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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Samboe; or, The African Boy, by Mary Ann Hedge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Samboe; or, The African Boy
+
+Author: Mary Ann Hedge
+
+Release Date: September 2, 2011 [EBook #37296]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAMBOE; OR, THE AFRICAN BOY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
+Gutenberg (This book was produced from scanned images of
+public domain material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                SAMBOE;
+                                  OR,
+                            THE AFRICAN BOY.
+
+
+                            BY THE AUTHOR OF
+                   "Twilight Hours Improved," &c. &c.
+
+
+
+                And man, where Freedom's beams and fountains rise,
+                Springs from the dust, and blossoms to the skies.
+                Dead to the joys of light and life, the slave
+                Clings to the clod; his root is in the grave.
+                Bondage is winter, darkness, death, despair;
+                Freedom the sun, the sea, the mountain, and the air!
+
+                                                             Montgomery.
+
+
+
+                                London:
+                     PRINTED FOR HARVEY AND DARTON,
+                          GRACECHURCH-STREET.
+
+                                 1823.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                   TO
+                       WILLIAM WILBERFORCE, Esq.
+                                 M. P.
+
+                           THIS SMALL VOLUME,
+           DIFFIDENTLY AIMING TO SERVE THE CAUSE OF HUMANITY
+                                  IS,
+                         BY HIS KIND PERMISSION
+                  TO GIVE IT THE SANCTION OF HIS NAME,
+                           HUMBLY DEDICATED;
+              WITH EVERY SENTIMENT OF UNFEIGNED VENERATION
+                          AND RESPECT FOR HIS
+                 EXALTED PATRIOTIC AND PRIVATE VIRTUES,
+
+                      And grateful acknowledgment
+              OF HIS CONDESCENSION, IN HONOURING WITH HIS
+                    ATTENTION THE HUMBLE EFFORTS OF
+
+                              THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+
+It has been justly remarked, "that all who read may become
+enlightened;" for readers, insensibly imbibing the sentiments of
+others, and having their own latent sensibilities called forth,
+contract, progressively, virtuous inclinations and habits; and thereby
+become fitted to unite with their fellow-beings, in the removal or
+amelioration of any of the evils of life. With a full conviction
+of this, I have attempted, and now offer to my young readers, the
+present little work. To the rising generation, I am told, the great
+question of the slave-trade is little known; the abolition of it, by
+our legislature, having taken place either before many of them existed,
+or at too early a period of their lives to excite any interest. Present
+circumstances, however, in reference to the subject, ensure for it
+an intense interest, in every heart feeling the blessing of freedom
+and all the sweet charities of home; blessings which it is our care
+to dispose the youthful heart duly to appreciate, and hence to feel
+for those, deprived, by violence and crime, of these high privileges
+of man.
+
+It is true, England has achieved the triumph of humanity, in effacing
+from her Christian character so dark a stain as a traffic in human
+beings; a commerce, "the history of which is written throughout in
+characters of blood." Yet there are but too strong evidences that
+it is yet pursued to great and fearful extent by other nations,
+notwithstanding the solemn obligations they have entered into to
+suppress it; obligations "imposed on every Christian state, no less by
+the religion it professes, than by a regard to its national honour;"
+and notwithstanding it has been branded with infamy, at a solemn
+congress of the great Christian powers, as a crime of the deepest
+dye. Of this there has long been most abundant melancholy proof; yet,
+under its present contraband character, it has been attended by, if
+possible, unprecedented enormities and misery, as well as involving
+the base and cruel agents of it in the further crime of deliberate
+perjury, in order to conceal their nefarious employment.
+
+Surely, then, no age can scarcely be too immature, in which to sow the
+seeds of abhorrence in the young breast, against this blood-stained,
+demoralizing commerce! Surely, no means, however trivial, should
+be neglected, to arouse the spirit of youth against it! It would be
+tedious, and, indeed, inconsistent with the brevity of this little
+work, to name the number of the great and the good who have protested
+against, and sacrificed their time and their treasure to abolish
+it. Suffice it to say, that an apparently trifling incident first
+aroused the virtuous energies of the ardent, persevering Clarkson, in
+the great cause;--that a view of the produce of Africa, and proofs of
+the ingenuity of Africans, kindled the fire of enthusiasm in the noble
+and comprehensive mind of a Pitt. Nor did the flame quiver or become
+dim while he was the pilot of the state, though he was not decreed to
+see the success of perseverance in the cause of justice and humanity.
+
+Let me, therefore, be acquitted of presumption, when I express a hope,
+that, trifling as is the present work, yet, as the leading events
+it records are not the creations of fancy, but realities that have
+passed; that they have not been collected for effect, or uselessly
+to awaken the feelings; but having been actually presented in the
+pursuit of a disgraceful and cruel commerce, are now offered to the
+view of my young readers, in order to confirm the great truths, that
+cruelty and oppression encouraged, soon brutalize the nature of man;
+divesting him of every distinguishing trait which unites him with
+superior intelligences, and sinking him in the scale of being far
+below the ravening wolf and insatiate tiger; and that the slave-trade,
+more especially, never fails effectually to destroy all the sympathies
+of humanity, and so far to barbarize those who are concerned in it,
+as assuredly to cause civilized man to resume the ferocity of the
+savage whom he presumes to despise.
+
+
+                                                             The Author.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+            "Offspring of love divine, Humanity!
+
+            ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
+
+            Come thou, and weep with me substantial ills,
+            And execrate the wrongs that Afric's sons,
+            Torn from their native shore, and doom'd to bear
+            The yoke of servitude in foreign climes,
+            Sustain. Nor vainly let our sorrows flow,
+            Nor let the strong emotion rise in vain.
+            But may the kind contagion widely spread,
+            Till, in its flame, the unrelenting heart
+            Of avarice melt in softest sympathy,
+            And one bright ray of universal love,
+            Of grateful incense, rises up to heaven!"
+
+
+                                      Roscoe's Wrongs of Africa.
+
+
+            "E'en from my pen some heartfelt truths may fall;
+            For outrag'd nature claims the care of all."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+SAMBOE; OR, THE AFRICAN BOY.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+                                  "Slaves of gold! whose sordid dealings
+                                    Tarnish all your boasted powers,
+                                  Prove that ye have human feelings,
+                                    Ere ye proudly question ours."
+
+
+"Encourage the chiefs to go to war, that they may obtain slaves; for
+as on many accounts we require a large number, we desire you to exert
+yourself, and not stand out for a price." Such was the direction,
+and such the order, of the slave-merchants at Cape Coast Castle,
+to one of their factors in the interior, for the collection and
+purchase of slaves; who, dreadful as was his occupation, yet at all
+times faithfully endeavoured to obey the orders of his employers.
+
+This person had, by studying the character, peculiarities, prejudices,
+and language of the natives, obtained a great influence over the chiefs
+of a country, peculiarly blessed by Providence, with all that can
+enchant the eye, or gratify the wants of man. It is a well-known, but
+melancholy truth, that, by the introduction of spirituous liquors, and
+other desirable articles to an uncivilized people, the Europeans have
+greatly augmented and cherished the dreadful traffic in human beings:
+the African kings and chiefs being induced, by these temptations,
+to barter their subjects and captives, for commodities they estimate
+so highly; frequently even fomenting quarrels, and making war with
+each other, at the instigation of the slave-factors, for the sole
+purpose of obtaining captives, in order to exchange them for European
+articles, with which the factors, who visit their country for the
+dreadful purpose, are well furnished; to tempt the appetites, and
+provoke the wild passions, of the wretched beings they intend to make
+the instruments of their inhuman thirst of gain. (Note A.)
+
+
+                            "The natural bond
+        Of brotherhood is sever'd as the flax
+        That falls asunder at the touch of fire--
+                            And having pow'r
+        T' enforce the wrong, for such a worthy cause,
+        Dooms and devotes him as his lawful prey."
+
+
+Mr. Irving, the factor whom we have named as having received the
+peremptory and unlimited order from the merchants of Cape Coast
+Castle, had won their confidence, by the remarkable success which had
+attended his negociations with the king and principal grandees of
+Whidáh, in which delightful part of Africa he had resided for some
+years. Nothing, perhaps, more strongly proves the indurating power
+of the love of gain upon the heart, and the baneful influence of the
+habitual view of oppression on the better feelings of the soul, than
+the change which generally takes place in the characters of the young
+men whose official duty places them in situations like that filled by
+Mr. Irving. It has, indeed, been most justly and impressively observed,
+that it is impossible for any one to be accustomed to carry away
+miserable beings, by force, from their country and endearing ties,
+to keep them in chains, to see their tears, to hear their mournful
+lamentations, to behold the dead and the dying mingled together, to
+keep up a system of severity towards them in their deep affliction,
+to be constant witnesses of the misery of exile, bondage, cruelty,
+and oppression, which, together, form the malignant character of this
+nefarious traffic, without losing all those better feelings it should
+be the study of man to cherish; or without contracting those habits
+of moroseness and ferocity which brutalize the nature.
+
+Irving, like many other youths, had been induced by an ardent
+curiosity, and an enterprising spirit, to engage as a writer to
+the Royal African Company [1], at a time when the traffic in slaves
+was legally pursued, as one source of riches to a great commercial
+nation. Yet it may with candour be presumed, that he, and many a
+youth entering upon the same path, with the same laudable impulses,
+had they anticipated the peril to which they exposed their humane
+principles, by engaging themselves in a trade so repugnant to nature,
+religion, and justice, would rather have undergone personal hazard and
+difficulty in their native land, so that they might have fostered that
+divine principle, which is the noble and distinguishing characteristic
+of man--of free-born man.
+
+That Irving possessed a native humanity and right feeling, would
+appear from his letters to his friends in England, written on his
+arrival in Africa; and as he describes the country as it first met
+his admiring and youthful eye, it may be not unamusing to my young
+readers, to extract a few passages from his letters to his sister,
+before we pursue the detail of subsequent events, in which he was
+an actor. "Well, my dear Sophy," he observes, "are you reconciled
+to your brother becoming a dealer in slaves? I assure you I have had
+some compunctious visitings of conscience upon the subject during the
+voyage; the calmness and monotony of which, gave me ample opportunity
+of reflecting upon the kind-hearted arguments of my good little sister,
+against a commerce, which, I believe she says true when she asserts,
+'is founded in injustice and crime, and a compound of all that is
+wicked and cruel.' But, Sophy, what will you call your wild brother,
+when I tell you, that the first glance I had of this enchanting
+country, put you, your arguments, the unhappy and abused natives,
+from my mind, in an instant; and I could only bless my stars that I
+was to become an inhabitant of a region which seemed to offer so many
+delights--so many interesting studies for my pencil. I can anticipate
+all you would say upon this subject, as to the cruelty of tearing
+the miserable natives from scenes which 'breathe of Paradise,' so
+as to have raised the enthusiasm of even the thoughtless heart of
+Charles Irving. But I have no time for argument, Sophy, scarcely
+that for brief description. Imagine then, my dear sister, the most
+boundless luxuriancy of landscape, continually clothed with all the
+beauties and riches of spring, summer, and harvest; lofty mountains
+covered with wood, chiefly fruit-trees; fine streams, romantic
+and fertile valleys. Such is the general appearance: the scenery
+in detail surpasses description. This charming country seems to be
+remarkably populous. The kingdom of Whidáh, in which is situated the
+factory to which I am at present appointed, is (as you will find on
+consulting your map) on the western side of Africa, commonly called
+the slave-coast. This kingdom we should rather call a county, as
+it extends only about ten miles along the coast, and about seven
+miles inland. Yet, although of so small an extent, it is divided
+into twenty-six divisions, or provinces. The villages are numerous,
+and thickly inhabited. The houses or huts of the natives are small;
+conical at the top, and thatched either with long grass, or the
+palmetto leaves. The interior is very clean; but from the fish and
+other articles of food kept in them, you may readily imagine the
+effluvia is not very pleasant to European nicety.
+
+The furniture of these dwellings is not very costly, seldom amounting
+to more than a chest to contain their light and simple articles of
+clothing; a mat to repose upon, raised a little from the floor; a jar
+to contain water, and calabashes of various sizes; two or three wooden
+mortars to pound corn and rice, and a basket or sieve to prepare it
+when done. The villages formed of these huts are generally built in
+a circle, surrounded by a clay wall, scattered over the country in
+the midst of beautiful groves clear of brushwood, and have a most
+picturesque and beautiful effect to a stranger's eye. The fields are
+always verdant, and nature puts forth her beauties with inexhaustible
+profusion; perpetual spring and autumn succeeding each other. The
+Company's factory here, is most pleasantly situated in the midst of
+gardens, which amply supply it, and the fort, (called Fort William,)
+consisting of four batteries, mounting seventeen guns. In these gardens
+is an abundant supply of beans, potatoes, every other edible root
+known in Europe, and a great variety of delicious fruits peculiar to
+the climate. Amongst the most beautiful and useful vegetable riches of
+Africa, may be reckoned the plantain and banana trees. The latter bears
+a fruit six or seven inches in length, covered with a yellow skin,
+very tender when ripe. The pulp of it is as soft as a marmalade, and
+of a most pleasant taste. It grows on a stalk about six yards high,
+the leaves being nearly two yards long, and a foot wide. One stalk
+only bears a single cluster of the fruit, which sometimes consists
+of forty or fifty bananas; and when the cluster is gathered, the
+stalk is cut off, or it would bear no more fruit. The plantain is not
+unlike the banana, but somewhat longer, although the flavour greatly
+resembles it. The leaves, and every part of the tree, are converted
+into a variety of useful articles. There are also guavas, a fruit very
+like our peach, except that the external coat is rougher; and it has
+small kernels like the apple, instead of a stone. Cocoas, oranges,
+lemons, citrons, and limes, abound, and, as you may readily suppose,
+are in great request amongst us, as well as beautiful additions to
+the luxuriant vegetable riches of the country."
+
+In a subsequent letter he again writes: "I was much pleased this
+morning to see the natives extracting what we call the wine from the
+palm tree, which is beautifully straight and lofty, growing sometimes
+to a prodigious height.
+
+"They make an incision in the trunk, near the summit of the tree, to
+which they apply, in succession, gourd bottles, conducting the liquor
+into them by means of a pipe formed of the leaves. This wine is very
+pleasant when fresh drawn, but is apt to disagree with Europeans in
+that state. After fermentation, however, it becomes like Rhenish wine,
+and is extremely good, without being prejudicial. You would be alarmed,
+Sophy, to see how rapidly and nimbly the natives mount these lofty
+trees, which are sometimes sixty, seventy, and even a hundred feet in
+height, and the bark smooth. The only aid they have is a piece of the
+bark of a tree, which they form into a hoop by holding the two ends,
+having enclosed themselves and the trunk of the tree. They then place
+their feet against the tree, and their backs against the hoop, and
+mount as quick as thought. It sometimes occurs that they miss their
+footing, the consequence of course is, that they are precipitated
+with tremendous force to the ground, and dashed to pieces.
+
+"There is another tree called the ciboa, very much like the palm,
+and applied to the same purposes: the wine of this is not quite so
+sweet as that of the palm.
+
+In another letter he further observes: "I think you will be pleased to
+hear in what manner I pass my time here, my dear Sophy, while you are
+perhaps talking of me in the dear domestic circle; I will therefore
+give you the journal of a day, which, with little variation, is the
+general mode of my living.
+
+"I rise by day-break, in order to enjoy the refreshing coolness of
+the morning, and generally ride or walk into the country, through
+the delightful woods and savannahs.
+
+"On my return, I breakfast on never-tiring tea, or, for want of it, a
+sort of tea growing in the woods, called simbong. Upon any deficiency
+of sugar, I use honey, as it is at all times easily procured; except,
+perhaps, when the natives are making their honey wine, of which they
+are immoderately fond. Sometimes I take milk, with cakes of rice or
+flour; or Guinea-corn, baked in a very useful article in my kitchen;
+viz. a large iron pot. The milk will not boil without turning to
+whey, which I ascribe to the nature of the grass upon which the cows
+feed. My dinner is frequently beef, either fresh or salted, in which
+latter state it will keep six or seven days. This I either boil and eat
+with coosh-coosh, (Note B.) a favourite dish with the natives, or with
+pumpkins and coliloo, like spinach, both of which are plentiful. Fowls
+are so cheap and common, that they may always be purchased for a few
+charges of gunpowder; and when I wish for either fish or game, I send
+a fisher or hunter, allowed by the factory, to supply me; and they
+never fail to bring me ample store of the finest sorts of the former;
+and of the latter, deer, ducks, partridges, wild geese, and what are
+here called crown birds, all which abound in their different seasons.
+
+"The afternoon is the usual time of trade; but sometimes it is
+protracted during the whole of several days, and being my proper
+business, I make a point of never neglecting it (Note C.) If concluded
+early, I sometimes take a trip to some of the neighbouring villages,
+and return home to supper, amusing myself, as I am now doing, with
+writing or reading, and occasionally visiting two or three friends. In
+these visits, the refreshment is generally palm and honey wine, or a
+fruit called cola, which very agreeably relishes water. I frequently,
+also, form one of a party in shooting doves and partridges. I have
+indeed no want of society, generally having even more company than I
+desire. These visitors are traders, and messengers from the great men
+in this and the adjacent kingdom, who frequently send me presents of
+pieces of cloths, cows, spices, and even a slave. These presents I
+would gladly decline, as I well know they are given with a view of
+obtaining more valuable returns, or to bribe me to some measure in
+which my interest or aid is required; but I am obliged to accept what
+they offer, because the interest of the Company renders it necessary
+to conciliate the natives, who may forward the trade. But to return
+to my accommodation: perhaps you think I repose on the 'verdant mead,
+under the spreading palm.' No such thing, my dear Sophy: my bed-room
+is large and airy, and during the rainy season glows with the cheering
+blaze of a fire. My bedstead is raised by forkillas; at the head and
+feet are cross poles, upon which is placed a platform of split cane. My
+bed itself is composed of silk-cotton, a sort of vegetable down,
+extremely soft, and very plentiful here; and to complete my bedstead,
+I have erected light posts at the corners, to support a pavilion
+of thin cloth, as a defence against the musquitoes. Independently
+of the linen I brought from England, I have some presented to me,
+by a negro king and his sister: (what think you of that, Sophy?) it
+consists of fine cotton cloths, six yards long and three wide: these
+I use for sheets. Thus, you find, I have all my comforts around me,
+even on the burning shores of Africa, to which you were so unwilling
+I should direct my way.
+
+"I cannot close my letter without telling you of the pleasure I enjoyed
+in my excursion this morning, with a friend who is my colleague in
+office, and with whom I am indeed so intimate, that we have acquired
+the designation of 'the inseparables.' We set out just as the day
+was dawning, and had penetrated nearly five miles into the country,
+ere the sun bore any oppressive power; and taking our fowling pieces
+with us, we shot a few birds for sport, as we proceeded through a
+country rich beyond your imagination to conceive. We rested ourselves
+at the foot of a rock, and ate a hearty breakfast of fruit, washing
+it down with palm wine, with which we were provided, and milk from
+the cocoa-nuts we gathered. We then continued to explore scenes which
+seemed to realize the picture imagination forms of Paradise. Coming
+to a beautiful expanse of water, we again seated ourselves, to enjoy
+a second meal, as well as the beauty and the heavenly repose, adorning
+and pervading these vast solitudes.
+
+"The tinkling of several little rills, and the sound of several larger
+cascades that fell from the rocks, only broke the stillness of the
+spot, in every other respect profound; and altogether diffused a
+tranquillity over the soul, the influence of which I still feel, but
+am unable to define. The orange and lime trees adorning the spot,
+bending under the weight of their delicious fruit, and diffusing
+around their fragrant odour; a number of other beautiful shrubs and
+trees intermingling their various tints of foliage, and tempting
+the hand to gather their rich fruit; combined with the cataracts,
+the surrounding hills, covered with the noblest trees and liveliest
+verdure, and in their various angles and projections, exhibiting
+the bold and free strokes of nature; altogether composed what might,
+without exaggeration, be called a terrestrial Paradise, the effect of
+which cannot be imagined, unless it were seen. You may be sure that it
+was not without regret we quitted this delightful spot, which raised
+our curiosity and desire, to the highest degree, further to explore the
+country. Nor (shall I confess it, Sophy?) could we forbear remarking,
+that if the attention of our country was directed to the civilization,
+and the improving the natural resources of such a country, instead
+of robbing and devastating it, it would be far more honourable to us
+as Britains, and as men, enjoying all the privileges of that envied
+title. But I think I hear you say: 'You tell me much of yourself,
+and of the face of the country you have chosen for a residence, but
+you tell me little of the inhabitants of this favoured region.' This
+I must reserve for another packet, my dear sister, as also an account
+of my visit to Sabi [2]. In the mean time I will assure you, that I
+have no regrets in having quitted for a while my country, except my
+separation from you and my family, every member of which must ever
+be dear, to their affectionate
+
+
+                                                       "Charles Irving."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+                            "What's all that Afric's golden rivers roll,
+                            Her odorous woods, and shining ivory stores?
+                            Ill-fated race! the softening arts of peace,
+                            And all-protecting freedom, which alone
+                            Sustains the name and dignity of man:
+                            These are not theirs!"
+
+
+Presuming that our young readers are not uninterested in the
+accounts of Charles Irving, we shall make a few more extracts
+from his correspondence. "You tell me," he observes in reply to
+the expressed wishes of his sister, "you tell me, my dear Sophy,
+to give you some information respecting the inhabitants of Whidáh. I
+am myself unable to speak very decisively, but I am assured by those
+who have visited other parts of Africa, that those of Whidáh exceed
+the other negroes in civilization, and they certainly appear to me,
+both industrious and ingenious. The women, I can assure you, are very
+important personages, truly help-meets to their lords. They brew the
+beer, dress the food, sell all sorts of articles, (except slaves!) at
+the markets; they are also, I am sorry to add, employed in tilling
+the land with the slaves. But, Sophy, this may be accounted for:
+the light of Christianity has not yet beamed upon this land. Its
+humanizing spirit we have, you know, often remarked, as peculiarly
+favourable to the weaker sex; and were Africa free, and blessed
+with the genial ray of true religion, doubtless her women would
+acquire that consideration which is their due, and be regarded as
+what they ought to be, as the companions and solace, not the slaves
+of man. In reference to their ingenuity, I have many specimens. They
+spin cotton yarn, weave fine cotton cloth, make calabashes, wooden
+vessels, plates, dishes, &c. I have now lying before me, a present
+from a great man, a pipe for smoking, which is remarkably neat. It
+is formed of clay of a reddish hue, the stem a reed about six feet
+in length. It is beautifully and finely polished, perfectly smooth,
+white, and even elegant. The bowl and stem are fastened together with
+a piece of delicate red leather. It has also a fine leather tassel,
+attached to about the middle of the stem; and so neat is the work,
+that although the end of the reed goes into the bowl of the pipe, it
+appears as if formed of one piece. They clean the reed, when filled
+up with the smoke, by drawing long straws through it, and the bowls,
+by scraping them with a small sharp instrument.
+
+"Last week we had quite a gala day, one of the country chiefs paying
+a visit to the governor at the fort. He was saluted with five guns
+on his landing: I was much pleased that my duty obliged me to go to
+the fort at the time.
+
+"The ostensible motive of his visit, was respect to the governor; but
+the real one, to solicit powder and ball, in order to defend himself
+against the attacks of a neighbouring chief. He assumes the title of
+emperor, and is a fine model of negro beauty, young, extremely black,
+tall, and free in his carriage, with teeth which rivalled pearls in
+beauty. His dress consisted of short yellow cotton trowsers, reaching
+only to the knees; and a sort of mantle of the same material, flowing
+full like a surplice. His feet and legs were naked; but he wore a
+very large cap, with a white goat's tail fastened in it: I suppose,
+the insignia of his dignity.
+
+"All the officers of the fort were in full uniform, waiting to receive
+this chieftain; and, I assure you, it was a very gratifying sight to
+observe the expecting numbers ready to welcome him.
+
+"He and his retinue came in a large and splendid canoe, containing
+about sixteen persons, all armed with guns and sabres, with a number of
+drums, upon which they beat with one stick. Two or three women were of
+the party, and danced to the sound of the drums. They remained at the
+fort all night, highly pleased with the visit, and the success of it;
+not only receiving what they solicited, but an ample present of rum,
+beads, bugles, and looking-glasses, from the governor, by which he
+quite won the hearts of the emperor and his suite.
+
+"The natives are, indeed, generally good-natured and obliging,
+particularly to Europeans; and if the latter are liberal in presents,
+they seldom find the obligation forgotten. If a favour is asked of
+them, they will use their utmost efforts to comply, even to their own
+prejudice. Gentle measures are, indeed, the only means to succeed with
+them: they then seem to have pleasure in compliance; but if treated
+with violence, they are obstinate and refractory, and they will take as
+much pains to injure, as, in the other case, to serve. This, you will
+say, sufficiently proves their native generosity of disposition. Can
+such a people require any thing but freedom, and a pure faith, to
+render them equal to the European, who despises them, and denies
+that they possess a capability of enjoying freedom? I grant this,
+my dear advocate; and, did time allow me, could relate many instances
+to prove that your opinion is just.
+
+"In my last, I mentioned the employment of the women partly consisted
+in weaving fine cotton cloths. We frequently barter these with our
+commodities. The pieces are generally twenty-seven yards long,
+but never more than nine inches wide. They cut them what length
+they require, and sew them together very neatly, to serve the use
+of broader cloths. The cotton is cleared from the seed by hand,
+and is spun with a spindle and distaff: it is afterwards woven in
+a loom of very simple and coarse workmanship. These cloths are made
+up into pairs, one about three yards long, and one and a half broad;
+with this the shoulders and body are covered. The other is almost of
+the same breadth, and but two yards long: this is gathered neatly in
+folds round the waist, and falls loosely over the limbs. Such a pair of
+cloths is the dress of men and women, with a slight variation in the
+mode of adjustment. I have seen a pair of such cloths, so beautifully
+fine in texture, and so brightly dyed, as to be very valuable. Their
+usual colours are either blue or yellow, some very lively: I do not
+remember, however, ever to have seen any red. (Note D.)
+
+"I shall conclude this letter by an account of my visit to Sabi, as I
+promised you. With European ideas of the state of society and commerce
+in Africa, I confess, the surprise I experienced was very great, on
+my entrance into the market of this capital of Whidáh, which is kept
+twice in a week. Great regulation is observed in the keeping of these
+markets, a distinct and proper place being assigned for every different
+commodity; and the confluence of people, although great, are preserved
+from disorder and confusion, by a judge or magistrate, appointed by
+the king; and who, with four assistants, well armed, inspects the
+markets, hears all complaints, and, in a summary way, decides all
+differences among the buyers and sellers, having power to seize, and
+sell as slaves, all who violate the peace. Besides this magistrate,
+there is another, whose peculiar office it is to inspect the money,
+which is called toqua, consisting of strings of shells, to the number
+of forty; and if one of these strings happens to be deficient in a
+single shell, the whole are forfeited to the king. Round the markets
+are erected booths, which are occupied by cooks or suttlers, who sell
+provisions ready dressed, as beef, pork, goats'-flesh; and others,
+in which may be obtained rice, millet, marre, and bread; and others
+where they sell spirituous liquors, palm and ciboa wine, and pito,
+which is a sort of beer. The chief commodities on sale, are slaves,
+cattle, and fowls of every kind, monkeys and other animals; various
+sorts of European cloth, linen, and woollen; printed calicoes, silk,
+grocery, and china; gold in dust and bars, iron in bars or wrought.
+
+"The country manufactures are Whidáh cloths, mats, baskets, jars,
+calabashes of various sorts, wooden bowls and cups, red and blue
+pepper, salt, palm-oil, &c. All these commodities, except slaves, are
+sold by the women, who are excellent accountants, and set off their
+goods most judiciously. The men are also good accountants, reckoning
+every thing by the head; and are as exact as the Europeans are with
+pen and ink, although the sums are often so many and so considerable,
+as to render it very intricate.
+
+"The slaves are paid for in gold-dust, but other payments are made
+in strings of cowries, which, as I have said, contain forty in a
+string. Five of the strings make what the natives call a fore; and
+fifty fores make an alkove, which generally weighs about sixty pounds.
+
+The various commodities of these markets, and the order and regularity
+with which they are disposed, would be a peculiarly pleasing sight to a
+stranger, were not human beings included in the articles of commerce;
+but, to behold a number of men, women, and children, linked together,
+and ranged like beasts to view, is a sight truly shocking to behold;
+and I will acknowledge, Sophy, I felt a sickness come over my heart,
+and a glow of shame suffuse my forehead, as I contemplated upwards of
+sixty individuals, whom a few short hours, perhaps, might separate, for
+ever, from their kindred and their country. There is, however, little
+chance that it will now ever be otherwise; for the worst passions
+of men are engaged, and the despotism of the African kings gives
+them ample opportunity to gratify their cupidity and intemperance,
+by the barter of their unhappy subjects [3]. The revenues of the king
+of Whidáh are very considerable; for he not only has large landed
+possessions, but he receives a duty on all commodities sold in the
+markets, or imported into the country. His lands furnish him with
+provisions for his numerous household, as well as for exportation;
+great quantities being annually sold to the neighbouring nations,
+less bountifully supplied by nature. The revenues arising from the
+slave-trade are very considerable, and induce him to favour it,
+by the strongest principle in the soul of man, selfishness; for he
+receives three rix dollars for every slave sold in his dominions. Every
+European vessel also pays him a pecuniary duty, exclusive of presents,
+which they make to conciliate his favour, and to secure his protection
+in trading.
+
+Some years, slaves to the number of two thousand are brought from
+the interior, by the native merchants, most of whom, they say, are
+prisoners of war. These merchants purchase them from the different
+princes, who have made captives of them. Their mode of travelling is
+by tying them by the neck with leather thongs, at about a yard distant
+from each other, thirty and forty in a string; having generally a
+large truss or bundle of corn, or an elephant's tooth, upon the head
+of each or many of them. In their way from the mountains, far in the
+interior, they have to travel through vast woods, where, for several
+days, perhaps, no water is to be procured. To obviate this distressing
+scarcity, they carry water in skins. There are a great number of these
+merchants, who, furnishing themselves with European goods from the
+slave-factors, penetrate the inland countries, and with them purchase,
+in their route, gold, slaves, and elephants' teeth. (Note E.)
+
+"They use asses as well as slaves to convey their goods, but no camels
+nor horses. Besides the slaves brought down to the factories by these
+merchants, many others are bought in the vicinity. These are either
+taken in war, as the former, or are men condemned for crimes; and,
+not unfrequently, they are stolen. These the Company never purchase,
+if able to ascertain the fact. It is worthy of remark, that, since the
+great demand for slaves, most punishments are changed into slavery;
+and there being an accruing advantage on such condemnations, they
+exaggerate faults scarcely more than venial, into crimes, in order
+to obtain the benefit of selling the criminal. Not only murder and
+the grosser crimes are punished in this manner, but every trifling
+misdemeanour renders the culprit obnoxious to the same dreadful
+penalty. It was not many days since that I had a man brought to me
+to be sold, for having stolen a tobacco pipe; and I had infinite
+trouble to persuade the aggrieved party to accept of a compensation,
+and to leave the man free.
+
+"From what I have seen of the people, they are well disposed and
+cheerful, excessively fond of dancing, keeping it up to the sound
+of a drum or a balafeu, for many hours, without any appearance
+of weariness. Their dances are sometimes pleasing and regular,
+but at others wild, and apparently confused. The instrument they
+call a balafeu is very pleasing, sounding something like an organ,
+when not too near. It is composed of about twenty pipes of very hard
+wood, finely polished: these pipes gradually diminish, both in size
+and length, and are tied together with thongs made of very fine
+thin leather. These thongs are twisted round small round wands,
+which are placed between each of the pipes, in order to leave a
+short space. Underneath the pipes are fastened twelve or fourteen
+calabashes, of different sizes, which have the same effect of sound
+as organ-pipes. This they play upon with two sticks, covered with a
+thin skin, taken from the trunk of the ciboa, or with fine leather,
+in order to soften the sound. (Note F.) Both sexes delight to dance to
+this instrument, and their pleasure seems to rise almost to ecstasy, if
+a white man will unite in the dance; which, you will readily suppose,
+I am never unwilling to do. The only indication of suspicion they show,
+is when asked to take any beverage with a white man, always requiring
+the liquor to be first tasted by the inviter.
+
+"Many of the natives have invited me to their habitations and dancing
+parties, and brought their wives and daughters to salute me. They,
+with great artlessness, generally sit down by me, and are never weary
+in admiring the different articles of my dress; making their comments
+one to another, with the most lively admiration and astonishment. Some,
+who had never seen a white man, ran away from me, apparently terrified
+at my monstrous appearance.
+
+"In their persons they are of a good height, well shaped, and
+extremely black; and, as an instance of the female subjection, I
+am told, that, when a man has been absent from home, even but for a
+short time, his wife salutes him upon her knees at his return, and,
+in the same attitude, offers him water and refreshments. Both sexes
+are exceedingly cleanly in their persons, washing themselves in pure
+water twice in the day, and using aromatic unguents. Their dress
+consists of the country cotton cloths I have named; the superior
+classes add a short garment, made of taffety, or other silk, and
+scarfs of the same material passed over the shoulder. They generally
+go with the head and feet uncovered, but occasionally wear sandals,
+and caps or bonnets. The superior females wear calico paans, or a
+sort of petticoat, which are very fine, and beautifully variegated
+with different colours: these are confined round the waist, and the
+upper part of the body is covered with a cloth, serving also as a veil.
+
+"They wear necklaces of coral, &c. agreeably disposed; and their arms,
+wrists, fingers, and legs, are encompassed and ornamented with rings
+of amber, silver, and even gold, to a considerable value. The inferior
+ranks wear copper or iron. The men suffer the hair to remain in its
+natural form, except buckling it in two or three places, in order
+to affix a coral ornament to it; but the women arrange theirs more
+artificially, with long and small buckles, or ornaments, the hair
+divided on the crown of the head, and the ornaments placed with great
+uniformity. They have a bad practice of using an oil, which injures
+the glossy blackness of the hair, in time changing it to a colour
+approaching green or yellow, which they much admire; but it is very
+unpleasing to the eye of a stranger.
+
+"I have mentioned that the natives of Whidáh are idolaters. The
+object of their worship, you will be surprised to find, is a serpent;
+an animal to which men, in general, have an antipathy This Whidáh god
+is called the fetiche: it is a harmless, as well as beautiful animal,
+having an antipathy to venomous serpents, attacking them whenever
+it meets with them. The serpent has a large, round, beautiful head;
+a short, pointed tongue, resembling a dart; and a short but sharp
+tail; the whole adorned by the most beautiful colours, upon a light
+grey ground. In general its pace is slow and solemn, except when it
+seizes on its prey, in which case it is quick and rapid. They are
+perfectly tame and familiar, permitting themselves to be caressed
+and handled, which is frequently done by the natives and Europeans,
+without apprehension of danger. This deity has a temple to his honour,
+with priests, sacrifices, &c."
+
+With this account we will close our extracts from Irving's letters;
+and as they will give some idea of the people of the country which
+forms the principal scene of our narrative, it is hoped the digression
+will not be thought irrelevant. In the next chapter we resume the
+thread of our story, merely pausing to express our ardent hope,
+that good may spring out of evil; that even the slave-trade may be
+the medium of promulgating the gospel of peace; and that good may,
+in God's own time, overcome evil.
+
+
+
+            O, 'tis a godlike privilege to save,
+            And he that scorns it is himself a slave.
+            Inform his mind, one flash of heav'nly day
+            Would heal his heart, and melt his chains away:
+            "Beauty for ashes," is a gift indeed;
+            And slaves by truth enlarg'd are doubly freed.
+
+
+                                                   Cowper.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+
+                      "O Slavery----
+                       Profuse of woes, and pregnant with distress,
+                       Eternal horrors in thy presence reign;
+                       Pale meagre famine leads thy horrid train;
+                       To each dire load subjection adds more weight,
+                       And pain is doubled in the captive's fate:
+                       O'er nature's smiling face thou spreadst a gloom,
+                       And to the grave dost every pleasure doom."
+
+
+Years had elapsed since Irving had indited the letters from which we
+have extracted, and every passing one had seen an increasing tendency
+to suffer humanity to yield to interest: what had been the practice
+of official duty, became the actuating principle, and gold, the
+
+
+            "Insidious bane that makes destruction smooth,
+            The foe to virtue, liberty, and truth,"
+
+
+absorbed the better feelings, which had at first recoiled from
+the scenes of cruelty and oppression he had witnessed; and he could
+calmly execute the one and the other, and be at no loss to justify (at
+least to himself) the acts, and even reason upon the trade of human
+beings; if not, indeed, upon its humanity and justice, at least upon
+its expedience; forgetful of that great and comprehensive, but most
+simple maxim: "Do unto others as ye would they should do unto you."
+
+The order he had received from his employers, arrived at an opportune
+period; for he had, on that very day, been invited to attend the
+ceremony of the coronation of the king of Whidáh, to take place in
+a few days, at Sabi. With the true spirit of gain, he calculated
+that this event might, by a little judicious policy, be rendered,
+not only subservient to his present pressing demand for slaves, but
+also might open greater facilities than he had hitherto possessed,
+of obtaining a choice. Interest, therefore, united with curiosity,
+in his determination of attending the ceremony; a few preliminaries
+of which we will name, ere we accompany him to it.
+
+On the demise of a king of Whidáh, the crown descends to his eldest
+son, unless the grandees have any substantial reasons to reject his
+claim; in which case the youngest son is appointed, provided he was
+born after the accession of the father. It is a singular custom, that,
+as soon as the eldest son of a king of Whidáh is born, he is removed
+from the palace and court, and placed under the care of a person in
+private, residing remote from the latter. With this person he remains,
+in profound ignorance of his birth, and of the high responsibilities
+for which he is designed. His protector is acquainted with the
+secret of his royal birth, but would incur the penalty of death
+were he to divulge it. By this custom it not unfrequently occurs,
+that when a prince is called to the throne, he may, at the moment,
+be employed in the most common and menial offices; and it is with
+difficulty he can be persuaded to believe those who inform him of
+his elevated rank, or in what manner to receive their servile homage;
+as it is customary for the subjects to approach the sovereign in the
+most humiliating form, advancing towards them in a creeping manner,
+to a certain distance, till the monarch, clapping his hands softly,
+indicates his permission for them to speak, which they then do,
+in a low tone, with their heads nearly to the ground. They retire,
+with the same slavish ceremonials, from the royal presence.
+
+As soon as the old king is dead, his successor is brought to the
+palace; but the period of his coronation is uncertain, resting
+with the grandees, with whom it becomes a political manoeuvre
+to keep the government, as long as possible, in their own hands;
+and they accordingly fix the period of the ceremony as best suits
+their respective interests. It is generally put off some months, and,
+sometimes, even years, but cannot be delayed beyond seven years. During
+this interval, the government is rather in the power of the grandees
+than the king; for they execute all the public acts and business,
+without consulting him. In every other respect he is treated as
+a prince, with only one restriction, viz. that, previously to his
+coronation, he cannot quit the palace.
