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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published by
+the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne, Under the Authority of the Board of Longitude, by John Harrison
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published by the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne,
+       Under the Authority of the Board of Longitude
+
+Author: John Harrison
+
+Release Date: September 5, 2011 [EBook #37321]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS ON A PAMPHLET ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Markus Brenner and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                REMARKS
+                                 ON A
+                               PAMPHLET
+
+                        Lately published by the
+                         Rev. Mr. _MASKELYNE_,
+
+                      Under the AUTHORITY of the
+                          BOARD OF LONGITUDE.
+
+
+                           By JOHN HARRISON.
+
+
+                          THE SECOND EDITION.
+
+
+                               _LONDON:_
+                 Printed for W. SANDBY in Fleetstreet.
+                              MDCCLXVII.
+
+                           (PRICE SIXPENCE.)
+
+
+
+
+REMARKS, ON A PAMPHLET, &c.
+
+
+A Publication having lately been made by the Rev. Mr. _Maskelyne_
+Astronomer Royal, under the Authority of the Board of Longitude,
+manifestly tending, by the Suppression of some Facts and the
+Misrepresentation of others, to impress the World with an unjust Opinion
+of my Invention, and falsely asserting that my Watch did not at certain
+Periods therein mentioned keep Time with sufficient Exactness to
+determine the Longitude within the Limits prescribed by the Act of the
+12th of Queen _Anne_; I think it incumbent upon me to submit some
+Observations thereon to the impartial Publick; and the rather, because
+the said Pamphlet is rendered so confused by unnecessary Repetitions,
+and voluminous Tables, that a Man must be pretty conversant in these
+Matters, to trace and combine the Facts, so as to check the
+Conclusions, which would consequently be taken upon Trust by the
+generality of Readers, unless publickly contradicted. As it will be my
+Endeavour so far to avoid the Use of all Terms of Art as to make the
+Subject generally intelligible, I flatter myself I shall not be thought
+impertinent for giving a short Explanation (though quite unnecessary to
+the far greater Part of my Readers) of what the Longitude is, and what
+the Service required of the Watch.
+
+The Longitude of any Place is its Distance East or West from any other
+given Place; and what we want is a Method of finding out at Sea, how far
+we are got to the Eastward or Westward of the place we sailed from. The
+Application of a Time-Keeper to this Discovery is founded upon the
+following Principles: The Earth’s Surface is divided into 360 equal
+Parts (by imaginary Lines drawn from North to South) which are called
+Degrees of Longitude; and it’s daily Revolution Eastward round it’s own
+Axis is performed in 24 Hours; consequently in that Period, each of
+those imaginary Lines or Degrees, becomes successively opposite to the
+Sun (which makes the Noon or precise Middle of the Day at each of those
+Degrees); and it must follow, that from the Time any one of those Lines
+passes the Sun, till the next passes, must be just four Minutes, for 24
+Hours being divided by 360 will give that Quantity; so that for every
+Degree of Longitude we sail Westward, it will be Noon with us four
+Minutes the later, and for every Degree Eastward four Minutes the
+sooner, and so in Proportion for any greater or less Quantity. Now, the
+exact Time of the Day at the Place where we are, can be ascertained by
+well known and easy Observations of the Sun if visible for a few Minutes
+at any Time from his being ten Degrees high ’till within an Hour of
+Noon, or from an Hour after Noon ’till he is only 10 Degrees high in the
+Afternoon; if therefore, at any Time when such Observation is made, a
+Time-Keeper tells us at the same Moment what o’Clock it is at the Place
+we sailed from, our Longitude is clearly discovered. To do this, it is
+not necessary that a Watch should perform it’s Revolutions precisely in
+that Space of time which the Earth takes to perform her’s; it is only
+required that it should invariably perform it in _some known Time_, and
+then the constant Difference between the Length of the one Revolution
+and the other, will appear as so much daily gained or lost by the Watch,
+which constant Gain or Loss, is called _the Rate of its going_, and
+which being added to or deducted from the Time shewn by the Watch, will
+give the true Time, and consequently the Difference of Longitude.
+
+I shall now proceed to make such Remarks as occur to me on Perusal of
+Mr. _Maskelyne_’s Pamphlet.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ begins by telling us that the Board of Longitude, at
+their Meeting, _April_ 26, 1766, came to a Resolution that my Watch
+should be tried at the Royal Observatory under his Inspection, and that
+he accordingly received it on the 5th of _May_, 1766. He then says, “I
+most Days wound up and compared the Watch with the transit Clock of the
+Royal Observatory myself; at other times it was performed by my
+Assistant _Joseph Dymond_, and afterwards _William Baily_; this was
+always done in the Presence of, and attested by one of the Officers of
+_Greenwich_ Hospital, when he came to assist in unlocking the Box in
+which the Watch is kept, in order to its being wound up.”
+
+Not one of those Attestations appears in the Book: Perhaps Mr.
+_Maskelyne_ thinks his Assertion of the Fact will be sufficient for the
+Publick, and indeed so it might have been to me, had I not received
+different Information: But the Truth is, the Commissioners appointed a
+Set of Gentlemen to attend by Rotation the winding up of the Watch; they
+were to unlock the Box the Watch was in, to see it wound up and compared
+with the Clock, then to lock the Box again and take the Key with them,
+and Mr. _Maskelyne_ was to have another Key, there being two Locks to
+the Box:[1] The Officers of _Greenwich_ Hospital were appointed for
+this Service, some of whom from the Infirmities of Age, and Misfortunes
+in the Service, were scarce able to get up the Hill to the Observatory,
+so that when they came there, as can be proved from undoubted Eye
+Witnesses, they only unlocked the Box, sate down ’till Mr. _Maskelyne_
+had done what he thought proper, and then locked the Box again, and
+departed: and whatever Attestation they may be supposed to have made, I
+can prove that at several Times when Gentlemen of my Acquaintance
+happened to be present, the Attendance of the Officers was by no Means
+an effectual Check upon the Comparison of the Watch with the Clock. I
+would not be thought to accuse those Gentlemen of Neglect of the Duty
+imposed upon them; on the contrary I applaud their Diligence in being
+ready at all Hours of the Day to attend when Mr. _Maskelyne_ was pleased
+to appoint; and therefore I will even for the present (though contrary
+to Fact) suppose they have been the Check proposed by the Commissioners
+of Longitude against any unfair Access _to the Watch_, still _the Clock_
+with which it was compared _was left entirely in_ Mr. Maskelyne_’s
+Power_, and an Alteration of the one could not but produce just the same
+Effect as an Error of the other, nor is there even the least _Pretence
+of a Check_ either on the Clock, or on its Comparison with Observations
+of the Sun; nay on the contrary, Mr. _Maskelyne_ did at this Time take
+the Key of the Clock from Mr. _Dymond_ in whose Custody it used to be,
+and kept it himself.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ then proceeds to give us an Account of the Watch’s
+going from Day to Day, which in his 15th Page he concludes thus: “From
+the foregoing Numbers it appears, that the Watch was getting from the
+very first near 20 seconds per day; a circumstance which is not my
+business to account for; but which, as it kept near mean Time in the
+Voyage to Barbadoes, seems to shew that the Watch cannot be taken to
+pieces and put together again without altering its Rate of going
+considerably, contrary to Mr. _Harrison_’s Assertions formerly.”
+
+When I made the Discovery, upon Oath, of the Principles and Construction
+of the Watch, to six Gentlemen appointed by the Board of Longitude and
+to Mr. _Maskelyne_, (who insisted on having a Right to attend, as being
+a Commissioner) which Discovery was finished on the 22d Day of _August_,
+1765, as appears by the annex’d Certificate,[2] the Watch then remained
+in my Hands, all taken to pieces: I little imagined the Board of
+Longitude would take it from me, as not conceiving any Use they could
+make of it; and having besides received Assurances from them, that they
+only wanted the formal Delivery of it, in compliance with the Terms of
+the new Law, without meaning to deprive me of the Use of it: I therefore
+went on making some experiments, and alter’d the Rate of its going,
+thereby to determine a Fact I wanted to be satisfied about. The Watch
+was under this Experiment the latter End of _October_, 1765, when upon
+receiving the Certificate for the Remainder of the first Moiety of my
+Reward, I was ordered to deliver it to the Board. My Son, attending with
+it, being asked if it was then as fit as before to ascertain the
+Longitude, reply’d in the Affirmative; for as I have before shewn, the
+_Rate of its going_, when once ascertained, does not prevent its keeping
+the Longitude. He was not asked the present Rate of its going, nor could
+he have answer’d with precision if he had, because we had not had Notice
+sufficient to determine that Point; but we did, at that Time, tell
+several of our Friends that it went about 18 or 19 Seconds a Day,
+_fast_, and we have at several Times since (without ever dreaming that
+this was to become a Point of public Discussion) had Occasion to mention
+the same Thing to several Members of Parliament, Commissioners of
+Longitude and other Gentlemen, insomuch that we did not believe any body
+was uninformed of it, who at all attended to the Business of the
+Longitude.
+
+This may serve to account for the Circumstance which Mr. _Maskelyne_
+declares, _it was none of his Business to account for_, why the Watch
+was getting near 20 Seconds per Day; but as to _his Inference_, I must
+say it betrays the most absolute Ignorance of Mechanics, and of this
+Machine in particular, in which it is obvious (and for this Fact I
+appeal to the Watchmakers who saw it taken to Pieces) that its going at
+the same Rate when put together again, as before, depends (if none of
+the Parts are alter’d) upon nothing more complicated _than putting a
+single Screw into the same Place from whence it was taken_. Indeed this
+Passage, and the ignorant and puerile Remarks which Mr. _Maskelyne_ has
+been suffer’d to prefix to my written Description of the Watch (to the
+Disgrace of this Country in those foreign Translations it has already
+undergone) bring strongly to my Remembrance an Observation made by some
+of the Gentlemen present at the Discovery, “that they wonder’d at his
+Patience in attending so long to a Subject he seem’d so totally
+unacquainted with.”
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ then proceeds to tell us of a Change that happen’d in
+the going of the Watch, and says, “this Change began in the Beginning of
+_August_, on the few and only hot Days we had last Summer, which yet
+were not extreme, the Thermometer within Doors having never risen above
+73°. The Rest of the Summer in general was remarkably cool and
+temperate.” When I took this Watch to Pieces I informed Mr. _Maskelyne_
+and the other Gentlemen, that in trying any Experiments with it, in
+Respect to Heat and Cold, it would be proper that it should be so fixed
+that, as far as could be, the Heat should have an equal Influence on all
+Sides of it; and it is obvious that the Thermometer ought to have been
+kept in the same Box with it; but as this was not done, I apprehend the
+Effects of Heat mention’d above do not merit much Attention; and
+therefore shall only observe that the Watch was placed in a Box with a
+Glass in the Lid and another in one Side, in the Seat of a Window level
+with the lowest Pane of the Window, and exposed to the South East,
+whilst the Thermometer, which was to ascertain the Degree of Heat the
+Watch was exposed to, was placed in a shady Part of the Room: Now ’tis
+obvious that while the Air surrounding the Thermometer might be very
+temperate, there might, if the Sun shone upon it, be a heat in the Box,
+superior to what was ever felt in the open Air in any Part of the World;
+and perhaps greater than any human being could subsist in, and
+consequently improper, or at least unnecessary for this experiment.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ next tells us of an irregularity which he says happened
+in cold Weather, and says, “However, it seems in general that the Frost
+must have been the cause of these irregularities, as well as of the
+Watch’s going so much slower in the Month of _January_, than it had gone
+before.” Mr. _Maskelyne_ ought along with this, to have published what I
+told him when I explained it; that the Provision against the effects of
+Heat and Cold was not _in this Machine_ extended to all Degrees; that I
+never had tryed it so low as the freezing Point, which according to the
+best Informations I have been able to procure is a Degree of Cold _that
+never did exist between the Decks of a Ship at Sea_, in any Climate yet
+explored by Mankind.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ then comes to the Rate of its going in different
+Positions; and says, “It is obvious, these last-mentioned Trials of the
+Watch in a vertical Position could not be designed to shew how near it
+would go at Sea, where it can never obtain these Positions: the Intent
+of them is to prove how near Mr. _Harrison_’s Execution of his Watch
+comes up to his Principles, with respect to the making all the Arcs
+described by the balance, whether large or small, to be performed in the
+same Time, as Mr. _Harrison_ asserts them to be.” Mr. _Maskelyne_ here
+also might have had Candour enough to inform the Public, as I did him,
+that although the Watch was quite sufficient to answer the Purposes
+required of it in Navigation, and to fulfil what was prescribed by the
+Act of Queen _Anne_, yet it was far from being in a state of Perfection,
+_as an universal exact Time-Keeper for every Purpose_: I shew’d him and
+the rest of the Gentlemen the Reasons why the Machine then before them,
+would not go at the same Rate in such different Positions _into which
+the Motion of a Ship could never put it_; and whilst I explained to them
+those Imperfections in the particular Machine we were examining, I also
+in the clearest Manner I was able, pointed out the means of remedying
+them with certainty in others, which the Gentlemen skill’d in Mechanics
+seem’d perfectly to comprehend, and to be satisfied of the Truth which I
+again assert, that Watches made on my Principles will endure a much
+greater Motion and change of Position than they can ever be subject to
+in a Ship; and that they will not be affected by any Degree of Heat or
+Cold, in which a Man can live.
+
+If any Thing was meant to be concluded with respect to me by this
+Experiment, either in Point of Property or of Reputation, common Justice
+would have required that I should have had an Opportunity of seeing the
+Facts ascertained; and when such a Trial was directed as put the Result
+in the absolute Power of a single Person, that I should have been
+satisfied of his Integrity, Disinterestedness and Ability for the
+purpose. I would not be understood to attack Mr. _Maskelyne_’s Knowledge
+of the Theory of Astronomy; as for any Thing I know to the contrary, it
+may be of the very first Rate, especially as the Commissioners have
+thought proper to entrust him with the Execution of their commands; and
+which he has ever been as ready to undertake: But alas! as to his skill
+in Mechanics, he knows little or nothing of the matter he has ventur’d
+to take in Hand.
+
+I think it more consistent with the respect I owe to the Public, and
+myself, to speak out plainly, than to have recourse to _Insinuations_,
+on a Subject of this nature: I therefore declare, that I am not
+satisfied with the Truth of his reporting other Observations relative to
+the Longitude, as I do maintain that in both his Voyages the
+Observations which he said he made the Land by, were not calculated till
+after he had seen the Land; and I am certain those he has given, in the
+Publication now before us, are not genuine, for he pretends to find each
+Observation of the Transit of the Sun to the hundredth part of a Second
+of Time,—a Degree of exactness about twenty Times beyond what any other
+Observer has hitherto found practicable: Moreover I know him to be
+deeply interested in the Lunar Tables, a Scheme set up some Years ago
+for the Reward in Competition with my Invention, and for which large
+Sums of Money have already been paid by the Public.
+
+Although I flatter myself the Reader is already in Possession of very
+sufficient Reasons for rejecting the whole Pamphlet as partial and
+inconclusive, yet I entreat his patient Attention whilst I advance one
+step farther, and shew, that although Mr. _Maskelyne_ has presented us
+with a set of Observations which _according to his mode of Calculation_,
+prove what he advances, yet those very Observations when rightly
+reasoned upon _prove the contrary_; and that in each of the Periods he
+refers to, except those of the severe Frost and improper Positions
+(against which Mr. _Maskelyne_ ought to have informed the World I never
+warranted this particular Watch) it kept Time with sufficient
+correctness to determine the Longitude within the limits of the Act of
+Queen _Anne_.
+
+The Reader by this Time knows enough of the Subject to see, that in
+order to try whether the Watch would or would not keep Time with
+sufficient Exactness to determine the Longitude, Mr. _Maskelyne_’s first
+Operation, after receiving it, should have been to ascertain _the Rate
+of its going_. But no such Thing happened: he knew it had not gone
+exactly correspondent to mean Time, during the Voyage to _Barbadoes_; it
+had been publickly enough declared that its Rate of going had been since
+altered; and, if he had not received that Information, he might nay must
+have discovered it in the first 24 Hours Tryal; however, without once
+attending to this _essential Circumstance_, he goes to work, comparing
+the first Period of six Weeks (which he observes is generally reckoned
+the Term of a West-India Voyage) when it was in an horizontal Position,
+with _mean Time_, instead of _the corrected Time_, and each succeeding
+Period with that immediately preceeding it! Who can hesitate in
+pronouncing that his Conclusions must be all erroneous? He should first
+have ascertained the Rate of its going by a Length of Observations of
+the Sun or Stars, or by a perfect Pendulum Clock if he had such a one,
+and then have corrected the Time shewn by the Watch accordingly.
+However, supposing for a Moment his _Facts_ to be genuine, I will deduce
+the _real Result_ in the best Manner the Observations will admit,
+rejecting those made while the Watch was in improper Positions, and
+those during the Frost, for the same Reasons that Mr. _Maskelyne_ lays
+no Stress upon them, and for those I have already stated. I shall
+therefore (pursuing his Idea of six Weeks) take it during the first
+tranquil six Weeks that it had, viz. from _July_ the 6th, to _August_
+the 17th, in which Time it gained in all 11 Minutes, 50 Seconds, or
+16-9/10 Seconds per Day which I will assume as the Rate of its going, or
+if Mr. _Maskelyne_ pleases I will take the Average of his whole Time of
+Examination, from the 6th of _July_ to the 3d of _January_ and from the
+9th of _January_ to the 4th of _March_, which will come out at the Rate
+of 16-8/10 Seconds per Day fast, and I say that according to either of
+those Rates of going, the Watch kept the Longitude within the Limits of
+the Act of Queen _Anne_, during any Period of six Weeks that can be
+pointed out, excepting those of extreme Cold, and improper Position
+which have already been explained. I do not trouble the Reader with the
+Calculations: If I assert an Untruth, I shall hardly escape
+Contradiction.
+
+There is another Inaccuracy, which tho’ of less Consequence, ought not
+to escape notice. One would naturally suppose when Mr. _Maskelyne_ found
+the Watch went at this Rate of gaining on Mean Time, he would have been
+very exact in his Time of comparing it with his Clock; but on the
+contrary we find he was so irregular as to vary his Comparisons on
+succeeding Days from half an Hour to four Hours and 48 Minutes, and this
+not for a Time or two, but for one third of the whole Time he had it.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ having shewn from the Result of his Calculation (which I
+have here proved to be false) that the Watch is not to be depended upon
+to determine the Longitude in a Voyage of six Weeks, then says, “these
+Considerations are sufficient to explain the Motives which might have
+actuated Mr. _Harrison_, as a Man of Prudence, in desiring to send his
+Watch two Voyages to the West Indies, upon his Idea that he should be
+intitled to the large Rewards prescribed in the Act of the 12th of Queen
+_Anne_, in Case his Watch kept Time within the Limits there mentioned,
+whether the Method itself was or could be rendered generally useful and
+practicable, or not;” this Insinuation _(published under the Authority
+of the Commissioners of Longitude)_ that I had contrived a Trial which I
+knew the Watch would fulfil, whilst I was conscious that it would not
+answer the general Purposes of the Act of Queen _Anne_, and consequently
+that I had formed a villainous Scheme to rob the Publick of the Reward
+without really and effectually performing the Conditions, strikes me as
+a Charge of so atrocious a Nature, that I think myself not only
+_justified_ in publishing to the World what has been done with respect
+to Trials of the Merit of my Invention, but even _indispensably obliged_
+so to do. I well know what I hazard thereby, and if the rest of my
+Reward cannot be obtained on Principles of _National Faith_ and _Publick
+Spirit_, I am contented to forego it, but I will not descend into the
+Grave loaded with that Dishonour which my Enemies, availing themselves
+of their Rank or Offices, have, in various Ways, attempted to throw upon
+me.
+
+In the first Place I must remark, that the Trial referred to was not
+fixed _by me_, but by _an Act of Parliament_ passed so long ago as the
+Year 1714, which (after vesting certain discretionary Powers in
+Commissioners to judge what Methods are likely to prove practicable, and
+authorizing them to issue smaller Sums of Money) goes on to fix the last
+grand Test of the Merit of any such Invention, and enacts “that when a
+Ship, under the Appointment of the said Commissioners, shall thereby
+actually sail from _Great Britain_ to the _West Indies_ without losing
+her Longitude beyond certain Limits, the Inventor shall be intitled to
+certain Rewards.” Having from the Year 1726, employed myself in
+adapting those Principles which I had _at that Time_ executed in a
+Pendulum Clock, to an Instrument or Time-Keeper so constructed as to
+endure the Motion of a Ship at Sea, and having made a Voyage to _Lisbon_
+and done sundry other Things during a Course of Years, mostly under the
+Direction of the Commissioners of Longitude, by way of preparatory
+Experiments, I thought the Invention sufficiently perfect about the
+latter End of the Year 1760, to go upon the ultimate Trial, which I
+accordingly applied for. My Son, after being sent to _Portsmouth_ with
+the third Time-keeper (the fourth or Watch being to be sent to him) was
+kept there five Months, waiting for Orders; which having by returning to
+_London_ at Length obtained, he went to _Jamaica_ in the _Deptford_ Man
+of War, and returned in the _Merlin_ Sloop of War, having fulfilled
+every Instruction of the Commissioners. It remained to compute from the
+Astronomical Observations made at _Portsmouth_ and _Jamaica_, whether
+the Watch had or had not kept the Longitude within the prescribed
+Limits; and as my Title to 20,000_l._ was to be determined thereby, I
+thought it but reasonable that I should name some Person to check the
+Computations, _which was refused_. The Commissioners appointed three
+Gentlemen for that Purpose, and on receiving their Report were pleased
+to declare _that the Watch had not kept its Longitude within the above
+mentioned Limits_.[3] Thoroughly convinced of the contrary (for I had
+the same Materials they had to calculate from) I required a Copy of the
+Computations _which was also refused me_; nor could I ever obtain a
+Sight of them either officially or through private Favour, ’till three
+Years afterwards, when they were ordered to be laid before the House of
+Commons; and it then appeared that two of the three Computations were
+absolutely inconclusive, proving nothing, and the third decided in my
+Favour. Further Proof of the Watch having succeeded in this Voyage may
+be found in the Journals of the House of Commons, Vol. XXIX. P. 546, in
+the Evidence of _George Lewis Scott_ Esq; and Mr. _James Short_.
+
+The Reader will easily believe I did not feel perfectly easy under this
+Treatment of an Invention to the perfecting of which (encouraged by the
+long continued Patronage of a _Graham_, a _Halley_, a _Folkes_, &c.
+&c.——learned Friends to Society, and Publick Good, whose Minds were
+too enlarged, and Spirits too liberal to admit that _little_ Jealousy of
+inferior Artists, which since their Death I have been exposed to) I
+gloried in sacrificing every Prospect of Advantage from other Pursuits,
+and had willingly submitted to lead a Life of Labour and Dependence.
