozen gold-mines, while, conversely, racial decline spells material +impoverishment and decay; when such things are really believed, we shall +see much-abused "eugenics" actually moulding social programmes and +political policies. Were the white world to-day really convinced of the +supreme importance of race-values, how long would it take to stop debasing +immigration, reform social abuses that are killing out the fittest +strains, and put an end to the feuds which have just sent us through hell +and threaten to send us promptly back again? + +Well, perhaps our change of heart may come sooner than now appears. The +horrors of the war, the disappointment of the peace, the terror of +Bolshevism, and the rising tide of color have knocked a good deal of the +nonsense out of us, and have given multitudes a hunger for realities who +were before content with a diet of phrases. Said wise old Benjamin +Franklin: "Dame Experience sets a dear school, but fools will have no +other." Our course at the dame's school is already well under way and +promises to be exceeding dear. + +Only, it is to be hoped our education will be rapid, for time presses and +the hour is grave. If certain lessons are not learned and acted upon +shortly, we may be overwhelmed by irreparable disasters and all our dear +schooling will go for naught. + +What are the things we _must_ do promptly if we would avert the worst? +This "irreducible minimum" runs about as follows: + +First and foremost, the wretched Versailles business will have to be +thoroughly revised. As it stands, dragon's teeth have been sown over both +Europe and Asia, and unless they be plucked up they will presently grow a +crop of cataclysms which will seal the white world's doom. + +Secondly, some sort of provisional understanding must be arrived at +between the white world and renascent Asia. We whites will have to +abandon our tacit assumption of permanent domination over Asia, while +Asiatics will have to forego their dreams of migration to white lands and +penetration of Africa and Latin America. Unless some such understanding is +arrived at, the world will drift into a gigantic race-war--and genuine +race-war means war to the knife. Such a hideous catastrophe should be +abhorrent to both sides. Nevertheless, Asia should be given clearly to +understand that we cannot permit either migration to white lands or +penetration of the non-Asiatic tropics, and that for these matters we +prefer to fight to a finish rather than yield to a finish--because our +"finish" is precisely what surrender on these points would mean. + +Thirdly, even within the white world, migrations of lower human types like +those which have worked such havoc in the United States must be rigorously +curtailed. Such migrations upset standards, sterilize better stocks, +increase low types, and compromise national futures more than war, +revolutions, or native deterioration. + +Such are the things which simply _must_ be done if we are to get through +the next few decades without convulsions which may render impossible the +white world's recovery. + +These things will not bring in the millennium. Far from it. Our ills are +so deep-seated that in nearly every civilized country racial values would +continue to depreciate even if all three were carried into effect. But +they will at least give our wounds a chance to heal, and they will give +the new biological revelation time to permeate the popular consciousness +and transfuse with a new idealism our materialistic age. As the years +pass, the supreme importance of heredity and the supreme value of superior +stocks will sink into our being, and we will acquire a true +_race_-consciousness (as opposed to national or cultural consciousness) +which will bridge political gulfs, remedy social abuses, and exorcise the +lurking spectre of miscegenation. + +In those better days, we or the next generation will take in hand the +problem of race-depreciation, and segregation of defectives and abolition +of handicaps penalizing the better stocks will put an end to our present +racial decline. By that time biological knowledge will have so increased +and the popular philosophy of life will have been so idealized that it +will be possible to inaugurate positive measures of race-betterment which +will unquestionably yield the most wonderful results. + +Those splendid tasks are probably not ours. They are for our successors in +a happier age. But we have our task, and God knows it is a hard one--the +salvage of a shipwrecked world! Ours it is to make possible that happier +age, whose full-fruits we shall never see. + +Well, what of it? Does not the new idealism teach us that we are links in +a vital chain, charged with high duties both to the dead and the unborn? +In very truth we are at once sons of sires who sleep in calm assurance +that we will not betray the trust they confided to our hands, and sires +of sons who in the Beyond wait confident that we shall not cheat them of +their birthright. + +Let us, then, act in the spirit of Kipling's immortal lines: + + "Our Fathers in a wondrous age, + Ere yet the Earth was small, + Ensured to us an heritage, + And doubted not at all + That we, the children of their heart, + Which then did beat so high, + In later time should play like part + For our posterity. + + * * * * * + + Then, fretful, murmur not they gave + So great a charge to keep, + Nor dream that awestruck Time shall save + Their labor while we sleep. + Dear-bought and clear, a thousand year + Our fathers' title runs. + Make we likewise their sacrifice, + Defrauding not our sons."