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diff --git a/37321.txt b/37321.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e775c7f --- /dev/null +++ b/37321.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1245 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published by +the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne, Under the Authority of the Board of Longitude, by John Harrison + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published by the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne, + Under the Authority of the Board of Longitude + +Author: John Harrison + +Release Date: September 5, 2011 [EBook #37321] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS ON A PAMPHLET *** + + + + +Produced by Markus Brenner and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + REMARKS + ON A + PAMPHLET + + Lately published by the + Rev. Mr. _MASKELYNE_, + + Under the AUTHORITY of the + BOARD OF LONGITUDE. + + + By JOHN HARRISON. + + + THE SECOND EDITION. + + + _LONDON:_ + Printed for W. SANDBY in Fleetstreet. + MDCCLXVII. + + (PRICE SIXPENCE.) + + + + +REMARKS, ON A PAMPHLET, &c. + + +A Publication having lately been made by the Rev. Mr. _Maskelyne_ +Astronomer Royal, under the Authority of the Board of Longitude, +manifestly tending, by the Suppression of some Facts and the +Misrepresentation of others, to impress the World with an unjust Opinion +of my Invention, and falsely asserting that my Watch did not at certain +Periods therein mentioned keep Time with sufficient Exactness to +determine the Longitude within the Limits prescribed by the Act of the +12th of Queen _Anne_; I think it incumbent upon me to submit some +Observations thereon to the impartial Publick; and the rather, because +the said Pamphlet is rendered so confused by unnecessary Repetitions, +and voluminous Tables, that a Man must be pretty conversant in these +Matters, to trace and combine the Facts, so as to check the +Conclusions, which would consequently be taken upon Trust by the +generality of Readers, unless publickly contradicted. As it will be my +Endeavour so far to avoid the Use of all Terms of Art as to make the +Subject generally intelligible, I flatter myself I shall not be thought +impertinent for giving a short Explanation (though quite unnecessary to +the far greater Part of my Readers) of what the Longitude is, and what +the Service required of the Watch. + +The Longitude of any Place is its Distance East or West from any other +given Place; and what we want is a Method of finding out at Sea, how far +we are got to the Eastward or Westward of the place we sailed from. The +Application of a Time-Keeper to this Discovery is founded upon the +following Principles: The Earth's Surface is divided into 360 equal +Parts (by imaginary Lines drawn from North to South) which are called +Degrees of Longitude; and it's daily Revolution Eastward round it's own +Axis is performed in 24 Hours; consequently in that Period, each of +those imaginary Lines or Degrees, becomes successively opposite to the +Sun (which makes the Noon or precise Middle of the Day at each of those +Degrees); and it must follow, that from the Time any one of those Lines +passes the Sun, till the next passes, must be just four Minutes, for 24 +Hours being divided by 360 will give that Quantity; so that for every +Degree of Longitude we sail Westward, it will be Noon with us four +Minutes the later, and for every Degree Eastward four Minutes the +sooner, and so in Proportion for any greater or less Quantity. Now, the +exact Time of the Day at the Place where we are, can be ascertained by +well known and easy Observations of the Sun if visible for a few Minutes +at any Time from his being ten Degrees high 'till within an Hour of +Noon, or from an Hour after Noon 'till he is only 10 Degrees high in the +Afternoon; if therefore, at any Time when such Observation is made, a +Time-Keeper tells us at the same Moment what o'Clock it is at the Place +we sailed from, our Longitude is clearly discovered. To do this, it is +not necessary that a Watch should perform it's Revolutions precisely in +that Space of time which the Earth takes to perform her's; it is only +required that it should invariably perform it in _some known Time_, and +then the constant Difference between the Length of the one Revolution +and the other, will appear as so much daily gained or lost by the Watch, +which constant Gain or Loss, is called _the Rate of its going_, and +which being added to or deducted from the Time shewn by the Watch, will +give the true Time, and consequently the Difference of Longitude. + +I shall now proceed to make such Remarks as occur to me on Perusal of +Mr. _Maskelyne_'s Pamphlet. + +Mr. _Maskelyne_ begins by telling us that the Board of Longitude, at +their Meeting, _April_ 26, 1766, came to a Resolution that my Watch +should be tried at the Royal Observatory under his Inspection, and that +he accordingly received it on the 5th of _May_, 1766. He then says, "I +most Days wound up and compared the Watch with the transit Clock of the +Royal Observatory myself; at other times it was performed by my +Assistant _Joseph Dymond_, and afterwards _William Baily_; this was +always done in the Presence of, and attested by one of the Officers of +_Greenwich_ Hospital, when he came to assist in unlocking the Box in +which the Watch is kept, in order to its being wound up." + +Not one of those Attestations appears in the Book: Perhaps Mr. +_Maskelyne_ thinks his Assertion of the Fact will be sufficient for the +Publick, and indeed so it might have been to me, had I not received +different Information: But the Truth is, the Commissioners appointed a +Set of Gentlemen to attend by Rotation the winding up of the Watch; they +were to unlock the Box the Watch was in, to see it wound up and compared +with the Clock, then to lock the Box again and take the Key with them, +and Mr. _Maskelyne_ was to have another Key, there being two Locks to +the Box:[1] The Officers of _Greenwich_ Hospital were appointed for +this Service, some of whom from the Infirmities of Age, and Misfortunes +in the Service, were scarce able to get up the Hill to the Observatory, +so that when they came there, as can be proved from undoubted Eye +Witnesses, they only unlocked the Box, sate down 'till Mr. _Maskelyne_ +had done what he thought proper, and then locked the Box again, and +departed: and whatever Attestation they may be supposed to have made, I +can prove that at several