+However ’twas too late to retreat; and I had only one Means of Success
+left which was to follow the Commissioners in their own Way. Accordingly
+after many Difficulties (with a Relation of which I will not tire the
+Reader, as it is by no Means my Intention to meddle with any Subjects of
+Complaint, except such as are material to the forming a right Judgment
+of the Trials made and proposed) a second Voyage to the _West Indies_
+was agreed to in the latter End of the Year 1762, which Agreement was
+afterwards well nigh overset by the Commissioners insisting on such
+Astronomical Observations being previously made, as were next to
+impracticable in this Climate, and could be put into the Instructions
+for no other Reason that I could conceive, but to throw insuperable
+Difficulties in my Way, as they were not at all material to the
+Determination of the Matter in Question. However the Commissioners at
+Length gave up this Point on my Opinion of the Impracticability being
+confirmed by that of an Officer of the Navy distinguished for his
+Abilities and Skill in Matters of Astronomy. To take away all
+Possibility (as I thought) of this Voyage being rendered fruitless like
+the last, I then desired to have inserted at the End of the Instructions
+some few Words to this Purpose, “that provided the Experiment answered,
+the Commissioners present were of Opinion I should _without further
+Trouble_ receive my Reward;” but my Son attending the Board with this
+Proposition was told by Lord _Sandwich_ at that Time President, that it
+would be mere Tautology, for that their giving Instructions implyed the
+same Thing, and that if the Watch kept its Time within the Limits of the
+Act there could be no Doubt of my being entitled to and receiving the
+Reward, and nobody could take if from me. Upon the Faith of this, my Son
+went the Voyage to _Barbadoes_, in which the Watch kept its Time
+“considerably within the nearest Limits of the Act of Queen _Anne_,” as
+certified, even by the Commissioners themselves.
+
+On the Success of this Trial being known, and after having employed near
+forty Years of my Life on the Faith of an Act of Parliament, was a
+Doctrine broached to me (as I solemnly declare _for the first Time_)
+that the Commissioners were invested with a discretionary Power of
+ordering other Trials and the fulfilling of other Conditions than those
+specially annexed by Act of Parliament to the Reward;[4] An Exposition
+of the Law, which I ever did and ever shall (until it is supported by
+legal Authority) totally reject and refuse Obedience to; for I do
+maintain, that before passing the last Act of Parliament I had as full
+and perfect a _Right_ to the Reward of 20,000_l._ as any Free-holder in
+_Britain_ has to his Estate; and I never would have desired nor ever
+will desire any better Satisfaction than a judicial Determination of
+that Point; which however it was very soon thought proper to preclude me
+from, by a new Law, passed at the Instance of the Commissioners of
+Longitude, placing me _too certainly_ under the Discretion of the
+Commissioners and totally changing the Terms on which the Reward was to
+be given me, enacting that I should have half of it when I had disclosed
+the Principles and Construction of the Machine, and assigned over for
+the Use of the Publick the last made Timekeeper, together with the three
+others which were not so perfect as the last; and the other half when I
+should have made more Watches, _without determining how many_, and
+proved them to the Satisfaction of the Commissioners, _without defining
+the Mode of Trial_.
+
+I frankly confess that from thenceforward I considered the second Moiety
+of the Reward as lost for ever. The first Moiety I obtained, tho’ it was
+with great Difficulty, as the Act required me to explain my Invention
+upon Oath, and the Commissioners were pleased to put into that Oath,
+Words of an indeterminate and unlimited Meaning, and refused to explain
+them, or even permit me or my Son to ask what was meant by them. We at
+length agreed to take it (finding we should never get any Thing if we
+did not, such was now the Power of the Commissioners) and they declared
+that themselves and the Gentlemen appointed by them to whom we were to
+explain it, would be _upon Honour_ not to disclose it, that I might have
+an Opportunity of obtaining the Reward promised by foreign Powers;
+however, in less than a Month an Account of it appeared in the public
+News-Papers, signed by the Rev. Mr. _Ludlam_, one of the six Gentlemen
+named by the Commissioners to receive the Discovery, and therefore, I
+make no doubt, by Leave of the Board. Nor did they stop here, for they
+have since published all my Drawings without giving me the last Moiety
+of the Reward, or even paying me and my Son for our Time at the Rate of
+common Mechanicks; a Discouragement to the Improvement of Arts and
+Sciences, and an Instance of such Cruelty and Injustice as I believe
+never existed in a learned and civilized Nation before.
+
+I have already had Occasion to mention, that at the Time I receiv’d the
+Certificate for the first Moiety of the Reward, the Watch was delivered
+up; it remained six Months locked up at the Admiralty, and was then
+removed to Greenwich, to be the Subject of those Experiments concerning
+which I now trouble the Public. The other three Machines, were (by Order
+of the Commissioners) soon after demanded of me by Mr. _Maskelyne_. One
+of them which had been going more than thirty Years, was broke to Pieces
+_under his careful and ingenious management_, before it got out of my
+House; and the other two were so far abused in the Carriage by Land to
+_Greenwich_, as to be rendered quite incorrect, and as far as I can
+learn, incapable of being repaired without having some essential Parts
+made anew: Thus perished the first Essays of this long-wished for
+Invention!
+
+Unwilling however that the Public should lose the Benefit of the
+Discovery, or the Chance of further Improvement, I applied, by repeated
+Letters, to the Board, praying that the Watch might be lent to me
+(offering Security for it if required) for the Sake of employing other
+Workmen to make the different Parts by Model, with quicker Dispatch, and
+in Order to determine by Experiments, whether some expensive Parts of
+the Machinery might not be abridged or totally left out. Still have my
+Requests been refused, and of late they have alledged that they cannot
+keep their Engagements with Mr. _Kendall_ if they were to lend me the
+Watch. What those Engagements are may be seen below.[5] The new Act, as
+I have already observ’d, did not determine _how many_ more Watches were
+to be made before I should receive the other Moiety of the Reward: it
+was seven Months before I could get them to fix _how many_, and then
+they would neither agree to any Mode of Trial proposed by me, nor
+propose any themselves till _eleven Months_ after that, _viz._ not till
+the 11th Day of _April_ last, when (an Enquiry having been set on Foot
+in the House of Commons) they were pleased to propose, that instead of
+the Length of a _West-India_ Voyage, which is about _six Weeks_, the
+Watches should be placed with their very good Friend and Well-wisher Mr.
+_Maskelyne_ for _ten months_, and then be sent for two months on board a
+Ship in the _Downs_; and all this I am required to submit to, without
+the least Shadow of Assurance on their Part, that they will be satisfied
+with this Trial, let it answer ever so well, or that I shall thereby be
+brought at all the nearer receiving what is due to me, altho’
+(independent of making the Watches) it must necessarily employ one whole
+Year of mine or my Son’s Time, in superintending an Examination, which,
+after all, can only prove that I, who have made one Machine, can make
+another like it; and the Point of general Practicability, about which so
+much stir is _affected_ to be made, would not be one Jot advanced beyond
+what it is at present.
+
+I cannot help begging the Reader will here allow me to add a Remark or
+two upon the general Practicability of my Invention, as that is now
+said to be the only Thing that was in Dispute between the Commissioners
+and me, and that they only wanted to be satisfied as to this Point. In
+order to clear it up then, I will submit to the Public to determine
+whether the general Use and Practicability of my Invention can, in the
+Nature of Things, be attacked, unless under one of these three following
+Heads:
+
+1. That a Time-keeper, however perfect, is an insufficient Means of
+ascertaining the Longitude at Sea.
+
+2. That such Information has not been given as will enable other Workmen
+to make other Time-keepers of equal goodness with that which is
+certified to have kept the Longitude.
+
+Or 3. That they will come to so enormous a Price as to be out of the
+Reach of Purchase.
+
+From the Benefit of the first Objection (even if it was founded in
+Truth, which I utterly deny) the Commissioners have surely precluded
+both themselves and the Nation, as with Respect to me, by their repeated
+Orders and Instructions, and after leading me on for near Half a
+Century, to employ my whole Time and make long Voyages for _perfecting_
+the Invention, they can never be permitted now to come and say _the
+Invention itself_ is good for nothing. Should any one however continue
+to propagate such an Opinion, I beg leave, in Contradiction to it, to
+offer that of Sir _Isaac Newton_, and that of _Martin Folkes_, _Dr.
+Halley_, _Dr. Smith_, Mr. _Graham_, and eight other Persons of great
+Eminence, both publicly given to the House of Commons and to be found in
+the Journals, _viz._ Sir _Isaac_’s in Vol. 17, Page 677, and the others
+in Vol. 29, Page 547.
+
+The second Objection is flatly contradicted by Evidence lately before
+the House of Commons, by which it appears that the Description and
+original Drawings from which the Watch was made, as given in by me upon
+Oath, are printed and published; and that Mr. _Mudge_ (the only one of
+the Watchmakers to whom the Discovery was made, who has been examined by
+the House of Commons) declar’d he could make these Watches as well as I
+can. Moreover I am ready, on Condition of receiving the Remainder of
+what’s due to me, upon Oath to give all manner of future Information and
+Instruction in my Power; and I hope it could never enter into any Man’s
+Idea of general Practicability, that I should actually teach every
+indifferent Workman in the Nation, and furnish each of them with a Set
+of Tools for the Trial of his Ability, at my own Expence, before I could
+be entitled to the Reward.
+
+With Regard to the third Objection, no Estimate of the future Expence
+can (from the Nature of the Subject) be grounded upon any Authority
+better than that of Opinion. The Price of common Watches, where each
+Part is made by a different Workman, bears no Proportion to what must
+necessarily be charged by any Man who was to make the whole with his
+own Hands: the same Reduction will naturally take place when a Number of
+Workmen are instructed to make the different Parts of these. My Opinion
+is, that they might in a very few Years be afforded for about £.100
+a-piece, and if a Reduction of the Machinery can be effected (which I am
+strongly inclined to think is the Case, but have not had an Opportunity
+of proving by Experiment for want of my Models) the Expence may be
+reduced to about 70 or 80 l.
+
+By this Time I think the Reader may naturally exclaim, How can all these
+Things be? What can induce a Number of Noblemen, Statesmen and Officers
+of the first Rank and most unblemished Characters; what can induce the
+President of the Royal Society, and the Professors of the Universities
+(to each of whom his Majesty has been most graciously pleased to order
+Payment of 15 l. per Day for every Board of Longitude they attend) and
+what can induce the Astronomer Royal, thus to discourage an Invention
+which they are specially constituted to improve, protect, and support? I
+might answer with Mr. _Maskelyne_, “that’s none of my Business to
+account for.”—_The Facts are so_, and this public Relation of them is
+extorted from me, by a Conviction that no other Way is left me to obtain
+Justice, or so likely to prevent the Invention from perishing. However,
+if it is expected of me, like Mr. _Maskelyne_, to deliver an Opinion on
+this Point, I shall declare what I believe _very sincerely_, that by
+far the greater Part of the Commissioners are perfectly innocent of the
+Treatment I have met with: most of them are Commissioners by Virtue of
+great Employments which engage their Time and Attention: A Board so
+constituted is continually changing; and this being a Matter of Science
+which to many may seem rather abstruse, it was very naturally left to
+the Management of a few of those Members who stand in the most immediate
+Relation to Science, and whose Opinions, upon a Business of this Nature,
+the rest of the Board had too much Modesty to call in Question. How well
+they have merited that Degree of Confidence is left to the impartial
+World to determine.
+
+To return again to Mr. _Maskelyne_’s Account: He, as I think has been
+already shewn, having said and done every Thing in his Power to the
+Dishonour and Discouragement of my Invention, scruples not to sum up his
+Opinion of it in the following Terms:
+
+“That Mr. _Harrison_’s Watch cannot be depended upon to keep the
+Longitude within a Degree, in a _West-India_ Voyage of six Weeks, nor to
+keep the Longitude within Half a Degree for more than a Fortnight, and
+then it must be kept in a Place where the Thermometer is always some
+Degrees above freezing: that, in case the Cold amounts to freezing, the
+Watch cannot be depended upon to keep the Longitude within Half a
+Degree for more than a few Days, and perhaps not so long, if the Cold be
+very intense: nevertheless, that it is a useful and valuable Invention,
+and in Conjunction with the Observations of the Distance of the Moon
+from the Sun and fixed Stars, may be of considerable Advantage to
+Navigation.”
+
+Having sufficiently refuted the first Part of this Opinion already, it
+only remains for me to make such Remarks on the Lunar Method of finding
+the Longitude, as this coupling of my Invention with it seems to call
+upon me for.
+
+It is with Reluctance that I follow Mr. _Maskelyne_ into a Subject in
+which I may seem, like him, to be actuated by a selfish Preference to my
+own Scheme; however, as I shall give my Reasons for what I advance, I
+will not hesitate to submit them to the Public. I beg to be understood
+as a warm and declared Friend to that and every other Mode which can be
+devised of ascertaining the Longitude at Sea, so long as they keep
+within the Bounds of Reason and Probability. Here are now two Methods
+before the Public; Wou’d to God there were two Hundred! The Importance
+of the Object would warrant public Encouragement to them all; but,
+called upon to say something on the Subject, I think it incumbent upon
+me to point out those Limits beyond which its Utility cannot, from the
+Nature of the Thing, be extended.
+
+The Method of finding the Longitude by the Moon, in which Mr.
+_Maskelyne_ is in a pecuniary way interested, is this.—If the apparent
+Distance between the Sun and Moon, or between the Moon and some fix’d
+Star, at any certain Part of the Globe, was for every Hour of the Year
+known; and if a Navigator, when at Sea, could also, by Observations,
+ascertain what is the apparent Distance, at the Place where he is,
+between the Sun and Moon, or between the Moon and a Star, and likewise
+their respective Altitudes; and if he could also, at the same Moment,
+ascertain the Time of the Day, either by an immediate Observation of the
+Sun, or by a Watch which would keep Time pretty exactly from the last
+solar Observation; these Matters of Fact being given, the Difference of
+Longitude may from thence be calculated. I admit the Principle to be
+absolutely true in Theory. The Lunar Tables, for which the Rewards have
+been given, are calculated to shew the Distance between the Sun and
+Moon, or Moon and Stars, at _Greenwich_; I admit the Practicability of
+making such Tables; but with Regard to the other Requisites, I beg Leave
+to observe that, for six Days in every Month, the Moon is too near the
+Sun for observing, consequently, during those Days, the Method falls
+_totally_ to the Ground; that for about other thirteen Days in every
+Month, the Sun and Moon are at too great a Distance for observing them
+at the same Time, or are not at the same Time visible; therefore, during
+those 13 Days, we must depend upon Observations of the Moon and Stars,
+and upon a Watch to keep Time, from the last Solar Observation with
+sufficient Exactness, which common Watches cannot be depended upon to
+do; well therefore might Mr. _Maskelyne_ admit that my Invention would
+become of considerable Value, even if taken in Aid of the Lunar Tables.
+I leave the Reader to judge of the Practicability of making these
+Observations from what follows:
+
+To ascertain the Longitude by the Moon and a Star, requires a distinct
+Horizon to be seen in the Night, which is next to impossible, and if you
+have not an Horizon, the Altitude of neither Moon nor Star can be taken:
+It also requires (and this perhaps when a Ship is in a high Sea) the
+Distance of the Moon and Star, in order to come at which, the Image of
+one of them must be reflected through a silvered Glass, and the other
+seen through an unsilvered Part of the same Glass; and they must be
+brought into Conjunction in the Line that connects the silvered and
+unsilvered Parts, and this to an Exactness only true in Theory, for an
+Error of a Minute of a Degree committed in this Observation, will
+mislead the Mariner Half a Degree in his Longitude; Now I call upon any
+Astronomers of Reputation publickly to declare, that they have, even at
+Land, and with the best Instruments _Europe_ affords, been able to make
+this Observation of the Moon and a Star with _any thing like_ the
+Precision required to determine the Longitude within the Limits
+required by the Act of the 12th of Queen _Anne_; I know it cannot be
+done. Nay I further call upon any such Astronomers to declare, whether
+even in Observations of the Distance between the Sun and Moon, two of
+them observing together have _generally speaking_ agreed in this
+Observation within a Minute of a Degree: I know that in general the
+Difference between the best Observers even at Land will be more, and as
+a farther Proof of this Assertion, I refer the Reader to the Note
+below:[6] And if these Matters of Fact are still doubted, I shall beg
+Leave to call upon Mr. _Maskelyne_ and Mr. _Green_ to declare how near
+they, with Admiral _Tyrrel_ agreed in determining the Longitude by the
+Sun and Moon in their Voyage to _Barbadoes_; and also whether during
+that Voyage they ever did determine their Longitude by the Moon and
+Stars.—I know they did not, for they found the Observation too
+difficult, and indeed _it is only true in Theory_.
+
+From the foregoing Premises I infer,
+
+1st. That during six Days in every Month, no Observations can be made by
+this Method to ascertain the Longitude at Sea.
+
+2dly, That during 13 other Days in each Month, it is impracticable to
+ascertain it by this Method with any Instruments hitherto contrived, or
+which the Nature of the Service to be performed seems to admit of
+
+And 3dly, That during the remaining 11 Days in each Month, when the Sun
+and Moon may, if the Weather is clear be observed at the same Time, no
+Reliance can safely be placed upon the best Instruments in the Hand of
+the best Observer for ascertaining the Longitude within the Limits of
+the Act of Queen _Anne_; and consequently, that how valuable soever the
+Lunar Tables may be for correcting a long dead Reckoning, and thereby
+telling us _whereabouts_ we are, when we are not afraid of falling in
+with the Land, yet even during these 11 Days, they do not extend to the
+Security of Ships near the Shore.
+
+This _Method_ of ascertaining the Longitude by the Moon has already cost
+the Publick the Sum of 6,600_l._ at least, and yet no proper Experiment
+has been made of it.
+
+I shall not presume to make any Reflections on the different Treatment
+the two Inventions have met with, nor will I take up more of the
+Reader’s Time by a Detail of the very earnest Attention paid by the
+_French_ Government to this Object. If our Rivals in Commerce and Arts
+_should_ rob us of the Honour as well as the first Advantages of the
+Discovery, I hope it will be admitted that the Fault is not mine: And I
+likewise flatter myself that I have now furnished sufficient Materials
+for the Justification of my Friends, and for shewing that the Cause
+which they from publick spirited Motives had the Goodness to espouse,
+was not unworthy of their Patronage.
+
+  _Red-Lion-Square,
+  June 23, 1767_
+        JOHN HARRISON.
+
+    _FINIS._
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 1: It may not perhaps be improper here to observe,
+    that the Locks were such as might be picked with a crooked Nail,
+    that the Lock of which the Officers had the Key was on the 10th
+    of _July_ out of Order, and that Mr. _Maskelyne_ was sorry this
+    should ever come to the Ear of the Publick.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: “We whose Names are hereunto subscribed do certify,
+    that Mr. _John Harrison_ has taken his Time-Keeper to Pieces in
+    the Presence of us, and explained the Principles and
+    Construction thereof, and every Thing relative thereto, to our
+    entire Satisfaction; and that he also did to our Satisfaction
+    answer to every Question proposed by us or any of us relative
+    thereto; And that we have compared the Drawings of the same with
+    the Parts, and do find that they perfectly correspond.”
+
+    _August 22, 1765._
+
+        _Nevil Maskelyne,_
+        _John Michell,_
+        _William Ludlam,_
+        _John Bird,_
+        _Thomas Mudge,_
+        _William Matthews,_
+        _Larcum Kendall._]
+
+    [Footnote 3: It may not be amiss to take Notice here of an
+    Objection that was raised by two of the Commissioners, both
+    famous for their Knowledge in Astronomy; _viz._ That the
+    Observations of equal Altitudes made at _Portsmouth_, could not
+    be depended on, because the equal Altitude Instrument had been
+    removed from the Place of Observation in the Morning, to another
+    Place to make the Afternoon Observations; from which it is plain
+    that these great Astronomers did not understand either the
+    Principles or Use of one of the most simple Instruments in
+    Astronomy.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: If this Interpretation of the Act was true, and the
+    Commissioners had a general discretionary Power, where was the
+    Reason or Use of specifying _any Trial at all_ in the original
+    Act?]
+
+    [Footnote 5: The Board contracted with Mr. _Kendall_ (one of the
+    six Persons to whom the Discovery was made) to make a Watch
+    after the Model of mine. He was to be paid for every Thing
+    before-hand, and to begin in a Twelvemonth after making the
+    Bargain; he is to make Parts like Parts, but is not to be
+    answerable for his Watch’s going at all. My Timekeeper is now in
+    his Possession, tho’ he is not yet ready to make Use of it;
+    There are some Parts in the making of which the Model can be of
+    little or no Use to him; I only desired it for six or eight
+    Months, and am confident he can have no Occasion for it before
+    that Time is expired: however I have offered to have it forth
+    coming whenever Mr. _Kendall_ declares that he wants it,
+    therefore I apprehend their Engagements with Mr. _Kendall_
+    afford no solid Reason for the Commissioners to refuse lending
+    it to me.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: In the fifth Volume of M. DE LA CAILLE’s
+    Ephemerides, Page 31, he says, “that any Person would be in the
+    wrong to suppose that the Longitude at Sea can be determined by
+    the Moon, to a less Error than two Degrees, let the Method which
+    is employed be never so perfect, let the Instruments, of the
+    Sort now in use, be never so excellent, and let the Observer be
+    the most able and accomplished. For if we examine, without
+    prejudice, all the Circumstances which enter into the
+    Calculation and into the Observation of a Longitude at Sea, we
+    shall be easily convinced, that it would be ridiculous to
+    maintain, that the Sum of the inevitable Errors should not
+    amount to five Minutes of a Degree, that is, to two Degrees and
+    a half of Longitude.” _N. B._ M. DE LA CAILLE published this in
+    the Year 1755, and is universally allowed to have been an
+    excellent Observer, and made several Voyages by Sea, where he
+    made Trials of this Method by the Moon.
+
+    Dr. HALLEY and Dr. BEVIS (as appeared to the Honourable House of
+    Commons upon an Examination of the latter) did, with an
+    excellent HADLEY’s Quadrant, rectified by Mr. HADLEY himself,
+    and in his presence, attempt to take the angular Distance of the
+    Moon from ALDEBARAN, a Star of the first Magnitude; but with
+    such bad Success (some of the Observations removing GREENWICH
+    from itself almost as far as PARIS) that Dr. HALLEY seemed to be
+    out of Hope of obtaining the Longitude by this Method.]
+
+
+
+Transcriber’s Notes: This ebook has been transcribed from the original
+print edition, published in 1767. Obvious printing errors have been
+corrected, while minor irregularities in the spelling have been
+retained. The table below lists all corrections applied to the
+original text.
+
+p. 9: the Rest of the Summer -> The Rest
+p. 11: [added comma] his Integrity, Disinterestedness and Ability
+p. 13: a set of Observavations -> Observations
+Footnote 6: [added closing quotes] to two Degrees and a half of Longitude.”
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published
+by the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne, Under the A, by John Harrison
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published by
+the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne, Under the Authority of the Board of Longitude, by John Harrison
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published by the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne,
+       Under the Authority of the Board of Longitude
+
+Author: John Harrison
+
+Release Date: September 5, 2011 [EBook #37321]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS ON A PAMPHLET ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Markus Brenner and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                REMARKS
+                                 ON A
+                               PAMPHLET
+
+                        Lately published by the
+                         Rev. Mr. _MASKELYNE_,
+
+                      Under the AUTHORITY of the
+                          BOARD OF LONGITUDE.
+
+
+                           By JOHN HARRISON.
+
+
+                          THE SECOND EDITION.
+
+
+                               _LONDON:_
+                 Printed for W. SANDBY in Fleetstreet.
+                              MDCCLXVII.
+
+                           (PRICE SIXPENCE.)
+
+
+
+
+REMARKS, ON A PAMPHLET, &c.