+
+It may readily be imagined by our young readers, that, from the obscure
+state in which the young monarch is brought up, he has little notion
+of those qualities which are necessary to govern a people. On the
+contrary, the sudden transition from this obscurity, to the paths
+of ease and pleasure, and every facility of self-gratification,
+unfortunately gives a peculiar relish for those pursuits and
+pleasures, with which, had he become guardedly and progressively
+familiar, in all probability he would have been satiated. But this
+not being the case, the king of Whidáh lives almost in a state of
+indolence; seldom going abroad, and only occasionally attending his
+grandees when they are assembled in the hall of audience, for the
+administration of justice: all the rest of his time is spent in the
+recesses of his seraglio, attended by his numerous wives, who are
+divided into three classes. When the period of the coronation has
+been fixed by the grandees, they give intimation of it to the king,
+who assembles them in the palace; and the council having deliberated
+on the measures to be used in executing the ceremony, notice of it
+is given to the public by a discharge of cannon, and the glad news
+is soon circulated throughout the kingdom.
+
+The following morning, the grand sacrificer goes to the king,
+demanding, in the name of the great serpent, (their deity!) the
+offerings due on such a solemn and joyful occasion. These offerings
+consist of an ox, a horse, a sheep, and a fowl, which are sacrificed
+in the palace, and afterwards taken to the market-place. In the centre
+of this, the grand sacrificer erects a pole, nine or ten feet high,
+with a piece of linen attached to it like a flag, and around it
+are placed the victims, with small loaves of millet, rubbed over
+with palm-oil. After a few trifling ceremonies the company retire,
+leaving the victims exposed to the birds of prey; no person being
+permitted to touch them, upon pain of death. Arrived at the palace,
+about twenty of the king's wives walk in procession to the place
+of sacrifice, the eldest, or chief, (Note G.) bearing a figure
+formed of earth, representing a child in a sitting posture: this
+she places at a short distance from the victims. These women are
+attended by a party of fusileers, and the king's flutes and drums,
+the people prostrating themselves as they pass, and expressing their
+joy by the loudest acclamations. When these ceremonies are over,
+the grandees repair to the palace, dressed in their richest apparel,
+and attended by their numerous slaves, of whom they are very proud,
+adorning them with a profusion of trinkets, and ornaments of silver
+and gold. The king is not visible on this occasion; but they enter,
+and prostrate themselves before the throne, and again retire. This
+part of the ceremony continues fifteen days, during which the women
+make the palace re-echo with their acclamations; and the public joy
+is testified by the firing of cannon, and the almost continual display
+of rockets, from all parts of the capital.
+
+It was during the interval of these rejoicings, that Irving, with
+his attendants, arrived at Sabi, and was appointed to take up his
+quarters with a grandee high in favour with the new king. He had
+taken care to provide himself with an ample assortment of trinkets,
+spirits, cutlery, and other European produce he knew to be tempting
+to his inviter and his royal master, with whom he proposed to trade,
+immediately after the ceremony was concluded.
+
+Soon after his arrival, the grandee with whom he resided was summoned,
+(as was customary,) as the one deputed to go to the neighbouring
+kingdom of Ardrah, with a magnificent retinue, in order to request
+one of the nobles of that kingdom (in whose family the right had
+existed time immemorial) to proceed to Sabi, to crown the king; and
+Irving, desirous of seeing the whole of the ceremonial, obtained ready
+permission to accompany the embassy. The greatest respect is paid,
+by all ranks, to this officiating nobleman; and all the expences of
+his journey are defrayed by the grandees of Whidáh.
+
+When arrived at the last village next the capital, this nobleman and
+his retinue suspended their progress, remaining there stationary
+three or four days; during which time he received visits from the
+principal people of the kingdom, with whom it is customary to make
+him valuable presents, and contribute to his amusement by a variety
+of entertainments; the king supplying him with a great quantity of
+provision, carried twice a day in great pomp, by his wives, preceded
+by a guard of fusileers and a band of music.
+
+Among these ladies, Irving saw many whom, as a slave-merchant, he
+would have been happy to have obtained at a high price. Four days
+being elapsed, the grandees, with their usual train, and a great
+concourse of people, repaired to the village, to conduct the Ardrah
+nobleman, in great state, to Sabi; where he was received by a salute
+of the king's guns, and the loud and continued acclamations of the
+multitude. He was then conducted to the apartments prepared for him
+near the palace, where he was splendidly entertained by the grandees,
+and received visits from the principal officers of the court. He
+continued here five days, but, at the close of the third, he entered
+the palace with the chief of his train, without taking off any part
+of his dress or ornaments. He remained standing, also, when he spoke
+to the king, while all others prostrated themselves, as usual.
+
+On the evening of the fifth day, nine guns were fired, at the palace,
+to announce to the people that the king would be crowned on the
+following day, and that he would show himself in public, seated on
+his throne, in the court of the palace, the gates of which would be
+left open for the admission of all ranks of people. It was with the
+utmost astonishment that Irving beheld the immense population assembled
+in the streets of Sabi, on this occasion; every avenue towards the
+palace being completely crowded by the natives, to obtain a sight of
+their new monarch.
+
+On the evening of the following day, the king came forth from his
+seraglio, attended by forty of his favourite wives, dressed in the
+most sumptuous manner; being rather loaded than ornamented, with
+gold necklaces, laces, pendants, bracelets, foot-chains of gold
+and silver, and the richest gems. The king, who was a good-looking,
+but, apparently, very indolent young man, was magnificently dressed,
+wearing a gilt helmet, decorated with red and white feathers. He was
+attended by his guards, and proceeded from his seraglio to the throne,
+which was placed in an angle of the court, to the east of the palace,
+and styled the court of the coronation.
+
+The throne itself was something like a large armed chair, finely
+gilt, and elevated a little above the ground; the negroes choosing
+very low seats, not more than ten inches high, and six in diameter,
+and not unfrequently in the shape of an hour-glass. The most valuable
+and curious part of the throne we are now describing, was the seat,
+consisting of an entire lump of gold; not cast or formed by art,
+but a product of nature alone, weighing thirty pounds. It had been
+bored and fitted as a seat to the royal throne: upon this was a velvet
+cushion, richly laced and fringed with gold, and a foot-cushion to
+correspond. On the left were ranged the forty wives of the monarch,
+and on the right the principal grandees; and in a line with them, the
+Europeans from the English factories; therefore, Irving had a complete
+view of every part of the ceremonial. One of the grandees held in his
+hand an umbrella: this, however, was more for ornament than use, as
+the ceremony took place at night. It was formed of the richest cloth
+of gold, the lining embroidered with the same precious material, and
+the fringes and tassels the same. On the top of it was the figure of
+a cock, as large as the life. The pole of this pavilion, or umbrella,
+was six feet long, richly embossed and gilded. Another grandee kneeled
+before the king, constantly fanning him during the ceremony. Opposite
+to the monarch stood two of his dwarfs, who represented to him the
+good qualities of his predecessor; extolling his justice, liberality,
+and clemency, and exhorting the king not only to imitate, but to excel
+him; concluding their harangue with wishes for the king's happiness,
+and that his reign might be long and prosperous.
+
+These ceremonies concluded, the grandee of Ardrah was summoned to
+attend. When arrived at the outer gate of the palace, the cannon
+were discharged, and the band began to play. He entered the court,
+surrounded with his attendants, and was guarded by them to a certain
+distance. He then advanced, singly, to the throne, saluting the king
+by courteously bowing the head, but not prostrating himself. He then
+addressed a short speech to the king, relative to the ceremony he
+was called to perform; and removing the helmet from his head, turned
+to the people, holding it in his hands. A signal was then made, and
+the music instantly ceased. A profound and most impressive silence
+ensued. The grandee of Ardrah, then, with a loud and distinct voice,
+repeated, three times, these words to the assembled multitude: "Here
+is your king: be loyal to him, and your prayers shall be heard by the
+king of Ardrah, my master." After this he replaced the helmet on the
+head of the king, made a low reverence, and retired. The cannon and
+small-arms were instantly fired, the music again struck up, and the
+acclamations were renewed. The grandee of Ardrah, in the meantime,
+was reconducted, in great state, to his apartments; after which,
+the new-crowned king, attended by his wives, his guards, and the
+Europeans, returned to the seraglio, where the latter made their
+compliments to the king as he entered the gate; and, on the following
+day, the monarch sent, as usual, a rich present to the Ardrah grandee,
+previously to his return home, which he must immediately do, the law
+not permitting him to remain three days longer in the kingdom.
+
+The rejoicings which followed the coronation lasted fifteen days,
+and the whole was closed with a grand procession to the temple
+of the great serpent. The grandee with whom Irving resided during
+the period of these ceremonies, was one of the principal officers
+of the palace, and possessed a disposition peculiarly open to the
+enticement of spirituous liquors, as well as dreadfully acted upon
+by the pernicious stimulus they gave to his passions. He also had
+such a propensity for their use, that Irving easily found, that, by
+supplying him well, he might render him subservient to his purposes;
+and, in fact, he very soon disclosed to the wily merchant, that he
+had in his possession a number of valuable slaves, intended for the
+service, or to purchase the favour of the young king. The appearance
+of this negro courtier was pleasing and imposing. He was, in person,
+tall and well shaped; his dress was that usual in the country, but
+the material fine, and the colour perfectly white: his cap was also
+white and small. He wore large gold earrings, which, together with
+the pure white of his light dress, contrasted well with the jet black
+of his polished skin. In disposition he was so cruel and vindictive,
+that when he received an affront, even in the most trifling instance,
+he scrupled not to sacrifice the aggressor by shooting him.
+
+He possessed several wives, of whom he was very jealous, and whom he
+treated as slaves. He had also several brothers, to whom he seldom
+spoke, or even permitted them to enter his presence; but when he
+did grant them admission, they were obliged to take off their caps,
+prostrate themselves at his feet, and throw dust on their heads.
+
+It may readily be imagined, that a disposition so cruel and arbitrary,
+would be stimulated almost to fury and madness by the powerful
+influence of ardent spirits; and the fact was, that his thirst for
+brandy was so insatiable, that, to procure it, he scrupled not to
+execute any act of oppression, cruelty, or treachery. He had even
+been known, in order to procure slaves, with which to purchase brandy,
+secretly to set fire to a village, and then send the ministers of his
+cruelty to seize the distracted people as they rushed from destruction,
+to bind and to send them to the European factories, or to the joncoes,
+(or black slave-merchants,) and sell them for brandy and rum; which
+he would continue to drink till expended, without any cessation but
+that forced upon him by stupefaction or sleep.
+
+It would not be consistent with the plan of our tale, to make any
+remarks upon the probabilities of what this man might have been,
+had not the slave-trade existed; or what direction his cunning and
+arbitrary disposition might have taken; but we may venture to say,
+that he could not have had so extensive opportunities of oppression,
+nor could his cruelties have created such incalculable misery. "For
+it has been proved, on the most convincing evidence, that the demand
+for slaves has had the most fatal effect in exciting and developing
+every vice and every bad passion among these people; of perverting
+their rude institutions, and poisoning their domestic relations. It
+has been proved by evidence unquestionable, that, as we have
+asserted, the tyrant chiefs of Africa were daily induced to condemn,
+indiscriminately, whole families, for trivial or imaginary crimes,
+with the sole object of obtaining possession of the individuals
+composing those families, and exchanging them for bad powder and
+bad muskets; to station their soldiers in ambush, on the roads, with
+orders to rush on the unarmed traveller, and load him with chains;
+to attack, at night, villages sunk in repose, dragging into slavery
+men, women, and children, of an age suited to their purpose, and
+mercilessly butchering the aged and the infant. It has been proved,
+upon authority equally good, that famine, devastation, and continual
+warfare, undertaken for the sole purpose of taking prisoners, were the
+inevitable consequences of the slave ships' presence on the coast;
+and that the Europeans not only were witnesses of this desolation,
+but furnished the arms, nourished the hatred, fomented the discord,
+and were the communicaters of the moral blast, which shed its
+pestilential influence over the population of a country, which,
+under the benign protection of a fair and legitimate commerce,
+is assuredly capable of being civilized, enlightened, and happy;
+and which, in return for the inestimable gifts of instruction and
+religion, would cheerfully and gratefully pour its riches into the
+bosoms of its benefactors. But, can the arts which embellish life,
+can the virtues which expand the heart, can the principles that elevate
+the soul, can these find rest, or even enter a region devoted to blood,
+oppression, and desolation? Alas! while the slave-trade exists, we are
+compelled to unite in the fear expressed by an enlightened patriot,
+that 'there is no prospect of civilization or happiness for Africa.'"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+                  "Yet was I born as you are, no man's slave,
+                   An heir to all that liberal nature gave;
+                   My mind can reason, and my limbs can move
+                   The same as yours; like yours my heart can love:
+                   Alike my body food and sleep sustain,
+                   And e'en, like yours, feels pleasure, want, and pain:
+                   One sun rolls o'er us, common skies surround,
+                   One globe contains us, and one grave must bound."
+
+
+Intent upon the orders of his employers, and of the advantages he
+should obtain by the commission, Irving studied so much to ingratiate
+himself with his host, that he very soon readily obtained his promise
+of conducting him to his slave-rooms, the first opportunity he could
+spare from his close attendance upon his royal master, to whom his
+bold and haughty spirit made him eminently useful.
+
+While Irving displayed the tempting assortment of spirits, trinkets,
+dresses, and fire-arms, to the eager African, he artfully affected
+indifference as to the purchase of slaves; being well acquainted with
+the mode of making a good bargain, even when his fellow men were the
+articles for which to negociate: so entirely does this infamous trade
+debase and corrupt every generous emotion of the heart, and blunt every
+honourable feeling. With the internal assurance, therefore, that the
+view he had granted of his commodities, would induce the chief, as soon
+as possible, to gratify his desire of possessing them, Irving waited
+patiently the summons to attend him to the children of misery he had
+by fraud and violence collected; and was fully prepared to accompany
+him, upon his invitation a few days subsequent to the conclusion of
+the coronation ceremonies. Irving was, however, astonished, when the
+negro pointed out to him several spacious enclosures, the wretched
+inhabitants of which were to purchase his selfish gratification,
+and satisfy his cupidity; for Irving was not then aware that this
+grandee was, in fact, the creature of his sovereign, acting as an
+agent and slave-factor, upon the blood-stained gains of which he not
+only lived in great splendour, but possessed from his riches great
+power. His house was fitted up with European elegance, and was,
+in exterior style, something resembling the buildings of the Moors;
+consisting of courts, surrounded by apartments, beyond the precincts
+of which were the receptacles of the slaves.
+
+The transition from the elegance and luxuries of this African mansion,
+to the slave-buildings, was striking; and to a heart yet unperverted
+and unvitiated by the habitual view of uncontrouled power and
+oppression over the defenceless, would have been most mournful.
+
+But such was not the impression made upon either of the present
+visitants; the one intent upon immediate self-gratification,
+the other upon obtaining the means to ensure it in future. Nothing
+could more strongly prove the tendency of this traffic to prostrate
+every noble faculty of the soul, every tender impulse of the heart,
+to destroy every sympathy of our nature, than the fact, that Irving,
+the once generous, kind-hearted youth, beheld, with the cold regard
+of a mere trader intent upon making an advantageous bargain, above
+a hundred and twenty wretched beings in one house, all chained two
+and two, by their hands and feet, and sitting in three rows on the
+floor! They were of various ages of youth, and different in features;
+many of them having come, as the grandee observed, "a journey of many
+moons," that is, many hundred miles inland.
+
+While examining these miserable captives with all the technical
+minuteness of jockeys, or cattle-dealers, (during which the
+wretched exiles evinced the strongest and most varying emotions of
+reluctance, grief, and indignation,) the people of the chief brought
+in thirty-five more individuals, whom they had taken in a small town
+or village of the interior, and which they had attacked by order
+of their employer, leaving the aged and young infants butchered in
+their simple huts. Among this last group were several women, who
+exhibited the most heart-rending evidences of distraction and grief,
+in the loss of their infants, and the prospect of the unknown evils
+that awaited them in bondage.
+
+Amongst this number, however, great as it was, there were no
+slaves which suited the purposes of Irving; and he proceeded with
+his conductor to several other enclosures, from which he selected
+a few of inferior value. The negro then told him, he would show
+him what he termed "prime and superb negroes." In passing over to
+one of these enclosures, which were at some distance, Irving was
+arrested by a faint and low moan, as of distress, followed by an
+air of most exquisite plaintive melody, with which was intermingled,
+at intervals, the sound of an infantine voice, so lively as to speak
+the unconsciousness, of the innocent from whose lips it proceeded,
+of the mournful lot to which it was destined.
+
+"What sound is that?" he enquired of his host, as he stopped to listen
+from whence it proceeded; for even upon his deadened soul the song had
+vibrated. (Note H.) "I dare say it is the Senegal slave I had selected
+for my royal master," replied the negro; "but she bewailed being parted
+from her boy so much, that, to save her life, I was obliged to suffer
+her to see him once or twice a day, during the ceremonies. I shall,
+however, soon make her submit, now I can attend to her: I shall sell
+her for a great price, if I can separate the child from her, without
+hazarding her life."
+
+"Perhaps she will suit me," said Irving; "the boy would be no objection
+to the purchase, if he is strong and healthy. Let me see them." The
+negro hesitated; but at length observed, "They are worth a great
+deal," as if he doubted that Irving would be disposed to give the
+price. "You remember that beautiful sabre, and the brandy-chest full of
+prime liquor, and those muskets you admired, and"----observed Irving
+carelessly, but was interrupted in his enumeration by the African:
+"Yes, yes, I remember: what! will you give them for her and the
+boy?" "I cannot promise that, you know, unless I see her: you may
+be telling me a false tale. It at least can do no harm to see this
+slave you keep so close."
+
+"True, true, I scorn to deceive so good a friend," rejoined the negro,
+half afraid that Irving would recede from his implied bargain:
+"You shall certainly see this refractory woman; that is, she is
+only obstinate when I remove the boy. I wish they had killed the
+young urchin at once, when they carried her off. She is very gentle
+when he is with her: she only chooses to sing those mournful songs
+about Tumiáh: I suppose he was her husband. However, at all events,
+the boy cannot go to the palace with her."
+
+During this conversation, they had reached the hut in which the poor
+slave was confined alone, in the hope of making her yield to the will
+of the African, by consenting to be conveyed to the palace without
+her child. Irving followed the negro into the hut. The moment the
+latter got within it, the miserable inmate uttered a piercing shriek,
+and clasped her child with convulsive strength to her bosom, imploring
+the tyrant not to tear him from her widowed arms. There was one chord
+in the soul of Irving, which, amid the circumstances of his life,
+and despite of time, yet responded. It was the memory of his mother's
+caresses, when in his childhood she became a widow.
+
+The scene he now witnessed, struck powerfully on this chord of
+feeling. The distraction of the captive, her extreme youth, her beauty,
+the neglect of grief so apparent in her simple dress, her unornamented
+hair, her trembling limbs, her heaving bosom, her eloquent eye, her
+fevered lip, her attitude, and the energy with which she held her now
+alarmed child; altogether, combined a picture, which coming suddenly
+upon his previously somewhat softened feelings, had a powerful effect
+upon him, and, for a time, made him forget he was a slave-dealer,
+and caused the nobler feeling of the man to prevail. He determined, if
+possible, to save the wretched woman from the fate that awaited her;
+forgetting that, perhaps, one equally horrible might be her lot, did
+she become his property. When, therefore, he heard the African tyrant
+threaten her with a flogging if she persisted in singing such mournful
+songs, he almost involuntarily said: "If you are willing to barter her
+and the child, for what I named, and a selection of those trinkets you
+admired, to which I will add four gallons of rum, we are agreed upon
+the bargain." The negro again regarded Irving with a half suspicious,
+half incredulous glance, but remained silent. "I am serious," said
+Irving; "are we agreed?" "Let me see," muttered the negro to himself;
+"that fong, (sword,) mounted in silver gilt, and embossed handle; the
+chest with fine brandy; ten fine kiddos; (guns;) trinkets to please
+woollima moosa, (handsome wife,) and four gallons of rum: delicious
+rum make me merry, happy. Make the rum eight gallons," he added aloud
+to Irving, "and she," pointing to the being he was thus selling, "she
+is yours."--"And the boy, remember?" replied Irving. "O yes, the boy,
+the boy, to be sure," reiterated the African, hardly knowing how to
+repress his joy. Though almost absorbed in profound grief, the wretched
+captive yet understood she was about to be transferred, and that
+her child was to be included in the transfer. In an agony of mingled
+emotion, after having timidly regarded Irving's countenance, while he
+intently watched hers, she threw herself at his feet, imploring his
+mercy, and by a thousand expressive gestures, imparted the feelings
+which agitated her soul. In this lowly attitude she fainted; and when
+a little recovered, she exclaimed in mournful accents: "O Tumiáh,
+where art thou? Thou canst no more hear thy Imihie: she goes to the
+land of strangers, and will see thee no more, till death conveys her
+beyond the blue mountains. And Samboe, my boy," she added, as she
+called the playful and unconscious child from some flowers he was
+gathering from the ground, "thou wilt see thy father no more. Thou
+art a slave, my child: hard will be thy lot in the land of strangers,
+among the manstealers, when Imihie, thy mother, no longer shall
+feel pain, nor endure bondage. But I will watch over thee, my boy,
+I will be thy spirit: I will conduct thee over the blue mountains,
+the manstealer shall not follow us there."
+
+The negro's anger began to rise, during this soliloquy of his hapless
+captive; and calling vehemently for attendants, he directed she should
+be conducted, with her child, to a place appointed, with care to be
+taken that she should not do herself any injury, until Irving had
+concluded his engagement, and could have her removed to Whidáh.
+
+Irving declined viewing any more of the slaves on that day, and
+having determined to remain but a few days longer with the chief, he
+lost no time in making good his purchase of the female slave and her
+child. One impediment to his returning to Whidáh, however, there was,
+which he might have anticipated; but in his eagerness to purchase the
+wretched Imihie, he had not considered that while the rum and brandy
+remained, the grandee and his companions were totally incapable of
+business; but, in the intervals of stupefaction, were guilty of the
+most wanton excesses. Nor was his African majesty himself, exempt
+from effects of the potent contents of the liquor-chests consigned
+to his favourite, who artfully concealed from him the circumstance
+of Imihie; informing the king only, that he had obtained the liquor
+from an English merchant, for some dry goods, ivory, and gum. The
+monarch enquired if this merchant traded also in slaves. "Doubtless
+he does," replied the wily courtier: "he comes from the land of the
+manstealers, and will not, therefore, refuse the commodity in the way
+of trade. Would my royal master wish to see this Englishman?" "It
+is my desire," answered the king; "let him have notice of our
+pleasure." The grandee prostrated himself, and retired to caution
+Irving to conceal the transaction of the female slave from the king,
+or he would doubtless force her from him. The morrow was appointed
+for the interview with the monarch, who, the courtier said, had some
+slaves to offer for brandy and trinkets for his wives.
+
+
+            "Where wast thou, then, sweet Charity, where then,
+            Thou tutelary friend of helpless men?
+            Perish the wretch, that slighted and withstood
+            The tender argument of kindred blood.
+            But tho' some nobler minds a law respect,
+            That none shall with impunity neglect,
+            In baser souls unnumber'd evils meet,
+            To thwart its influence, and its end defeat."
+
+
+Shall a Briton, shall a man "honoured with a Christian name" encourage
+slavery, because the semi-barbarous, unenlightened, lawless African
+hath done it? "To what end (it is impressively asked) do we profess
+a religion whose dictates we so flagrantly violate? Wherefore have
+we that pattern of goodness and humanity, if we refuse to follow
+it? How long shall we continue a practice which policy rejects,
+justice condemns, and piety revolts at?"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+                             * * * the band of commerce is design'd
+                             T' associate all the branches of mankind.
+                             And if a boundless plenty be the robe,
+                             Trade is the golden girdle of the globe:
+                             This genial intercourse, and mutual aid,
+                             Cheers, what were else, an universal shade.
+                             Calls nature from her ivy-mantled den,
+                             And softens human rock-work into men.
+
+                                                                 Cowper.
+
+
+Most truly and impressively do these lines of our Christian poet
+describe the effects of legitimate and honourable commerce; the mutual
+exchange of the various gifts of an all-bounteous Providence, showered
+on the globe we inhabit, for the general use, benefit, and pleasure;
+and of those embellishments of art, which civilization has brought
+forth and nourished.
+
+But no such effect can ever flow from the piratical commerce of men,
+that deformed and cruel offspring of Mammon, which riots in the blood,
+and glories in the miseries of man.
+
+It may be urged, we are not the original agents in this trade: it
+is pursued with eagerness by the Africans themselves. But are those
+who live in that transcendent light which was granted to dispel the
+mists of error--to meliorate propensity to evil--to harmonize the
+rational soul--still to delight in works so dark, still to trample
+under foot every principle of humanity; still to spurn from them
+the obligations of justice, still to set at naught the precepts of
+religion; and to make themselves accomplices with pagan oppressors,
+in tyrannizing over those hapless beings, whom a mysterious Providence
+has subjected to their power? Is the Christian trader content to put
+himself upon a level with the unenlightened despot, and coolly to put
+his blood-stained profits in the balance, against the laws of religion
+and his country; laughing at the remonstrances of philanthropists,
+as the dreams of enthusiasm, or as puerile objections unworthy of
+attention? No; it surely will not be thus. England has entered the
+path of mercy [4], let her pursue it with energy and constancy:
+and if other nations refuse to follow her heaven-enlightened way,
+to them belongs the shame and the guilt of trampling down the laws
+which bind man to his God and his fellow-man; and, for the violation
+of which, every individual must be accountable, at that tremendous
+audit, before which the oppressed and the oppressor shall alike appear!
+
+But to return to our narrative from these reflections, which the
+seriousness of the subject forced from us, and which must apologize
+for them with our young readers.
+
+The time being fixed for Irving to have an audience with the king, he
+was conducted to the palace, which was a spacious edifice, consisting
+of many large courts, entirely surrounded with porticoes, above which
+were apartments with small windows. These apartments, as well as every
+part of the palace, exhibited great magnificence in the furniture and
+decorations. Some of the floors were covered with exquisitely fine
+matting, and others with superb Turkey carpets; and the furniture
+consisted of chairs, sofas or divans, skreens, chests, cabinets and
+porcelain imported from China. The windows were not glazed, but were
+shaded with frames of fine white linen, and taffety curtains. The
+gardens of this superb palace were very extensive, laid out in long
+vistas of lofty and beautiful trees; affording a deliciously cool
+and shaded retreat, for the women immured in the splendid prison. It
+was evident to Irving, as he passed some of these apartments to the
+hall of audience, that his African majesty intended to receive him
+in great state; but whether out of respect to him, as a European and
+a slave and spirit merchant, or to display his own magnificence, he
+could not determine: nor was it of much consequence, although he well
+knew that the Europeans in general are well received, and are allowed
+to dispense with the humiliating ceremonies they scrupulously exact
+from their own subjects; and, unlike them, are granted an audience
+whenever they desire it. When Irving, therefore, entered the hall
+where the king was seated to receive him, his majesty immediately
+rose, and advanced some steps to him; took him by the hand, pressed
+it in his own, and three times successively touched his fore finger,
+which was the greatest token of amity and affection. After this,
+he desired him to sit down by his side, upon fine mats spread on the
+floor; which Irving having complied with, he displayed his presents
+to his majesty, who was astonished to find he could, with ease,
+converse with him without the aid of an interpreter.
+
+Irving could not but feel gratified at the extreme although childish
+pleasure the young monarch evinced, in receiving the presents; which
+consisted of an elegant case of English spirits, some beautiful guns,
+a superb sword, and a great variety of trinkets for the ladies of the
+seraglio. The king offered to sell him some of his discarded wives;
+but Irving respectfully declined the offer of the ladies, as not very
+well calculated for the labours of the colonies.
+
+In the audience chamber were two benches, one of which was broader than
+the other, covered with an embroidered cloth, and by it was an oval
+stool; upon this the monarch seated himself, after having received and
+examined the presents. The other bench was covered with mats, on which
+Irving was directed to sit, as the usual seat of the Europeans during
+conferences. Irving was uncovered; not, however, by order, but from
+a voluntary desire of showing proper respect; for he had not forgot
+the early lesson, "honour the king," though as a slave-dealer, it may
+be, alas! inferred, that he had little recollection of the context,
+"fear God." He made himself so agreeable, however, to the king, that
+he was invited to dine with him, and the meal was served with great
+elegance. While they were feasting, the grandees prostrated themselves
+before their sovereign; and what provisions were left were given to
+them, which they appeared readily and cheerfully to accept. Irving
+had, during this long interview, an ample opportunity of observing
+the person, the dress, and the manners of the new king of Whidáh;
+and, in some degree, to form a judgment of his character. His dress
+was superb, composed of silk and gold, with strings of beautiful
+coral round his neck, arms, and wrists. In person he was tall, well
+shaped, with remarkably smooth and polished skin. His manners were
+free, urbane, and familiar; but there was discovered a disposition
+to covetousness, and the usual propensity to inebriety. Nor was it
+difficult to discover that he was indolent and pusillanimous, the usual
+companions of luxury and dissipation. In fact, the faults of the king
+seemed those of his education; and his virtues, those of his nature,
+which required only civilization, good examples, and a pure faith,
+to nourish into fruitfulness.
+
+The audience chamber in which Irving was received, was hung with
+tapestry. At the upper part of the room was a throne, formed of ivory;
+it was ascended by three steps, and shaded by a canopy of the richest
+silk. This is used on great state occasions.
+
+The king readily granted permission to Irving, to view the palace,
+excepting, of course, the apartments of the women. Conducted by
+his friend the grandee, and some other officers of the palace, he
+found it more extensive than he had supposed, having entered by a
+private passage. It consisted of several large squares, surrounded
+with galleries, each of which had a portico or gate, guarded by
+soldiers. The first gallery on entering the palace is very long,
+supported on each side by lofty pillars. At the termination of this
+gallery was a wall with three gates, the centre one ornamented with
+a turret seventy feet in height; terminated with a figure of a large
+snake, cast in copper, and very ingeniously carved. These gates opened
+into an immense area, enclosed also with a wall; then another gallery
+like the former, into another spacious court; and so on to a fourth,
+beyond which were the apartments of the king. In this spacious palace
+the king is sometimes immured for years, until he is crowned; and
+here, also, many wealthy courtiers spend the whole of their time,
+leaving trade and agriculture to be executed by their wives and
+slaves. (Note K.) These go to the circumjacent villages, either to
+trade in merchandise, or serve for daily wages; but they are obliged
+to bring the greatest part of what they obtain to their masters,
+otherwise they make no scruple to sell them for slaves.
+
+Irving and his new royal acquaintance had passed their time so
+convivially, that the negociation for slaves was deferred till the
+morrow, when he again attended his majesty to a depôt, containing
+about two hundred; and as they were going to this place, they met
+nearly as many proceeding to the coast, the king's agents having
+sold them on the preceding day. Amongst this wretched group, Irving
+remarked some remarkably handsome men; and found, on enquiry, they
+were from Molembo, from whence the finest negroes are obtained.
+
+The number he was invited to examine, consisted of men,
+women, and children; and, to any but a slave-dealer, the sight
+was heart-rending. Fathers overwhelmed in silent sorrow; mothers
+expressing their anguish in affecting lamentations, audible sighs,
+or deep groans, expecting every moment to be separated from their
+tender offspring, whom they clasped to their bosoms, or endeavoured
+to hide under the folds of their pacans; youthful females shrinking
+from the brutal gaze of the trader, and dreading nameless indignities;
+the fiery eye of many a youth, indignant at the bonds which confined
+him from levelling to the ground the wretches who bought and sold him
+as a beast of the field, and tore him from the object of his love,
+whom he was powerless to save from death and bondage. But such a
+scene was of too frequent occurrence, the cry of the innocent was too
+familiar, to make any impression upon those who were bargaining. Irving
+purchased many of them; and having seen them marked as his property,
+(Note L.) left his people to conduct them to Whidáh; whither, after
+having taken a cordial leave of the king, and so far conciliated him
+and the grandee as to ensure future advantages, he himself, with his
+attendants and the female slave, returned that evening.
+
+
+
+            Canst thou, and honoured with a Christian name,
+            Buy what is woman-born and feel no shame?
+            Trade in the blood of innocence, and plead
+            Expedience as a warrant for the deed?
+            Perish the thought!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+                             "And if perchance a momentary sigh,
+                              For such a lot reflection may supply,
+                              He follows not the feeling to its source."
+
+                                                       Barton (adapted.)
+
+                             "If ever thou hast felt another's pain,
+                              If ever when he sigh'd hast sigh'd again;
+                              If ever on thine eyelid stood the tear,
+                              That pity hath engender'd--drop one here:
+                              This man was happy."
+
+
+It will naturally be supposed, from the eagerness of Irving to make
+good the purchase of Imihie and her poor boy, that his heart was
+deeply interested by their situation, and that he had it certainly in
+his power to ameliorate it. But, alas! if, for a moment, the chord
+of compassion was touched, the feeling was transient, the impulse
+too weak to prompt to action; and, so far from being strengthened
+by the night's reflections, they, on the contrary, did but lead to
+lament his own folly, in making himself liable to the loss he would
+probably sustain by the high price he had given; as it was a condition
+of his engagement with the Company, that he was to be individually
+accountable for all losses incurred by the purchase of unprofitable
+slaves. These anticipations of pecuniary injury, were confirmed by
+the appearance of his poor captive on her arrival at the depôt at
+Whidáh. A fixed melancholy seemed to have absorbed every faculty,
+rendering her insensible even to the playful caresses of her boy,
+in whose sparkling eye, health "seemed a cherub yet divinely bright;"
+so happily unconscious was he of the bitterness of his lot, and the
+sufferings of his mother. Finding, from his people, that she resolutely
+rejected sustenance, Irving himself endeavoured to persuade her, but
+without success; but when self-interest, aided by the dictates of
+conscience and compassion, induced him to resort to the usual mode
+of forcing it, (nor will we question it was a painful task to him,)
+his heart must have been of adamant, not to have felt the powerful
+appeal of wretchedness and despair, when, while in the execution
+of this cruel duty, the poor captive looked up in his face, and,
+with a mournful smile, said: "Presently I shall be no more." (Note
+M.) Irving, indeed, from her appearance, began to think so; and as
+he could not now remedy her situation, nor restore her to what she
+had lost, he considered his best plan was to consign her, as soon
+as possible, to the ship waiting to receive the collected slaves,
+congratulating himself on his humanity, in having prevented the mother
+and child from being separated, even if he should thereby sustain
+some loss. He determined, also, to do all he could to ensure her
+some attention during the passage; and, with this view, determined to
+go immediately on board, to see the accommodation, and to give some
+particular instructions to the captain; leaving orders that Imihie
+should be conducted to the ship as soon as the day began to close.
+
+The ship destined to convey these miserable beings to the West Indies,
+had already on board between four and five hundred negroes. The
+captain boasted much of the superior accommodation of his vessel for
+the trade; and, to confirm his assertion, entreated Irving to visit the
+slave-rooms. Willing to conciliate any who might promote his interest,
+Irving consented. The superior accommodation he found, was, that
+every slave, whatever his size, had five feet six inches in length,
+and sixteen inches in breadth, to lie upon! The floor was crowded with
+bodies, stowed or packed according to this allowance. But between
+the floor and deck, or ceiling, were platforms or broad shelves,
+in the mid-way, which were also covered with bodies. (Note N.) The
+men were shackled two and two, each by one leg, to a small iron
+bar; these, the captain with much self-complacence said, were every
+day brought upon deck for the air; but lest they should attempt to
+recover their freedom, they were made fast by ring-bolts to the deck,
+or by two common chains, which were extended on each side the main
+deck; but the women and children, he added, were suffered to remain
+loose. Few slaves fared so well as his, he continued, for he allowed
+each a pint of water a day, and yams and horse-beans twice a day;
+and afterwards, for exercise and health, they jumped in their irons,
+which, if they refused to do, he was obliged, certainly, to flog them,
+as it was his duty to preserve them in health, if possible. Irving,
+however, learnt, in the course of this man's conversation, that it
+was usual for these miserable beings to remain fifteen or sixteen
+hours below deck, out of the twenty-four; and that, in wet weather,
+they could not be brought up for two or three successive days: their
+situation was, he acknowledged, very distressing, but he could not
+remedy it. They would cling to the gratings for a little air; draw
+their breath with anxious and laborious efforts; fight with each
+other for a taste of water; and many died of suffocation. (Note O.)
+
+Amongst the number thus confined in the hold of this ship, Irving
+remarked many whose nobleness of aspect indicated that there was a
+"spirit within," which rose even above such calamity--a consciousness
+of moral dignity, that spurned at the cruelties of the oppressor;
+but there was one in particular, before the flame of whose eye even
+Irving shrunk abashed. He was evidently a person of consequence; high,
+it would seem, in military rank, inferred from certain personal
+indications, with the meaning of which Irving was acquainted;
+and also from some articles of dress, stated to have been taken
+from him when captured; and every look (action was denied him)
+indicated that he possessed a mind not insensible to the eminence of
+his station. Irving enquired from whence he was taken, and from whom
+purchased? He was told, from Molembo, it was thought; and that he had
+been only a few days purchased from the king of Whidáh, with a number
+of his countrymen, taken by treachery, and in defiance of a treaty
+subsisting at the time. This was all he could learn; and having given
+his instructions respecting Imihie, Irving returned to Whidáh before
+her arrival at the ship, being desirous to avoid another interview,
+the sight of her producing a painful emotion he could neither define
+nor account for.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+                      "Soft airs, and gentle heavings of the wave,
+                       Impel the fleet whose errand is to save!
+                       But ah! what wish can prosper, or what pray'r,
+                       For merchants rich in cargoes of despair.
+                       The sable warrior, frantic with regret
+                       Of her he loves, and never can forget,
+                       Loses, in tears, the far-receding shore,
+                       But not the thought that they must meet no more."
+
+                                                                 Cowper.
+
+
+Night shed her silent influence over the mighty deep; the firmament
+was bright with myriads of glittering worlds; the moon, in full and
+mild lustre, rode majestically, like a sphere of silver light, on the
+summit of fleecy clouds, and was reflected, in many a fantastic form,
+by the tossing waves, the gentle ripplings of which were mingled
+with the distant sound of "All is well," borne on the gale from the
+fort, the regular tread of the watch on deck, and the boatswain's
+shrill whistle. The rush of the shark, "cutting the briny deep,"
+as it instinctively followed the floating receptacle of misery, was
+the only sound that interrupted, painfully, the heavenly calmness
+of the scene and hour; a calmness, alas! little according with the
+soul-sickening agitations of the wretched beings, now silently borne
+from all held dear and precious, and on their way to all the horrors
+of a life in chains. Cargoes of despair they may truly be called!
+
+Imagination, in its loftiest flight, must come short in attempting to
+embody in words, the smallest part of the aggregate of misery which
+exists on board a slave-ship; it will, therefore, not be attempted:
+one only being of the wretched number must appear a moment on our
+theatre of woe; he who had so forcibly arrested the attention of
+Irving, when visiting the slave-rooms.