Times when Gentlemen of my Acquaintance +happened to be present, the Attendance of the Officers was by no Means +an effectual Check upon the Comparison of the Watch with the Clock. I +would not be thought to accuse those Gentlemen of Neglect of the Duty +imposed upon them; on the contrary I applaud their Diligence in being +ready at all Hours of the Day to attend when Mr. _Maskelyne_ was pleased +to appoint; and therefore I will even for the present (though contrary +to Fact) suppose they have been the Check proposed by the Commissioners +of Longitude against any unfair Access _to the Watch_, still _the Clock_ +with which it was compared _was left entirely in_ Mr. Maskelyne_'s +Power_, and an Alteration of the one could not but produce just the same +Effect as an Error of the other, nor is there even the least _Pretence +of a Check_ either on the Clock, or on its Comparison with Observations +of the Sun; nay on the contrary, Mr. _Maskelyne_ did at this Time take +the Key of the Clock from Mr. _Dymond_ in whose Custody it used to be, +and kept it himself. + +Mr. _Maskelyne_ then proceeds to give us an Account of the Watch's +going from Day to Day, which in his 15th Page he concludes thus: "From +the foregoing Numbers it appears, that the Watch was getting from the +very first near 20 seconds per day; a circumstance which is not my +business to account for; but which, as it kept near mean Time in the +Voyage to Barbadoes, seems to shew that the Watch cannot be taken to +pieces and put together again without altering its Rate of going +considerably, contrary to Mr. _Harrison_'s Assertions formerly." + +When I made the Discovery, upon Oath, of the Principles and Construction +of the Watch, to six Gentlemen appointed by the Board of Longitude and +to Mr. _Maskelyne_, (who insisted on having a Right to attend, as being +a Commissioner) which Discovery was finished on the 22d Day of _August_, +1765, as appears by the annex'd Certificate,[2] the Watch then remained +in my Hands, all taken to pieces: I little imagined the Board of +Longitude would take it from me, as not conceiving any Use they could +make of it; and having besides received Assurances from them, that they +only wanted the formal Delivery of it, in compliance with the Terms of +the new Law, without meaning to deprive me of the Use of it: I therefore +went on making some experiments, and alter'd the Rate of its going, +thereby to determine a Fact I wanted to be satisfied about. The Watch +was under this Experiment the latter End of _October_, 1765, when upon +receiving the Certificate for the Remainder of the first Moiety of my +Reward, I was ordered to deliver it to the Board. My Son, attending with +it, being asked if it was then as fit as before to ascertain the +Longitude, reply'd in the Affirmative; for as I have before shewn, the +_Rate of its going_, when once ascertained, does not prevent its keeping +the Longitude. He was not asked the present Rate of its going, nor could +he have answer'd with precision if he had, because we had not had Notice +sufficient to determine that Point; but we did, at that Time, tell +several of our Friends that it went about 18 or 19 Seconds a Day, +_fast_, and we have at several Times since (without ever dreaming that +this was to become a Point of public Discussion) had Occasion to mention +the same Thing to several Members of Parliament, Commissioners of +Longitude and other Gentlemen, insomuch that we did not believe any body +was uninformed of it, who at all attended to the Business of the +Longitude. + +This may serve to account for the Circumstance which Mr. _Maskelyne_ +declares, _it was none of his Business to account for_, why the Watch +was getting near 20 Seconds per Day; but as to _his Inference_, I must +say it betrays the most absolute Ignorance of Mechanics, and of this +Machine in particular, in which it is obvious (and for this Fact I +appeal to the Watchmakers who saw it taken to Pieces) that its going at +the same Rate when put together again, as before, depends (if none of +the Parts are alter'd) upon nothing more complicated _than putting a +single Screw into the same Place from whence it was taken_. Indeed this +Passage, and the ignorant and puerile Remarks which Mr. _Maskelyne_ has +been suffer'd to prefix to my written Description of the Watch (to the +Disgrace of this Country in those foreign Translations it has already +undergone) bring strongly to my Remembrance an Observation made by some +of the Gentlemen present at the Discovery, "that they wonder'd at his +Patience in attending so long to a Subject he seem'd so totally +unacquainted with." + +Mr. _Maskelyne_ then proceeds to tell us of a Change that happen'd in +the going of the Watch, and says, "this Change began in the Beginning of +_August_, on the few and only hot Days we had last Summer, which yet +were not extreme, the Thermometer within Doors having never risen above +73 deg.. The Rest of the Summer in general was remarkably cool and +temperate." When I took this Watch to Pieces I informed Mr. _Maskelyne_ +and the other Gentlemen, that in trying any Experiments with it, in +Respect to Heat and Cold, it would be proper that it should be so fixed +that, as far as could be, the Heat should have an equal Influence on all +Sides of it; and it is obvious that the Thermometer ought to have been +kept in the same Box with it; but as this was not done, I apprehend the +Effects of Heat mention'd above do not merit much Attention; and +therefore shall only observe that the Watch was placed in a Box with a +Glass in the Lid and another in one Side, in the Seat of a Window level +with the lowest Pane of the Window, and exposed to the South East, +whilst the Thermometer, which was to ascertain the Degree of Heat the +Watch was exposed to, was placed in a shady Part of the Room: Now 'tis +obvious that while the Air surrounding the Thermometer might be very +temperate, there might, if the Sun shone upon it, be a heat in the Box, +superior to what was ever felt in the open Air in any Part of the World; +and perhaps greater than any human being could subsist in, and +consequently improper, or at least unnecessary for this experiment. + +Mr. _Maskelyne_ next tells us of an irregularity which he says happened +in cold Weather, and says, "However, it seems in general that the Frost +must have been the cause of these irregularities, as well as of the +Watch's going so much slower in the Month of _January_, than it had gone +before." Mr. _Maskelyne_ ought