+
+
+A Publication having lately been made by the Rev. Mr. _Maskelyne_
+Astronomer Royal, under the Authority of the Board of Longitude,
+manifestly tending, by the Suppression of some Facts and the
+Misrepresentation of others, to impress the World with an unjust Opinion
+of my Invention, and falsely asserting that my Watch did not at certain
+Periods therein mentioned keep Time with sufficient Exactness to
+determine the Longitude within the Limits prescribed by the Act of the
+12th of Queen _Anne_; I think it incumbent upon me to submit some
+Observations thereon to the impartial Publick; and the rather, because
+the said Pamphlet is rendered so confused by unnecessary Repetitions,
+and voluminous Tables, that a Man must be pretty conversant in these
+Matters, to trace and combine the Facts, so as to check the
+Conclusions, which would consequently be taken upon Trust by the
+generality of Readers, unless publickly contradicted. As it will be my
+Endeavour so far to avoid the Use of all Terms of Art as to make the
+Subject generally intelligible, I flatter myself I shall not be thought
+impertinent for giving a short Explanation (though quite unnecessary to
+the far greater Part of my Readers) of what the Longitude is, and what
+the Service required of the Watch.
+
+The Longitude of any Place is its Distance East or West from any other
+given Place; and what we want is a Method of finding out at Sea, how far
+we are got to the Eastward or Westward of the place we sailed from. The
+Application of a Time-Keeper to this Discovery is founded upon the
+following Principles: The Earth's Surface is divided into 360 equal
+Parts (by imaginary Lines drawn from North to South) which are called
+Degrees of Longitude; and it's daily Revolution Eastward round it's own
+Axis is performed in 24 Hours; consequently in that Period, each of
+those imaginary Lines or Degrees, becomes successively opposite to the
+Sun (which makes the Noon or precise Middle of the Day at each of those
+Degrees); and it must follow, that from the Time any one of those Lines
+passes the Sun, till the next passes, must be just four Minutes, for 24
+Hours being divided by 360 will give that Quantity; so that for every
+Degree of Longitude we sail Westward, it will be Noon with us four
+Minutes the later, and for every Degree Eastward four Minutes the
+sooner, and so in Proportion for any greater or less Quantity. Now, the
+exact Time of the Day at the Place where we are, can be ascertained by
+well known and easy Observations of the Sun if visible for a few Minutes
+at any Time from his being ten Degrees high 'till within an Hour of
+Noon, or from an Hour after Noon 'till he is only 10 Degrees high in the
+Afternoon; if therefore, at any Time when such Observation is made, a
+Time-Keeper tells us at the same Moment what o'Clock it is at the Place
+we sailed from, our Longitude is clearly discovered. To do this, it is
+not necessary that a Watch should perform it's Revolutions precisely in
+that Space of time which the Earth takes to perform her's; it is only
+required that it should invariably perform it in _some known Time_, and
+then the constant Difference between the Length of the one Revolution
+and the other, will appear as so much daily gained or lost by the Watch,
+which constant Gain or Loss, is called _the Rate of its going_, and
+which being added to or deducted from the Time shewn by the Watch, will
+give the true Time, and consequently the Difference of Longitude.
+
+I shall now proceed to make such Remarks as occur to me on Perusal of
+Mr. _Maskelyne_'s Pamphlet.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ begins by telling us that the Board of Longitude, at
+their Meeting, _April_ 26, 1766, came to a Resolution that my Watch
+should be tried at the Royal Observatory under his Inspection, and that
+he accordingly received it on the 5th of _May_, 1766. He then says, "I
+most Days wound up and compared the Watch with the transit Clock of the
+Royal Observatory myself; at other times it was performed by my
+Assistant _Joseph Dymond_, and afterwards _William Baily_; this was
+always done in the Presence of, and attested by one of the Officers of
+_Greenwich_ Hospital, when he came to assist in unlocking the Box in
+which the Watch is kept, in order to its being wound up."
+
+Not one of those Attestations appears in the Book: Perhaps Mr.
+_Maskelyne_ thinks his Assertion of the Fact will be sufficient for the
+Publick, and indeed so it might have been to me, had I not received
+different Information: But the Truth is, the Commissioners appointed a
+Set of Gentlemen to attend by Rotation the winding up of the Watch; they
+were to unlock the Box the Watch was in, to see it wound up and compared
+with the Clock, then to lock the Box again and take the Key with them,
+and Mr. _Maskelyne_ was to have another Key, there being two Locks to
+the Box:[1] The Officers of _Greenwich_ Hospital were appointed for
+this Service, some of whom from the Infirmities of Age, and Misfortunes
+in the Service, were scarce able to get up the Hill to the Observatory,
+so that when they came there, as can be proved from undoubted Eye
+Witnesses, they only unlocked the Box, sate down 'till Mr. _Maskelyne_
+had done what he thought proper, and then locked the Box again, and
+departed: and whatever Attestation they may be supposed to have made, I
+can prove that at several Times when Gentlemen of my Acquaintance
+happened to be present, the Attendance of the Officers was by no Means
+an effectual Check upon the Comparison of the Watch with the Clock. I
+would not be thought to accuse those Gentlemen of Neglect of the Duty
+imposed upon them; on the contrary I applaud their Diligence in being
+ready at all Hours of the Day to attend when Mr. _Maskelyne_ was pleased
+to appoint; and therefore I will even for the present (though contrary
+to Fact) suppose they have been the Check proposed by the Commissioners
+of Longitude against any unfair Access _to the Watch_, still _the Clock_
+with which it was compared _was left entirely in_ Mr. Maskelyne_'s
+Power_, and an Alteration of the one could not but produce just the same
+Effect as an Error of the other, nor is there even the least _Pretence
+of a Check_ either on the Clock, or on its Comparison with Observations
+of the Sun; nay on the contrary, Mr. _Maskelyne_ did at this Time take
+the Key of the Clock from Mr. _Dymond_ in whose Custody it used to be,
+and kept it himself.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ then proceeds to give us an Account of the Watch's
+going from Day to Day, which in his 15th Page he concludes thus: "From
+the foregoing Numbers it appears, that the Watch was getting from the
+very first near 20 seconds per day; a circumstance which is not my
+business to account for; but which, as it kept near mean Time in the
+Voyage to Barbadoes, seems to shew that the Watch cannot be taken to
+pieces and put together again without altering its Rate of going
+considerably, contrary to Mr. _Harrison_'s Assertions formerly."
+
+When I made the Discovery, upon Oath, of the Principles and Construction
+of the Watch, to six Gentlemen appointed by the Board of Longitude and
+to Mr. _Maskelyne_, (who insisted on having a Right to attend, as being
+a Commissioner) which Discovery was finished on the 22d Day of _August_,
+1765, as appears by the annex'd Certificate,[2] the Watch then remained
+in my Hands, all taken to pieces: I little imagined the Board of
+Longitude would take it from me, as not conceiving any Use they could
+make of it; and having besides received Assurances from them, that they
+only wanted the formal Delivery of it, in compliance with the Terms of
+the new Law, without meaning to deprive me of the Use of it: I therefore
+went on making some experiments, and alter'd the Rate of its going,
+thereby to determine a Fact I wanted to be satisfied about. The Watch
+was under this Experiment the latter End of _October_, 1765, when upon
+receiving the Certificate for the Remainder of the first Moiety of my
+Reward, I was ordered to deliver it to the Board. My Son, attending with
+it, being asked if it was then as fit as before to ascertain the
+Longitude, reply'd in the Affirmative; for as I have before shewn, the
+_Rate of its going_, when once ascertained, does not prevent its keeping
+the Longitude. He was not asked the present Rate of its going, nor could
+he have answer'd with precision if he had, because we had not had Notice
+sufficient to determine that Point; but we did, at that Time, tell
+several of our Friends that it went about 18 or 19 Seconds a Day,
+_fast_, and we have at several Times since (without ever dreaming that
+this was to become a Point of public Discussion) had Occasion to mention
+the same Thing to several Members of Parliament, Commissioners of
+Longitude and other Gentlemen, insomuch that we did not believe any body
+was uninformed of it, who at all attended to the Business of the
+Longitude.
+
+This may serve to account for the Circumstance which Mr. _Maskelyne_
+declares, _it was none of his Business to account for_, why the Watch
+was getting near 20 Seconds per Day; but as to _his Inference_, I must
+say it betrays the most absolute Ignorance of Mechanics, and of this
+Machine in particular, in which it is obvious (and for this Fact I
+appeal to the Watchmakers who saw it taken to Pieces) that its going at
+the same Rate when put together again, as before, depends (if none of
+the Parts are alter'd) upon nothing more complicated _than putting a
+single Screw into the same Place from whence it was taken_. Indeed this
+Passage, and the ignorant and puerile Remarks which Mr. _Maskelyne_ has
+been suffer'd to prefix to my written Description of the Watch (to the
+Disgrace of this Country in those foreign Translations it has already
+undergone) bring strongly to my Remembrance an Observation made by some
+of the Gentlemen present at the Discovery, "that they wonder'd at his
+Patience in attending so long to a Subject he seem'd so totally
+unacquainted with."
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ then proceeds to tell us of a Change that happen'd in
+the going of the Watch, and says, "this Change began in the Beginning of
+_August_, on the few and only hot Days we had last Summer, which yet
+were not extreme, the Thermometer within Doors having never risen above
+73�. The Rest of the Summer in general was remarkably cool and
+temperate." When I took this Watch to Pieces I informed Mr. _Maskelyne_
+and the other Gentlemen, that in trying any Experiments with it, in
+Respect to Heat and Cold, it would be proper that it should be so fixed
+that, as far as could be, the Heat should have an equal Influence on all
+Sides of it; and it is obvious that the Thermometer ought to have been
+kept in the same Box with it; but as this was not done, I apprehend the
+Effects of Heat mention'd above do not merit much Attention; and
+therefore shall only observe that the Watch was placed in a Box with a
+Glass in the Lid and another in one Side, in the Seat of a Window level
+with the lowest Pane of the Window, and exposed to the South East,
+whilst the Thermometer, which was to ascertain the Degree of Heat the
+Watch was exposed to, was placed in a shady Part of the Room: Now 'tis
+obvious that while the Air surrounding the Thermometer might be very
+temperate, there might, if the Sun shone upon it, be a heat in the Box,
+superior to what was ever felt in the open Air in any Part of the World;
+and perhaps greater than any human being could subsist in, and
+consequently improper, or at least unnecessary for this experiment.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ next tells us of an irregularity which he says happened
+in cold Weather, and says, "However, it seems in general that the Frost
+must have been the cause of these irregularities, as well as of the
+Watch's going so much slower in the Month of _January_, than it had gone
+before." Mr. _Maskelyne_ ought along with this, to have published what I
+told him when I explained it; that the Provision against the effects of
+Heat and Cold was not _in this Machine_ extended to all Degrees; that I
+never had tryed it so low as the freezing Point, which according to the
+best Informations I have been able to procure is a Degree of Cold _that
+never did exist between the Decks of a Ship at Sea_, in any Climate yet
+explored by Mankind.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ then comes to the Rate of its going in different
+Positions; and says, "It is obvious, these last-mentioned Trials of the
+Watch in a vertical Position could not be designed to shew how near it
+would go at Sea, where it can never obtain these Positions: the Intent
+of them is to prove how near Mr. _Harrison_'s Execution of his Watch
+comes up to his Principles, with respect to the making all the Arcs
+described by the balance, whether large or small, to be performed in the
+same Time, as Mr. _Harrison_ asserts them to be." Mr. _Maskelyne_ here
+also might have had Candour enough to inform the Public, as I did him,
+that although the Watch was quite sufficient to answer the Purposes
+required of it in Navigation, and to fulfil what was prescribed by the
+Act of Queen _Anne_, yet it was far from being in a state of Perfection,
+_as an universal exact Time-Keeper for every Purpose_: I shew'd him and
+the rest of the Gentlemen the Reasons why the Machine then before them,
+would not go at the same Rate in such different Positions _into which
+the Motion of a Ship could never put it_; and whilst I explained to them
+those Imperfections in the particular Machine we were examining, I also
+in the clearest Manner I was able, pointed out the means of remedying
+them with certainty in others, which the Gentlemen skill'd in Mechanics
+seem'd perfectly to comprehend, and to be satisfied of the Truth which I
+again assert, that Watches made on my Principles will endure a much
+greater Motion and change of Position than they can ever be subject to
+in a Ship; and that they will not be affected by any Degree of Heat or
+Cold, in which a Man can live.
+
+If any Thing was meant to be concluded with respect to me by this
+Experiment, either in Point of Property or of Reputation, common Justice
+would have required that I should have had an Opportunity of seeing the
+Facts ascertained; and when such a Trial was directed as put the Result
+in the absolute Power of a single Person, that I should have been
+satisfied of his Integrity, Disinterestedness and Ability for the
+purpose. I would not be understood to attack Mr. _Maskelyne_'s Knowledge
+of the Theory of Astronomy; as for any Thing I know to the contrary, it
+may be of the very first Rate, especially as the Commissioners have
+thought proper to entrust him with the Execution of their commands; and
+which he has ever been as ready to undertake: But alas! as to his skill
+in Mechanics, he knows little or nothing of the matter he has ventur'd
+to take in Hand.
+
+I think it more consistent with the respect I owe to the Public, and
+myself, to speak out plainly, than to have recourse to _Insinuations_,
+on a Subject of this nature: I therefore declare, that I am not
+satisfied with the Truth of his reporting other Observations relative to
+the Longitude, as I do maintain that in both his Voyages the
+Observations which he said he made the Land by, were not calculated till
+after he had seen the Land; and I am certain those he has given, in the
+Publication now before us, are not genuine, for he pretends to find each
+Observation of the Transit of the Sun to the hundredth part of a Second
+of Time,--a Degree of exactness about twenty Times beyond what any other
+Observer has hitherto found practicable: Moreover I know him to be
+deeply interested in the Lunar Tables, a Scheme set up some Years ago
+for the Reward in Competition with my Invention, and for which large
+Sums of Money have already been paid by the Public.
+
+Although I flatter myself the Reader is already in Possession of very
+sufficient Reasons for rejecting the whole Pamphlet as partial and
+inconclusive, yet I entreat his patient Attention whilst I advance one
+step farther, and shew, that although Mr. _Maskelyne_ has presented us
+with a set of Observations which _according to his mode of Calculation_,
+prove what he advances, yet those very Observations when rightly
+reasoned upon _prove the contrary_; and that in each of the Periods he
+refers to, except those of the severe Frost and improper Positions
+(against which Mr. _Maskelyne_ ought to have informed the World I never
+warranted this particular Watch) it kept Time with sufficient
+correctness to determine the Longitude within the limits of the Act of
+Queen _Anne_.
+
+The Reader by this Time knows enough of the Subject to see, that in
+order to try whether the Watch would or would not keep Time with
+sufficient Exactness to determine the Longitude, Mr. _Maskelyne_'s first
+Operation, after receiving it, should have been to ascertain _the Rate
+of its going_. But no such Thing happened: he knew it had not gone
+exactly correspondent to mean Time, during the Voyage to _Barbadoes_; it
+had been publickly enough declared that its Rate of going had been since
+altered; and, if he had not received that Information, he might nay must
+have discovered it in the first 24 Hours Tryal; however, without once
+attending to this _essential Circumstance_, he goes to work, comparing
+the first Period of six Weeks (which he observes is generally reckoned
+the Term of a West-India Voyage) when it was in an horizontal Position,
+with _mean Time_, instead of _the corrected Time_, and each succeeding
+Period with that immediately preceeding it! Who can hesitate in
+pronouncing that his Conclusions must be all erroneous? He should first
+have ascertained the Rate of its going by a Length of Observations of
+the Sun or Stars, or by a perfect Pendulum Clock if he had such a one,
+and then have corrected the Time shewn by the Watch accordingly.
+However, supposing for a Moment his _Facts_ to be genuine, I will deduce
+the _real Result_ in the best Manner the Observations will admit,
+rejecting those made while the Watch was in improper Positions, and
+those during the Frost, for the same Reasons that Mr. _Maskelyne_ lays
+no Stress upon them, and for those I have already stated. I shall
+therefore (pursuing his Idea of six Weeks) take it during the first
+tranquil six Weeks that it had, viz. from _July_ the 6th, to _August_
+the 17th, in which Time it gained in all 11 Minutes, 50 Seconds, or
+16-9/10 Seconds per Day which I will assume as the Rate of its going, or
+if Mr. _Maskelyne_ pleases I will take the Average of his whole Time of
+Examination, from the 6th of _July_ to the 3d of _January_ and from the
+9th of _January_ to the 4th of _March_, which will come out at the Rate
+of 16-8/10 Seconds per Day fast, and I say that according to either of
+those Rates of going, the Watch kept the Longitude within the Limits of
+the Act of Queen _Anne_, during any Period of six Weeks that can be
+pointed out, excepting those of extreme Cold, and improper Position
+which have already been explained. I do not trouble the Reader with the
+Calculations: If I assert an Untruth, I shall hardly escape
+Contradiction.
+
+There is another Inaccuracy, which tho' of less Consequence, ought not
+to escape notice. One would naturally suppose when Mr. _Maskelyne_ found
+the Watch went at this Rate of gaining on Mean Time, he would have been
+very exact in his Time of comparing it with his Clock; but on the
+contrary we find he was so irregular as to vary his Comparisons on
+succeeding Days from half an Hour to four Hours and 48 Minutes, and this
+not for a Time or two, but for one third of the whole Time he had it.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ having shewn from the Result of his Calculation (which I
+have here proved to be false) that the Watch is not to be depended upon
+to determine the Longitude in a Voyage of six Weeks, then says, "these
+Considerations are sufficient to explain the Motives which might have
+actuated Mr. _Harrison_, as a Man of Prudence, in desiring to send his
+Watch two Voyages to the West Indies, upon his Idea that he should be
+intitled to the large Rewards prescribed in the Act of the 12th of Queen
+_Anne_, in Case his Watch kept Time within the Limits there mentioned,
+whether the Method itself was or could be rendered generally useful and
+practicable, or not;" this Insinuation _(published under the Authority
+of the Commissioners of Longitude)_ that I had contrived a Trial which I
+knew the Watch would fulfil, whilst I was conscious that it would not
+answer the general Purposes of the Act of Queen _Anne_, and consequently
+that I had formed a villainous Scheme to rob the Publick of the Reward
+without really and effectually performing the Conditions, strikes me as
+a Charge of so atrocious a Nature, that I think myself not only
+_justified_ in publishing to the World what has been done with respect
+to Trials of the Merit of my Invention, but even _indispensably obliged_
+so to do. I well know what I hazard thereby, and if the rest of my
+Reward cannot be obtained on Principles of _National Faith_ and _Publick
+Spirit_, I am contented to forego it, but I will not descend into the
+Grave loaded with that Dishonour which my Enemies, availing themselves
+of their Rank or Offices, have, in various Ways, attempted to throw upon
+me.
+
+In the first Place I must remark, that the Trial referred to was not
+fixed _by me_, but by _an Act of Parliament_ passed so long ago as the
+Year 1714, which (after vesting certain discretionary Powers in
+Commissioners to judge what Methods are likely to prove practicable, and
+authorizing them to issue smaller Sums of Money) goes on to fix the last
+grand Test of the Merit of any such Invention, and enacts "that when a
+Ship, under the Appointment of the said Commissioners, shall thereby
+actually sail from _Great Britain_ to the _West Indies_ without losing
+her Longitude beyond certain Limits, the Inventor shall be intitled to
+certain Rewards." Having from the Year 1726, employed myself in
+adapting those Principles which I had _at that Time_ executed in a
+Pendulum Clock, to an Instrument or Time-Keeper so constructed as to
+endure the Motion of a Ship at Sea, and having made a Voyage to _Lisbon_
+and done sundry other Things during a Course of Years, mostly under the
+Direction of the Commissioners of Longitude, by way of preparatory
+Experiments, I thought the Invention sufficiently perfect about the
+latter End of the Year 1760, to go upon the ultimate Trial, which I
+accordingly applied for. My Son, after being sent to _Portsmouth_ with
+the third Time-keeper (the fourth or Watch being to be sent to him) was
+kept there five Months, waiting for Orders; which having by returning to
+_London_ at Length obtained, he went to _Jamaica_ in the _Deptford_ Man
+of War, and returned in the _Merlin_ Sloop of War, having fulfilled
+every Instruction of the Commissioners. It remained to compute from the
+Astronomical Observations made at _Portsmouth_ and _Jamaica_, whether
+the Watch had or had not kept the Longitude within the prescribed
+Limits; and as my Title to 20,000_l._ was to be determined thereby, I
+thought it but reasonable that I should name some Person to check the
+Computations, _which was refused_. The Commissioners appointed three
+Gentlemen for that Purpose, and on receiving their Report were pleased
+to declare _that the Watch had not kept its Longitude within the above
+mentioned Limits_.[3] Thoroughly convinced of the contrary (for I had
+the same Materials they had to calculate from) I required a Copy of the
+Computations _which was also refused me_; nor could I ever obtain a
+Sight of them either officially or through private Favour, 'till three
+Years afterwards, when they were ordered to be laid before the House of
+Commons; and it then appeared that two of the three Computations were
+absolutely inconclusive, proving nothing, and the third decided in my
+Favour. Further Proof of the Watch having succeeded in this Voyage may
+be found in the Journals of the House of Commons, Vol. XXIX. P. 546, in
+the Evidence of _George Lewis Scott_ Esq; and Mr. _James Short_.
+
+The Reader will easily believe I did not feel perfectly easy under this
+Treatment of an Invention to the perfecting of which (encouraged by the
+long continued Patronage of a _Graham_, a _Halley_, a _Folkes_, &c.
+&c.----learned Friends to Society, and Publick Good, whose Minds were
+too enlarged, and Spirits too liberal to admit that _little_ Jealousy of
+inferior Artists, which since their Death I have been exposed to) I
+gloried in sacrificing every Prospect of Advantage from other Pursuits,
+and had willingly submitted to lead a Life of Labour and Dependence.
+However 'twas too late to retreat; and I had only one Means of Success
+left which was to follow the Commissioners in their own Way. Accordingly
+after many Difficulties (with a Relation of which I will not tire the
+Reader, as it is by no Means my Intention to meddle with any Subjects of
+Complaint, except such as are material to the forming a right Judgment
+of the Trials made and proposed) a second Voyage to the _West Indies_
+was agreed to in the latter End of the Year 1762, which Agreement was
+afterwards well nigh overset by the Commissioners insisting on such
+Astronomical Observations being previously made, as were next to
+impracticable in this Climate, and could be put into the Instructions
+for no other Reason that I could conceive, but to throw insuperable
+Difficulties in my Way, as they were not at all material to the
+Determination of the Matter in Question. However the Commissioners at
+Length gave up this Point on my Opinion of the Impracticability being
+confirmed by that of an Officer of the Navy distinguished for his
+Abilities and Skill in Matters of Astronomy. To take away all
+Possibility (as I thought) of this Voyage being rendered fruitless like
+the last, I then desired to have inserted at the End of the Instructions
+some few Words to this Purpose, "that provided the Experiment answered,
+the Commissioners present were of Opinion I should _without further
+Trouble_ receive my Reward;" but my Son attending the Board with this
+Proposition was told by Lord _Sandwich_ at that Time President, that it
+would be mere Tautology, for that their giving Instructions implyed the
+same Thing, and that if the Watch kept its Time within the Limits of the
+Act there could be no Doubt of my being entitled to and receiving the
+Reward, and nobody could take if from me. Upon the Faith of this, my Son
+went the Voyage to _Barbadoes_, in which the Watch kept its Time
+"considerably within the nearest Limits of the Act of Queen _Anne_," as
+certified, even by the Commissioners themselves.
