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diff --git a/37317.txt b/37317.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b01205a --- /dev/null +++ b/37317.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1399 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, +Thomys bottae, in Colorado, by Phillip M. Youngman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Thomys bottae, in Colorado + +Author: Phillip M. Youngman + +Release Date: September 5, 2011 [EBook #37317] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION--POCKET GOPHER *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Erica +Pfister-Altschul and the Online Distributed Proofreading +Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS + + MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Volume 9, No. 12, pp 363-384, 7 figs, in text, 1 table + February 21, 1958 + + Geographic Variation + in the Pocket Gopher, Thomomys bottae, + in Colorado + + BY + PHILLIP M. YOUNGMAN + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + LAWRENCE + 1958 + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, + Robert W. Wilson + + Volume 9, No. 12, pp. 363-384, 7 figs. in text, 1 table + Published February 21, 1958 + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + PRINTED IN + THE STATE PRINTING PLANT + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1958 + + + + +Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Thomomys bottae, in Colorado + +BY + +PHILLIP M. YOUNGMAN + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +Two species of pocket gophers of the genus _Thomomys_ (Family Geomyidae) +occur in Colorado, _Thomomys bottae_ (see fig. 1) in the low valleys in +the south-central and southwestern parts of the state and _Thomomys +talpoides_ mainly in the mountains and high valleys. + +_Thomomys bottae_ occurs primarily in the Pinon-juniper, Ponderosa Pine, +and Short Grass zones of Daubenmire (1943) but in some localities is +found in the Douglas Fir Zone. _Thomomys talpoides_ occupies primarily +the Douglas Fir Zone and Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Spruce Zone but is +found also in the Pinon-juniper and Short Grass zones in some +localities. + +The ranges of the two species do not overlap in the strict sense but +interdigitate in a parapatric type of distribution. + +Two other pocket gophers, _Geomys bursarius_ and _Cratogeomys +castanops_, also occur in Colorado--in the Upper Sonoran Life-Zone. +_Geomys bursarius_ occupies much of the Great Plains, whereas +_Cratogeomys castanops_ is found only on the plains in the southeastern +part of the state. + +The objectives of the study, reported on here, were to learn the +geographic distribution of _Thomomys bottae_ in Colorado, to find means +for recognizing the different subspecies, and to describe individual and +geographic variation. + +I am indebted to Mr. Sydney Anderson and Professor E. Raymond Hall for +many helpful suggestions and for their critical reading of the +manuscript, to Dr. Richard S. Miller, who made the collection of many of +the specimens possible, and to Dr. Richard M. Hansen for numerous +suggestions. I wish to express my appreciation also to the following for +the loan of specimens in their care: Alfred M. Bailey and A. A. Rogers, +Colorado Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado; David H. Johnson, +United States National Museum, Washington, D. C; Robert W. Lechleitner, +Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and Robert Z. Brown, +Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado. + + + + +METHODS + + +Adults of approximately equal age were compared in the study of +geographic variation. Three criteria of adulthood are: (a) suture +obliterated between supraoccipital and exoccipital, (b) suture at least +partly obliterated between basisphenoid and basioccipital, (c) +supraorbital crests not widely separated and almost parallel. In males +the crests encroach on the lateral borders of the interparietal; in +females the crests approach the lateral borders of the interparietal but +are more widely separated than in males. + +[Illustration: Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of _Thomomys bottae_ in +southwestern Colorado. + + 1. _T. b. howelli_ + 2. _T. b. aureus_ + 3. _T. b. pervagus_ + 4. _T. b. cultellus_ + 5. _T. b. internatus_ + 6. _T. b. rubidus_] + +In studying geographic variation, greater emphasis was placed on females +than on males. As noted by Grinnell (1931:4), males vary more than +females, especially in length of rostrum and associated nasal +measurements. + +Color terms are those of Munsell (1954). Color measurements were +standardized by the use of a single 100 watt General Electric blue +daylight bulb in a 12 inch white reflector suspended 24 inches above the +specimen. All other light was excluded. The individual hairs of +_Thomomys bottae_ are either bicolored or tricolored. The darkness of a +specimen often may be attributed to the presence of dark-tipped hairs. +The color given in the description is the basic reddish or yellowish +color of the hairs. The presence of a grizzled effect or a dark dorsal +stripe, or any other pattern resulting from dark hairs, is noted in the +remarks. + +Specimens examined are listed by counties in the following order: + + Mesa + Montrose + San Miguel + Dolores + Montezuma + La Plata + Archuleta + Conejos + Chaffee + Fremont + El Paso + Pueblo + Custer + Huerfano + Alamosa + Las Animas + +Localities are listed from north to south within a county. If two +localities lie on the same line of latitude, the western precedes the +eastern. Localities omitted on the map in order to prevent overlapping +of symbols are in Italics. Unless otherwise indicated, specimens are in +the University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. The following +initials are used to designate specimens in other collections: + +CSU--Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. + +CMNH--Colorado Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado. + +ERW--E. R. Warren Collection, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, + Colorado. + +USNM--United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. + +The following measurements of the skull are listed in the tables: + +_Condylobasal length._--The shortest distance between the anteriormost +projections of the premaxillaries and a line touching the posterior +surfaces of the exoccipital condyles. + +_Length of nasals._--The distance from the most anterior projection of +the nasal bones to the most posterior projection of a nasal bone. + +_Zygomatic breadth._--The greatest distance across the zygomatic arches, +at right angles to the long axis of the skull. + +_Squamosal breadth._--The greatest distance between the mastoidal +processes of the squamosal. + +_Length of rostrum._--The shortest distance from the shallow notch that +lies lateral to the hamulus of the lacrymal bone, to the tip of the +nasal on the same side of the skull. + +_Breadth of rostrum._--The greatest width of the rostrum, anterior to +the maxillae, transverse to the long axis of the skull. + +_Alveolar length of upper maxillary tooth-row._--Distance between the +anterior margin of the alveolus of the first cheek-tooth and the +posterior margin of the alveolus of the last upper cheek-tooth, on one +side of the skull. + +_Least interorbital breadth._--The least distance across the frontal +bones at the interorbital constriction as seen in dorsal view. + + + + +PHYSIOGRAPHY + + +_Thomomys bottae_ occurs in the Colorado Plateau Province (terminology +of Fenneman, 1931), the Southern Rocky Mountain Province and a small +part of the Great Plains Province. + +The Colorado Plateau Province, in the southwestern part of the state, is +mostly above 5000 feet and is characterized by the great number of +canyons cut by rivers and streams in the nearly horizontal strata. +Prominent features of the landscape are cuestas, such as Mesa Verde, and +laccoliths, such as Ute Peak. + +The Southern Rocky Mountain Province consists mainly of high granitic +mountains running north and south, many of which extend to more than +14,000 feet above sea level. Included in this region are several large +basins, such as North Park and South Park and the San Luis Valley. The +San Juan Mountains, which separate the Colorado Plateau Province from +the San Luis Valley, and the Sangre De Cristo and Wet mountains, which +intervene between the San Luis Valley and the Great Plains, importantly +influence the distribution of _Thomomys bottae_. + +The Great Plains Province is a broad highland that slopes gradually +eastward from the Rocky Mountains. Of importance to the present study +are two subdivisions of the Great Plains, the Colorado Piedmont and the +Raton Section. + +The Colorado Piedmont is a much dissected fluviatile plain, roughly +extending from the vicinity of the Arkansas River to the northern +boundary of the state. In general the topography of the Colorado +Piedmont is broadly rolling with greater relief than the high plains to +the east; however, buttes and steep bluffs occur locally. + +The Raton Section imperceptibly blends into the southern boundary of the +Colorado Piedmont and extends south into New Mexico and Texas. A +trenched peniplane of greater relief and altitude than the Colorado +Piedmont, it is characterized by high mesas, extensive dissected +lava-capped plateaus, deep canyons, and mountains of volcanic origin. + + + + +GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION + + +Six subspecies of _Thomomys bottae_ occur in Colorado. _T. b. aureus_ +and _T. b. howelli_ occupy the Colorado Plateau Province (see fig. 1) +and are characterized by a yellowish color; nasals posteriorly truncate +or rounded; posterior extensions of premaxillae long; basioccipital +wide; and interpterygoid space U-shaped with a median spicule. + +_T. b. internatus_, _T. b. cultellus_, and a new subspecies from the +vicinity of Canyon City described on page 376, inhabit the Sangre De +Cristo and Wet mountains in the Southern Rocky Mountain Province and +adjacent parts of the Colorado Piedmont and Raton Section of the Great +Plains Province (see fig. 1). This group of closely related subspecies +is characterized by reddish color; posterior margins of nasals forming a +V; posterior extensions of premaxillae short; basioccipital narrow; and +interpterygoid space V-shaped, lacking a median spicule. + +_T. b. pervagus_ occupies part of the San Luis Valley to the west of the +Rio Grande (see fig. 1). In Colorado _T. b. pervagus_ is isolated from +_T. b. internatus_ and _T. b. cultellus_ by the Sangre De Cristo and +Culebra ranges and is separated from _T. b. aureus_ by the San Juan +Mountains. _T. b. pervagus_ occupies an area geographically intermediate +between _T. b. aureus_ to the west and _T. b. internatus_ and _T. b. +cultellus_ to the east and has some characters in common with these +subspecies. _T. b. pervagus_ resembles _T. b. aureus_ in having long +posterior extensions of the premaxillae and in sometimes having rounded +posterior margins of the nasals. _T. b. pervagus_ resembles _T. b. +internatus_ and _T. b. cultellus_ in color, the presence of a V-shaped +interpterygoid space, and a narrow basioccipital. Kelson (1951:69) has +pointed out that in New Mexico the