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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher,
+Thomys bottae, in Colorado, by Phillip M. Youngman
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Thomys bottae, in Colorado
+
+Author: Phillip M. Youngman
+
+Release Date: September 5, 2011 [EBook #37317]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION--POCKET GOPHER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Erica
+Pfister-Altschul and the Online Distributed Proofreading
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+
+    UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
+
+    MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+    Volume 9, No. 12, pp 363-384, 7 figs, in text, 1 table
+    February 21, 1958
+
+    Geographic Variation
+    in the Pocket Gopher, Thomomys bottae,
+    in Colorado
+
+    BY
+    PHILLIP M. YOUNGMAN
+
+    UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+    LAWRENCE
+    1958
+
+
+    UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+    Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
+    Robert W. Wilson
+
+    Volume 9, No. 12, pp. 363-384, 7 figs. in text, 1 table
+    Published February 21, 1958
+
+    UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+    Lawrence, Kansas
+
+    PRINTED IN
+    THE STATE PRINTING PLANT
+    TOPEKA, KANSAS
+    1958
+
+
+
+
+Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Thomomys bottae, in Colorado
+
+BY
+
+PHILLIP M. YOUNGMAN
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Two species of pocket gophers of the genus _Thomomys_ (Family Geomyidae)
+occur in Colorado, _Thomomys bottae_ (see fig. 1) in the low valleys in
+the south-central and southwestern parts of the state and _Thomomys
+talpoides_ mainly in the mountains and high valleys.
+
+_Thomomys bottae_ occurs primarily in the Piņon-juniper, Ponderosa Pine,
+and Short Grass zones of Daubenmire (1943) but in some localities is
+found in the Douglas Fir Zone. _Thomomys talpoides_ occupies primarily
+the Douglas Fir Zone and Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Spruce Zone but is
+found also in the Piņon-juniper and Short Grass zones in some
+localities.
+
+The ranges of the two species do not overlap in the strict sense but
+interdigitate in a parapatric type of distribution.
+
+Two other pocket gophers, _Geomys bursarius_ and _Cratogeomys
+castanops_, also occur in Colorado--in the Upper Sonoran Life-Zone.
+_Geomys bursarius_ occupies much of the Great Plains, whereas
+_Cratogeomys castanops_ is found only on the plains in the southeastern
+part of the state.
+
+The objectives of the study, reported on here, were to learn the
+geographic distribution of _Thomomys bottae_ in Colorado, to find means
+for recognizing the different subspecies, and to describe individual and
+geographic variation.
+
+I am indebted to Mr. Sydney Anderson and Professor E. Raymond Hall for
+many helpful suggestions and for their critical reading of the
+manuscript, to Dr. Richard S. Miller, who made the collection of many of
+the specimens possible, and to Dr. Richard M. Hansen for numerous
+suggestions. I wish to express my appreciation also to the following for
+the loan of specimens in their care: Alfred M. Bailey and A. A. Rogers,
+Colorado Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado; David H. Johnson,
+United States National Museum, Washington, D. C; Robert W. Lechleitner,
+Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and Robert Z. Brown,
+Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado.
+
+
+
+
+METHODS
+
+
+Adults of approximately equal age were compared in the study of
+geographic variation. Three criteria of adulthood are: (a) suture
+obliterated between supraoccipital and exoccipital, (b) suture at least
+partly obliterated between basisphenoid and basioccipital, (c)
+supraorbital crests not widely separated and almost parallel. In males
+the crests encroach on the lateral borders of the interparietal; in
+females the crests approach the lateral borders of the interparietal but
+are more widely separated than in males.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of _Thomomys bottae_ in
+southwestern Colorado.
+
+    1. _T. b. howelli_
+    2. _T. b. aureus_
+    3. _T. b. pervagus_
+    4. _T. b. cultellus_
+    5. _T. b. internatus_
+    6. _T. b. rubidus_]
+
+In studying geographic variation, greater emphasis was placed on females
+than on males. As noted by Grinnell (1931:4), males vary more than
+females, especially in length of rostrum and associated nasal
+measurements.
+
+Color terms are those of Munsell (1954). Color measurements were
+standardized by the use of a single 100 watt General Electric blue
+daylight bulb in a 12 inch white reflector suspended 24 inches above the
+specimen. All other light was excluded. The individual hairs of
+_Thomomys bottae_ are either bicolored or tricolored. The darkness of a
+specimen often may be attributed to the presence of dark-tipped hairs.
+The color given in the description is the basic reddish or yellowish
+color of the hairs. The presence of a grizzled effect or a dark dorsal
+stripe, or any other pattern resulting from dark hairs, is noted in the
+remarks.
+
+Specimens examined are listed by counties in the following order:
+
+  Mesa
+  Montrose
+  San Miguel
+  Dolores
+  Montezuma
+  La Plata
+  Archuleta
+  Conejos
+  Chaffee
+  Fremont
+  El Paso
+  Pueblo
+  Custer
+  Huerfano
+  Alamosa
+  Las Animas
+
+Localities are listed from north to south within a county. If two
+localities lie on the same line of latitude, the western precedes the
+eastern. Localities omitted on the map in order to prevent overlapping
+of symbols are in Italics. Unless otherwise indicated, specimens are in
+the University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. The following
+initials are used to designate specimens in other collections:
+
+CSU--Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
+
+CMNH--Colorado Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado.
+
+ERW--E. R. Warren Collection, Colorado College, Colorado Springs,
+    Colorado.
+
+USNM--United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.
+
+The following measurements of the skull are listed in the tables:
+
+_Condylobasal length._--The shortest distance between the anteriormost
+projections of the premaxillaries and a line touching the posterior
+surfaces of the exoccipital condyles.
+
+_Length of nasals._--The distance from the most anterior projection of
+the nasal bones to the most posterior projection of a nasal bone.
+
+_Zygomatic breadth._--The greatest distance across the zygomatic arches,
+at right angles to the long axis of the skull.
+
+_Squamosal breadth._--The greatest distance between the mastoidal
+processes of the squamosal.
+
+_Length of rostrum._--The shortest distance from the shallow notch that
+lies lateral to the hamulus of the lacrymal bone, to the tip of the
+nasal on the same side of the skull.