[191] + + + + +INDEX + + + Abd-el-Wahab, 58 + + Abyssinia, 4, 89 + + Afghanistan, independence of, 4, 56; + Germany's relations with, 212; + Bolshevik propaganda in, 220 + + Africa, 3, 5; + effect of Russo-Japanese War on, 12, 15; + partition of, 24, 89, 149 _ff._, 152; + European conquests in, 70; + growth of Mohammedanism in, 65; + 67; + Germany in, 204 + North, brown race in, 7; + 57, 68, 83 _ff._, 199; + Bolshevik agitators in, 220; + brown power in, 93 _ff._; + spread of Arab blood in, 93; + native white blood in, 93 _ff._; + rule of Islam in, 94, 101, 235, 142, 147 + South, 10, 84; + home of black race, 7, 54, 87 _ff._; + white colonization of, 89; + wealth of, 89 _ff._; + result of white rule in, 91, 92; + spread of Islam in, 94 _ff._, 235; + Christianity in, 95 _ff._; + anti-white sentiment in, 97 _ff._; + uprising of 1915, 99; + situation of, 100 _ff._; + white settlement in, 225; + danger of Asiatic penetration into, 232, 249; + results of Asiatic penetration into, 272 _ff._, 277; + Exclusion Act in, 281, 308; + result of Asiatic labor in, 278, 280; + Mauritius settled from, 280 + + Algeria, 67; + riots in, 77, 82; + white blood in, 93 _ff._ + + Allies of the Great War, 40, 214 + + _Al Mowwayad_, 71 + + Alpine race, 162 _ff._, 165; + and the war, 183; + 202, 261 + + America, 4; + black race in, 7, 87 _ff._ 99; + race prejudice in, 11; + 36; + military preparations in, 39; + Japan's attitude toward, 51 _ff._; + red man in, 104; + discovery of, 147; + settlement of, 149; + cost of war in, 177; + triumph of, 214; + danger to white race in, 303 + Central, white civilization in, 113; + race-mixture in, 128 _ff._; + Japanese in, 131, 138 _ff._ + Latin, red man in, 7, 104; + Japanese in, 48, 131 _ff._; + evolution of, 105; + mixed blood in, 106 _ff._, 116 _ff._, 124, 128 _ff._, 166; + revolution in, 108 _ff._; + results of revolution in, 110 _ff._; + oligarchies in, 110 _ff._; + immigration into, 114; + loss of white supremacy in, 115; + anarchy in, 120 _ff._; + inability of, to rule self, 128 _ff._; + Asiatics in, 130 _ff._, 308; + anti-Americanism in, 136; + attitude of, toward yellow race, 137 _ff._; + pressure of yellow race on, 139; + present situation in, 140 _ff._; + future of, 141 _ff._; + Bolshevik agitation in, 220; + danger of Asiatic penetration of, 232 _ff._, 249 _ff._, 303; + white migration into, 302 + North, white man's land, 3, 5, 104, 225; + attitude of Japs toward, 52; + Japs in, 131; + Nordics in, 253; + result of immigration on, 254 _ff._, 261 _ff._; + need for prohibiting immigration into, 266 _ff._; + a frontier against Asia, 284 + South, colonization of, 3; + white man's country, 5, 104; + colored man's country, 6; + half-caste in, 117; + need for white immigration into, 118; + "Indianista" movement, 124; + Japs in, 131, 139. + _See also_ Latin America + + American Indian, home of, 104; + number of, 104; + Spanish Conquest of, 104 _ff._; + racial mixtures of, 106 _ff._, 116 _ff._, 119 _ff._, 128, 301; + relations with Spaniards, 107; + in Chile, 111 _ff._; + in Peru, 113; + in Colombia, 113; + in Costa Rica, 113; + in Argentina, 114; + in Uruguay, 114; + in northern Brazil, 115; + anti-white sentiment among, 124 _ff._; + ancient civilizations among, 126; + capability of, 126 _ff._; + influence of Spaniards on, 127; + "Indianista" movement, 129; + Japanese relations with, 137 _ff._, 146 + + Amerindian. _See_ American Indian + + Amoor, 199 + + Anatolia, 211, 229 + + Andaman Islanders, 227 + + Anglo-French agreement, 70 + + Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 291 _ff._ + + Anglo-Oriental College, 60 + + Anglo-Saxons, Japanese agitation against, 50, 292; + race-growth of, 155 _ff._; + "sacred union" of, 281 + + Annamites, 17 + + Arab-negroid, 94 + + Arabia, location of, 57; + Senussi in, 67; + nationalist movements in, 77 + + Arabistan, definition of, 57; + population of, 57 + + Arabs, 88 _ff._, 92 _ff._, 102, 146 + + Araucania, 111 + + Argentina, white man in, 105; + population of, 114; + agricultural development of, 114; + immigration into, 115; + Japanese immigration into, 138 + + Aryan race, 23, 200 + + Asia, 3, 4; + home-land of white race, 5; + of yellow race, 7; + of brown race, 7; + black race in, 7; + antagonism toward white continents, 11 _ff._, 15, 22; + Japan in, 43, 48, 52, 71; + European conquests in, 70; + renaissance in, 100; + Latin America invaded by, 130, 138, 142; + Europe assailed by, 146 _ff._, 237; + white man in, 149 _ff._, 237 _ff._; + anti-white sentiment in, 171, 237; + Russia in, 203, 205 _ff._; + Bolshevik agitators in, 220; + centre of colored unrest, 229 _ff._; + non-Asiatic lands penetrated by, 232; + independence of, 232 _ff._; + economic activity in, 241 _ff._, 244, 248; + causes of poverty in, 243; + population of, 249; + Hawaii penetrated by, 279; + Mauritius settled by, 280; + Pacific coast settled by, 284; + need in U. S. for laborers from, 293; + evils of modern migration in, 302; + white world's need for understanding with, 307 _ff._ + + Asia Minor, 57 + + Asturians, 111 + + Australasia, 5, 6, 48, 87, 303 + + Australia, 10; + Japanese desire for, 21, 52; + Chinese need for land in, 46; + 80; + black race in, 87; + settlement of, 149; + 225; + Chinese invasion of, 238, 272; + "White Australia" doctrine in, 281 _ff._; + number of white in, 282; + immigration menace to, 289; + Japanese in, 292 + + Austria, 22 + + Aztec civilization, 126, 297 + + + Bagdad, 61 + + Balkans, 50 + + Balkans, war, 72 + + Basques, 111 + + Basra, 61 + + Behring Strait, 138 + + Belgium, 82 + + Bengal lancers, 209 + + Berbers, white blood of, 93; + acceptance of French rule, 94; + European intermarriage with, 94 + + Birmingham, 296 + + Black Death, 146 + + Black race, 5; + numbers of, 7, 87; + home of, 7, 87 _ff._; + Mohammedanism in, 65, 69; + brown race's relations with, 85 _ff._, 88, 92 _ff._; + white race's relations with, 88 _ff._, 91, 149; + character of, 90, 100 _ff._; + other races compared with, 91 _ff._; + influence of other races on, 92; + spread of Islam in, 95 _ff._, 235, 240; + spread of Christianity in, 97 _ff._; + anti-white sentiments of, 97; + "Ethiopian Church" movement and, 98 _ff._; + in Latin America, 110, 116 _ff._, 141 _ff._; + race-mixtures with, 116 _ff._, 126, 128, 142, 301; + Germany's relations with, 204; + France's relations with, 204; + in European War, 206, 209 _ff._, 295; + white lands entered by, 269 + + Boer War, 208 + + Bolivar, 108 _ff._ + + Bolivia, mixed blood in, 119; + need of immigration in, 119; + Indian rising in, 124 _ff._; + Japanese immigration into, 138 + + Bolsheviki, 50 + + Bolshevism, 191, 214, 218; + tenets of, 218 _ff._; + menace to white race, 220 _ff._, 233 + + Bombay, 61 + + Brahman. _See_ Hindu + + Brazil, 103; + Bolshevik propaganda in, 220; + Portugal's neglect of, 115; + immigration into, 115; + white man in, 115; + Indians in, 115; + result of race-mixtures in, 120, 259 + + British Columbia, exclusion policy of, 281, 283; + colored immigration menace against, 289 + + British Dominion. _See_ British Empire + + British Empire, 4; + Japan's relations