separation of the ranges of _T. b. +pervagus_ and _T. b. cultellus_ is probably complete, but probably +incomplete between _T. b. pervagus_ and _T. b. aureus_. Nevertheless, +the similarities between _T. b. pervagus_ and _T. b. cultellus_ and _T. +b. internatus_ suggest that _T. b. pervagus_ was originally derived from +the more eastern stock. + +_T. b. aureus_ is a variable subspecies which, according to Durrant +(1952:211), intergrades with _T. b. howelli_ in Utah. Specimens of _T. +b. aureus_ showing the greatest amount of geographic variation cranially +are from the ecotone between the Pinon-juniper and Douglas Fir zones at +the edge of the range of the subspecies. + +_T. b. howelli_ is a markedly distinct subspecies that shows certain +similarities to _T. b. aureus_, but the degree of cranial difference +from _T. b. aureus_ suggests an isolation of long duration, or a rapid +evolution from the parent stock. + +_T. b. internatus_ and _T. b. cultellus_ probably intergrade east of the +Sangre De Cristo Range in the vicinity of the Colorado-New Mexico +boundary. The amount of intergradation is obscured by the great amount +of geographic variation occurring in _T. bottae_ at the edge of the +plains and by the lack of specimens from this area. + +_T. b. internatus_ is a widespread subspecies showing its greatest +variation at the edge of the plains. This area is an ecotone between the +coniferous forest and the grassland and is by nature an area of change +owing to the alternation of wet and dry periods such as the pluvial, +interpluvial, and postpluvial periods. This seems to support Durrant's +observation (1952:496) that "the greatest range of morphological +variation is in animals from the least stable environments." + +Specimens from a small area north of the Arkansas River in the vicinity +of Canyon City (see fig. 1) differ sufficiently from _T. b. internatus_ +to be given nominal recognition. High mountains and the Arkansas River +isolate the new subspecies found at Canyon City from populations of _T. +b. internatus_ to the west and south; however there are no apparent +geographic barriers between the newly named subspecies and populations +of _T. b. internatus_ twelve miles to the north or from the vicinity of +Pueblo to the east. This new subspecies is the most extreme of the +variants occurring in the unstable environment at the edge of the +plains. + + +=Thomomys bottae aureus= Allen + + _Thomomys aureus_ Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:49, + April, 1893; Warren, Colorado College Publ., 19:252, January, + 1906; Warren, Colorado College Publ., 33:77, January, 1908; + Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p. 79, 1910; Cary, N. Amer. + Fauna, 33:136, August 17, 1911. + + _Thomomys bottae aureus_, Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 48:156, October 31, 1935; Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p. 158, + 1942. + + _Thomomys apache_ Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 23:79, + May 4, 1910. Holotype from Lake La Jara, 7500 feet, Rio Arriba + County, New Mexico. + + _Thomomys perpallidus aureus_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:74, + November 15, 1915. + + _Thomomys perpallidus apache_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:75, + November 15, 1915. + + _Thomomys bottae apache_, Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 48:157, October 31, 1935; Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p. 160, + 1942. + + _Thomomys bottae optabilis_ Goldman, Jour. Washington Acad. + Sci., 26:116, March 15, 1936. Holotype from Coventry, 6500 + feet, Montrose County, Colorado; Warren, Mammals of Colorado, + p. 159, 1942, part. + + _Holotype._--Adult female, skin and skull number 5243/4123, + American Museum of Natural History, obtained at Bluff City, San + Juan County, Utah, May 12, 1892, by Charles P. Rowley. + + _Distribution._--Colorado Plateau Province of southwestern Colorado + (see fig. 1), northwestern New Mexico, southeastern Utah, and + northeastern Arizona. + + _Distinctive characters._--Size large (see measurements); usually + pale in western part of range, dark in eastern part; posterior + extensions of premaxillae long, wide, and deeply serrated; posterior + margins of nasals truncate or slightly rounded (see fig. 2); + interpterygoid space U-shaped, with median spicule; basioccipital + wide; bullae well inflated, rounded ventrally. + + _Comparisons._--For comparisons with _T. b. howelli_ and _T. b. + pervagus_, see accounts of those subspecies. + +_Remarks._--_T. b. aureus_ is a variable subspecies, which differs +considerably from _T. b. internatus_, _T. b. cultellus_, and _T. b. +rubidus_ and includes several microgeographic races distinguishable to a +taxonomist specializing in the group. These slightly varying populations +are here not considered sufficiently distinct for nominal recognition. + +Characters such as color of the pelage and conformation of the bullae +and zygomatic arches vary with the locality, and to some extent vary +among specimens from a single locality. + +The name _Thomomys bottae optabilis_, given to specimens from Coventry +by Goldman (1936:116), is here placed in synonymy under _T. b. aureus_ +Allen. The characters originally used to describe _T. b. optabilis_ are +of the type that vary between populations only a few miles apart, or +often vary within a population. The skulls of specimens from Coventry +are not lighter in structure than those of _T. b. aureus_. The +premaxillae are not narrower, nor is the frontal region narrower or more +constricted than in _T. b. aureus_. + +The name _Thomomys bottae apache_, given to specimens