+
+_Breadth of rostrum._--The greatest width of the rostrum, anterior to
+the maxillae, transverse to the long axis of the skull.
+
+_Alveolar length of upper maxillary tooth-row._--Distance between the
+anterior margin of the alveolus of the first cheek-tooth and the
+posterior margin of the alveolus of the last upper cheek-tooth, on one
+side of the skull.
+
+_Least interorbital breadth._--The least distance across the frontal
+bones at the interorbital constriction as seen in dorsal view.
+
+
+
+
+PHYSIOGRAPHY
+
+
+_Thomomys bottae_ occurs in the Colorado Plateau Province (terminology
+of Fenneman, 1931), the Southern Rocky Mountain Province and a small
+part of the Great Plains Province.
+
+The Colorado Plateau Province, in the southwestern part of the state, is
+mostly above 5000 feet and is characterized by the great number of
+canyons cut by rivers and streams in the nearly horizontal strata.
+Prominent features of the landscape are cuestas, such as Mesa Verde, and
+laccoliths, such as Ute Peak.
+
+The Southern Rocky Mountain Province consists mainly of high granitic
+mountains running north and south, many of which extend to more than
+14,000 feet above sea level. Included in this region are several large
+basins, such as North Park and South Park and the San Luis Valley. The
+San Juan Mountains, which separate the Colorado Plateau Province from
+the San Luis Valley, and the Sangre De Cristo and Wet mountains, which
+intervene between the San Luis Valley and the Great Plains, importantly
+influence the distribution of _Thomomys bottae_.
+
+The Great Plains Province is a broad highland that slopes gradually
+eastward from the Rocky Mountains. Of importance to the present study
+are two subdivisions of the Great Plains, the Colorado Piedmont and the
+Raton Section.
+
+The Colorado Piedmont is a much dissected fluviatile plain, roughly
+extending from the vicinity of the Arkansas River to the northern
+boundary of the state. In general the topography of the Colorado
+Piedmont is broadly rolling with greater relief than the high plains to
+the east; however, buttes and steep bluffs occur locally.
+
+The Raton Section imperceptibly blends into the southern boundary of the
+Colorado Piedmont and extends south into New Mexico and Texas. A
+trenched peniplane of greater relief and altitude than the Colorado
+Piedmont, it is characterized by high mesas, extensive dissected
+lava-capped plateaus, deep canyons, and mountains of volcanic origin.
+
+
+
+
+GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION
+
+
+Six subspecies of _Thomomys bottae_ occur in Colorado. _T. b. aureus_
+and _T. b. howelli_ occupy the Colorado Plateau Province (see fig. 1)
+and are characterized by a yellowish color; nasals posteriorly truncate
+or rounded; posterior extensions of premaxillae long; basioccipital
+wide; and interpterygoid space U-shaped with a median spicule.
+
+_T. b. internatus_, _T. b. cultellus_, and a new subspecies from the
+vicinity of Caņon City described on page 376, inhabit the Sangre De
+Cristo and Wet mountains in the Southern Rocky Mountain Province and
+adjacent parts of the Colorado Piedmont and Raton Section of the Great
+Plains Province (see fig. 1). This group of closely related subspecies
+is characterized by reddish color; posterior margins of nasals forming a
+V; posterior extensions of premaxillae short; basioccipital narrow; and
+interpterygoid space V-shaped, lacking a median spicule.
+
+_T. b. pervagus_ occupies part of the San Luis Valley to the west of the
+Rio Grande (see fig. 1). In Colorado _T. b. pervagus_ is isolated from
+_T. b. internatus_ and _T. b. cultellus_ by the Sangre De Cristo and
+Culebra ranges and is separated from _T. b. aureus_ by the San Juan
+Mountains. _T. b. pervagus_ occupies an area geographically intermediate
+between _T. b. aureus_ to the west and _T. b. internatus_ and _T. b.
+cultellus_ to the east and has some characters in common with these
+subspecies. _T. b. pervagus_ resembles _T. b. aureus_ in having long
+posterior extensions of the premaxillae and in sometimes having rounded
+posterior margins of the nasals. _T. b. pervagus_ resembles _T. b.
+internatus_ and _T. b. cultellus_ in color, the presence of a V-shaped
+interpterygoid space, and a narrow basioccipital. Kelson (1951:69) has
+pointed out that in New Mexico the separation of the ranges of _T. b.
+pervagus_ and _T. b. cultellus_ is probably complete, but probably
+incomplete between _T. b. pervagus_ and _T. b. aureus_. Nevertheless,
+the similarities between _T. b. pervagus_ and _T. b. cultellus_ and _T.
+b. internatus_ suggest that _T. b. pervagus_ was originally derived from
+the more eastern stock.
+
+_T. b. aureus_ is a variable subspecies which, according to Durrant
+(1952:211), intergrades with _T. b. howelli_ in Utah. Specimens of _T.
+b. aureus_ showing the greatest amount of geographic variation cranially
+are from the ecotone between the Piņon-juniper and Douglas Fir zones at
+the edge of the range of the subspecies.
+
+_T. b. howelli_ is a markedly distinct subspecies that shows certain
+similarities to _T. b. aureus_, but the degree of cranial difference
+from _T. b. aureus_ suggests an isolation of long duration, or a rapid
+evolution from the parent stock.
+
+_T. b. internatus_ and _T. b. cultellus_ probably intergrade east of the
+Sangre De Cristo Range in the vicinity of the Colorado-New Mexico
+boundary. The amount of intergradation is obscured by the great amount
+of geographic variation occurring in _T. bottae_ at the edge of the
+plains and by the lack of specimens from this area.
+
+_T. b. internatus_ is a widespread subspecies showing its greatest
+variation at the edge of the plains. This area is an ecotone between the
+coniferous forest and the grassland and is by nature an area of change
+owing to the alternation of wet and dry periods such as the pluvial,
+interpluvial, and postpluvial periods. This seems to support Durrant's
+observation (1952:496) that "the greatest range of morphological
+variation is in animals from the least stable environments."
+
+Specimens from a small area north of the Arkansas River in the vicinity
+of Caņon City (see fig. 1) differ sufficiently from _T. b. internatus_
+to be given nominal recognition. High mountains and the Arkansas River
+isolate the new subspecies found at Caņon City from populations of _T.