along with this, to have published what I +told him when I explained it; that the Provision against the effects of +Heat and Cold was not _in this Machine_ extended to all Degrees; that I +never had tryed it so low as the freezing Point, which according to the +best Informations I have been able to procure is a Degree of Cold _that +never did exist between the Decks of a Ship at Sea_, in any Climate yet +explored by Mankind. + +Mr. _Maskelyne_ then comes to the Rate of its going in different +Positions; and says, "It is obvious, these last-mentioned Trials of the +Watch in a vertical Position could not be designed to shew how near it +would go at Sea, where it can never obtain these Positions: the Intent +of them is to prove how near Mr. _Harrison_'s Execution of his Watch +comes up to his Principles, with respect to the making all the Arcs +described by the balance, whether large or small, to be performed in the +same Time, as Mr. _Harrison_ asserts them to be." Mr. _Maskelyne_ here +also might have had Candour enough to inform the Public, as I did him, +that although the Watch was quite sufficient to answer the Purposes +required of it in Navigation, and to fulfil what was prescribed by the +Act of Queen _Anne_, yet it was far from being in a state of Perfection, +_as an universal exact Time-Keeper for every Purpose_: I shew'd him and +the rest of the Gentlemen the Reasons why the Machine then before them, +would not go at the same Rate in such different Positions _into which +the Motion of a Ship could never put it_; and whilst I explained to them +those Imperfections in the particular Machine we were examining, I also +in the clearest Manner I was able, pointed out the means of remedying +them with certainty in others, which the Gentlemen skill'd in Mechanics +seem'd perfectly to comprehend, and to be satisfied of the Truth which I +again assert, that Watches made on my Principles will endure a much +greater Motion and change of Position than they can ever be subject to +in a Ship; and that they will not be affected by any Degree of Heat or +Cold, in which a Man can live. + +If any Thing was meant to be concluded with respect to me by this +Experiment, either in Point of Property or of Reputation, common Justice +would have required that I should have had an Opportunity of seeing the +Facts ascertained; and when such a Trial was directed as put the Result +in the absolute Power of a single Person, that I should have been +satisfied of his Integrity, Disinterestedness and Ability for the +purpose. I would not be understood to attack Mr. _Maskelyne_'s Knowledge +of the Theory of Astronomy; as for any Thing I know to the contrary, it +may be of the very first Rate, especially as the Commissioners have +thought proper to entrust him with the Execution of their commands; and +which he has ever been as ready to undertake: But alas! as to his skill +in Mechanics, he knows little or nothing of the matter he has ventur'd +to take in Hand. + +I think it more consistent with the respect I owe to the Public, and +myself, to speak out plainly, than to have recourse to _Insinuations_, +on a Subject of this nature: I therefore declare, that I am not +satisfied with the Truth of his reporting other Observations relative to +the Longitude, as I do maintain that in both his Voyages the +Observations which he said he made the Land by, were not calculated till +after he had seen the Land; and I am certain those he has given, in the +Publication now before us, are not genuine, for he pretends to find each +Observation of the Transit of the Sun to the hundredth part of a Second +of Time,--a Degree of exactness about twenty Times beyond what any other +Observer has hitherto found practicable: Moreover I know him to be +deeply interested in the Lunar Tables, a Scheme set up some Years ago +for the Reward in Competition with my Invention, and for which large +Sums of Money have already been paid by the Public. + +Although I flatter myself the Reader is already in Possession of very +sufficient Reasons for rejecting the whole Pamphlet as partial and +inconclusive, yet I entreat his patient Attention whilst I advance one +step farther, and shew, that although Mr. _Maskelyne_ has presented us +with a set of Observations which _according to his mode of Calculation_, +prove what he advances, yet those very Observations when rightly +reasoned upon _prove the contrary_; and that in each of the Periods he +refers to, except those of the severe Frost and improper Positions +(against which Mr. _Maskelyne_ ought to have informed the World I never +warranted this particular Watch) it kept Time with sufficient +correctness to determine the Longitude within the limits of the Act of +Queen _Anne_. + +The Reader by this Time knows enough of the Subject to see, that in +order to try whether the Watch would or would not keep Time with +sufficient Exactness to determine the Longitude, Mr. _Maskelyne_'s first +Operation, after receiving it, should have been to ascertain _the Rate +of its going_. But no such Thing happened: he knew it had not gone +exactly correspondent to mean Time, during the Voyage to _Barbadoes_; it +had been publickly enough declared that its Rate of going had been since +altered; and, if he had not received that Information, he might nay must +have discovered it in the first 24 Hours Tryal; however, without once +attending to this _essential Circumstance_, he goes to work, comparing +the first Period of six Weeks (which he observes is generally reckoned +the Term of a West-India Voyage) when it was in an horizontal Position, +with _mean Time_, instead of _the corrected Time_, and each succeeding +Period with that immediately preceeding it! Who can hesitate in +pronouncing that his Conclusions must be all erroneous? He should first +have ascertained the Rate of its going by a Length of Observations of +the Sun or Stars, or by a perfect Pendulum Clock if he had such a one, +and then have corrected the Time shewn by the Watch accordingly. +However, supposing for a Moment his _Facts_ to be genuine, I will deduce +the _real Result_ in the best Manner the Observations will admit, +rejecting those made while the Watch was in improper Positions, and +those during the Frost, for the same Reasons that Mr. _Maskelyne_ lays +no Stress upon them, and for those I have already stated. I shall +therefore (pursuing his Idea of six Weeks) take it during the first +tranquil six Weeks that it had, viz. from _July_ the 6th, to _August_ +the 17th, in which