+
+On the Success of this Trial being known, and after having employed near
+forty Years of my Life on the Faith of an Act of Parliament, was a
+Doctrine broached to me (as I solemnly declare _for the first Time_)
+that the Commissioners were invested with a discretionary Power of
+ordering other Trials and the fulfilling of other Conditions than those
+specially annexed by Act of Parliament to the Reward;[4] An Exposition
+of the Law, which I ever did and ever shall (until it is supported by
+legal Authority) totally reject and refuse Obedience to; for I do
+maintain, that before passing the last Act of Parliament I had as full
+and perfect a _Right_ to the Reward of 20,000_l._ as any Free-holder in
+_Britain_ has to his Estate; and I never would have desired nor ever
+will desire any better Satisfaction than a judicial Determination of
+that Point; which however it was very soon thought proper to preclude me
+from, by a new Law, passed at the Instance of the Commissioners of
+Longitude, placing me _too certainly_ under the Discretion of the
+Commissioners and totally changing the Terms on which the Reward was to
+be given me, enacting that I should have half of it when I had disclosed
+the Principles and Construction of the Machine, and assigned over for
+the Use of the Publick the last made Timekeeper, together with the three
+others which were not so perfect as the last; and the other half when I
+should have made more Watches, _without determining how many_, and
+proved them to the Satisfaction of the Commissioners, _without defining
+the Mode of Trial_.
+
+I frankly confess that from thenceforward I considered the second Moiety
+of the Reward as lost for ever. The first Moiety I obtained, tho' it was
+with great Difficulty, as the Act required me to explain my Invention
+upon Oath, and the Commissioners were pleased to put into that Oath,
+Words of an indeterminate and unlimited Meaning, and refused to explain
+them, or even permit me or my Son to ask what was meant by them. We at
+length agreed to take it (finding we should never get any Thing if we
+did not, such was now the Power of the Commissioners) and they declared
+that themselves and the Gentlemen appointed by them to whom we were to
+explain it, would be _upon Honour_ not to disclose it, that I might have
+an Opportunity of obtaining the Reward promised by foreign Powers;
+however, in less than a Month an Account of it appeared in the public
+News-Papers, signed by the Rev. Mr. _Ludlam_, one of the six Gentlemen
+named by the Commissioners to receive the Discovery, and therefore, I
+make no doubt, by Leave of the Board. Nor did they stop here, for they
+have since published all my Drawings without giving me the last Moiety
+of the Reward, or even paying me and my Son for our Time at the Rate of
+common Mechanicks; a Discouragement to the Improvement of Arts and
+Sciences, and an Instance of such Cruelty and Injustice as I believe
+never existed in a learned and civilized Nation before.
+
+I have already had Occasion to mention, that at the Time I receiv'd the
+Certificate for the first Moiety of the Reward, the Watch was delivered
+up; it remained six Months locked up at the Admiralty, and was then
+removed to Greenwich, to be the Subject of those Experiments concerning
+which I now trouble the Public. The other three Machines, were (by Order
+of the Commissioners) soon after demanded of me by Mr. _Maskelyne_. One
+of them which had been going more than thirty Years, was broke to Pieces
+_under his careful and ingenious management_, before it got out of my
+House; and the other two were so far abused in the Carriage by Land to
+_Greenwich_, as to be rendered quite incorrect, and as far as I can
+learn, incapable of being repaired without having some essential Parts
+made anew: Thus perished the first Essays of this long-wished for
+Invention!
+
+Unwilling however that the Public should lose the Benefit of the
+Discovery, or the Chance of further Improvement, I applied, by repeated
+Letters, to the Board, praying that the Watch might be lent to me
+(offering Security for it if required) for the Sake of employing other
+Workmen to make the different Parts by Model, with quicker Dispatch, and
+in Order to determine by Experiments, whether some expensive Parts of
+the Machinery might not be abridged or totally left out. Still have my
+Requests been refused, and of late they have alledged that they cannot
+keep their Engagements with Mr. _Kendall_ if they were to lend me the
+Watch. What those Engagements are may be seen below.[5] The new Act, as
+I have already observ'd, did not determine _how many_ more Watches were
+to be made before I should receive the other Moiety of the Reward: it
+was seven Months before I could get them to fix _how many_, and then
+they would neither agree to any Mode of Trial proposed by me, nor
+propose any themselves till _eleven Months_ after that, _viz._ not till
+the 11th Day of _April_ last, when (an Enquiry having been set on Foot
+in the House of Commons) they were pleased to propose, that instead of
+the Length of a _West-India_ Voyage, which is about _six Weeks_, the
+Watches should be placed with their very good Friend and Well-wisher Mr.
+_Maskelyne_ for _ten months_, and then be sent for two months on board a
+Ship in the _Downs_; and all this I am required to submit to, without
+the least Shadow of Assurance on their Part, that they will be satisfied
+with this Trial, let it answer ever so well, or that I shall thereby be
+brought at all the nearer receiving what is due to me, altho'
+(independent of making the Watches) it must necessarily employ one whole
+Year of mine or my Son's Time, in superintending an Examination, which,
+after all, can only prove that I, who have made one Machine, can make
+another like it; and the Point of general Practicability, about which so
+much stir is _affected_ to be made, would not be one Jot advanced beyond
+what it is at present.
+
+I cannot help begging the Reader will here allow me to add a Remark or
+two upon the general Practicability of my Invention, as that is now
+said to be the only Thing that was in Dispute between the Commissioners
+and me, and that they only wanted to be satisfied as to this Point. In
+order to clear it up then, I will submit to the Public to determine
+whether the general Use and Practicability of my Invention can, in the
+Nature of Things, be attacked, unless under one of these three following
+Heads:
+
+1. That a Time-keeper, however perfect, is an insufficient Means of
+ascertaining the Longitude at Sea.
+
+2. That such Information has not been given as will enable other Workmen
+to make other Time-keepers of equal goodness with that which is
+certified to have kept the Longitude.
+
+Or 3. That they will come to so enormous a Price as to be out of the
+Reach of Purchase.
+
+From the Benefit of the first Objection (even if it was founded in
+Truth, which I utterly deny) the Commissioners have surely precluded
+both themselves and the Nation, as with Respect to me, by their repeated
+Orders and Instructions, and after leading me on for near Half a
+Century, to employ my whole Time and make long Voyages for _perfecting_
+the Invention, they can never be permitted now to come and say _the
+Invention itself_ is good for nothing. Should any one however continue
+to propagate such an Opinion, I beg leave, in Contradiction to it, to
+offer that of Sir _Isaac Newton_, and that of _Martin Folkes_, _Dr.
+Halley_, _Dr. Smith_, Mr. _Graham_, and eight other Persons of great
+Eminence, both publicly given to the House of Commons and to be found in
+the Journals, _viz._ Sir _Isaac_'s in Vol. 17, Page 677, and the others
+in Vol. 29, Page 547.
+
+The second Objection is flatly contradicted by Evidence lately before
+the House of Commons, by which it appears that the Description and
+original Drawings from which the Watch was made, as given in by me upon
+Oath, are printed and published; and that Mr. _Mudge_ (the only one of
+the Watchmakers to whom the Discovery was made, who has been examined by
+the House of Commons) declar'd he could make these Watches as well as I
+can. Moreover I am ready, on Condition of receiving the Remainder of
+what's due to me, upon Oath to give all manner of future Information and
+Instruction in my Power; and I hope it could never enter into any Man's
+Idea of general Practicability, that I should actually teach every
+indifferent Workman in the Nation, and furnish each of them with a Set
+of Tools for the Trial of his Ability, at my own Expence, before I could
+be entitled to the Reward.
+
+With Regard to the third Objection, no Estimate of the future Expence
+can (from the Nature of the Subject) be grounded upon any Authority
+better than that of Opinion. The Price of common Watches, where each
+Part is made by a different Workman, bears no Proportion to what must
+necessarily be charged by any Man who was to make the whole with his
+own Hands: the same Reduction will naturally take place when a Number of
+Workmen are instructed to make the different Parts of these. My Opinion
+is, that they might in a very few Years be afforded for about �.100
+a-piece, and if a Reduction of the Machinery can be effected (which I am
+strongly inclined to think is the Case, but have not had an Opportunity
+of proving by Experiment for want of my Models) the Expence may be
+reduced to about 70 or 80 l.
+
+By this Time I think the Reader may naturally exclaim, How can all these
+Things be? What can induce a Number of Noblemen, Statesmen and Officers
+of the first Rank and most unblemished Characters; what can induce the
+President of the Royal Society, and the Professors of the Universities
+(to each of whom his Majesty has been most graciously pleased to order
+Payment of 15 l. per Day for every Board of Longitude they attend) and
+what can induce the Astronomer Royal, thus to discourage an Invention
+which they are specially constituted to improve, protect, and support? I
+might answer with Mr. _Maskelyne_, "that's none of my Business to
+account for."--_The Facts are so_, and this public Relation of them is
+extorted from me, by a Conviction that no other Way is left me to obtain
+Justice, or so likely to prevent the Invention from perishing. However,
+if it is expected of me, like Mr. _Maskelyne_, to deliver an Opinion on
+this Point, I shall declare what I believe _very sincerely_, that by
+far the greater Part of the Commissioners are perfectly innocent of the
+Treatment I have met with: most of them are Commissioners by Virtue of
+great Employments which engage their Time and Attention: A Board so
+constituted is continually changing; and this being a Matter of Science
+which to many may seem rather abstruse, it was very naturally left to
+the Management of a few of those Members who stand in the most immediate
+Relation to Science, and whose Opinions, upon a Business of this Nature,
+the rest of the Board had too much Modesty to call in Question. How well
+they have merited that Degree of Confidence is left to the impartial
+World to determine.
+
+To return again to Mr. _Maskelyne_'s Account: He, as I think has been
+already shewn, having said and done every Thing in his Power to the
+Dishonour and Discouragement of my Invention, scruples not to sum up his
+Opinion of it in the following Terms:
+
+"That Mr. _Harrison_'s Watch cannot be depended upon to keep the
+Longitude within a Degree, in a _West-India_ Voyage of six Weeks, nor to
+keep the Longitude within Half a Degree for more than a Fortnight, and
+then it must be kept in a Place where the Thermometer is always some
+Degrees above freezing: that, in case the Cold amounts to freezing, the
+Watch cannot be depended upon to keep the Longitude within Half a
+Degree for more than a few Days, and perhaps not so long, if the Cold be
+very intense: nevertheless, that it is a useful and valuable Invention,
+and in Conjunction with the Observations of the Distance of the Moon
+from the Sun and fixed Stars, may be of considerable Advantage to
+Navigation."
+
+Having sufficiently refuted the first Part of this Opinion already, it
+only remains for me to make such Remarks on the Lunar Method of finding
+the Longitude, as this coupling of my Invention with it seems to call
+upon me for.
+
+It is with Reluctance that I follow Mr. _Maskelyne_ into a Subject in
+which I may seem, like him, to be actuated by a selfish Preference to my
+own Scheme; however, as I shall give my Reasons for what I advance, I
+will not hesitate to submit them to the Public. I beg to be understood
+as a warm and declared Friend to that and every other Mode which can be
+devised of ascertaining the Longitude at Sea, so long as they keep
+within the Bounds of Reason and Probability. Here are now two Methods
+before the Public; Wou'd to God there were two Hundred! The Importance
+of the Object would warrant public Encouragement to them all; but,
+called upon to say something on the Subject, I think it incumbent upon
+me to point out those Limits beyond which its Utility cannot, from the
+Nature of the Thing, be extended.
+
+The Method of finding the Longitude by the Moon, in which Mr.
+_Maskelyne_ is in a pecuniary way interested, is this.--If the apparent
+Distance between the Sun and Moon, or between the Moon and some fix'd
+Star, at any certain Part of the Globe, was for every Hour of the Year
+known; and if a Navigator, when at Sea, could also, by Observations,
+ascertain what is the apparent Distance, at the Place where he is,
+between the Sun and Moon, or between the Moon and a Star, and likewise
+their respective Altitudes; and if he could also, at the same Moment,
+ascertain the Time of the Day, either by an immediate Observation of the
+Sun, or by a Watch which would keep Time pretty exactly from the last
+solar Observation; these Matters of Fact being given, the Difference of
+Longitude may from thence be calculated. I admit the Principle to be
+absolutely true in Theory. The Lunar Tables, for which the Rewards have
+been given, are calculated to shew the Distance between the Sun and
+Moon, or Moon and Stars, at _Greenwich_; I admit the Practicability of
+making such Tables; but with Regard to the other Requisites, I beg Leave
+to observe that, for six Days in every Month, the Moon is too near the
+Sun for observing, consequently, during those Days, the Method falls
+_totally_ to the Ground; that for about other thirteen Days in every
+Month, the Sun and Moon are at too great a Distance for observing them
+at the same Time, or are not at the same Time visible; therefore, during
+those 13 Days, we must depend upon Observations of the Moon and Stars,
+and upon a Watch to keep Time, from the last Solar Observation with
+sufficient Exactness, which common Watches cannot be depended upon to
+do; well therefore might Mr. _Maskelyne_ admit that my Invention would
+become of considerable Value, even if taken in Aid of the Lunar Tables.
+I leave the Reader to judge of the Practicability of making these
+Observations from what follows:
+
+To ascertain the Longitude by the Moon and a Star, requires a distinct
+Horizon to be seen in the Night, which is next to impossible, and if you
+have not an Horizon, the Altitude of neither Moon nor Star can be taken:
+It also requires (and this perhaps when a Ship is in a high Sea) the
+Distance of the Moon and Star, in order to come at which, the Image of
+one of them must be reflected through a silvered Glass, and the other
+seen through an unsilvered Part of the same Glass; and they must be
+brought into Conjunction in the Line that connects the silvered and
+unsilvered Parts, and this to an Exactness only true in Theory, for an
+Error of a Minute of a Degree committed in this Observation, will
+mislead the Mariner Half a Degree in his Longitude; Now I call upon any
+Astronomers of Reputation publickly to declare, that they have, even at
+Land, and with the best Instruments _Europe_ affords, been able to make
+this Observation of the Moon and a Star with _any thing like_ the
+Precision required to determine the Longitude within the Limits
+required by the Act of the 12th of Queen _Anne_; I know it cannot be
+done. Nay I further call upon any such Astronomers to declare, whether
+even in Observations of the Distance between the Sun and Moon, two of
+them observing together have _generally speaking_ agreed in this
+Observation within a Minute of a Degree: I know that in general the
+Difference between the best Observers even at Land will be more, and as
+a farther Proof of this Assertion, I refer the Reader to the Note
+below:[6] And if these Matters of Fact are still doubted, I shall beg
+Leave to call upon Mr. _Maskelyne_ and Mr. _Green_ to declare how near
+they, with Admiral _Tyrrel_ agreed in determining the Longitude by the
+Sun and Moon in their Voyage to _Barbadoes_; and also whether during
+that Voyage they ever did determine their Longitude by the Moon and
+Stars.--I know they did not, for they found the Observation too
+difficult, and indeed _it is only true in Theory_.
+
+From the foregoing Premises I infer,
+
+1st. That during six Days in every Month, no Observations can be made by
+this Method to ascertain the Longitude at Sea.
+
+2dly, That during 13 other Days in each Month, it is impracticable to
+ascertain it by this Method with any Instruments hitherto contrived, or
+which the Nature of the Service to be performed seems to admit of
+
+And 3dly, That during the remaining 11 Days in each Month, when the Sun
+and Moon may, if the Weather is clear be observed at the same Time, no
+Reliance can safely be placed upon the best Instruments in the Hand of
+the best Observer for ascertaining the Longitude within the Limits of
+the Act of Queen _Anne_; and consequently, that how valuable soever the
+Lunar Tables may be for correcting a long dead Reckoning, and thereby
+telling us _whereabouts_ we are, when we are not afraid of falling in
+with the Land, yet even during these 11 Days, they do not extend to the
+Security of Ships near the Shore.
+
+This _Method_ of ascertaining the Longitude by the Moon has already cost
+the Publick the Sum of 6,600_l._ at least, and yet no proper Experiment
+has been made of it.
+
+I shall not presume to make any Reflections on the different Treatment
+the two Inventions have met with, nor will I take up more of the
+Reader's Time by a Detail of the very earnest Attention paid by the
+_French_ Government to this Object. If our Rivals in Commerce and Arts
+_should_ rob us of the Honour as well as the first Advantages of the
+Discovery, I hope it will be admitted that the Fault is not mine: And I
+likewise flatter myself that I have now furnished sufficient Materials
+for the Justification of my Friends, and for shewing that the Cause
+which they from publick spirited Motives had the Goodness to espouse,
+was not unworthy of their Patronage.
+
+  _Red-Lion-Square,
+  June 23, 1767_
+        JOHN HARRISON.
+
+    _FINIS._
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 1: It may not perhaps be improper here to observe,
+    that the Locks were such as might be picked with a crooked Nail,
+    that the Lock of which the Officers had the Key was on the 10th
+    of _July_ out of Order, and that Mr. _Maskelyne_ was sorry this
+    should ever come to the Ear of the Publick.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: "We whose Names are hereunto subscribed do certify,
+    that Mr. _John Harrison_ has taken his Time-Keeper to Pieces in
+    the Presence of us, and explained the Principles and
+    Construction thereof, and every Thing relative thereto, to our
+    entire Satisfaction; and that he also did to our Satisfaction
+    answer to every Question proposed by us or any of us relative
+    thereto; And that we have compared the Drawings of the same with
+    the Parts, and do find that they perfectly correspond."
+
+    _August 22, 1765._
+
+        _Nevil Maskelyne,_
+        _John Michell,_
+        _William Ludlam,_
+        _John Bird,_
+        _Thomas Mudge,_
+        _William Matthews,_
+        _Larcum Kendall._]
+
+    [Footnote 3: It may not be amiss to take Notice here of an
+    Objection that was raised by two of the Commissioners, both
+    famous for their Knowledge in Astronomy; _viz._ That the
+    Observations of equal Altitudes made at _Portsmouth_, could not
+    be depended on, because the equal Altitude Instrument had been
+    removed from the Place of Observation in the Morning, to another
+    Place to make the Afternoon Observations; from which it is plain
+    that these great Astronomers did not understand either the
+    Principles or Use of one of the most simple Instruments in
+    Astronomy.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: If this Interpretation of the Act was true, and the
+    Commissioners had a general discretionary Power, where was the
+    Reason or Use of specifying _any Trial at all_ in the original
+    Act?]
+
+    [Footnote 5: The Board contracted with Mr. _Kendall_ (one of the
+    six Persons to whom the Discovery was made) to make a Watch
+    after the Model of mine. He was to be paid for every Thing
+    before-hand, and to begin in a Twelvemonth after making the
+    Bargain; he is to make Parts like Parts, but is not to be
+    answerable for his Watch's going at all. My Timekeeper is now in
+    his Possession, tho' he is not yet ready to make Use of it;
+    There are some Parts in the making of which the Model can be of
+    little or no Use to him; I only desired it for six or eight
+    Months, and am confident he can have no Occasion for it before
+    that Time is expired: however I have offered to have it forth
+    coming whenever Mr. _Kendall_ declares that he wants it,
+    therefore I apprehend their Engagements with Mr. _Kendall_
+    afford no solid Reason for the Commissioners to refuse lending
+    it to me.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: In the fifth Volume of M. DE LA CAILLE's
+    Ephemerides, Page 31, he says, "that any Person would be in the
+    wrong to suppose that the Longitude at Sea can be determined by
+    the Moon, to a less Error than two Degrees, let the Method which
+    is employed be never so perfect, let the Instruments, of the
+    Sort now in use, be never so excellent, and let the Observer be
+    the most able and accomplished. For if we examine, without
+    prejudice, all the Circumstances which enter into the
+    Calculation and into the Observation of a Longitude at Sea, we
+    shall be easily convinced, that it would be ridiculous to
+    maintain, that the Sum of the inevitable Errors should not
+    amount to five Minutes of a Degree, that is, to two Degrees and
+    a half of Longitude." _N. B._ M. DE LA CAILLE published this in
+    the Year 1755, and is universally allowed to have been an
+    excellent Observer, and made several Voyages by Sea, where he
+    made Trials of this Method by the Moon.
+
+    Dr. HALLEY and Dr. BEVIS (as appeared to the Honourable House of
+    Commons upon an Examination of the latter) did, with an
+    excellent HADLEY's Quadrant, rectified by Mr. HADLEY himself,
+    and in his presence, attempt to take the angular Distance of the
+    Moon from ALDEBARAN, a Star of the first Magnitude; but with
+    such bad Success (some of the Observations removing GREENWICH
+    from itself almost as far as PARIS) that Dr. HALLEY seemed to be
+    out of Hope of obtaining the Longitude by this Method.]
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes: This ebook has been transcribed from the original
+print edition, published in 1767. Obvious printing errors have been
+corrected, while minor irregularities in the spelling have been
+retained. The table below lists all corrections applied to the
+original text.
+
+p. 9: the Rest of the Summer -> The Rest
+p. 11: [added comma] his Integrity, Disinterestedness and Ability
+p. 13: a set of Observavations -> Observations
+Footnote 6: [added closing quotes] to two Degrees and a half of Longitude."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published
+by the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne, Under the Authority of the Board of Longitude, by John Harrison
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS ON A PAMPHLET ***
+
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published by
+the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne, Under the Authority of the Board of Longitude,
+by John Harrison
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published by the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne,
+       Under the Authority of the Board of Longitude
+
+Author: John Harrison
+
+Release Date: September 5, 2011 [EBook #37321]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS ON A PAMPHLET ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Markus Brenner and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<h1>REMARKS<br />
+
+<span style="font-size: smaller">ON A</span><br />
+
+PAMPHLET</h1>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Lately published by the<br />
+
+<span style="font-size: larger">Rev. Mr. <em class="gesperrt"><i>MASKELYNE</i></em>,</span><br />
+
+<span style="font-size: smaller">Under the <span class="smcap">Authority</span> of the</span><br />
+
+<span style="font-size: larger">BOARD <small>OF</small> LONGITUDE</span>.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="author">By <em class="gesperrt">JOHN HARRISON</em>.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="edition"><span class="smcap">The Second Edition.</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class="publisher"><em class="gesperrt"><i>LONDON:</i></em><br />
+
+Printed for W. <span class="smcap">Sandby</span> in Fleetstreet.<br />
+
+<small>MDCCLXVII.</small></p>
+
+<p class="price">(PRICE SIXPENCE.)</p>
+
+
+<!-- Decorative illustration -->
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span><em class="gesperrt">REMARKS</em>,<br />
+
+<span style="font-size: smaller">ON A</span><br />
+
+PAMPHLET, &amp;c.</h2>
+
+
+<p class="newsection"><span class="smcap"><span class="dropcap">A</span>&nbsp;Publication</span> having lately
+been made by the Rev. Mr.