+b. internatus_ to the west and south; however there are no apparent
+geographic barriers between the newly named subspecies and populations
+of _T. b. internatus_ twelve miles to the north or from the vicinity of
+Pueblo to the east. This new subspecies is the most extreme of the
+variants occurring in the unstable environment at the edge of the
+plains.
+
+
+=Thomomys bottae aureus= Allen
+
+    _Thomomys aureus_ Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:49,
+      April, 1893; Warren, Colorado College Publ., 19:252, January,
+      1906; Warren, Colorado College Publ., 33:77, January, 1908;
+      Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p. 79, 1910; Cary, N. Amer.
+      Fauna, 33:136, August 17, 1911.
+
+    _Thomomys bottae aureus_, Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
+      48:156, October 31, 1935; Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p. 158,
+      1942.
+
+    _Thomomys apache_ Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 23:79,
+      May 4, 1910. Holotype from Lake La Jara, 7500 feet, Rio Arriba
+      County, New Mexico.
+
+    _Thomomys perpallidus aureus_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:74,
+      November 15, 1915.
+
+    _Thomomys perpallidus apache_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:75,
+      November 15, 1915.
+
+    _Thomomys bottae apache_, Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
+      48:157, October 31, 1935; Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p. 160,
+      1942.
+
+    _Thomomys bottae optabilis_ Goldman, Jour. Washington Acad.
+      Sci., 26:116, March 15, 1936. Holotype from Coventry, 6500
+      feet, Montrose County, Colorado; Warren, Mammals of Colorado,
+      p. 159, 1942, part.
+
+  _Holotype._--Adult female, skin and skull number 5243/4123,
+  American Museum of Natural History, obtained at Bluff City, San
+  Juan County, Utah, May 12, 1892, by Charles P. Rowley.
+
+  _Distribution._--Colorado Plateau Province of southwestern Colorado
+  (see fig. 1), northwestern New Mexico, southeastern Utah, and
+  northeastern Arizona.
+
+  _Distinctive characters._--Size large (see measurements); usually
+  pale in western part of range, dark in eastern part; posterior
+  extensions of premaxillae long, wide, and deeply serrated; posterior
+  margins of nasals truncate or slightly rounded (see fig. 2);
+  interpterygoid space U-shaped, with median spicule; basioccipital
+  wide; bullae well inflated, rounded ventrally.
+
+  _Comparisons._--For comparisons with _T. b. howelli_ and _T. b.
+  pervagus_, see accounts of those subspecies.
+
+_Remarks._--_T. b. aureus_ is a variable subspecies, which differs
+considerably from _T. b. internatus_, _T. b. cultellus_, and _T. b.
+rubidus_ and includes several microgeographic races distinguishable to a
+taxonomist specializing in the group. These slightly varying populations
+are here not considered sufficiently distinct for nominal recognition.
+
+Characters such as color of the pelage and conformation of the bullae
+and zygomatic arches vary with the locality, and to some extent vary
+among specimens from a single locality.
+
+The name _Thomomys bottae optabilis_, given to specimens from Coventry
+by Goldman (1936:116), is here placed in synonymy under _T. b. aureus_
+Allen. The characters originally used to describe _T. b. optabilis_ are
+of the type that vary between populations only a few miles apart, or
+often vary within a population. The skulls of specimens from Coventry
+are not lighter in structure than those of _T. b. aureus_. The
+premaxillae are not narrower, nor is the frontal region narrower or more
+constricted than in _T. b. aureus_.
+
+The name _Thomomys bottae apache_, given to specimens from Lake La Jara,
+New Mexico, by Bailey (1910:79), and later applied to specimens from
+Colorado by Bailey (1915:75), is here also placed in synonymy under _T.
+b. aureus_. Specimens from Lake La Jara, New Mexico, and nearby
+localities in Colorado may be separated from topotypes of _T. b. aureus_
+on the basis of color only. The topotypes of _T. b. aureus_ are mostly
+pale; some, however, are dark. The number of pale specimens in any given
+series decreases gradually in a clinal pattern from west to east. Since
+there is no noticeable step in the cline and since all specimens show
+close cranial similarity, it is felt that nominal recognition of the
+darker specimens does not present a realistic picture of the
+relationships of the relatively unisolated populations in the Colorado
+Plateau Province.
+
+Since _Thomomys bottae_ in the Colorado Plateau Province is especially
+plastic, varying from locality to locality, emphasis is here placed on
+similarities that unite specimens from different localities. The
+individual and microgeographic variations are outlined below.
+
+Specimens from Bedrock have zygomatic arches that are heavy anteriorly.
+Specimens from Coventry are dorsally almost uniformly Strong Brown
+(7.5YR 5/6) and lack a strong dorsal stripe. The venters are Reddish
+Yellow (7.5YR 8/6). Specimens from 15 miles west of Cortez are the
+palest specimens of _T. b. aureus_ from Colorado, and closely resemble
+topotypes. The basic color varies from Reddish Yellow (7.5YR 7/6 and
+6/6) to Strong Brown (7.5YR 5/6). Specimens are marked with a narrow
+dark dorsal stripe. The venters are white. Specimens from Ute Peak and
+Cortez have Reddish Yellow (7.5YR 6/6) flanks and are slightly darker
+dorsally. Many specimens from Mesa Verde are indistinguishable from
+specimens from Coventry and from Cortez. Others have dark diffuse dorsal
+stripes. The venters are Pink (7.5YR 7/4) or Pinkish White (7.5YR 8/2).
+Some specimens from the Mancos River have wide dorsal stripes. Specimens
+from three miles west of Durango have especially wide-spreading
+zygomatic arches posteriorly and have wide black dorsal stripes. The
+venters are Pink (7.5YR 7/4). One specimen from Florida is dark and
+grizzled and has a dark dorsal stripe. Another specimen is pale and has
+only a small dorsal stripe. Specimens from 12 miles west of Pagosa
+Springs have thin rostra and diffuse dorsal stripes. Specimens from
+Bondad have a V-shaped interpterygoid space and in it a small median
+spicule. One specimen is uniformly grizzled and lacks a dorsal stripe,
+giving an overall effect of Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR 3/3). Another
+specimen has Strong Brown (7.5YR 5/6) flanks and is only slightly darker
+dorsally.