Time it gained in all 11 Minutes, 50 Seconds, or +16-9/10 Seconds per Day which I will assume as the Rate of its going, or +if Mr. _Maskelyne_ pleases I will take the Average of his whole Time of +Examination, from the 6th of _July_ to the 3d of _January_ and from the +9th of _January_ to the 4th of _March_, which will come out at the Rate +of 16-8/10 Seconds per Day fast, and I say that according to either of +those Rates of going, the Watch kept the Longitude within the Limits of +the Act of Queen _Anne_, during any Period of six Weeks that can be +pointed out, excepting those of extreme Cold, and improper Position +which have already been explained. I do not trouble the Reader with the +Calculations: If I assert an Untruth, I shall hardly escape +Contradiction. + +There is another Inaccuracy, which tho' of less Consequence, ought not +to escape notice. One would naturally suppose when Mr. _Maskelyne_ found +the Watch went at this Rate of gaining on Mean Time, he would have been +very exact in his Time of comparing it with his Clock; but on the +contrary we find he was so irregular as to vary his Comparisons on +succeeding Days from half an Hour to four Hours and 48 Minutes, and this +not for a Time or two, but for one third of the whole Time he had it. + +Mr. _Maskelyne_ having shewn from the Result of his Calculation (which I +have here proved to be false) that the Watch is not to be depended upon +to determine the Longitude in a Voyage of six Weeks, then says, "these +Considerations are sufficient to explain the Motives which might have +actuated Mr. _Harrison_, as a Man of Prudence, in desiring to send his +Watch two Voyages to the West Indies, upon his Idea that he should be +intitled to the large Rewards prescribed in the Act of the 12th of Queen +_Anne_, in Case his Watch kept Time within the Limits there mentioned, +whether the Method itself was or could be rendered generally useful and +practicable, or not;" this Insinuation _(published under the Authority +of the Commissioners of Longitude)_ that I had contrived a Trial which I +knew the Watch would fulfil, whilst I was conscious that it would not +answer the general Purposes of the Act of Queen _Anne_, and consequently +that I had formed a villainous Scheme to rob the Publick of the Reward +without really and effectually performing the Conditions, strikes me as +a Charge of so atrocious a Nature, that I think myself not only +_justified_ in publishing to the World what has been done with respect +to Trials of the Merit of my Invention, but even _indispensably obliged_ +so to do. I well know what I hazard thereby, and if the rest of my +Reward cannot be obtained on Principles of _National Faith_ and _Publick +Spirit_, I am contented to forego it, but I will not descend into the +Grave loaded with that Dishonour which my Enemies, availing themselves +of their Rank or Offices, have, in various Ways, attempted to throw upon +me. + +In the first Place I must remark, that the Trial referred to was not +fixed _by me_, but by _an Act of Parliament_ passed so long ago as the +Year 1714, which (after vesting certain discretionary Powers in +Commissioners to judge what Methods are likely to prove practicable, and +authorizing them to issue smaller Sums of Money) goes on to fix the last +grand Test of the Merit of any such Invention, and enacts "that when a +Ship, under the Appointment of the said Commissioners, shall thereby +actually sail from _Great Britain_ to the _West Indies_ without losing +her Longitude beyond certain Limits, the Inventor shall be intitled to +certain Rewards." Having from the Year 1726, employed myself in +adapting those Principles which I had _at that Time_ executed in a +Pendulum Clock, to an Instrument or Time-Keeper so constructed as to +endure the Motion of a Ship at Sea, and having made a Voyage to _Lisbon_ +and done sundry other Things during a Course of Years, mostly under the +Direction of the Commissioners of Longitude, by way of preparatory +Experiments, I thought the Invention sufficiently perfect about the +latter End of the Year 1760, to go upon the ultimate Trial, which I +accordingly applied for. My Son, after being sent to _Portsmouth_ with +the third Time-keeper (the fourth or Watch being to be sent to him) was +kept there five Months, waiting for Orders; which having by returning to +_London_ at Length obtained, he went to _Jamaica_ in the _Deptford_ Man +of War, and returned in the _Merlin_ Sloop of War, having fulfilled +every Instruction of the Commissioners. It remained to compute from the +Astronomical Observations made at _Portsmouth_ and _Jamaica_, whether +the Watch had or had not kept the Longitude within the prescribed +Limits; and as my Title to 20,000_l._ was to be determined thereby, I +thought it but reasonable that I should name some Person to check the +Computations, _which was refused_. The Commissioners appointed three +Gentlemen for that Purpose, and on receiving their Report were pleased +to declare _that the Watch had not kept its Longitude within the above +mentioned Limits_.[3] Thoroughly convinced of the contrary (for I had +the same Materials they had to calculate from) I required a Copy of the +Computations _which was also refused me_; nor could I ever obtain a +Sight of them either officially or through private Favour, 'till three +Years afterwards, when they were ordered to be laid before the House of +Commons; and it then appeared that two of the three Computations were +absolutely inconclusive, proving nothing, and the third decided in my +Favour. Further Proof of the Watch having succeeded in this Voyage may +be found in the Journals of the House of Commons, Vol. XXIX. P. 546, in +the Evidence of _George Lewis Scott_ Esq; and Mr. _James Short_. + +The Reader will easily believe I did not feel perfectly easy under this +Treatment of an Invention to the perfecting of which (encouraged by the +long continued Patronage of a _Graham_, a _Halley_, a _Folkes_, &c. +&c.