+<i>Maskelyne</i> Astronomer Royal, under
+the Authority of the Board
+of Longitude, manifestly tending,
+by the Suppression of some Facts and the
+Misrepresentation of others, to impress the
+World with an unjust Opinion of my Invention,
+and falsely asserting that my Watch
+did not at certain Periods therein mentioned
+keep Time with sufficient Exactness
+to determine the Longitude within the Limits
+prescribed by the Act of the 12th of
+Queen <i>Anne</i>; I think it incumbent upon me
+to submit some Observations thereon to the
+impartial Publick; and the rather, because
+the said Pamphlet is rendered so confused by
+unnecessary Repetitions, and voluminous
+Tables, that a Man must be pretty conversant
+in these Matters, to trace and combine
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>the Facts, so as to check the Conclusions,
+which would consequently be taken upon
+Trust by the generality of Readers, unless
+publickly contradicted. As it will be my
+Endeavour so far to avoid the Use of all
+Terms of Art as to make the Subject generally
+intelligible, I flatter myself I shall not
+be thought impertinent for giving a short
+Explanation (though quite unnecessary to
+the far greater Part of my Readers) of what
+the Longitude is, and what the Service required
+of the Watch.</p>
+
+<p>The Longitude of any Place is its Distance
+East or West from any other given
+Place; and what we want is a Method of
+finding out at Sea, how far we are got to the
+Eastward or Westward of the place we sailed
+from. The Application of a Time-Keeper
+to this Discovery is founded upon the following
+Principles: The Earth’s Surface is
+divided into 360 equal Parts (by imaginary
+Lines drawn from North to South) which are
+called Degrees of Longitude; and it’s daily
+Revolution Eastward round it’s own Axis is
+performed in 24 Hours; consequently in
+that Period, each of those imaginary Lines or
+Degrees, becomes successively opposite to the
+Sun (which makes the Noon or precise Middle
+of the Day at each of those Degrees); and
+it must follow, that from the Time any one
+of those Lines passes the Sun, till the next
+passes, must be just four Minutes, for 24
+Hours being divided by 360 will give that
+Quantity; so that for every Degree of Longitude
+we sail Westward, it will be Noon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>with us four Minutes the later, and for every
+Degree Eastward four Minutes the sooner,
+and so in Proportion for any greater or less
+Quantity. Now, the exact Time of the Day
+at the Place where we are, can be ascertained
+by well known and easy Observations of
+the Sun if visible for a few Minutes at any
+Time from his being ten Degrees high ’till
+within an Hour of Noon, or from an Hour
+after Noon ’till he is only 10 Degrees high
+in the Afternoon; if therefore, at any Time
+when such Observation is made, a Time-Keeper
+tells us at the same Moment what
+o’Clock it is at the Place we sailed from,
+our Longitude is clearly discovered. To
+do this, it is not necessary that a Watch should
+perform it’s Revolutions precisely in that
+Space of time which the Earth takes to perform
+her’s; it is only required that it should
+invariably perform it in <i>some known Time</i>,
+and then the constant Difference between
+the Length of the one Revolution and the
+other, will appear as so much daily gained
+or lost by the Watch, which constant Gain
+or Loss, is called <i>the Rate of its going</i>, and
+which being added to or deducted from
+the Time shewn by the Watch, will give the
+true Time, and consequently the Difference
+of Longitude.</p>
+
+<p>I shall now proceed to make such Remarks
+as occur to me on Perusal of Mr.
+<i>Maskelyne</i>’s Pamphlet.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> begins by telling us that the
+Board of Longitude, at their Meeting, <i>April</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>26, 1766, came to a Resolution that my
+Watch should be tried at the Royal Observatory
+under his Inspection, and that he accordingly
+received it on the 5th of <i>May</i>,
+1766. He then says, “I most Days wound
+up and compared the Watch with the
+transit Clock of the Royal Observatory
+myself; at other times it was performed
+by my Assistant <i>Joseph Dymond</i>, and afterwards
+<i>William Baily</i>; this was always done
+in the Presence of, and attested by one of
+the Officers of <i>Greenwich</i> Hospital, when
+he came to assist in unlocking the
+Box in which the Watch is kept, in
+order to its being wound up.”</p>
+
+<p>Not one of those Attestations appears in
+the Book: Perhaps Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> thinks
+his Assertion of the Fact will be sufficient for
+the Publick, and indeed so it might have
+been to me, had I not received different Information:
+But the Truth is, the Commissioners
+appointed a Set of Gentlemen to attend
+by Rotation the winding up of the
+Watch; they were to unlock the Box the
+Watch was in, to see it wound up and compared
+with the Clock, then to lock the Box
+again and take the Key with them, and Mr.
+<i>Maskelyne</i> was to have another Key, there
+being two Locks to the Box:<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The Officers
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>of <i>Greenwich</i> Hospital were appointed
+for this Service, some of whom from the
+Infirmities of Age, and Misfortunes in the
+Service, were scarce able to get up the Hill
+to the Observatory, so that when they
+came there, as can be proved from undoubted
+Eye Witnesses, they only unlocked the Box,
+sate down ’till Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> had done what
+he thought proper, and then locked the Box
+again, and departed: and whatever Attestation
+they may be supposed to have made,
+I can prove that at several Times when
+Gentlemen of my Acquaintance happened
+to be present, the Attendance of the Officers
+was by no Means an effectual Check
+upon the Comparison of the Watch with
+the Clock. I would not be thought to accuse
+those Gentlemen of Neglect of the Duty
+imposed upon them; on the contrary I applaud
+their Diligence in being ready at all
+Hours of the Day to attend when Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i>
+was pleased to appoint; and therefore
+I will even for the present (though contrary
+to Fact) suppose they have been the Check
+proposed by the Commissioners of Longitude
+against any unfair Access <i>to the Watch</i>, still
+<i>the Clock</i> with which it was compared <i>was
+left entirely in</i> Mr. Maskelyne<i>’s Power</i>, and
+an Alteration of the one could not but produce
+just the same Effect as an Error of the
+other, nor is there even the least <i>Pretence of
+a Check</i> either on the Clock, or on its
+Comparison with Observations of the Sun;
+nay on the contrary, Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> did
+at this Time take the Key of the Clock from
+Mr. <i>Dymond</i> in whose Custody it used to be,
+and kept it himself.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> then proceeds to give us
+an Account of the Watch’s going from Day
+to Day, which in his 15th Page he concludes
+thus: “From the foregoing Numbers
+it appears, that the Watch was getting
+from the very first near 20 seconds
+per day; a circumstance which is not
+my business to account for; but which,
+as it kept near mean Time in the Voyage
+to Barbadoes, seems to shew that the
+Watch cannot be taken to pieces and put
+together again without altering its Rate
+of going considerably, contrary to Mr.
+<i>Harrison</i>’s Assertions formerly.”</p>
+
+<p>When I made the Discovery, upon Oath,
+of the Principles and Construction of the
+Watch, to six Gentlemen appointed by the
+Board of Longitude and to Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i>,
+(who insisted on having a Right to attend, as
+being a Commissioner) which Discovery was
+finished on the 22d Day of <i>August</i>, 1765, as
+appears by the annex’d Certificate,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>Watch then remained in my Hands, all
+taken to pieces: I little imagined the Board
+of Longitude would take it from me, as not
+conceiving any Use they could make of it; and
+having besides received Assurances from them,
+that they only wanted the formal Delivery of
+it, in compliance with the Terms of the new
+Law, without meaning to deprive me of the
+Use of it: I therefore went on making some
+experiments, and alter’d the Rate of its going,
+thereby to determine a Fact I wanted
+to be satisfied about. The Watch was under
+this Experiment the latter End of <i>October</i>,
+1765, when upon receiving the Certificate
+for the Remainder of the first Moiety of my
+Reward, I was ordered to deliver it to the
+Board. My Son, attending with it, being
+asked if it was then as fit as before to ascertain
+the Longitude, reply’d in the Affirmative;
+for as I have before shewn, the <i>Rate of its
+going</i>, when once ascertained, does not prevent
+its keeping the Longitude. He was
+not asked the present Rate of its going, nor
+could he have answer’d with precision if he
+had, because we had not had Notice sufficient
+to determine that Point; but we
+did, at that Time, tell several of our
+Friends that it went about 18 or 19 Seconds
+a Day, <i>fast</i>, and we have at several Times
+since (without ever dreaming that this was to
+become a Point of public Discussion) had
+Occasion to mention the same Thing to several
+Members of Parliament, Commissioners
+of Longitude and other Gentlemen, insomuch
+that we did not believe any body was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>uninformed of it, who at all attended to the
+Business of the Longitude.</p>
+
+<p>This may serve to account for the Circumstance
+which Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> declares, <i>it
+was none of his Business to account for</i>, why the
+Watch was getting near 20 Seconds per Day;
+but as to <i>his Inference</i>, I must say it betrays
+the most absolute Ignorance of Mechanics,
+and of this Machine in particular, in which it
+is obvious (and for this Fact I appeal to the
+Watchmakers who saw it taken to Pieces)
+that its going at the same Rate when put together
+again, as before, depends (if none of
+the Parts are alter’d) upon nothing more
+complicated <i>than putting a single Screw into
+the same Place from whence it was taken</i>.
+Indeed this Passage, and the ignorant and
+puerile Remarks which Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> has
+been suffer’d to prefix to my written Description
+of the Watch (to the Disgrace of this
+Country in those foreign Translations it has
+already undergone) bring strongly to my
+Remembrance an Observation made by
+some of the Gentlemen present at the Discovery,
+“that they wonder’d at his Patience
+in attending so long to a Subject he seem’d
+so totally unacquainted with.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> then proceeds to tell us of a
+Change that happen’d in the going of the
+Watch, and says, “this Change began in
+the Beginning of <i>August</i>, on the few and
+only hot Days we had last Summer,
+which yet were not extreme, the Thermometer
+within Doors having never risen
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>above 73°. The Rest of the Summer in
+general was remarkably cool and temperate.”
+When I took this Watch to Pieces
+I informed Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> and the other
+Gentlemen, that in trying any Experiments
+with it, in Respect to Heat and Cold, it
+would be proper that it should be so fixed
+that, as far as could be, the Heat should
+have an equal Influence on all Sides of it;
+and it is obvious that the Thermometer
+ought to have been kept in the same Box
+with it; but as this was not done, I apprehend
+the Effects of Heat mention’d above
+do not merit much Attention; and therefore
+shall only observe that the Watch was placed
+in a Box with a Glass in the Lid and another
+in one Side, in the Seat of a Window
+level with the lowest Pane of the Window,
+and exposed to the South East, whilst the
+Thermometer, which was to ascertain the
+Degree of Heat the Watch was exposed to,
+was placed in a shady Part of the Room:
+Now ’tis obvious that while the Air surrounding
+the Thermometer might be very
+temperate, there might, if the Sun shone
+upon it, be a heat in the Box, superior
+to what was ever felt in the open Air in
+any Part of the World; and perhaps greater
+than any human being could subsist in, and
+consequently improper, or at least unnecessary
+for this experiment.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> next tells us of an irregularity
+which he says happened in cold Weather,
+and says, “However, it seems in general
+that the Frost must have been the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>cause of these irregularities, as well as
+of the Watch’s going so much slower in
+the Month of <i>January</i>, than it had gone
+before.” Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> ought along
+with this, to have published what I told
+him when I explained it; that the Provision
+against the effects of Heat and Cold was
+not <i>in this Machine</i> extended to all Degrees;
+that I never had tryed it so low as
+the freezing Point, which according to the
+best Informations I have been able to procure
+is a Degree of Cold <i>that never did exist
+between the Decks of a Ship at Sea</i>, in any Climate
+yet explored by Mankind.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> then comes to the Rate
+of its going in different Positions; and says,
+“It is obvious, these last-mentioned Trials
+of the Watch in a vertical Position could
+not be designed to shew how near it would
+go at Sea, where it can never obtain these
+Positions: the Intent of them is to prove
+how near Mr. <i>Harrison</i>’s Execution of
+his Watch comes up to his Principles,
+with respect to the making all the Arcs
+described by the balance, whether large
+or small, to be performed in the same
+Time, as Mr. <i>Harrison</i> asserts them to
+be.” Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> here also might have
+had Candour enough to inform the Public,
+as I did him, that although the Watch was
+quite sufficient to answer the Purposes required
+of it in Navigation, and to fulfil
+what was prescribed by the Act of Queen
+<i>Anne</i>, yet it was far from being in a state of
+Perfection, <i>as an universal exact Time-Keeper
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>for every Purpose</i>: I shew’d him and the rest
+of the Gentlemen the Reasons why the Machine
+then before them, would not go at the
+same Rate in such different Positions <i>into which
+the Motion of a Ship could never put it</i>; and
+whilst I explained to them those Imperfections
+in the particular Machine we were
+examining, I also in the clearest Manner I
+was able, pointed out the means of remedying
+them with certainty in others, which
+the Gentlemen skill’d in Mechanics seem’d
+perfectly to comprehend, and to be satisfied
+of the Truth which I again assert,
+that Watches made on my Principles will
+endure a much greater Motion and change
+of Position than they can ever be subject
+to in a Ship; and that they will not be affected
+by any Degree of Heat or Cold, in
+which a Man can live.</p>
+
+<p>If any Thing was meant to be concluded
+with respect to me by this Experiment, either
+in Point of Property or of Reputation,
+common Justice would have required that
+I should have had an Opportunity of seeing
+the Facts ascertained; and when such a
+Trial was directed as put the Result in the
+absolute Power of a single Person, that I
+should have been satisfied of his Integrity,
+Disinterestedness and Ability for the purpose.
+I would not be understood to attack Mr.
+<i>Maskelyne</i>’s Knowledge of the Theory of Astronomy;
+as for any Thing I know to the contrary,
+it may be of the very first Rate, especially
+as the Commissioners have thought proper
+to entrust him with the Execution of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>their commands; and which he has ever
+been as ready to undertake: But alas! as to
+his skill in Mechanics, he knows little or nothing
+of the matter he has ventur’d to take
+in Hand.</p>
+
+<p>I think it more consistent with the respect
+I owe to the Public, and myself, to speak
+out plainly, than to have recourse to <i>Insinuations</i>,
+on a Subject of this nature:
+I therefore declare, that I am not satisfied
+with the Truth of his reporting other Observations
+relative to the Longitude, as I do
+maintain that in both his Voyages the Observations
+which he said he made the Land by,
+were not calculated till after he had seen the
+Land; and I am certain those he has given,
+in the Publication now before us, are not
+genuine, for he pretends to find each Observation
+of the Transit of the Sun to the
+hundredth part of a Second of Time,&mdash;a
+Degree of exactness about twenty Times
+beyond what any other Observer has hitherto
+found practicable: Moreover I know
+him to be deeply interested in the Lunar
+Tables, a Scheme set up some Years ago
+for the Reward in Competition with my
+Invention, and for which large Sums of
+Money have already been paid by the
+Public.</p>
+
+<p>Although I flatter myself the Reader is
+already in Possession of very sufficient Reasons
+for rejecting the whole Pamphlet as
+partial and inconclusive, yet I entreat his
+patient Attention whilst I advance one step
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>farther, and shew, that although Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i>
+has presented us with a set of Observations
+which <i>according to his mode of Calculation</i>,
+prove what he advances, yet those
+very Observations when rightly reasoned
+upon <i>prove the contrary</i>; and that in each of
+the Periods he refers to, except those of the
+severe Frost and improper Positions (against
+which Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> ought to have informed
+the World I never warranted this particular
+Watch) it kept Time with sufficient correctness
+to determine the Longitude within
+the limits of the Act of Queen <i>Anne</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Reader by this Time knows enough
+of the Subject to see, that in order to try
+whether the Watch would or would not keep
+Time with sufficient Exactness to determine
+the Longitude, Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i>’s first Operation,
+after receiving it, should have been to
+ascertain <i>the Rate of its going</i>. But no such
+Thing happened: he knew it had not gone
+exactly correspondent to mean Time, during
+the Voyage to <i>Barbadoes</i>; it had been
+publickly enough declared that its Rate of
+going had been since altered; and, if he had
+not received that Information, he might nay
+must have discovered it in the first 24 Hours
+Tryal; however, without once attending to
+this <i>essential Circumstance</i>, he goes to work,
+comparing the first Period of six Weeks
+(which he observes is generally reckoned the
+Term of a West-India Voyage) when it was
+in an horizontal Position, with <i>mean Time</i>, instead
+of <i>the corrected Time</i>, and each succeeding
+Period with that immediately preceeding
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>it! Who can hesitate in pronouncing
+that his Conclusions must be all erroneous?
+He should first have ascertained the Rate of
+its going by a Length of Observations of the
+Sun or Stars, or by a perfect Pendulum Clock
+if he had such a one, and then have corrected
+the Time shewn by the Watch accordingly.
+However, supposing for a Moment
+his <i>Facts</i> to be genuine, I will deduce the
+<i>real Result</i> in the best Manner the Observations
+will admit, rejecting those made while
+the Watch was in improper Positions, and
+those during the Frost, for the same Reasons
+that Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> lays no Stress upon them,
+and for those I have already stated. I shall
+therefore (pursuing his Idea of six Weeks)
+take it during the first tranquil six Weeks
+that it had, viz. from <i>July</i> the 6th, to <i>August</i>
+the 17th, in which Time it gained in all 11
+Minutes, 50 Seconds, or 16&nbsp;<span class="above">9</span>&#8260;<span class="below">10</span> Seconds per
+Day which I will assume as the Rate of its
+going, or if Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> pleases I will
+take the Average of his whole Time of Examination,
+from the 6th of <i>July</i> to the 3d
+of <i>January</i> and from the 9th of <i>January</i> to
+the 4th of <i>March</i>, which will come out at the
+Rate of 16&nbsp;<span class="above">8</span>&#8260;<span class="below">10</span> Seconds per Day fast, and I
+say that according to either of those Rates
+of going, the Watch kept the Longitude
+within the Limits of the Act of Queen <i>Anne</i>,
+during any Period of six Weeks that can be
+pointed out, excepting those of extreme
+Cold, and improper Position which have already
+been explained. I do not trouble the
+Reader with the Calculations: If I assert an
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>Untruth, I shall hardly escape Contradiction.</p>
+
+<p>There is another Inaccuracy, which tho’
+of less Consequence, ought not to escape notice.
+One would naturally suppose when
+Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> found the Watch went at this
+Rate of gaining on Mean Time, he would
+have been very exact in his Time of comparing
+it with his Clock; but on the contrary
+we find he was so irregular as to vary his
+Comparisons on succeeding Days from half
+an Hour to four Hours and 48 Minutes, and
+this not for a Time or two, but for one
+third of the whole Time he had it.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> having shewn from the Result
+of his Calculation (which I have here
+proved to be false) that the Watch is not to
+be depended upon to determine the Longitude
+in a Voyage of six Weeks, then says,
+“these Considerations are sufficient to explain
+the Motives which might have actuated
+Mr. <i>Harrison</i>, as a Man of Prudence,
+in desiring to send his Watch two
+Voyages to the West Indies, upon his
+Idea that he should be intitled to the large
+Rewards prescribed in the Act of the 12th
+of Queen <i>Anne</i>, in Case his Watch kept
+Time within the Limits there mentioned,
+whether the Method itself was or could be
+rendered generally useful and practicable,
+or not;” this Insinuation <i>(published under
+the Authority of the Commissioners of Longitude)</i>
+that I had contrived a Trial which I knew
+the Watch would fulfil, whilst I was conscious
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>that it would not answer the general
+Purposes of the Act of Queen <i>Anne</i>, and
+consequently that I had formed a villainous
+Scheme to rob the Publick of the Reward
+without really and effectually performing
+the Conditions, strikes me as a Charge of so
+atrocious a Nature, that I think myself not
+only <i>justified</i> in publishing to the World
+what has been done with respect to Trials of
+the Merit of my Invention, but even <i>indispensably
+obliged</i> so to do. I well know
+what I hazard thereby, and if the rest of
+my Reward cannot be obtained on Principles
+of <i>National Faith</i> and <i>Publick Spirit</i>, I
+am contented to forego it, but I will not descend
+into the Grave loaded with that Dishonour
+which my Enemies, availing themselves
+of their Rank or Offices, have, in various
+Ways, attempted to throw upon me.</p>
+
+<p>In the first Place I must remark, that the
+Trial referred to was not fixed <i>by me</i>, but by
+<i>an Act of Parliament</i> passed so long ago as
+the Year 1714, which (after vesting certain
+discretionary Powers in Commissioners to
+judge what Methods are likely to prove
+practicable, and authorizing them to issue
+smaller Sums of Money) goes on to fix the
+last grand Test of the Merit of any such Invention,
+and enacts “that when a Ship, under
+the Appointment of the said Commissioners,
+shall thereby actually sail from <i>Great
+Britain</i> to the <i>West Indies</i> without losing her
+Longitude beyond certain Limits, the Inventor
+shall be intitled to certain Rewards.”
+Having from the Year 1726, employed myself
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>in adapting those Principles which I had <i>at
+that Time</i> executed in a Pendulum Clock, to
+an Instrument or Time-Keeper so constructed
+as to endure the Motion of a Ship at Sea,
+and having made a Voyage to <i>Lisbon</i> and
+done sundry other Things during a Course
+of Years, mostly under the Direction of the
+Commissioners of Longitude, by way of
+preparatory Experiments, I thought the Invention
+sufficiently perfect about the latter
+End of the Year 1760, to go upon the ultimate
+Trial, which I accordingly applied for.
+My Son, after being sent to <i>Portsmouth</i>
+with the third Time-keeper (the fourth
+or Watch being to be sent to him) was
+kept there five Months, waiting for
+Orders; which having by returning to
+<i>London</i> at Length obtained, he went to
+<i>Jamaica</i> in the <i>Deptford</i> Man of War,
+and returned in the <i>Merlin</i> Sloop of
+War, having fulfilled every Instruction of
+the Commissioners. It remained to compute
+from the Astronomical Observations
+made at <i>Portsmouth</i> and <i>Jamaica</i>, whether
+the Watch had or had not kept the Longitude
+within the prescribed Limits; and as
+my Title to 20,000<i>l.</i> was to be determined
+thereby, I thought it but reasonable that I
+should name some Person to check the Computations,
+<i>which was refused</i>. The Commissioners
+appointed three Gentlemen for
+that Purpose, and on receiving their Report
+were pleased to declare <i>that the Watch had
+not kept its Longitude within the above mentioned
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>Limits</i>.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Thoroughly convinced of
+the contrary (for I had the same Materials
+they had to calculate from) I required a Copy
+of the Computations <i>which was also refused
+me</i>; nor could I ever obtain a Sight
+of them either officially or through private
+Favour, ’till three Years afterwards, when
+they were ordered to be laid before the
+House of Commons; and it then appeared
+that two of the three Computations were absolutely
+inconclusive, proving nothing, and the
+third decided in my Favour. Further Proof
+of the Watch having succeeded in this Voyage
+may be found in the Journals of the
+House of Commons, Vol. XXIX. P. 546, in
+the Evidence of <i>George Lewis Scott</i> Esq; and
+Mr. <i>James Short</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Reader will easily believe I did not
+feel perfectly easy under this Treatment of
+an Invention to the perfecting of which (encouraged
+by the long continued Patronage
+of a <i>Graham</i>, a <i>Halley</i>, a <i>Folkes</i>, &amp;c. &amp;c.&mdash;&mdash;learned
+Friends to Society, and Publick
+Good, whose Minds were too enlarged,
+and Spirits too liberal to admit that <i>little</i>
+Jealousy of inferior Artists, which since their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>Death I have been exposed to) I gloried in
+sacrificing every Prospect of Advantage
+from other Pursuits, and had willingly submitted
+to lead a Life of Labour and Dependence.
+However ’twas too late to retreat;
+and I had only one Means of Success left
+which was to follow the Commissioners in
+their own Way. Accordingly after many
+Difficulties (with a Relation of which I will
+not tire the Reader, as it is by no Means
+my Intention to meddle with any Subjects of
+Complaint, except such as are material to
+the forming a right Judgment of the Trials
+made and proposed) a second Voyage to the
+<i>West Indies</i> was agreed to in the latter End of
+the Year 1762, which Agreement was afterwards
+well nigh overset by the Commissioners
+insisting on such Astronomical Observations
+being previously made, as were
+next to impracticable in this Climate, and
+could be put into the Instructions for no
+other Reason that I could conceive, but to
+throw insuperable Difficulties in my Way,
+as they were not at all material to the Determination
+of the Matter in Question.