with, 32; + India's relations with, 32; + Egypt's relations with, 78; + war losses of, 177; + immigration laws of, 292. + _See_ England and Great Britain + + British Straits Settlements, 46 + + Brown race, 5; + numbers of, 7, 54; + home of, 7, 54; + 12, 17, 22; + types of, 54 _ff._; + unity of, 55; + white race's relations with, 50 _ff._, 149; + groupings of, 57; + Islam's relations with, 58 _ff._; + unrest under white rule, 83 _ff._, 229, 234; + possibility of brown-yellow alliance, 85 _ff._; + black race's relations with, 88, 91, 92 _ff._, 100 _ff._; + Europe assailed by, 146, 148; + Germany's relations with, 204; + France's relations with, 204; + Italy's relations with, 204; + in European War, 208 _ff._, 295; + Africa colonized by, 232; + military potency of, 237 _ff._; + industrial conditions of, 241; + white lands penetrated by, 269; + Mauritius settled by, 280; + South Africa penetrated by, 277 _ff._; + Central Asia taken by, 303 + + Bryce, Lord, 124, 127 + + Buddhism, 23, 73, 228 + + Buenos Aires, 114 + + + Cairo, 61, 62, 78 + + Calcutta, 61 + + California, result of Chinese labor in, 272; + exclusion policy of, 285; + Japanese in, 287 _ff._ + + Cambodians, 17 + + Canada, desire of yellow race for, 10; + 80; + fear of Asiatic immigration into, 84; + white man's country, 104; + 278; + exclusion policy of, 281, 283; + population of, 284; + Nordics in, 163; + danger of Hindu immigration into, 283 _ff._; + Caribbean, 121; + Caroline Islands, 36; + Carranza, 136; + Cape Horn, 105, 138; + Castro of Venezuela, 122; + Caucasian, 200 + + Chengtu, 245 + + Chile, 110; + Nordic colonists of, 111; + race-mixture in, 111; + stabilization of, 112; + characteristics of, 112; + progress of, 113; + Japanese immigration into, 138; + Bolshevik propaganda in, 220 + + Chilembwe, John, 99 + + China, white control of, 4; + independence of, 8; + yellow world centred in, 17, 18; + population of, 18; + exclusion policy, 18; + Japanese war with, 20 _ff._, 23 _ff._; + revolution in, 23 _ff._, 73; + partition of, 23; + Boxer War in, 24; + Japan's relations with, 26 _ff._, 30 _ff._, 34, 38 _ff._, 42, 43, + 50 _ff._, 58, 207, 239, 247, 302; + "Young China" movement in, 26; + economic efficiency of, 28 _ff._; + population of, 44; + colonizing possibilities of, 45 _ff._; + Mohammedans in, 73; + effect of war on, 77; + congestion in, 84; + Latin America penetrated by, 131, 140; + "break-up" of, 151, 199; + Russia's relations with, 203; + Germany's relations with, 212; + Bolshevik propaganda in, 220; + white goods boycotted by, 230, 246 _ff._; + military potency of, 238 _ff._; + industrial life of, 241, 243 _ff._, 250; + labor conditions in, 244 _ff._, 268, 273 _ff._, 276 _ff._; + Hawaii settled by, 279; + British Columbia penetrated by, 283; + United States settled by, 286; + Europe penetrated by, 289; + U. S. need for, 293 _ff._; + England settled by, 296; + in war zone, 297 + + Christianity, in Africa, 92, 95 _ff._; + in Latin America, 137 + + Civitas Dei, 170 + + Cochin-China, 247 + + Colombia, settlement of, 107, 113; + revolution in, 113; + anti-American sentiment in, 136 + + Colored-Bolshevist alliance, 233 + + Columbus, Christopher, 103, 145, 147 + + Confucius, 24; + followers of, 73 + + Congo, 101, 142 + + _Conquistadores_, 105 _ff._, 126, 140 + + Constantinople, 57, 61, 72, 212 + + Constantinople _Tanine_, 13 + + _Contemporary Review_, 25 + + Cortez, 106 + + Costa Rica, 113 + + Creoles, 107 and _n._; + degeneracy of, 107 _ff._; + anti-Spain revolt of, 108 _ff._; + "democracy" of, 109; + status of, 116 + + Crusades, 146, 209 + + Cuba, 125, 139; + cross-breeding in, 259, 278 + + Cuzco, 125 + + + "Dark Continent," 88 _ff._, 97, 102 + + de Gama, Vasco, 147 + + de la Barra, Señor, 134 + + Diaz, Porfirio, 110 + + Dillon, Doctor E. J., 10, 25, 217 + + Durban, 278 + + Dutch Indies, 20, 34, 46; + colonization of, 47; + population of, 47, 82 + + + Ecuador, mixed blood in, 118; + need for immigration into, 119 + + Egypt, taken by England, 70, 76 _ff._; + 1914 revolt in, 74; + nationalist movement in, 77 _ff._; + effect of Versailles Conference on, 78; + insurrection in, 78 _ff._; + unrest in, 83, 84; + Islam's ascendancy in, 93; + Bolshevik propaganda in, 220; + white products boycotted in, 246 _ff._ + + _El Mercurio_ (Chile), 138 + + England, India's relations with, 32, 79 _ff._; + Japan's relations with, 35 _ff._, 50 _ff._, 71; + Islamite appeal to, 73; + Egypt's relations with, 77 _ff._; + Chile compared with, 112; + 1480 population of, 146, 155 _ff._; + race-stocks in, beginning of war in, 176, 180; + cost of war to, 192, 194, 199; + Russia's threat against, 203; + Japan allied with, 203 _ff._; + China's industrial rivalry with, 244; + colored labor in, 295 _ff._; + race-riots in, 296 _ff._ + + English Civil Service, 80 + + "Ethiopian Church," 96; + founding of, 98; + anti-white teachings of, 98; + Zulu rebellion caused by, 98 + + Ethiopianism, 99 + + Europe, 3, 5, 6, 11; + Asia's hostility toward, 11, 46, 52; + Moslem East attacked by, 58; + relations with Islam, 61; + height attained by, 62 _ff._, 89; + Argentine and Uruguay settled by, 114, 142; + Black Death in, 146; + expansion attempted by, 146; + Asia's attacks on, 146 _ff._; + results of discovery of America in, 147; + results of Asian conflicts on, 148, 151 _ff._; + industrial revolution in, 157 _ff._, 161, 164; + Nordic ranks in, 163; + results of Russo-Jap War in, 171 _ff._; + results of Versailles Conference on, 216, 218, 307; + Bolshevism's menace to, 220 _ff._; + effect of colored migration on, 253, 268; + danger of Oriental immigration into, 289 _ff._; + colored labor imported into, 293, 295 _ff._ + _See also_ European War + + "European Concert," 170 + + European War, 4, 11, 13 _ff._, 25, 33, 36, 39 _ff._; + Germany's collapse in, 40; + end of, 42; + prophecy of, 62; + Islam at beginning of, 73; + Egypt at beginning of, 76; + East affected by, 77; + India in, 80; + U. S. in, 133, 134, 136, 169, 175, 176; + cost of, 176 _ff._; + in civil life, 178 _ff._, 181 _ff._; + results of, 187 _ff._, 190 _ff._, 206; + "hate literature" of, 207; + use of colored troops in, 208 _ff._, 214, 220, 290; + Asia's attitude affected by, 290 _ff._; + colored labor in, 293 _ff._ + + "Exclusion Policy," 269 + + + Far East. _See_ China, Japan + + Fatima, 67 + + Filipinos in Hawaii, 279 + + Fisher, H. A. L., 182 + + Formosa, 