----learned Friends to Society, and Publick Good, whose Minds were +too enlarged, and Spirits too liberal to admit that _little_ Jealousy of +inferior Artists, which since their Death I have been exposed to) I +gloried in sacrificing every Prospect of Advantage from other Pursuits, +and had willingly submitted to lead a Life of Labour and Dependence. +However 'twas too late to retreat; and I had only one Means of Success +left which was to follow the Commissioners in their own Way. Accordingly +after many Difficulties (with a Relation of which I will not tire the +Reader, as it is by no Means my Intention to meddle with any Subjects of +Complaint, except such as are material to the forming a right Judgment +of the Trials made and proposed) a second Voyage to the _West Indies_ +was agreed to in the latter End of the Year 1762, which Agreement was +afterwards well nigh overset by the Commissioners insisting on such +Astronomical Observations being previously made, as were next to +impracticable in this Climate, and could be put into the Instructions +for no other Reason that I could conceive, but to throw insuperable +Difficulties in my Way, as they were not at all material to the +Determination of the Matter in Question. However the Commissioners at +Length gave up this Point on my Opinion of the Impracticability being +confirmed by that of an Officer of the Navy distinguished for his +Abilities and Skill in Matters of Astronomy. To take away all +Possibility (as I thought) of this Voyage being rendered fruitless like +the last, I then desired to have inserted at the End of the Instructions +some few Words to this Purpose, "that provided the Experiment answered, +the Commissioners present were of Opinion I should _without further +Trouble_ receive my Reward;" but my Son attending the Board with this +Proposition was told by Lord _Sandwich_ at that Time President, that it +would be mere Tautology, for that their giving Instructions implyed the +same Thing, and that if the Watch kept its Time within the Limits of the +Act there could be no Doubt of my being entitled to and receiving the +Reward, and nobody could take if from me. Upon the Faith of this, my Son +went the Voyage to _Barbadoes_, in which the Watch kept its Time +"considerably within the nearest Limits of the Act of Queen _Anne_," as +certified, even by the Commissioners themselves. + +On the Success of this Trial being known, and after having employed near +forty Years of my Life on the Faith of an Act of Parliament, was a +Doctrine broached to me (as I solemnly declare _for the first Time_) +that the Commissioners were invested with a discretionary Power of +ordering other Trials and the fulfilling of other Conditions than those +specially annexed by Act of Parliament to the Reward;[4] An Exposition +of the Law, which I ever did and ever shall (until it is supported by +legal Authority) totally reject and refuse Obedience to; for I do +maintain, that before passing the last Act of Parliament I had as full +and perfect a _Right_ to the Reward of 20,000_l._ as any Free-holder in +_Britain_ has to his Estate; and I never would have desired nor ever +will desire any better Satisfaction than a judicial Determination of +that Point; which however it was very soon thought proper to preclude me +from, by a new Law, passed at the Instance of the Commissioners of +Longitude, placing me _too certainly_ under the Discretion of the +Commissioners and totally changing the Terms on which the Reward was to +be given me, enacting that I should have half of it when I had disclosed +the Principles and Construction of the Machine, and assigned over for +the Use of the Publick the last made Timekeeper, together with the three +others which were not so perfect as the last; and the other half when I +should have made more Watches, _without determining how many_, and +proved them to the Satisfaction of the Commissioners, _without defining +the Mode of Trial_. + +I frankly confess that from thenceforward I considered the second Moiety +of the Reward as lost for ever. The first Moiety I obtained, tho' it was +with great Difficulty, as the Act required me to explain my Invention +upon Oath, and the Commissioners were pleased to put into that Oath, +Words of an indeterminate and unlimited Meaning, and refused to explain +them, or even permit me or my Son to ask what was meant by them. We at +length agreed to take it (finding we should never get any Thing if we +did not, such was now the Power of the Commissioners) and they declared +that themselves and the Gentlemen appointed by them to whom we were to +explain it, would be _upon Honour_ not to disclose it, that I might have +an Opportunity of obtaining the Reward promised by foreign Powers; +however, in less than a Month an Account of it appeared in the public +News-Papers, signed by the Rev. Mr. _Ludlam_, one of the six Gentlemen +named by the Commissioners to receive the Discovery, and therefore, I +make no doubt, by Leave of the Board. Nor did they stop here, for they +have since published all my Drawings without giving me the last Moiety +of the Reward, or even paying me and my Son for our Time at the Rate of +common Mechanicks; a Discouragement to the Improvement of Arts and +Sciences, and an Instance of such Cruelty and Injustice as I believe +never existed in a learned and civilized Nation before. + +I have already had Occasion to mention, that at the Time I receiv'd the +Certificate for the first Moiety of the Reward, the Watch was delivered +up; it remained six Months locked up at the Admiralty, and was then +removed to Greenwich, to be the Subject of those Experiments concerning +which I now trouble the Public. The other three Machines, were (by Order +of the Commissioners) soon after demanded of me by Mr. _Maskelyne_. One +of them which had been going more than thirty Years, was broke to Pieces +_under his careful and ingenious management_, before it got out of my +House; and the other two were so far abused in the Carriage by Land to +_Greenwich_, as to be rendered quite incorrect, and as far as I can +learn, incapable of being repaired without having some essential Parts +made anew: Thus perished the first Essays of this long-wished for +Invention! + +Unwilling however that the Public should lose the Benefit of the +Discovery, or the Chance of further Improvement, I applied, by repeated +Letters, to the Board, praying that the Watch might be lent to me +(offering Security for it if required) for the Sake of employing other +Workmen to make the different Parts by Model, with quicker Dispatch, and +in Order to determine by Experiments, whether some expensive Parts of +the Machinery might not be abridged or totally left out. Still have my +Requests been refused, and of late they have alledged that they cannot +keep their Engagements with Mr. _Kendall_ if they were to lend me the +Watch. What those Engagements are may be seen below.