+
+Confined promiscuously with such a multitude of his wretched
+countrymen, the agony of his feelings is not to be described. With the
+form and visage of a man, he felt, indignantly felt, that his destiny
+was that of the beast of the field, and his soul seemed bursting from
+the frame that confined it. Wearied nature at length found a short
+cessation from the unutterable pangs of woe, in sleep--in consoling
+visions! He dreamt he was in his own beloved country, in the enjoyment
+of honour and command, caressed by his family, served by his wonted
+attendants, and surrounded with the comforts of his former life:
+his spicy groves exhaling sweets, his palm-tree's refreshing shade,
+his rivers teeming riches, his domestic endearments, his war-like
+preparations, and his hard-earned triumphs, came in succession on
+his fancy. But the sweet delusions were too soon dispelled: he awoke,
+with a hurried start, to the sad, sad reality, that he was a slave in
+the midst of slaves. The rapid retrospect of former happiness with
+existing misery, rushed on his soul; and the dreadful reverse drew
+from his manly breast the most affecting lamentations. Every dear
+object of his regard flitted before his mental view; but, alas! there
+was no reality but misery--interminable bondage: there was no fond eye
+to behold, no persuasive tongue to soothe, no attentive ear to listen
+to his woe. Mingled with the meanest of his subjects, whom he had no
+power to relieve; subjected to the cruelty and insolence of wretches
+a thousand degrees lower in the scale of humanity and intellectual
+endowment, yet arrogating their superiority as Christians, and the
+proud distinctions of national advantages, his soul refused comfort,
+and he determined upon death. Little did he think this foe to nature
+was so near; little did he imagine the horrid form in which he would
+present himself; and that there might be circumstances which, at the
+moment of expiring nature, would make him cling to, and even give
+value to a life of perpetual bondage!
+
+The vessel made considerable way during the night, and the morning
+rose, with glorious splendour and beneficent freshness, upon the
+world of waters; on the majestic bosom of which, floated such an
+accumulation of moral turpitude and excelling misery! The hour
+arrived when the slaves were to be brought on deck for air and
+exercise. The sable warrior anticipated it with a gloomy joy, as
+the most favourable opportunity of effecting his designed purpose of
+self-destruction; and when he found he was to be fastened to the deck,
+he violently resisted. This, however, did but provoke his oppressors
+to increased indignities. In the midst of this struggle, he became
+calm as a lamb, resistless as an infant. The sound of a female voice,
+singing a mournful African air, seemed to have bound him by a potent
+spell. (Note P.) His eyes appeared as if bursting from their orbits,
+his whole frame trembled; while the big tear rolled silently down
+his sable countenance, which assumed a mingled expression of doubt,
+hope, and agony. He at first directed his piercing eyes to the air,
+as if he thought the song proceeded from some hovering, viewless
+spirit. He again renewed his efforts to get free, and fixed his gaze
+intently on the remotest part of the ship, from whence the sound
+seemed to proceed, but nothing met his view: the song, however, still
+continued, only interrupted, at intervals, by deep sobs of anguish,
+and the scarcely-heard voice of infantine distress.
+
+Rendered desperate by the confinement under such powerful emotions,
+he called loudly on the spirits of his fathers, to avenge him on the
+Christian tyrants; and while enduring, in consequence, the cruel
+scourging and insulting mockery of the barbarian crew, a piercing
+scream was heard, and the poor Imihie was seen rushing from an
+obscure place, (in which the captain had indulged her to remain,)
+with the infant Samboe clinging to her bosom. In a moment the names
+of Tumiáh! Imihie! were interchanged; and the exhausted Imihie,
+letting her child fall from her relaxing arms, threw herself upon
+the panting bosom of her enchained and manacled husband.
+
+We invade not the feelings of that moment: language has nothing to
+do with them. The Being who formed the heart of man, can alone judge
+of its emotions.
+
+The maternal affection was not, however, long absorbed in the conjugal;
+and the half frantic Imihie recollected, that Samboe was not enfolded
+with her in the arms of Tumiáh. She loosened herself with difficulty
+from his embrace, to restore her child to his wonted protection within
+her own; but, at the moment she arose for the purpose, a tumultuous cry
+resounded through the ship, of "fire! fire! Loosen the slaves! loosen
+the slaves!" The fire, however, spread with such violence, bursting
+from the spirit-room, that the sailors, apprehending that it was
+impossible to extinguish it before it would reach a large quantity of
+gunpowder on board, concluded it necessary to precipitate themselves
+into the sea, as offering the only chance of saving their lives.
+
+However, they did first endeavour to loose the chains by which the
+slaves were fastened to the deck; but in the confusion the key
+could not be found, and they had but just time to loosen one of
+the fastenings, by wrenching the staple, before the vehemence of
+the fire so increased, that they simultaneously jumped overboard;
+when immediately, the fire having gained the powder, the vessel blew
+up, with every slave that was confined by the unloosened chain, and
+such others as had not possessed the power to follow the example of
+the sailors.
+
+We hardly know whether to style it fortunate, that any circumstance
+should save these victims of avarice from a watery grave, after
+escaping that which, to the sense, seems more terrible. Providence,
+however, ordained that there should be some vessels in sight; which,
+putting out their boats, took up about two hundred and fifty of the
+poor souls that remained alive; but the most of them being those who
+had been fastened together with shackles, had, from the violence of
+the shock, and the confinement of the irons, experienced dreadful
+fractures of the limbs; which, inflamed by the struggles they had
+instinctively made, the heat, and the agitated state of the blood,
+quickly mortified, and ere they were scarcely sensible of their
+increase of calamity, released them, for ever, from all fear of it
+more. Among the number who thus yielded up his manly spirit, was
+Tumiáh, rejoicing in the belief that his Imihie and Samboe were also
+removed to a land of spirits--a land where no man-stealer can enter,
+no treachery gain access, no violence invade. He might have adopted
+the words of the poet:
+
+
+                "Now, Christian, glut thy ravish'd eyes;
+                  I reach the joyful hour:
+                Let, let the scorching flames arise,
+                  And these poor limbs devour.
+
+                "O Death, how welcome to th' opprest!
+                  Thy kind embrace I crave;
+                Thou bringst to Misery's bosom rest,
+                  And freedom to the slave!"
+
+
+The fond belief, however, of the expiring Tumiáh, that his wife and
+child had escaped the horrors of bondage, was fallacious. Previously
+to the calamity, the feelings of the wretched Imihie had been wrought
+up nearly to their utmost height; the sight of the quick-advancing
+flames, therefore, was sufficient to augment them to frenzy, and with a
+strength which frenzy only could impart, to a frame exhausted by want
+of nourishment and continual grief, she snatched the infant Samboe
+from the deck, upon which he had fallen, and where, unheeded by one
+pitying eye, he remained, without uttering any cry or attempting to
+move; for, overcome by terror of the noise and brutality of the crew,
+the sight of the immense ocean, and the want of that nourishment which
+he in vain sought from the exhausted bosom of his wretched mother,
+the suffering child seemed unable to move, or even to utter any sound.
+
+Imihie pressed him closely to her breast, turned a momentary and
+frenzied glance upon her enchained husband, and uttering a faint cry of
+terror, cast herself and precious burden into the foaming deep. But it
+was not decreed to become her tomb. Almost by miracle, she was thrown
+near a boat which had put off from a Spanish slave-vessel, and was
+picked up by the crew, with Samboe still closely entwined within her
+arms; without, however, exhibiting the smallest appearance of remaining
+life. But the vital spark was not yet extinct. She was immediately
+put on board the ship, and means of resuscitation used with both her
+and her child, as well as several other equally miserable victims of
+avarice. Heaven decreed these efforts to be effectual: and thus was
+the widowed mother transferred, by the sudden calamity, from one set
+of mercenaries to another, yet still doomed to slavery! The vessel
+had taken in her cargo at Rio Pongos, and was bound for the Havannah;
+but her stowage was too small to allow her, with impunity, to keep the
+increase occasioned by the casualty of the fire. She therefore put
+into a port, and disposed of them to a ship bound for Jamaica. This
+occasioned considerable delay; in consequence of which, when the
+transferred slaves were at length on their passage, they were subjected
+to all the evils of improper seasons; water failed, provisions became
+spoiled and scanty, and many of the slaves the victims of disease,
+ere they entered the magnificent harbour of Port Royal.
+
+Arrived at Kingston, they were put in store, until notice should
+be given of sale, which was immediately done by advertisement: "On
+Tuesday next will be put up for sale, in their store, fifty superb
+negroes of the coast; to the purchasers of which will be afforded
+all the facilities wished."
+
+
+            * * * "What man reading this,
+            And having human feelings, does not blush
+            And hang his head, to think himself a man?"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+                                "Authority usurp'd from God, not given.
+                                 He gave us over beast, fish, fowl,
+                                 Dominion absolute. That right we hold
+                                 By his donation: but men over men
+                                 He made not lord; such title to himself
+                                 Reserving, human left from human free."
+
+                                                                 Milton.
+
+
+Had Irving now seen the once attractive Imihie, and her playful boy,
+as he even beheld them in the slave-room of the African courtier,
+he would scarcely have given credit to any assurance that she
+was the same individual. She then, recently a captive, peculiarly
+displayed in her person the characteristic feminine traits of her
+country--perfect symmetry of proportion, and beautiful, in as far as
+it did not consist in colour. Modest, affable, and faithful, these
+sweet feminine qualities emanated from her softened eyes, and an air
+of winning innocence in every look and gesture; while every word was
+pronounced with an inflection of voice so sweet, so soft, so tender,
+that cold indeed must have been the heart that could withstand its
+eloquent appeal, or listen, unmoved, to its modulations. Such was the
+young Imihie. Now, alas! how changed! Emaciated for want of food,
+sinking with illness, shrinking from exposure; almost frenzied
+with the recollection of the past, the misery of the present,
+and the dread of the future; bearing, with difficulty, her infant,
+she was conducted, with her companions in misery, to the vendue, in
+the bare hope that she might be purchased for the sake of the boy;
+who, though suffering from the effects of the voyage and want of
+his natural nutriment, still evidently displayed great intelligence,
+and much natural vigour. The first day of exhibition passed, and no
+purchaser was found for the sulky negress, (for such is the feeling
+term applied to the desponding.)
+
+On occasions like this, it is a common thing to speculate upon the
+purchase of what are termed the refuse negroes, or those left from the
+first day's sale. Some are frequently in so weak and miserable a state,
+as even to be sold as low as for a dollar; some are taken to the mart
+almost in the agonies of death; and some are even known to draw their
+last sigh in the piazzas of the vendue master. It was on the second
+day's sale that Imihie was purchased by a planter for a very low sum,
+and carried into the country, with some others, whom he intended
+to retail. The situation of these wretched captives was but little
+ameliorated, by becoming the property of this man, who was of that
+class of managers, who think that the safety of the family to which
+they are subservient, and the interest of the proprietor, renders
+severity indispensable, and oppression the only mode of subduing
+the refractory spirit of the African, whom they regard with the most
+sovereign contempt. With souls lost to all sense of compassion, they
+believe there can be but one mode of enforcing obedience, that of fear;
+and in the exercise of their delegated authority, they put in action,
+to the utmost, this ignoble stimulus, by every means which a spirit
+of cruelty and ignorance can suggest.
+
+Short, indeed, would have been the existence of the miserable Imihie,
+had she continued the property of this semi-barbarian. Confined in a
+narrow and unwholesome hut, without a single comfort; a hurdle for
+a bed, which rather served to torture than to ease her pained and
+wearied limbs, with scarcely sufficient of a coarse linen to secure
+her frame from the scorching heats of the day, and the dangerous dews
+of night; in the midst of the richest bounties of nature, and the
+abundant luxuries of art, fed on salt beef and salt cod, and roots,
+with the injurious flour of the cassava, imperfectly prepared,
+and these in quantity scarcely sufficient to support existence;
+deprived of every enjoyment; condemned to perpetual labour, under the
+rod of an unfeeling master, there could be no chance of amendment of
+health, or of reconcilement to her destiny. But Providence ordained
+she should yet feel the happiness of sympathy. Her tyrant master,
+finding that her labour was very inadequate to the expences of
+retaining her, would have separated her from her child, and sold
+her for the smallest possible sum; but a neighbouring proprietor of
+a small plantation offered a satisfactory price for them together,
+and they were removed to a comparatively comfortable situation, in
+the hope that, with rest and better food, she might be enabled to
+become a house-slave to the wife of the purchaser.
+
+It has been remarked, by observing travellers, that the women of the
+West Indies possess great natural kind feelings; but that the habitual
+view of oppression, and the free exercise of power over the slaves,
+renders them very insensible to the sufferings of the negro women,
+and totally regardless of promoting their happiness, or of studying
+to ameliorate their hard lot; and that the instances are by no means
+uncommon, in which they treat and have them punished with the utmost
+severity: that they can raise, to no gentle tone, their soft voices,
+and exert, with no little energy, their spiritless frames, when
+provoked by the awkwardness, or jealous of the influence of their
+sable captives. Ah! much to be lamented is that state of oppression
+on the one part, and debasement on the other, which can convert the
+expression of that distinguishing feature of beauty, of female beauty
+more especially, from that which indicates right feeling, to that which
+betrays a superiority the God of nature designed not. A woman's eye
+should melt with tenderness, sparkle with innocent animation, weep
+with those that weep, and beam with the rays of joy at the happiness
+of another.
+
+Such was the expression which shed its consolation on the desolated
+Imihie, upon the visit of her new mistress to her lowly hut. This
+amiable woman was young, but her mind had been early matured in the
+school of adversity: a hapless fate had fixed her residence in a
+remote part of Jamaica, but she had also learnt, from precepts which
+will never lead astray, "in whatsoever situation she was, therewith
+to be content." From the same Master who had inspired this lesson of
+the apostle, she had also learnt the only cure for the rebellion of
+the mind; that force defeated its object; that it was the interest of
+those who possessed power over their fellow-beings, that they should
+be attached to life, for nothing could be expected from them, the
+moment that they no longer feared death. Guiding her conduct by this
+principle of enlightened reason, derived from a far higher source,
+the most genuine sentiments of humanity were in constant exercise, by
+a corresponding course of action. She could not, indeed, as an obscure
+and solitary individual, break or remove the yoke which oppressed
+her fellow-creatures; but she could render it easier to be borne, and
+could, sometimes, even for a time, dissipate the cruel sense of it,
+by promoting and favouring the natural tastes of her poor slaves. Their
+lodging, clothing, and food, were all attended to by persons she could
+depend upon, and regularly inspected by herself. Far from regarding
+the occupation degrading, she persevered in it as a commanding
+duty; and she reaped her high reward, by the grateful affection of
+her poor servants. By various simple methods, she roused from the
+apathy of despair, and awakened the sensibilities. Little festivals
+conducted with judgment, innocent recreations, and simple rewards,
+preserved her slaves from the continual melancholy, which had too
+just a foundation. She sympathized with mothers, and delighted to
+share with them the caresses of the children.
+
+Her husband, although possessing not her intelligence and elevation
+of mind, nor actuated by the principle that directed the energies of
+his amiable wife, yet was induced, by her unostentatious usefulness,
+and evident success in her plans, to accede to most of the humane
+innovations she proposed to him; convinced, by her arguments, that it
+would be his interest to be humane. Hence, their plantation exhibited a
+picture of comfort seldom seen, and their slaves had every appearance
+of health. They were allowed wholesome provision in ample quantity,
+with as much fruit as they wished; they had the liberty of keeping
+poultry, and to cultivate a piece of ground with esculent roots;
+their huts were comfortable, and when sick they experienced the
+kindest attention; and they were frequently suffered to associate
+with each other in little parties, for recreation and amusement.
+
+Such were the proprietors of the poor Imihie and her hapless boy, who
+soon began to find the benefit of kind treatment; and it is probable,
+had Providence ordained that it should have been enjoyed, immediately
+after landing on a foreign shore, that the miseries of the voyage,
+and even the horrors of bondage, might have been overcome by youth,
+and that wonderful buoyancy of the human mind, that seems to force
+itself above the swelling waves of misfortune. But the arrow had sunk
+too deep: its barb had been too powerfully poisoned, for human effort
+to withdraw, or to antidote it. Imihie was evidently the victim of that
+disease which hurries to an untimely grave, so many individuals of
+her hapless country; and which, throughout the world, may be termed,
+although not yet classed, a broken heart. The first symptom of this
+disorder among negroes, became evident; namely, the black and glossy
+skin assumed an olive hue, the tongue became white, and the poor
+sufferer became overpowered by such a desire to sleep, that it was
+found impossible to resist it, a deadly faintness preventing the
+smallest exercise. In fact, a languor and general relaxation of the
+whole wonderful machinery of the human frame, seems to threaten death
+day by day, yet the sufferer still survives. So great is the state of
+despondency accompanying this distressing malady, that those afflicted
+will suffer themselves to be beaten, rather than attempt to move or
+walk. Happy was it for Imihie that she had not a task-master's whip to
+dread; and that the loathing which she had for mild and wholesome food,
+was not attributed to obstinacy, but to what it really was, a symptom
+of the disease which was insiduously undermining the vital principles
+of life. It made rapid advances upon her delicate and youthful frame:
+her respiration became laborious and painful, the extremities became
+swollen, and suffocation seemed frequently to impede the action of
+the heart. In this state she languished and suffered several months;
+but Imihie had her consolations, under an infliction, the natural
+consequence of melancholy upon the organs of the human frame.
+
+We have said, that the humanity and enlightened reason of the
+excellent Mrs. Delany, were derived from a high source; even from that
+source which exalts feeling to a principle: the one is frequently as
+transient as the excitement, the other is founded upon a firm basis;
+offering a permanent and pure incentive to action, by adding a value
+to existence, as connecting it with a future. Such is one of the many
+blessed fruits of a Christian faith. Mrs. Delany felt its commanding
+power: she was a Christian in deed. Hers was not a speculative creed,
+but a practical code: it was her daily, hourly study to act upon.
+
+It is true, Jamaica, at the period of our narrative, enjoyed not
+the high privileges it now possesses of Christian instruction, and
+of Christian example; but Mrs. Delaney was one amongst the few, who,
+feeling and enjoying the light and the consolation of religion, were
+anxious to impart a portion of what cheered their own hearts--of that
+which directed their steps, to those who yet "sat in darkness and
+the shadow of death." Deeply interested in her hapless slave, from
+the moment she saw her, Mrs. Delaney had soothed, by truly maternal
+attention, her bodily sufferings, and her mental anguish. She inwardly
+deplored her total ignorance of that grand source of consolation, the
+knowledge of which was so open to those who despised it. She gently
+prepared the feelings and the understanding for the reception of that
+light, which she fervently prayed might be imparted to her benighted
+mind. She gradually led her docile steps, her mental view, to Him who
+invites the heavy laden to resort to him for rest; to seek Him who is
+the strength and the fortress of those that trust in him; to adore,
+with unfeigned humility, that transcendent mercy, which became poor
+that we might be rich. What heart is there, bereft of all earthly
+good, all earthly hope, but must expand with joy, to receive into
+its most inmost recesses the precious promises of Christianity?--of
+that mild and beneficent religion, which so tenderly sympathizes with
+every emotion of the weak, the frail, the lacerated bosom? Was it
+then surprising, that the poor Imihie, with feelings too powerful for
+utterance, hung upon the mild accents of Mrs. Delaney, as she described
+to her the sufferings of the Redeemer--the abyss of wretchedness from
+which he rescued mankind--the dreadful penalty from which he saved a
+rebellious world? Was it surprising, that, with an eager gratitude,
+which gave a heavenly expression to her languid eyes, and displayed
+itself in every varying feature, she listened to the glorious truths
+of revelation, unfolded in terms suited to her expanding capacity;
+and that, with all the simplicity of unsophisticated nature, receiving
+the noblest impressions of Deity, she bade Mrs. Delaney thank her great
+good God for his marvellous kindness to wretched captives, and for the
+unsearchable riches of his grace. Never was she wearied in hearing
+her kind instructress recount the sufferings of the incarnate God:
+tears, the offspring of genuine feeling, chased each other down her
+altered countenance, as Mrs. Delaney directed her imagination to the
+garden of Gethsemane, to the judgment-hall, where He, whose throne is
+heaven, and his footstool earth, was exposed to insult, contumely,
+and scorn; scourged, buffeted, spit upon; betrayed by one friend,
+denied by another, and abandoned by all; subjected to a painful, a
+cruel, and an ignominious death, in the presence of insulting foes:
+the very spirit clouded by the momentary abandonment of heavenly aid,
+forcing from the lips of the sufferer the agonizing exclamation:
+"My God, my God! why hast thou forsaken me?" and all this for the
+love he bore for those who became his murderers.
+
+Thus would Mrs. Delaney, in language suited to the capacity of her
+pupil, recount the affecting history of our Redeemer, and gradually
+open her mind (aided by the Spirit of grace constantly implored
+to direct her) to the grand truths of the gospel. The soul of the
+dying Imihie imbibed the soothing balm, felt the powerful energy,
+and gladly received the consolation the religion of Jesus alone has
+power to give. Her tears, it is true, still flowed for Africa, and for
+Tumiáh; but they were no longer bitter tears. The heavenly ray which
+had been communicated to her soul, had not only enlightened it, but
+stilled its perturbations; and captivity was deprived of its horrors,
+in the enjoyment of those lively instructions in the way of holiness
+and peace, so impressively imparted by her truly Christian mistress.
+
+Often when administering some relief to her bodily suffering,
+Mrs. Delaney would ask her how she felt herself. She would say, with
+a serene smile, "weak, weak; but joy, joy here," laying her hand on
+her bosom, then pressing that of her compassionate benefactress. No
+murmur, no complaint, proceeded from her lips; but her mind appeared
+ever tranquil, and her soul happy. Sometimes, indeed, while caressing
+Samboe, the tear would swell in her eyes; but she had learned the
+comprehensive prayer, "Lord, let thy will be done!" and a frequent,
+affecting repetition of it, while she pressed her boy to her bosom,
+spoke volumes to the sympathizing Mrs. Delaney.
+
+During this daily increase of spiritual strength, her frame gradually
+sunk under the pressure of her disease, which resisted every
+tried means of relief, and finally came to its usual termination;
+viz. suffocation. Thus closed the mortal career of the youthful
+Imihie, one of the many thousands of victims to a commerce, which,
+it is feared, the mercenary will always cling to; in which desperate
+men will ever be found to hazard; and, even in Africa, tyrants ever
+be ready to supply the horrid market; (Note Q.) while few, it is to
+be feared, will, like the poor Imihie, after a series of misery, find
+a Mrs. Delaney to soothe their sorrows, and point to realms where all
+tears shall be wiped away, and sorrow and sighing shall flee for ever.
+
+
+            To Heaven the Christian negress sent her sighs,
+            In morning vows, and evening sacrifice;
+            She pray'd for blessings to descend on those
+            Who dealt to her the cup of many woes;
+            Thought of her home in Africa forlorn,
+            Yet, while she wept, rejoic'd that she was born:
+            Ennobling virtue fix'd her hopes above,
+            Enlarg'd her heart, and sanctified her love.
+            With lowly steps the path of peace she trod,
+            A happy pilgrim, for she walk'd with God.
+
+                                                Montgomery, (adapted.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+                      The spreading palm-tree o'er her grave shall wave,
+                      Emblem of bliss eternal!
+
+                     "See on the grave in which she sleeps,
+                      The soften'd savage sits and weeps;
+                      And the sweet voice of gratitude
+                      Oft names her in the desert rude."
+
+                                                         The Missionary.
+
+
+The infant Samboe, thus bereaved of his suffering mother, was yet too
+young to feel the full magnitude of his loss; yet his little heart
+experienced emotions he had no power to utter, when he was told she
+would never more awake to his call, nor could he feel happy, when,
+with expressions of joy, he saw the negroes of the plantation remove
+his "silent mother" to the burial ground, with every demonstration
+of joy. (Note R.)
+
+An ever kind Providence has, however, made the griefs of children to
+be transient; and Samboe, the favourite of Mrs. Delaney, from his
+sweetness of disposition, great activity, and early intelligence,
+would probably have presented a pleasing exception to the unhappy
+lot of his enslaved countrymen--might justly have enjoyed the title
+of the happy negro--had his benefactress been spared to bless the
+sable dependants on her kindness. But life, at all times and in all
+situations transient and uncertain, may be said to be peculiarly so
+in the West Indies; the progress of disease being so rapid, and the
+excitements to it so many. That dreadful visitation, the yellow fever,
+broke out in the district of the Delaney plantation: numberless were
+the victims to the "pestilence that walketh in noon-day;" and among
+them were Mr. Delaney and his amiable wife.
+
+Those who were capable of appreciating their worth, who had felt
+their benevolence, had enjoyed the privileges they allowed, and knew
+how rarely they were found in the plantations, mourned them with
+unfeigned sorrow, their loss closing up the avenues of consolation and
+of hope; and those too young to feel how much they were deprived of,
+were quickly made sensible of a change from a system of Christian
+love and benevolence, to that built upon the mere hope of worldly
+gain. As it is not the custom in the English colonies, as in the
+French, for the negroes to be attached to the plantation, those
+of the Delaney estate were, upon the sale of it, dispersed amongst
+different purchasers; and the infant Samboe became the property of
+a cruel mercenary, who employed the poor child to wait upon him,
+when indulging in all the luxurious ease of an occidental despot. By
+those who have seen the various caprices of a temper altogether
+uncontrouled, the whims of a mind destitute of cultivation and
+obstinate in ignorance, the cruelty of a disposition formed by the
+possession of a precarious power over helpless individuals; by those,
+and those only, will the various species of suffering to which the
+innocent child was subjected be understood; and the terrors which were
+produced by the horrid imprecations, the unmanly abuse, and vulgar
+epithets of this brutal master, upon the gentle and timid character
+of the poor little Samboe. It was then he began to feel the loss,
+and to pine for the tenderness of his mother and his benefactress;
+and there is little doubt but he would have soon followed them to
+the tomb, had not an incident occurred, that emancipated him from the
+tyrannical controul by which he so acutely suffered. One day, while
+attending his master at breakfast, just as he handed the coffee his
+foot slipped, and it was thrown over a beautiful cimar, which the
+luxurious planter highly valued, as the gift of a lady to whom he
+was partial. He rose in haste and in anger, and aiming a blow at the
+now kneeling boy, missed the blow, and fell himself to the ground,
+striking his head by the fall against the edge of a sofa. Seeing him
+suddenly fall, some attendants in waiting rushed to his assistance,
+but in vain: the blow had been fatal, he had fallen to rise no more
+on earth! Happy was it for Samboe that there were witnesses, white
+witnesses of the scene, who could exonerate him from all intentional
+connexion with, or wilful provocation to the catastrophe. The alarm,
+however, of the unoffending child was distressing: the countenance
+of the planter at all times bore evidence of his ill-regulated mind
+and indurated heart, and the awful hand of death fixed them in an
+expression the most horrid. With little idea of such sudden death,
+the poor child thought he was but in a violent passion, and, in the
+most piteous accents, clasping his hands together, besought "massa to
+forgive poor Samboe, who would not break cup any more, would not spoil
+dress any more." But his supplication was alike unheeded by master
+and attendants, except by one, who kicking him as he passed, said:
+"Get out of the way, ye little whining dog, or I'll make ye." Samboe
+crept from the apartment, and crouching under some furniture, felt
+all the bitterness of a life of slavery, of which nature, in its first
+fresh feelings, can be capable. Happily again for the infant captive,
+the wife of the planter could not bear to retain in her service the
+innocent cause of her husband's death; at least, secretly rejoicing
+at her own emancipation from his arbitrary disposition, she affected
+so to say: consequently, she expressed her wish of selling him to
+the manager of a neighbouring plantation, but as her recent loss
+rendered it impossible for her to have a personal interview, she
+thus communicated her wish by note to this person: "Unable to bear
+the sight of the young author of the death of the best and tenderest
+of husbands, Mrs. Williamson requests the favour of Mr. Martin to
+take charge of, and dispose of him, in any way he may judge most
+conducive to her interest, and to employ the proceeds in the purchase
+of a more effective, that is, laborious slave. Mrs. W. relies on the
+known kindness of Mr. M. to render this service to the disconsolate
+widow of his late friend." My young readers will doubtless be shocked,
+that Mrs. Williamson should thus profess grief for the loss of a man
+she married for his wealth, without either esteeming or loving him;
+but it is no fancied picture, and is presented to show, that, unless
+the heart is continually watched, and the mind sedulously cultivated,
+in situations favourable to indolence and self-indulgence, the moral
+feelings quickly become blunted, and the individual can easily,
+and without any self-reproach, assume any sentiments and any line
+of conduct which best suits the whim or caprice of the moment;
+and she hated the little Samboe, because she once overheard him,
+in a moment of unusual gaiety, telling a circle of slaves what
+merry dances they had at Delaney, when dear Missy Delaney danced
+with poor Samboe. Upon such trifles will envy condescend to feed its
+insatiate appetite. Good, however, to Samboe, was educed from all this
+evil. Mr. Martin was the respectable and humane manager of the Moreton
+estate; (see "Twilight Hours Improved," page 85;) subjected to his
+superintendence during the minority of Mr. Frederick Moreton, by the
+will of his deceased father; and whose humane treatment of his negroes
+had excited the displeasure of the young man's guardian, Mr. Penryn,
+who firmly believed the African race created only to become the slaves
+of Europeans. Mr. Martin lost no time in complying with the request
+of his fair neighbour. He well remembered frequently having seen the
+little Samboe in attendance upon his imperious master, and never failed
+to admire his extreme docility, mildness, and intelligence; and he
+looked upon the circumstance of Mrs. Williamson's desire to sell him,
+as very fortunate, as he had, only a few days previous, received the
+commission to send to England a negro boy for his young master.
+
+The purchase was soon made, and Samboe was once more under the roof of
+an indulgent master. Every attention was given, in order to establish
+his health, and improve his personal appearance, that he might credit
+the choice of his purchaser, and please the young eye of his future
+master. He only remained at Jamaica to effect these purposes, when he
+was consigned to the care of the captain of an English West Indiaman,
+with instructions to have him safely conveyed to Mr. Penryn's,
+Portman Square.
+
+Samboe evinced the greatest reluctance to go on board; he clung
+to Mr. Martin, who himself conducted him, and trembled violently,
+declaring he could not go into great ship, or on great wide sea. No one
+could account for this extraordinary reluctance and evident terror; for
+they knew not that the young heart of the little negro was throbbing
+with recollections for which he had no name, and which he had no
+power to express. It is true, they were vague, like the confused
+remembrance of a troubled dream, but they were powerful; and it was
+with the utmost difficulty Mr. Martin soothed him, by gentleness,
+promises, and assurances; and, after all, was obliged to leave him,
+when he had cried himself to sleep upon a coil of rope on the deck,
+no one being able to prevail upon him to go below, and Mr. Martin
+positively forbidding coercion.
+
+The grief and terror of the poor boy were renewed, when he discovered
+he had been left by Mr Martin; but a series of kind treatment, and
+many little indulgences granted him, after a while reconciled him
+to his new situation; while his simplicity and quickness greatly
+endeared him to the sailors, with whom he became quite a pet. The
+voyage passed in this manner without any particular occurrence; and
+Samboe was introduced, one evening, to the dining room of Mr. Penryn,
+filled with elegant company.
+
+Had he been one of the wonders of the world, he probably would not have
+excited more attention, or elicited more remarks. The ladies admired
+his eyes and his teeth; the gentlemen enquired if he was a Molembo,
+or from the Kroo country, and began an animated debate on slavery,
+and the slave-trade. Each lady gave her opinion of the most becoming
+dress to contrast with the jet black of his skin. One asked him if was
+not glad to come to England; another enquired if he was sorry to leave
+Africa; a third enquired if they flogged him at the plantation; while
+a fourth, by way of compliment to the lady of the house, observed,
+he was a happy black boy, to have such a charming mistress. To all
+these remarks the poor child could give no reply; nor, it would seem,
+was it expected; and, much to his joy, he was dismissed to the care
+of the groom, until his apartment and employment about the person of
+his young master could be arranged.
+
+The groom, however, was highly indignant that a vile neger boy
+should be committed to his care: "Did they fancy he would let a
+black get between his sheets? No, indeed; there was the hay-loft,
+the stable-boy should pull him a truss of straw in the corner there:
+surely that would be a better bed than most negers got. Sleep with
+me, indeed; no, I'd lose my place first, and tis'n't a bad one,
+neither. Had they told me to take Cćsar the house-dog, or Neptune
+the Newfoundlander, I should not have so much have minded; but a
+neger boy! surely my master was half-seas over to think of it." This,
+and much more of the same refined objection, passed in the kitchen
+of ---- Penryn, esq. and, according to the groom's kind arrangement,
+Samboe was indulged with some clean straw in the stable-loft.
+
+The children of oppression and calamity quickly sympathize; a kindred
+feeling draws them together: thus it was with Samboe the African,
+and Frank the English stable boy. An orphan from his cradle,
+and a parish apprentice, Frank had been early subjected to every
+oppression--exposed to every temptation; but a certain buoyancy of
+spirit, and a persevering ardour of mind, enabled him to rise above
+the one; and the latter was rendered less dangerous, by his constant,
+unremitted love of employment. He was busily engaged mending his
+shoes, when his master, the groom, introduced the young negro to his
+acquaintance. "There, Frank," he said, "there is a companion for you,
+my lad; take care he don't touch the horses, and mind he don't run
+away. Lock him up when you come in for your supper: you may offer him
+some, but I don't know what negers eat, I'm sure. Master should have
+told us that, I think, for I don't expect they live as we do. Eh! my
+lad, do ye mind me?" he added, with a raised voice, as he saw Frank
+take the hand of the timid Samboe, and ask him if he was tired. "Oh
+yes, sir!" he replied, touching his fur cap, "I will be sure to take
+care of him."
+
+Glad to get quit of the restraint which the charge imposed upon him,
+the groom was in high good humour with Frank, and promised, if he would
+attend to his orders, he would give him a shilling. Astonished at his
+unwonted generosity, Frank repeated his assurances; and having made
+his new companion understand that he desired to make him comfortable,
+with the happy facility of children to be so when left to themselves,
+they quickly became acquainted. Frank found that negers could eat
+good bread and fresh meat; that they had no objection to tarts; and
+that even a custard, given by the cook as a treat to merry Frank,
+was equally relished by the neger boy. After this luxurious repast,
+during which, if it was not the "feast of reason and the flow of soul,"
+there was, most unquestionably, innate benevolence on one side, and
+genuine gratitude on the other, the new-made friends sought repose on
+the same clean truss of straw, and together enjoyed the refreshment
+of "nature's sweet restorer." Not long, however, after they had thus
+lain down, Frank was roused from his yet imperfect slumber, by a
+slight rustling and a low voice, very near him. He spoke gently to
+his new bed-fellow, but received no reply. Frank had that tincture of
+superstition which usually attaches to the ignorant and uncultivated;
+and the unusual sound, his new situation, and the profound darkness,
+aided the impression; while a thought of the little negro became
+associated with the recollection of several marvellous ghost-stories he
+had heard. He ventured, however, (not without considerable reluctance,)
+to feel if his sable companion was by his side, and discovered, to
+his amazement, that he was not there. The murmur still continued,
+and Frank, trembling all over him, made a desperate effort, and
+called lustily, "Samboe, Samboe!" "Samboe here," replied the boy,
+in a soft and gentle tone; "Samboe here, but wicked boy."
+
+Frank's courage returned at the sound of Samboe's voice clearly
+pronouncing these words, although he was at a loss to account
+for his self-accusation. "Why, what have you done to be wicked;
+where are you?" he enquired. Samboe's imperfect knowledge of the
+English language, permitted him not to understand the full import
+of these questions; and it was not until Frank, with renewed courage
+at finding his companion was really a mortal, contrived to make him
+understand his repeated enquiry, why he had risen, and why he called
+himself wicked? "Because Samboe forgot lesson dear Missy Delaney teach
+him. Pray to great God before sleep; pray to great God when eyes open;
+pray to good God give food; pray to good God give friends."
+
+Frank now understood, that Samboe, in the novelty of his situation,
+and probably from the effects of a little porter he had taken,
+had forgotten to offer his simple tribute of thanks and respect to
+the omnipotent Creator, which the good Mrs. Delaney had taught him
+habitually to do; although he was too young when she died, to admit
+any further religious instruction, or to understand more than that
+a great God, beyond the blue sky, observed all his actions.
+
+Samboe had never, until this night, neglected this lesson; but, with
+uplifted hands and bended knee, was accustomed to acknowledge the
+protection and the support of the Being he had been taught to regard,
+as ever beholding, and with unwearied care protecting, all men. Sleep,
+however, had not closed his eyes, ere the omission was recollected,
+and he had crept out of the straw, to offer his simple orison, the low
+murmur of which had so much alarmed his new friend. Having concluded,
+he returned to his straw couch, and slept the sleep of innocence,
+untill awaked by Frank rising to his morning duty in the stables.
+
+Frank possessed an intelligence of mind, as well as activity of spirit,
+which required but opportunities to develope themselves. The incident
+of Samboe's forgotten prayer, impressed his youthful mind. How was
+it he had never been taught to pray? He had never seen it practised
+among those he had been with. He thought people went to church to
+pray; yet surely if a black boy thought it right to pray, a white
+boy ought. Perhaps it was a custom among them? Yet, such was the
+innate impression he had, that it was right and proper, that he
+felt a species of shame to answer Samboe in the negative, when he
+artlessly enquired if he did not pray to great God, to take care of
+him; he, too, who knew so many things: for, to Samboe, Frank seemed
+a miracle of cleverness, when he described his various employments,
+and displayed, to his astonished visitor, the results of his ingenuity,
+which he did with no little self-complacency.
+
+Samboe seemed now the happiest of human beings. He suffered nothing
+to pass unnoticed; asking the reason, the use, the name of every
+thing he heard, or saw, or touched. This he contrived to do, either
+by broken words, gestures, or signs. The new-made friends thus passed
+several hours of the morning, before the groom made his appearance;
+for, although his apartments were above the stables, he did not often
+occupy them, finding numerous engagements more pleasant than attending
+to his duty.
+
+The only unpleasant circumstance of this morning of delight to
+Samboe, was its chilliness. It was one of those which frequently
+occur in May, as if to reprove the hastiness of the family of Flora,
+in putting forth their fair forms; and its asperity was severely felt
+by the little African. Frank determined to make him as comfortable
+as he could; and having received no orders to the contrary, lighted
+a fire in the groom's room, and invited Samboe to its genial warmth,
+while he quickly prepared a comfortable mess of milk-pottage.