+However the Commissioners at Length gave
+up this Point on my Opinion of the Impracticability
+being confirmed by that of an
+Officer of the Navy distinguished for his
+Abilities and Skill in Matters of Astronomy.
+To take away all Possibility (as I thought)
+of this Voyage being rendered fruitless like
+the last, I then desired to have inserted at the
+End of the Instructions some few Words to
+this Purpose, “that provided the Experiment
+answered, the Commissioners present were of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>Opinion I should <i>without further Trouble</i>
+receive my Reward;” but my Son
+attending the Board with this Proposition
+was told by Lord <i>Sandwich</i> at that Time
+President, that it would be mere Tautology,
+for that their giving Instructions implyed
+the same Thing, and that if the Watch kept
+its Time within the Limits of the Act there
+could be no Doubt of my being entitled to
+and receiving the Reward, and nobody
+could take if from me. Upon the Faith of
+this, my Son went the Voyage to <i>Barbadoes</i>,
+in which the Watch kept its Time “considerably
+within the nearest Limits of the
+Act of Queen <i>Anne</i>,” as certified, even by
+the Commissioners themselves.</p>
+
+<p>On the Success of this Trial being known,
+and after having employed near forty
+Years of my Life on the Faith of
+an Act of Parliament, was a Doctrine
+broached to me (as I solemnly declare <i>for
+the first Time</i>) that the Commissioners were
+invested with a discretionary Power of ordering
+other Trials and the fulfilling of
+other Conditions than those specially annexed
+by Act of Parliament to the Reward;<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+An Exposition of the Law, which I ever
+did and ever shall (until it is supported by
+legal Authority) totally reject and refuse
+Obedience to; for I do maintain, that before
+passing the last Act of Parliament I had
+as full and perfect a <i>Right</i> to the Reward of
+20,000<i>l.</i> as any Free-holder in <i>Britain</i> has to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>his Estate; and I never would have desired
+nor ever will desire any better Satisfaction
+than a judicial Determination of that Point;
+which however it was very soon thought
+proper to preclude me from, by a new Law,
+passed at the Instance of the Commissioners
+of Longitude, placing me <i>too certainly</i> under
+the Discretion of the Commissioners and totally
+changing the Terms on which the
+Reward was to be given me, enacting that
+I should have half of it when I had disclosed
+the Principles and Construction of the Machine,
+and assigned over for the Use of the
+Publick the last made Timekeeper, together
+with the three others which were not so perfect
+as the last; and the other half when I
+should have made more Watches, <i>without
+determining how many</i>, and proved them to the
+Satisfaction of the Commissioners, <i>without
+defining the Mode of Trial</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I frankly confess that from thenceforward
+I considered the second Moiety of the Reward
+as lost for ever. The first Moiety I obtained,
+tho’ it was with great Difficulty, as the Act
+required me to explain my Invention upon
+Oath, and the Commissioners were pleased
+to put into that Oath, Words of an indeterminate
+and unlimited Meaning, and refused
+to explain them, or even permit me or my
+Son to ask what was meant by them. We at
+length agreed to take it (finding we should
+never get any Thing if we did not, such
+was now the Power of the Commissioners)
+and they declared that themselves and the
+Gentlemen appointed by them to whom
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>we were to explain it, would be <i>upon
+Honour</i> not to disclose it, that I might
+have an Opportunity of obtaining the
+Reward promised by foreign Powers; however,
+in less than a Month an Account
+of it appeared in the public News-Papers,
+signed by the Rev. Mr. <i>Ludlam</i>, one of the
+six Gentlemen named by the Commissioners
+to receive the Discovery, and therefore, I
+make no doubt, by Leave of the Board.
+Nor did they stop here, for they have
+since published all my Drawings without
+giving me the last Moiety of the Reward,
+or even paying me and my Son for our
+Time at the Rate of common Mechanicks;
+a Discouragement to the Improvement of
+Arts and Sciences, and an Instance of such
+Cruelty and Injustice as I believe never existed
+in a learned and civilized Nation before.</p>
+
+<p>I have already had Occasion to mention,
+that at the Time I receiv’d the Certificate
+for the first Moiety of the Reward, the
+Watch was delivered up; it remained six
+Months locked up at the Admiralty, and
+was then removed to Greenwich, to be the
+Subject of those Experiments concerning
+which I now trouble the Public. The other
+three Machines, were (by Order of the
+Commissioners) soon after demanded of me
+by Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i>. One of them which had
+been going more than thirty Years, was
+broke to Pieces <i>under his careful and ingenious
+management</i>, before it got out of my House;
+and the other two were so far abused in the
+Carriage by Land to <i>Greenwich</i>, as to be rendered
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>quite incorrect, and as far as I can
+learn, incapable of being repaired without
+having some essential Parts made anew:
+Thus perished the first Essays of this long-wished
+for Invention!</p>
+
+<p>Unwilling however that the Public should
+lose the Benefit of the Discovery, or the
+Chance of further Improvement, I applied,
+by repeated Letters, to the Board, praying
+that the Watch might be lent to me (offering
+Security for it if required) for the Sake
+of employing other Workmen to make the
+different Parts by Model, with quicker Dispatch,
+and in Order to determine by Experiments,
+whether some expensive Parts of
+the Machinery might not be abridged or
+totally left out. Still have my Requests
+been refused, and of late they have alledged
+that they cannot keep their Engagements
+with Mr. <i>Kendall</i> if they were to lend me
+the Watch. What those Engagements are
+may be seen below.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> The new Act, as I
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>have already observ’d, did not determine
+<i>how many</i> more Watches were to be made
+before I should receive the other Moiety of
+the Reward: it was seven Months before I
+could get them to fix <i>how many</i>, and then
+they would neither agree to any Mode of
+Trial proposed by me, nor propose any
+themselves till <i>eleven Months</i> after that,
+<i>viz.</i> not till the 11th Day of <i>April</i> last, when
+(an Enquiry having been set on Foot in the
+House of Commons) they were pleased
+to propose, that instead of the Length of a
+<i>West-India</i> Voyage, which is about <i>six Weeks</i>,
+the Watches should be placed with their
+very good Friend and Well-wisher Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i>
+for <i>ten months</i>, and then be sent for
+two months on board a Ship in the <i>Downs</i>;
+and all this I am required to submit to,
+without the least Shadow of Assurance on
+their Part, that they will be satisfied with
+this Trial, let it answer ever so well, or that
+I shall thereby be brought at all the nearer
+receiving what is due to me, altho’ (independent
+of making the Watches) it must
+necessarily employ one whole Year of mine
+or my Son’s Time, in superintending an
+Examination, which, after all, can only
+prove that I, who have made one Machine,
+can make another like it; and the Point of
+general Practicability, about which so much
+stir is <i>affected</i> to be made, would not be one
+Jot advanced beyond what it is at present.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot help begging the Reader will
+here allow me to add a Remark or two upon
+the general Practicability of my Invention,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>as that is now said to be the only Thing
+that was in Dispute between the Commissioners
+and me, and that they only wanted
+to be satisfied as to this Point. In order to
+clear it up then, I will submit to the Public
+to determine whether the general Use and
+Practicability of my Invention can, in the
+Nature of Things, be attacked, unless under
+one of these three following Heads:</p>
+
+<p>1. That a Time-keeper, however perfect,
+is an insufficient Means of ascertaining the
+Longitude at Sea.</p>
+
+<p>2. That such Information has not been
+given as will enable other Workmen to
+make other Time-keepers of equal goodness
+with that which is certified to have kept the
+Longitude.</p>
+
+<p>Or 3. That they will come to so enormous
+a Price as to be out of the Reach of
+Purchase.</p>
+
+<p>From the Benefit of the first Objection
+(even if it was founded in Truth, which I
+utterly deny) the Commissioners have surely
+precluded both themselves and the Nation,
+as with Respect to me, by their repeated
+Orders and Instructions, and after leading
+me on for near Half a Century, to employ
+my whole Time and make long Voyages for
+<i>perfecting</i> the Invention, they can never be
+permitted now to come and say <i>the Invention
+itself</i> is good for nothing. Should any
+one however continue to propagate such an
+Opinion, I beg leave, in Contradiction to
+it, to offer that of Sir <i>Isaac Newton</i>, and that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>of <i>Martin Folkes</i>, <i>Dr. Halley</i>, <i>Dr. Smith</i>, Mr.
+<i>Graham</i>, and eight other Persons of great
+Eminence, both publicly given to the House
+of Commons and to be found in the Journals,
+<i>viz.</i> Sir <i>Isaac</i>’s in Vol. 17, Page 677,
+and the others in Vol. 29, Page 547.</p>
+
+<p>The second Objection is flatly contradicted
+by Evidence lately before the House of Commons,
+by which it appears that the Description
+and original Drawings from which the
+Watch was made, as given in by me upon
+Oath, are printed and published; and that Mr.
+<i>Mudge</i> (the only one of the Watchmakers to
+whom the Discovery was made, who has
+been examined by the House of Commons)
+declar’d he could make these Watches as
+well as I can. Moreover I am ready, on
+Condition of receiving the Remainder of
+what’s due to me, upon Oath to give all
+manner of future Information and Instruction
+in my Power; and I hope it could never
+enter into any Man’s Idea of general Practicability,
+that I should actually teach every
+indifferent Workman in the Nation, and
+furnish each of them with a Set of Tools for
+the Trial of his Ability, at my own Expence,
+before I could be entitled to the Reward.</p>
+
+<p>With Regard to the third Objection, no
+Estimate of the future Expence can (from
+the Nature of the Subject) be grounded upon
+any Authority better than that of Opinion.
+The Price of common Watches, where each
+Part is made by a different Workman, bears
+no Proportion to what must necessarily be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>charged by any Man who was to make the
+whole with his own Hands: the same Reduction
+will naturally take place when a Number
+of Workmen are instructed to make the different
+Parts of these. My Opinion is, that
+they might in a very few Years be afforded
+for about £.100 a-piece, and if a Reduction
+of the Machinery can be effected (which I
+am strongly inclined to think is the Case,
+but have not had an Opportunity of proving
+by Experiment for want of my Models) the
+Expence may be reduced to about 70 or 80 l.</p>
+
+<p>By this Time I think the Reader may naturally
+exclaim, How can all these Things
+be? What can induce a Number of Noblemen,
+Statesmen and Officers of the first
+Rank and most unblemished Characters; what
+can induce the President of the Royal Society,
+and the Professors of the Universities
+(to each of whom his Majesty has been most
+graciously pleased to order Payment of 15 l.
+per Day for every Board of Longitude they
+attend) and what can induce the Astronomer
+Royal, thus to discourage an Invention which
+they are specially constituted to improve,
+protect, and support? I might answer with
+Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i>, “that’s none of my Business
+to account for.”&mdash;<i>The Facts are so</i>, and
+this public Relation of them is extorted from
+me, by a Conviction that no other Way is
+left me to obtain Justice, or so likely to prevent
+the Invention from perishing. However,
+if it is expected of me, like Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i>,
+to deliver an Opinion on this Point,
+I shall declare what I believe <i>very sincerely</i>,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>that by far the greater Part of the Commissioners
+are perfectly innocent of the Treatment
+I have met with: most of them are
+Commissioners by Virtue of great Employments
+which engage their Time and Attention:
+A Board so constituted is continually
+changing; and this being a Matter of Science
+which to many may seem rather abstruse,
+it was very naturally left to the Management
+of a few of those Members who
+stand in the most immediate Relation to Science,
+and whose Opinions, upon a Business
+of this Nature, the rest of the Board had
+too much Modesty to call in Question.
+How well they have merited that Degree of
+Confidence is left to the impartial World to
+determine.</p>
+
+<p>To return again to Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i>’s Account:
+He, as I think has been already
+shewn, having said and done every
+Thing in his Power to the Dishonour and
+Discouragement of my Invention, scruples
+not to sum up his Opinion of it in the following
+Terms:</p>
+
+<p>“That Mr. <i>Harrison</i>’s Watch cannot be
+depended upon to keep the Longitude
+within a Degree, in a <i>West-India</i> Voyage
+of six Weeks, nor to keep the Longitude
+within Half a Degree for more than a
+Fortnight, and then it must be kept in a
+Place where the Thermometer is always
+some Degrees above freezing: that, in
+case the Cold amounts to freezing, the
+Watch cannot be depended upon to keep
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>the Longitude within Half a Degree for
+more than a few Days, and perhaps not
+so long, if the Cold be very intense:
+nevertheless, that it is a useful and valuable
+Invention, and in Conjunction with the
+Observations of the Distance of the Moon
+from the Sun and fixed Stars, may be
+of considerable Advantage to Navigation.”</p>
+
+<p>Having sufficiently refuted the first Part
+of this Opinion already, it only remains for
+me to make such Remarks on the Lunar
+Method of finding the Longitude, as this
+coupling of my Invention with it seems to
+call upon me for.</p>
+
+<p>It is with Reluctance that I follow Mr.
+<i>Maskelyne</i> into a Subject in which I may
+seem, like him, to be actuated by a selfish
+Preference to my own Scheme; however, as
+I shall give my Reasons for what I advance,
+I will not hesitate to submit them to the Public.
+I beg to be understood as a warm and
+declared Friend to that and every other
+Mode which can be devised of ascertaining
+the Longitude at Sea, so long as they keep
+within the Bounds of Reason and Probability.
+Here are now two Methods before the Public;
+Wou’d to God there were two Hundred!
+The Importance of the Object would warrant
+public Encouragement to them all;
+but, called upon to say something on the
+Subject, I think it incumbent upon me to
+point out those Limits beyond which its
+Utility cannot, from the Nature of the
+Thing, be extended.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>The Method of finding the Longitude by
+the Moon, in which Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> is in a
+pecuniary way interested, is this.&mdash;If the
+apparent Distance between the Sun and
+Moon, or between the Moon and some
+fix’d Star, at any certain Part of the Globe,
+was for every Hour of the Year known; and
+if a Navigator, when at Sea, could also, by
+Observations, ascertain what is the apparent
+Distance, at the Place where he is, between
+the Sun and Moon, or between the Moon
+and a Star, and likewise their respective
+Altitudes; and if he could also, at the same
+Moment, ascertain the Time of the Day,
+either by an immediate Observation of the
+Sun, or by a Watch which would keep
+Time pretty exactly from the last solar Observation;
+these Matters of Fact being
+given, the Difference of Longitude may
+from thence be calculated. I admit the
+Principle to be absolutely true in Theory.
+The Lunar Tables, for which the Rewards
+have been given, are calculated to shew the
+Distance between the Sun and Moon, or
+Moon and Stars, at <i>Greenwich</i>; I admit the
+Practicability of making such Tables; but
+with Regard to the other Requisites, I beg
+Leave to observe that, for six Days in every
+Month, the Moon is too near the Sun for
+observing, consequently, during those Days,
+the Method falls <i>totally</i> to the Ground; that
+for about other thirteen Days in every
+Month, the Sun and Moon are at too great
+a Distance for observing them at the same
+Time, or are not at the same Time visible;
+therefore, during those 13 Days, we must depend
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>upon Observations of the Moon and
+Stars, and upon a Watch to keep Time,
+from the last Solar Observation with sufficient
+Exactness, which common Watches
+cannot be depended upon to do; well therefore
+might Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> admit that my
+Invention would become of considerable
+Value, even if taken in Aid of the Lunar
+Tables. I leave the Reader to judge of the
+Practicability of making these Observations
+from what follows:</p>
+
+<p>To ascertain the Longitude by the Moon
+and a Star, requires a distinct Horizon to be
+seen in the Night, which is next to impossible,
+and if you have not an Horizon, the
+Altitude of neither Moon nor Star can be
+taken: It also requires (and this perhaps
+when a Ship is in a high Sea) the Distance
+of the Moon and Star, in order to come at
+which, the Image of one of them must be
+reflected through a silvered Glass, and the
+other seen through an unsilvered Part of the
+same Glass; and they must be brought into
+Conjunction in the Line that connects the
+silvered and unsilvered Parts, and this to an
+Exactness only true in Theory, for an Error
+of a Minute of a Degree committed in this
+Observation, will mislead the Mariner Half
+a Degree in his Longitude; Now I call upon
+any Astronomers of Reputation publickly
+to declare, that they have, even at Land,
+and with the best Instruments <i>Europe</i> affords,
+been able to make this Observation of the
+Moon and a Star with <i>any thing like</i> the Precision
+required to determine the Longitude
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>within the Limits required by the Act of the
+12th of Queen <i>Anne</i>; I know it cannot be
+done. Nay I further call upon any such
+Astronomers to declare, whether even in Observations
+of the Distance between the Sun
+and Moon, two of them observing together
+have <i>generally speaking</i> agreed in this Observation
+within a Minute of a Degree: I know
+that in general the Difference between the
+best Observers even at Land will be more,
+and as a farther Proof of this Assertion, I
+refer the Reader to the Note below:<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> And
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>if these Matters of Fact are still doubted, I
+shall beg Leave to call upon Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i>
+and Mr. <i>Green</i> to declare how near they,
+with Admiral <i>Tyrrel</i> agreed in determining
+the Longitude by the Sun and Moon in their
+Voyage to <i>Barbadoes</i>; and also whether during
+that Voyage they ever did determine
+their Longitude by the Moon and Stars.&mdash;I
+know they did not, for they found the
+Observation too difficult, and indeed <i>it is
+only true in Theory</i>.</p>
+
+<p>From the foregoing Premises I infer,</p>
+
+<p>1st. That during six Days in every
+Month, no Observations can be made by
+this Method to ascertain the Longitude at
+Sea.</p>
+
+<p>2dly, That during 13 other Days in each
+Month, it is impracticable to ascertain it by
+this Method with any Instruments hitherto
+contrived, or which the Nature of the Service
+to be performed seems to admit of</p>
+
+<p>And 3dly, That during the remaining 11
+Days in each Month, when the Sun and
+Moon may, if the Weather is clear be observed
+at the same Time, no Reliance can
+safely be placed upon the best Instruments
+in the Hand of the best Observer for ascertaining
+the Longitude within the Limits of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>the Act of Queen <i>Anne</i>; and consequently,
+that how valuable soever the Lunar Tables
+may be for correcting a long dead Reckoning,
+and thereby telling us <i>whereabouts</i> we
+are, when we are not afraid of falling in with
+the Land, yet even during these 11 Days,
+they do not extend to the Security of Ships
+near the Shore.</p>
+
+<p>This <i>Method</i> of ascertaining the Longitude
+by the Moon has already cost the Publick
+the Sum of 6,600<i>l.</i> at least, and yet no
+proper Experiment has been made of it.</p>
+
+<p>I shall not presume to make any Reflections
+on the different Treatment the two Inventions
+have met with, nor will I take up
+more of the Reader’s Time by a Detail of
+the very earnest Attention paid by the <i>French</i>
+Government to this Object. If our Rivals
+in Commerce and Arts <i>should</i> rob us of the
+Honour as well as the first Advantages of the
+Discovery, I hope it will be admitted that
+the Fault is not mine: And I likewise flatter
+myself that I have now furnished sufficient
+Materials for the Justification of my
+Friends, and for shewing that the Cause which
+they from publick spirited Motives had the
+Goodness to espouse, was not unworthy of
+their Patronage.</p>
+
+<p class="footer">
+<i>Red-Lion-Square,<br />
+June 23, 1767 </i><span class="signature">JOHN HARRISON.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="finis"><em class="gesperrt"><i>FINIS</i></em>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>Footnotes:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> It may not perhaps be improper here to observe,
+that the Locks were such as might be picked with a
+crooked Nail, that the Lock of which the Officers had
+the Key was on the 10th of <i>July</i> out of Order, and that
+Mr. <i>Maskelyne</i> was sorry this should ever come to the
+Ear of the Publick.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> “We whose Names are hereunto subscribed do
+certify, that Mr. <i>John Harrison</i> has taken his Time-Keeper
+to Pieces in the Presence of us, and explained
+the Principles and Construction thereof, and every
+Thing relative thereto, to our entire Satisfaction;
+and that he also did to our Satisfaction answer to
+every Question proposed by us or any of us relative
+thereto; And that we have compared the Drawings
+of the same with the Parts, and do find that they perfectly
+correspond.”</p>
+
+<ul class="persons">
+<li><i>Nevil Maskelyne</i>,</li>
+<li><i>John Michell</i>,</li>
+<li><i>William Ludlam</i>,</li>
+<li><i>John Bird</i>,</li>
+<li><i>Thomas Mudge</i>,</li>
+<li><i>William Matthews</i>,</li>
+<li><i>Larcum Kendall</i>.</li>
+
+<li class="date"><i>August</i> 22, 1765.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> It may not be amiss to take Notice here of an
+Objection that was raised by two of the Commissioners,
+both famous for their Knowledge in Astronomy;
+<i>viz.</i> That the Observations of equal Altitudes made at
+<i>Portsmouth</i>, could not be depended on, because the equal
+Altitude Instrument had been removed from the Place
+of Observation in the Morning, to another Place to
+make the Afternoon Observations; from which it is
+plain that these great Astronomers did not understand
+either the Principles or Use of one of the most simple Instruments
+in Astronomy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> If this Interpretation of the Act was true, and the
+Commissioners had a general discretionary Power, where
+was the Reason or Use of specifying <i>any Trial at all</i> in
+the original Act?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The Board contracted with Mr. <i>Kendall</i> (one of the
+six Persons to whom the Discovery was made) to make
+a Watch after the Model of mine. He was to be paid
+for every Thing before-hand, and to begin in a
+Twelvemonth after making the Bargain; he is to
+make Parts like Parts, but is not to be answerable for
+his Watch’s going at all. My Timekeeper is now in his
+Possession, tho’ he is not yet ready to make Use of it;
+There are some Parts in the making of which the Model
+can be of little or no Use to him; I only desired it for
+six or eight Months, and am confident he can have no
+Occasion for it before that Time is expired: however
+I have offered to have it forth coming whenever Mr.
+<i>Kendall</i> declares that he wants it, therefore I apprehend
+their Engagements with Mr. <i>Kendall</i> afford no solid
+Reason for the Commissioners to refuse lending it to me.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> In the fifth Volume of M. <span class="smcap">De La Caille</span>’s
+Ephemerides, Page 31, he says, “that any Person
+would be in the wrong to suppose that the Longitude
+at Sea can be determined by the Moon, to a
+less Error than two Degrees, let the Method
+which is employed be never so perfect, let the Instruments,
+of the Sort now in use, be never so excellent,
+and let the Observer be the most able and
+accomplished. For if we examine, without prejudice,
+all the Circumstances which enter into the Calculation
+and into the Observation of a Longitude at
+Sea, we shall be easily convinced, that it would be
+ridiculous to maintain, that the Sum of the inevitable
+Errors should not amount to five Minutes of a
+Degree, that is, to two Degrees and a half of Longitude.”
+<i>N. B.</i> M. <span class="smcap">de la Caille</span> published this
+in the Year 1755, and is universally allowed to
+have been an excellent Observer, and made several
+Voyages by Sea, where he made Trials of this Method
+by the Moon.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. <span class="smcap">Halley</span> and Dr. <span class="smcap">Bevis</span> (as appeared to the
+Honourable House of Commons upon an Examination
+of the latter) did, with an excellent <span class="smcap">Hadley</span>’s
+Quadrant, rectified by Mr. <span class="smcap">Hadley</span> himself,
+and in his presence, attempt to take the angular
+Distance of the Moon from <span class="smcap">Aldebaran</span>, a
+Star of the first Magnitude; but with such bad
+Success (some of the Observations removing <span class="smcap">Greenwich</span>
+from itself almost as far as <span class="smcap">Paris</span>) that Dr.