[5] The new Act, as +I have already observ'd, did not determine _how many_ more Watches were +to be made before I should receive the other Moiety of the Reward: it +was seven Months before I could get them to fix _how many_, and then +they would neither agree to any Mode of Trial proposed by me, nor +propose any themselves till _eleven Months_ after that, _viz._ not till +the 11th Day of _April_ last, when (an Enquiry having been set on Foot +in the House of Commons) they were pleased to propose, that instead of +the Length of a _West-India_ Voyage, which is about _six Weeks_, the +Watches should be placed with their very good Friend and Well-wisher Mr. +_Maskelyne_ for _ten months_, and then be sent for two months on board a +Ship in the _Downs_; and all this I am required to submit to, without +the least Shadow of Assurance on their Part, that they will be satisfied +with this Trial, let it answer ever so well, or that I shall thereby be +brought at all the nearer receiving what is due to me, altho' +(independent of making the Watches) it must necessarily employ one whole +Year of mine or my Son's Time, in superintending an Examination, which, +after all, can only prove that I, who have made one Machine, can make +another like it; and the Point of general Practicability, about which so +much stir is _affected_ to be made, would not be one Jot advanced beyond +what it is at present. + +I cannot help begging the Reader will here allow me to add a Remark or +two upon the general Practicability of my Invention, as that is now +said to be the only Thing that was in Dispute between the Commissioners +and me, and that they only wanted to be satisfied as to this Point. In +order to clear it up then, I will submit to the Public to determine +whether the general Use and Practicability of my Invention can, in the +Nature of Things, be attacked, unless under one of these three following +Heads: + +1. That a Time-keeper, however perfect, is an insufficient Means of +ascertaining the Longitude at Sea. + +2. That such Information has not been given as will enable other Workmen +to make other Time-keepers of equal goodness with that which is +certified to have kept the Longitude. + +Or 3. That they will come to so enormous a Price as to be out of the +Reach of Purchase. + +From the Benefit of the first Objection (even if it was founded in +Truth, which I utterly deny) the Commissioners have surely precluded +both themselves and the Nation, as with Respect to me, by their repeated +Orders and Instructions, and after leading me on for near Half a +Century, to employ my whole Time and make long Voyages for _perfecting_ +the Invention, they can never be permitted now to come and say _the +Invention itself_ is good for nothing. Should any one however continue +to propagate such an Opinion, I beg leave, in Contradiction to it, to +offer that of Sir _Isaac Newton_, and that of _Martin Folkes_, _Dr. +Halley_, _Dr. Smith_, Mr. _Graham_, and eight other Persons of great +Eminence, both publicly given to the House of Commons and to be found in +the Journals, _viz._ Sir _Isaac_'s in Vol. 17, Page 677, and the others +in Vol. 29, Page 547. + +The second Objection is flatly contradicted by Evidence lately before +the House of Commons, by which it appears that the Description and +original Drawings from which the Watch was made, as given in by me upon +Oath, are printed and published; and that Mr. _Mudge_ (the only one of +the Watchmakers to whom the Discovery was made, who has been examined by +the House of Commons) declar'd he could make these Watches as well as I +can. Moreover I am ready, on Condition of receiving the Remainder of +what's due to me, upon Oath to give all manner of future Information and +Instruction in my Power; and I hope it could never enter into any Man's +Idea of general Practicability, that I should actually teach every +indifferent Workman in the Nation, and furnish each of them with a Set +of Tools for the Trial of his Ability, at my own Expence, before I could +be entitled to the Reward. + +With Regard to the third Objection, no Estimate of the future Expence +can (from the Nature of the Subject) be grounded upon any Authority +better than that of Opinion. The Price of common Watches, where each +Part is made by a different Workman, bears no Proportion to what must +necessarily be charged by any Man who was to make the whole with his +own Hands: the same Reduction will naturally take place when a Number of +Workmen are instructed to make the different Parts of these. My Opinion +is, that they might in a very few Years be afforded for about L.100 +a-piece, and if a Reduction of the Machinery can be effected (which I am +strongly inclined to think is the Case, but have not had an Opportunity +of proving by Experiment for want of my Models) the Expence may be +reduced to about 70 or 80 l. + +By this Time I think the Reader may naturally exclaim, How can all these +Things be? What can induce a Number of Noblemen, Statesmen and Officers +of the first Rank and most unblemished Characters; what can induce the +President of the Royal Society, and the Professors of the Universities +(to each of whom his Majesty has been most graciously pleased to order +Payment of 15 l. per Day for every Board of Longitude they attend) and +what can induce the Astronomer Royal, thus to discourage an Invention +which they are specially constituted to improve, protect, and support? I +might answer with Mr. _Maskelyne_, "that's none of my Business to +account for."--_The Facts are so_, and this public Relation of them is +extorted from me, by a Conviction that no other Way is left me to obtain +Justice, or so likely to prevent the Invention from perishing. However, +if it is expected of me, like Mr. _Maskelyne_, to deliver an Opinion on +this Point, I shall declare what I believe _very sincerely_, that by +far the greater Part of the Commissioners are perfectly innocent of the +Treatment I have met with: most of them are Commissioners by Virtue of +great Employments which engage their Time and Attention: A Board so +constituted is continually changing; and this being a Matter of Science +which to many may seem rather abstruse, it was very naturally left to +the Management of a few of those Members who stand in the most immediate +Relation to Science, and whose Opinions, upon a Business of this Nature, +the rest of the Board had too much Modesty to call in Question. How well +they have merited that Degree of Confidence is left to the impartial +World to determine. + +To return again to Mr. _Maskelyne_'s Account: He, as I think has been +already shewn, having said