+
+They were thus enjoying themselves, when the master of the house
+appeared, half awake, and storming at Frank for a lazy dog, for not
+having swept the stable-door. But he supposed he and the beggarly
+neger had been idling away their time together. Frank, who was used
+to his arbitrary temper, said little; but, making signs for Samboe to
+return to the loft, he quickly prepared every thing for his master's
+toilet, and proceeded to rectify the omission of not having swept the
+door-way. While thus engaged, a servant from the house arrived with
+an order to the groom to take the negro-boy to a clothes-shop, and
+have him neatly clothed, until a a proper dress could be fixed upon;
+as he was to have an interview with his mistress and young master,
+who neither of them could bear the smell of tar, exhaling from the
+filthy things he wore.
+
+This message, delivered in due form to the groom while he was shaving
+himself, nearly endangered his cutting his throat, by the resentful
+agitation it caused, that he should be appointed to wait upon a
+neger. It was a degradation which he could not, nor would not submit
+to. Following, therefore, the example of his superiors, he delegated
+the office to his subordinate; and calling loudly for Frank, as soon
+as the messenger had left him, he desired him to take the black he
+seemed so fond of, to Mr. Draper's, and get him rigged. "And mind
+ye, Frank, boy, call at the 'potecaries or 'fumers, and bid 'em
+pour some musk or lavender, or something sweet over the lad, for
+missis is very particular; and as to Master Fred, I shall have him
+trying how my legs will bear the exercise of his new hunting-whip,
+if I do not please him about this black, who, I dare say, will not be
+long before he feels it. But I suppose he has been used to flogging,
+so it will be nothing to him."
+
+Frank, highly pleased with this important commission, called the
+shivering boy from the hay-chamber, and in no long time he was
+completely equipped, in a suit according to the taste of Frank and
+the vender: certainly as stiff and ill made as it well could be;
+while the effusion of lavender-water was completely accomplished,
+even till the poor boy's eyes became filled with tears, from the
+potency of the perfume, and every person he passed on his return,
+half stopped, at meeting with the unusual odour.
+
+Samboe, however, had yet some hours to become reconciled to his new
+habiliment; and his friend Frank had so many modes and sources of
+employment and amusement, that those hours passed insensibly away. At
+length, about four o'clock, the groom again appeared to conduct him
+to the house; and when arrived, a footman desired him to follow him to
+the apartment of his lady, previously to her taking her morning airing.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+                         "I would not have a slave to till my ground,
+                          To carry me, to fan me while I sleep,
+                          And tremble when I wake, for all the wealth
+                          That sinews bought and sold have ever earn'd."
+
+                                                                 Cowper.
+
+
+From the reciprocation of the heart's best affections, which had
+marked the short period of Samboe's acquaintance with Frank, we may
+now follow the young stranger to the inanity of an Anglo West Indian
+boudoir; in which were Mrs. Penryn, reclined on a chaise longue, a
+young lady spangling some delicate muslin, and Mr. Frederick Moreton
+standing at a distant part of the room. The footman having opened the
+door, pointed to Samboe to enter, and immediately closed it upon him,
+leaving the timid boy to the scrutinizing looks of Mrs. Penryn, the
+oblique attention of the young lady, and the supercilious glance of the
+boy, who was engaged in the humane employment of holding a live mouse
+by the tail, as high as his arm could reach; while a kitten, eagerly
+attending to its writhings, kept springing, instinctively, to catch
+it, and as often, from the violence of the exertion, fell back on the
+floor. Had it not been for the chill which pervaded his frame, in his
+way to this apartment, Samboe might have thought himself in the West
+Indies, both as to the temperature, and the luxurious ease displayed
+in the arrangement of it. An elegant Persian carpet, entirely covered
+it; sofas, ottomans, and couches, invited to indolence and repose;
+ornaments of the richest and most expensive materials, vases, cabinets,
+&c. adorned it; and a number of tropical birds, of beauteous plumage,
+displayed their captive state in superb cages of various elegant forms;
+while shells of great magnitude and exquisite beauty were displayed
+in different parts of this superb room, with considerable judgment
+and taste; and a rich glow seemed communicated to every object, from
+the light passing the draperies of beautiful rose-coloured taffety
+curtains. Plants of the loveliest bloom and most exquisite odour,
+completed the fascinations of this luxurious apartment, tastefully
+arranged in beautiful baskets and vases, reflected by the superb
+mirrors, of which there were several on each side of the room.
+
+Mrs. Penryn, half raising her pale and spiritless form from the
+sofa on which she was reclining, was the first to break the silence
+which followed Samboe's introduction. "Come, Fred, do give Frolic the
+mouse, and look at this boy. He will serve to amuse you, I hope; for
+I think the dogs, the cats, the mice, and the flies, have had enough
+of you. Come, did you ever behold such an uncouth creature as George
+has made him: why the boy looks as if he were in a wooden case. He
+must not appear about you, till he has something fit to put on."
+
+This feeling harangue did not divert the young gentleman from his
+amusement for some minutes, till at length, more it would seem from
+his own fatigue, than from any motive of compassion for the poor
+animals, he gave the cat its natural prey; and it retired swearing,
+as its murmur of triumph is styled, to enjoy the feast, under a sofa
+at the further part of the room. "Now, Lavinia," said Mrs. Penryn,
+addressing the young lady, "give us your opinion, my dear; your taste
+is so good: what dress shall we have for Fred's page? He will like
+whatever you decide upon, I dare say."
+
+"Dear me, do you think so?" replied Miss Lavinia, in the most affected
+tone: "Mr. Frederick seldom asks my opinion, I think."
+
+"He is but a boy, and you will excuse him, I'm sure; but really this
+dress must be left to you."
+
+"Certainly," replied Lavinia, "he must have something different from
+that he now wears, which is only fit for the stable."
+
+"And a very good place too, I think," remarked the polite young
+gentleman, as he threw himself at his length on a sofa, rousing by
+the action a little white terrier, which had been reposing quietly
+upon it. The dog uttered a cry, and jumped on the floor.
+
+"Poor Erminet cannot be quiet even here," said Mrs. Penryn, angrily:
+"I wish, Fred, you would look before you lie down: I dare say you
+have lamed my pretty Erminet."
+
+"I dare say I have done no such thing," retorted the respectful nephew:
+"But I have no desire to stay, I assure you. I am sure, though Lavinia
+talks of the stable, I had rather be there, than shut up in this hot
+room. So make haste and determine about the boy's dress, for I cannot
+stay shilly-shally here all day."
+
+"I wonder when you will learn to be civil," said Mrs. Penryn: "I think,
+if you had had a few lessons of politeness interspersed with Greek
+and Latin, it would have made you more agreeable." "That is all you
+women know of the matter. But let me have no preaching. Have you done
+with me?"
+
+"Why, Fred, how provoking you are: did you not bid me send for the
+boy? And now he is come, you want to go without settling any thing
+about him. Remember, he is your property, and you must do what you
+please about him. I shall trouble myself no more about him."
+
+"Very well, then leave it alone," said the young barbarian; and
+striding past the trembling Samboe, he quitted the room, shutting
+the door with violence after him.
+
+"What a pity it is," said Mrs. Penryn, after a short pause, "that
+Frederick is so hasty: such a good-hearted lad as he is. I wish,
+Lavinia, you would undertake to soften down his manners: he is really
+worth your trouble, my dear girl."
+
+The young lady simpered, half blushed, expressed her doubt of having
+any influence over Mr. Frederick, who was, indeed, a fine manly
+boy. There was nothing she could refuse to dear Mrs. Penryn and her
+guardian, and she would certainly endeavour to please Frederick,
+that she might refine his manners a little."
+
+"Well, begin then, my dear girl, and fix upon a tasty dress for the
+boy. I know Fred will be pleased when it is done. I intend Samboe to
+be his constant attendant: he is to sleep in the little anti-room,
+to be ever at hand to attend Frederick's pleasure; and, in short,
+he is to do what he pleases respecting him. Mr. Penryn says he will
+have hundreds under his power when he goes to Jamaica."
+
+This reference to the taste of Lavinia, was the dictate of policy;
+for she was recently become a ward of Mr. Penryn, was an orphan
+of immense property, and only a few years older than Frederick. The
+prudent Mr. and Mrs. Penryn were very desirous to favour an attachment
+between them; and Mrs. Penryn was directed, by her husband, to seek
+every opportunity of doing so.
+
+The young lady was of that negative character, so often met
+with amongst those who, in large boarding-schools, lose every
+discriminating trait in the general application of certain rules and
+certain pursuits. Dress, admiration, and gaiety, alone had power to
+animate her pretty features; from which, however, no intellectual ray
+ever beamed. She was highly flattered by the desire of Mrs. Penryn to
+exercise her taste in the choice of a dress for Samboe. That choice
+could not be difficult, for one who had so frequently seen the variety
+of costume exhibited on the stage; and as vanity, ostentation, and
+singularity, not congruity, were to dictate the choice, it was soon
+fixed, as the young lady thought, of that elegant form and expensive
+material, which could not fail to please the young planter; and it
+must be owned, that when, a few days subsequent, Samboe made his
+appearance in the elegant costume of Persia, that he exhibited a very
+fair specimen of juvenile negro beauty. The blue and silver vest and
+caftan, the full girdle, the capacious trowsers, and the perfectly
+white turban, with its golden cord and sparkling gems, contrasted well
+with his sable skin and slender form; giving a lightness to his air,
+which even the pressure of slavery was not able materially to injure.
+
+Lavinia's taste was loudly applauded; and even Frederick condescended
+to say the boy looked something like what he ought to do. But
+poor Samboe, like many a white boy and girl, felt the misery of
+fine clothes, being continually reminded that he must not do this,
+he must not lie there, lest he should soil his dress.
+
+His young master would never suffer him out of his sight: not that
+he cared a button for him or his clothes, but because he could not
+allow of any cessation in tormenting a poor being over whom he had
+full controul; and he was continually racking his invention, to
+devise some new species of torment and teasing. With a mean species
+of jealousy, as soon as he found Frank the stable-boy was the only
+kind being who regarded the poor black boy as a fellow-creature, he
+interdicted Samboe from ever going into the stable, or from speaking
+to his good-tempered friend.
+
+This was a cruel stroke to poor Samboe, thus to deprive him of the
+only portion of comfort in his bitter draught of slavery. His mind
+was in danger of becoming callous from oppression, and in proportion
+to the degradation he was subjected to. He had no motive for action,
+but the dread of punishment. Without voluntary agency, a mere passive
+instrument in the hands of others, his mind would assuredly have become
+irrecoverably contracted, and the powers of soul even destroyed,
+had not the very tyranny and caprice which were producing these
+lamentable results, transferred the suffering boy to the benevolent
+care of Captain Tremayne, and his young nephew, Charles Roslyn. (See
+"Twilight Hours improved.")
+
+Become the property of the latter by the hasty gift of Frederick,
+how different was the lot of Samboe, from a state of cruel coercion,
+of degrading slavery, which was daily debasing every manly sentiment!
+
+
+            "When, to deep sadness sullenly resign'd,
+            He feels his body's bondage in his mind,
+            Put off his generous nature, and to suit
+            His manners with his fate, put on the brute."
+
+
+Such, indeed, is slavery most justly termed, "the grave of
+virtue." Under its cold and ungenial influence, every generous, every
+warm emotion must languish and die. Through the gloom which envelopes
+the soul subjected to its dark power, no ray of intellect, no beam
+of joy, no sun of cheerfulness can pierce. And yet man, inconsistent
+man, while condemning his fellow-being to this soul-paralyzing state,
+expects from the poor victims qualities and virtues only to be planted
+in the soil, only to be nourished by the sun, of liberty--of Christian
+liberty, of Christian charity:
+
+
+            "For slaves by truth enlarg'd are doubly freed."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+                          "Thy lips have shed instruction as the dew,
+                           Taught me what path to shun, and what pursue.
+                           Farewell my former joys! I sigh no more
+                           For Africa's once-lov'd, benighted shore:
+                           Serving a benefactor, I am free,
+                           At my best home, if not exil'd from thee."
+
+
+Samboe, placed with the respectable Mr. Llwellin, made rapid progress
+in reading and writing, and in the elements of general knowledge. His
+quickness gained the entire attention of his preceptor; while these was
+a charm and freshness in all he said, which could only be derived from
+quick perceptions and a warm heart--a buoyancy of fancy and a fervid
+feeling, which won the affections of all those who had to instruct
+him. With the deepest attention he would listen to Mr. Llwellin,
+as in a simple and impressive manner he explained to him the general
+principles of religion, the nature and duty of worshipping God, the
+creation of man, his fall from virtue and happiness, and the promised
+restoration through the merits of the Redeemer. It is a mistake that
+these subjects are beyond the comprehension, and excite no interest in
+the hearts of children. Practical devotion and the Christian duties,
+have a forcible influence on the ductile minds and unsophisticated
+hearts of the young. Hence the transition of instruction is easy, and
+perfectly understood by them, from the duty and privilege of prayer
+and praise, to the truth that we are unable to do either, or even to
+think what is right, without superior guidance and continual aid. The
+conviction of this at once gives an object and a fervency to prayer;
+and he who prays fervently and believing, however young he may be,
+will not be unheeded when thus imploring the divine aid.
+
+It was the invariable custom of Mr. Llwellin to assemble his family
+in the evening. He then read a portion of the Holy Scriptures, and
+explained them with admirable simplicity and pathos to his little
+auditory. It was now that the prayers Samboe had said, as it were
+mechanically, were now repeated with an earnestness which fully
+indicated that they were not merely the offering of the lips; and
+so much did he profit by the pious instructions, example, and care
+of Mr. Llwellin, that he was admitted into the Christian church by
+baptism; but, at the request of his young protector, retaining his
+former name as his usual appellation although he received, at the font,
+that of Henry.
+
+So anxious was this interesting youth to attain all useful knowledge,
+that he was always the first at his scholastic duties; and when
+dismissed from them, after a little recreation, enjoyed with all
+the zest of health and youth, he would occupy his time in religious
+reading and study, drawing, and little mechanical works; equally
+proving his strength of intellect and his active ingenuity. Though
+his temper was frequently severely tried by the taunts and ridicule of
+the boys, he never betrayed anger or resentment: he disarmed them by
+his humility, patience, and meekness; so that scoffers he converted
+into friends. He was lively in his disposition, but taciturn from
+thought, except when with his teachers; when he seemed to expand
+every faculty of his mind to receive their instructions, while any
+accession of knowledge caused his naturally brilliant eyes to beam
+with added intelligence and delight.
+
+With all these qualities of mind and heart, it is not surprising
+that Samboe was a universal favourite; and unfeigned, indeed, was
+his joy, when he was permitted to write to his dear massa Charles,
+whom he never named without his eyes filling with tears of grateful
+affection. "Oh!" he would say, "my dear massa, I shall never forget
+his goodness." Years passed on in this progressive improvement, during
+which a regular correspondence was kept up between Charles Roslyn and
+his protegé, when an incident occurred which opened a field for the
+exercise of those attainments it had been the laudable and unremitted
+study of Samboe to acquire.
+
+Colonel Roslyn was entertaining a party of gentlemen, among whom
+were admiral Herbert and his nephew Fitzhugh. Charles Roslyn was the
+favourite midshipman of the admiral, and the conversation turned upon
+the topic of the day; namely, the slave-trade, and the probabilities
+of its abolition, as well as the capacity of the negroes to profit
+by their freedom. Many were the arguments adduced for and against;
+and Colonel Roslyn was naturally led to relate the circumstances of
+Samboe's becoming Charles's protegé, and the high reward they had
+experienced in the sweet disposition, high intellectual capacity,
+moral worth, and genuine religious principles of the young negro. "I
+have the sincerest pleasure," observed Colonel Roslyn, "in stating
+this individual instance of the moral and intellectual worth of an
+African, of which, doubtless, there are many similar instances,
+where instruction and kindness have elicited and fostered the
+qualities of the mind and heart. But we all remember the period, my
+friends, when the African's claim to the character and privileges
+of man was even disputed--when they were considered as somewhat
+of a superior species of ourang outang [5]. This false and inhuman
+estimate, succeeding years have disproved. It has been in numberless
+instances shown that they are not only men, but capable of becoming
+intelligent and virtuous men; and not only virtuous men, but pious,
+unaffected, sincere Christians. I am not, however," continued the
+colonel, "an advocate for giving personal liberty to numbers of men,
+unless, at the same time, I impart the principles of religion and
+the arts of civil life. It is only by giving freedom to the soul,
+and by encouraging the virtuous energies of man, that we can make
+him capable of properly appreciating the blessing of liberty, and
+preserve him from becoming a pest to society, instead of a useful
+member of it. Without these correcting and restraining principles,
+liberty would soon degenerate into licentiousness, and the possession
+of power be exercised in deeds of violence."
+
+"I entirely agree with you, colonel," observed the admiral;
+"and therefore be so good as to pledge me in a glass of that
+excellent claret, when I offer my sentiment: 'Let the empire of
+Britain be the empire of mercy; and let no shore re-echo with the
+thunder of her power, but which shall also smile under the blessing
+of her beneficence.'" This sentiment of the admiral's was warmly
+received. During this conversation, a young man at the lower end of the
+table appeared deeply interested in it. His animated and penetrating
+countenance drew the attention of Colonel Roslyn, and he expressed
+his pleasure, in observing to the admiral, that an interest for the
+enslaved Africans seemed to animate his young relative; for it was
+Fitzhugh, whose whole soul seemed engaged in the subject.
+
+"Yes, indeed," observed the admiral, "Fitzhugh is a very enthusiast
+in the cause, and I love him the better for it: it is honourable to
+his feelings, and to those generous sentiments which ought to pervade
+the heart, and direct the conduct of a British officer. Have you not
+heard that he has obtained a very responsible and active appointment
+in the new settlement of Sierra Leone, and that, in a short time,
+he will sail for Africa? I doubt not his conscientious attention to
+the duties devolving upon him, nor do I think the directors could
+have made a more judicious choice; for, young as he is, his firmness
+of principle, his rectitude in action, his genuine feeling, and his
+cultivated mind, render him peculiarly eligible to attend to the
+duties, and to surmount the difficulties of an infant colony. He will
+form one of the council, which will be sent from England, for the
+government of the colony. This council is particularly instructed
+to secure to all negroes and people of colour, equal rights, and
+equal treatment, in every respect, as the whites. They are to be
+tried by jury, as the whites, and every facility given to them to
+exercise their peculiar talents; employments being allotted them
+according to their progressive capacity of discharging them. They
+are especially, to be instructed in the principles of religion and
+morals. Public worship and the reverent observation of the sabbath,
+the general instruction of the adults and the judicious education of
+the children, are the means to be used to draw this now wretched race
+of men from the night of ignorance to the glorious light of divine
+and temporal knowledge. In fact, the grand object of the Sierra
+Leone Company is to substitute, for that disgraceful traffic which
+has too long subsisted, a fair and legitimate commerce with Africa,
+and all the blessings which may be expected from it."
+
+"I thank you, admiral, for this account," replied Colonel Roslyn, "and
+pray, with all my heart, that the benevolent exertions of the Company
+may be crowned with final success; and I believe I may assure you, that
+such is also the prayer of every individual of the present company."
+
+"Fitzhugh," said the admiral, "I have been telling Colonel Roslyn that
+you are an enthusiast for the abolition of the slave-trade--that it
+is your dream by night, and your stimulus by day."
+
+"If, my dear Sir, an ardent desire to use my individual influence and
+exertions to remove from my country such a stain upon its humanity;
+if as ardently to desire an amelioration of the wretched state of the
+African; if to cherish and to bring into action all those charities
+which distinguish reasoning man from instinctive brutes: if to be
+all this constitutes an enthusiast, then do I, indeed, plead guilty
+to the charge of enthusiasm. Nor am I likely to become less so: on
+the contrary, the intelligence I have just received from my young
+friends here, (directing his eyes to Alfred, and Charles Roslyn, who
+sat near him,) has confirmed me in the assurance, that we have every
+thing to hope from the judicious and liberal plan, of the Company to
+which I have now the honour to be attached; and which has so highly
+flattered me, by appointing me, in conjunction with others, to carry
+into effect their beneficent purposes. But you know, my dear Sir, my
+deep abhorrence of slavery is derived from the practical display of its
+cruelties; as well as from a deep reflection on its moral turpitude,
+its impolicy, and its inconsistency with the boasted honour and
+religious code of my country. Let those who question the feasibility
+of the plan of civilization and emancipation, visit, as I have done,
+the colonies, (more especially the Spanish colonies and the Portuguese
+dominions in South America,) where the inhuman traffic of slaves is
+carried to the greatest possible extent, forming the immediate and
+private revenue of the crown; let them be but faintly impressed with
+the horrors that constantly there occur, and I scruple not to say,
+if they fail to enter their protest against a system so barbarous,
+they deserve not the name of men, and make their religion but an
+impious mockery.
+
+"A myriad of instances might be adduced, to bear me out in my
+assertions. The labour, of whatever nature it may be, or however
+laborious, is performed by slaves, and seldom more than six negroes
+appointed to remove the heaviest burdens. I have, for instance,
+seen at Rio de Janeiro, four only, groaning under a pipe of wine,
+which they have had to remove through the city. Many of these poor
+creatures are bred to trades, and are sent out daily or weekly, with
+peremptory orders to bring home a certain sum, at the expiration of the
+agreed time. What they can earn over, they have to themselves; but they
+are always so highly rated, that it is with the greatest difficulty
+they can raise the sum nominated; and, in case of defalcation, it is
+attributed to indolence or laziness, which subjects the unhappy victim
+to punishment. An awful instance of the despair produced by cruelty
+and oppression, occurred during my residence at Rio. A barbarous and
+remorseless wretch had a few slaves, whom he used to send out upon
+the plan I have named, subjected to the penalty of a severe flogging,
+if they did not, within a prescribed time, earn the sum required and
+their food. One of these men was a hair-dresser: he used to attend me
+very regularly, and always was quiet, industrious, and even active,
+to promote his master's interest.
+
+"After a little time, however, I observed him to be gloomy and
+melancholy. I asked him the reason for the change, and was informed
+that he had been unsuccessful, and could not render to his master the
+sum required; and that he had little hopes of being able to raise it,
+consequently was liable to punishment, I gave him something towards
+it, but, being obliged to be absent a few weeks, knew not the result
+until I returned; when I was informed, that, as the time approached
+when he was to render his account, he became greatly distressed,
+and despaired of accomplishing his engagement. He went, however,
+in great distress, and tendered what he had gained; assuring his
+master he had used every exertion to obtain the specific sum, and
+imploring from him a remission of punishment, or a suspension, at
+least, for a few days. This was at length granted him, but with horrid
+threats of many additional stripes in case of failure. The time fast
+approached when he must return, and he was still deficient. He reached
+the door of his master's house, when, in despair of being forgiven,
+and dreading the ordeal he had to undergo, he took from his pocket a
+razor, and, with a desperate violence, nearly severed his head from his
+body. This horrid deed had no other effect upon his inhuman master,
+than to increase his severity towards his other slaves, on whom he
+imposed heavier burdens, to recompence him for the loss sustained by
+the death of the miserable suicide [6].
+
+"It is a usual practice," continued Fitzhugh, "when slaves become
+desperately ill, for their masters to disown them, and turn them
+into the streets, to evade the expences of their funeral; and,
+thus abandoned and exposed, their miserable existence is soon
+terminated. I have to apologize for trespassing upon your attention
+so long, gentlemen," observed this intelligent young man; "but I have
+only recounted one of a thousand instances which have come under my
+own observation, of the barbarous abuses of power exercised over the
+miserable captives."
+
+The party expressed their obligation to Fitzhugh, for the relation he
+had given them, and their united hope, that every effort made use of,
+to ameliorate the situation of the already enslaved, and to check
+the inhuman traffic for the future, might be crowned with success;
+all agreeing, that every exertion that England makes to stop the
+bleeding wounds of Africa, will cause her to rise in her national
+character more resplendent, and must meet the approbation of every
+good, and what may be justly called great men, at home and abroad,
+and, above all, the approbation that of God who holds in his hands
+the destiny of nations [7].
+
+"Have I not heard you, Fitzhugh," enquired the admiral, "express a wish
+that you could meet in England with two or three intelligent negroes,
+who would be willing to enter into engagements with the Company,
+as instructors to the children, and whose habits of civilization
+might give them an influence over their countrymen without exciting
+any jealousies?"
+
+"You have, dear Sir," replied Fitzhugh; "and from what I have learned
+of the mental and moral qualities of my young friend's protegé, I am
+anxious for their permission to visit Aberystwith, in order to enquire
+if he has any objection to accompany me to Africa. A few such young
+men as he is described to be, would do more to effect our plans, than
+any other mode I can think of; and as he has not yet made any choice
+of a profession, I should feel myself most grateful to Colonel Roslyn
+and his friends, if they will second and sanction my application to
+the youth, who owes so much to their benevolent kindness."
+
+Colonel Roslyn said, "Call upon us tomorrow morning, my dear Sir, and
+myself and sons will be happy to co-operate, as far as in our power,
+in your philanthropic exertions."
+
+This being cheerfully accepted, the conversation took a general turn,
+until the party broke up.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+                        * * *             "My heart surpris'd, o'erflows
+                        With filial fondness for the land you bless."
+
+                                          "Theirs the triumph be,
+                        Instead of treasure, robb'd by ruffian war,
+                        Round social earth to circle fair exchange,
+                        And bind the nations in a golden chain.
+                        To these I honour'd stoop."
+
+
+Fitzhugh was punctual to his appointment at Colonel Roslyn's; and after
+an interesting conversation, and the perusal of a number of Samboe's
+letters to his protector Charles Roslyn, it was agreed that Fitzhugh
+and Alfred Roslyn should proceed to Wales, in order to ascertain the
+sentiments of Samboe upon his projected removal, respecting which, his
+own unbiassed choice was to be consulted. The intended visit of the
+young men was to be announced by letter to Captain Tremayne; and, as
+Fitzhugh possessed all the ardour, promptitude, and zeal of a Clarkson,
+in the cause of humanity, the letter was immediately written, and an
+early day fixed for the journey. In the correspondence of Charles
+and his protegé, the interesting debates in the English senate,
+respecting the slave-trade, frequently formed a part; and Samboe had
+even so far expressed his sentiments upon the subject, that, when the
+colony of Sierra Leone was first formed, he regretted that his youth,
+and the mediocrity of his attainments, would oblige him to forego all
+hope of being useful to his poor benighted countrymen; and he had
+very sensibly felt disappointment at the ill success of the first
+establishment: an ill success which sufficiently proved the truth
+of the observation, that, "if the restraints of slavery be removed,
+without corresponding culture of the mind and heart, the mere enjoyment
+of temporal benefits will not make the man either grateful or happy."
+
+Charles Roslyn greatly regretted that the hourly-expected departure of
+his ship, precluded him from the pleasure of accompanying his brother
+and Fitzhugh to Aberystwith. Having taken leave of him, and bearing
+his good wishes and tender remembrances to his kind relatives and his
+affectionate Samboe, the travellers commenced their journey, early in
+a lovely June morning, when every scene they passed, manifested the
+riches and the bounty, the wisdom and beneficence of the Creator. The
+meeting was what might be expected from refined feeling, generous
+ardour, and virtuous exertion, on the one side; and grateful respect,
+modest worth, and conscious ability, chastened by the most engaging
+humility, on the other. Tears of unfeigned joy and gratitude started
+into the eyes of Samboe, as he heard Mr. Llwellin assure Fitzhugh,
+he had no hesitation in saying, that if Samboe acceded to his proposal
+of accompanying him to Africa, he would be found a valuable coadjutor
+in the projected work of mercy: "For he is," continued the good old
+man, "not only fully capable of imparting the elements of general
+knowledge, but has a happy and peculiar manner of instructing others
+in those divine truths by which he regulates every action of his own
+life. Nor do I think you would easily find a more fit instrument among
+us, for promoting the great ends of civilization, and the moral and
+religious instruction of his countrymen. I make no scruple in paying
+this just tribute to the character and abilities of my dear pupil,
+in his presence, because he well knows they are so much my genuine
+sentiments, that I have advised his directing his attention to the
+instruction of others; and Providence seems manifestly to favour
+the suggestion, by the present offer enabling him to put it in
+practice. May his now benighted and ill-fated countrymen become more
+and more sensible of the extensive blessings preparing for them;
+and may my dear and docile pupil, Samboe, be one of the favoured
+instruments of Heaven, (assisted by the Spirit of grace,) to diffuse
+the light, to communicate the blessings of religion, and to lead the
+now idolatrous African to rejoice in the high privilege of communion
+by prayer and praise with the great Creator and compassionate Saviour;
+all distinctions of colour and country being lost, in that generous
+sympathy which should flow from the relation which all bear to that
+Saviour who died for the redemption of all men [8]."
+
+There was such a heartfelt earnestness, such an affecting energy,
+such genuine piety, in the voice and manner of the good Llwellin,
+while he uttered his philanthropic wishes, that it made a forcible
+impression upon his young auditors. Tears of respect, gratitude,
+affection, and hope, filled the eyes of Samboe. The intenseness
+and contrariety of his feelings became painful; and, unable longer
+to restrain their expression, he threw himself at the feet of his
+venerable instructor, and sobbed aloud, uttering broken sentences of
+obligation; and when a little composed, earnestly praying that God,
+the Almighty God, would enable him to assist in the realization of
+all the generous plans of his future employers; and so to act in
+every situation of life, as to do honour to the precepts of his dear
+instructor, and to gladden his aged heart, with the knowledge that
+those precepts had not been given in vain.
+
+Encouraged to self-confidence by the unequivocal approbation of
+his revered friend, Samboe hesitated not in his determination of
+accompanying Fitzhugh in his important mission; and a few days
+subsequent to the interview we have related, was fixed for the
+departure from a spot, endeared to the affectionate heart of the
+African by many a tender tie, many an affecting remembrance. Parting
+moments are painful to experience, and are so fraught with emotion,
+that they admit not of correct description; it must, therefore,
+suffice to say, that after a general adieu, and loaded with many a
+token of affection and good will, cheered by many a blessing, and
+fortified with many a prayer from those who loved him, Samboe quitted
+Aberystwith with Fitzhugh and Alfred Roslyn. The intelligence, as
+well as simplicity of his remarks, upon the different objects which
+engaged his attention during the journey, rendered it peculiarly
+interesting to his companions. He was equally delighted with the
+various objects of curiosity and interest which London presented,
+and particularly with any thing which enlarged his views of any
+branch of knowledge he had acquired, or which promised to assist him
+in his future exertions to benefit his country. Fitzhugh found in
+him, a companion who entered with ardour and untired zeal into every
+plan his fertile benevolence devised, and determined to retain him
+under his own immediate care and inspection. Every day increased his
+confidence in the abilities and integrity of his companion; and every
+succeeding day more strongly proved that they were built upon a basis,
+which ensured their permanence and stability; even that of a rational,
+a deep, a vital piety.
+
+The period of sailing approached; and happy in the exercise of the best
+feelings of humanity, and the highest energies of mind, Samboe believed
+nothing could add to his felicity, when an incident occurred which
+called forth all his gratitude to the Being who showered his blessings
+upon him. He accompanied Fitzhugh to the house of a gentleman who was
+ardent in the cause of the Africans, and who freely lent the resources
+of an ample fortune to further every beneficent plan, although habitual
+ill health precluded him from all active exertions. On the arrival
+of the friends, this gentleman was just mounting his horse for a
+morning airing. Seeing, however, Fitzhugh and his companion advance,
+he ordered the groom to lead his horse back to the stable, until his
+visitors left him, and he then entreated Fitzhugh to enter. While
+this was passing, a mutual look of surprise and recognition passed
+between Samboe and the groom, but nothing further: the man leading
+the horse away, and Samboe following Fitzhugh into the house.
+
+After some conversation relative to the approaching voyage,
+Mr. Courtney said: "Well, Fitzhugh, you have inspired many an honest
+heart with the same glowing philanthropy which animates your own; and,
+amongst the number, my excellent boy, Frank Wilson. He is determined,
+if you will permit him, to accompany you to Africa." "Permit him,
+my good Sir? I shall be happy to have in my service, a young man who
+does honour to his rank of life, and whose severely tried principles
+have resisted many attacks: his ingenuity too, and industrious habits,
+will make him essentially useful. But how can you part from him,
+or how will Frank bear to be separated from his revered benefactor?"
+
+"Oh, I believe we have not thought of ourselves," replied Mr. Courtney,
+good humouredly: "all is settled between us, provided you did not
+object. Will you permit me to ring for him?" "Most willingly,"
+said Fitzhugh.
+
+During this short conversation, the emotion of the grateful Samboe
+was powerful. The features of the young man holding Mr. Courtney's
+horse, were familiar to him: he had marked the glance of recognition,
+and the name confirmed the vague hope he had formed, that, in this
+young man, of whose character he had just heard so high an eulogium,
+he had seen the first kind friend he had known in England: he who had
+lightened his troubles, and cheered his oppressed spirit; and this
+friend, this generous hearted youth, was going to Africa, and was to
+be in the service of his valuable friend, Fitzhugh; and they were
+all animated with the same spirit. How delightful the thought! how
+transcendently kind the Almighty Disposer!
+
+While these thoughts were rapidly passing the mind of Samboe, Frank
+Wilson appeared; and it would be hard to decide which of the party
+was most gratified by the disclosure of the two friends, who in each
+other's arms were not ashamed to weep.
+
+Frank immediately entered upon his new duties; and every thing having
+been benevolently and equitably settled by the directors to ensure
+the comfort and advantage of the colony, the ships sailed for their
+destination. It is not necessary to detail the circumstances of the
+voyage, or to attempt to describe the emotions of the young African,
+when he landed on his native shores.
+
+Every individual possessing a manly mind and virtuous soul, is
+patriotic: he rejoices in the weal, he mourns in the miseries of
+his country. Samboe possessed a manly mind and a virtuous soul. He
+was a patriot, and shrunk not from its high responsibilities. We
+detail not his individual exertions; it will be sufficient to say,
+that he took an ample share with his companions in the good work;
+that every thing had been so judiciously arranged; that the conduct
+of the servants of the Company was marked with such propriety, being
+sober, moral, and exemplary, in the discharge of their respective
+duties; that the efforts and zeal of the clergymen were attended
+with the happiest effects; that, before the expiration of two years
+from the settlement of the colony, order and industry exhibited
+their benign fruits in a growing prosperity. The fame of the colony
+not only spread along the whole western coast, but penetrated into
+the remotest interior: embassies were sent by far distant monarchs;
+and the native chiefs, with a pleasing and entire confidence, sent
+their children to the colony, to be instructed in reading, writing,
+and accounts, and to be initiated in the Christian religion. In fact,
+there was every reasonable ground for hope, that the joyful period
+was advancing, when, by the blessing of Heaven upon the endeavours
+used, the continent of Africa would be rescued from the darkness
+that obscured her, and would exhibit the soul-cheering scene of
+light and knowledge, of civilization and order, of peaceful industry
+and domestic comfort. But these anticipations were destroyed by the
+treachery and faithlessness of a government, which professed to hold
+the rights of man as sacred. We shall give a cursory narrative of
+this event, as extracted from a letter of Fitzhugh to his friends in
+England. (Note S.)
+
+"I have distressing news to communicate, but we do not despond. The
+French have appeared with an armed force before our neat and rising
+town, upon which they have pointed their guns. It was not until
+they had done this that we perceived they were enemies; for they
+had English-built vessels, rigged in the English mode, displayed
+the English flag, and had all the sailors, which appeared on deck,
+dressed like English sailors. Thus treacherously did they approach
+our peaceful colony. Conscious we had no strength to resist, the
+governor directed a flag of truce to be hoisted. Yet, after this
+order was executed, the French continued to fire on the town, doing
+much damage, and killing several persons.
+
+"Terrified at the suddenness of the attack, and conscious they
+possessed no power of resistance, the alarmed inhabitants fled to
+the woods, with such of their property as the confusion and limited
+time would allow. When the enemy landed, therefore, they found the
+town almost destitute of inhabitants, but rich in stores and clothing.
+
+"Plunder was the order of the day; and what they did not want, they
+destroyed, burnt, or threw into the river. They also killed all the
+cattle and animals, not sparing even the dogs or cats.
+
+"During a week this work of devastation continued; and when they found
+nothing more to plunder, they set fire to the public buildings, and all
+the houses belonging to the Europeans; entirely ruining the beautiful
+and prospering colony, and leaving the colonists in the most deplorable
+state of destitution; without provisions, medicines, clothing, houses,
+or furniture. Sickness soon followed these privations, and many have
+died for want of proper food, and exposure in the woods.
+
+"When you read the above hurried account of our misfortune, you will
+scarcely believe that these wanton cruelties have been perpetrated
+by individuals of a nation, whose Convention boasted of spreading
+'light and liberty through the world.' Alas! that light is the blaze
+of anarchy, that liberty the most daring and gross licentiousness!
+
+"Sierra Leone colony was established for the godlike purpose of
+abolishing the slave-trade; to enlighten the Africans; to render them
+virtuous, rational, free, and happy; and yet these powerful advocates
+and patrons of the rights of man, could wantonly destroy, in its
+healthful infancy, a settlement in which those rights were peculiarly
+studied and held sacred. 'By their fruits ye shall know them.'
+
+"But it will yet, like the phoenix, arise from its ashes. It was
+formed to promote the cause of justice, mercy, and religion; a
+cause which possesses, in itself, the principle of re-animation--an
+ever-renewing means of rallying its resources, overborne, for a time,
+by a base treachery and unmanly violence.
+
+"My faithful Samboe, and no less faithful Frank, have been like
+ministering angels to the distressed, in this season of calamity. 'My
+poor country,' said Samboe, 'and my generous friends, what a sad
+reverse is here! But though grieved,' he added, 'I am not in despair;
+for has not the Almighty said, (He in whom is no variableness nor
+shadow of turning,) 'I will never leave nor forsake those who trust in
+me. Commit thy way unto the Lord, and he shall bring it to pass.' I
+cannot conclude my letter better, than by assuring my dear ----,
+that such is the trust and confidence we all repose in the Being,
+who out of evil still educes good."
+
+Now, to resume and conclude our narrative, we have but to say
+we may speak of these difficulties in the past tense; they no
+longer, praised be the great Disposer of Events, they no longer are
+experienced at Sierra Leone; but have vanished, gradually, before the
+enlightened policy of the superintendants, and the mild influence of
+Christian doctrine. The enjoyments of the present life, the bright
+hopes of a future state, are now communicated to thousands of our
+fellow-creatures, formerly in a state of mental and moral darkness,
+and obnoxious to the most frightful miseries, victims of the basest
+passions, subjects of the most alarming fears.
+
+Justice, mercy, and courageous perseverance, are now reaping their
+high temporal reward; and the blessing of the Almighty upon patient
+continuance in well-doing, enables England to boast that she has
+overcome the most inveterate prejudices, the most firmly-established
+interests, built upon the basest passions; and this by the simple
+power of experiment, and the eloquence of truth.