+
+  _Specimens examined._--Total 114. _Colorado_: Montrose Co.: West
+  Paradox Valley, 5 (CMNH); Bedrock, 5150 ft., 5 (ERW); Coventry,
+  6800 ft., 14 (12 ERW, 2 USNM). San Miguel Co.: 19 mi. N Dove Creek,
+  6100 ft., 1. Montezuma Co.: _Ashbaugh's Ranch (T.36N, R.18W) 5350
+  ft._, 5 (4 ERW, 1 USNM); 15 mi. W Cortez (Sec. 2, T.35N, R.19W),
+  5400 ft., 8; Major Ranch, Cortez, 7 (CSU); _3 mi. SSW Cortez, 6400
+  ft._, 1; Ute Peak, 2 (CMNH); Four Corners, 1 (CMNH). Mesa Verde
+  National Park: Upper Well, Prater Canyon, 7575 ft., 1; _3/4 mi. S,
+  1-3/4 mi. W Park Point, 8000 ft._, 3; _1/4 mi. N Middle Well 7500
+  ft._, 1; _Sec. 27, Head of E Fork, Navaho Canyon, 7900 ft._, 2;
+  _1-1/4 mi. S, 1-3/4 mi. W Park Point, 8000 ft._, 1; _Middle Well,
+  Prater Canyon, 7500 ft._, 9; _3 mi. N Rock Springs, 8200 ft._, 4;
+  _1-1/2 mi. S, 2 mi. W Park Point, 8075 ft._, 1; _2-1/2 mi. N, 1/2
+  mi. W Rock Springs, 8100 ft._, 3; _2 mi. N, 1/4 mi. W Rock Springs,
+  7900 ft._, 2; _1/2 mi. N Far View Ruins, 7825 ft._, 1; _Far View
+  Ruins, 7700 ft._, 1; _1 mi. NNW Rock Springs, 7500 ft._, 1; Rock
+  Springs, 7400 ft., 1; Mancos River, 6200 ft., 9; _Mesa Verde_, 1
+  (USNM). La Plata Co.: 1 mi. N La Plata, 1; 3 mi. W Durango, 5;
+  Florida, 6800 ft., 5; Bayfield, 1 (USNM); Bondad, 6 (CMNH);
+  Archuleta Co.: 12 mi. W Pagosa Springs, 6700 ft., 2; Arboles, 1
+  (USNM). _New Mexico_: Rio Arriba Co.: La Jara Lake, 7500 ft., 2
+  (USNM).
+
+
+=Thomomys bottae howelli= Goldman
+
+    _Thomomys bottae howelli_ Goldman, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci.,
+      26:116, March 15, 1936; Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p. 161,
+      1942.
+
+    _Thomomys aureus_, Cary, N. Amer. Fauna, 33:136, August 17,
+      1911, part.
+
+    _Thomomys perpallidus aureus_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:74,
+      November 15, 1915, part.
+
+  _Holotype._--Adult female, skin and skull, number 75684, United
+  States National Museum, obtained by Arthur H. Howell at Grand
+  Junction, 4600 feet, Mesa County, Colorado, November 7, 1895.
+
+  _Distribution._--Colorado Plateau Province of west-central Colorado
+  and east-central Utah, in the Colorado River Valley east of the
+  Green River (see fig. 1).
+
+  _Distinctive characters._--Pale (Pinkish White 7.5YR 8/2); cranium
+  flattened; nasals short and wide; posterior tongues of premaxillae
+  long, thin, and attenuate (see fig. 3).
+
+  _Comparisons._--Compared with _T. b. aureus_, _T. b. howelli_
+  differs as follows: paler; nasals shorter and wider; cranium more
+  flattened; posterior extensions of premaxillae longer, thinner, and
+  more acuminate.
+
+_Remarks._--_T. b. howelli_ most closely resembles _T. b. aureus_;
+however, since only one adult specimen of _T. b. howelli_ is known, it
+is impossible to appraise adequately its characters. Durrant (1952:211)
+records intergradation between _T. b. howelli_ and _T. b. osgoodi_, and
+between _T. b. howelli_ and _T. b. aureus_ in Utah.
+
+An attempt to collect specimens of _T. b. howelli_, in March, 1957, by
+Richard S. Miller and the writer was unsuccessful.
+
+  _Specimens examined._--Total 2. Mesa Co.: Grand Junction, 4600 ft.,
+  1 (USNM); Sieber Ranch, Little Doloris River, 1 (ERW).
+
+
+=Thomomys bottae pervagus= Merriam
+
+    _Thomomys aureus pervagus_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc.
+      Washington, 14:110, July 19, 1901; Cary, Proc. Biol. Soc.
+      Washington, 20:26, March 27, 1907; Warren, Colorado College
+      Publ., 33:77, January, 1908; Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p.
+      79, 1910, part; Cary, N. Amer. Fauna, 33:137, August 17,
+      1911, part.
+
+    _Thomomys bottae pervagus_, Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc.
+      Washington, 48:157, October 31, 1935.
+
+    _Thomomys fulvus pervagus_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:82,
+      November 15, 1915.
+
+  _Holotype._--Adult male, skin and skull, number 58293, United
+  States National Museum, Espanola, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico,
+  obtained by J. Alden Loring, January 4, 1894.
+
+  _Distribution._--Upper Rio Grande and San Luis valleys of the
+  Southern Rocky Mountains, in northern New Mexico and southern
+  Colorado (see fig. 1).
+
+  _Distinctive characters._--Yellowish Red (5YR 4/6); size large (see
+  measurements); posterior tongues of premaxillae long, thin, and
+  acuminate; nasals long, thin, posterior margins usually forming a
+  wide V (see fig. 4); bullae rounded ventrally; interpterygoid space
+  V-shaped, lacking median spicule.
+
+  _Comparisons._--From _T. b. aureus_, _T. b. pervagus_ differs as
+  follows: reddish, never yellowish or blackish; posterior tongues of
+  premaxillae thin and not deeply serrated; posterior margins of
+  nasals forming a shallow V; interpterygoid space V-shaped, lacking a
+  median spicule; basioccipital narrow. For comparisons with _T. b.