and done every Thing in his Power to the +Dishonour and Discouragement of my Invention, scruples not to sum up his +Opinion of it in the following Terms: + +"That Mr. _Harrison_'s Watch cannot be depended upon to keep the +Longitude within a Degree, in a _West-India_ Voyage of six Weeks, nor to +keep the Longitude within Half a Degree for more than a Fortnight, and +then it must be kept in a Place where the Thermometer is always some +Degrees above freezing: that, in case the Cold amounts to freezing, the +Watch cannot be depended upon to keep the Longitude within Half a +Degree for more than a few Days, and perhaps not so long, if the Cold be +very intense: nevertheless, that it is a useful and valuable Invention, +and in Conjunction with the Observations of the Distance of the Moon +from the Sun and fixed Stars, may be of considerable Advantage to +Navigation." + +Having sufficiently refuted the first Part of this Opinion already, it +only remains for me to make such Remarks on the Lunar Method of finding +the Longitude, as this coupling of my Invention with it seems to call +upon me for. + +It is with Reluctance that I follow Mr. _Maskelyne_ into a Subject in +which I may seem, like him, to be actuated by a selfish Preference to my +own Scheme; however, as I shall give my Reasons for what I advance, I +will not hesitate to submit them to the Public. I beg to be understood +as a warm and declared Friend to that and every other Mode which can be +devised of ascertaining the Longitude at Sea, so long as they keep +within the Bounds of Reason and Probability. Here are now two Methods +before the Public; Wou'd to God there were two Hundred! The Importance +of the Object would warrant public Encouragement to them all; but, +called upon to say something on the Subject, I think it incumbent upon +me to point out those Limits beyond which its Utility cannot, from the +Nature of the Thing, be extended. + +The Method of finding the Longitude by the Moon, in which Mr. +_Maskelyne_ is in a pecuniary way interested, is this.--If the apparent +Distance between the Sun and Moon, or between the Moon and some fix'd +Star, at any certain Part of the Globe, was for every Hour of the Year +known; and if a Navigator, when at Sea, could also, by Observations, +ascertain what is the apparent Distance, at the Place where he is, +between the Sun and Moon, or between the Moon and a Star, and likewise +their respective Altitudes; and if he could also, at the same Moment, +ascertain the Time of the Day, either by an immediate Observation of the +Sun, or by a Watch which would keep Time pretty exactly from the last +solar Observation; these Matters of Fact being given, the Difference of +Longitude may from thence be calculated. I admit the Principle to be +absolutely true in Theory. The Lunar Tables, for which the Rewards have +been given, are calculated to shew the Distance between the Sun and +Moon, or Moon and Stars, at _Greenwich_; I admit the Practicability of +making such Tables; but with Regard to the other Requisites, I beg Leave +to observe that, for six Days in every Month, the Moon is too near the +Sun for observing, consequently, during those Days, the Method falls +_totally_ to the Ground; that for about other thirteen Days in every +Month, the Sun and Moon are at too great a Distance for observing them +at the same Time, or are not at the same Time visible; therefore, during +those 13 Days, we must depend upon Observations of the Moon and Stars, +and upon a Watch to keep Time, from the last Solar Observation with +sufficient Exactness, which common Watches cannot be depended upon to +do; well therefore might Mr. _Maskelyne_ admit that my Invention would +become of considerable Value, even if taken in Aid of the Lunar Tables. +I leave the Reader to judge of the Practicability of making these +Observations from what follows: + +To ascertain the Longitude by the Moon and a Star, requires a distinct +Horizon to be seen in the Night, which is next to impossible, and if you +have not an Horizon, the Altitude of neither Moon nor Star can be taken: +It also requires (and this perhaps when a Ship is in a high Sea) the +Distance of the Moon and Star, in order to come at which, the Image of +one of them must be reflected through a silvered Glass, and the other +seen through an unsilvered Part of the same Glass; and they must be +brought into Conjunction in the Line that connects the silvered and +unsilvered Parts, and this to an Exactness only true in Theory, for an +Error of a Minute of a Degree committed in this Observation, will +mislead the Mariner Half a Degree in his Longitude; Now I call upon any +Astronomers of Reputation publickly to declare, that they have, even at +Land, and with the best Instruments _Europe_ affords, been able to make +this Observation of the Moon and a Star with _any thing like_ the +Precision required to determine the Longitude within the Limits +required by the Act of the 12th of Queen _Anne_; I know it cannot be +done. Nay I further call upon any such Astronomers to declare, whether +even in Observations of the Distance between the Sun and Moon, two of +them observing together have _generally speaking_ agreed in this +Observation within a Minute of a Degree: I know that in general the +Difference between the best Observers even at Land will be more, and as +a farther Proof of this Assertion, I refer the Reader to the Note +below:[6] And if these Matters of Fact are still doubted, I shall beg +Leave to call upon Mr. _Maskelyne_ and Mr. _Green_ to declare how near +they, with Admiral _Tyrrel_ agreed in determining the Longitude by the +Sun and Moon in their Voyage to _Barbadoes_; and also whether during +that Voyage they ever did determine their Longitude by the Moon and +Stars.