+
+Sierra Leone, where this experiment has been made, now presents itself
+as a medium of civilization for Africa. "And in this point of view,
+(it has been most justly observed,) is worth all the treasure that
+has been expended upon it; for the slave-trade, which was the great
+obstacle to this civilization, being now happily abolished by the
+universal voice of England, there is now a populous metropolis, from
+which may issue the seeds of reformation to this injured continent,
+and which, when sown, may now, watered by the genial dews of heaven,
+be expected to grow into fruit, without check or blight. New schools
+may be transplanted from thence into the interior; teachers and
+travellers be sent from thence in various directions; the natives
+resort in safety to it from distant parts, mark the improvements,
+witness the comforts, taste the enjoyments, and feel the protection
+of it. Hence will mistrust give way to confidence, emulation will be
+raised, imitation be encouraged, a desire of instruction be excited,
+and the predatory ignorant savage be gradually moulded into the useful
+citizen and the rational man.
+
+Let then each English heart rejoice, that the moral stain, so long
+apparent on our statutes, so long exhibited in our national character,
+is now erased from the one, and expunged from the other; that the
+impious doctrine so long contended for, that the law of force was
+justifiable under certain circumstances, is now banished from the
+deliberations of our senate; and man, whatever his country, whatever
+his colour, is restored to his moral rights. Let us rejoice that we
+have not only been the advocates of the oppressed--have triumphed
+by perseverance and constancy over the oppressor; but that England
+has become the favoured and glorious instrument of a God of mercy,
+to make his light to shine upon those who sat in darkness and the
+shadow of death. May every nation, feeling the blessing of that light,
+which is upheld by that mercy, follow the example of our favoured
+isle! May the rich stream of mercy flow, and diffuse throughout
+far-distant lands its fertilizing influences! May the spirit of a
+Wilberforce and a Clarkson, inspire the breasts of the powerful; and
+may the gratitude and the intelligence of Samboe, glow in the heart,
+and animate the conduct of every African!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES, FROM AUTHENTICATED AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS.
+
+
+NOTE A.
+
+The arrival of a slave-ship in any of the rivers, is the signal of
+civil war and disorder; the hamlets are burned, and the miserable
+survivors are carried off, and sold to the slave-factors.
+
+In the countries contiguous to Senegal, when slave-ships arrive,
+armed parties are sent out to scour the country, and bring in captives
+to the factors. The wretched beings are to be found in the morning,
+bound back to back in the huts; whence they are conveyed, tied hand
+and foot, to the slave-ships. These ships set sail in the night,
+that the wretched captives may not know the moment when they quit
+for ever their native shore, and all the tender ties that endear it.
+
+
+
+NOTE B.
+
+Coosh-coosh is corn beaten in a wooden mortar, and sifted to a coarse
+flour; it is then put in an earthen pot pierced like a colander,
+which is luted to the top of an earthen pot, in which is boiling
+water, and sometimes broth, exactly as our steamers are. The rising
+steam cures and hardens the flour; and when it is done sufficiently,
+the broth and cooked flour are mixed, and considered a delicious dish.
+
+Coliloo resembles, and is eaten like spinach.
+
+
+
+NOTE C.
+
+Slave-factories are established in almost every native village. The
+kings of Dahomy and Whidáh are the most noted for the infamous trade
+in slaves. It is usual when the slave-ships lie in the rivers, for a
+number of canoes to go up the inland: these go in a fleet, with thirty
+or forty armed natives in each. Every canoe is also furnished with a
+four or six pounder fastened to her bow. Thus equipped they depart,
+and are usually absent from eight to fourteen days. It is said they
+go to fairs held on the banks of the rivers, and at which there is a
+regular show of slaves. On their return, they generally bring down from
+eight hundred to a thousand of these captives, for the ships. They lie
+at the bottom of the canoes, their arms and legs having been bound with
+ropes of the country. It has been disclosed, by undoubted evidence,
+that the crews of these canoes go up the rivers till they arrive to
+a certain distance of a village; they then conceal themselves under
+the bushes which hang over the water, until the shades of night,
+when they enter the village and seize the wretched inhabitants, men,
+women, and children, who have no time to escape.
+
+Nearly three hundred years have the European nations traded with
+Africa in human flesh, and encouraged in the negro countries, wars,
+rapine, desolation, and murder. The annual exportation of slaves
+from this quarter of the globe, has exceeded one hundred thousand;
+numbers of whom are driven down like sheep, perhaps a thousand miles
+from the coast, and are generally inhabitants of villages that have
+been surrounded in the night by armed force, and carried off bound
+in chains, and sold into perpetual bondage.
+
+A slave-merchant thus wrote to his factor: "You will observe to make a
+present of five gallons of rum to the Suma, with the usual compliments
+on the Company's behalf; and to assure him, and other useful persons
+near you, of the Company's intentions to give very great encouragement
+to trade in those parts, more especially for slaves, dry goods,
+elephants' teeth, wax, cotton, &c. and the Company desire me to inform
+you, that they have settled your commission at five shillings a head,
+for every merchantable slave, and so in proportion for other articles,
+in the hope it will encourage you to dispose of their goods to the
+best advantage."
+
+
+
+NOTE D.
+
+The following list of African articles, as exhibited to Mr. Pitt and
+the House of Lords, by Mr. Clarkson, will illustrate the ingenuity of
+the Africans, and the possibility of making its natural productions
+a branch of lucrative and legitimate commerce. These articles were
+contained in a box, formed of four divisions; the first of which was
+filled with specimens of woods, polished; amongst them, mahogany of
+five different sorts, tulip and satin-wood, cam and bar-wood, fustic,
+black and yellow ebony, palm-tree, mangrove, calabash, and date; and
+also seven species retaining their native names, viz. tumiah, sarnaim,
+and jimlalié, each of a beautiful yellow; acajou, a deep crimson;
+bask and quellé for cabinet work; and bentin, the wood of which is
+used for the native canoes. Various other woods, one of which was a
+fine purple; and from two others a strong yellow and deep orange, and
+also a flesh-colour, could be extracted. The second division included
+ivory; and four species of pepper, the long, the black, the Cayenne,
+and the Malaguetta: three species of gum, Senegal, copal, and ruber
+astringes; cinnamon, rice, tobacco, indigo, white and Nankin cotton,
+Guinea-corn, and millet; three species of beans, of which two were for
+food, and the other yielding an orange dye: two species of tamarinds,
+one for food, the other to give whiteness to the teeth: pulse, seeds,
+and fruits of various sorts; some of the latter of which, Dr. Sparrman
+had pronounced, from a trial made during his residence in Africa,
+to be peculiarly valuable as drugs.
+
+The third division contained an African loom, with a spindle and
+spun cotton round it; cloths of cotton of various kinds, made by
+the natives, some white, others dyed, and others, in which they
+had interwoven European silk; cloths and bags of grass, fancifully
+coloured; ornaments of the same material; ropes made from a species
+of aloes, and others, remarkably strong, from grass and straw; fine
+string made of the fibres of the roots of trees: soap of two kinds,
+one of which was formed from an earthy substance: pipe bowls made of
+a clay of a brown red, one beautifully ornamented with black devices,
+burnt in and highly glazed; another from Galám, made of an earth which
+was richly impregnated with little particles of gold. Trinkets made
+by the natives from their own gold; knives and daggers formed from
+bar iron; and various other articles, such as bags, dagger-sheaths,
+quivers, gris gris, all of leather, of native manufacture, dyed of
+various colours, and ingeniously sewed together. The fourth division
+contained the instruments of confinement used on board a slave-ship,
+to which were added those of punishment used in the colonies; such
+as iron collars, manacles, scourges, &c.
+
+
+
+(NOTE E.)
+
+Raynal gives the following description of the mode frequently used
+in conducting the slaves from the interior: "Slave-merchants collect
+themselves into companies, and forming a species of caravans, in the
+space of two or three hundred leagues, they conduct several files
+of thirty or forty slaves, all laden with water, corn, &c. which are
+necessary to their subsistence in those barren deserts through which
+they pass.
+
+"The manner of securing them without much incommoding their march,
+is ingeniously contrived. A fork of wood, of from eight or nine feet
+long, is put round the neck of each slave. A pin of iron, rivetted,
+secures the fork on the back part, in such a manner that the head
+cannot disengage itself. The handle of the fork, the wood of which is
+very heavy, falls before, and so embarrasses the person who is tied
+to it, that, although he hath his arms and legs at liberty, he can
+neither walk nor lift up the fork. When they get ready for the march,
+they range the slaves in a line, and support and tie the extremity
+of each fork on the shoulder of the foremost slave, and proceed in
+this manner from one to another, till they come to the first, the
+extremity of whose fork is carried by the guide. Few restraints are
+imposed, that are not felt by those who impose them; accordingly, in
+order that these traders may enjoy the refreshment of sleep without
+uneasiness, they tie the arms of every slave to the tail of the fork
+which he carries. In this condition he can neither run away, nor
+make any attempt to recover his liberty. These precautions have been
+found indispensable; because, if the slave can but break his chains,
+he becomes free. The public faith which secures to the proprietor the
+possession of his slave, and which at all times delivers him up into
+his hands, is silent with regard to the slave and a trader.
+
+"Reader," continues the animated historian, "while thou art perusing
+this horrid account, is not thy soul filled with the same indignation
+as I experience in writing it? Dost thou not, in imagination, rush
+with fury upon those infamous conductors? Dost thou not break those
+forks with which these unfortunates are confined? and dost thou not
+long to restore them to liberty?
+
+
+
+(NOTE F.)
+
+This instrument is also in general use in Congo, and is there called
+the marimba.
+
+
+
+(NOTE Q.)
+
+The profits of this nefarious trade are so large, that mercenary men
+will incur any risk. At present, says the Report, 1822, speaking of
+the French favouring the trade, the rate of insurance does not exceed
+fifteen or twenty per cent, while the gains of the trade are proved to
+amount to from two hundred to four hundred per cent. It appears, from
+papers found on board Le Succčs, that two hundred and forty slaves,
+which she landed on the island of Bourbon, cost nine thousand nine
+hundred and forty-three dollars; and that the proceeds of the sale
+of these slaves amounted to twenty-nine thousand five hundred and
+sixty-four dollars. And there is also an account of an outfit of
+fifty-three thousand francs producing a net profit of one hundred
+and sixty-six thousand francs.
+
+These facts need no comment. But let not England be discouraged: she
+has stood alone in many a fearful struggle, when apparently sinking
+under the pressure of a hostile world. She has led the way in the
+work of mercy; let her pursue her path with unfaltering firmness,
+and fearlessly oppose those who dare to violate the solemn engagements
+they have formed with her.
+
+
+
+(NOTE R.)
+
+Nothing can more forcibly prove the misery of the slaves, than the
+fact that funerals, which in Africa are attended by lamentations and
+sorrow, are in the West Indies celebrated with expressions of joy.
+
+
+
+(NOTE S.)
+
+This relation is derived from a letter of Mr. Arfelius who was an
+eye-witness, and a great sufferer from this treacherous attack upon
+the colony. See "Rees's Encyclopedia," article, Sierra Leone.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+[1] A society of merchants, established by king Charles II. for trading
+to Africa; which trade was laid open to all his majesty's subjects,
+and those of succeeding monarchs, until the abolition took place, 1807.
+
+[2] Capital of Whidáh, situated about four miles from the factory
+at Whidáh.
+
+[3] It is necessary to apprize our readers, that the remarks and
+descriptions contained in this volume, apply to Africa as it was some
+years since.
+
+[4] The slave-trade was abolished in 1807.
+
+[5] See Mr. Wilberforce's speech, at a meeting of the Church Missionary
+Society, 1822.
+
+[6] See Shillibur's Voyage.
+
+[7] See Cohen's Letter to Governor Macarthy, African Report, 1822.
+
+[8] See Discourse of the Bishop of London, before the Society for
+the Propagation of the Gospel, October 1817.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                THE END.
+
+
+
+     Harvey, Darton, and Co. Printers, Gracechurch-Street, London.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Samboe; or, The African Boy, by Mary Ann Hedge
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Samboe; or, The African Boy, by Mary Ann Hedge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Samboe; or, The African Boy
+
+Author: Mary Ann Hedge
+
+Release Date: September 2, 2011 [EBook #37296]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAMBOE; OR, THE AFRICAN BOY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
+Gutenberg (This book was produced from scanned images of
+public domain material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                SAMBOE;
+                                  OR,
+                            THE AFRICAN BOY.
+
+
+                            BY THE AUTHOR OF
+                   "Twilight Hours Improved," &c. &c.
+
+
+
+                And man, where Freedom's beams and fountains rise,
+                Springs from the dust, and blossoms to the skies.
+                Dead to the joys of light and life, the slave
+                Clings to the clod; his root is in the grave.
+                Bondage is winter, darkness, death, despair;
+                Freedom the sun, the sea, the mountain, and the air!
+
+                                                             Montgomery.
+
+
+
+                                London:
+                     PRINTED FOR HARVEY AND DARTON,
+                          GRACECHURCH-STREET.
+
+                                 1823.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                   TO
+                       WILLIAM WILBERFORCE, Esq.
+                                 M. P.
+
+                           THIS SMALL VOLUME,
+           DIFFIDENTLY AIMING TO SERVE THE CAUSE OF HUMANITY
+                                  IS,
+                         BY HIS KIND PERMISSION
+                  TO GIVE IT THE SANCTION OF HIS NAME,
+                           HUMBLY DEDICATED;
+              WITH EVERY SENTIMENT OF UNFEIGNED VENERATION
+                          AND RESPECT FOR HIS
+                 EXALTED PATRIOTIC AND PRIVATE VIRTUES,
+
+                      And grateful acknowledgment
+              OF HIS CONDESCENSION, IN HONOURING WITH HIS
+                    ATTENTION THE HUMBLE EFFORTS OF
+
+                              THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+
+It has been justly remarked, "that all who read may become
+enlightened;" for readers, insensibly imbibing the sentiments of
+others, and having their own latent sensibilities called forth,
+contract, progressively, virtuous inclinations and habits; and thereby
+become fitted to unite with their fellow-beings, in the removal or
+amelioration of any of the evils of life. With a full conviction
+of this, I have attempted, and now offer to my young readers, the
+present little work. To the rising generation, I am told, the great
+question of the slave-trade is little known; the abolition of it, by
+our legislature, having taken place either before many of them existed,
+or at too early a period of their lives to excite any interest. Present
+circumstances, however, in reference to the subject, ensure for it
+an intense interest, in every heart feeling the blessing of freedom
+and all the sweet charities of home; blessings which it is our care
+to dispose the youthful heart duly to appreciate, and hence to feel
+for those, deprived, by violence and crime, of these high privileges
+of man.
+
+It is true, England has achieved the triumph of humanity, in effacing
+from her Christian character so dark a stain as a traffic in human
+beings; a commerce, "the history of which is written throughout in
+characters of blood." Yet there are but too strong evidences that
+it is yet pursued to great and fearful extent by other nations,
+notwithstanding the solemn obligations they have entered into to
+suppress it; obligations "imposed on every Christian state, no less by
+the religion it professes, than by a regard to its national honour;"
+and notwithstanding it has been branded with infamy, at a solemn
+congress of the great Christian powers, as a crime of the deepest
+dye. Of this there has long been most abundant melancholy proof; yet,
+under its present contraband character, it has been attended by, if
+possible, unprecedented enormities and misery, as well as involving
+the base and cruel agents of it in the further crime of deliberate
+perjury, in order to conceal their nefarious employment.
+
+Surely, then, no age can scarcely be too immature, in which to sow the
+seeds of abhorrence in the young breast, against this blood-stained,
+demoralizing commerce! Surely, no means, however trivial, should
+be neglected, to arouse the spirit of youth against it! It would be
+tedious, and, indeed, inconsistent with the brevity of this little
+work, to name the number of the great and the good who have protested
+against, and sacrificed their time and their treasure to abolish
+it. Suffice it to say, that an apparently trifling incident first
+aroused the virtuous energies of the ardent, persevering Clarkson, in
+the great cause;--that a view of the produce of Africa, and proofs of
+the ingenuity of Africans, kindled the fire of enthusiasm in the noble
+and comprehensive mind of a Pitt. Nor did the flame quiver or become
+dim while he was the pilot of the state, though he was not decreed to
+see the success of perseverance in the cause of justice and humanity.
+
+Let me, therefore, be acquitted of presumption, when I express a hope,
+that, trifling as is the present work, yet, as the leading events
+it records are not the creations of fancy, but realities that have
+passed; that they have not been collected for effect, or uselessly
+to awaken the feelings; but having been actually presented in the
+pursuit of a disgraceful and cruel commerce, are now offered to the
+view of my young readers, in order to confirm the great truths, that
+cruelty and oppression encouraged, soon brutalize the nature of man;
+divesting him of every distinguishing trait which unites him with
+superior intelligences, and sinking him in the scale of being far
+below the ravening wolf and insatiate tiger; and that the slave-trade,
+more especially, never fails effectually to destroy all the sympathies
+of humanity, and so far to barbarize those who are concerned in it,
+as assuredly to cause civilized man to resume the ferocity of the
+savage whom he presumes to despise.
+
+
+                                                             The Author.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+            "Offspring of love divine, Humanity!
+
+            ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
+
+            Come thou, and weep with me substantial ills,
+            And execrate the wrongs that Afric's sons,
+            Torn from their native shore, and doom'd to bear
+            The yoke of servitude in foreign climes,
+            Sustain. Nor vainly let our sorrows flow,
+            Nor let the strong emotion rise in vain.
+            But may the kind contagion widely spread,
+            Till, in its flame, the unrelenting heart
+            Of avarice melt in softest sympathy,
+            And one bright ray of universal love,
+            Of grateful incense, rises up to heaven!"
+
+
+                                      Roscoe's Wrongs of Africa.
+
+
+            "E'en from my pen some heartfelt truths may fall;
+            For outrag'd nature claims the care of all."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+SAMBOE; OR, THE AFRICAN BOY.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+                                  "Slaves of gold! whose sordid dealings
+                                    Tarnish all your boasted powers,
+                                  Prove that ye have human feelings,
+                                    Ere ye proudly question ours."
+
+
+"Encourage the chiefs to go to war, that they may obtain slaves; for
+as on many accounts we require a large number, we desire you to exert
+yourself, and not stand out for a price." Such was the direction,
+and such the order, of the slave-merchants at Cape Coast Castle,
+to one of their factors in the interior, for the collection and
+purchase of slaves; who, dreadful as was his occupation, yet at all
+times faithfully endeavoured to obey the orders of his employers.
+
+This person had, by studying the character, peculiarities, prejudices,
+and language of the natives, obtained a great influence over the chiefs
+of a country, peculiarly blessed by Providence, with all that can
+enchant the eye, or gratify the wants of man. It is a well-known, but
+melancholy truth, that, by the introduction of spirituous liquors, and
+other desirable articles to an uncivilized people, the Europeans have
+greatly augmented and cherished the dreadful traffic in human beings:
+the African kings and chiefs being induced, by these temptations,
+to barter their subjects and captives, for commodities they estimate
+so highly; frequently even fomenting quarrels, and making war with
+each other, at the instigation of the slave-factors, for the sole
+purpose of obtaining captives, in order to exchange them for European
+articles, with which the factors, who visit their country for the
+dreadful purpose, are well furnished; to tempt the appetites, and
+provoke the wild passions, of the wretched beings they intend to make
+the instruments of their inhuman thirst of gain. (Note A.)
+
+
+                            "The natural bond
+        Of brotherhood is sever'd as the flax
+        That falls asunder at the touch of fire--
+                            And having pow'r
+        T' enforce the wrong, for such a worthy cause,
+        Dooms and devotes him as his lawful prey."
+
+
+Mr. Irving, the factor whom we have named as having received the
+peremptory and unlimited order from the merchants of Cape Coast
+Castle, had won their confidence, by the remarkable success which had
+attended his negociations with the king and principal grandees of
+Whidáh, in which delightful part of Africa he had resided for some
+years. Nothing, perhaps, more strongly proves the indurating power
+of the love of gain upon the heart, and the baneful influence of the
+habitual view of oppression on the better feelings of the soul, than
+the change which generally takes place in the characters of the young
+men whose official duty places them in situations like that filled by
+Mr. Irving. It has, indeed, been most justly and impressively observed,
+that it is impossible for any one to be accustomed to carry away
+miserable beings, by force, from their country and endearing ties,
+to keep them in chains, to see their tears, to hear their mournful
+lamentations, to behold the dead and the dying mingled together, to
+keep up a system of severity towards them in their deep affliction,
+to be constant witnesses of the misery of exile, bondage, cruelty,
+and oppression, which, together, form the malignant character of this
+nefarious traffic, without losing all those better feelings it should
+be the study of man to cherish; or without contracting those habits
+of moroseness and ferocity which brutalize the nature.
+
+Irving, like many other youths, had been induced by an ardent
+curiosity, and an enterprising spirit, to engage as a writer to
+the Royal African Company [1], at a time when the traffic in slaves
+was legally pursued, as one source of riches to a great commercial
+nation. Yet it may with candour be presumed, that he, and many a
+youth entering upon the same path, with the same laudable impulses,
+had they anticipated the peril to which they exposed their humane
+principles, by engaging themselves in a trade so repugnant to nature,
+religion, and justice, would rather have undergone personal hazard and
+difficulty in their native land, so that they might have fostered that
+divine principle, which is the noble and distinguishing characteristic
+of man--of free-born man.
+
+That Irving possessed a native humanity and right feeling, would
+appear from his letters to his friends in England, written on his
+arrival in Africa; and as he describes the country as it first met
+his admiring and youthful eye, it may be not unamusing to my young
+readers, to extract a few passages from his letters to his sister,
+before we pursue the detail of subsequent events, in which he was
+an actor. "Well, my dear Sophy," he observes, "are you reconciled
+to your brother becoming a dealer in slaves? I assure you I have had
+some compunctious visitings of conscience upon the subject during the
+voyage; the calmness and monotony of which, gave me ample opportunity
+of reflecting upon the kind-hearted arguments of my good little sister,
+against a commerce, which, I believe she says true when she asserts,
+'is founded in injustice and crime, and a compound of all that is
+wicked and cruel.' But, Sophy, what will you call your wild brother,
+when I tell you, that the first glance I had of this enchanting
+country, put you, your arguments, the unhappy and abused natives,
+from my mind, in an instant; and I could only bless my stars that I
+was to become an inhabitant of a region which seemed to offer so many
+delights--so many interesting studies for my pencil. I can anticipate
+all you would say upon this subject, as to the cruelty of tearing
+the miserable natives from scenes which 'breathe of Paradise,' so
+as to have raised the enthusiasm of even the thoughtless heart of
+Charles Irving. But I have no time for argument, Sophy, scarcely
+that for brief description. Imagine then, my dear sister, the most
+boundless luxuriancy of landscape, continually clothed with all the
+beauties and riches of spring, summer, and harvest; lofty mountains
+covered with wood, chiefly fruit-trees; fine streams, romantic
+and fertile valleys. Such is the general appearance: the scenery
+in detail surpasses description. This charming country seems to be
+remarkably populous. The kingdom of Whidáh, in which is situated the
+factory to which I am at present appointed, is (as you will find on
+consulting your map) on the western side of Africa, commonly called
+the slave-coast. This kingdom we should rather call a county, as
+it extends only about ten miles along the coast, and about seven
+miles inland. Yet, although of so small an extent, it is divided
+into twenty-six divisions, or provinces. The villages are numerous,
+and thickly inhabited. The houses or huts of the natives are small;
+conical at the top, and thatched either with long grass, or the
+palmetto leaves. The interior is very clean; but from the fish and
+other articles of food kept in them, you may readily imagine the
+effluvia is not very pleasant to European nicety.
+
+The furniture of these dwellings is not very costly, seldom amounting
+to more than a chest to contain their light and simple articles of
+clothing; a mat to repose upon, raised a little from the floor; a jar
+to contain water, and calabashes of various sizes; two or three wooden
+mortars to pound corn and rice, and a basket or sieve to prepare it
+when done. The villages formed of these huts are generally built in
+a circle, surrounded by a clay wall, scattered over the country in
+the midst of beautiful groves clear of brushwood, and have a most
+picturesque and beautiful effect to a stranger's eye. The fields are
+always verdant, and nature puts forth her beauties with inexhaustible
+profusion; perpetual spring and autumn succeeding each other. The
+Company's factory here, is most pleasantly situated in the midst of
+gardens, which amply supply it, and the fort, (called Fort William,)
+consisting of four batteries, mounting seventeen guns. In these gardens
+is an abundant supply of beans, potatoes, every other edible root
+known in Europe, and a great variety of delicious fruits peculiar to
+the climate. Amongst the most beautiful and useful vegetable riches of
+Africa, may be reckoned the plantain and banana trees. The latter bears
+a fruit six or seven inches in length, covered with a yellow skin,
+very tender when ripe. The pulp of it is as soft as a marmalade, and
+of a most pleasant taste. It grows on a stalk about six yards high,
+the leaves being nearly two yards long, and a foot wide. One stalk
+only bears a single cluster of the fruit, which sometimes consists
+of forty or fifty bananas; and when the cluster is gathered, the
+stalk is cut off, or it would bear no more fruit. The plantain is not
+unlike the banana, but somewhat longer, although the flavour greatly
+resembles it. The leaves, and every part of the tree, are converted
+into a variety of useful articles. There are also guavas, a fruit very
+like our peach, except that the external coat is rougher; and it has
+small kernels like the apple, instead of a stone. Cocoas, oranges,
+lemons, citrons, and limes, abound, and, as you may readily suppose,
+are in great request amongst us, as well as beautiful additions to
+the luxuriant vegetable riches of the country."
+
+In a subsequent letter he again writes: "I was much pleased this
+morning to see the natives extracting what we call the wine from the
+palm tree, which is beautifully straight and lofty, growing sometimes
+to a prodigious height.
+
+"They make an incision in the trunk, near the summit of the tree, to
+which they apply, in succession, gourd bottles, conducting the liquor
+into them by means of a pipe formed of the leaves. This wine is very
+pleasant when fresh drawn, but is apt to disagree with Europeans in
+that state. After fermentation, however, it becomes like Rhenish wine,
+and is extremely good, without being prejudicial. You would be alarmed,
+Sophy, to see how rapidly and nimbly the natives mount these lofty
+trees, which are sometimes sixty, seventy, and even a hundred feet in
+height, and the bark smooth. The only aid they have is a piece of the
+bark of a tree, which they form into a hoop by holding the two ends,
+having enclosed themselves and the trunk of the tree. They then place
+their feet against the tree, and their backs against the hoop, and
+mount as quick as thought. It sometimes occurs that they miss their
+footing, the consequence of course is, that they are precipitated
+with tremendous force to the ground, and dashed to pieces.
+
+"There is another tree called the ciboa, very much like the palm,
+and applied to the same purposes: the wine of this is not quite so
+sweet as that of the palm.
+
+In another letter he further observes: "I think you will be pleased to
+hear in what manner I pass my time here, my dear Sophy, while you are
+perhaps talking of me in the dear domestic circle; I will therefore
+give you the journal of a day, which, with little variation, is the
+general mode of my living.
+
+"I rise by day-break, in order to enjoy the refreshing coolness of
+the morning, and generally ride or walk into the country, through
+the delightful woods and savannahs.
+
+"On my return, I breakfast on never-tiring tea, or, for want of it, a
+sort of tea growing in the woods, called simbong. Upon any deficiency
+of sugar, I use honey, as it is at all times easily procured; except,
+perhaps, when the natives are making their honey wine, of which they
+are immoderately fond. Sometimes I take milk, with cakes of rice or
+flour; or Guinea-corn, baked in a very useful article in my kitchen;
+viz. a large iron pot. The milk will not boil without turning to
+whey, which I ascribe to the nature of the grass upon which the cows
+feed. My dinner is frequently beef, either fresh or salted, in which
+latter state it will keep six or seven days. This I either boil and eat
+with coosh-coosh, (Note B.) a favourite dish with the natives, or with
+pumpkins and coliloo, like spinach, both of which are plentiful. Fowls
+are so cheap and common, that they may always be purchased for a few
+charges of gunpowder; and when I wish for either fish or game, I send
+a fisher or hunter, allowed by the factory, to supply me; and they
+never fail to bring me ample store of the finest sorts of the former;
+and of the latter, deer, ducks, partridges, wild geese, and what are
+here called crown birds, all which abound in their different seasons.
+
+"The afternoon is the usual time of trade; but sometimes it is
+protracted during the whole of several days, and being my proper
+business, I make a point of never neglecting it (Note C.) If concluded
+early, I sometimes take a trip to some of the neighbouring villages,
+and return home to supper, amusing myself, as I am now doing, with
+writing or reading, and occasionally visiting two or three friends. In
+these visits, the refreshment is generally palm and honey wine, or a
+fruit called cola, which very agreeably relishes water. I frequently,
+also, form one of a party in shooting doves and partridges. I have
+indeed no want of society, generally having even more company than I
+desire. These visitors are traders, and messengers from the great men
+in this and the adjacent kingdom, who frequently send me presents of
+pieces of cloths, cows, spices, and even a slave. These presents I
+would gladly decline, as I well know they are given with a view of
+obtaining more valuable returns, or to bribe me to some measure in
+which my interest or aid is required; but I am obliged to accept what
+they offer, because the interest of the Company renders it necessary
+to conciliate the natives, who may forward the trade. But to return
+to my accommodation: perhaps you think I repose on the 'verdant mead,
+under the spreading palm.' No such thing, my dear Sophy: my bed-room
+is large and airy, and during the rainy season glows with the cheering
+blaze of a fire. My bedstead is raised by forkillas; at the head and
+feet are cross poles, upon which is placed a platform of split cane. My
+bed itself is composed of silk-cotton, a sort of vegetable down,
+extremely soft, and very plentiful here; and to complete my bedstead,
+I have erected light posts at the corners, to support a pavilion
+of thin cloth, as a defence against the musquitoes. Independently
+of the linen I brought from England, I have some presented to me,
+by a negro king and his sister: (what think you of that, Sophy?) it
+consists of fine cotton cloths, six yards long and three wide: these
+I use for sheets. Thus, you find, I have all my comforts around me,
+even on the burning shores of Africa, to which you were so unwilling
+I should direct my way.
+
+"I cannot close my letter without telling you of the pleasure I enjoyed
+in my excursion this morning, with a friend who is my colleague in
+office, and with whom I am indeed so intimate, that we have acquired
+the designation of 'the inseparables.' We set out just as the day
+was dawning, and had penetrated nearly five miles into the country,
+ere the sun bore any oppressive power; and taking our fowling pieces
+with us, we shot a few birds for sport, as we proceeded through a
+country rich beyond your imagination to conceive. We rested ourselves
+at the foot of a rock, and ate a hearty breakfast of fruit, washing
+it down with palm wine, with which we were provided, and milk from
+the cocoa-nuts we gathered. We then continued to explore scenes which
+seemed to realize the picture imagination forms of Paradise. Coming
+to a beautiful expanse of water, we again seated ourselves, to enjoy
+a second meal, as well as the beauty and the heavenly repose, adorning
+and pervading these vast solitudes.
+
+"The tinkling of several little rills, and the sound of several larger
+cascades that fell from the rocks, only broke the stillness of the
+spot, in every other respect profound; and altogether diffused a
+tranquillity over the soul, the influence of which I still feel, but
+am unable to define. The orange and lime trees adorning the spot,
+bending under the weight of their delicious fruit, and diffusing
+around their fragrant odour; a number of other beautiful shrubs and
+trees intermingling their various tints of foliage, and tempting
+the hand to gather their rich fruit; combined with the cataracts,
+the surrounding hills, covered with the noblest trees and liveliest
+verdure, and in their various angles and projections, exhibiting
+the bold and free strokes of nature; altogether composed what might,
+without exaggeration, be called a terrestrial Paradise, the effect of
+which cannot be imagined, unless it were seen. You may be sure that it
+was not without regret we quitted this delightful spot, which raised
+our curiosity and desire, to the highest degree, further to explore the
+country. Nor (shall I confess it, Sophy?) could we forbear remarking,
+that if the attention of our country was directed to the civilization,
+and the improving the natural resources of such a country, instead
+of robbing and devastating it, it would be far more honourable to us
+as Britains, and as men, enjoying all the privileges of that envied
+title. But I think I hear you say: 'You tell me much of yourself,
+and of the face of the country you have chosen for a residence, but
+you tell me little of the inhabitants of this favoured region.' This
+I must reserve for another packet, my dear sister, as also an account
+of my visit to Sabi [2]. In the mean time I will assure you, that I
+have no regrets in having quitted for a while my country, except my
+separation from you and my family, every member of which must ever
+be dear, to their affectionate
+
+
+                                                       "Charles Irving."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+                            "What's all that Afric's golden rivers roll,
+                            Her odorous woods, and shining ivory stores?
+                            Ill-fated race! the softening arts of peace,
+                            And all-protecting freedom, which alone
+                            Sustains the name and dignity of man:
+                            These are not theirs!"
+
+
+Presuming that our young readers are not uninterested in the
+accounts of Charles Irving, we shall make a few more extracts
+from his correspondence. "You tell me," he observes in reply to
+the expressed wishes of his sister, "you tell me, my dear Sophy,
+to give you some information respecting the inhabitants of Whidáh. I
+am myself unable to speak very decisively, but I am assured by those
+who have visited other parts of Africa, that those of Whidáh exceed
+the other negroes in civilization, and they certainly appear to me,
+both industrious and ingenious. The women, I can assure you, are very
+important personages, truly help-meets to their lords. They brew the
+beer, dress the food, sell all sorts of articles, (except slaves!) at
+the markets; they are also, I am sorry to add, employed in tilling
+the land with the slaves. But, Sophy, this may be accounted for:
+the light of Christianity has not yet beamed upon this land. Its
+humanizing spirit we have, you know, often remarked, as peculiarly
+favourable to the weaker sex; and were Africa free, and blessed
+with the genial ray of true religion, doubtless her women would
+acquire that consideration which is their due, and be regarded as
+what they ought to be, as the companions and solace, not the slaves
+of man. In reference to their ingenuity, I have many specimens. They
+spin cotton yarn, weave fine cotton cloth, make calabashes, wooden
+vessels, plates, dishes, &c. I have now lying before me, a present
+from a great man, a pipe for smoking, which is remarkably neat. It
+is formed of clay of a reddish hue, the stem a reed about six feet
+in length. It is beautifully and finely polished, perfectly smooth,
+white, and even elegant. The bowl and stem are fastened together with
+a piece of delicate red leather. It has also a fine leather tassel,
+attached to about the middle of the stem; and so neat is the work,
+that although the end of the reed goes into the bowl of the pipe, it
+appears as if formed of one piece. They clean the reed, when filled
+up with the smoke, by drawing long straws through it, and the bowls,
+by scraping them with a small sharp instrument.
+
+"Last week we had quite a gala day, one of the country chiefs paying
+a visit to the governor at the fort. He was saluted with five guns
+on his landing: I was much pleased that my duty obliged me to go to
+the fort at the time.
+
+"The ostensible motive of his visit, was respect to the governor; but
+the real one, to solicit powder and ball, in order to defend himself
+against the attacks of a neighbouring chief. He assumes the title of
+emperor, and is a fine model of negro beauty, young, extremely black,
+tall, and free in his carriage, with teeth which rivalled pearls in
+beauty. His dress consisted of short yellow cotton trowsers, reaching
+only to the knees; and a sort of mantle of the same material, flowing
+full like a surplice. His feet and legs were naked; but he wore a
+very large cap, with a white goat's tail fastened in it: I suppose,
+the insignia of his dignity.
+
+"All the officers of the fort were in full uniform, waiting to receive
+this chieftain; and, I assure you, it was a very gratifying sight to
+observe the expecting numbers ready to welcome him.
+
+"He and his retinue came in a large and splendid canoe, containing
+about sixteen persons, all armed with guns and sabres, with a number of
+drums, upon which they beat with one stick. Two or three women were of
+the party, and danced to the sound of the drums. They remained at the
+fort all night, highly pleased with the visit, and the success of it;
+not only receiving what they solicited, but an ample present of rum,
+beads, bugles, and looking-glasses, from the governor, by which he
+quite won the hearts of the emperor and his suite.
+
+"The natives are, indeed, generally good-natured and obliging,
+particularly to Europeans; and if the latter are liberal in presents,
+they seldom find the obligation forgotten. If a favour is asked of
+them, they will use their utmost efforts to comply, even to their own
+prejudice. Gentle measures are, indeed, the only means to succeed with
+them: they then seem to have pleasure in compliance; but if treated
+with violence, they are obstinate and refractory, and they will take as
+much pains to injure, as, in the other case, to serve. This, you will
+say, sufficiently proves their native generosity of disposition. Can
+such a people require any thing but freedom, and a pure faith, to
+render them equal to the European, who despises them, and denies
+that they possess a capability of enjoying freedom? I grant this,
+my dear advocate; and, did time allow me, could relate many instances
+to prove that your opinion is just.
+
+"In my last, I mentioned the employment of the women partly consisted
+in weaving fine cotton cloths. We frequently barter these with our
+commodities. The pieces are generally twenty-seven yards long,
+but never more than nine inches wide. They cut them what length
+they require, and sew them together very neatly, to serve the use
+of broader cloths. The cotton is cleared from the seed by hand,
+and is spun with a spindle and distaff: it is afterwards woven in
+a loom of very simple and coarse workmanship. These cloths are made
+up into pairs, one about three yards long, and one and a half broad;
+with this the shoulders and body are covered. The other is almost of
+the same breadth, and but two yards long: this is gathered neatly in
+folds round the waist, and falls loosely over the limbs. Such a pair of
+cloths is the dress of men and women, with a slight variation in the
+mode of adjustment. I have seen a pair of such cloths, so beautifully
+fine in texture, and so brightly dyed, as to be very valuable. Their
+usual colours are either blue or yellow, some very lively: I do not
+remember, however, ever to have seen any red. (Note D.)
+
+"I shall conclude this letter by an account of my visit to Sabi, as I
+promised you. With European ideas of the state of society and commerce
+in Africa, I confess, the surprise I experienced was very great, on
+my entrance into the market of this capital of Whidáh, which is kept
+twice in a week. Great regulation is observed in the keeping of these
+markets, a distinct and proper place being assigned for every different
+commodity; and the confluence of people, although great, are preserved
+from disorder and confusion, by a judge or magistrate, appointed by
+the king; and who, with four assistants, well armed, inspects the
+markets, hears all complaints, and, in a summary way, decides all
+differences among the buyers and sellers, having power to seize, and
+sell as slaves, all who violate the peace. Besides this magistrate,
+there is another, whose peculiar office it is to inspect the money,
+which is called toqua, consisting of strings of shells, to the number
+of forty; and if one of these strings happens to be deficient in a
+single shell, the whole are forfeited to the king. Round the markets
+are erected booths, which are occupied by cooks or suttlers, who sell
+provisions ready dressed, as beef, pork, goats'-flesh; and others,
+in which may be obtained rice, millet, marre, and bread; and others
+where they sell spirituous liquors, palm and ciboa wine, and pito,
+which is a sort of beer. The chief commodities on sale, are slaves,
+cattle, and fowls of every kind, monkeys and other animals; various
+sorts of European cloth, linen, and woollen; printed calicoes, silk,
+grocery, and china; gold in dust and bars, iron in bars or wrought.