from Lake La Jara, +New Mexico, by Bailey (1910:79), and later applied to specimens from +Colorado by Bailey (1915:75), is here also placed in synonymy under _T. +b. aureus_. Specimens from Lake La Jara, New Mexico, and nearby +localities in Colorado may be separated from topotypes of _T. b. aureus_ +on the basis of color only. The topotypes of _T. b. aureus_ are mostly +pale; some, however, are dark. The number of pale specimens in any given +series decreases gradually in a clinal pattern from west to east. Since +there is no noticeable step in the cline and since all specimens show +close cranial similarity, it is felt that nominal recognition of the +darker specimens does not present a realistic picture of the +relationships of the relatively unisolated populations in the Colorado +Plateau Province. + +Since _Thomomys bottae_ in the Colorado Plateau Province is especially +plastic, varying from locality to locality, emphasis is here placed on +similarities that unite specimens from different localities. The +individual and microgeographic variations are outlined below. + +Specimens from Bedrock have zygomatic arches that are heavy anteriorly. +Specimens from Coventry are dorsally almost uniformly Strong Brown +(7.5YR 5/6) and lack a strong dorsal stripe. The venters are Reddish +Yellow (7.5YR 8/6). Specimens from 15 miles west of Cortez are the +palest specimens of _T. b. aureus_ from Colorado, and closely resemble +topotypes. The basic color varies from Reddish Yellow (7.5YR 7/6 and +6/6) to Strong Brown (7.5YR 5/6). Specimens are marked with a narrow +dark dorsal stripe. The venters are white. Specimens from Ute Peak and +Cortez have Reddish Yellow (7.5YR 6/6) flanks and are slightly darker +dorsally. Many specimens from Mesa Verde are indistinguishable from +specimens from Coventry and from Cortez. Others have dark diffuse dorsal +stripes. The venters are Pink (7.5YR 7/4) or Pinkish White (7.5YR 8/2). +Some specimens from the Mancos River have wide dorsal stripes. Specimens +from three miles west of Durango have especially wide-spreading +zygomatic arches posteriorly and have wide black dorsal stripes. The +venters are Pink (7.5YR 7/4). One specimen from Florida is dark and +grizzled and has a dark dorsal stripe. Another specimen is pale and has +only a small dorsal stripe. Specimens from 12 miles west of Pagosa +Springs have thin rostra and diffuse dorsal stripes. Specimens from +Bondad have a V-shaped interpterygoid space and in it a small median +spicule. One specimen is uniformly grizzled and lacks a dorsal stripe, +giving an overall effect of Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR 3/3). Another +specimen has Strong Brown (7.5YR 5/6) flanks and is only slightly darker +dorsally. + + _Specimens examined._--Total 114. _Colorado_: Montrose Co.: West + Paradox Valley, 5 (CMNH); Bedrock, 5150 ft., 5 (ERW); Coventry, + 6800 ft., 14 (12 ERW, 2 USNM). San Miguel Co.: 19 mi. N Dove Creek, + 6100 ft., 1. Montezuma Co.: _Ashbaugh's Ranch (T.36N, R.18W) 5350 + ft._, 5 (4 ERW, 1 USNM); 15 mi. W Cortez (Sec. 2, T.35N, R.19W), + 5400 ft., 8; Major Ranch, Cortez, 7 (CSU); _3 mi. SSW Cortez, 6400 + ft._, 1; Ute Peak, 2 (CMNH); Four Corners, 1 (CMNH). Mesa Verde + National Park: Upper Well, Prater Canyon, 7575 ft., 1; _3/4 mi. S, + 1-3/4 mi. W Park Point, 8000 ft._, 3; _1/4 mi. N Middle Well 7500 + ft._, 1; _Sec. 27, Head of E Fork, Navaho Canyon, 7900 ft._, 2; + _1-1/4 mi. S, 1-3/4 mi. W Park Point, 8000 ft._, 1; _Middle Well, + Prater Canyon, 7500 ft._, 9; _3 mi. N Rock Springs, 8200 ft._, 4; + _1-1/2 mi. S, 2 mi. W Park Point, 8075 ft._, 1; _2-1/2 mi. N, 1/2 + mi. W Rock Springs, 8100 ft._, 3; _2 mi. N, 1/4 mi. W Rock Springs, + 7900 ft._, 2; _1/2 mi. N Far View Ruins, 7825 ft._, 1; _Far View + Ruins, 7700 ft._, 1; _1 mi. NNW Rock Springs, 7500 ft._, 1; Rock + Springs, 7400 ft., 1; Mancos River, 6200 ft., 9; _Mesa Verde_, 1 + (USNM). La Plata Co.: 1 mi. N La Plata, 1; 3 mi. W Durango, 5; + Florida, 6800 ft., 5; Bayfield, 1 (USNM); Bondad, 6 (CMNH); + Archuleta Co.: 12 mi. W Pagosa Springs, 6700 ft., 2; Arboles, 1 + (USNM). _New Mexico_: Rio Arriba Co.: La Jara Lake, 7500 ft., 2 + (USNM). + + +=Thomomys bottae howelli= Goldman + + _Thomomys bottae howelli_ Goldman, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., + 26:116, March 15, 1936; Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p. 161, + 1942. + + _Thomomys aureus_, Cary, N. Amer. Fauna, 33:136, August 17, + 1911, part. + + _Thomomys perpallidus aureus_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:74, + November 15, 1915, part. + + _Holotype._--Adult female, skin and skull, number 75684, United + States National Museum, obtained by Arthur H. Howell at Grand + Junction, 4600 feet, Mesa County, Colorado, November 7, 1895. + + _Distribution._--Colorado Plateau Province of west-central Colorado + and east-central Utah, in the Colorado River Valley east of the + Green River (see fig. 1). + + _Distinctive characters._--Pale (Pinkish White 7.5YR 8/2); cranium + flattened; nasals short and wide; posterior tongues of premaxillae + long, thin, and attenuate (see fig. 3). + + _Comparisons._--Compared with _T. b. aureus_, _T. b. howelli_ + differs as follows: paler; nasals shorter and wider; cranium more + flattened; posterior extensions of premaxillae longer, thinner, and + more acuminate. + +_Remarks._--_T. b. howelli_ most closely resembles _T. b. aureus_; +however, since only one adult specimen of _T. b. howelli_ is known, it +is impossible to appraise adequately its characters. Durrant (1952:211) +records intergradation between _T. b. howelli_ and _T. b. osgoodi_, and +between _T. b. howelli_ and _T. b. aureus_ in Utah. + +An attempt to collect specimens of _T. b. howelli_, in March, 1957, by +Richard S. Miller and the writer was unsuccessful. + + _Specimens examined._--Total 2. Mesa Co.: Grand Junction, 4600 ft., + 1 (USNM); Sieber Ranch, Little Doloris River, 1 (ERW). + + +=Thomomys bottae pervagus= Merriam + + _Thomomys aureus pervagus_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 14:110, July 19, 1901; Cary, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 20:26, March 27, 1907; Warren, Colorado College + Publ., 33:77, January, 1908; Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p. + 79, 1910, part; Cary, N. Amer. Fauna, 33:137, August 17, + 1911, part. + + _Thomomys bottae pervagus_, Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 48:157, October 31, 1935. + + _Thomomys fulvus pervagus_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:82, + November 15, 1915. + + _Holotype._--Adult male, skin and skull, number 58293, United + States National Museum, Espanola, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, + obtained by J. Alden Loring, January 4, 1894. + + _Distribution._--Upper Rio Grande and San Luis valleys of the + Southern Rocky Mountains, in northern New Mexico and southern + Colorado (see fig. 1). + + _Distinctive characters._--Yellowish Red (5YR 4/6); size large (see + measurements); posterior tongues of premaxillae long, thin, and + acuminate; nasals long, thin, posterior margins usually forming a + wide V (see fig. 4); bullae rounded ventrally; interpterygoid space + V-shaped, lacking median spicule. + + _Comparisons._--From _T. b. aureus_, _T. b. pervagus_ differs as + follows: reddish, never yellowish or blackish; posterior tongues of + premaxillae thin and not deeply serrated; posterior margins of + nasals forming a shallow V; interpterygoid space V-shaped, lacking a + median spicule; basioccipital narrow. For comparisons with _T. b. + internatus_, _T. b. cultellus_, and _T. b. rubidus_, see accounts of + those subspecies. + +_Remarks._--_T. b. pervagus_ is a well-defined subspecies. There is +little variation between the topotypes and specimens from Colorado. + + _Specimens examined._--Total 20. _Colorado_: Conejos Co.: + _Antonito_, 5 (USNM); _7 mi. E Antonito_, 2 (USNM); 12 mi. E + Antonito, 1 (USNM); Conejos River, 6 mi. W Antonito, 8300 ft., 2 + (USNM). _New Mexico_: Rio Arriba Co.: Espanola, 10 (USNM). + + +=Thomomys bottae internatus= Goldman + + _Thomomys bottae internatus_ Goldman, Jour. Washington Acad. + Sci., 26:115, March 15, 1936; Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p. + 160, 1942; Kelson, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:63, + October 1, 1951. + + _Thomomys aureus pervagus_, Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p. 80, + 1910, part; Cary, N. Amer. Fauna, 33:137, August 17, 1911, + part. + + _Thomomys fulvus pervagus_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:82, + November 15, 1915, part. + + _Holotype._--Adult male, skin and skull, number 150997, United + States National Museum, obtained at Salida, 7000 feet, Chaffee + County, Colorado, by Merritt Cary, November 10, 1907. + + _Distribution._--Southern Rocky Mountain Province; southwestern part + of the Colorado Piedmont, and Raton Section of the Great Plains, to + the east of the Sangre De Cristo Range (see fig. 1). + + _Distinctive characters._--Yellowish Red (5YR 5/6.5); size medium + (see measurements); posterior tongues of premaxillae short; + posterior margins of nasals forming a V (see fig. 6); bullae pointed + ventrally; interpterygoid space V-shaped, lacking a median spicule; + basioccipital narrow. + + _Comparisons._--From _T. b. pervagus_, topotypes of _T. b. + internatus_ differ as follows: uniformly paler, not so reddish; + smaller; skull smaller; posterior tongues of premaxillae shorter; + bullae smaller, less inflated, and more pointed ventrally; zygomata + less angular. + + For comparisons with _T. b. cultellus_ and _T. b. rubidus_, see + accounts of those subspecies. + +_Remarks._--The dividing line between _T. b. internatus_ and _T. b. +cultellus_ is drawn arbitrarily since only one specimen has been +collected between La Veta Pass and the border of New Mexico. + +When Goldman (1936:115) named _T. b. internatus_ he included specimens +from Union and Colfax counties, New Mexico, and specimens from Gardner, +Colorado (not Garfield as stated by Kelson, 1951:66). The specimens from +New Mexico and a specimen from Fishers Peak, Colorado, were subsequently +assigned to _T. b. cultellus_ by Kelson (_loc. cit._). + +The specimen from Fishers Peak shows some characters that might be +interpreted as intermediate between _internatus_ and _cultellus_, but +shows also some unique characters that can be understood only by further +collecting in the regions north and northeast of the type locality of +_T. b. cultellus_. + +Variation is slight in the large series of topotypes of _T. b. +internatus_. Specimens from other localities in the western part of the +range differ little from the topotypes. Specimens from one mile west of +Coaldale have slightly more inflated bullae that are more flattened +ventrally. Specimens from five miles south of Cotopaxi also have the +bullae more flattened ventrally. + +Specimens from localities bordering the plains differ from the topotypes +and near topotypes, and in general show greater variation from locality +to locality. Specimens from 12 miles north of Canyon City are dark, +resembling _T. b. rubidus_, but cranially agree with specimens from near +Colorado Springs in being indistinguishable from specimens from Salida. +Specimens from St. Charles Mesa and Bear Creek