+<span class="smcap">Halley</span> seemed to be out of Hope of obtaining
+the Longitude by this Method.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="note">
+<p><strong>Transcriber’s Notes:</strong> This ebook has been transcribed from the original
+print edition, published in 1767. Obvious printing errors have been
+corrected, while minor irregularities in the spelling have been
+retained. The table below lists all corrections applied to the
+original text.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#Page_9">p. 9</a>: the Rest of the Summer &rarr; The Rest</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_11">p. 11</a>: [added comma] his Integrity, Disinterestedness and Ability</li>
+<li><a href="#Page_13">p. 13</a>: a set of Observavations &rarr; Observations</li>
+<li><a href="#Footnote_6_6">Footnote 6</a>: [added closing quotes] to two Degrees and a half of Longitude.”</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published
+by the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne, Under the A, by John Harrison
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published by
+the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne, Under the Authority of the Board of Longitude, by John Harrison
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published by the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne,
+       Under the Authority of the Board of Longitude
+
+Author: John Harrison
+
+Release Date: September 5, 2011 [EBook #37321]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS ON A PAMPHLET ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Markus Brenner and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                REMARKS
+                                 ON A
+                               PAMPHLET
+
+                        Lately published by the
+                         Rev. Mr. _MASKELYNE_,
+
+                      Under the AUTHORITY of the
+                          BOARD OF LONGITUDE.
+
+
+                           By JOHN HARRISON.
+
+
+                          THE SECOND EDITION.
+
+
+                               _LONDON:_
+                 Printed for W. SANDBY in Fleetstreet.
+                              MDCCLXVII.
+
+                           (PRICE SIXPENCE.)
+
+
+
+
+REMARKS, ON A PAMPHLET, &c.
+
+
+A Publication having lately been made by the Rev. Mr. _Maskelyne_
+Astronomer Royal, under the Authority of the Board of Longitude,
+manifestly tending, by the Suppression of some Facts and the
+Misrepresentation of others, to impress the World with an unjust Opinion
+of my Invention, and falsely asserting that my Watch did not at certain
+Periods therein mentioned keep Time with sufficient Exactness to
+determine the Longitude within the Limits prescribed by the Act of the
+12th of Queen _Anne_; I think it incumbent upon me to submit some
+Observations thereon to the impartial Publick; and the rather, because
+the said Pamphlet is rendered so confused by unnecessary Repetitions,
+and voluminous Tables, that a Man must be pretty conversant in these
+Matters, to trace and combine the Facts, so as to check the
+Conclusions, which would consequently be taken upon Trust by the
+generality of Readers, unless publickly contradicted. As it will be my
+Endeavour so far to avoid the Use of all Terms of Art as to make the
+Subject generally intelligible, I flatter myself I shall not be thought
+impertinent for giving a short Explanation (though quite unnecessary to
+the far greater Part of my Readers) of what the Longitude is, and what
+the Service required of the Watch.
+
+The Longitude of any Place is its Distance East or West from any other
+given Place; and what we want is a Method of finding out at Sea, how far
+we are got to the Eastward or Westward of the place we sailed from. The
+Application of a Time-Keeper to this Discovery is founded upon the
+following Principles: The Earth's Surface is divided into 360 equal
+Parts (by imaginary Lines drawn from North to South) which are called
+Degrees of Longitude; and it's daily Revolution Eastward round it's own
+Axis is performed in 24 Hours; consequently in that Period, each of
+those imaginary Lines or Degrees, becomes successively opposite to the
+Sun (which makes the Noon or precise Middle of the Day at each of those
+Degrees); and it must follow, that from the Time any one of those Lines
+passes the Sun, till the next passes, must be just four Minutes, for 24
+Hours being divided by 360 will give that Quantity; so that for every
+Degree of Longitude we sail Westward, it will be Noon with us four
+Minutes the later, and for every Degree Eastward four Minutes the
+sooner, and so in Proportion for any greater or less Quantity. Now, the
+exact Time of the Day at the Place where we are, can be ascertained by
+well known and easy Observations of the Sun if visible for a few Minutes
+at any Time from his being ten Degrees high 'till within an Hour of
+Noon, or from an Hour after Noon 'till he is only 10 Degrees high in the
+Afternoon; if therefore, at any Time when such Observation is made, a
+Time-Keeper tells us at the same Moment what o'Clock it is at the Place
+we sailed from, our Longitude is clearly discovered. To do this, it is
+not necessary that a Watch should perform it's Revolutions precisely in
+that Space of time which the Earth takes to perform her's; it is only
+required that it should invariably perform it in _some known Time_, and
+then the constant Difference between the Length of the one Revolution
+and the other, will appear as so much daily gained or lost by the Watch,
+which constant Gain or Loss, is called _the Rate of its going_, and
+which being added to or deducted from the Time shewn by the Watch, will
+give the true Time, and consequently the Difference of Longitude.
+
+I shall now proceed to make such Remarks as occur to me on Perusal of
+Mr. _Maskelyne_'s Pamphlet.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ begins by telling us that the Board of Longitude, at
+their Meeting, _April_ 26, 1766, came to a Resolution that my Watch
+should be tried at the Royal Observatory under his Inspection, and that
+he accordingly received it on the 5th of _May_, 1766. He then says, "I
+most Days wound up and compared the Watch with the transit Clock of the
+Royal Observatory myself; at other times it was performed by my
+Assistant _Joseph Dymond_, and afterwards _William Baily_; this was
+always done in the Presence of, and attested by one of the Officers of
+_Greenwich_ Hospital, when he came to assist in unlocking the Box in
+which the Watch is kept, in order to its being wound up."
+
+Not one of those Attestations appears in the Book: Perhaps Mr.
+_Maskelyne_ thinks his Assertion of the Fact will be sufficient for the
+Publick, and indeed so it might have been to me, had I not received
+different Information: But the Truth is, the Commissioners appointed a
+Set of Gentlemen to attend by Rotation the winding up of the Watch; they
+were to unlock the Box the Watch was in, to see it wound up and compared
+with the Clock, then to lock the Box again and take the Key with them,
+and Mr. _Maskelyne_ was to have another Key, there being two Locks to
+the Box:[1] The Officers of _Greenwich_ Hospital were appointed for
+this Service, some of whom from the Infirmities of Age, and Misfortunes
+in the Service, were scarce able to get up the Hill to the Observatory,
+so that when they came there, as can be proved from undoubted Eye
+Witnesses, they only unlocked the Box, sate down 'till Mr. _Maskelyne_
+had done what he thought proper, and then locked the Box again, and
+departed: and whatever Attestation they may be supposed to have made, I
+can prove that at several Times when Gentlemen of my Acquaintance
+happened to be present, the Attendance of the Officers was by no Means
+an effectual Check upon the Comparison of the Watch with the Clock. I
+would not be thought to accuse those Gentlemen of Neglect of the Duty
+imposed upon them; on the contrary I applaud their Diligence in being
+ready at all Hours of the Day to attend when Mr. _Maskelyne_ was pleased
+to appoint; and therefore I will even for the present (though contrary
+to Fact) suppose they have been the Check proposed by the Commissioners
+of Longitude against any unfair Access _to the Watch_, still _the Clock_
+with which it was compared _was left entirely in_ Mr. Maskelyne_'s
+Power_, and an Alteration of the one could not but produce just the same
+Effect as an Error of the other, nor is there even the least _Pretence
+of a Check_ either on the Clock, or on its Comparison with Observations
+of the Sun; nay on the contrary, Mr. _Maskelyne_ did at this Time take
+the Key of the Clock from Mr. _Dymond_ in whose Custody it used to be,
+and kept it himself.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ then proceeds to give us an Account of the Watch's
+going from Day to Day, which in his 15th Page he concludes thus: "From
+the foregoing Numbers it appears, that the Watch was getting from the
+very first near 20 seconds per day; a circumstance which is not my
+business to account for; but which, as it kept near mean Time in the
+Voyage to Barbadoes, seems to shew that the Watch cannot be taken to
+pieces and put together again without altering its Rate of going
+considerably, contrary to Mr. _Harrison_'s Assertions formerly."
+
+When I made the Discovery, upon Oath, of the Principles and Construction
+of the Watch, to six Gentlemen appointed by the Board of Longitude and
+to Mr. _Maskelyne_, (who insisted on having a Right to attend, as being
+a Commissioner) which Discovery was finished on the 22d Day of _August_,
+1765, as appears by the annex'd Certificate,[2] the Watch then remained
+in my Hands, all taken to pieces: I little imagined the Board of
+Longitude would take it from me, as not conceiving any Use they could
+make of it; and having besides received Assurances from them, that they
+only wanted the formal Delivery of it, in compliance with the Terms of
+the new Law, without meaning to deprive me of the Use of it: I therefore
+went on making some experiments, and alter'd the Rate of its going,
+thereby to determine a Fact I wanted to be satisfied about. The Watch
+was under this Experiment the latter End of _October_, 1765, when upon
+receiving the Certificate for the Remainder of the first Moiety of my
+Reward, I was ordered to deliver it to the Board. My Son, attending with
+it, being asked if it was then as fit as before to ascertain the
+Longitude, reply'd in the Affirmative; for as I have before shewn, the
+_Rate of its going_, when once ascertained, does not prevent its keeping
+the Longitude. He was not asked the present Rate of its going, nor could
+he have answer'd with precision if he had, because we had not had Notice
+sufficient to determine that Point; but we did, at that Time, tell
+several of our Friends that it went about 18 or 19 Seconds a Day,
+_fast_, and we have at several Times since (without ever dreaming that
+this was to become a Point of public Discussion) had Occasion to mention
+the same Thing to several Members of Parliament, Commissioners of
+Longitude and other Gentlemen, insomuch that we did not believe any body
+was uninformed of it, who at all attended to the Business of the
+Longitude.
+
+This may serve to account for the Circumstance which Mr. _Maskelyne_
+declares, _it was none of his Business to account for_, why the Watch
+was getting near 20 Seconds per Day; but as to _his Inference_, I must
+say it betrays the most absolute Ignorance of Mechanics, and of this
+Machine in particular, in which it is obvious (and for this Fact I
+appeal to the Watchmakers who saw it taken to Pieces) that its going at
+the same Rate when put together again, as before, depends (if none of
+the Parts are alter'd) upon nothing more complicated _than putting a
+single Screw into the same Place from whence it was taken_. Indeed this
+Passage, and the ignorant and puerile Remarks which Mr. _Maskelyne_ has
+been suffer'd to prefix to my written Description of the Watch (to the
+Disgrace of this Country in those foreign Translations it has already
+undergone) bring strongly to my Remembrance an Observation made by some
+of the Gentlemen present at the Discovery, "that they wonder'd at his
+Patience in attending so long to a Subject he seem'd so totally
+unacquainted with."
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ then proceeds to tell us of a Change that happen'd in
+the going of the Watch, and says, "this Change began in the Beginning of
+_August_, on the few and only hot Days we had last Summer, which yet
+were not extreme, the Thermometer within Doors having never risen above
+73 deg.. The Rest of the Summer in general was remarkably cool and
+temperate." When I took this Watch to Pieces I informed Mr. _Maskelyne_
+and the other Gentlemen, that in trying any Experiments with it, in
+Respect to Heat and Cold, it would be proper that it should be so fixed
+that, as far as could be, the Heat should have an equal Influence on all
+Sides of it; and it is obvious that the Thermometer ought to have been
+kept in the same Box with it; but as this was not done, I apprehend the
+Effects of Heat mention'd above do not merit much Attention; and
+therefore shall only observe that the Watch was placed in a Box with a
+Glass in the Lid and another in one Side, in the Seat of a Window level
+with the lowest Pane of the Window, and exposed to the South East,
+whilst the Thermometer, which was to ascertain the Degree of Heat the
+Watch was exposed to, was placed in a shady Part of the Room: Now 'tis
+obvious that while the Air surrounding the Thermometer might be very
+temperate, there might, if the Sun shone upon it, be a heat in the Box,
+superior to what was ever felt in the open Air in any Part of the World;
+and perhaps greater than any human being could subsist in, and
+consequently improper, or at least unnecessary for this experiment.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ next tells us of an irregularity which he says happened
+in cold Weather, and says, "However, it seems in general that the Frost
+must have been the cause of these irregularities, as well as of the
+Watch's going so much slower in the Month of _January_, than it had gone
+before." Mr. _Maskelyne_ ought along with this, to have published what I
+told him when I explained it; that the Provision against the effects of
+Heat and Cold was not _in this Machine_ extended to all Degrees; that I
+never had tryed it so low as the freezing Point, which according to the
+best Informations I have been able to procure is a Degree of Cold _that
+never did exist between the Decks of a Ship at Sea_, in any Climate yet
+explored by Mankind.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ then comes to the Rate of its going in different
+Positions; and says, "It is obvious, these last-mentioned Trials of the
+Watch in a vertical Position could not be designed to shew how near it
+would go at Sea, where it can never obtain these Positions: the Intent
+of them is to prove how near Mr. _Harrison_'s Execution of his Watch
+comes up to his Principles, with respect to the making all the Arcs
+described by the balance, whether large or small, to be performed in the
+same Time, as Mr. _Harrison_ asserts them to be." Mr. _Maskelyne_ here
+also might have had Candour enough to inform the Public, as I did him,
+that although the Watch was quite sufficient to answer the Purposes
+required of it in Navigation, and to fulfil what was prescribed by the
+Act of Queen _Anne_, yet it was far from being in a state of Perfection,
+_as an universal exact Time-Keeper for every Purpose_: I shew'd him and
+the rest of the Gentlemen the Reasons why the Machine then before them,
+would not go at the same Rate in such different Positions _into which
+the Motion of a Ship could never put it_; and whilst I explained to them
+those Imperfections in the particular Machine we were examining, I also
+in the clearest Manner I was able, pointed out the means of remedying
+them with certainty in others, which the Gentlemen skill'd in Mechanics
+seem'd perfectly to comprehend, and to be satisfied of the Truth which I
+again assert, that Watches made on my Principles will endure a much
+greater Motion and change of Position than they can ever be subject to
+in a Ship; and that they will not be affected by any Degree of Heat or
+Cold, in which a Man can live.
+
+If any Thing was meant to be concluded with respect to me by this
+Experiment, either in Point of Property or of Reputation, common Justice
+would have required that I should have had an Opportunity of seeing the
+Facts ascertained; and when such a Trial was directed as put the Result
+in the absolute Power of a single Person, that I should have been
+satisfied of his Integrity, Disinterestedness and Ability for the
+purpose. I would not be understood to attack Mr. _Maskelyne_'s Knowledge
+of the Theory of Astronomy; as for any Thing I know to the contrary, it
+may be of the very first Rate, especially as the Commissioners have
+thought proper to entrust him with the Execution of their commands; and
+which he has ever been as ready to undertake: But alas! as to his skill
+in Mechanics, he knows little or nothing of the matter he has ventur'd
+to take in Hand.
+
+I think it more consistent with the respect I owe to the Public, and
+myself, to speak out plainly, than to have recourse to _Insinuations_,
+on a Subject of this nature: I therefore declare, that I am not
+satisfied with the Truth of his reporting other Observations relative to
+the Longitude, as I do maintain that in both his Voyages the
+Observations which he said he made the Land by, were not calculated till
+after he had seen the Land; and I am certain those he has given, in the
+Publication now before us, are not genuine, for he pretends to find each
+Observation of the Transit of the Sun to the hundredth part of a Second
+of Time,--a Degree of exactness about twenty Times beyond what any other
+Observer has hitherto found practicable: Moreover I know him to be
+deeply interested in the Lunar Tables, a Scheme set up some Years ago
+for the Reward in Competition with my Invention, and for which large
+Sums of Money have already been paid by the Public.
+
+Although I flatter myself the Reader is already in Possession of very
+sufficient Reasons for rejecting the whole Pamphlet as partial and
+inconclusive, yet I entreat his patient Attention whilst I advance one
+step farther, and shew, that although Mr. _Maskelyne_ has presented us
+with a set of Observations which _according to his mode of Calculation_,
+prove what he advances, yet those very Observations when rightly
+reasoned upon _prove the contrary_; and that in each of the Periods he
+refers to, except those of the severe Frost and improper Positions
+(against which Mr. _Maskelyne_ ought to have informed the World I never
+warranted this particular Watch) it kept Time with sufficient
+correctness to determine the Longitude within the limits of the Act of
+Queen _Anne_.
+
+The Reader by this Time knows enough of the Subject to see, that in
+order to try whether the Watch would or would not keep Time with
+sufficient Exactness to determine the Longitude, Mr. _Maskelyne_'s first
+Operation, after receiving it, should have been to ascertain _the Rate
+of its going_. But no such Thing happened: he knew it had not gone
+exactly correspondent to mean Time, during the Voyage to _Barbadoes_; it
+had been publickly enough declared that its Rate of going had been since
+altered; and, if he had not received that Information, he might nay must
+have discovered it in the first 24 Hours Tryal; however, without once
+attending to this _essential Circumstance_, he goes to work, comparing
+the first Period of six Weeks (which he observes is generally reckoned
+the Term of a West-India Voyage) when it was in an horizontal Position,
+with _mean Time_, instead of _the corrected Time_, and each succeeding
+Period with that immediately preceeding it! Who can hesitate in
+pronouncing that his Conclusions must be all erroneous? He should first
+have ascertained the Rate of its going by a Length of Observations of
+the Sun or Stars, or by a perfect Pendulum Clock if he had such a one,
+and then have corrected the Time shewn by the Watch accordingly.
+However, supposing for a Moment his _Facts_ to be genuine, I will deduce
+the _real Result_ in the best Manner the Observations will admit,
+rejecting those made while the Watch was in improper Positions, and
+those during the Frost, for the same Reasons that Mr. _Maskelyne_ lays
+no Stress upon them, and for those I have already stated. I shall
+therefore (pursuing his Idea of six Weeks) take it during the first
+tranquil six Weeks that it had, viz. from _July_ the 6th, to _August_
+the 17th, in which Time it gained in all 11 Minutes, 50 Seconds, or
+16-9/10 Seconds per Day which I will assume as the Rate of its going, or
+if Mr. _Maskelyne_ pleases I will take the Average of his whole Time of
+Examination, from the 6th of _July_ to the 3d of _January_ and from the
+9th of _January_ to the 4th of _March_, which will come out at the Rate
+of 16-8/10 Seconds per Day fast, and I say that according to either of
+those Rates of going, the Watch kept the Longitude within the Limits of
+the Act of Queen _Anne_, during any Period of six Weeks that can be
+pointed out, excepting those of extreme Cold, and improper Position
+which have already been explained. I do not trouble the Reader with the
+Calculations: If I assert an Untruth, I shall hardly escape
+Contradiction.
+
+There is another Inaccuracy, which tho' of less Consequence, ought not
+to escape notice. One would naturally suppose when Mr. _Maskelyne_ found
+the Watch went at this Rate of gaining on Mean Time, he would have been
+very exact in his Time of comparing it with his Clock; but on the
+contrary we find he was so irregular as to vary his Comparisons on
+succeeding Days from half an Hour to four Hours and 48 Minutes, and this
+not for a Time or two, but for one third of the whole Time he had it.
+
+Mr. _Maskelyne_ having shewn from the Result of his Calculation (which I
+have here proved to be false) that the Watch is not to be depended upon
+to determine the Longitude in a Voyage of six Weeks, then says, "these
+Considerations are sufficient to explain the Motives which might have
+actuated Mr. _Harrison_, as a Man of Prudence, in desiring to send his
+Watch two Voyages to the West Indies, upon his Idea that he should be
+intitled to the large Rewards prescribed in the Act of the 12th of Queen
+_Anne_, in Case his Watch kept Time within the Limits there mentioned,
+whether the Method itself was or could be rendered generally useful and
+practicable, or not;" this Insinuation _(published under the Authority
+of the Commissioners of Longitude)_ that I had contrived a Trial which I
+knew the Watch would fulfil, whilst I was conscious that it would not
+answer the general Purposes of the Act of Queen _Anne_, and consequently
+that I had formed a villainous Scheme to rob the Publick of the Reward
+without really and effectually performing the Conditions, strikes me as
+a Charge of so atrocious a Nature, that I think myself not only
+_justified_ in publishing to the World what has been done with respect
+to Trials of the Merit of my Invention, but even _indispensably obliged_
+so to do. I well know what I hazard thereby, and if the rest of my
+Reward cannot be obtained on Principles of _National Faith_ and _Publick
+Spirit_, I am contented to forego it, but I will not descend into the
+Grave loaded with that Dishonour which my Enemies, availing themselves
+of their Rank or Offices, have, in various Ways, attempted to throw upon
+me.
+
+In the first Place I must remark, that the Trial referred to was not
+fixed _by me_, but by _an Act of Parliament_ passed so long ago as the
+Year 1714, which (after vesting certain discretionary Powers in
+Commissioners to judge what Methods are likely to prove practicable, and
+authorizing them to issue smaller Sums of Money) goes on to fix the last
+grand Test of the Merit of any such Invention, and enacts "that when a
+Ship, under the Appointment of the said Commissioners, shall thereby
+actually sail from _Great Britain_ to the _West Indies_ without losing
+her Longitude beyond certain Limits, the Inventor shall be intitled to
+certain Rewards." Having from the Year 1726, employed myself in
+adapting those Principles which I had _at that Time_ executed in a
+Pendulum Clock, to an Instrument or Time-Keeper so constructed as to
+endure the Motion of a Ship at Sea, and having made a Voyage to _Lisbon_
+and done sundry other Things during a Course of Years, mostly under the
+Direction of the Commissioners of Longitude, by way of preparatory
+Experiments, I thought the Invention sufficiently perfect about the
+latter End of the Year 1760, to go upon the ultimate Trial, which I
+accordingly applied for. My Son, after being sent to _Portsmouth_ with
+the third Time-keeper (the fourth or Watch being to be sent to him) was
+kept there five Months, waiting for Orders; which having by returning to
+_London_ at Length obtained, he went to _Jamaica_ in the _Deptford_ Man
+of War, and returned in the _Merlin_ Sloop of War, having fulfilled
+every Instruction of the Commissioners. It remained to compute from the
+Astronomical Observations made at _Portsmouth_ and _Jamaica_, whether
+the Watch had or had not kept the Longitude within the prescribed
+Limits; and as my Title to 20,000_l._ was to be determined thereby, I
+thought it but reasonable that I should name some Person to check the
+Computations, _which was refused_. The Commissioners appointed three
+Gentlemen for that Purpose, and on receiving their Report were pleased
+to declare _that the Watch had not kept its Longitude within the above
+mentioned Limits_.[3] Thoroughly convinced of the contrary (for I had
+the same Materials they had to calculate from) I required a Copy of the
+Computations _which was also refused me_; nor could I ever obtain a
+Sight of them either officially or through private Favour, 'till three
+Years afterwards, when they were ordered to be laid before the House of
+Commons; and it then appeared that two of the three Computations were
+absolutely inconclusive, proving nothing, and the third decided in my
+Favour. Further Proof of the Watch having succeeded in this Voyage may
+be found in the Journals of the House of Commons, Vol. XXIX. P. 546, in
+the Evidence of _George Lewis Scott_ Esq; and Mr. _James Short_.
+
+The Reader will easily believe I did not feel perfectly easy under this
+Treatment of an Invention to the perfecting of which (encouraged by the
+long continued Patronage of a _Graham_, a _Halley_, a _Folkes_, &c.