+
+"The country manufactures are Whidáh cloths, mats, baskets, jars,
+calabashes of various sorts, wooden bowls and cups, red and blue
+pepper, salt, palm-oil, &c. All these commodities, except slaves, are
+sold by the women, who are excellent accountants, and set off their
+goods most judiciously. The men are also good accountants, reckoning
+every thing by the head; and are as exact as the Europeans are with
+pen and ink, although the sums are often so many and so considerable,
+as to render it very intricate.
+
+"The slaves are paid for in gold-dust, but other payments are made
+in strings of cowries, which, as I have said, contain forty in a
+string. Five of the strings make what the natives call a fore; and
+fifty fores make an alkove, which generally weighs about sixty pounds.
+
+The various commodities of these markets, and the order and regularity
+with which they are disposed, would be a peculiarly pleasing sight to a
+stranger, were not human beings included in the articles of commerce;
+but, to behold a number of men, women, and children, linked together,
+and ranged like beasts to view, is a sight truly shocking to behold;
+and I will acknowledge, Sophy, I felt a sickness come over my heart,
+and a glow of shame suffuse my forehead, as I contemplated upwards of
+sixty individuals, whom a few short hours, perhaps, might separate, for
+ever, from their kindred and their country. There is, however, little
+chance that it will now ever be otherwise; for the worst passions
+of men are engaged, and the despotism of the African kings gives
+them ample opportunity to gratify their cupidity and intemperance,
+by the barter of their unhappy subjects [3]. The revenues of the king
+of Whidáh are very considerable; for he not only has large landed
+possessions, but he receives a duty on all commodities sold in the
+markets, or imported into the country. His lands furnish him with
+provisions for his numerous household, as well as for exportation;
+great quantities being annually sold to the neighbouring nations,
+less bountifully supplied by nature. The revenues arising from the
+slave-trade are very considerable, and induce him to favour it,
+by the strongest principle in the soul of man, selfishness; for he
+receives three rix dollars for every slave sold in his dominions. Every
+European vessel also pays him a pecuniary duty, exclusive of presents,
+which they make to conciliate his favour, and to secure his protection
+in trading.
+
+Some years, slaves to the number of two thousand are brought from
+the interior, by the native merchants, most of whom, they say, are
+prisoners of war. These merchants purchase them from the different
+princes, who have made captives of them. Their mode of travelling is
+by tying them by the neck with leather thongs, at about a yard distant
+from each other, thirty and forty in a string; having generally a
+large truss or bundle of corn, or an elephant's tooth, upon the head
+of each or many of them. In their way from the mountains, far in the
+interior, they have to travel through vast woods, where, for several
+days, perhaps, no water is to be procured. To obviate this distressing
+scarcity, they carry water in skins. There are a great number of these
+merchants, who, furnishing themselves with European goods from the
+slave-factors, penetrate the inland countries, and with them purchase,
+in their route, gold, slaves, and elephants' teeth. (Note E.)
+
+"They use asses as well as slaves to convey their goods, but no camels
+nor horses. Besides the slaves brought down to the factories by these
+merchants, many others are bought in the vicinity. These are either
+taken in war, as the former, or are men condemned for crimes; and,
+not unfrequently, they are stolen. These the Company never purchase,
+if able to ascertain the fact. It is worthy of remark, that, since the
+great demand for slaves, most punishments are changed into slavery;
+and there being an accruing advantage on such condemnations, they
+exaggerate faults scarcely more than venial, into crimes, in order
+to obtain the benefit of selling the criminal. Not only murder and
+the grosser crimes are punished in this manner, but every trifling
+misdemeanour renders the culprit obnoxious to the same dreadful
+penalty. It was not many days since that I had a man brought to me
+to be sold, for having stolen a tobacco pipe; and I had infinite
+trouble to persuade the aggrieved party to accept of a compensation,
+and to leave the man free.
+
+"From what I have seen of the people, they are well disposed and
+cheerful, excessively fond of dancing, keeping it up to the sound
+of a drum or a balafeu, for many hours, without any appearance
+of weariness. Their dances are sometimes pleasing and regular,
+but at others wild, and apparently confused. The instrument they
+call a balafeu is very pleasing, sounding something like an organ,
+when not too near. It is composed of about twenty pipes of very hard
+wood, finely polished: these pipes gradually diminish, both in size
+and length, and are tied together with thongs made of very fine
+thin leather. These thongs are twisted round small round wands,
+which are placed between each of the pipes, in order to leave a
+short space. Underneath the pipes are fastened twelve or fourteen
+calabashes, of different sizes, which have the same effect of sound
+as organ-pipes. This they play upon with two sticks, covered with a
+thin skin, taken from the trunk of the ciboa, or with fine leather,
+in order to soften the sound. (Note F.) Both sexes delight to dance to
+this instrument, and their pleasure seems to rise almost to ecstasy, if
+a white man will unite in the dance; which, you will readily suppose,
+I am never unwilling to do. The only indication of suspicion they show,
+is when asked to take any beverage with a white man, always requiring
+the liquor to be first tasted by the inviter.
+
+"Many of the natives have invited me to their habitations and dancing
+parties, and brought their wives and daughters to salute me. They,
+with great artlessness, generally sit down by me, and are never weary
+in admiring the different articles of my dress; making their comments
+one to another, with the most lively admiration and astonishment. Some,
+who had never seen a white man, ran away from me, apparently terrified
+at my monstrous appearance.
+
+"In their persons they are of a good height, well shaped, and
+extremely black; and, as an instance of the female subjection, I
+am told, that, when a man has been absent from home, even but for a
+short time, his wife salutes him upon her knees at his return, and,
+in the same attitude, offers him water and refreshments. Both sexes
+are exceedingly cleanly in their persons, washing themselves in pure
+water twice in the day, and using aromatic unguents. Their dress
+consists of the country cotton cloths I have named; the superior
+classes add a short garment, made of taffety, or other silk, and
+scarfs of the same material passed over the shoulder. They generally
+go with the head and feet uncovered, but occasionally wear sandals,
+and caps or bonnets. The superior females wear calico paans, or a
+sort of petticoat, which are very fine, and beautifully variegated
+with different colours: these are confined round the waist, and the
+upper part of the body is covered with a cloth, serving also as a veil.
+
+"They wear necklaces of coral, &c. agreeably disposed; and their arms,
+wrists, fingers, and legs, are encompassed and ornamented with rings
+of amber, silver, and even gold, to a considerable value. The inferior
+ranks wear copper or iron. The men suffer the hair to remain in its
+natural form, except buckling it in two or three places, in order
+to affix a coral ornament to it; but the women arrange theirs more
+artificially, with long and small buckles, or ornaments, the hair
+divided on the crown of the head, and the ornaments placed with great
+uniformity. They have a bad practice of using an oil, which injures
+the glossy blackness of the hair, in time changing it to a colour
+approaching green or yellow, which they much admire; but it is very
+unpleasing to the eye of a stranger.
+
+"I have mentioned that the natives of Whidáh are idolaters. The
+object of their worship, you will be surprised to find, is a serpent;
+an animal to which men, in general, have an antipathy This Whidáh god
+is called the fetiche: it is a harmless, as well as beautiful animal,
+having an antipathy to venomous serpents, attacking them whenever
+it meets with them. The serpent has a large, round, beautiful head;
+a short, pointed tongue, resembling a dart; and a short but sharp
+tail; the whole adorned by the most beautiful colours, upon a light
+grey ground. In general its pace is slow and solemn, except when it
+seizes on its prey, in which case it is quick and rapid. They are
+perfectly tame and familiar, permitting themselves to be caressed
+and handled, which is frequently done by the natives and Europeans,
+without apprehension of danger. This deity has a temple to his honour,
+with priests, sacrifices, &c."
+
+With this account we will close our extracts from Irving's letters;
+and as they will give some idea of the people of the country which
+forms the principal scene of our narrative, it is hoped the digression
+will not be thought irrelevant. In the next chapter we resume the
+thread of our story, merely pausing to express our ardent hope,
+that good may spring out of evil; that even the slave-trade may be
+the medium of promulgating the gospel of peace; and that good may,
+in God's own time, overcome evil.
+
+
+
+            O, 'tis a godlike privilege to save,
+            And he that scorns it is himself a slave.
+            Inform his mind, one flash of heav'nly day
+            Would heal his heart, and melt his chains away:
+            "Beauty for ashes," is a gift indeed;
+            And slaves by truth enlarg'd are doubly freed.
+
+
+                                                   Cowper.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+
+                      "O Slavery----
+                       Profuse of woes, and pregnant with distress,
+                       Eternal horrors in thy presence reign;
+                       Pale meagre famine leads thy horrid train;
+                       To each dire load subjection adds more weight,
+                       And pain is doubled in the captive's fate:
+                       O'er nature's smiling face thou spreadst a gloom,
+                       And to the grave dost every pleasure doom."
+
+
+Years had elapsed since Irving had indited the letters from which we
+have extracted, and every passing one had seen an increasing tendency
+to suffer humanity to yield to interest: what had been the practice
+of official duty, became the actuating principle, and gold, the
+
+
+            "Insidious bane that makes destruction smooth,
+            The foe to virtue, liberty, and truth,"
+
+
+absorbed the better feelings, which had at first recoiled from
+the scenes of cruelty and oppression he had witnessed; and he could
+calmly execute the one and the other, and be at no loss to justify (at
+least to himself) the acts, and even reason upon the trade of human
+beings; if not, indeed, upon its humanity and justice, at least upon
+its expedience; forgetful of that great and comprehensive, but most
+simple maxim: "Do unto others as ye would they should do unto you."
+
+The order he had received from his employers, arrived at an opportune
+period; for he had, on that very day, been invited to attend the
+ceremony of the coronation of the king of Whidáh, to take place in
+a few days, at Sabi. With the true spirit of gain, he calculated
+that this event might, by a little judicious policy, be rendered,
+not only subservient to his present pressing demand for slaves, but
+also might open greater facilities than he had hitherto possessed,
+of obtaining a choice. Interest, therefore, united with curiosity,
+in his determination of attending the ceremony; a few preliminaries
+of which we will name, ere we accompany him to it.
+
+On the demise of a king of Whidáh, the crown descends to his eldest
+son, unless the grandees have any substantial reasons to reject his
+claim; in which case the youngest son is appointed, provided he was
+born after the accession of the father. It is a singular custom, that,
+as soon as the eldest son of a king of Whidáh is born, he is removed
+from the palace and court, and placed under the care of a person in
+private, residing remote from the latter. With this person he remains,
+in profound ignorance of his birth, and of the high responsibilities
+for which he is designed. His protector is acquainted with the
+secret of his royal birth, but would incur the penalty of death
+were he to divulge it. By this custom it not unfrequently occurs,
+that when a prince is called to the throne, he may, at the moment,
+be employed in the most common and menial offices; and it is with
+difficulty he can be persuaded to believe those who inform him of
+his elevated rank, or in what manner to receive their servile homage;
+as it is customary for the subjects to approach the sovereign in the
+most humiliating form, advancing towards them in a creeping manner,
+to a certain distance, till the monarch, clapping his hands softly,
+indicates his permission for them to speak, which they then do,
+in a low tone, with their heads nearly to the ground. They retire,
+with the same slavish ceremonials, from the royal presence.
+
+As soon as the old king is dead, his successor is brought to the
+palace; but the period of his coronation is uncertain, resting
+with the grandees, with whom it becomes a political manoeuvre
+to keep the government, as long as possible, in their own hands;
+and they accordingly fix the period of the ceremony as best suits
+their respective interests. It is generally put off some months, and,
+sometimes, even years, but cannot be delayed beyond seven years. During
+this interval, the government is rather in the power of the grandees
+than the king; for they execute all the public acts and business,
+without consulting him. In every other respect he is treated as
+a prince, with only one restriction, viz. that, previously to his
+coronation, he cannot quit the palace.
+
+It may readily be imagined by our young readers, that, from the obscure
+state in which the young monarch is brought up, he has little notion
+of those qualities which are necessary to govern a people. On the
+contrary, the sudden transition from this obscurity, to the paths
+of ease and pleasure, and every facility of self-gratification,
+unfortunately gives a peculiar relish for those pursuits and
+pleasures, with which, had he become guardedly and progressively
+familiar, in all probability he would have been satiated. But this
+not being the case, the king of Whidáh lives almost in a state of
+indolence; seldom going abroad, and only occasionally attending his
+grandees when they are assembled in the hall of audience, for the
+administration of justice: all the rest of his time is spent in the
+recesses of his seraglio, attended by his numerous wives, who are
+divided into three classes. When the period of the coronation has
+been fixed by the grandees, they give intimation of it to the king,
+who assembles them in the palace; and the council having deliberated
+on the measures to be used in executing the ceremony, notice of it
+is given to the public by a discharge of cannon, and the glad news
+is soon circulated throughout the kingdom.
+
+The following morning, the grand sacrificer goes to the king,
+demanding, in the name of the great serpent, (their deity!) the
+offerings due on such a solemn and joyful occasion. These offerings
+consist of an ox, a horse, a sheep, and a fowl, which are sacrificed
+in the palace, and afterwards taken to the market-place. In the centre
+of this, the grand sacrificer erects a pole, nine or ten feet high,
+with a piece of linen attached to it like a flag, and around it
+are placed the victims, with small loaves of millet, rubbed over
+with palm-oil. After a few trifling ceremonies the company retire,
+leaving the victims exposed to the birds of prey; no person being
+permitted to touch them, upon pain of death. Arrived at the palace,
+about twenty of the king's wives walk in procession to the place
+of sacrifice, the eldest, or chief, (Note G.) bearing a figure
+formed of earth, representing a child in a sitting posture: this
+she places at a short distance from the victims. These women are
+attended by a party of fusileers, and the king's flutes and drums,
+the people prostrating themselves as they pass, and expressing their
+joy by the loudest acclamations. When these ceremonies are over,
+the grandees repair to the palace, dressed in their richest apparel,
+and attended by their numerous slaves, of whom they are very proud,
+adorning them with a profusion of trinkets, and ornaments of silver
+and gold. The king is not visible on this occasion; but they enter,
+and prostrate themselves before the throne, and again retire. This
+part of the ceremony continues fifteen days, during which the women
+make the palace re-echo with their acclamations; and the public joy
+is testified by the firing of cannon, and the almost continual display
+of rockets, from all parts of the capital.
+
+It was during the interval of these rejoicings, that Irving, with
+his attendants, arrived at Sabi, and was appointed to take up his
+quarters with a grandee high in favour with the new king. He had
+taken care to provide himself with an ample assortment of trinkets,
+spirits, cutlery, and other European produce he knew to be tempting
+to his inviter and his royal master, with whom he proposed to trade,
+immediately after the ceremony was concluded.
+
+Soon after his arrival, the grandee with whom he resided was summoned,
+(as was customary,) as the one deputed to go to the neighbouring
+kingdom of Ardrah, with a magnificent retinue, in order to request
+one of the nobles of that kingdom (in whose family the right had
+existed time immemorial) to proceed to Sabi, to crown the king; and
+Irving, desirous of seeing the whole of the ceremonial, obtained ready
+permission to accompany the embassy. The greatest respect is paid,
+by all ranks, to this officiating nobleman; and all the expences of
+his journey are defrayed by the grandees of Whidáh.
+
+When arrived at the last village next the capital, this nobleman and
+his retinue suspended their progress, remaining there stationary
+three or four days; during which time he received visits from the
+principal people of the kingdom, with whom it is customary to make
+him valuable presents, and contribute to his amusement by a variety
+of entertainments; the king supplying him with a great quantity of
+provision, carried twice a day in great pomp, by his wives, preceded
+by a guard of fusileers and a band of music.
+
+Among these ladies, Irving saw many whom, as a slave-merchant, he
+would have been happy to have obtained at a high price. Four days
+being elapsed, the grandees, with their usual train, and a great
+concourse of people, repaired to the village, to conduct the Ardrah
+nobleman, in great state, to Sabi; where he was received by a salute
+of the king's guns, and the loud and continued acclamations of the
+multitude. He was then conducted to the apartments prepared for him
+near the palace, where he was splendidly entertained by the grandees,
+and received visits from the principal officers of the court. He
+continued here five days, but, at the close of the third, he entered
+the palace with the chief of his train, without taking off any part
+of his dress or ornaments. He remained standing, also, when he spoke
+to the king, while all others prostrated themselves, as usual.
+
+On the evening of the fifth day, nine guns were fired, at the palace,
+to announce to the people that the king would be crowned on the
+following day, and that he would show himself in public, seated on
+his throne, in the court of the palace, the gates of which would be
+left open for the admission of all ranks of people. It was with the
+utmost astonishment that Irving beheld the immense population assembled
+in the streets of Sabi, on this occasion; every avenue towards the
+palace being completely crowded by the natives, to obtain a sight of
+their new monarch.
+
+On the evening of the following day, the king came forth from his
+seraglio, attended by forty of his favourite wives, dressed in the
+most sumptuous manner; being rather loaded than ornamented, with
+gold necklaces, laces, pendants, bracelets, foot-chains of gold
+and silver, and the richest gems. The king, who was a good-looking,
+but, apparently, very indolent young man, was magnificently dressed,
+wearing a gilt helmet, decorated with red and white feathers. He was
+attended by his guards, and proceeded from his seraglio to the throne,
+which was placed in an angle of the court, to the east of the palace,
+and styled the court of the coronation.
+
+The throne itself was something like a large armed chair, finely
+gilt, and elevated a little above the ground; the negroes choosing
+very low seats, not more than ten inches high, and six in diameter,
+and not unfrequently in the shape of an hour-glass. The most valuable
+and curious part of the throne we are now describing, was the seat,
+consisting of an entire lump of gold; not cast or formed by art,
+but a product of nature alone, weighing thirty pounds. It had been
+bored and fitted as a seat to the royal throne: upon this was a velvet
+cushion, richly laced and fringed with gold, and a foot-cushion to
+correspond. On the left were ranged the forty wives of the monarch,
+and on the right the principal grandees; and in a line with them, the
+Europeans from the English factories; therefore, Irving had a complete
+view of every part of the ceremonial. One of the grandees held in his
+hand an umbrella: this, however, was more for ornament than use, as
+the ceremony took place at night. It was formed of the richest cloth
+of gold, the lining embroidered with the same precious material, and
+the fringes and tassels the same. On the top of it was the figure of
+a cock, as large as the life. The pole of this pavilion, or umbrella,
+was six feet long, richly embossed and gilded. Another grandee kneeled
+before the king, constantly fanning him during the ceremony. Opposite
+to the monarch stood two of his dwarfs, who represented to him the
+good qualities of his predecessor; extolling his justice, liberality,
+and clemency, and exhorting the king not only to imitate, but to excel
+him; concluding their harangue with wishes for the king's happiness,
+and that his reign might be long and prosperous.
+
+These ceremonies concluded, the grandee of Ardrah was summoned to
+attend. When arrived at the outer gate of the palace, the cannon
+were discharged, and the band began to play. He entered the court,
+surrounded with his attendants, and was guarded by them to a certain
+distance. He then advanced, singly, to the throne, saluting the king
+by courteously bowing the head, but not prostrating himself. He then
+addressed a short speech to the king, relative to the ceremony he
+was called to perform; and removing the helmet from his head, turned
+to the people, holding it in his hands. A signal was then made, and
+the music instantly ceased. A profound and most impressive silence
+ensued. The grandee of Ardrah, then, with a loud and distinct voice,
+repeated, three times, these words to the assembled multitude: "Here
+is your king: be loyal to him, and your prayers shall be heard by the
+king of Ardrah, my master." After this he replaced the helmet on the
+head of the king, made a low reverence, and retired. The cannon and
+small-arms were instantly fired, the music again struck up, and the
+acclamations were renewed. The grandee of Ardrah, in the meantime,
+was reconducted, in great state, to his apartments; after which,
+the new-crowned king, attended by his wives, his guards, and the
+Europeans, returned to the seraglio, where the latter made their
+compliments to the king as he entered the gate; and, on the following
+day, the monarch sent, as usual, a rich present to the Ardrah grandee,
+previously to his return home, which he must immediately do, the law
+not permitting him to remain three days longer in the kingdom.
+
+The rejoicings which followed the coronation lasted fifteen days,
+and the whole was closed with a grand procession to the temple
+of the great serpent. The grandee with whom Irving resided during
+the period of these ceremonies, was one of the principal officers
+of the palace, and possessed a disposition peculiarly open to the
+enticement of spirituous liquors, as well as dreadfully acted upon
+by the pernicious stimulus they gave to his passions. He also had
+such a propensity for their use, that Irving easily found, that, by
+supplying him well, he might render him subservient to his purposes;
+and, in fact, he very soon disclosed to the wily merchant, that he
+had in his possession a number of valuable slaves, intended for the
+service, or to purchase the favour of the young king. The appearance
+of this negro courtier was pleasing and imposing. He was, in person,
+tall and well shaped; his dress was that usual in the country, but
+the material fine, and the colour perfectly white: his cap was also
+white and small. He wore large gold earrings, which, together with
+the pure white of his light dress, contrasted well with the jet black
+of his polished skin. In disposition he was so cruel and vindictive,
+that when he received an affront, even in the most trifling instance,
+he scrupled not to sacrifice the aggressor by shooting him.
+
+He possessed several wives, of whom he was very jealous, and whom he
+treated as slaves. He had also several brothers, to whom he seldom
+spoke, or even permitted them to enter his presence; but when he
+did grant them admission, they were obliged to take off their caps,
+prostrate themselves at his feet, and throw dust on their heads.
+
+It may readily be imagined, that a disposition so cruel and arbitrary,
+would be stimulated almost to fury and madness by the powerful
+influence of ardent spirits; and the fact was, that his thirst for
+brandy was so insatiable, that, to procure it, he scrupled not to
+execute any act of oppression, cruelty, or treachery. He had even
+been known, in order to procure slaves, with which to purchase brandy,
+secretly to set fire to a village, and then send the ministers of his
+cruelty to seize the distracted people as they rushed from destruction,
+to bind and to send them to the European factories, or to the joncoes,
+(or black slave-merchants,) and sell them for brandy and rum; which
+he would continue to drink till expended, without any cessation but
+that forced upon him by stupefaction or sleep.
+
+It would not be consistent with the plan of our tale, to make any
+remarks upon the probabilities of what this man might have been,
+had not the slave-trade existed; or what direction his cunning and
+arbitrary disposition might have taken; but we may venture to say,
+that he could not have had so extensive opportunities of oppression,
+nor could his cruelties have created such incalculable misery. "For
+it has been proved, on the most convincing evidence, that the demand
+for slaves has had the most fatal effect in exciting and developing
+every vice and every bad passion among these people; of perverting
+their rude institutions, and poisoning their domestic relations. It
+has been proved by evidence unquestionable, that, as we have
+asserted, the tyrant chiefs of Africa were daily induced to condemn,
+indiscriminately, whole families, for trivial or imaginary crimes,
+with the sole object of obtaining possession of the individuals
+composing those families, and exchanging them for bad powder and
+bad muskets; to station their soldiers in ambush, on the roads, with
+orders to rush on the unarmed traveller, and load him with chains;
+to attack, at night, villages sunk in repose, dragging into slavery
+men, women, and children, of an age suited to their purpose, and
+mercilessly butchering the aged and the infant. It has been proved,
+upon authority equally good, that famine, devastation, and continual
+warfare, undertaken for the sole purpose of taking prisoners, were the
+inevitable consequences of the slave ships' presence on the coast;
+and that the Europeans not only were witnesses of this desolation,
+but furnished the arms, nourished the hatred, fomented the discord,
+and were the communicaters of the moral blast, which shed its
+pestilential influence over the population of a country, which,
+under the benign protection of a fair and legitimate commerce,
+is assuredly capable of being civilized, enlightened, and happy;
+and which, in return for the inestimable gifts of instruction and
+religion, would cheerfully and gratefully pour its riches into the
+bosoms of its benefactors. But, can the arts which embellish life,
+can the virtues which expand the heart, can the principles that elevate
+the soul, can these find rest, or even enter a region devoted to blood,
+oppression, and desolation? Alas! while the slave-trade exists, we are
+compelled to unite in the fear expressed by an enlightened patriot,
+that 'there is no prospect of civilization or happiness for Africa.'"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+                  "Yet was I born as you are, no man's slave,
+                   An heir to all that liberal nature gave;
+                   My mind can reason, and my limbs can move
+                   The same as yours; like yours my heart can love:
+                   Alike my body food and sleep sustain,
+                   And e'en, like yours, feels pleasure, want, and pain:
+                   One sun rolls o'er us, common skies surround,
+                   One globe contains us, and one grave must bound."
+
+
+Intent upon the orders of his employers, and of the advantages he
+should obtain by the commission, Irving studied so much to ingratiate
+himself with his host, that he very soon readily obtained his promise
+of conducting him to his slave-rooms, the first opportunity he could
+spare from his close attendance upon his royal master, to whom his
+bold and haughty spirit made him eminently useful.
+
+While Irving displayed the tempting assortment of spirits, trinkets,
+dresses, and fire-arms, to the eager African, he artfully affected
+indifference as to the purchase of slaves; being well acquainted with
+the mode of making a good bargain, even when his fellow men were the
+articles for which to negociate: so entirely does this infamous trade
+debase and corrupt every generous emotion of the heart, and blunt every
+honourable feeling. With the internal assurance, therefore, that the
+view he had granted of his commodities, would induce the chief, as soon
+as possible, to gratify his desire of possessing them, Irving waited
+patiently the summons to attend him to the children of misery he had
+by fraud and violence collected; and was fully prepared to accompany
+him, upon his invitation a few days subsequent to the conclusion of
+the coronation ceremonies. Irving was, however, astonished, when the
+negro pointed out to him several spacious enclosures, the wretched
+inhabitants of which were to purchase his selfish gratification,
+and satisfy his cupidity; for Irving was not then aware that this
+grandee was, in fact, the creature of his sovereign, acting as an
+agent and slave-factor, upon the blood-stained gains of which he not
+only lived in great splendour, but possessed from his riches great
+power. His house was fitted up with European elegance, and was,
+in exterior style, something resembling the buildings of the Moors;
+consisting of courts, surrounded by apartments, beyond the precincts
+of which were the receptacles of the slaves.
+
+The transition from the elegance and luxuries of this African mansion,
+to the slave-buildings, was striking; and to a heart yet unperverted
+and unvitiated by the habitual view of uncontrouled power and
+oppression over the defenceless, would have been most mournful.
+
+But such was not the impression made upon either of the present
+visitants; the one intent upon immediate self-gratification,
+the other upon obtaining the means to ensure it in future. Nothing
+could more strongly prove the tendency of this traffic to prostrate
+every noble faculty of the soul, every tender impulse of the heart,
+to destroy every sympathy of our nature, than the fact, that Irving,
+the once generous, kind-hearted youth, beheld, with the cold regard
+of a mere trader intent upon making an advantageous bargain, above
+a hundred and twenty wretched beings in one house, all chained two
+and two, by their hands and feet, and sitting in three rows on the
+floor! They were of various ages of youth, and different in features;
+many of them having come, as the grandee observed, "a journey of many
+moons," that is, many hundred miles inland.
+
+While examining these miserable captives with all the technical
+minuteness of jockeys, or cattle-dealers, (during which the
+wretched exiles evinced the strongest and most varying emotions of
+reluctance, grief, and indignation,) the people of the chief brought
+in thirty-five more individuals, whom they had taken in a small town
+or village of the interior, and which they had attacked by order
+of their employer, leaving the aged and young infants butchered in
+their simple huts. Among this last group were several women, who
+exhibited the most heart-rending evidences of distraction and grief,
+in the loss of their infants, and the prospect of the unknown evils
+that awaited them in bondage.
+
+Amongst this number, however, great as it was, there were no
+slaves which suited the purposes of Irving; and he proceeded with
+his conductor to several other enclosures, from which he selected
+a few of inferior value. The negro then told him, he would show
+him what he termed "prime and superb negroes." In passing over to
+one of these enclosures, which were at some distance, Irving was
+arrested by a faint and low moan, as of distress, followed by an
+air of most exquisite plaintive melody, with which was intermingled,
+at intervals, the sound of an infantine voice, so lively as to speak
+the unconsciousness, of the innocent from whose lips it proceeded,
+of the mournful lot to which it was destined.
+
+"What sound is that?" he enquired of his host, as he stopped to listen
+from whence it proceeded; for even upon his deadened soul the song had
+vibrated. (Note H.) "I dare say it is the Senegal slave I had selected
+for my royal master," replied the negro; "but she bewailed being parted
+from her boy so much, that, to save her life, I was obliged to suffer
+her to see him once or twice a day, during the ceremonies. I shall,
+however, soon make her submit, now I can attend to her: I shall sell
+her for a great price, if I can separate the child from her, without
+hazarding her life."
+
+"Perhaps she will suit me," said Irving; "the boy would be no objection
+to the purchase, if he is strong and healthy. Let me see them." The
+negro hesitated; but at length observed, "They are worth a great
+deal," as if he doubted that Irving would be disposed to give the
+price. "You remember that beautiful sabre, and the brandy-chest full of
+prime liquor, and those muskets you admired, and"----observed Irving
+carelessly, but was interrupted in his enumeration by the African:
+"Yes, yes, I remember: what! will you give them for her and the
+boy?" "I cannot promise that, you know, unless I see her: you may
+be telling me a false tale. It at least can do no harm to see this
+slave you keep so close."
+
+"True, true, I scorn to deceive so good a friend," rejoined the negro,
+half afraid that Irving would recede from his implied bargain:
+"You shall certainly see this refractory woman; that is, she is
+only obstinate when I remove the boy. I wish they had killed the
+young urchin at once, when they carried her off. She is very gentle
+when he is with her: she only chooses to sing those mournful songs
+about Tumiáh: I suppose he was her husband. However, at all events,
+the boy cannot go to the palace with her."
+
+During this conversation, they had reached the hut in which the poor
+slave was confined alone, in the hope of making her yield to the will
+of the African, by consenting to be conveyed to the palace without
+her child. Irving followed the negro into the hut. The moment the
+latter got within it, the miserable inmate uttered a piercing shriek,
+and clasped her child with convulsive strength to her bosom, imploring
+the tyrant not to tear him from her widowed arms. There was one chord
+in the soul of Irving, which, amid the circumstances of his life,
+and despite of time, yet responded. It was the memory of his mother's
+caresses, when in his childhood she became a widow.
+
+The scene he now witnessed, struck powerfully on this chord of
+feeling. The distraction of the captive, her extreme youth, her beauty,
+the neglect of grief so apparent in her simple dress, her unornamented
+hair, her trembling limbs, her heaving bosom, her eloquent eye, her
+fevered lip, her attitude, and the energy with which she held her now
+alarmed child; altogether, combined a picture, which coming suddenly
+upon his previously somewhat softened feelings, had a powerful effect
+upon him, and, for a time, made him forget he was a slave-dealer,
+and caused the nobler feeling of the man to prevail. He determined, if
+possible, to save the wretched woman from the fate that awaited her;
+forgetting that, perhaps, one equally horrible might be her lot, did
+she become his property. When, therefore, he heard the African tyrant
+threaten her with a flogging if she persisted in singing such mournful
+songs, he almost involuntarily said: "If you are willing to barter her
+and the child, for what I named, and a selection of those trinkets you
+admired, to which I will add four gallons of rum, we are agreed upon
+the bargain." The negro again regarded Irving with a half suspicious,
+half incredulous glance, but remained silent. "I am serious," said
+Irving; "are we agreed?" "Let me see," muttered the negro to himself;
+"that fong, (sword,) mounted in silver gilt, and embossed handle; the
+chest with fine brandy; ten fine kiddos; (guns;) trinkets to please
+woollima moosa, (handsome wife,) and four gallons of rum: delicious
+rum make me merry, happy. Make the rum eight gallons," he added aloud
+to Irving, "and she," pointing to the being he was thus selling, "she
+is yours."--"And the boy, remember?" replied Irving. "O yes, the boy,
+the boy, to be sure," reiterated the African, hardly knowing how to
+repress his joy. Though almost absorbed in profound grief, the wretched
+captive yet understood she was about to be transferred, and that
+her child was to be included in the transfer. In an agony of mingled
+emotion, after having timidly regarded Irving's countenance, while he
+intently watched hers, she threw herself at his feet, imploring his
+mercy, and by a thousand expressive gestures, imparted the feelings
+which agitated her soul. In this lowly attitude she fainted; and when
+a little recovered, she exclaimed in mournful accents: "O Tumiáh,
+where art thou? Thou canst no more hear thy Imihie: she goes to the
+land of strangers, and will see thee no more, till death conveys her
+beyond the blue mountains. And Samboe, my boy," she added, as she
+called the playful and unconscious child from some flowers he was
+gathering from the ground, "thou wilt see thy father no more. Thou
+art a slave, my child: hard will be thy lot in the land of strangers,
+among the manstealers, when Imihie, thy mother, no longer shall
+feel pain, nor endure bondage. But I will watch over thee, my boy,
+I will be thy spirit: I will conduct thee over the blue mountains,
+the manstealer shall not follow us there."
+
+The negro's anger began to rise, during this soliloquy of his hapless
+captive; and calling vehemently for attendants, he directed she should
+be conducted, with her child, to a place appointed, with care to be
+taken that she should not do herself any injury, until Irving had
+concluded his engagement, and could have her removed to Whidáh.
+
+Irving declined viewing any more of the slaves on that day, and
+having determined to remain but a few days longer with the chief, he
+lost no time in making good his purchase of the female slave and her
+child. One impediment to his returning to Whidáh, however, there was,
+which he might have anticipated; but in his eagerness to purchase the
+wretched Imihie, he had not considered that while the rum and brandy
+remained, the grandee and his companions were totally incapable of
+business; but, in the intervals of stupefaction, were guilty of the
+most wanton excesses. Nor was his African majesty himself, exempt
+from effects of the potent contents of the liquor-chests consigned
+to his favourite, who artfully concealed from him the circumstance
+of Imihie; informing the king only, that he had obtained the liquor
+from an English merchant, for some dry goods, ivory, and gum. The
+monarch enquired if this merchant traded also in slaves. "Doubtless
+he does," replied the wily courtier: "he comes from the land of the
+manstealers, and will not, therefore, refuse the commodity in the way
+of trade. Would my royal master wish to see this Englishman?" "It
+is my desire," answered the king; "let him have notice of our
+pleasure." The grandee prostrated himself, and retired to caution
+Irving to conceal the transaction of the female slave from the king,
+or he would doubtless force her from him. The morrow was appointed
+for the interview with the monarch, who, the courtier said, had some
+slaves to offer for brandy and trinkets for his wives.
+
+
+            "Where wast thou, then, sweet Charity, where then,
+            Thou tutelary friend of helpless men?
+            Perish the wretch, that slighted and withstood
+            The tender argument of kindred blood.
+            But tho' some nobler minds a law respect,
+            That none shall with impunity neglect,
+            In baser souls unnumber'd evils meet,
+            To thwart its influence, and its end defeat."
+
+
+Shall a Briton, shall a man "honoured with a Christian name" encourage
+slavery, because the semi-barbarous, unenlightened, lawless African
+hath done it? "To what end (it is impressively asked) do we profess
+a religion whose dictates we so flagrantly violate? Wherefore have
+we that pattern of goodness and humanity, if we refuse to follow
+it? How long shall we continue a practice which policy rejects,
+justice condemns, and piety revolts at?"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+                             * * * the band of commerce is design'd
+                             T' associate all the branches of mankind.
+                             And if a boundless plenty be the robe,
+                             Trade is the golden girdle of the globe:
+                             This genial intercourse, and mutual aid,
+                             Cheers, what were else, an universal shade.
+                             Calls nature from her ivy-mantled den,
+                             And softens human rock-work into men.
+
+                                                                 Cowper.
+
+
+Most truly and impressively do these lines of our Christian poet
+describe the effects of legitimate and honourable commerce; the mutual
+exchange of the various gifts of an all-bounteous Providence, showered
+on the globe we inhabit, for the general use, benefit, and pleasure;
+and of those embellishments of art, which civilization has brought
+forth and nourished.
+
+But no such effect can ever flow from the piratical commerce of men,
+that deformed and cruel offspring of Mammon, which riots in the blood,
+and glories in the miseries of man.
+
+It may be urged, we are not the original agents in this trade: it
+is pursued with eagerness by the Africans themselves. But are those
+who live in that transcendent light which was granted to dispel the
+mists of error--to meliorate propensity to evil--to harmonize the
+rational soul--still to delight in works so dark, still to trample
+under foot every principle of humanity; still to spurn from them
+the obligations of justice, still to set at naught the precepts of
+religion; and to make themselves accomplices with pagan oppressors,
+in tyrannizing over those hapless beings, whom a mysterious Providence
+has subjected to their power? Is the Christian trader content to put
+himself upon a level with the unenlightened despot, and coolly to put
+his blood-stained profits in the balance, against the laws of religion
+and his country; laughing at the remonstrances of philanthropists,
+as the dreams of enthusiasm, or as puerile objections unworthy of
+attention? No; it surely will not be thus. England has entered the
+path of mercy [4], let her pursue it with energy and constancy:
+and if other nations refuse to follow her heaven-enlightened way,
+to them belongs the shame and the guilt of trampling down the laws
+which bind man to his God and his fellow-man; and, for the violation
+of which, every individual must be accountable, at that tremendous
+audit, before which the oppressed and the oppressor shall alike appear!
+
+But to return to our narrative from these reflections, which the
+seriousness of the subject forced from us, and which must apologize
+for them with our young readers.
+
+The time being fixed for Irving to have an audience with the king, he
+was conducted to the palace, which was a spacious edifice, consisting
+of many large courts, entirely surrounded with porticoes, above which
+were apartments with small windows. These apartments, as well as every
+part of the palace, exhibited great magnificence in the furniture and
+decorations. Some of the floors were covered with exquisitely fine
+matting, and others with superb Turkey carpets; and the furniture
+consisted of chairs, sofas or divans, skreens, chests, cabinets and
+porcelain imported from China. The windows were not glazed, but were
+shaded with frames of fine white linen, and taffety curtains. The
+gardens of this superb palace were very extensive, laid out in long
+vistas of lofty and beautiful trees; affording a deliciously cool
+and shaded retreat, for the women immured in the splendid prison. It
+was evident to Irving, as he passed some of these apartments to the
+hall of audience, that his African majesty intended to receive him
+in great state; but whether out of respect to him, as a European and
+a slave and spirit merchant, or to display his own magnificence, he
+could not determine: nor was it of much consequence, although he well
+knew that the Europeans in general are well received, and are allowed
+to dispense with the humiliating ceremonies they scrupulously exact
+from their own subjects; and, unlike them, are granted an audience
+whenever they desire it. When Irving, therefore, entered the hall
+where the king was seated to receive him, his majesty immediately
+rose, and advanced some steps to him; took him by the hand, pressed
+it in his own, and three times successively touched his fore finger,
+which was the greatest token of amity and affection. After this,
+he desired him to sit down by his side, upon fine mats spread on the
+floor; which Irving having complied with, he displayed his presents
+to his majesty, who was astonished to find he could, with ease,
+converse with him without the aid of an interpreter.