20 _ff._, 30, 43, 47 + + France, birth-rate of, 8, 46; + Japan's attitude toward, 50 _ff._, 83 _ff._, 103; + cost of war in, 177, 179 _ff._; + conscription in, 181, 194; + Nordics in, 202, 204, 250, 270; + colored labor in, 296 _ff._; + race-riots in, 296 + + + "Gentlemen's Agreement," 287 + + Germany, Chinese interests of, 36; + Japan's relations with, 36, 39, 212 _ff._; + Asiatic expulsion of, 36 _ff._; + Bolshevism's aid to, 40; + collapse of, 40, 50 _ff._; + Islam's relations with, 75; + South American immigrations of, 111, 115; + Mexico's relations with, 136; + cost of war in, 177, 180; + conscription in, 181; + Russia's relations with, 187; + Nordic race in, 201; + Alpine race in, 202; + population of, 202; + in central Africa, 204; + Belgium invaded by, 228; + Chinese industrial rivalry with, 244, 270 + + Grand Alliance, 39 + + Grant, Madison, 115, 162, 169, 183, 262 + + Great Britain, 36 _ff._; + Japan's relations with, 38, 291 _ff._ + _See also_ England and British Empire + + Great War. _See_ European War + + Greece, 72, 196, 199 + + Guinea, 142 + + Gurkhas, 209 + + + "Habl-ul-Matin," 66 _ff._ + + Haiti, 4, 100, 142, 227 and _n._ + + "Hajj," 66 _ff._ + + Hall, Prescott F., 253, 255 + + Hangkow, 43 + + Hanyang, 244 + + Hawaii, 136; + white rule in, 279; + Asiatic labor in, 279 _ff._; + U. S. annexation of, 279; + Americans in, 279 _ff._ + + Hedjaz Kingdom, 66 + + Himalayans, 55, 238 + + Hindustan, Islam's relations with, 73; + England's relations with, 79; + Mauritius a part of, 280 + + Hokkaido, 44, 47 _ff._ + + Holland, 20, 46 + + Huns, 17, 146 + + + Ichang, 244 + + Incas, 125 _ff._ + + India, Japanese relations with, 31 _ff._; + English relations with, 32, 80; + population of, 32, 57; + wealth of, 33; + Russian menace to, 38, 203; + 47, 52; + southern, 55; + brown world centred in, 57; + revolt in Northwest, 74; + unrest in, 79; + government of, 80 _ff._; + congestion in, 84 _ff._, 250, 268; + "Negritos" in, 87, 147, 199; + Bolshevik propaganda in, 220, 225; + foreign goods boycotted by, 230; + industrial growth of, 241; + handicaps to, 246; + "Swadeshi" movement, 246, 248; + in South Africa, 278; + in British Columbia, 283; + in Europe, 289 + + Indian Archipelago, 282 + + "Indianista" movement, 124, 129, 132; + Japanese support of, 134, 137, 140 + + Indians of America. _See_ American Indians + + Indo-China, population of, 18; + exclusion policy of, 18, 23; + revolutions in, 33 _ff._, 46, 87 + + Indo-Japanese Association, 32 + + Iran, population of, 57; + influence on, 57 + + Islam, brown race united by, 55; + in India, 55, 73, 79, 85; + 57; + power of, 58 _ff._; + revival of, 58; + progress of, 60, 64 _ff._; + communication in, 61; + numerical strength of, 61, 64; + European relations with, 62 _ff._; + proselytizing power of, 65; + the Senussi in, 67 _ff._; + effect of Russo-Japanese War on, 70; + Japanese relations with, 70 _ff._; + Tripoli taken from, 71 _ff._, 204; + effect of Balkan War on, 72; + England's relations with, 73; + in China, 73; + in the European War, 74; + Versailles Conference and, 75 _ff._; + black race's relations with, 86, 92, 94; + South African progress of, 94 _ff._, 102 + + Italy, 50; + Tripoli seized by, 71 _ff._, 205; + South American immigration from, 114 _ff._; + conditions in, 176 + + + Japan, independence of, 4, 8; + effect of white civilization on, 9, 12; + Russian war with, 12, 20 _ff._, 17; + population of, 18, 44; + exclusion policy of, 18; + Western civilization in, 20; + Chinese war with, 20 _ff._; + imperialism in, 21; + European War and, 25, 39, 41; + Chinese subjection to, 23, 26 _ff._, 30, 37, 247; + white race expelled from Asia by, 31; + Asia influenced by, 31, 33, 43; + England's relations with, 35, 203 _ff._, 291 _ff._; + Germany's relations with, 36, 212 _ff._; + Russian understanding with, 38; + in Siberia, 40; + Versailles Conference and, 42; + colonizing possibilities of, 45; + climatic requirements of, 47 _ff._; + militarism of, 49 _ff._; + Islam's relations with, 71 _ff._; + Latin America's relations with, 130 _ff._, 137; + American relations with, 132, 136, 286 _ff._; + Mexican relations with, 132 _ff._; + Indians affected by, 140; + power of, 172, 238; + Russian prisoners in, 205 _ff._; + Bolshevik propaganda in, 220; + industrial conditions in, 241, 246 _ff._; + excess population in, 268, 270; + Hawaii settled by, 279 _ff._; + British Columbia settled by, 283; + Chinese excluded by, 302; + Koreans excluded by, 302 + + _Japan Magazine_, 35, 291, 293 + + _Japanese Colonial Journal_, 37 + + Java, 84; + Bolshevik propaganda in, 220 + + Jerusalem, 72 + + Jews in America, 165 + + + Kamchatka, 43 + + Kechua republic, possibility of, 125 + + Kerbela, 61 + + Kiang Su, province of, 27 + + Kiaochow Bay, Germany's lease of, 36; + Germany driven from, 36, 39, 213 + + Kitchener, Lord, 78 + + Kobè, 206 + + Korea, population of, 17; + exclusion policy in, 18; + Japanese possession of, 30, 43; + Colonization in, 45; + Hawaii settled by, 279; + Japanese exclusion policy against, 302 + + + Lake Baikal, 40 + + Lake Chad, 68 + + League of Nations, 218 + + Lenine, 219 _ff._ + + Levantines in U. S., 165; + in Rome, 253 + + Liberia, 4, 89, 100 + + Lima, 125 + + Limehouse, 296 + + London, 72, 296 + + London _Nation_, 207 + + London _Saturday Review_, 186 + + Los Angeles Times, 287 + + Lybia, Nationalist movement in, 77 + + + Madero, Francisco, 135 + + Malaysia, 250 + + Manchuria, Japanese threat against, 40, 43; + colonization in, 45 + + Manchus, 17, 24 + + Marianne Islands, 36 + + Marshall Islands, 36 + + Matabele, 96 + + Mauritius, French in, 280; + importation of blacks into, 280; + importation of Asiatics into, 280; + present conditions in, 280 + + Maya civilization, 126 + + Mecca, 66 + + Mediterranean race, 162 _ff._, 165; + in U. S., 165; + in England, 166 _ff._; + in war, 183, 261 + + Mediterranean Sea, 57, 77, 82, 88, 93, 101 + + Melbourne _Argus_, 21 + + Mesopotamia, 57, 84, 211 + + Mexican War, 133 + + Mexico, conquest of, 104 _ff._, 107; + dictatorship in, 110; + unrest in, 116; + Indian rising in, 124; + Aztec civilization in, 126; + Japanese relations with, 132, 134 _ff._; + anti-American feeling in, 132 _ff._, 136; + "Plan of San Diego" plotted in, 133; + Bolshevik propaganda in, 220; + cross-breeding in, 259 + + Mexico City, 135 + + "Middle Kingdom," 17 + + Miranda, 108 + + Mohammedan Revival, 56, 58 _ff._ + + Mohammedanism. _See_ Islam + + Mohammerah, 61 + + Mongolia, Russia in, 38; + colonization of, 45 + + Mongolians, 17, 23, 130, 137, 139, 146, 285 + + Monroe Doctrine, 129, 132, 138 + + "Monroe Doctrine for Far East," 23, 30 + + Montevideo, 114 + + Moors, 65, 147 + + Morocco, Senussi order in, 68; + French possession of, 76; + riots in, 77, 82 _ff._, 93 + + Moslem. _See_ Islam + + + Napoleonic Wars, 58 + + Natal, revolt in, 98; + Asian immigration into, 272 _ff._, 278; + South African exclusion act in, 280 _ff._ + + Near and Middle East, brown man's land, 54 _ff._; + European domination of, 75 _ff._ + + "Negritos," 87 + + Negro. _See_ Black Race + + Netherlands, a Nordic country, 202 + + New England, 256, 258, 294 + + New Guinea, 99 + + New Zealand, 278; + exclusion policy of, 281 + + Nicaragua, 122 + + Niger, 101 + + Nigeria, 210 + + Nile, 88, 101 + + Nordic race, 111 _ff._, 162; + decreasing birth-rate of, 163; + character of, 163; + effect of industrial revolution on, 164; + in U. S., 165, 258, 261, 266; + in England, 166 _ff._; + cost of war to, 183; + worth of, 199 _ff._; + in Germany, 201 _ff._; + constructive power of, 229 + + North Borneo, 46 + + Nyassaland, Mohammedanism in, 95 _ff._; + rebellion in, 99 + + + Okuma, Count, 31 _ff._, 50, 131, 138 + + Ottoman Empire, partition of, 75; + cost of war to, 177 _ff._ + + Ottoman Turk, 55, 57, 146 + + + Pacific Ocean Society, 32 + + Pan-African Congress, 99 _ff._ + + Pan-America, 130, 138 + + Pan-Asia Alliance, 234 + + Pan-Asia Holy War, 11 + + Pan-Asian Railroad, 212 + + Pan-Asiatic Association, 31 + + "Pan-Colored" alliance, 70, 229, 233 _ff._ + + Pan-Germanism, 169, 201 _ff._ + + Pan-Islam Holy War, 11, 70 + + Pan-Islamism, driving power of, 66 _ff._; + progress toward, 69; + result of Peace Conference on, 75, 79, 94; + the negro the tool of, 97, 100, 102, 237; + in the European War, 205 _ff._, 234 _ff._; + Asia affected by, 237; + military potency of, 238, 240 + + Pan-Mongolism, 28 + + Pan-Nordic union, 200 + + Pan-Slavism, 169, 201, 203 + + Paraguay, 110 + + Paris, 99, 122, 216 + + _Pax Americana_, 4 + + _Pax Romana_, 170 + + Peace Conference. _See_ Versailles Conference + + Pechili Strait, 43 + + Peking, 43, 212 + + Pelew Islands, 36 + + Peloponnesian War, 173 _ff._, 196 + + Persia, 4; + Russian menace to, 38; + independence of, 56; + Japan's relations with, 70 _ff._; + in war, 74; + England the protector of, 76, 84; + Germany's relations with, 212 + + Peru, conquest of, 104 _ff._, 107; + settlement of, 113; + revolution in, 113; + politics of, 125; + Incas in, 126; + Chinese in, 131; + Japanese in, 138 + + Peshawar, 61 + + Philippines, independence movement in, 34, 43, 46, 83, 87, 137, 229 + + Pizarro, 105 + + "Plan of San Diego," 133 + + Poland, cost of war in, 178 + + Port Arthur, 153 + + Port Louis, 280 + + Port Said, 61 + + Portugal, 18, 115 + + + Rangoon, 23 + + Red race, 5; + number of, 7, 104; + home of, 7, 104 _ff._; + cross-breeding with, 106 _ff._, 116 _ff._, 119, 128; + anti-Spain revolution of, 108 _ff._; + in Chile, 111; + in Peru, 113; + in Colombia, 113; + in Argentine, 114; + in Uruguay, 114; + in northern Brazil, 115; + anti-white sentiment of, 124 _ff._; + character of, 126 _ff._; + yellow race's relations with, 131 _ff._, 138, 140; + effect of Spaniards on, 141; + future of, 141 _ff._ + + Rhodes, Cecil, 200 + + Rio Grande, 5, 7, 103, 105 + + Roman Empire, 116; + fall of, 146 + + Rome, 50, 146, 199, 290 + + Ross, Professor E. A., 112, 118, 125, 131, 139, 140, 244 _ff._, 260, + 264, 267, 269, 273 + + Russia, Japanese war with, 12, 20 _ff._, 31, 205; + Japan's relations with, 35 _ff._, 38, 151; + revolution in, 39, 214; + Bolshevism in, 40, 50 _ff._, 219; + Persia's relations with, 74; + white race in, 145; + and European War, 176; + cost of war in, 177 _ff._; + Germany's relations with, 187, 189, 194; + Nordics in, 202; + as part of Asia, 203 _ff._, 270 + + Russo-Japanese War, 12; + Japan's strength revealed by, 21 _ff._, 171; + 23; + effect on Islam, 70; + African results of, 97, 149, 153; + effect on white race, 203, 205, 237 + + + Saar, 215 + + Saghalien, Island of, 247 + + Sahara Desert, 7, 57, 67; + Senussi control of, 68, 87 _ff._, 93 + + Sailors' and Firemen's Union, 296 + + San Martín, 108 + + Santiago College, 112 + + Scandinavia, 145, 202 + + Senegalese, 209 _ff._ + + Senussiyah, history of, 67; + organization of, 67; + stronghold of, 67 _ff._; + European relations with, 68; + programme of, 69, 94 + + Serbia, cost of war in, 178 + + Seyyid, Mohammed ben Senussi, 67 _ff._ + + Shanghai, 244 + + Shansi, 245 + + Shantung, Germany in, 36; + Japan in, 43, 215, 297 + + Siam, 4, 17, 23; + Japan's relation with, 31, 45, 247 + + Sianfu, 245 + + Siberia, 6, 15, 18, 34; + danger of Bolshevism to, 40; + Japanese army in, 40; + colonized by Chinese, 48; + colonized by Japanese, 48; + settlement of, 149; + Russia in, 151 + + Siddyk, Yahya, 62 + + Singapore, 29 + + Somaliland, 68 + + South African Union, 96; + white population of, 98 + + Spain, the Moors in, 65, 147; + in Latin America, 106, 108, 111, 114, 118; + Argentina settled by, 114; + Uruguay settled by, 114 + + Spanish Conquest, 105 + + Steppes, 238 + + Sudan, 79, 93 + + Sudanese, in war, 210 + + Suez, 77, 103 + + "Survival of Fittest," 23, 150, 273 + + Syria, 57 + + Szechuan, 245 + + + Tartars, 17, 57 + + Teheran, 61, 71 + + Teutonic Powers, 78 + + Texas, 133 + + Thibet, 29; + as Chinese colony, 45 + + Thirty Years' War, 202 + + Tokio, 22, 39 _ff._, 134 + + Tokio _Economist_, 131 + + Tokio _Hochi_, 50 + + Tokio _Mainichi Deupo_, 291 + + Tokio _Universe_, 37 + + Tokio _Yamato_, 38 + + Tokio _Yorodzu_, 292 _ff._ + + Trades Union Congress, 296 + + Transcaucasia, 57 + + Trinidad, 278 + + Tripoli, seized by Italy, 71 _ff._; + in revolt, 74, 77, 204 + + Tunis, 82, 94 + + "Turanians," 57 + + Turkestan, 38; + Chinese section of, 48; + colonization possibilities in, 45 + + Turkestan, composition of, 57; + population of, 57 + + Turkey, 4; + independence of, 56; + Tripoli taken from, 71; + Balkan War losses to, 72; + in European War, 74, 78, 209; + war losses of, 178; + German alliance with, 211 _ff._ + + Turkomans, 57 + + + Uganda, Christianity in, 96 + + United States, 4, 10, 37; + in war, 39, 46; + Japanese relations with, 48, 99, 103, 132; + settlement of, 104, 121, 125, 129, 