near Walsenburg differ +from the topotypes in having wider rostra. The specimens from St. +Charles Mesa have more inflated bullae. + + _Specimens examined._--Total 93. Chaffee Co.: 2 mi. NNW Salida, + 7100 ft., 3; _Salida_, 28 (20 ERW, 8 USNM). Fremont Co.: 12 mi. N + Canyon City, 5; 1 mi. W Coaldale, 8; _Cotopaxi_, 1 (CSU); _5 mi. S + Cotopaxi_, 12. El Paso Co.: 1-1/4 mi. S Colorado Springs, 2; _9 mi. + SSW Colorado Springs_, 2; _17 mi. S Colorado Springs_, 1. Custer + Co.: 2-1/2 mi. S Wetmore, 3; Santa Fe Drive and 20th Lane, Blende, + 1; St. Charles Mesa, 5600 ft., 2 (CSU); Fork of Huerfano and + Cucharas rivers, 2 (CMNH). Huerfano Co.: 11 mi. WNW Gardner, 7000 + ft., 3; Gardner, 7000 ft., 2 (USNM); 1-1/2 mi. S Redwing, 3; Bear + Creek, near Walsenburg, 2 (CSU); 1 mi. E La Veta, 8; 5 mi. SE La + Veta, 2. + + +=Thomomys bottae cultellus= Kelson + + _Thomomys bottae cultellus_ Kelson, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. + Nat. Hist., 5:64, October 1, 1951. + + _Thomomys fulvus_, Cary, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20:26, + March 27, 1907; Warren, Colorado College Publ., 33:76, + January, 1908; Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p. 80, 1910. + + _Thomomys fulvus fulvus_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:80, + November 15, 1915. + + _Holotype._--Adult male, skin and skull, number 70919, United + States National Museum, Halls Peak, Mora County, New Mexico; + January 13, 1895, obtained by C. Barber. + + _Distribution._--Raton Section of the Great Plains in northern New + Mexico and extreme southern Colorado (see fig. 1). + + _Distinctive characters._--Dark (topotypes); size medium (see + measurements); posterior tongues of premaxillae short; posterior + margins of nasals forming a V (see fig. 5). + + _Comparisons._--From _T. b. pervagus_, topotypes of _T. b. + cultellus_ differ as follows: darker, not so reddish; smaller; skull + smaller; zygomatic arches relatively longer; bullae proportionately + smaller and less inflated; basioccipital proportionately wider; + posterior tongues of premaxillae shorter. + + Topotypes of _T. b. cultellus_ most closely resemble those of _T. b. + internatus_ but differ as follows: darker; zygomatic arches more + widely spreading, not so nearly parallel; nasals not so wide; bullae + slightly more inflated. + + For a comparison with _T. b. rubidus_ see the account of that + subspecies. + +_Remarks._--Kelson (1951:64) named _T. b. cultellus_ on the basis of six +dark specimens (Dark Reddish Brown 5YR 3/4 and 2/2). Nowhere else within +the range of this subspecies, as defined by Kelson, do any specimens +resemble the topotypes in color. + +After comparing topotypes of _T. b. cultellus_ with topotypes of _T. b. +internatus_ of approximately equal age, I disagree with Kelson (_loc. +cit._) on some of the characters which he used to separate _cultellus_ +from _internatus_. My findings indicate that _T. b. cultellus_ is not +smaller, that its skull is not smaller and not less angular, and that +the tympanic bullae are not less pointed ventrally. Further collecting +is needed better to limit and diagnose this subspecies. + + _Specimens examined._--Total 13. _Colorado_: Las Animas Co.: + Fishers Peak, about 8000 ft., 1 (USNM). _New Mexico_: Union Co.: + Near Folsom, 4 (CMNH); Colfax Co.: Philmont Ranch, Cimarroncito, + 8100 ft., 2. Mora Co.: Halls Peak, 6 (USNM). + +[Illustration: Figs. 2-7. Dorsal views of skulls of _Thomomys bottae_. x +1. + +Fig. 2. _Thomomys b. aureus_, 3 mi. W Durango, La Plata Co., Colorado. +No. 72967, Female. + +Fig. 3. _Thomomys b. howelli_, holotype, Grand Junction, 4600 ft., Mesa +Co., Colorado. No. 75684 USNM, Female. + +Fig. 4. _Thomomys b. pervagus_, Espanola, 5000 ft., Rio Arriba Co., New +Mexico. No. 133614 USNM, Female. + +Fig. 5. _Thomomys b. cultellus_, Fishers Peak, 8000 ft., Las Animas Co., +Colorado. No. 129285 USNM, Female. + +Fig. 6. _Thomomys b. internatus_, Salida, 7050 ft., Chaffee Co., +Colorado. No. 2757 ERW, Female. + +Fig. 7. _Thomomys b. rubidus_, holotype, 2-9/10 mi. E Canyon City, +Fremont Co., Colorado. No. 72954, Female.] + + +=Thomomys bottae rubidus= new subspecies + + _Holotype._--Adult female, skin and skull, number 72954, Museum of + Natural History, University of Kansas, trapped by Richard S. Miller + and Phillip M. Youngman, original number 253 (PMY), 2-9/10 miles + east of Canyon City, 5344 feet, Fremont County, Colorado, March 17, + 1957. + + _Distribution._--Known only from Garden Park in Canyon City and from + the type locality (see fig. 1). + + _Distinctive characters._--Dark (Reddish Brown 5YR 3/3); size large + (see measurements); skull large; rostrum wide; zygomatic arches + rounded and broadly spreading (see fig. 7); alveolar length of upper + maxillary tooth-row small. + + _Comparisons._--From topotypes of _T. b. internatus_, _T. b. + rubidus_ differs as follows: uniformly darker; skull averages larger + in all measurements, except alveolar length of upper maxillary + tooth-row, which is smaller; rostrum proportionately wider and + tapered anteriorly; zygomatic arches more rounded; bullae more + rounded in lateral view. + + Specimens of _T. b. rubidus_ differ from topotypes of _T. b. + pervagus_ in darker color; rostrum wider posteriorly; posterior + extensions of premaxillae shorter; bullae smaller, proportionately + more inflated posteriorly; zygomatic arches more rounded; wider + across squamosals; alveolar length of upper maxillary tooth-row + greater. + + From topotypes of _T. b. cultellus_, _T. b. rubidus_ differs as + follows: paler; larger in all measurements taken; rostrum + proportionately wider; zygomatic arches