+
+Irving could not but feel gratified at the extreme although childish
+pleasure the young monarch evinced, in receiving the presents; which
+consisted of an elegant case of English spirits, some beautiful guns,
+a superb sword, and a great variety of trinkets for the ladies of the
+seraglio. The king offered to sell him some of his discarded wives;
+but Irving respectfully declined the offer of the ladies, as not very
+well calculated for the labours of the colonies.
+
+In the audience chamber were two benches, one of which was broader than
+the other, covered with an embroidered cloth, and by it was an oval
+stool; upon this the monarch seated himself, after having received and
+examined the presents. The other bench was covered with mats, on which
+Irving was directed to sit, as the usual seat of the Europeans during
+conferences. Irving was uncovered; not, however, by order, but from
+a voluntary desire of showing proper respect; for he had not forgot
+the early lesson, "honour the king," though as a slave-dealer, it may
+be, alas! inferred, that he had little recollection of the context,
+"fear God." He made himself so agreeable, however, to the king, that
+he was invited to dine with him, and the meal was served with great
+elegance. While they were feasting, the grandees prostrated themselves
+before their sovereign; and what provisions were left were given to
+them, which they appeared readily and cheerfully to accept. Irving
+had, during this long interview, an ample opportunity of observing
+the person, the dress, and the manners of the new king of Whidáh;
+and, in some degree, to form a judgment of his character. His dress
+was superb, composed of silk and gold, with strings of beautiful
+coral round his neck, arms, and wrists. In person he was tall, well
+shaped, with remarkably smooth and polished skin. His manners were
+free, urbane, and familiar; but there was discovered a disposition
+to covetousness, and the usual propensity to inebriety. Nor was it
+difficult to discover that he was indolent and pusillanimous, the usual
+companions of luxury and dissipation. In fact, the faults of the king
+seemed those of his education; and his virtues, those of his nature,
+which required only civilization, good examples, and a pure faith,
+to nourish into fruitfulness.
+
+The audience chamber in which Irving was received, was hung with
+tapestry. At the upper part of the room was a throne, formed of ivory;
+it was ascended by three steps, and shaded by a canopy of the richest
+silk. This is used on great state occasions.
+
+The king readily granted permission to Irving, to view the palace,
+excepting, of course, the apartments of the women. Conducted by
+his friend the grandee, and some other officers of the palace, he
+found it more extensive than he had supposed, having entered by a
+private passage. It consisted of several large squares, surrounded
+with galleries, each of which had a portico or gate, guarded by
+soldiers. The first gallery on entering the palace is very long,
+supported on each side by lofty pillars. At the termination of this
+gallery was a wall with three gates, the centre one ornamented with
+a turret seventy feet in height; terminated with a figure of a large
+snake, cast in copper, and very ingeniously carved. These gates opened
+into an immense area, enclosed also with a wall; then another gallery
+like the former, into another spacious court; and so on to a fourth,
+beyond which were the apartments of the king. In this spacious palace
+the king is sometimes immured for years, until he is crowned; and
+here, also, many wealthy courtiers spend the whole of their time,
+leaving trade and agriculture to be executed by their wives and
+slaves. (Note K.) These go to the circumjacent villages, either to
+trade in merchandise, or serve for daily wages; but they are obliged
+to bring the greatest part of what they obtain to their masters,
+otherwise they make no scruple to sell them for slaves.
+
+Irving and his new royal acquaintance had passed their time so
+convivially, that the negociation for slaves was deferred till the
+morrow, when he again attended his majesty to a depôt, containing
+about two hundred; and as they were going to this place, they met
+nearly as many proceeding to the coast, the king's agents having
+sold them on the preceding day. Amongst this wretched group, Irving
+remarked some remarkably handsome men; and found, on enquiry, they
+were from Molembo, from whence the finest negroes are obtained.
+
+The number he was invited to examine, consisted of men,
+women, and children; and, to any but a slave-dealer, the sight
+was heart-rending. Fathers overwhelmed in silent sorrow; mothers
+expressing their anguish in affecting lamentations, audible sighs,
+or deep groans, expecting every moment to be separated from their
+tender offspring, whom they clasped to their bosoms, or endeavoured
+to hide under the folds of their pacans; youthful females shrinking
+from the brutal gaze of the trader, and dreading nameless indignities;
+the fiery eye of many a youth, indignant at the bonds which confined
+him from levelling to the ground the wretches who bought and sold him
+as a beast of the field, and tore him from the object of his love,
+whom he was powerless to save from death and bondage. But such a
+scene was of too frequent occurrence, the cry of the innocent was too
+familiar, to make any impression upon those who were bargaining. Irving
+purchased many of them; and having seen them marked as his property,
+(Note L.) left his people to conduct them to Whidáh; whither, after
+having taken a cordial leave of the king, and so far conciliated him
+and the grandee as to ensure future advantages, he himself, with his
+attendants and the female slave, returned that evening.
+
+
+
+            Canst thou, and honoured with a Christian name,
+            Buy what is woman-born and feel no shame?
+            Trade in the blood of innocence, and plead
+            Expedience as a warrant for the deed?
+            Perish the thought!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+                             "And if perchance a momentary sigh,
+                              For such a lot reflection may supply,
+                              He follows not the feeling to its source."
+
+                                                       Barton (adapted.)
+
+                             "If ever thou hast felt another's pain,
+                              If ever when he sigh'd hast sigh'd again;
+                              If ever on thine eyelid stood the tear,
+                              That pity hath engender'd--drop one here:
+                              This man was happy."
+
+
+It will naturally be supposed, from the eagerness of Irving to make
+good the purchase of Imihie and her poor boy, that his heart was
+deeply interested by their situation, and that he had it certainly in
+his power to ameliorate it. But, alas! if, for a moment, the chord
+of compassion was touched, the feeling was transient, the impulse
+too weak to prompt to action; and, so far from being strengthened
+by the night's reflections, they, on the contrary, did but lead to
+lament his own folly, in making himself liable to the loss he would
+probably sustain by the high price he had given; as it was a condition
+of his engagement with the Company, that he was to be individually
+accountable for all losses incurred by the purchase of unprofitable
+slaves. These anticipations of pecuniary injury, were confirmed by
+the appearance of his poor captive on her arrival at the depôt at
+Whidáh. A fixed melancholy seemed to have absorbed every faculty,
+rendering her insensible even to the playful caresses of her boy,
+in whose sparkling eye, health "seemed a cherub yet divinely bright;"
+so happily unconscious was he of the bitterness of his lot, and the
+sufferings of his mother. Finding, from his people, that she resolutely
+rejected sustenance, Irving himself endeavoured to persuade her, but
+without success; but when self-interest, aided by the dictates of
+conscience and compassion, induced him to resort to the usual mode
+of forcing it, (nor will we question it was a painful task to him,)
+his heart must have been of adamant, not to have felt the powerful
+appeal of wretchedness and despair, when, while in the execution
+of this cruel duty, the poor captive looked up in his face, and,
+with a mournful smile, said: "Presently I shall be no more." (Note
+M.) Irving, indeed, from her appearance, began to think so; and as
+he could not now remedy her situation, nor restore her to what she
+had lost, he considered his best plan was to consign her, as soon
+as possible, to the ship waiting to receive the collected slaves,
+congratulating himself on his humanity, in having prevented the mother
+and child from being separated, even if he should thereby sustain
+some loss. He determined, also, to do all he could to ensure her
+some attention during the passage; and, with this view, determined to
+go immediately on board, to see the accommodation, and to give some
+particular instructions to the captain; leaving orders that Imihie
+should be conducted to the ship as soon as the day began to close.
+
+The ship destined to convey these miserable beings to the West Indies,
+had already on board between four and five hundred negroes. The
+captain boasted much of the superior accommodation of his vessel for
+the trade; and, to confirm his assertion, entreated Irving to visit the
+slave-rooms. Willing to conciliate any who might promote his interest,
+Irving consented. The superior accommodation he found, was, that
+every slave, whatever his size, had five feet six inches in length,
+and sixteen inches in breadth, to lie upon! The floor was crowded with
+bodies, stowed or packed according to this allowance. But between
+the floor and deck, or ceiling, were platforms or broad shelves,
+in the mid-way, which were also covered with bodies. (Note N.) The
+men were shackled two and two, each by one leg, to a small iron
+bar; these, the captain with much self-complacence said, were every
+day brought upon deck for the air; but lest they should attempt to
+recover their freedom, they were made fast by ring-bolts to the deck,
+or by two common chains, which were extended on each side the main
+deck; but the women and children, he added, were suffered to remain
+loose. Few slaves fared so well as his, he continued, for he allowed
+each a pint of water a day, and yams and horse-beans twice a day;
+and afterwards, for exercise and health, they jumped in their irons,
+which, if they refused to do, he was obliged, certainly, to flog them,
+as it was his duty to preserve them in health, if possible. Irving,
+however, learnt, in the course of this man's conversation, that it
+was usual for these miserable beings to remain fifteen or sixteen
+hours below deck, out of the twenty-four; and that, in wet weather,
+they could not be brought up for two or three successive days: their
+situation was, he acknowledged, very distressing, but he could not
+remedy it. They would cling to the gratings for a little air; draw
+their breath with anxious and laborious efforts; fight with each
+other for a taste of water; and many died of suffocation. (Note O.)
+
+Amongst the number thus confined in the hold of this ship, Irving
+remarked many whose nobleness of aspect indicated that there was a
+"spirit within," which rose even above such calamity--a consciousness
+of moral dignity, that spurned at the cruelties of the oppressor;
+but there was one in particular, before the flame of whose eye even
+Irving shrunk abashed. He was evidently a person of consequence; high,
+it would seem, in military rank, inferred from certain personal
+indications, with the meaning of which Irving was acquainted;
+and also from some articles of dress, stated to have been taken
+from him when captured; and every look (action was denied him)
+indicated that he possessed a mind not insensible to the eminence of
+his station. Irving enquired from whence he was taken, and from whom
+purchased? He was told, from Molembo, it was thought; and that he had
+been only a few days purchased from the king of Whidáh, with a number
+of his countrymen, taken by treachery, and in defiance of a treaty
+subsisting at the time. This was all he could learn; and having given
+his instructions respecting Imihie, Irving returned to Whidáh before
+her arrival at the ship, being desirous to avoid another interview,
+the sight of her producing a painful emotion he could neither define
+nor account for.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+                      "Soft airs, and gentle heavings of the wave,
+                       Impel the fleet whose errand is to save!
+                       But ah! what wish can prosper, or what pray'r,
+                       For merchants rich in cargoes of despair.
+                       The sable warrior, frantic with regret
+                       Of her he loves, and never can forget,
+                       Loses, in tears, the far-receding shore,
+                       But not the thought that they must meet no more."
+
+                                                                 Cowper.
+
+
+Night shed her silent influence over the mighty deep; the firmament
+was bright with myriads of glittering worlds; the moon, in full and
+mild lustre, rode majestically, like a sphere of silver light, on the
+summit of fleecy clouds, and was reflected, in many a fantastic form,
+by the tossing waves, the gentle ripplings of which were mingled
+with the distant sound of "All is well," borne on the gale from the
+fort, the regular tread of the watch on deck, and the boatswain's
+shrill whistle. The rush of the shark, "cutting the briny deep,"
+as it instinctively followed the floating receptacle of misery, was
+the only sound that interrupted, painfully, the heavenly calmness
+of the scene and hour; a calmness, alas! little according with the
+soul-sickening agitations of the wretched beings, now silently borne
+from all held dear and precious, and on their way to all the horrors
+of a life in chains. Cargoes of despair they may truly be called!
+
+Imagination, in its loftiest flight, must come short in attempting to
+embody in words, the smallest part of the aggregate of misery which
+exists on board a slave-ship; it will, therefore, not be attempted:
+one only being of the wretched number must appear a moment on our
+theatre of woe; he who had so forcibly arrested the attention of
+Irving, when visiting the slave-rooms.
+
+Confined promiscuously with such a multitude of his wretched
+countrymen, the agony of his feelings is not to be described. With the
+form and visage of a man, he felt, indignantly felt, that his destiny
+was that of the beast of the field, and his soul seemed bursting from
+the frame that confined it. Wearied nature at length found a short
+cessation from the unutterable pangs of woe, in sleep--in consoling
+visions! He dreamt he was in his own beloved country, in the enjoyment
+of honour and command, caressed by his family, served by his wonted
+attendants, and surrounded with the comforts of his former life:
+his spicy groves exhaling sweets, his palm-tree's refreshing shade,
+his rivers teeming riches, his domestic endearments, his war-like
+preparations, and his hard-earned triumphs, came in succession on
+his fancy. But the sweet delusions were too soon dispelled: he awoke,
+with a hurried start, to the sad, sad reality, that he was a slave in
+the midst of slaves. The rapid retrospect of former happiness with
+existing misery, rushed on his soul; and the dreadful reverse drew
+from his manly breast the most affecting lamentations. Every dear
+object of his regard flitted before his mental view; but, alas! there
+was no reality but misery--interminable bondage: there was no fond eye
+to behold, no persuasive tongue to soothe, no attentive ear to listen
+to his woe. Mingled with the meanest of his subjects, whom he had no
+power to relieve; subjected to the cruelty and insolence of wretches
+a thousand degrees lower in the scale of humanity and intellectual
+endowment, yet arrogating their superiority as Christians, and the
+proud distinctions of national advantages, his soul refused comfort,
+and he determined upon death. Little did he think this foe to nature
+was so near; little did he imagine the horrid form in which he would
+present himself; and that there might be circumstances which, at the
+moment of expiring nature, would make him cling to, and even give
+value to a life of perpetual bondage!
+
+The vessel made considerable way during the night, and the morning
+rose, with glorious splendour and beneficent freshness, upon the
+world of waters; on the majestic bosom of which, floated such an
+accumulation of moral turpitude and excelling misery! The hour
+arrived when the slaves were to be brought on deck for air and
+exercise. The sable warrior anticipated it with a gloomy joy, as
+the most favourable opportunity of effecting his designed purpose of
+self-destruction; and when he found he was to be fastened to the deck,
+he violently resisted. This, however, did but provoke his oppressors
+to increased indignities. In the midst of this struggle, he became
+calm as a lamb, resistless as an infant. The sound of a female voice,
+singing a mournful African air, seemed to have bound him by a potent
+spell. (Note P.) His eyes appeared as if bursting from their orbits,
+his whole frame trembled; while the big tear rolled silently down
+his sable countenance, which assumed a mingled expression of doubt,
+hope, and agony. He at first directed his piercing eyes to the air,
+as if he thought the song proceeded from some hovering, viewless
+spirit. He again renewed his efforts to get free, and fixed his gaze
+intently on the remotest part of the ship, from whence the sound
+seemed to proceed, but nothing met his view: the song, however, still
+continued, only interrupted, at intervals, by deep sobs of anguish,
+and the scarcely-heard voice of infantine distress.
+
+Rendered desperate by the confinement under such powerful emotions,
+he called loudly on the spirits of his fathers, to avenge him on the
+Christian tyrants; and while enduring, in consequence, the cruel
+scourging and insulting mockery of the barbarian crew, a piercing
+scream was heard, and the poor Imihie was seen rushing from an
+obscure place, (in which the captain had indulged her to remain,)
+with the infant Samboe clinging to her bosom. In a moment the names
+of Tumiáh! Imihie! were interchanged; and the exhausted Imihie,
+letting her child fall from her relaxing arms, threw herself upon
+the panting bosom of her enchained and manacled husband.
+
+We invade not the feelings of that moment: language has nothing to
+do with them. The Being who formed the heart of man, can alone judge
+of its emotions.
+
+The maternal affection was not, however, long absorbed in the conjugal;
+and the half frantic Imihie recollected, that Samboe was not enfolded
+with her in the arms of Tumiáh. She loosened herself with difficulty
+from his embrace, to restore her child to his wonted protection within
+her own; but, at the moment she arose for the purpose, a tumultuous cry
+resounded through the ship, of "fire! fire! Loosen the slaves! loosen
+the slaves!" The fire, however, spread with such violence, bursting
+from the spirit-room, that the sailors, apprehending that it was
+impossible to extinguish it before it would reach a large quantity of
+gunpowder on board, concluded it necessary to precipitate themselves
+into the sea, as offering the only chance of saving their lives.
+
+However, they did first endeavour to loose the chains by which the
+slaves were fastened to the deck; but in the confusion the key
+could not be found, and they had but just time to loosen one of
+the fastenings, by wrenching the staple, before the vehemence of
+the fire so increased, that they simultaneously jumped overboard;
+when immediately, the fire having gained the powder, the vessel blew
+up, with every slave that was confined by the unloosened chain, and
+such others as had not possessed the power to follow the example of
+the sailors.
+
+We hardly know whether to style it fortunate, that any circumstance
+should save these victims of avarice from a watery grave, after
+escaping that which, to the sense, seems more terrible. Providence,
+however, ordained that there should be some vessels in sight; which,
+putting out their boats, took up about two hundred and fifty of the
+poor souls that remained alive; but the most of them being those who
+had been fastened together with shackles, had, from the violence of
+the shock, and the confinement of the irons, experienced dreadful
+fractures of the limbs; which, inflamed by the struggles they had
+instinctively made, the heat, and the agitated state of the blood,
+quickly mortified, and ere they were scarcely sensible of their
+increase of calamity, released them, for ever, from all fear of it
+more. Among the number who thus yielded up his manly spirit, was
+Tumiáh, rejoicing in the belief that his Imihie and Samboe were also
+removed to a land of spirits--a land where no man-stealer can enter,
+no treachery gain access, no violence invade. He might have adopted
+the words of the poet:
+
+
+                "Now, Christian, glut thy ravish'd eyes;
+                  I reach the joyful hour:
+                Let, let the scorching flames arise,
+                  And these poor limbs devour.
+
+                "O Death, how welcome to th' opprest!
+                  Thy kind embrace I crave;
+                Thou bringst to Misery's bosom rest,
+                  And freedom to the slave!"
+
+
+The fond belief, however, of the expiring Tumiáh, that his wife and
+child had escaped the horrors of bondage, was fallacious. Previously
+to the calamity, the feelings of the wretched Imihie had been wrought
+up nearly to their utmost height; the sight of the quick-advancing
+flames, therefore, was sufficient to augment them to frenzy, and with a
+strength which frenzy only could impart, to a frame exhausted by want
+of nourishment and continual grief, she snatched the infant Samboe
+from the deck, upon which he had fallen, and where, unheeded by one
+pitying eye, he remained, without uttering any cry or attempting to
+move; for, overcome by terror of the noise and brutality of the crew,
+the sight of the immense ocean, and the want of that nourishment which
+he in vain sought from the exhausted bosom of his wretched mother,
+the suffering child seemed unable to move, or even to utter any sound.
+
+Imihie pressed him closely to her breast, turned a momentary and
+frenzied glance upon her enchained husband, and uttering a faint cry of
+terror, cast herself and precious burden into the foaming deep. But it
+was not decreed to become her tomb. Almost by miracle, she was thrown
+near a boat which had put off from a Spanish slave-vessel, and was
+picked up by the crew, with Samboe still closely entwined within her
+arms; without, however, exhibiting the smallest appearance of remaining
+life. But the vital spark was not yet extinct. She was immediately
+put on board the ship, and means of resuscitation used with both her
+and her child, as well as several other equally miserable victims of
+avarice. Heaven decreed these efforts to be effectual: and thus was
+the widowed mother transferred, by the sudden calamity, from one set
+of mercenaries to another, yet still doomed to slavery! The vessel
+had taken in her cargo at Rio Pongos, and was bound for the Havannah;
+but her stowage was too small to allow her, with impunity, to keep the
+increase occasioned by the casualty of the fire. She therefore put
+into a port, and disposed of them to a ship bound for Jamaica. This
+occasioned considerable delay; in consequence of which, when the
+transferred slaves were at length on their passage, they were subjected
+to all the evils of improper seasons; water failed, provisions became
+spoiled and scanty, and many of the slaves the victims of disease,
+ere they entered the magnificent harbour of Port Royal.
+
+Arrived at Kingston, they were put in store, until notice should
+be given of sale, which was immediately done by advertisement: "On
+Tuesday next will be put up for sale, in their store, fifty superb
+negroes of the coast; to the purchasers of which will be afforded
+all the facilities wished."
+
+
+            * * * "What man reading this,
+            And having human feelings, does not blush
+            And hang his head, to think himself a man?"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+                                "Authority usurp'd from God, not given.
+                                 He gave us over beast, fish, fowl,
+                                 Dominion absolute. That right we hold
+                                 By his donation: but men over men
+                                 He made not lord; such title to himself
+                                 Reserving, human left from human free."
+
+                                                                 Milton.
+
+
+Had Irving now seen the once attractive Imihie, and her playful boy,
+as he even beheld them in the slave-room of the African courtier,
+he would scarcely have given credit to any assurance that she
+was the same individual. She then, recently a captive, peculiarly
+displayed in her person the characteristic feminine traits of her
+country--perfect symmetry of proportion, and beautiful, in as far as
+it did not consist in colour. Modest, affable, and faithful, these
+sweet feminine qualities emanated from her softened eyes, and an air
+of winning innocence in every look and gesture; while every word was
+pronounced with an inflection of voice so sweet, so soft, so tender,
+that cold indeed must have been the heart that could withstand its
+eloquent appeal, or listen, unmoved, to its modulations. Such was the
+young Imihie. Now, alas! how changed! Emaciated for want of food,
+sinking with illness, shrinking from exposure; almost frenzied
+with the recollection of the past, the misery of the present,
+and the dread of the future; bearing, with difficulty, her infant,
+she was conducted, with her companions in misery, to the vendue, in
+the bare hope that she might be purchased for the sake of the boy;
+who, though suffering from the effects of the voyage and want of
+his natural nutriment, still evidently displayed great intelligence,
+and much natural vigour. The first day of exhibition passed, and no
+purchaser was found for the sulky negress, (for such is the feeling
+term applied to the desponding.)
+
+On occasions like this, it is a common thing to speculate upon the
+purchase of what are termed the refuse negroes, or those left from the
+first day's sale. Some are frequently in so weak and miserable a state,
+as even to be sold as low as for a dollar; some are taken to the mart
+almost in the agonies of death; and some are even known to draw their
+last sigh in the piazzas of the vendue master. It was on the second
+day's sale that Imihie was purchased by a planter for a very low sum,
+and carried into the country, with some others, whom he intended
+to retail. The situation of these wretched captives was but little
+ameliorated, by becoming the property of this man, who was of that
+class of managers, who think that the safety of the family to which
+they are subservient, and the interest of the proprietor, renders
+severity indispensable, and oppression the only mode of subduing
+the refractory spirit of the African, whom they regard with the most
+sovereign contempt. With souls lost to all sense of compassion, they
+believe there can be but one mode of enforcing obedience, that of fear;
+and in the exercise of their delegated authority, they put in action,
+to the utmost, this ignoble stimulus, by every means which a spirit
+of cruelty and ignorance can suggest.
+
+Short, indeed, would have been the existence of the miserable Imihie,
+had she continued the property of this semi-barbarian. Confined in a
+narrow and unwholesome hut, without a single comfort; a hurdle for
+a bed, which rather served to torture than to ease her pained and
+wearied limbs, with scarcely sufficient of a coarse linen to secure
+her frame from the scorching heats of the day, and the dangerous dews
+of night; in the midst of the richest bounties of nature, and the
+abundant luxuries of art, fed on salt beef and salt cod, and roots,
+with the injurious flour of the cassava, imperfectly prepared,
+and these in quantity scarcely sufficient to support existence;
+deprived of every enjoyment; condemned to perpetual labour, under the
+rod of an unfeeling master, there could be no chance of amendment of
+health, or of reconcilement to her destiny. But Providence ordained
+she should yet feel the happiness of sympathy. Her tyrant master,
+finding that her labour was very inadequate to the expences of
+retaining her, would have separated her from her child, and sold
+her for the smallest possible sum; but a neighbouring proprietor of
+a small plantation offered a satisfactory price for them together,
+and they were removed to a comparatively comfortable situation, in
+the hope that, with rest and better food, she might be enabled to
+become a house-slave to the wife of the purchaser.
+
+It has been remarked, by observing travellers, that the women of the
+West Indies possess great natural kind feelings; but that the habitual
+view of oppression, and the free exercise of power over the slaves,
+renders them very insensible to the sufferings of the negro women,
+and totally regardless of promoting their happiness, or of studying
+to ameliorate their hard lot; and that the instances are by no means
+uncommon, in which they treat and have them punished with the utmost
+severity: that they can raise, to no gentle tone, their soft voices,
+and exert, with no little energy, their spiritless frames, when
+provoked by the awkwardness, or jealous of the influence of their
+sable captives. Ah! much to be lamented is that state of oppression
+on the one part, and debasement on the other, which can convert the
+expression of that distinguishing feature of beauty, of female beauty
+more especially, from that which indicates right feeling, to that which
+betrays a superiority the God of nature designed not. A woman's eye
+should melt with tenderness, sparkle with innocent animation, weep
+with those that weep, and beam with the rays of joy at the happiness
+of another.
+
+Such was the expression which shed its consolation on the desolated
+Imihie, upon the visit of her new mistress to her lowly hut. This
+amiable woman was young, but her mind had been early matured in the
+school of adversity: a hapless fate had fixed her residence in a
+remote part of Jamaica, but she had also learnt, from precepts which
+will never lead astray, "in whatsoever situation she was, therewith
+to be content." From the same Master who had inspired this lesson of
+the apostle, she had also learnt the only cure for the rebellion of
+the mind; that force defeated its object; that it was the interest of
+those who possessed power over their fellow-beings, that they should
+be attached to life, for nothing could be expected from them, the
+moment that they no longer feared death. Guiding her conduct by this
+principle of enlightened reason, derived from a far higher source,
+the most genuine sentiments of humanity were in constant exercise, by
+a corresponding course of action. She could not, indeed, as an obscure
+and solitary individual, break or remove the yoke which oppressed
+her fellow-creatures; but she could render it easier to be borne, and
+could, sometimes, even for a time, dissipate the cruel sense of it,
+by promoting and favouring the natural tastes of her poor slaves. Their
+lodging, clothing, and food, were all attended to by persons she could
+depend upon, and regularly inspected by herself. Far from regarding
+the occupation degrading, she persevered in it as a commanding
+duty; and she reaped her high reward, by the grateful affection of
+her poor servants. By various simple methods, she roused from the
+apathy of despair, and awakened the sensibilities. Little festivals
+conducted with judgment, innocent recreations, and simple rewards,
+preserved her slaves from the continual melancholy, which had too
+just a foundation. She sympathized with mothers, and delighted to
+share with them the caresses of the children.
+
+Her husband, although possessing not her intelligence and elevation
+of mind, nor actuated by the principle that directed the energies of
+his amiable wife, yet was induced, by her unostentatious usefulness,
+and evident success in her plans, to accede to most of the humane
+innovations she proposed to him; convinced, by her arguments, that it
+would be his interest to be humane. Hence, their plantation exhibited a
+picture of comfort seldom seen, and their slaves had every appearance
+of health. They were allowed wholesome provision in ample quantity,
+with as much fruit as they wished; they had the liberty of keeping
+poultry, and to cultivate a piece of ground with esculent roots;
+their huts were comfortable, and when sick they experienced the
+kindest attention; and they were frequently suffered to associate
+with each other in little parties, for recreation and amusement.
+
+Such were the proprietors of the poor Imihie and her hapless boy, who
+soon began to find the benefit of kind treatment; and it is probable,
+had Providence ordained that it should have been enjoyed, immediately
+after landing on a foreign shore, that the miseries of the voyage,
+and even the horrors of bondage, might have been overcome by youth,
+and that wonderful buoyancy of the human mind, that seems to force
+itself above the swelling waves of misfortune. But the arrow had sunk
+too deep: its barb had been too powerfully poisoned, for human effort
+to withdraw, or to antidote it. Imihie was evidently the victim of that
+disease which hurries to an untimely grave, so many individuals of
+her hapless country; and which, throughout the world, may be termed,
+although not yet classed, a broken heart. The first symptom of this
+disorder among negroes, became evident; namely, the black and glossy
+skin assumed an olive hue, the tongue became white, and the poor
+sufferer became overpowered by such a desire to sleep, that it was
+found impossible to resist it, a deadly faintness preventing the
+smallest exercise. In fact, a languor and general relaxation of the
+whole wonderful machinery of the human frame, seems to threaten death
+day by day, yet the sufferer still survives. So great is the state of
+despondency accompanying this distressing malady, that those afflicted
+will suffer themselves to be beaten, rather than attempt to move or
+walk. Happy was it for Imihie that she had not a task-master's whip to
+dread; and that the loathing which she had for mild and wholesome food,
+was not attributed to obstinacy, but to what it really was, a symptom
+of the disease which was insiduously undermining the vital principles
+of life. It made rapid advances upon her delicate and youthful frame:
+her respiration became laborious and painful, the extremities became
+swollen, and suffocation seemed frequently to impede the action of
+the heart. In this state she languished and suffered several months;
+but Imihie had her consolations, under an infliction, the natural
+consequence of melancholy upon the organs of the human frame.
+
+We have said, that the humanity and enlightened reason of the
+excellent Mrs. Delany, were derived from a high source; even from that
+source which exalts feeling to a principle: the one is frequently as
+transient as the excitement, the other is founded upon a firm basis;
+offering a permanent and pure incentive to action, by adding a value
+to existence, as connecting it with a future. Such is one of the many
+blessed fruits of a Christian faith. Mrs. Delany felt its commanding
+power: she was a Christian in deed. Hers was not a speculative creed,
+but a practical code: it was her daily, hourly study to act upon.
+
+It is true, Jamaica, at the period of our narrative, enjoyed not
+the high privileges it now possesses of Christian instruction, and
+of Christian example; but Mrs. Delaney was one amongst the few, who,
+feeling and enjoying the light and the consolation of religion, were
+anxious to impart a portion of what cheered their own hearts--of that
+which directed their steps, to those who yet "sat in darkness and
+the shadow of death." Deeply interested in her hapless slave, from
+the moment she saw her, Mrs. Delaney had soothed, by truly maternal
+attention, her bodily sufferings, and her mental anguish. She inwardly
+deplored her total ignorance of that grand source of consolation, the
+knowledge of which was so open to those who despised it. She gently
+prepared the feelings and the understanding for the reception of that
+light, which she fervently prayed might be imparted to her benighted
+mind. She gradually led her docile steps, her mental view, to Him who
+invites the heavy laden to resort to him for rest; to seek Him who is
+the strength and the fortress of those that trust in him; to adore,
+with unfeigned humility, that transcendent mercy, which became poor
+that we might be rich. What heart is there, bereft of all earthly
+good, all earthly hope, but must expand with joy, to receive into
+its most inmost recesses the precious promises of Christianity?--of
+that mild and beneficent religion, which so tenderly sympathizes with
+every emotion of the weak, the frail, the lacerated bosom? Was it
+then surprising, that the poor Imihie, with feelings too powerful for
+utterance, hung upon the mild accents of Mrs. Delaney, as she described
+to her the sufferings of the Redeemer--the abyss of wretchedness from
+which he rescued mankind--the dreadful penalty from which he saved a
+rebellious world? Was it surprising, that, with an eager gratitude,
+which gave a heavenly expression to her languid eyes, and displayed
+itself in every varying feature, she listened to the glorious truths
+of revelation, unfolded in terms suited to her expanding capacity;
+and that, with all the simplicity of unsophisticated nature, receiving
+the noblest impressions of Deity, she bade Mrs. Delaney thank her great
+good God for his marvellous kindness to wretched captives, and for the
+unsearchable riches of his grace. Never was she wearied in hearing
+her kind instructress recount the sufferings of the incarnate God:
+tears, the offspring of genuine feeling, chased each other down her
+altered countenance, as Mrs. Delaney directed her imagination to the
+garden of Gethsemane, to the judgment-hall, where He, whose throne is
+heaven, and his footstool earth, was exposed to insult, contumely,
+and scorn; scourged, buffeted, spit upon; betrayed by one friend,
+denied by another, and abandoned by all; subjected to a painful, a
+cruel, and an ignominious death, in the presence of insulting foes:
+the very spirit clouded by the momentary abandonment of heavenly aid,
+forcing from the lips of the sufferer the agonizing exclamation:
+"My God, my God! why hast thou forsaken me?" and all this for the
+love he bore for those who became his murderers.
+
+Thus would Mrs. Delaney, in language suited to the capacity of her
+pupil, recount the affecting history of our Redeemer, and gradually
+open her mind (aided by the Spirit of grace constantly implored
+to direct her) to the grand truths of the gospel. The soul of the
+dying Imihie imbibed the soothing balm, felt the powerful energy,
+and gladly received the consolation the religion of Jesus alone has
+power to give. Her tears, it is true, still flowed for Africa, and for
+Tumiáh; but they were no longer bitter tears. The heavenly ray which
+had been communicated to her soul, had not only enlightened it, but
+stilled its perturbations; and captivity was deprived of its horrors,
+in the enjoyment of those lively instructions in the way of holiness
+and peace, so impressively imparted by her truly Christian mistress.
+
+Often when administering some relief to her bodily suffering,
+Mrs. Delaney would ask her how she felt herself. She would say, with
+a serene smile, "weak, weak; but joy, joy here," laying her hand on
+her bosom, then pressing that of her compassionate benefactress. No
+murmur, no complaint, proceeded from her lips; but her mind appeared
+ever tranquil, and her soul happy. Sometimes, indeed, while caressing
+Samboe, the tear would swell in her eyes; but she had learned the
+comprehensive prayer, "Lord, let thy will be done!" and a frequent,
+affecting repetition of it, while she pressed her boy to her bosom,
+spoke volumes to the sympathizing Mrs. Delaney.
+
+During this daily increase of spiritual strength, her frame gradually
+sunk under the pressure of her disease, which resisted every
+tried means of relief, and finally came to its usual termination;
+viz. suffocation. Thus closed the mortal career of the youthful
+Imihie, one of the many thousands of victims to a commerce, which,
+it is feared, the mercenary will always cling to; in which desperate
+men will ever be found to hazard; and, even in Africa, tyrants ever
+be ready to supply the horrid market; (Note Q.) while few, it is to
+be feared, will, like the poor Imihie, after a series of misery, find
+a Mrs. Delaney to soothe their sorrows, and point to realms where all
+tears shall be wiped away, and sorrow and sighing shall flee for ever.
+
+
+            To Heaven the Christian negress sent her sighs,
+            In morning vows, and evening sacrifice;
+            She pray'd for blessings to descend on those
+            Who dealt to her the cup of many woes;
+            Thought of her home in Africa forlorn,
+            Yet, while she wept, rejoic'd that she was born:
+            Ennobling virtue fix'd her hopes above,
+            Enlarg'd her heart, and sanctified her love.
+            With lowly steps the path of peace she trod,
+            A happy pilgrim, for she walk'd with God.
+
+                                                Montgomery, (adapted.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+                      The spreading palm-tree o'er her grave shall wave,
+                      Emblem of bliss eternal!
+
+                     "See on the grave in which she sleeps,
+                      The soften'd savage sits and weeps;
+                      And the sweet voice of gratitude
+                      Oft names her in the desert rude."
+
+                                                         The Missionary.
+
+
+The infant Samboe, thus bereaved of his suffering mother, was yet too
+young to feel the full magnitude of his loss; yet his little heart
+experienced emotions he had no power to utter, when he was told she
+would never more awake to his call, nor could he feel happy, when,
+with expressions of joy, he saw the negroes of the plantation remove
+his "silent mother" to the burial ground, with every demonstration
+of joy. (Note R.)
+
+An ever kind Providence has, however, made the griefs of children to
+be transient; and Samboe, the favourite of Mrs. Delaney, from his
+sweetness of disposition, great activity, and early intelligence,
+would probably have presented a pleasing exception to the unhappy
+lot of his enslaved countrymen--might justly have enjoyed the title
+of the happy negro--had his benefactress been spared to bless the
+sable dependants on her kindness. But life, at all times and in all
+situations transient and uncertain, may be said to be peculiarly so
+in the West Indies; the progress of disease being so rapid, and the
+excitements to it so many. That dreadful visitation, the yellow fever,
+broke out in the district of the Delaney plantation: numberless were
+the victims to the "pestilence that walketh in noon-day;" and among
+them were Mr. Delaney and his amiable wife.
+
+Those who were capable of appreciating their worth, who had felt
+their benevolence, had enjoyed the privileges they allowed, and knew
+how rarely they were found in the plantations, mourned them with
+unfeigned sorrow, their loss closing up the avenues of consolation and
+of hope; and those too young to feel how much they were deprived of,
+were quickly made sensible of a change from a system of Christian
+love and benevolence, to that built upon the mere hope of worldly
+gain. As it is not the custom in the English colonies, as in the
+French, for the negroes to be attached to the plantation, those
+of the Delaney estate were, upon the sale of it, dispersed amongst
+different purchasers; and the infant Samboe became the property of
+a cruel mercenary, who employed the poor child to wait upon him,
+when indulging in all the luxurious ease of an occidental despot. By
+those who have seen the various caprices of a temper altogether
+uncontrouled, the whims of a mind destitute of cultivation and
+obstinate in ignorance, the cruelty of a disposition formed by the
+possession of a precarious power over helpless individuals; by those,
+and those only, will the various species of suffering to which the
+innocent child was subjected be understood; and the terrors which were
+produced by the horrid imprecations, the unmanly abuse, and vulgar
+epithets of this brutal master, upon the gentle and timid character
+of the poor little Samboe. It was then he began to feel the loss,
+and to pine for the tenderness of his mother and his benefactress;
+and there is little doubt but he would have soon followed them to
+the tomb, had not an incident occurred, that emancipated him from the
+tyrannical controul by which he so acutely suffered. One day, while
+attending his master at breakfast, just as he handed the coffee his
+foot slipped, and it was thrown over a beautiful cimar, which the
+luxurious planter highly valued, as the gift of a lady to whom he
+was partial. He rose in haste and in anger, and aiming a blow at the
+now kneeling boy, missed the blow, and fell himself to the ground,
+striking his head by the fall against the edge of a sofa. Seeing him
+suddenly fall, some attendants in waiting rushed to his assistance,
+but in vain: the blow had been fatal, he had fallen to rise no more
+on earth! Happy was it for Samboe that there were witnesses, white
+witnesses of the scene, who could exonerate him from all intentional
+connexion with, or wilful provocation to the catastrophe. The alarm,
+however, of the unoffending child was distressing: the countenance
+of the planter at all times bore evidence of his ill-regulated mind
+and indurated heart, and the awful hand of death fixed them in an
+expression the most horrid. With little idea of such sudden death,
+the poor child thought he was but in a violent passion, and, in the
+most piteous accents, clasping his hands together, besought "massa to
+forgive poor Samboe, who would not break cup any more, would not spoil
+dress any more." But his supplication was alike unheeded by master
+and attendants, except by one, who kicking him as he passed, said:
+"Get out of the way, ye little whining dog, or I'll make ye." Samboe
+crept from the apartment, and crouching under some furniture, felt
+all the bitterness of a life of slavery, of which nature, in its first
+fresh feelings, can be capable. Happily again for the infant captive,
+the wife of the planter could not bear to retain in her service the
+innocent cause of her husband's death; at least, secretly rejoicing
+at her own emancipation from his arbitrary disposition, she affected
+so to say: consequently, she expressed her wish of selling him to
+the manager of a neighbouring plantation, but as her recent loss
+rendered it impossible for her to have a personal interview, she
+thus communicated her wish by note to this person: "Unable to bear
+the sight of the young author of the death of the best and tenderest
+of husbands, Mrs. Williamson requests the favour of Mr. Martin to
+take charge of, and dispose of him, in any way he may judge most
+conducive to her interest, and to employ the proceeds in the purchase
+of a more effective, that is, laborious slave. Mrs. W. relies on the
+known kindness of Mr. M. to render this service to the disconsolate
+widow of his late friend." My young readers will doubtless be shocked,
+that Mrs. Williamson should thus profess grief for the loss of a man
+she married for his wealth, without either esteeming or loving him;
+but it is no fancied picture, and is presented to show, that, unless
+the heart is continually watched, and the mind sedulously cultivated,
+in situations favourable to indolence and self-indulgence, the moral
+feelings quickly become blunted, and the individual can easily,
+and without any self-reproach, assume any sentiments and any line
+of conduct which best suits the whim or caprice of the moment;
+and she hated the little Samboe, because she once overheard him,
+in a moment of unusual gaiety, telling a circle of slaves what
+merry dances they had at Delaney, when dear Missy Delaney danced
+with poor Samboe. Upon such trifles will envy condescend to feed its
+insatiate appetite. Good, however, to Samboe, was educed from all this
+evil. Mr. Martin was the respectable and humane manager of the Moreton
+estate; (see "Twilight Hours Improved," page 85;) subjected to his
+superintendence during the minority of Mr. Frederick Moreton, by the
+will of his deceased father; and whose humane treatment of his negroes
+had excited the displeasure of the young man's guardian, Mr. Penryn,
+who firmly believed the African race created only to become the slaves
+of Europeans. Mr. Martin lost no time in complying with the request
+of his fair neighbour. He well remembered frequently having seen the
+little Samboe in attendance upon his imperious master, and never failed
+to admire his extreme docility, mildness, and intelligence; and he
+looked upon the circumstance of Mrs. Williamson's desire to sell him,
+as very fortunate, as he had, only a few days previous, received the
+commission to send to England a negro boy for his young master.