+  internatus_, _T. b. cultellus_, and _T. b. rubidus_, see accounts of
+  those subspecies.
+
+_Remarks._--_T. b. pervagus_ is a well-defined subspecies. There is
+little variation between the topotypes and specimens from Colorado.
+
+  _Specimens examined._--Total 20. _Colorado_: Conejos Co.:
+  _Antonito_, 5 (USNM); _7 mi. E Antonito_, 2 (USNM); 12 mi. E
+  Antonito, 1 (USNM); Conejos River, 6 mi. W Antonito, 8300 ft., 2
+  (USNM). _New Mexico_: Rio Arriba Co.: Espanola, 10 (USNM).
+
+
+=Thomomys bottae internatus= Goldman
+
+    _Thomomys bottae internatus_ Goldman, Jour. Washington Acad.
+      Sci., 26:115, March 15, 1936; Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p.
+      160, 1942; Kelson, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:63,
+      October 1, 1951.
+
+    _Thomomys aureus pervagus_, Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p. 80,
+      1910, part; Cary, N. Amer. Fauna, 33:137, August 17, 1911,
+      part.
+
+    _Thomomys fulvus pervagus_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:82,
+      November 15, 1915, part.
+
+  _Holotype._--Adult male, skin and skull, number 150997, United
+  States National Museum, obtained at Salida, 7000 feet, Chaffee
+  County, Colorado, by Merritt Cary, November 10, 1907.
+
+  _Distribution._--Southern Rocky Mountain Province; southwestern part
+  of the Colorado Piedmont, and Raton Section of the Great Plains, to
+  the east of the Sangre De Cristo Range (see fig. 1).
+
+  _Distinctive characters._--Yellowish Red (5YR 5/6.5); size medium
+  (see measurements); posterior tongues of premaxillae short;
+  posterior margins of nasals forming a V (see fig. 6); bullae pointed
+  ventrally; interpterygoid space V-shaped, lacking a median spicule;
+  basioccipital narrow.
+
+  _Comparisons._--From _T. b. pervagus_, topotypes of _T. b.
+  internatus_ differ as follows: uniformly paler, not so reddish;
+  smaller; skull smaller; posterior tongues of premaxillae shorter;
+  bullae smaller, less inflated, and more pointed ventrally; zygomata
+  less angular.
+
+  For comparisons with _T. b. cultellus_ and _T. b. rubidus_, see
+  accounts of those subspecies.
+
+_Remarks._--The dividing line between _T. b. internatus_ and _T. b.
+cultellus_ is drawn arbitrarily since only one specimen has been
+collected between La Veta Pass and the border of New Mexico.
+
+When Goldman (1936:115) named _T. b. internatus_ he included specimens
+from Union and Colfax counties, New Mexico, and specimens from Gardner,
+Colorado (not Garfield as stated by Kelson, 1951:66). The specimens from
+New Mexico and a specimen from Fishers Peak, Colorado, were subsequently
+assigned to _T. b. cultellus_ by Kelson (_loc. cit._).
+
+The specimen from Fishers Peak shows some characters that might be
+interpreted as intermediate between _internatus_ and _cultellus_, but
+shows also some unique characters that can be understood only by further
+collecting in the regions north and northeast of the type locality of
+_T. b. cultellus_.
+
+Variation is slight in the large series of topotypes of _T. b.
+internatus_. Specimens from other localities in the western part of the
+range differ little from the topotypes. Specimens from one mile west of
+Coaldale have slightly more inflated bullae that are more flattened
+ventrally. Specimens from five miles south of Cotopaxi also have the
+bullae more flattened ventrally.
+
+Specimens from localities bordering the plains differ from the topotypes
+and near topotypes, and in general show greater variation from locality
+to locality. Specimens from 12 miles north of Caņon City are dark,
+resembling _T. b. rubidus_, but cranially agree with specimens from near
+Colorado Springs in being indistinguishable from specimens from Salida.
+Specimens from St. Charles Mesa and Bear Creek near Walsenburg differ
+from the topotypes in having wider rostra. The specimens from St.
+Charles Mesa have more inflated bullae.
+
+  _Specimens examined._--Total 93. Chaffee Co.: 2 mi. NNW Salida,
+  7100 ft., 3; _Salida_, 28 (20 ERW, 8 USNM). Fremont Co.: 12 mi. N
+  Caņon City, 5; 1 mi. W Coaldale, 8; _Cotopaxi_, 1 (CSU); _5 mi. S
+  Cotopaxi_, 12. El Paso Co.: 1-1/4 mi. S Colorado Springs, 2; _9 mi.
+  SSW Colorado Springs_, 2; _17 mi. S Colorado Springs_, 1. Custer
+  Co.: 2-1/2 mi. S Wetmore, 3; Santa Fe Drive and 20th Lane, Blende,
+  1; St. Charles Mesa, 5600 ft., 2 (CSU); Fork of Huerfano and
+  Cucharas rivers, 2 (CMNH). Huerfano Co.: 11 mi. WNW Gardner, 7000
+  ft., 3; Gardner, 7000 ft., 2 (USNM); 1-1/2 mi. S Redwing, 3; Bear
+  Creek, near Walsenburg, 2 (CSU); 1 mi. E La Veta, 8; 5 mi. SE La
+  Veta, 2.
+
+
+=Thomomys bottae cultellus= Kelson
+
+    _Thomomys bottae cultellus_ Kelson, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus.
+      Nat. Hist., 5:64, October 1, 1951.
+
+    _Thomomys fulvus_, Cary, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20:26,
+      March 27, 1907; Warren, Colorado College Publ., 33:76,
+      January, 1908; Warren, Mammals of Colorado, p. 80, 1910.
+
+    _Thomomys fulvus fulvus_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:80,
+      November 15, 1915.
+
+  _Holotype._--Adult male, skin and skull, number 70919, United
+  States National Museum, Halls Peak, Mora County, New Mexico;
+  January 13, 1895, obtained by C. Barber.
+
+  _Distribution._--Raton Section of the Great Plains in northern New
+  Mexico and extreme southern Colorado (see fig. 1).
+
+  _Distinctive characters._--Dark (topotypes); size medium (see
+  measurements); posterior tongues of premaxillae short; posterior
+  margins of nasals forming a V (see fig. 5).