132; + Mexican relations with, 132 _ff._; + Mexican plot against, 133; + Mexican-Japanese alliance against, 132, 135; + Latin American hostility toward, 135 _ff._; + Latin American ties with, 137, 139; + Nordic race in, 165; + Bolshevik propaganda in, 220; + effect of immigration in, 256; + Hawaiian relations with, 279 _ff._, 282; + immigration menace to, 286, 289; + Chinese in, 286, 293 _ff._; + Japanese in, 286 _ff._; + Japanese excluded from, 292 _ff._; + immigration laws in, 308 + + Uruguay, 105; + population of, 114; + agricultural development of, 114; + European immigration into, 114 _ff._ + + + Valparaiso, 112; + English character of, 112 + + Venezuela, 122; + Indians in, 128; + anti-American sentiment in, 136 + + Versailles Peace Conference, 42, 50; + Islam and, 75 _ff._, 187; + failure of, 215 _ff._, 233, 235, 307 + + + Wahabees, 58, 67 + + Wars of Roses, 155 + + West African Guinea, Christian missions in, 96 + + West Indian Islands, 103, 253 + + White race, 3, 4, 5, 8 _ff._; + 21, 34, 151; + numbers of, 6, 155; + 8 _ff._, 21; + expulsion from Far East, 28, 31, 44; + Asia controlled by, 46, 47 _ff._, 53; + brown race's relation with, 55 _ff._, 146, 148; + 62 _ff._, 70; + India's relation with, 82 _ff._, 124 _ff._; + brown-yellow alliance against, 85; + black race ruled by, 89, 91 _ff._, 102 _ff._; + in Northeast Africa, 93 _ff._; + African hostility toward, 97 _ff._; + in Africa, 98, 249; + in North America, 104 _ff._; + in Latin America, 104 _ff._, 110 _ff._, 118 _ff._, 123, 141 _ff._, + 249, 302; + Indian race-mixture with, 106 _ff._, 116 _ff._; + Mexican hostility toward, 132 _ff._; + yellow race's relations with, 137 _ff._, 141, 146, 148, 151 _ff._; + expansion of, 145; + original location of, 145; + original area of, 145 _ff._; + original number of, 146; + effect of fifteenth-century discoveries on, 147; + progress of, 148 _ff._, 153; + effect of Russo-Japanese War on, 154, 171 _ff._, 203; + effect of industrial revolution on, 156 _ff._; + birth-rate of, 162; + division of, 162; + solidarity of, 169 _ff._, 199 _ff._, 204 _ff._, 306 _ff._; + in European War, 175 _ff._, 196, 199; + Bolshevik menace to, 219 _ff._; + danger to, 228 _ff._, 289 _ff._, 297 _ff._, 301, 303; + effect of immigration on, 251 _ff._, 278 _ff._; + exclusion policy of, 269 _ff._, 281 _ff._; + rise of, 299 _ff._ + + + Yangtse River, 43, 244 + + Yellow Peril, 85, 139, 172, 213, 237 + + Yellow race, 5; + numbers of, 7; + home of, 7, 10, 12, 17 _ff._; + Russo-Japanese War triumph of, 21, 22; + expansion of, 28, 46 _ff._, 55; + white aggression resisted by, 56; + brown race's relations with, 85, 91, 100; + Americas penetrated by, 130 _ff._, 232; + Latin American attitude toward, 137, 139, 141 _ff._; + white race's relations with, 146, 148, 151 _ff._, 234 _ff._, 269, + 272 _ff._; + in France, 204; + in war, 207 _ff._, 296; + Germany's relations with, 213; + military potency of, 238 _ff._; + industrial conditions in, 241, 272 _ff._; + in Hawaii, 279; + in Australia, 281; + in British Columbia 283; + in Central Asia, 303 + + Yemenite Arabs, 55 + + Yucatan, ancient civilization in, 126 + + + Zambezi, 95 _ff._ + + Zanzibar Arabs, 95 + + Zawias. _See_ Senussi + + Zelaya of Nicaragua, 122 + + Zulus, 96, 190; + revolt of, 98 + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] E. J. Dillon, "The Asiatic Problem," _Contemporary Review_, February, +1908. + +[2] Ryutaro Nagai in _The Japan Magazine_. Quoted from _The American +Review of Reviews_, July, 1913, p. 107. + +[3] Achmet Abdullah, "Seen Through Mohammedan Spectacles," _Forum_, +October, 1914. + +[4] Quoted from _The Literary Digest_, October 24, 1914, p. 784. + +[5] W. E. Burghardt Dubois, "The African Roots of War," _Atlantic +Monthly_, May, 1915. + +[6] Yone Noguchi, "The Downfall of Western Civilization," _The Nation_ +(New York), October 8, 1914. + +[7] J. Liddell Kelly, "What is the Matter with the Asiatic?" _Westminster +Review_, September, 1910. + +[8] Professor Schlegel in the Hague _Dagblad_. Quoted from _The Literary +Digest_, November 7, 1896, p. 24. + +[9] Audley Coote in the Melbourne _Argus_. Quoted from _The Literary +Digest_, November 7, 1896, p. 24. + +[10] Meredith Townsend, "Asia and Europe" (fourth edition, 1911). From the +preface to the fourth edition, pages xvii-xix. + +[11] Quoted from _The American Review of Reviews_, February, 1905, p. 219. + +[12] W. R. Manning, "China and the Powers Since the Boxer Movement," +_American Journal of International Law_, October, 1910. + +[13] Quoted by Manning, _supra_. + +[14] E. J. Dillon, "The Most Momentous Event in a Thousand Years," +_Contemporary Review_, December, 1911. + +[15] Adachi Kinnosuke, "Does Japanese Trade Endanger the Peace of Asia?" +_World's Work_, April, 1909. + +[16] Jean Rodes in _L'Asie Française_, June, 1911. + +[17] René Pinon, "La Lutte pour le Pacifique," p. 152 (Paris, 1906). + +[18] Quoted by Alleyne Ireland, "Commercial Aspects of the Yellow Peril," +_North American Review_, September, 1900. + +[19] Charles H. Pearson, "National Life and Character," p. 118 (2d +edition). + +[20] Quoted by Ireland, _supra_. + +[21] Quoted by Scie-Ton-Fa, "La Chine et le Japon," _Revue Politique +Internationale_, September, 1915. + +[22] _The Literary Digest_, March 5, 1910, p. 429. + +[23] _The Literary Digest_, January 18, 1908, p. 81. + +[24] B. L. Putnam Weale, "The Conflict of Color," pp. 145-6 (New York, +1910). + +[25] J. D. Whelpley, "East and West: A New line of Cleavage," _Fortnightly +Review_, May, 1915. + +[26] _The Literary Digest_, July 6, 1912, p. 9. + +[27] Quoted by Scie-Ton-Fa, _supra_. + +[28] Quoted by Scie-Ton-Fa, _supra_. + +[29] _The Literary Digest_, February 12, 1916, pp. 369-70. + +[30] Alleyne Ireland, "Commercial Aspects of the Yellow Peril," _North +American Review_, September, 1900. + +[31] _The Literary Digest_, November 13, 1909. + +[32] _The Literary Digest_, July 5, 1919, p. 31. + +[33] _The Military Historian and Economist_, January, 1917, pp. 43-46. + +[34] W. G. Palgrave, "Essays on Eastern Questions," pp. 127-131 (London, +1872). + +[35] Theodore Morison, "Can Islam Be Reformed?" _Nineteenth Century_, +October, 1908. + +[36] Marmaduke Pickthall, "L'Angleterre et la Turquie," _Revue Politique +Internationale_, January, 1914. + +[37] Bernard Temple, "The Place of Persia in World-Politics," _Proceedings +of the Central Asian Society_, May, 1910. + +[38] Ameen Rihani, "The Crisis of Islam," _Forum_, May, 1912. + +[39] _I. e._, the twentieth century of the Christian era. + +[40] Yahya Siddyk, "Le Réveil des Peuples Islamiques au Quatorzième Siècle +de l'Hégire" (Cairo, 1907). + +[41] Meredith Townsend, "Asia and Europe," pp. 46-47. + +[42] F. Farjanel, "Le Japon et l'Islam," _Revue du Monde Musulman_, +November, 1906. + +[43] Farjanel, _supra_. + +[44] _Ibid._ + +[45] Gabriel Hanotaux, "La Crise méditerranéenne et l'Islam," _Revue +Hebdomadaire_, April 13, 1912. + +[46] Arminius Vambèry, "Die türkische Katastrophe und die Islamwelt," +_Deutsche Revue_, July, 1913. + +[47] Shah Mohammed Naimatullah, "Recent Turkish Events and Moslem India," +_Asiatic Review_, October, 1913. + +[48] Vambèry, _supra_. + +[49] Arminius Vambèry, "An Approach Between Moslems and Buddhists," +_Nineteenth Century_, April, 1912. + +[50] Special cable to the New York _Times_, dated Rome, May 28, 1919. + +[51] Townsend, _op. cit._, pp. 82-87. + +[52] A. R. Colquhoun, "Pan-Islam," _North American Review_, June, 1906. + +[53] T. R. Threlfall, "Senussi and His Threatened Holy War," _Nineteenth +Century_, March, 1900. + +[54] For details, see _The Annual Register_ for 1915 and 1916. + +[55] Townsend, _op. cit._, pp. 92, 356-8. + +[56] F. Garcia-Calderon, "Latin America: Its Rise and Progress," p. 49 +(English translation, London, 1913). + +[57] Although loose usage has since obscured its true meaning, the term +"Creole" has to do, not with race, but with birthplace. "Creole" +originally meant "one born in the colonies." Down to the nineteenth +century, this was perfectly clear. Whites were "Creole" or "European"; +negroes were "Creole" or "African." + +[58] Garcia-Calderon, p. 50. + +[59] Garcia-Calderon, p. 89. + +[60] Edward Alsworth Ross, "South of Panama," pp. 97-98 (New York, 1914). + +[61] Ross, p. 109. + +[62] Ross, p. 109. + +[63] Madison Grant, "The Passing of the Great Race," p. 78. (2d edition, +New York, 1918.) + +[64] Garcia-Calderon, pp. 351-2. + +[65] _Ibid._, p. 287. + +[66] _Ibid._, p. 360. + +[67] Garcia-Calderon, pp. 361-2. + +[68] _Ibid._, p. 362. + +[69] Ross, "South of Panama," pp. 29-30. + +[70] Ross, p. 41. + +[71] A. P. Schultz, "Race or Mongrel," p. 155 (Boston, 1908). + +[72] Garcia-Calderon, p. 222. + +[73] _Ibid._, p. 336. + +[74] W. B. Hale, "Our Danger in Central America," _World's Work_, August, +1912. + +[75] G. W. Critchfield, "American Supremacy," vol. I, p. 277 (New York, +1908). + +[76] Pearson, _op. cit._, p. 60. + +[77] James Bryce, "South America," p. 181 (London, 1912). + +[78] Ross, _op. cit._, p. 74. + +[79] Ross, p. 89. + +[80] Ellsworth Huntington, "The Adaptability of the White Man to Tropical +America," _Journal of Race Development_, October, 1914. + +[81] Bryce, _op. cit._, p. 184. + +[82] Garcia-Calderon, p. 354. + +[83] Ross, p. 90. + +[84] _The American Review of Reviews_, November, 1907, p. 622. + +[85] The newspaper was _La Reforma_ of Saltillo. The editorial was quoted +in an Associated Press despatch dated El Paso, Texas, June 26, 1916. The +despatch mentions _La Reforma_ as "a semi-official paper." + +[86] Gutierrez de Lara, "The Mexican People: Their Struggle for Freedom" +(New York, 1914). + +[87] _The Literary Digest_, September 16, 1916, p. 662. + +[88] Garcia-Calderon, pp. 329-330. + +[89] Despatch to _La Prensa_ (New York), December 13, 1919. + +[90] _The American Review of Reviews_, November, 1907, p. 623. + +[91] _The Literary Digest_, December 30, 1911, p. 1222. + +[92] J. M. Moncada, "Social and Political Influences of the United States +in Central America" (New York, 1911). + +[93] Ross, pp. 91-92. + +[94] Ross, pp. 92-93. + +[95] P. 22. + +[96] Townsend ("Asia and Europe"), pp. 1-4. + +[97] Havelock Ellis, "Essays in War-Time," p. 198 (American Edition, +Boston, 1917). + +[98] Réné Gérard, "Civilization in Danger," _The Hibbert Journal_, +January, 1912. + +[99] Grant, _op. cit._, p. 100. + +[100] Réné Pinon, "La Lutte pour le Pacifique," pp. 184-185. + +[101] _New York Times Current History_, December, 1919, p. 438. + +[102] _The Literary Digest_, August 29, 1914, p. 346. + +[103] _The Literary Digest_, August 7, 1915. + +[104] _Ibid._, August 11, 1917. + +[105] S. K. Humphrey, "Mankind: Racial Values and the Racial Prospect," p. +132 (New York, 1917). + +[106] Grant, p. 74. + +[107] Ellis, p. 32. + +[108] _New York Times Current History_, vol. IX, p. 272; October-December, +1916. + +[109] _Current Opinion_, April, 1919, p. 237. + +[110] _Saturday Review_, November 1, 1919, p. 407. + +[111] J. L. Garvin, "The Economic Foundations of Peace," page xiv (London, +1919). + +[112] Frank A. Vanderlip, "Political and Economic Conditions in Europe," +_The American Review of Reviews_, July, 1919, p. 42. + +[113] Herbert Hoover, "The Economic Situation in Europe," _World's Work_, +November, 1919, pp. 98-99. + +[114] _The Literary Digest_, May 3, 1919, pp. 39-40. + +[115] _Current Opinion_, April, 1919, p. 248. + +[116] Quoted from _The Living Age_, June 21, 1919, pp. 722-4. + +[117] Quoted from _The Living Age_, May 10, 1919, pp. 365-368. + +[118] Pearson, pp. 14-15. + +[119] His book "De l'Inégalité des Races Humaines" first appeared at that +date. + +[120] Especially as expounded in Chamberlain's chief work, "Die Grundlagen +des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts" ("The Foundations of the Nineteenth +Century"). + +[121] Pinon, "La Lutte pour le Pacifique," p. 165. + +[122] _The Nation_ (London), April 8, 1916, pp. 32-33. + +[123] Eduard Meyer, "England: Its Political Organization and Development +and the War against Germany" (English translation, Boston, 1916). + +[124] Captain Rheinhold Eichacker, "The Blacks Attack!" _New York Times +Current History_, vol. XI, pp. 110-112, April-June, 1917. + +[125] Major Darnley Stuart-Stephens, "Our Million Black Army," _English +Review_, October, 1916. + +[126] Ernst Jaeckh, "Die deutsch-türkische Waffenbruderschaft," p. 30 +(Berlin, 1915). + +[127] Bernhardt Molden, "Die Bedeutung Asiens im Kampf für unsere +Zukunft," _Preussische Jahrbücher_, December, 1914. See also his article +"Europa und Asien," _Preussische Jahrbücher_, October, 1915. + +[128] Friedrich Delitzsch, "Deutschland und Asien" (pamphlet) (Berlin, +1914). + +[129] Lic. Missionsinspektor