more rounded, less angular; + angle formed by zygomatic arch and rostrum greater; bullae + proportionately smaller, not so pointed anteriorly; alveolar length + of upper maxillary tooth-row shorter. + +_Remarks._--The range of _T. b. rubidus_ is surrounded by the range of +_T. b. internatus_; nevertheless, intergradation has not been found. For +a discussion of the geographic relation of _T. b. rubidus_ to _T. b. +internatus_ see page 374. + + _Specimens examined._--Total 7. Fremont Co.: Garden Park, Canyon + City, 5344 ft., 1; _2-9/10 mi. E Canyon City, 5344 ft._, 6. + + + + +SUMMARY + + +A study of 249 specimens of _Thomomys bottae_ from Colorado reveals six +subspecies in the state. _T. b. aureus_ and _T. b. howelli_ occupy the +Colorado Plateau Region in the western and southwestern parts of the +state. _T. b. internatus_, _T. b. cultellus_, _T. b. pervagus_, and the +newly named _T. b. rubidus_ occupy part of the Southern Rocky Mountain +Region and a narrow strip of the Great Plains. + +The greatest amount of geographic variation, in _Thomomys bottae_ in +Colorado, occurs in the ecotone between the grassland and coniferous +forest at the edge of the Great Plains, and in the ecotone between the +Pinon, juniper, and sage of the Colorado Plateau and the Coniferous +forest of the southern Rocky mountains. + +TABLE 1. MEASUREMENTS, IN MILLIMETERS, OF THOMOMYS BOTTAE + +Unless otherwise noted, specimens are adults from Colorado + + Key to Headings: + A: Catalog number or number of individuals averaged + B: Total length + C: Tail + D: Hind foot + E: Condylobasal length + F: Nasal length + G: Zygomatic breadth + H: Squamosal breadth + I: Length of rostrum + J: Breadth of rostrum + K: Alveolar length of upper max. tooth-row + L: Least interorbital breadth + + =============================================================== + Sex| [A] |[B]|[C]|[D]| [E]| [F]| [G]| [H]| [I]| [J]|[K]|[L] + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | _Thomomys bottae howelli_, holotype + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 75684[1]| | | | | | | | | | | + | sad. |219| 71| 29|37.3|11.1|23.7|20.0|14.5| 8.5|7.7|6.6 + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | _Thomomys bottae aureus_, Bedrock + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 2982[2] |217| 59| 31|40.4|13.8|24.3|20.6|16.7| 8.6|9.2|6.8 + F | 3013[2] |210| 60| 29|38.7|13.0|24.4|20.4|15.7| 8.1|8.9|7.0 + | | | | | | | | | | | | + M | 2997[2] |242| 73| 33|44.7|15.4|28.4|22.8|15.7|10.1|9.0|7.2 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | Coventry + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 6 av. |222| 61| 31|39.0|12.1|25.4|20.3|15.2| 7.8|8.2|6.8 + | Max. |229| 63| 33|40.0|12.8|25.8|20.6|15.6| 8.2|8.5|7.0 + | Min. |217| 58| 30|38.3|11.4|25.0|19.3|14.7| 7.5|8.0|6.6 + | | | | | | | | | | | | + M | 3 av. |259| 70| 35|46.5|15.0|29.3|22.7|17.8| 9.2|9 5|6.7 + | Max. |270| 76| 36|48.3|16.0|31.9|23.7|18.0| 9.3|9.6|6.9 + | Min. |250| 65| 35|45.5|14.4|27.6|22.2|17.6| 9.2|8.0|6.4 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | Ashbaugh's Ranch and 15 mi. W Cortez + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 7 av. |225| 67| 28|39.0|13.7|24.4|20.2|16.1| 8.0|8.3|6.3 + | Max. |238| 75| 31|40.6|14.7|25.0|20.7|16.5| 8.5|8.7|6.8 + | Min. |216| 55| 26|37.8|12.9|23.6|19.7|15.5| 7.8|7.9|6.1 + | | | | | | | | | | | | + M | 4 av. |247| 73| 31|44.2|15.9|27.7|22.1|18.6| 9.2|8.4|6.4 + | Max. |252| 80| 34|45.2|16.7|28.8|22.3|19.8| 9.6|8.8|6.7 + | Min. |244| 67| 30|43.7|15.5|27.0|21.7|18.0| 8.8|8.0|6.2 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | Cortez + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 5120[3] |224| 56| 28|38.1|12.3|....|19.5|15.4| 7.5|7.6|6.5 + | 5121[3] |220| 68| 31|38.3|11.6|24.2|19.6|15.1| 7.6|8.0|6.7 + | | | | | | | | | | | | + M | 5124[3] |257| 81| 33|44.4|15.4|29.5|22.2|18.6| 8.9|8.6|6.5 + M | 5119[3] |215| 62| 28|42.0|14.0|27.9|22.1|17.9| 8.2|8.6|6.4 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | Mesa Verde (combined) + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 5 av. |221| 63| 30|39.0|12.6|24.7|20.2|16.0| 8.0|8.2|6.7 + | Max. |235| 66| 32|40.4|13.7|25.6|21.1|17.3| 8.7|8.5|7.1 + | Min. |212| 61| 28|38.1|12.0|24.1|19.5|15.0| 7.7|7.9|6.4 + | | | | | | | | | | | | + M | 3 av. |246| 74| 32|43.7|14.9|27.8|22.3|18.3| 8.8|8.9|6.6 + | Max. |252| 79| 33|45.0|15.2|28.4|23.0|18.5| 9.0|9.0|6.8 + | Min. |238| 69| 31|42.0|14.7|27.5|21.2|18.2| 8.7|8.9|6.3 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | 1 mi. N La Plata + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + M | 72966[4]|236| 70| 31|45.4|15.6|29.4|23.3|20.2| 8.8|8.5|6.5 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | 3 mi. W Durango + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 3 av. |225| 65| 28|40.1|13.1|25.7|21.0|16.6| 8.1|8.3|6.5 + | Max. |230| 67| 29|40.4|13.5|25.8|21.2|16.8| 8.4|8.5|6.6 + | Min. |219| 63| 28|39.9|13.0|25.7|20.6|16.5| 8.4|8.1|6.4 + | | | | | | | | | | | | + M | 70054[4]|262| 87| 35|45.0|15.6|27.9|22.7|19.7| 9.3|9.8|6.4 + M | 70055[4]|248| 79| 31|43.3|14.0|27.6|22.1|17.1| 8.7|8.2|6.2 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | 12 mi. W Pagosa Springs + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 72971[4]|217| 65| 27|39.1|12.8|....|20.0|15.4| 7.4|8.7|6.2 + | | | | | | | | | | | | + M | 72970[4]|238| 70| 29|42.7|15.0|27.5|21.8|17.2| 8.8|8.3|6.5 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | _Thomomys bottae pervagus_, Antonito + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F |133668[1]| | | | | | | | | | | + | sad. |208| 69| 29|37.3|12.9|23.1|18.2|15.8| 7.5|8.0|6.9 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | Espanola, New Mexico + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F |133616[1]|249| 82| 38|41.1|....