+
+  _Comparisons._--From _T. b. pervagus_, topotypes of _T. b.
+  cultellus_ differ as follows: darker, not so reddish; smaller; skull
+  smaller; zygomatic arches relatively longer; bullae proportionately
+  smaller and less inflated; basioccipital proportionately wider;
+  posterior tongues of premaxillae shorter.
+
+  Topotypes of _T. b. cultellus_ most closely resemble those of _T. b.
+  internatus_ but differ as follows: darker; zygomatic arches more
+  widely spreading, not so nearly parallel; nasals not so wide; bullae
+  slightly more inflated.
+
+  For a comparison with _T. b. rubidus_ see the account of that
+  subspecies.
+
+_Remarks._--Kelson (1951:64) named _T. b. cultellus_ on the basis of six
+dark specimens (Dark Reddish Brown 5YR 3/4 and 2/2). Nowhere else within
+the range of this subspecies, as defined by Kelson, do any specimens
+resemble the topotypes in color.
+
+After comparing topotypes of _T. b. cultellus_ with topotypes of _T. b.
+internatus_ of approximately equal age, I disagree with Kelson (_loc.
+cit._) on some of the characters which he used to separate _cultellus_
+from _internatus_. My findings indicate that _T. b. cultellus_ is not
+smaller, that its skull is not smaller and not less angular, and that
+the tympanic bullae are not less pointed ventrally. Further collecting
+is needed better to limit and diagnose this subspecies.
+
+  _Specimens examined._--Total 13. _Colorado_: Las Animas Co.:
+  Fishers Peak, about 8000 ft., 1 (USNM). _New Mexico_: Union Co.:
+  Near Folsom, 4 (CMNH); Colfax Co.: Philmont Ranch, Cimarroncito,
+  8100 ft., 2. Mora Co.: Halls Peak, 6 (USNM).
+
+[Illustration: Figs. 2-7. Dorsal views of skulls of _Thomomys bottae_. ×
+1.
+
+Fig. 2. _Thomomys b. aureus_, 3 mi. W Durango, La Plata Co., Colorado.
+No. 72967, Female.
+
+Fig. 3. _Thomomys b. howelli_, holotype, Grand Junction, 4600 ft., Mesa
+Co., Colorado. No. 75684 USNM, Female.
+
+Fig. 4. _Thomomys b. pervagus_, Espanola, 5000 ft., Rio Arriba Co., New
+Mexico. No. 133614 USNM, Female.
+
+Fig. 5. _Thomomys b. cultellus_, Fishers Peak, 8000 ft., Las Animas Co.,
+Colorado. No. 129285 USNM, Female.
+
+Fig. 6. _Thomomys b. internatus_, Salida, 7050 ft., Chaffee Co.,
+Colorado. No. 2757 ERW, Female.
+
+Fig. 7. _Thomomys b. rubidus_, holotype, 2-9/10 mi. E Caņon City,
+Fremont Co., Colorado. No. 72954, Female.]
+
+
+=Thomomys bottae rubidus= new subspecies
+
+  _Holotype._--Adult female, skin and skull, number 72954, Museum of
+  Natural History, University of Kansas, trapped by Richard S. Miller
+  and Phillip M. Youngman, original number 253 (PMY), 2-9/10 miles
+  east of Caņon City, 5344 feet, Fremont County, Colorado, March 17,
+  1957.
+
+  _Distribution._--Known only from Garden Park in Caņon City and from
+  the type locality (see fig. 1).
+
+  _Distinctive characters._--Dark (Reddish Brown 5YR 3/3); size large
+  (see measurements); skull large; rostrum wide; zygomatic arches
+  rounded and broadly spreading (see fig. 7); alveolar length of upper
+  maxillary tooth-row small.
+
+  _Comparisons._--From topotypes of _T. b. internatus_, _T. b.
+  rubidus_ differs as follows: uniformly darker; skull averages larger
+  in all measurements, except alveolar length of upper maxillary
+  tooth-row, which is smaller; rostrum proportionately wider and
+  tapered anteriorly; zygomatic arches more rounded; bullae more
+  rounded in lateral view.
+
+  Specimens of _T. b. rubidus_ differ from topotypes of _T. b.
+  pervagus_ in darker color; rostrum wider posteriorly; posterior
+  extensions of premaxillae shorter; bullae smaller, proportionately
+  more inflated posteriorly; zygomatic arches more rounded; wider
+  across squamosals; alveolar length of upper maxillary tooth-row
+  greater.
+
+  From topotypes of _T. b. cultellus_, _T. b. rubidus_ differs as
+  follows: paler; larger in all measurements taken; rostrum
+  proportionately wider; zygomatic arches more rounded, less angular;
+  angle formed by zygomatic arch and rostrum greater; bullae
+  proportionately smaller, not so pointed anteriorly; alveolar length
+  of upper maxillary tooth-row shorter.
+
+_Remarks._--The range of _T. b. rubidus_ is surrounded by the range of
+_T. b. internatus_; nevertheless, intergradation has not been found. For
+a discussion of the geographic relation of _T. b. rubidus_ to _T. b.
+internatus_ see page 374.
+
+  _Specimens examined._--Total 7. Fremont Co.: Garden Park, Caņon
+  City, 5344 ft., 1; _2-9/10 mi. E Caņon City, 5344 ft._, 6.
+
+
+
+
+SUMMARY
+
+
+A study of 249 specimens of _Thomomys bottae_ from Colorado reveals six
+subspecies in the state. _T. b. aureus_ and _T. b. howelli_ occupy the
+Colorado Plateau Region in the western and southwestern parts of the
+state. _T. b. internatus_, _T. b. cultellus_, _T. b. pervagus_, and the
+newly named _T. b. rubidus_ occupy part of the Southern Rocky Mountain
+Region and a narrow strip of the Great Plains.
+
+The greatest amount of geographic variation, in _Thomomys bottae_ in
+Colorado, occurs in the ecotone between the grassland and coniferous
+forest at the edge of the Great Plains, and in the ecotone between the
+Piņon, juniper, and sage of the Colorado Plateau and the Coniferous
+forest of the southern Rocky mountains.