+&c.----learned Friends to Society, and Publick Good, whose Minds were
+too enlarged, and Spirits too liberal to admit that _little_ Jealousy of
+inferior Artists, which since their Death I have been exposed to) I
+gloried in sacrificing every Prospect of Advantage from other Pursuits,
+and had willingly submitted to lead a Life of Labour and Dependence.
+However 'twas too late to retreat; and I had only one Means of Success
+left which was to follow the Commissioners in their own Way. Accordingly
+after many Difficulties (with a Relation of which I will not tire the
+Reader, as it is by no Means my Intention to meddle with any Subjects of
+Complaint, except such as are material to the forming a right Judgment
+of the Trials made and proposed) a second Voyage to the _West Indies_
+was agreed to in the latter End of the Year 1762, which Agreement was
+afterwards well nigh overset by the Commissioners insisting on such
+Astronomical Observations being previously made, as were next to
+impracticable in this Climate, and could be put into the Instructions
+for no other Reason that I could conceive, but to throw insuperable
+Difficulties in my Way, as they were not at all material to the
+Determination of the Matter in Question. However the Commissioners at
+Length gave up this Point on my Opinion of the Impracticability being
+confirmed by that of an Officer of the Navy distinguished for his
+Abilities and Skill in Matters of Astronomy. To take away all
+Possibility (as I thought) of this Voyage being rendered fruitless like
+the last, I then desired to have inserted at the End of the Instructions
+some few Words to this Purpose, "that provided the Experiment answered,
+the Commissioners present were of Opinion I should _without further
+Trouble_ receive my Reward;" but my Son attending the Board with this
+Proposition was told by Lord _Sandwich_ at that Time President, that it
+would be mere Tautology, for that their giving Instructions implyed the
+same Thing, and that if the Watch kept its Time within the Limits of the
+Act there could be no Doubt of my being entitled to and receiving the
+Reward, and nobody could take if from me. Upon the Faith of this, my Son
+went the Voyage to _Barbadoes_, in which the Watch kept its Time
+"considerably within the nearest Limits of the Act of Queen _Anne_," as
+certified, even by the Commissioners themselves.
+
+On the Success of this Trial being known, and after having employed near
+forty Years of my Life on the Faith of an Act of Parliament, was a
+Doctrine broached to me (as I solemnly declare _for the first Time_)
+that the Commissioners were invested with a discretionary Power of
+ordering other Trials and the fulfilling of other Conditions than those
+specially annexed by Act of Parliament to the Reward;[4] An Exposition
+of the Law, which I ever did and ever shall (until it is supported by
+legal Authority) totally reject and refuse Obedience to; for I do
+maintain, that before passing the last Act of Parliament I had as full
+and perfect a _Right_ to the Reward of 20,000_l._ as any Free-holder in
+_Britain_ has to his Estate; and I never would have desired nor ever
+will desire any better Satisfaction than a judicial Determination of
+that Point; which however it was very soon thought proper to preclude me
+from, by a new Law, passed at the Instance of the Commissioners of
+Longitude, placing me _too certainly_ under the Discretion of the
+Commissioners and totally changing the Terms on which the Reward was to
+be given me, enacting that I should have half of it when I had disclosed
+the Principles and Construction of the Machine, and assigned over for
+the Use of the Publick the last made Timekeeper, together with the three
+others which were not so perfect as the last; and the other half when I
+should have made more Watches, _without determining how many_, and
+proved them to the Satisfaction of the Commissioners, _without defining
+the Mode of Trial_.
+
+I frankly confess that from thenceforward I considered the second Moiety
+of the Reward as lost for ever. The first Moiety I obtained, tho' it was
+with great Difficulty, as the Act required me to explain my Invention
+upon Oath, and the Commissioners were pleased to put into that Oath,
+Words of an indeterminate and unlimited Meaning, and refused to explain
+them, or even permit me or my Son to ask what was meant by them. We at
+length agreed to take it (finding we should never get any Thing if we
+did not, such was now the Power of the Commissioners) and they declared
+that themselves and the Gentlemen appointed by them to whom we were to
+explain it, would be _upon Honour_ not to disclose it, that I might have
+an Opportunity of obtaining the Reward promised by foreign Powers;
+however, in less than a Month an Account of it appeared in the public
+News-Papers, signed by the Rev. Mr. _Ludlam_, one of the six Gentlemen
+named by the Commissioners to receive the Discovery, and therefore, I
+make no doubt, by Leave of the Board. Nor did they stop here, for they
+have since published all my Drawings without giving me the last Moiety
+of the Reward, or even paying me and my Son for our Time at the Rate of
+common Mechanicks; a Discouragement to the Improvement of Arts and
+Sciences, and an Instance of such Cruelty and Injustice as I believe
+never existed in a learned and civilized Nation before.
+
+I have already had Occasion to mention, that at the Time I receiv'd the
+Certificate for the first Moiety of the Reward, the Watch was delivered
+up; it remained six Months locked up at the Admiralty, and was then
+removed to Greenwich, to be the Subject of those Experiments concerning
+which I now trouble the Public. The other three Machines, were (by Order
+of the Commissioners) soon after demanded of me by Mr. _Maskelyne_. One
+of them which had been going more than thirty Years, was broke to Pieces
+_under his careful and ingenious management_, before it got out of my
+House; and the other two were so far abused in the Carriage by Land to
+_Greenwich_, as to be rendered quite incorrect, and as far as I can
+learn, incapable of being repaired without having some essential Parts
+made anew: Thus perished the first Essays of this long-wished for
+Invention!
+
+Unwilling however that the Public should lose the Benefit of the
+Discovery, or the Chance of further Improvement, I applied, by repeated
+Letters, to the Board, praying that the Watch might be lent to me
+(offering Security for it if required) for the Sake of employing other
+Workmen to make the different Parts by Model, with quicker Dispatch, and
+in Order to determine by Experiments, whether some expensive Parts of
+the Machinery might not be abridged or totally left out. Still have my
+Requests been refused, and of late they have alledged that they cannot
+keep their Engagements with Mr. _Kendall_ if they were to lend me the
+Watch. What those Engagements are may be seen below.[5] The new Act, as
+I have already observ'd, did not determine _how many_ more Watches were
+to be made before I should receive the other Moiety of the Reward: it
+was seven Months before I could get them to fix _how many_, and then
+they would neither agree to any Mode of Trial proposed by me, nor
+propose any themselves till _eleven Months_ after that, _viz._ not till
+the 11th Day of _April_ last, when (an Enquiry having been set on Foot
+in the House of Commons) they were pleased to propose, that instead of
+the Length of a _West-India_ Voyage, which is about _six Weeks_, the
+Watches should be placed with their very good Friend and Well-wisher Mr.
+_Maskelyne_ for _ten months_, and then be sent for two months on board a
+Ship in the _Downs_; and all this I am required to submit to, without
+the least Shadow of Assurance on their Part, that they will be satisfied
+with this Trial, let it answer ever so well, or that I shall thereby be
+brought at all the nearer receiving what is due to me, altho'
+(independent of making the Watches) it must necessarily employ one whole
+Year of mine or my Son's Time, in superintending an Examination, which,
+after all, can only prove that I, who have made one Machine, can make
+another like it; and the Point of general Practicability, about which so
+much stir is _affected_ to be made, would not be one Jot advanced beyond
+what it is at present.
+
+I cannot help begging the Reader will here allow me to add a Remark or
+two upon the general Practicability of my Invention, as that is now
+said to be the only Thing that was in Dispute between the Commissioners
+and me, and that they only wanted to be satisfied as to this Point. In
+order to clear it up then, I will submit to the Public to determine
+whether the general Use and Practicability of my Invention can, in the
+Nature of Things, be attacked, unless under one of these three following
+Heads:
+
+1. That a Time-keeper, however perfect, is an insufficient Means of
+ascertaining the Longitude at Sea.
+
+2. That such Information has not been given as will enable other Workmen
+to make other Time-keepers of equal goodness with that which is
+certified to have kept the Longitude.
+
+Or 3. That they will come to so enormous a Price as to be out of the
+Reach of Purchase.
+
+From the Benefit of the first Objection (even if it was founded in
+Truth, which I utterly deny) the Commissioners have surely precluded
+both themselves and the Nation, as with Respect to me, by their repeated
+Orders and Instructions, and after leading me on for near Half a
+Century, to employ my whole Time and make long Voyages for _perfecting_
+the Invention, they can never be permitted now to come and say _the
+Invention itself_ is good for nothing. Should any one however continue
+to propagate such an Opinion, I beg leave, in Contradiction to it, to
+offer that of Sir _Isaac Newton_, and that of _Martin Folkes_, _Dr.
+Halley_, _Dr. Smith_, Mr. _Graham_, and eight other Persons of great
+Eminence, both publicly given to the House of Commons and to be found in
+the Journals, _viz._ Sir _Isaac_'s in Vol. 17, Page 677, and the others
+in Vol. 29, Page 547.
+
+The second Objection is flatly contradicted by Evidence lately before
+the House of Commons, by which it appears that the Description and
+original Drawings from which the Watch was made, as given in by me upon
+Oath, are printed and published; and that Mr. _Mudge_ (the only one of
+the Watchmakers to whom the Discovery was made, who has been examined by
+the House of Commons) declar'd he could make these Watches as well as I
+can. Moreover I am ready, on Condition of receiving the Remainder of
+what's due to me, upon Oath to give all manner of future Information and
+Instruction in my Power; and I hope it could never enter into any Man's
+Idea of general Practicability, that I should actually teach every
+indifferent Workman in the Nation, and furnish each of them with a Set
+of Tools for the Trial of his Ability, at my own Expence, before I could
+be entitled to the Reward.
+
+With Regard to the third Objection, no Estimate of the future Expence
+can (from the Nature of the Subject) be grounded upon any Authority
+better than that of Opinion. The Price of common Watches, where each
+Part is made by a different Workman, bears no Proportion to what must
+necessarily be charged by any Man who was to make the whole with his
+own Hands: the same Reduction will naturally take place when a Number of
+Workmen are instructed to make the different Parts of these. My Opinion
+is, that they might in a very few Years be afforded for about L.100
+a-piece, and if a Reduction of the Machinery can be effected (which I am
+strongly inclined to think is the Case, but have not had an Opportunity
+of proving by Experiment for want of my Models) the Expence may be
+reduced to about 70 or 80 l.
+
+By this Time I think the Reader may naturally exclaim, How can all these
+Things be? What can induce a Number of Noblemen, Statesmen and Officers
+of the first Rank and most unblemished Characters; what can induce the
+President of the Royal Society, and the Professors of the Universities
+(to each of whom his Majesty has been most graciously pleased to order
+Payment of 15 l. per Day for every Board of Longitude they attend) and
+what can induce the Astronomer Royal, thus to discourage an Invention
+which they are specially constituted to improve, protect, and support? I
+might answer with Mr. _Maskelyne_, "that's none of my Business to
+account for."--_The Facts are so_, and this public Relation of them is
+extorted from me, by a Conviction that no other Way is left me to obtain
+Justice, or so likely to prevent the Invention from perishing. However,
+if it is expected of me, like Mr. _Maskelyne_, to deliver an Opinion on
+this Point, I shall declare what I believe _very sincerely_, that by
+far the greater Part of the Commissioners are perfectly innocent of the
+Treatment I have met with: most of them are Commissioners by Virtue of
+great Employments which engage their Time and Attention: A Board so
+constituted is continually changing; and this being a Matter of Science
+which to many may seem rather abstruse, it was very naturally left to
+the Management of a few of those Members who stand in the most immediate
+Relation to Science, and whose Opinions, upon a Business of this Nature,
+the rest of the Board had too much Modesty to call in Question. How well
+they have merited that Degree of Confidence is left to the impartial
+World to determine.
+
+To return again to Mr. _Maskelyne_'s Account: He, as I think has been
+already shewn, having said and done every Thing in his Power to the
+Dishonour and Discouragement of my Invention, scruples not to sum up his
+Opinion of it in the following Terms:
+
+"That Mr. _Harrison_'s Watch cannot be depended upon to keep the
+Longitude within a Degree, in a _West-India_ Voyage of six Weeks, nor to
+keep the Longitude within Half a Degree for more than a Fortnight, and
+then it must be kept in a Place where the Thermometer is always some
+Degrees above freezing: that, in case the Cold amounts to freezing, the
+Watch cannot be depended upon to keep the Longitude within Half a
+Degree for more than a few Days, and perhaps not so long, if the Cold be
+very intense: nevertheless, that it is a useful and valuable Invention,
+and in Conjunction with the Observations of the Distance of the Moon
+from the Sun and fixed Stars, may be of considerable Advantage to
+Navigation."
+
+Having sufficiently refuted the first Part of this Opinion already, it
+only remains for me to make such Remarks on the Lunar Method of finding
+the Longitude, as this coupling of my Invention with it seems to call
+upon me for.
+
+It is with Reluctance that I follow Mr. _Maskelyne_ into a Subject in
+which I may seem, like him, to be actuated by a selfish Preference to my
+own Scheme; however, as I shall give my Reasons for what I advance, I
+will not hesitate to submit them to the Public. I beg to be understood
+as a warm and declared Friend to that and every other Mode which can be
+devised of ascertaining the Longitude at Sea, so long as they keep
+within the Bounds of Reason and Probability. Here are now two Methods
+before the Public; Wou'd to God there were two Hundred! The Importance
+of the Object would warrant public Encouragement to them all; but,
+called upon to say something on the Subject, I think it incumbent upon
+me to point out those Limits beyond which its Utility cannot, from the
+Nature of the Thing, be extended.
+
+The Method of finding the Longitude by the Moon, in which Mr.
+_Maskelyne_ is in a pecuniary way interested, is this.--If the apparent
+Distance between the Sun and Moon, or between the Moon and some fix'd
+Star, at any certain Part of the Globe, was for every Hour of the Year
+known; and if a Navigator, when at Sea, could also, by Observations,
+ascertain what is the apparent Distance, at the Place where he is,
+between the Sun and Moon, or between the Moon and a Star, and likewise
+their respective Altitudes; and if he could also, at the same Moment,
+ascertain the Time of the Day, either by an immediate Observation of the
+Sun, or by a Watch which would keep Time pretty exactly from the last
+solar Observation; these Matters of Fact being given, the Difference of
+Longitude may from thence be calculated. I admit the Principle to be
+absolutely true in Theory. The Lunar Tables, for which the Rewards have
+been given, are calculated to shew the Distance between the Sun and
+Moon, or Moon and Stars, at _Greenwich_; I admit the Practicability of
+making such Tables; but with Regard to the other Requisites, I beg Leave
+to observe that, for six Days in every Month, the Moon is too near the
+Sun for observing, consequently, during those Days, the Method falls
+_totally_ to the Ground; that for about other thirteen Days in every
+Month, the Sun and Moon are at too great a Distance for observing them
+at the same Time, or are not at the same Time visible; therefore, during
+those 13 Days, we must depend upon Observations of the Moon and Stars,
+and upon a Watch to keep Time, from the last Solar Observation with
+sufficient Exactness, which common Watches cannot be depended upon to
+do; well therefore might Mr. _Maskelyne_ admit that my Invention would
+become of considerable Value, even if taken in Aid of the Lunar Tables.
+I leave the Reader to judge of the Practicability of making these
+Observations from what follows:
+
+To ascertain the Longitude by the Moon and a Star, requires a distinct
+Horizon to be seen in the Night, which is next to impossible, and if you
+have not an Horizon, the Altitude of neither Moon nor Star can be taken:
+It also requires (and this perhaps when a Ship is in a high Sea) the
+Distance of the Moon and Star, in order to come at which, the Image of
+one of them must be reflected through a silvered Glass, and the other
+seen through an unsilvered Part of the same Glass; and they must be
+brought into Conjunction in the Line that connects the silvered and
+unsilvered Parts, and this to an Exactness only true in Theory, for an
+Error of a Minute of a Degree committed in this Observation, will
+mislead the Mariner Half a Degree in his Longitude; Now I call upon any
+Astronomers of Reputation publickly to declare, that they have, even at
+Land, and with the best Instruments _Europe_ affords, been able to make
+this Observation of the Moon and a Star with _any thing like_ the
+Precision required to determine the Longitude within the Limits
+required by the Act of the 12th of Queen _Anne_; I know it cannot be
+done. Nay I further call upon any such Astronomers to declare, whether
+even in Observations of the Distance between the Sun and Moon, two of
+them observing together have _generally speaking_ agreed in this
+Observation within a Minute of a Degree: I know that in general the
+Difference between the best Observers even at Land will be more, and as
+a farther Proof of this Assertion, I refer the Reader to the Note
+below:[6] And if these Matters of Fact are still doubted, I shall beg
+Leave to call upon Mr. _Maskelyne_ and Mr. _Green_ to declare how near
+they, with Admiral _Tyrrel_ agreed in determining the Longitude by the
+Sun and Moon in their Voyage to _Barbadoes_; and also whether during
+that Voyage they ever did determine their Longitude by the Moon and
+Stars.--I know they did not, for they found the Observation too
+difficult, and indeed _it is only true in Theory_.
+
+From the foregoing Premises I infer,
+
+1st. That during six Days in every Month, no Observations can be made by
+this Method to ascertain the Longitude at Sea.
+
+2dly, That during 13 other Days in each Month, it is impracticable to
+ascertain it by this Method with any Instruments hitherto contrived, or
+which the Nature of the Service to be performed seems to admit of
+
+And 3dly, That during the remaining 11 Days in each Month, when the Sun
+and Moon may, if the Weather is clear be observed at the same Time, no
+Reliance can safely be placed upon the best Instruments in the Hand of
+the best Observer for ascertaining the Longitude within the Limits of
+the Act of Queen _Anne_; and consequently, that how valuable soever the
+Lunar Tables may be for correcting a long dead Reckoning, and thereby
+telling us _whereabouts_ we are, when we are not afraid of falling in
+with the Land, yet even during these 11 Days, they do not extend to the
+Security of Ships near the Shore.
+
+This _Method_ of ascertaining the Longitude by the Moon has already cost
+the Publick the Sum of 6,600_l._ at least, and yet no proper Experiment
+has been made of it.
+
+I shall not presume to make any Reflections on the different Treatment
+the two Inventions have met with, nor will I take up more of the
+Reader's Time by a Detail of the very earnest Attention paid by the
+_French_ Government to this Object. If our Rivals in Commerce and Arts
+_should_ rob us of the Honour as well as the first Advantages of the
+Discovery, I hope it will be admitted that the Fault is not mine: And I
+likewise flatter myself that I have now furnished sufficient Materials
+for the Justification of my Friends, and for shewing that the Cause
+which they from publick spirited Motives had the Goodness to espouse,
+was not unworthy of their Patronage.
+
+  _Red-Lion-Square,
+  June 23, 1767_
+        JOHN HARRISON.
+
+    _FINIS._
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [Footnote 1: It may not perhaps be improper here to observe,
+    that the Locks were such as might be picked with a crooked Nail,
+    that the Lock of which the Officers had the Key was on the 10th
+    of _July_ out of Order, and that Mr. _Maskelyne_ was sorry this
+    should ever come to the Ear of the Publick.]
+
+    [Footnote 2: "We whose Names are hereunto subscribed do certify,
+    that Mr. _John Harrison_ has taken his Time-Keeper to Pieces in
+    the Presence of us, and explained the Principles and
+    Construction thereof, and every Thing relative thereto, to our
+    entire Satisfaction; and that he also did to our Satisfaction
+    answer to every Question proposed by us or any of us relative
+    thereto; And that we have compared the Drawings of the same with
+    the Parts, and do find that they perfectly correspond."
+
+    _August 22, 1765._
+
+        _Nevil Maskelyne,_
+        _John Michell,_
+        _William Ludlam,_
+        _John Bird,_
+        _Thomas Mudge,_
+        _William Matthews,_
+        _Larcum Kendall._]
+
+    [Footnote 3: It may not be amiss to take Notice here of an
+    Objection that was raised by two of the Commissioners, both
+    famous for their Knowledge in Astronomy; _viz._ That the
+    Observations of equal Altitudes made at _Portsmouth_, could not
+    be depended on, because the equal Altitude Instrument had been
+    removed from the Place of Observation in the Morning, to another
+    Place to make the Afternoon Observations; from which it is plain
+    that these great Astronomers did not understand either the
+    Principles or Use of one of the most simple Instruments in
+    Astronomy.]
+
+    [Footnote 4: If this Interpretation of the Act was true, and the
+    Commissioners had a general discretionary Power, where was the
+    Reason or Use of specifying _any Trial at all_ in the original
+    Act?]
+
+    [Footnote 5: The Board contracted with Mr. _Kendall_ (one of the
+    six Persons to whom the Discovery was made) to make a Watch
+    after the Model of mine. He was to be paid for every Thing
+    before-hand, and to begin in a Twelvemonth after making the
+    Bargain; he is to make Parts like Parts, but is not to be
+    answerable for his Watch's going at all. My Timekeeper is now in
+    his Possession, tho' he is not yet ready to make Use of it;
+    There are some Parts in the making of which the Model can be of
+    little or no Use to him; I only desired it for six or eight
+    Months, and am confident he can have no Occasion for it before
+    that Time is expired: however I have offered to have it forth
+    coming whenever Mr. _Kendall_ declares that he wants it,
+    therefore I apprehend their Engagements with Mr. _Kendall_
+    afford no solid Reason for the Commissioners to refuse lending
+    it to me.]
+
+    [Footnote 6: In the fifth Volume of M. DE LA CAILLE's
+    Ephemerides, Page 31, he says, "that any Person would be in the
+    wrong to suppose that the Longitude at Sea can be determined by
+    the Moon, to a less Error than two Degrees, let the Method which
+    is employed be never so perfect, let the Instruments, of the
+    Sort now in use, be never so excellent, and let the Observer be
+    the most able and accomplished. For if we examine, without
+    prejudice, all the Circumstances which enter into the
+    Calculation and into the Observation of a Longitude at Sea, we
+    shall be easily convinced, that it would be ridiculous to
+    maintain, that the Sum of the inevitable Errors should not
+    amount to five Minutes of a Degree, that is, to two Degrees and
+    a half of Longitude." _N. B._ M. DE LA CAILLE published this in
+    the Year 1755, and is universally allowed to have been an
+    excellent Observer, and made several Voyages by Sea, where he
+    made Trials of this Method by the Moon.
+
+    Dr. HALLEY and Dr. BEVIS (as appeared to the Honourable House of
+    Commons upon an Examination of the latter) did, with an
+    excellent HADLEY's Quadrant, rectified by Mr. HADLEY himself,
+    and in his presence, attempt to take the angular Distance of the
+    Moon from ALDEBARAN, a Star of the first Magnitude; but with
+    such bad Success (some of the Observations removing GREENWICH
+    from itself almost as far as PARIS) that Dr. HALLEY seemed to be
+    out of Hope of obtaining the Longitude by this Method.]
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes: This ebook has been transcribed from the original
+print edition, published in 1767. Obvious printing errors have been
+corrected, while minor irregularities in the spelling have been
+retained. The table below lists all corrections applied to the
+original text.
+
+p. 9: the Rest of the Summer -> The Rest
+p. 11: [added comma] his Integrity, Disinterestedness and Ability
+p. 13: a set of Observavations -> Observations
+Footnote 6: [added closing quotes] to two Degrees and a half of Longitude."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published
+by the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne, Under the Authority of the Board of Longitude, by John Harrison
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS ON A PAMPHLET ***
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