J. Witte, "Deutschland und die Völker +Ostasiens in Vergangenheit und Zukunft," _Preussische Jahrbücher_, May, +1915. + +[130] _The Economist_ (London), June 17, 1916, p. 1134. + +[131] _The Literary Digest_, December 15, 1917, p. 14. + +[132] _The Literary Digest_, December 15, 1914, p. 14. + +[133] Official document. + +[134] J. L. Garvin, "The Heritage of Armageddon," _The Observer_ (London). +Reprinted in _The Living Age_, September 6, 1919. + +[135] In _The Daily Telegraph_ (London). Quoted in _The Nation_ (New +York), June 14, 1919, p. 960. + +[136] Despite the legends which have grown up about the gaining of Haitian +independence, such is the fact. Despite the handicap of yellow fever, the +French were on the point of stamping out the negro insurgents when the +renewal of war with England, in 1803, cut off the French +sea-communications. The story of Haiti offers many interesting and +instructive points to the student of race-questions. It was the first real +shock between the ideals of white supremacy and race-equality; a prologue +to the mighty drama of our own day. It also shows what real race-war +means. To the historical student I cite my "French Revolution in San +Domingo" (Boston, 1914), wherein the entire revolutionary cycle between +1789 and 1804 is described, based largely upon hitherto unexploited +archival material. + +[137] H. M. Hyndman, "The Awakening of Asia," pp. 267-8. (New York, 1919). + +[138] Pearson, pp. 140-1. + +[139] Edward Alsworth Ross, "The Changing Chinese," pp. 46-47 (New York, +1911). + +[140] _The Literary Digest_, November 5, 1910, p. 786 (from _The Indian +Review_, Madras). + +[141] Clarence Poe, "What the Orient Can Teach Us," _World's Work_, July, +1911. + +[142] Clayton S. Cooper, "The Modernizing of the Orient," p. 5 (New York, +1914). + +[143] Pearson, p. 133. + +[144] Ross, pp. 117-118. + +[145] Ross, p. 119. + +[146] B. L. Putnam Weale, "The Conflict of Color," pp. 179-181. + +[147] Pearson, pp. 138, 139. + +[148] Prescott F. Hall, "Immigration," p. 99 (New York, 1907). + +[149] See especially his "Psychology of Peoples" (London, 1898, English +translation). + +[150] Eliot Norton, in _Annals of the American Academy of Political and +Social Science_, vol. XXIV, p. 163, July, 1904. Of course, since Mr. +Norton wrote, millions more aliens have entered the United States, and the +situation is much worse. + +[151] _I. e._, a person believing in the preponderance of environment +rather than heredity. + +[152] Prescott F. Hall, "Immigration Restriction and World Eugenics," _The +Journal of Heredity_, March, 1919. + +[153] Edward Alsworth Ross, "Changing America," pp. 45-46 (New York, +1912). + +[154] Madison Grant, "The Passing of the Great Race," p. 90. + +[155] Edward Alsworth Ross, "The Old World in the New," Preface, p. 2 (New +York, 1914). + +[156] S. K. Humphrey, "Mankind: Racial Values add the Racial Prospect," p. +155. + +[157] Grant, p. 263. + +[158] Ross, "The Old World in the New," p. 304. + +[159] Putnam Weale, "The Conflict of Color," pp. 98-99. + +[160] Ross, "Changing America," pp. 46-48. + +[161] Hyndman, "The Awakening of Asia," p. 180. + +[162] Pearson, p. 132. + +[163] L. E. Neame, "Oriental Labor in South Africa," _Annals of the +American Academy of Political and Social Science_, vol. XXXIV, pp. +179-180, September, 1909. + +[164] Ross, "The Changing Chinese," pp. 47-48. + +[165] J. Liddell Kelly, "What Is the Matter with the Asiatic?" +_Westminster Review_, September, 1910. + +[166] From an article in _The Pall-Mall Gazette_ (London). Quoted in _The +Literary Digest_, May 31, 1913, pp. 1215-16. + +[167] Chester H. Rowell, "Chinese and Japanese Immigrants," _Annals of the +American Academy_, vol. XXXIV, p. 4, September, 1909. + +[168] Neame, "Oriental Labor in South Africa," _Annals of the American +Academy_, vol. XXXIV, p. 181. + +[169] Viator, "Asia contra Mundum," _Fortnightly Review_, February, 1908. + +[170] Quoted by J. F. Abbott, "Japanese Expansion and American Policies," +p. 154 (New York, 1916). + +[171] H. C. Douglas, "What May Happen in the Pacific," _American Review of +Reviews_, April, 1917. + +[172] Pearson, p. 17. + +[173] Neame, _op. cit._, _Annals of the American Academy_, vol. XXXIV, pp. +181-2. + +[174] Quoted by Archibald Hurd, "The Racial War in the Pacific," +_Fortnightly Review_, June, 1913. + +[175] Agnes C. Laut, "The Canadian Commonwealth," p. 146 (Indianapolis, +1915). + +[176] Rowell, _op. cit._, _Annals of the American Academy_, vol. XXXIV, p. +10. + +[177] Honorable A. G. Burnett, "Misunderstanding of Eastern and Western +States Regarding Oriental Immigration," _Annals of the American Academy_, +vol. XXXIV, p. 41. + +[178] A. E. Yoell, "Oriental versus American Labor," _Annals of the +American Academy_, vol. XXXIV, p. 36. + +[179] S. G. P. Coryn, "The Japanese Problem in California," _Annals of the +American Academy_, vol. XXXIV, pp. 43-44. + +[180] Quoted by J. D. Whelpley, "Japan and the United States," +_Fortnightly Review_, May, 1914. + +[181] Quoted by Montaville Flowers, "The Japanese Conquest of American +Opinion," p. 23 (New York, 1917). + +[182] _The Literary Digest_, August 9, 1919, p. 53. + +[183] J. S. Little, "The Doom of Western Civilization," pp. 56 and 63 +(London, 1907). + +[184] _The Literary Digest_, August 29, 1914, p. 337. + +[185] _The Literary Digest_, August 29, 1914, pp. 337-8. + +[186] _Ibid._, April 22, 1916, p. 1138. + +[187] Quoted in _The Review of Reviews_ (London), February, 1917, p. 174. + +[188] _The Literary Digest_, July 5, 1919, p. 31. + +[189] _Leslie's Weekly_, May 4, 1918. + +[190] G. C. Hodges in _The Sunset Magazine_. Quoted by _The Literary +Digest_, September 14, 1918, pp. 40-42. + +[191] Rudyard Kipling, "The Heritage." Dedicatory poem to the volume +entitled "The Empire and the Century" (London, 1905), the volume being a +collaboration by prominent British writers. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Rising Tide of Color Against White +World-Supremacy, by Theodore Lothrop Stoddard + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RISING TIDE OF COLOR *** + +***** This file should be named 37408-8.txt or 37408-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/4/0/37408/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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