+
+TABLE 1. MEASUREMENTS, IN MILLIMETERS, OF THOMOMYS BOTTAE
+
+Unless otherwise noted, specimens are adults from Colorado
+
+  Key to Headings:
+  A: Catalog number or number of individuals averaged
+  B: Total length
+  C: Tail
+  D: Hind foot
+  E: Condylobasal length
+  F: Nasal length
+  G: Zygomatic breadth
+  H: Squamosal breadth
+  I: Length of rostrum
+  J: Breadth of rostrum
+  K: Alveolar length of upper max. tooth-row
+  L: Least interorbital breadth
+
+  ===============================================================
+  Sex|   [A]   |[B]|[C]|[D]| [E]| [F]| [G]| [H]| [I]| [J]|[K]|[L]
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | _Thomomys bottae howelli_, holotype
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 75684[1]|   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |   |
+     |  sad.   |219| 71| 29|37.3|11.1|23.7|20.0|14.5| 8.5|7.7|6.6
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | _Thomomys bottae aureus_, Bedrock
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 2982[2] |217| 59| 31|40.4|13.8|24.3|20.6|16.7| 8.6|9.2|6.8
+   F | 3013[2] |210| 60| 29|38.7|13.0|24.4|20.4|15.7| 8.1|8.9|7.0
+     |         |   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |   |
+   M | 2997[2] |242| 73| 33|44.7|15.4|28.4|22.8|15.7|10.1|9.0|7.2
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | Coventry
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 6 av.   |222| 61| 31|39.0|12.1|25.4|20.3|15.2| 7.8|8.2|6.8
+     | Max.    |229| 63| 33|40.0|12.8|25.8|20.6|15.6| 8.2|8.5|7.0
+     | Min.    |217| 58| 30|38.3|11.4|25.0|19.3|14.7| 7.5|8.0|6.6
+     |         |   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |   |
+   M | 3 av.   |259| 70| 35|46.5|15.0|29.3|22.7|17.8| 9.2|9 5|6.7
+     | Max.    |270| 76| 36|48.3|16.0|31.9|23.7|18.0| 9.3|9.6|6.9
+     | Min.    |250| 65| 35|45.5|14.4|27.6|22.2|17.6| 9.2|8.0|6.4
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | Ashbaugh's Ranch and 15 mi. W Cortez
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 7 av.   |225| 67| 28|39.0|13.7|24.4|20.2|16.1| 8.0|8.3|6.3
+     | Max.    |238| 75| 31|40.6|14.7|25.0|20.7|16.5| 8.5|8.7|6.8
+     | Min.    |216| 55| 26|37.8|12.9|23.6|19.7|15.5| 7.8|7.9|6.1
+     |         |   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |   |
+   M | 4 av.   |247| 73| 31|44.2|15.9|27.7|22.1|18.6| 9.2|8.4|6.4
+     | Max.    |252| 80| 34|45.2|16.7|28.8|22.3|19.8| 9.6|8.8|6.7
+     | Min.    |244| 67| 30|43.7|15.5|27.0|21.7|18.0| 8.8|8.0|6.2
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | Cortez
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 5120[3] |224| 56| 28|38.1|12.3|....|19.5|15.4| 7.5|7.6|6.5
+     | 5121[3] |220| 68| 31|38.3|11.6|24.2|19.6|15.1| 7.6|8.0|6.7
+     |         |   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |   |
+   M | 5124[3] |257| 81| 33|44.4|15.4|29.5|22.2|18.6| 8.9|8.6|6.5
+   M | 5119[3] |215| 62| 28|42.0|14.0|27.9|22.1|17.9| 8.2|8.6|6.4
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | Mesa Verde (combined)
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 5 av.   |221| 63| 30|39.0|12.6|24.7|20.2|16.0| 8.0|8.2|6.7
+     | Max.    |235| 66| 32|40.4|13.7|25.6|21.1|17.3| 8.7|8.5|7.1
+     | Min.    |212| 61| 28|38.1|12.0|24.1|19.5|15.0| 7.7|7.9|6.4
+     |         |   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |   |
+   M | 3 av.   |246| 74| 32|43.7|14.9|27.8|22.3|18.3| 8.8|8.9|6.6
+     | Max.    |252| 79| 33|45.0|15.2|28.4|23.0|18.5| 9.0|9.0|6.8
+     | Min.    |238| 69| 31|42.0|14.7|27.5|21.2|18.2| 8.7|8.9|6.3
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | 1 mi. N La Plata
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   M | 72966[4]|236| 70| 31|45.4|15.6|29.4|23.3|20.2| 8.8|8.5|6.5
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | 3 mi. W Durango
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 3 av.   |225| 65| 28|40.1|13.1|25.7|21.0|16.6| 8.1|8.3|6.5
+     | Max.    |230| 67| 29|40.4|13.5|25.8|21.2|16.8| 8.4|8.5|6.6
+     | Min.    |219| 63| 28|39.9|13.0|25.7|20.6|16.5| 8.4|8.1|6.4
+     |         |   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |   |
+   M | 70054[4]|262| 87| 35|45.0|15.6|27.9|22.7|19.7| 9.3|9.8|6.4
+   M | 70055[4]|248| 79| 31|43.3|14.0|27.6|22.1|17.1| 8.7|8.2|6.2
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | 12 mi. W Pagosa Springs
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 72971[4]|217| 65| 27|39.1|12.8|....|20.0|15.4| 7.4|8.7|6.2
+     |         |   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |   |
+   M | 72970[4]|238| 70| 29|42.7|15.0|27.5|21.8|17.2| 8.8|8.3|6.5
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | _Thomomys bottae pervagus_, Antonito
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F |133668[1]|   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |   |
+     |  sad.   |208| 69| 29|37.3|12.9|23.1|18.2|15.8| 7.5|8.0|6.9
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | Espanola, New Mexico
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F |133616[1]|249| 82| 38|41.1|....|24.6|20.0|16.3| 8.2|8.1|7.1
+   F |133619[1]|216| 65| 32|40.6|....|24.9|19.3|....| 8.0|8.0|6.8
+     |         |   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |   |
+   M | 58293[1]|244| 76| 31|44.0|16.1|26.9|21.2|18.3| 8.8|8.1|6.6
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | _Thomomys bottae internatus_, Salida
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 11 av.  |219| 67| 31|38.6|13.4|23.2|19.5|15.4| 7.6|7.8|6.5