--I know they did not, for they found the Observation too +difficult, and indeed _it is only true in Theory_. + +From the foregoing Premises I infer, + +1st. That during six Days in every Month, no Observations can be made by +this Method to ascertain the Longitude at Sea. + +2dly, That during 13 other Days in each Month, it is impracticable to +ascertain it by this Method with any Instruments hitherto contrived, or +which the Nature of the Service to be performed seems to admit of + +And 3dly, That during the remaining 11 Days in each Month, when the Sun +and Moon may, if the Weather is clear be observed at the same Time, no +Reliance can safely be placed upon the best Instruments in the Hand of +the best Observer for ascertaining the Longitude within the Limits of +the Act of Queen _Anne_; and consequently, that how valuable soever the +Lunar Tables may be for correcting a long dead Reckoning, and thereby +telling us _whereabouts_ we are, when we are not afraid of falling in +with the Land, yet even during these 11 Days, they do not extend to the +Security of Ships near the Shore. + +This _Method_ of ascertaining the Longitude by the Moon has already cost +the Publick the Sum of 6,600_l._ at least, and yet no proper Experiment +has been made of it. + +I shall not presume to make any Reflections on the different Treatment +the two Inventions have met with, nor will I take up more of the +Reader's Time by a Detail of the very earnest Attention paid by the +_French_ Government to this Object. If our Rivals in Commerce and Arts +_should_ rob us of the Honour as well as the first Advantages of the +Discovery, I hope it will be admitted that the Fault is not mine: And I +likewise flatter myself that I have now furnished sufficient Materials +for the Justification of my Friends, and for shewing that the Cause +which they from publick spirited Motives had the Goodness to espouse, +was not unworthy of their Patronage. + + _Red-Lion-Square, + June 23, 1767_ + JOHN HARRISON. + + _FINIS._ + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + + [Footnote 1: It may not perhaps be improper here to observe, + that the Locks were such as might be picked with a crooked Nail, + that the Lock of which the Officers had the Key was on the 10th + of _July_ out of Order, and that Mr. _Maskelyne_ was sorry this + should ever come to the Ear of the Publick.] + + [Footnote 2: "We whose Names are hereunto subscribed do certify, + that Mr. _John Harrison_ has taken his Time-Keeper to Pieces in + the Presence of us, and explained the Principles and + Construction thereof, and every Thing relative thereto, to our + entire Satisfaction; and that he also did to our Satisfaction + answer to every Question proposed by us or any of us relative + thereto; And that we have compared the Drawings of the same with + the Parts, and do find that they perfectly correspond." + + _August 22, 1765._ + + _Nevil Maskelyne,_ + _John Michell,_ + _William Ludlam,_ + _John Bird,_ + _Thomas Mudge,_ + _William Matthews,_ + _Larcum Kendall._] + + [Footnote 3: It may not be amiss to take Notice here of an + Objection that was raised by two of the Commissioners, both + famous for their Knowledge in Astronomy; _viz._ That the + Observations of equal Altitudes made at _Portsmouth_, could not + be depended on, because the equal Altitude Instrument had been + removed from the Place of Observation in the Morning, to another + Place to make the Afternoon Observations; from which it is plain + that these great Astronomers did not understand either the + Principles or Use of one of the most simple Instruments in + Astronomy.] + + [Footnote 4: If this Interpretation of the Act was true, and the + Commissioners had a general discretionary Power, where was the + Reason or Use of specifying _any Trial at all_ in the original + Act?] + + [Footnote 5: The Board contracted with Mr. _Kendall_ (one of the + six Persons to whom the Discovery was made) to make a Watch + after the Model of mine. He was to be paid for every Thing + before-hand, and to begin in a Twelvemonth after making the + Bargain; he is to make Parts like Parts, but is not to be + answerable for his Watch's going at all. My Timekeeper is now in + his Possession, tho' he is not yet ready to make Use of it; + There are some Parts in the making of which the Model can be of + little or no Use to him; I only desired it for six or eight + Months, and am confident he can have no Occasion for it before + that Time is expired: however I have offered to have it forth + coming whenever Mr. _Kendall_ declares that he wants it, + therefore I apprehend their Engagements with Mr. _Kendall_ + afford no solid Reason for the Commissioners to refuse lending + it to me.] + + [Footnote 6: In the fifth Volume of M. DE LA CAILLE's + Ephemerides, Page 31, he says, "that any Person would be in the + wrong to suppose that the Longitude at Sea can be determined by + the Moon, to a less Error than two Degrees, let the Method which + is employed be never so perfect, let the Instruments, of the + Sort now in use, be never so excellent, and let the Observer be + the most able and accomplished. For if we examine, without + prejudice, all the Circumstances which enter into the + Calculation and into the Observation of a Longitude at Sea, we + shall be easily convinced, that it would be ridiculous to + maintain, that the Sum of the inevitable Errors should not + amount to five Minutes of a Degree, that is, to two Degrees and + a half of Longitude." _N. B._ M. DE LA CAILLE published this in + the Year 1755, and is universally allowed to have been an + excellent Observer, and made several Voyages by Sea, where he + made Trials of this Method by the Moon. + + Dr. HALLEY and Dr. BEVIS (as appeared to the Honourable House of + Commons upon an Examination of the latter) did, with an + excellent HADLEY's Quadrant, rectified by Mr. HADLEY himself, + and in his presence, attempt to take the angular Distance of the + Moon from ALDEBARAN, a Star of the first Magnitude; but with + such bad Success (some of the Observations removing GREENWICH + from itself almost as far as PARIS) that Dr. HALLEY seemed to be + out of Hope of obtaining the Longitude by this Method.] + + + +Transcriber's Notes: This ebook has been transcribed from the original +print edition, published in 1767. Obvious printing errors have been +corrected, while minor irregularities in the spelling have been +retained. The table below lists all corrections applied to the +original text. + +p. 9: the Rest of the Summer -> The Rest +p. 11: [added comma] his Integrity, Disinterestedness and Ability +p. 13: a set of Observavations -> Observations +Footnote 6: [added closing quotes] to two Degrees and a half of Longitude." + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published +by the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne, Under the Authority of the Board of Longitude, by John Harrison + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS ON A PAMPHLET *** + +***** This file should be named 37321.txt or 37321.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/3/2/37321/ + +Produced by Markus Brenner and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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