|24.6|20.0|16.3| 8.2|8.1|7.1 + F |133619[1]|216| 65| 32|40.6|....|24.9|19.3|....| 8.0|8.0|6.8 + | | | | | | | | | | | | + M | 58293[1]|244| 76| 31|44.0|16.1|26.9|21.2|18.3| 8.8|8.1|6.6 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | _Thomomys bottae internatus_, Salida + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 11 av. |219| 67| 31|38.6|13.4|23.2|19.5|15.4| 7.6|7.8|6.5 + | Max. |242| 80| 34|40.4|14.2|25.0|20.2|16.2| 8.1|8.4|6.9 + | Min. |196| 45| 29|37.6|12.9|21.9|18.8|14.8| 7.3|7.0|6.3 + | | | | | | | | | | | | + M | 3 av. |247| 74| 32|42.9|16.1|25.1|20.9|18.0| 8.2|8.0|6.3 + | Max. |248| 74| 33|43.7|16.3|26.4|21.7|18.1| 8.8|8.1|6.4 + | Min. |247| 74| 32|42.2|15.9|25.8|20.5|17.9| 7.9|7.9|6.3 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | 12 mi. N Canyon City + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 72945[4]|230| 81| 28|38.1|13.0|22.6|19.4|15.0| 7.9|8.0|6.7 + F | 72947[4]|228| 74| 27|38.7|14.0|23.6|19.8|15.9| 8.2|8.1|6.8 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | 1 mi. W Coaldale + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 70042[4]|224| 70| 30|38.1|13.1|23.5|19.5|15.6| 7.7|7.5|6.6 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | 5 mi. S Cotopaxi + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 72932[4]|224| 65| 27|39.1|13.8|24.3|20.4|15.5| 7.7|7.5|6.5 + | | | | | | | | | | | | + M | 72925[4]|250| 74| 29|44.0|16.2|27.5|22.8|18.7| 9.0|8.1|6.1 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | 9 mi. SSW Colorado Springs + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 72942[4]|225| 77| 29|38.8|14.1|23.3|20.2|15.4| 7.8|8.3|6.7 + | 72943[4]|219| 70| 28|37.7|13.5|23.0|19.7|14.8| 7.6|8.4|6.8 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | 2-1/2 mi. S Wetmore + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + M | 70053[4]|250| 81| 30|42.5|16.7|26.3|22.3|17.7| 8.5|7.9|5.9 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | 200 yards E St. Charles River, 8 mi. W Pueblo + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 73497[4]|226| 69| 30|39.3|13.9|24.9|20.5|15.7| 7.7|7.9|7.2 + F | 73498[4]|216| 64| 29|38.0|12.9|24.2|20.1|15.1| 7.7|7.4|6.7 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | St. Charles Mesa + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 4860[3] |222| 70| 29|38.2|13.5|....|19.3|15.9| 8.2|7.5|6.5 + M | 4864[3] |240| 72| 33|43.1|15.8|....|21.4|17.6| 9.2|7.9|6.7 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | 11 mi. WNW Gardner + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 70052[4]|227| 64| 28|37.9|13.0|22.5|18.8|14.8| 7.3|8.0|6.7 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | 1-1/2 mi. S Redwing + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 72940[4]|227| 73| 28|39.0|13.1|23.1|18.8|15.6| 7.8|8.0|6.8 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | 1 mi. E La Veta + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + M | 70049[4]|254| 88| 32|42.4|15.1|27.5|21.8|17.3| 8.4|8.2|6.5 + M | 70044[4]|239| 80| 32|42.3|16.5|27.8|22.0|17.9| 8.7|8.1|6.4 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | _Thomomys bottae cultellus_, Fishers Peak + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F |129285[1]| | | | | | | | | | | + | sad. |214| 64| 27|37.2|13.0|....|19.0|15.3| 7.7|7.6|6.5 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + | | _Thomomys bottae rubidus_, holotype and topotypes + | +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + F | 72952[4]|233| 80| 28|40.6|14.2|25.1|20.8|16.7| 8.8|7.5|6.9 + F | 72954[4]|225| 80| 28|40.3|14.2|24.6|20.6|16.6| 9.2|7.2|6.9 + | | | | | | | | | | | | + M | 3 av. |261| 89| 31|44.7|15.7|27.8|22.6|18.6|10.1|7.4|6.9 + | Max. |270| 94| 32|45.1|15.9|28.1|22.7|18.8|10.4|7.6|7.0 + | Min. |255| 85| 30|44.2|15.5|27.5|22.5|18.5| 9.8|7.2|6.8 + ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+--- + + sad. denotes subadult. + 1. United States National Museum. + 2. E. R. Warren Collection. + 3. Colorado State University. + 4. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas. + + + + +LITERATURE CITED + + +BAILEY, V. + + 1910. Two new pocket gophers of the genus _Thomomys_. Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 23:79-80, May 4. + + 1915. Revision of the pocket gophers of the genus Thomomys. U. S. + Dept. Agric., Bur. Biol. Surv., N. Amer. Fauna, 39:1-136, 8 + pls., 10 figs, in text, November 15. + +DAUBENMIRE, R. F. + + 1943. Vegetational zonation in the Rocky Mountains. Bot. Rev., + 9:325-393, June. + +DURRANT, S. D. + + 1952. Mammals of Utah. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:1-549, + 91 figs. August 10. + +FENNEMAN, N. M. + + 1931. Physiography of western United States. McGraw Hill Book Co., + New York, xiii + 534 pp., 173 figs., 1 map in cover pocket. + +GOLDMAN, E. A. + + 1936. _New pocket gophers of the genus_ Thomomys. Jour. Washington + Acad. Sci., 26(3):111-120, March 15. + +GRINNELL, J. + + 1931. A new pocket gopher from southeastern California. Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 38(1):1-10, 2 pls., October 17. + +KELSON, K. R. + + 1951. Two new subspecies of Thomomys bottae from New Mexico and + Colorado. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist, 5(6):59-71, 1 + fig. in text, October 1. + +MUNSELL, A. H. + + 1954. Munsell soil color charts. Munsell Color Co., Inc., Baltimore. + +_Transmitted November 14, 1957._ + + +27-1765 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Variation in the Pocket +Gopher, Thomys bottae, in Colorado, by Phillip M. 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