+     | Max.    |242| 80| 34|40.4|14.2|25.0|20.2|16.2| 8.1|8.4|6.9
+     | Min.    |196| 45| 29|37.6|12.9|21.9|18.8|14.8| 7.3|7.0|6.3
+     |         |   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |   |
+   M | 3 av.   |247| 74| 32|42.9|16.1|25.1|20.9|18.0| 8.2|8.0|6.3
+     | Max.    |248| 74| 33|43.7|16.3|26.4|21.7|18.1| 8.8|8.1|6.4
+     | Min.    |247| 74| 32|42.2|15.9|25.8|20.5|17.9| 7.9|7.9|6.3
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | 12 mi. N Caņon City
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 72945[4]|230| 81| 28|38.1|13.0|22.6|19.4|15.0| 7.9|8.0|6.7
+   F | 72947[4]|228| 74| 27|38.7|14.0|23.6|19.8|15.9| 8.2|8.1|6.8
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | 1 mi. W Coaldale
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 70042[4]|224| 70| 30|38.1|13.1|23.5|19.5|15.6| 7.7|7.5|6.6
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | 5 mi. S Cotopaxi
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 72932[4]|224| 65| 27|39.1|13.8|24.3|20.4|15.5| 7.7|7.5|6.5
+     |         |   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |   |
+   M | 72925[4]|250| 74| 29|44.0|16.2|27.5|22.8|18.7| 9.0|8.1|6.1
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | 9 mi. SSW Colorado Springs
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 72942[4]|225| 77| 29|38.8|14.1|23.3|20.2|15.4| 7.8|8.3|6.7
+     | 72943[4]|219| 70| 28|37.7|13.5|23.0|19.7|14.8| 7.6|8.4|6.8
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | 2-1/2 mi. S Wetmore
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   M | 70053[4]|250| 81| 30|42.5|16.7|26.3|22.3|17.7| 8.5|7.9|5.9
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | 200 yards E St. Charles River, 8 mi. W Pueblo
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 73497[4]|226| 69| 30|39.3|13.9|24.9|20.5|15.7| 7.7|7.9|7.2
+   F | 73498[4]|216| 64| 29|38.0|12.9|24.2|20.1|15.1| 7.7|7.4|6.7
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | St. Charles Mesa
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 4860[3] |222| 70| 29|38.2|13.5|....|19.3|15.9| 8.2|7.5|6.5
+   M | 4864[3] |240| 72| 33|43.1|15.8|....|21.4|17.6| 9.2|7.9|6.7
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | 11 mi. WNW Gardner
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 70052[4]|227| 64| 28|37.9|13.0|22.5|18.8|14.8| 7.3|8.0|6.7
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | 1-1/2 mi. S Redwing
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 72940[4]|227| 73| 28|39.0|13.1|23.1|18.8|15.6| 7.8|8.0|6.8
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | 1 mi. E La Veta
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   M | 70049[4]|254| 88| 32|42.4|15.1|27.5|21.8|17.3| 8.4|8.2|6.5
+   M | 70044[4]|239| 80| 32|42.3|16.5|27.8|22.0|17.9| 8.7|8.1|6.4
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | _Thomomys bottae cultellus_, Fishers Peak
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F |129285[1]|   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |   |
+     |  sad.   |214| 64| 27|37.2|13.0|....|19.0|15.3| 7.7|7.6|6.5
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+     |         | _Thomomys bottae rubidus_, holotype and topotypes
+     |         +---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+   F | 72952[4]|233| 80| 28|40.6|14.2|25.1|20.8|16.7| 8.8|7.5|6.9
+   F | 72954[4]|225| 80| 28|40.3|14.2|24.6|20.6|16.6| 9.2|7.2|6.9
+     |         |   |   |   |    |    |    |    |    |    |   |
+   M | 3 av.   |261| 89| 31|44.7|15.7|27.8|22.6|18.6|10.1|7.4|6.9
+     | Max.    |270| 94| 32|45.1|15.9|28.1|22.7|18.8|10.4|7.6|7.0
+     | Min.    |255| 85| 30|44.2|15.5|27.5|22.5|18.5| 9.8|7.2|6.8
+  ---+---------+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+---+---
+
+    sad. denotes subadult.
+    1. United States National Museum.
+    2. E. R. Warren Collection.
+    3. Colorado State University.
+    4. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+
+BAILEY, V.
+
+  1910. Two new pocket gophers of the genus _Thomomys_. Proc. Biol.
+        Soc. Washington, 23:79-80, May 4.
+
+  1915. Revision of the pocket gophers of the genus Thomomys. U. S.
+        Dept. Agric., Bur. Biol. Surv., N. Amer. Fauna, 39:1-136, 8
+        pls., 10 figs, in text, November 15.
+
+DAUBENMIRE, R. F.
+
+  1943. Vegetational zonation in the Rocky Mountains. Bot. Rev.,
+        9:325-393, June.
+
+DURRANT, S. D.
+
+  1952. Mammals of Utah. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:1-549,
+        91 figs. August 10.
+
+FENNEMAN, N. M.
+
+  1931. Physiography of western United States. McGraw Hill Book Co.,
+        New York, xiii + 534 pp., 173 figs., 1 map in cover pocket.
+
+GOLDMAN, E. A.
+
+  1936. _New pocket gophers of the genus_ Thomomys. Jour. Washington
+        Acad. Sci., 26(3):111-120, March 15.
+
+GRINNELL, J.
+
+  1931. A new pocket gopher from southeastern California. Univ.
+        California Publ. Zool., 38(1):1-10, 2 pls., October 17.
+
+KELSON, K. R.
+
+  1951. Two new subspecies of Thomomys bottae from New Mexico and
+        Colorado. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist, 5(6):59-71, 1
+        fig. in text, October 1.
+
+MUNSELL, A. H.
+
+  1954. Munsell soil color charts. Munsell Color Co., Inc., Baltimore.
+
+_Transmitted November 14, 1957._
+
+
+27-1765
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Variation in the Pocket
+Gopher, Thomys bottae, in Colorado, by Phillip M. Youngman
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