+
+The purchase was soon made, and Samboe was once more under the roof of
+an indulgent master. Every attention was given, in order to establish
+his health, and improve his personal appearance, that he might credit
+the choice of his purchaser, and please the young eye of his future
+master. He only remained at Jamaica to effect these purposes, when he
+was consigned to the care of the captain of an English West Indiaman,
+with instructions to have him safely conveyed to Mr. Penryn's,
+Portman Square.
+
+Samboe evinced the greatest reluctance to go on board; he clung
+to Mr. Martin, who himself conducted him, and trembled violently,
+declaring he could not go into great ship, or on great wide sea. No one
+could account for this extraordinary reluctance and evident terror; for
+they knew not that the young heart of the little negro was throbbing
+with recollections for which he had no name, and which he had no
+power to express. It is true, they were vague, like the confused
+remembrance of a troubled dream, but they were powerful; and it was
+with the utmost difficulty Mr. Martin soothed him, by gentleness,
+promises, and assurances; and, after all, was obliged to leave him,
+when he had cried himself to sleep upon a coil of rope on the deck,
+no one being able to prevail upon him to go below, and Mr. Martin
+positively forbidding coercion.
+
+The grief and terror of the poor boy were renewed, when he discovered
+he had been left by Mr Martin; but a series of kind treatment, and
+many little indulgences granted him, after a while reconciled him
+to his new situation; while his simplicity and quickness greatly
+endeared him to the sailors, with whom he became quite a pet. The
+voyage passed in this manner without any particular occurrence; and
+Samboe was introduced, one evening, to the dining room of Mr. Penryn,
+filled with elegant company.
+
+Had he been one of the wonders of the world, he probably would not have
+excited more attention, or elicited more remarks. The ladies admired
+his eyes and his teeth; the gentlemen enquired if he was a Molembo,
+or from the Kroo country, and began an animated debate on slavery,
+and the slave-trade. Each lady gave her opinion of the most becoming
+dress to contrast with the jet black of his skin. One asked him if was
+not glad to come to England; another enquired if he was sorry to leave
+Africa; a third enquired if they flogged him at the plantation; while
+a fourth, by way of compliment to the lady of the house, observed,
+he was a happy black boy, to have such a charming mistress. To all
+these remarks the poor child could give no reply; nor, it would seem,
+was it expected; and, much to his joy, he was dismissed to the care
+of the groom, until his apartment and employment about the person of
+his young master could be arranged.
+
+The groom, however, was highly indignant that a vile neger boy
+should be committed to his care: "Did they fancy he would let a
+black get between his sheets? No, indeed; there was the hay-loft,
+the stable-boy should pull him a truss of straw in the corner there:
+surely that would be a better bed than most negers got. Sleep with
+me, indeed; no, I'd lose my place first, and tis'n't a bad one,
+neither. Had they told me to take Cćsar the house-dog, or Neptune
+the Newfoundlander, I should not have so much have minded; but a
+neger boy! surely my master was half-seas over to think of it." This,
+and much more of the same refined objection, passed in the kitchen
+of ---- Penryn, esq. and, according to the groom's kind arrangement,
+Samboe was indulged with some clean straw in the stable-loft.
+
+The children of oppression and calamity quickly sympathize; a kindred
+feeling draws them together: thus it was with Samboe the African,
+and Frank the English stable boy. An orphan from his cradle,
+and a parish apprentice, Frank had been early subjected to every
+oppression--exposed to every temptation; but a certain buoyancy of
+spirit, and a persevering ardour of mind, enabled him to rise above
+the one; and the latter was rendered less dangerous, by his constant,
+unremitted love of employment. He was busily engaged mending his
+shoes, when his master, the groom, introduced the young negro to his
+acquaintance. "There, Frank," he said, "there is a companion for you,
+my lad; take care he don't touch the horses, and mind he don't run
+away. Lock him up when you come in for your supper: you may offer him
+some, but I don't know what negers eat, I'm sure. Master should have
+told us that, I think, for I don't expect they live as we do. Eh! my
+lad, do ye mind me?" he added, with a raised voice, as he saw Frank
+take the hand of the timid Samboe, and ask him if he was tired. "Oh
+yes, sir!" he replied, touching his fur cap, "I will be sure to take
+care of him."
+
+Glad to get quit of the restraint which the charge imposed upon him,
+the groom was in high good humour with Frank, and promised, if he would
+attend to his orders, he would give him a shilling. Astonished at his
+unwonted generosity, Frank repeated his assurances; and having made
+his new companion understand that he desired to make him comfortable,
+with the happy facility of children to be so when left to themselves,
+they quickly became acquainted. Frank found that negers could eat
+good bread and fresh meat; that they had no objection to tarts; and
+that even a custard, given by the cook as a treat to merry Frank,
+was equally relished by the neger boy. After this luxurious repast,
+during which, if it was not the "feast of reason and the flow of soul,"
+there was, most unquestionably, innate benevolence on one side, and
+genuine gratitude on the other, the new-made friends sought repose on
+the same clean truss of straw, and together enjoyed the refreshment
+of "nature's sweet restorer." Not long, however, after they had thus
+lain down, Frank was roused from his yet imperfect slumber, by a
+slight rustling and a low voice, very near him. He spoke gently to
+his new bed-fellow, but received no reply. Frank had that tincture of
+superstition which usually attaches to the ignorant and uncultivated;
+and the unusual sound, his new situation, and the profound darkness,
+aided the impression; while a thought of the little negro became
+associated with the recollection of several marvellous ghost-stories he
+had heard. He ventured, however, (not without considerable reluctance,)
+to feel if his sable companion was by his side, and discovered, to
+his amazement, that he was not there. The murmur still continued,
+and Frank, trembling all over him, made a desperate effort, and
+called lustily, "Samboe, Samboe!" "Samboe here," replied the boy,
+in a soft and gentle tone; "Samboe here, but wicked boy."
+
+Frank's courage returned at the sound of Samboe's voice clearly
+pronouncing these words, although he was at a loss to account
+for his self-accusation. "Why, what have you done to be wicked;
+where are you?" he enquired. Samboe's imperfect knowledge of the
+English language, permitted him not to understand the full import
+of these questions; and it was not until Frank, with renewed courage
+at finding his companion was really a mortal, contrived to make him
+understand his repeated enquiry, why he had risen, and why he called
+himself wicked? "Because Samboe forgot lesson dear Missy Delaney teach
+him. Pray to great God before sleep; pray to great God when eyes open;
+pray to good God give food; pray to good God give friends."
+
+Frank now understood, that Samboe, in the novelty of his situation,
+and probably from the effects of a little porter he had taken,
+had forgotten to offer his simple tribute of thanks and respect to
+the omnipotent Creator, which the good Mrs. Delaney had taught him
+habitually to do; although he was too young when she died, to admit
+any further religious instruction, or to understand more than that
+a great God, beyond the blue sky, observed all his actions.
+
+Samboe had never, until this night, neglected this lesson; but, with
+uplifted hands and bended knee, was accustomed to acknowledge the
+protection and the support of the Being he had been taught to regard,
+as ever beholding, and with unwearied care protecting, all men. Sleep,
+however, had not closed his eyes, ere the omission was recollected,
+and he had crept out of the straw, to offer his simple orison, the low
+murmur of which had so much alarmed his new friend. Having concluded,
+he returned to his straw couch, and slept the sleep of innocence,
+untill awaked by Frank rising to his morning duty in the stables.
+
+Frank possessed an intelligence of mind, as well as activity of spirit,
+which required but opportunities to develope themselves. The incident
+of Samboe's forgotten prayer, impressed his youthful mind. How was
+it he had never been taught to pray? He had never seen it practised
+among those he had been with. He thought people went to church to
+pray; yet surely if a black boy thought it right to pray, a white
+boy ought. Perhaps it was a custom among them? Yet, such was the
+innate impression he had, that it was right and proper, that he
+felt a species of shame to answer Samboe in the negative, when he
+artlessly enquired if he did not pray to great God, to take care of
+him; he, too, who knew so many things: for, to Samboe, Frank seemed
+a miracle of cleverness, when he described his various employments,
+and displayed, to his astonished visitor, the results of his ingenuity,
+which he did with no little self-complacency.
+
+Samboe seemed now the happiest of human beings. He suffered nothing
+to pass unnoticed; asking the reason, the use, the name of every
+thing he heard, or saw, or touched. This he contrived to do, either
+by broken words, gestures, or signs. The new-made friends thus passed
+several hours of the morning, before the groom made his appearance;
+for, although his apartments were above the stables, he did not often
+occupy them, finding numerous engagements more pleasant than attending
+to his duty.
+
+The only unpleasant circumstance of this morning of delight to
+Samboe, was its chilliness. It was one of those which frequently
+occur in May, as if to reprove the hastiness of the family of Flora,
+in putting forth their fair forms; and its asperity was severely felt
+by the little African. Frank determined to make him as comfortable
+as he could; and having received no orders to the contrary, lighted
+a fire in the groom's room, and invited Samboe to its genial warmth,
+while he quickly prepared a comfortable mess of milk-pottage.
+
+They were thus enjoying themselves, when the master of the house
+appeared, half awake, and storming at Frank for a lazy dog, for not
+having swept the stable-door. But he supposed he and the beggarly
+neger had been idling away their time together. Frank, who was used
+to his arbitrary temper, said little; but, making signs for Samboe to
+return to the loft, he quickly prepared every thing for his master's
+toilet, and proceeded to rectify the omission of not having swept the
+door-way. While thus engaged, a servant from the house arrived with
+an order to the groom to take the negro-boy to a clothes-shop, and
+have him neatly clothed, until a a proper dress could be fixed upon;
+as he was to have an interview with his mistress and young master,
+who neither of them could bear the smell of tar, exhaling from the
+filthy things he wore.
+
+This message, delivered in due form to the groom while he was shaving
+himself, nearly endangered his cutting his throat, by the resentful
+agitation it caused, that he should be appointed to wait upon a
+neger. It was a degradation which he could not, nor would not submit
+to. Following, therefore, the example of his superiors, he delegated
+the office to his subordinate; and calling loudly for Frank, as soon
+as the messenger had left him, he desired him to take the black he
+seemed so fond of, to Mr. Draper's, and get him rigged. "And mind
+ye, Frank, boy, call at the 'potecaries or 'fumers, and bid 'em
+pour some musk or lavender, or something sweet over the lad, for
+missis is very particular; and as to Master Fred, I shall have him
+trying how my legs will bear the exercise of his new hunting-whip,
+if I do not please him about this black, who, I dare say, will not be
+long before he feels it. But I suppose he has been used to flogging,
+so it will be nothing to him."
+
+Frank, highly pleased with this important commission, called the
+shivering boy from the hay-chamber, and in no long time he was
+completely equipped, in a suit according to the taste of Frank and
+the vender: certainly as stiff and ill made as it well could be;
+while the effusion of lavender-water was completely accomplished,
+even till the poor boy's eyes became filled with tears, from the
+potency of the perfume, and every person he passed on his return,
+half stopped, at meeting with the unusual odour.
+
+Samboe, however, had yet some hours to become reconciled to his new
+habiliment; and his friend Frank had so many modes and sources of
+employment and amusement, that those hours passed insensibly away. At
+length, about four o'clock, the groom again appeared to conduct him
+to the house; and when arrived, a footman desired him to follow him to
+the apartment of his lady, previously to her taking her morning airing.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+                         "I would not have a slave to till my ground,
+                          To carry me, to fan me while I sleep,
+                          And tremble when I wake, for all the wealth
+                          That sinews bought and sold have ever earn'd."
+
+                                                                 Cowper.
+
+
+From the reciprocation of the heart's best affections, which had
+marked the short period of Samboe's acquaintance with Frank, we may
+now follow the young stranger to the inanity of an Anglo West Indian
+boudoir; in which were Mrs. Penryn, reclined on a chaise longue, a
+young lady spangling some delicate muslin, and Mr. Frederick Moreton
+standing at a distant part of the room. The footman having opened the
+door, pointed to Samboe to enter, and immediately closed it upon him,
+leaving the timid boy to the scrutinizing looks of Mrs. Penryn, the
+oblique attention of the young lady, and the supercilious glance of the
+boy, who was engaged in the humane employment of holding a live mouse
+by the tail, as high as his arm could reach; while a kitten, eagerly
+attending to its writhings, kept springing, instinctively, to catch
+it, and as often, from the violence of the exertion, fell back on the
+floor. Had it not been for the chill which pervaded his frame, in his
+way to this apartment, Samboe might have thought himself in the West
+Indies, both as to the temperature, and the luxurious ease displayed
+in the arrangement of it. An elegant Persian carpet, entirely covered
+it; sofas, ottomans, and couches, invited to indolence and repose;
+ornaments of the richest and most expensive materials, vases, cabinets,
+&c. adorned it; and a number of tropical birds, of beauteous plumage,
+displayed their captive state in superb cages of various elegant forms;
+while shells of great magnitude and exquisite beauty were displayed
+in different parts of this superb room, with considerable judgment
+and taste; and a rich glow seemed communicated to every object, from
+the light passing the draperies of beautiful rose-coloured taffety
+curtains. Plants of the loveliest bloom and most exquisite odour,
+completed the fascinations of this luxurious apartment, tastefully
+arranged in beautiful baskets and vases, reflected by the superb
+mirrors, of which there were several on each side of the room.
+
+Mrs. Penryn, half raising her pale and spiritless form from the
+sofa on which she was reclining, was the first to break the silence
+which followed Samboe's introduction. "Come, Fred, do give Frolic the
+mouse, and look at this boy. He will serve to amuse you, I hope; for
+I think the dogs, the cats, the mice, and the flies, have had enough
+of you. Come, did you ever behold such an uncouth creature as George
+has made him: why the boy looks as if he were in a wooden case. He
+must not appear about you, till he has something fit to put on."
+
+This feeling harangue did not divert the young gentleman from his
+amusement for some minutes, till at length, more it would seem from
+his own fatigue, than from any motive of compassion for the poor
+animals, he gave the cat its natural prey; and it retired swearing,
+as its murmur of triumph is styled, to enjoy the feast, under a sofa
+at the further part of the room. "Now, Lavinia," said Mrs. Penryn,
+addressing the young lady, "give us your opinion, my dear; your taste
+is so good: what dress shall we have for Fred's page? He will like
+whatever you decide upon, I dare say."
+
+"Dear me, do you think so?" replied Miss Lavinia, in the most affected
+tone: "Mr. Frederick seldom asks my opinion, I think."
+
+"He is but a boy, and you will excuse him, I'm sure; but really this
+dress must be left to you."
+
+"Certainly," replied Lavinia, "he must have something different from
+that he now wears, which is only fit for the stable."
+
+"And a very good place too, I think," remarked the polite young
+gentleman, as he threw himself at his length on a sofa, rousing by
+the action a little white terrier, which had been reposing quietly
+upon it. The dog uttered a cry, and jumped on the floor.
+
+"Poor Erminet cannot be quiet even here," said Mrs. Penryn, angrily:
+"I wish, Fred, you would look before you lie down: I dare say you
+have lamed my pretty Erminet."
+
+"I dare say I have done no such thing," retorted the respectful nephew:
+"But I have no desire to stay, I assure you. I am sure, though Lavinia
+talks of the stable, I had rather be there, than shut up in this hot
+room. So make haste and determine about the boy's dress, for I cannot
+stay shilly-shally here all day."
+
+"I wonder when you will learn to be civil," said Mrs. Penryn: "I think,
+if you had had a few lessons of politeness interspersed with Greek
+and Latin, it would have made you more agreeable." "That is all you
+women know of the matter. But let me have no preaching. Have you done
+with me?"
+
+"Why, Fred, how provoking you are: did you not bid me send for the
+boy? And now he is come, you want to go without settling any thing
+about him. Remember, he is your property, and you must do what you
+please about him. I shall trouble myself no more about him."
+
+"Very well, then leave it alone," said the young barbarian; and
+striding past the trembling Samboe, he quitted the room, shutting
+the door with violence after him.
+
+"What a pity it is," said Mrs. Penryn, after a short pause, "that
+Frederick is so hasty: such a good-hearted lad as he is. I wish,
+Lavinia, you would undertake to soften down his manners: he is really
+worth your trouble, my dear girl."
+
+The young lady simpered, half blushed, expressed her doubt of having
+any influence over Mr. Frederick, who was, indeed, a fine manly
+boy. There was nothing she could refuse to dear Mrs. Penryn and her
+guardian, and she would certainly endeavour to please Frederick,
+that she might refine his manners a little."
+
+"Well, begin then, my dear girl, and fix upon a tasty dress for the
+boy. I know Fred will be pleased when it is done. I intend Samboe to
+be his constant attendant: he is to sleep in the little anti-room,
+to be ever at hand to attend Frederick's pleasure; and, in short,
+he is to do what he pleases respecting him. Mr. Penryn says he will
+have hundreds under his power when he goes to Jamaica."
+
+This reference to the taste of Lavinia, was the dictate of policy;
+for she was recently become a ward of Mr. Penryn, was an orphan
+of immense property, and only a few years older than Frederick. The
+prudent Mr. and Mrs. Penryn were very desirous to favour an attachment
+between them; and Mrs. Penryn was directed, by her husband, to seek
+every opportunity of doing so.
+
+The young lady was of that negative character, so often met
+with amongst those who, in large boarding-schools, lose every
+discriminating trait in the general application of certain rules and
+certain pursuits. Dress, admiration, and gaiety, alone had power to
+animate her pretty features; from which, however, no intellectual ray
+ever beamed. She was highly flattered by the desire of Mrs. Penryn to
+exercise her taste in the choice of a dress for Samboe. That choice
+could not be difficult, for one who had so frequently seen the variety
+of costume exhibited on the stage; and as vanity, ostentation, and
+singularity, not congruity, were to dictate the choice, it was soon
+fixed, as the young lady thought, of that elegant form and expensive
+material, which could not fail to please the young planter; and it
+must be owned, that when, a few days subsequent, Samboe made his
+appearance in the elegant costume of Persia, that he exhibited a very
+fair specimen of juvenile negro beauty. The blue and silver vest and
+caftan, the full girdle, the capacious trowsers, and the perfectly
+white turban, with its golden cord and sparkling gems, contrasted well
+with his sable skin and slender form; giving a lightness to his air,
+which even the pressure of slavery was not able materially to injure.
+
+Lavinia's taste was loudly applauded; and even Frederick condescended
+to say the boy looked something like what he ought to do. But
+poor Samboe, like many a white boy and girl, felt the misery of
+fine clothes, being continually reminded that he must not do this,
+he must not lie there, lest he should soil his dress.
+
+His young master would never suffer him out of his sight: not that
+he cared a button for him or his clothes, but because he could not
+allow of any cessation in tormenting a poor being over whom he had
+full controul; and he was continually racking his invention, to
+devise some new species of torment and teasing. With a mean species
+of jealousy, as soon as he found Frank the stable-boy was the only
+kind being who regarded the poor black boy as a fellow-creature, he
+interdicted Samboe from ever going into the stable, or from speaking
+to his good-tempered friend.
+
+This was a cruel stroke to poor Samboe, thus to deprive him of the
+only portion of comfort in his bitter draught of slavery. His mind
+was in danger of becoming callous from oppression, and in proportion
+to the degradation he was subjected to. He had no motive for action,
+but the dread of punishment. Without voluntary agency, a mere passive
+instrument in the hands of others, his mind would assuredly have become
+irrecoverably contracted, and the powers of soul even destroyed,
+had not the very tyranny and caprice which were producing these
+lamentable results, transferred the suffering boy to the benevolent
+care of Captain Tremayne, and his young nephew, Charles Roslyn. (See
+"Twilight Hours improved.")
+
+Become the property of the latter by the hasty gift of Frederick,
+how different was the lot of Samboe, from a state of cruel coercion,
+of degrading slavery, which was daily debasing every manly sentiment!
+
+
+            "When, to deep sadness sullenly resign'd,
+            He feels his body's bondage in his mind,
+            Put off his generous nature, and to suit
+            His manners with his fate, put on the brute."
+
+
+Such, indeed, is slavery most justly termed, "the grave of
+virtue." Under its cold and ungenial influence, every generous, every
+warm emotion must languish and die. Through the gloom which envelopes
+the soul subjected to its dark power, no ray of intellect, no beam
+of joy, no sun of cheerfulness can pierce. And yet man, inconsistent
+man, while condemning his fellow-being to this soul-paralyzing state,
+expects from the poor victims qualities and virtues only to be planted
+in the soil, only to be nourished by the sun, of liberty--of Christian
+liberty, of Christian charity:
+
+
+            "For slaves by truth enlarg'd are doubly freed."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+                          "Thy lips have shed instruction as the dew,
+                           Taught me what path to shun, and what pursue.
+                           Farewell my former joys! I sigh no more
+                           For Africa's once-lov'd, benighted shore:
+                           Serving a benefactor, I am free,
+                           At my best home, if not exil'd from thee."
+
+
+Samboe, placed with the respectable Mr. Llwellin, made rapid progress
+in reading and writing, and in the elements of general knowledge. His
+quickness gained the entire attention of his preceptor; while these was
+a charm and freshness in all he said, which could only be derived from
+quick perceptions and a warm heart--a buoyancy of fancy and a fervid
+feeling, which won the affections of all those who had to instruct
+him. With the deepest attention he would listen to Mr. Llwellin,
+as in a simple and impressive manner he explained to him the general
+principles of religion, the nature and duty of worshipping God, the
+creation of man, his fall from virtue and happiness, and the promised
+restoration through the merits of the Redeemer. It is a mistake that
+these subjects are beyond the comprehension, and excite no interest in
+the hearts of children. Practical devotion and the Christian duties,
+have a forcible influence on the ductile minds and unsophisticated
+hearts of the young. Hence the transition of instruction is easy, and
+perfectly understood by them, from the duty and privilege of prayer
+and praise, to the truth that we are unable to do either, or even to
+think what is right, without superior guidance and continual aid. The
+conviction of this at once gives an object and a fervency to prayer;
+and he who prays fervently and believing, however young he may be,
+will not be unheeded when thus imploring the divine aid.
+
+It was the invariable custom of Mr. Llwellin to assemble his family
+in the evening. He then read a portion of the Holy Scriptures, and
+explained them with admirable simplicity and pathos to his little
+auditory. It was now that the prayers Samboe had said, as it were
+mechanically, were now repeated with an earnestness which fully
+indicated that they were not merely the offering of the lips; and
+so much did he profit by the pious instructions, example, and care
+of Mr. Llwellin, that he was admitted into the Christian church by
+baptism; but, at the request of his young protector, retaining his
+former name as his usual appellation although he received, at the font,
+that of Henry.
+
+So anxious was this interesting youth to attain all useful knowledge,
+that he was always the first at his scholastic duties; and when
+dismissed from them, after a little recreation, enjoyed with all
+the zest of health and youth, he would occupy his time in religious
+reading and study, drawing, and little mechanical works; equally
+proving his strength of intellect and his active ingenuity. Though
+his temper was frequently severely tried by the taunts and ridicule of
+the boys, he never betrayed anger or resentment: he disarmed them by
+his humility, patience, and meekness; so that scoffers he converted
+into friends. He was lively in his disposition, but taciturn from
+thought, except when with his teachers; when he seemed to expand
+every faculty of his mind to receive their instructions, while any
+accession of knowledge caused his naturally brilliant eyes to beam
+with added intelligence and delight.
+
+With all these qualities of mind and heart, it is not surprising
+that Samboe was a universal favourite; and unfeigned, indeed, was
+his joy, when he was permitted to write to his dear massa Charles,
+whom he never named without his eyes filling with tears of grateful
+affection. "Oh!" he would say, "my dear massa, I shall never forget
+his goodness." Years passed on in this progressive improvement, during
+which a regular correspondence was kept up between Charles Roslyn and
+his protegé, when an incident occurred which opened a field for the
+exercise of those attainments it had been the laudable and unremitted
+study of Samboe to acquire.
+
+Colonel Roslyn was entertaining a party of gentlemen, among whom
+were admiral Herbert and his nephew Fitzhugh. Charles Roslyn was the
+favourite midshipman of the admiral, and the conversation turned upon
+the topic of the day; namely, the slave-trade, and the probabilities
+of its abolition, as well as the capacity of the negroes to profit
+by their freedom. Many were the arguments adduced for and against;
+and Colonel Roslyn was naturally led to relate the circumstances of
+Samboe's becoming Charles's protegé, and the high reward they had
+experienced in the sweet disposition, high intellectual capacity,
+moral worth, and genuine religious principles of the young negro. "I
+have the sincerest pleasure," observed Colonel Roslyn, "in stating
+this individual instance of the moral and intellectual worth of an
+African, of which, doubtless, there are many similar instances,
+where instruction and kindness have elicited and fostered the
+qualities of the mind and heart. But we all remember the period, my
+friends, when the African's claim to the character and privileges
+of man was even disputed--when they were considered as somewhat
+of a superior species of ourang outang [5]. This false and inhuman
+estimate, succeeding years have disproved. It has been in numberless
+instances shown that they are not only men, but capable of becoming
+intelligent and virtuous men; and not only virtuous men, but pious,
+unaffected, sincere Christians. I am not, however," continued the
+colonel, "an advocate for giving personal liberty to numbers of men,
+unless, at the same time, I impart the principles of religion and
+the arts of civil life. It is only by giving freedom to the soul,
+and by encouraging the virtuous energies of man, that we can make
+him capable of properly appreciating the blessing of liberty, and
+preserve him from becoming a pest to society, instead of a useful
+member of it. Without these correcting and restraining principles,
+liberty would soon degenerate into licentiousness, and the possession
+of power be exercised in deeds of violence."
+
+"I entirely agree with you, colonel," observed the admiral;
+"and therefore be so good as to pledge me in a glass of that
+excellent claret, when I offer my sentiment: 'Let the empire of
+Britain be the empire of mercy; and let no shore re-echo with the
+thunder of her power, but which shall also smile under the blessing
+of her beneficence.'" This sentiment of the admiral's was warmly
+received. During this conversation, a young man at the lower end of the
+table appeared deeply interested in it. His animated and penetrating
+countenance drew the attention of Colonel Roslyn, and he expressed
+his pleasure, in observing to the admiral, that an interest for the
+enslaved Africans seemed to animate his young relative; for it was
+Fitzhugh, whose whole soul seemed engaged in the subject.
+
+"Yes, indeed," observed the admiral, "Fitzhugh is a very enthusiast
+in the cause, and I love him the better for it: it is honourable to
+his feelings, and to those generous sentiments which ought to pervade
+the heart, and direct the conduct of a British officer. Have you not
+heard that he has obtained a very responsible and active appointment
+in the new settlement of Sierra Leone, and that, in a short time,
+he will sail for Africa? I doubt not his conscientious attention to
+the duties devolving upon him, nor do I think the directors could
+have made a more judicious choice; for, young as he is, his firmness
+of principle, his rectitude in action, his genuine feeling, and his
+cultivated mind, render him peculiarly eligible to attend to the
+duties, and to surmount the difficulties of an infant colony. He will
+form one of the council, which will be sent from England, for the
+government of the colony. This council is particularly instructed
+to secure to all negroes and people of colour, equal rights, and
+equal treatment, in every respect, as the whites. They are to be
+tried by jury, as the whites, and every facility given to them to
+exercise their peculiar talents; employments being allotted them
+according to their progressive capacity of discharging them. They
+are especially, to be instructed in the principles of religion and
+morals. Public worship and the reverent observation of the sabbath,
+the general instruction of the adults and the judicious education of
+the children, are the means to be used to draw this now wretched race
+of men from the night of ignorance to the glorious light of divine
+and temporal knowledge. In fact, the grand object of the Sierra
+Leone Company is to substitute, for that disgraceful traffic which
+has too long subsisted, a fair and legitimate commerce with Africa,
+and all the blessings which may be expected from it."
+
+"I thank you, admiral, for this account," replied Colonel Roslyn, "and
+pray, with all my heart, that the benevolent exertions of the Company
+may be crowned with final success; and I believe I may assure you, that
+such is also the prayer of every individual of the present company."
+
+"Fitzhugh," said the admiral, "I have been telling Colonel Roslyn that
+you are an enthusiast for the abolition of the slave-trade--that it
+is your dream by night, and your stimulus by day."
+
+"If, my dear Sir, an ardent desire to use my individual influence and
+exertions to remove from my country such a stain upon its humanity;
+if as ardently to desire an amelioration of the wretched state of the
+African; if to cherish and to bring into action all those charities
+which distinguish reasoning man from instinctive brutes: if to be
+all this constitutes an enthusiast, then do I, indeed, plead guilty
+to the charge of enthusiasm. Nor am I likely to become less so: on
+the contrary, the intelligence I have just received from my young
+friends here, (directing his eyes to Alfred, and Charles Roslyn, who
+sat near him,) has confirmed me in the assurance, that we have every
+thing to hope from the judicious and liberal plan, of the Company to
+which I have now the honour to be attached; and which has so highly
+flattered me, by appointing me, in conjunction with others, to carry
+into effect their beneficent purposes. But you know, my dear Sir, my
+deep abhorrence of slavery is derived from the practical display of its
+cruelties; as well as from a deep reflection on its moral turpitude,
+its impolicy, and its inconsistency with the boasted honour and
+religious code of my country. Let those who question the feasibility
+of the plan of civilization and emancipation, visit, as I have done,
+the colonies, (more especially the Spanish colonies and the Portuguese
+dominions in South America,) where the inhuman traffic of slaves is
+carried to the greatest possible extent, forming the immediate and
+private revenue of the crown; let them be but faintly impressed with
+the horrors that constantly there occur, and I scruple not to say,
+if they fail to enter their protest against a system so barbarous,
+they deserve not the name of men, and make their religion but an
+impious mockery.
+
+"A myriad of instances might be adduced, to bear me out in my
+assertions. The labour, of whatever nature it may be, or however
+laborious, is performed by slaves, and seldom more than six negroes
+appointed to remove the heaviest burdens. I have, for instance,
+seen at Rio de Janeiro, four only, groaning under a pipe of wine,
+which they have had to remove through the city. Many of these poor
+creatures are bred to trades, and are sent out daily or weekly, with
+peremptory orders to bring home a certain sum, at the expiration of the
+agreed time. What they can earn over, they have to themselves; but they
+are always so highly rated, that it is with the greatest difficulty
+they can raise the sum nominated; and, in case of defalcation, it is
+attributed to indolence or laziness, which subjects the unhappy victim
+to punishment. An awful instance of the despair produced by cruelty
+and oppression, occurred during my residence at Rio. A barbarous and
+remorseless wretch had a few slaves, whom he used to send out upon
+the plan I have named, subjected to the penalty of a severe flogging,
+if they did not, within a prescribed time, earn the sum required and
+their food. One of these men was a hair-dresser: he used to attend me
+very regularly, and always was quiet, industrious, and even active,
+to promote his master's interest.
+
+"After a little time, however, I observed him to be gloomy and
+melancholy. I asked him the reason for the change, and was informed
+that he had been unsuccessful, and could not render to his master the
+sum required; and that he had little hopes of being able to raise it,
+consequently was liable to punishment, I gave him something towards
+it, but, being obliged to be absent a few weeks, knew not the result
+until I returned; when I was informed, that, as the time approached
+when he was to render his account, he became greatly distressed,
+and despaired of accomplishing his engagement. He went, however,
+in great distress, and tendered what he had gained; assuring his
+master he had used every exertion to obtain the specific sum, and
+imploring from him a remission of punishment, or a suspension, at
+least, for a few days. This was at length granted him, but with horrid
+threats of many additional stripes in case of failure. The time fast
+approached when he must return, and he was still deficient. He reached
+the door of his master's house, when, in despair of being forgiven,
+and dreading the ordeal he had to undergo, he took from his pocket a
+razor, and, with a desperate violence, nearly severed his head from his
+body. This horrid deed had no other effect upon his inhuman master,
+than to increase his severity towards his other slaves, on whom he
+imposed heavier burdens, to recompence him for the loss sustained by
+the death of the miserable suicide [6].
+
+"It is a usual practice," continued Fitzhugh, "when slaves become
+desperately ill, for their masters to disown them, and turn them
+into the streets, to evade the expences of their funeral; and,
+thus abandoned and exposed, their miserable existence is soon
+terminated. I have to apologize for trespassing upon your attention
+so long, gentlemen," observed this intelligent young man; "but I have
+only recounted one of a thousand instances which have come under my
+own observation, of the barbarous abuses of power exercised over the
+miserable captives."
+
+The party expressed their obligation to Fitzhugh, for the relation he
+had given them, and their united hope, that every effort made use of,
+to ameliorate the situation of the already enslaved, and to check
+the inhuman traffic for the future, might be crowned with success;
+all agreeing, that every exertion that England makes to stop the
+bleeding wounds of Africa, will cause her to rise in her national
+character more resplendent, and must meet the approbation of every
+good, and what may be justly called great men, at home and abroad,
+and, above all, the approbation that of God who holds in his hands
+the destiny of nations [7].
+
+"Have I not heard you, Fitzhugh," enquired the admiral, "express a wish
+that you could meet in England with two or three intelligent negroes,
+who would be willing to enter into engagements with the Company,
+as instructors to the children, and whose habits of civilization
+might give them an influence over their countrymen without exciting
+any jealousies?"
+
+"You have, dear Sir," replied Fitzhugh; "and from what I have learned
+of the mental and moral qualities of my young friend's protegé, I am
+anxious for their permission to visit Aberystwith, in order to enquire
+if he has any objection to accompany me to Africa. A few such young
+men as he is described to be, would do more to effect our plans, than
+any other mode I can think of; and as he has not yet made any choice
+of a profession, I should feel myself most grateful to Colonel Roslyn
+and his friends, if they will second and sanction my application to
+the youth, who owes so much to their benevolent kindness."
+
+Colonel Roslyn said, "Call upon us tomorrow morning, my dear Sir, and
+myself and sons will be happy to co-operate, as far as in our power,
+in your philanthropic exertions."
+
+This being cheerfully accepted, the conversation took a general turn,
+until the party broke up.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+                        * * *             "My heart surpris'd, o'erflows
+                        With filial fondness for the land you bless."
+
+                                          "Theirs the triumph be,
+                        Instead of treasure, robb'd by ruffian war,
+                        Round social earth to circle fair exchange,
+                        And bind the nations in a golden chain.
+                        To these I honour'd stoop."
+
+
+Fitzhugh was punctual to his appointment at Colonel Roslyn's; and after
+an interesting conversation, and the perusal of a number of Samboe's
+letters to his protector Charles Roslyn, it was agreed that Fitzhugh
+and Alfred Roslyn should proceed to Wales, in order to ascertain the
+sentiments of Samboe upon his projected removal, respecting which, his
+own unbiassed choice was to be consulted. The intended visit of the
+young men was to be announced by letter to Captain Tremayne; and, as
+Fitzhugh possessed all the ardour, promptitude, and zeal of a Clarkson,
+in the cause of humanity, the letter was immediately written, and an
+early day fixed for the journey. In the correspondence of Charles
+and his protegé, the interesting debates in the English senate,
+respecting the slave-trade, frequently formed a part; and Samboe had
+even so far expressed his sentiments upon the subject, that, when the
+colony of Sierra Leone was first formed, he regretted that his youth,
+and the mediocrity of his attainments, would oblige him to forego all
+hope of being useful to his poor benighted countrymen; and he had
+very sensibly felt disappointment at the ill success of the first
+establishment: an ill success which sufficiently proved the truth
+of the observation, that, "if the restraints of slavery be removed,
+without corresponding culture of the mind and heart, the mere enjoyment
+of temporal benefits will not make the man either grateful or happy."
+
+Charles Roslyn greatly regretted that the hourly-expected departure of
+his ship, precluded him from the pleasure of accompanying his brother
+and Fitzhugh to Aberystwith. Having taken leave of him, and bearing
+his good wishes and tender remembrances to his kind relatives and his
+affectionate Samboe, the travellers commenced their journey, early in
+a lovely June morning, when every scene they passed, manifested the
+riches and the bounty, the wisdom and beneficence of the Creator. The
+meeting was what might be expected from refined feeling, generous
+ardour, and virtuous exertion, on the one side; and grateful respect,
+modest worth, and conscious ability, chastened by the most engaging
+humility, on the other. Tears of unfeigned joy and gratitude started
+into the eyes of Samboe, as he heard Mr. Llwellin assure Fitzhugh,
+he had no hesitation in saying, that if Samboe acceded to his proposal
+of accompanying him to Africa, he would be found a valuable coadjutor
+in the projected work of mercy: "For he is," continued the good old
+man, "not only fully capable of imparting the elements of general
+knowledge, but has a happy and peculiar manner of instructing others
+in those divine truths by which he regulates every action of his own
+life. Nor do I think you would easily find a more fit instrument among
+us, for promoting the great ends of civilization, and the moral and
+religious instruction of his countrymen. I make no scruple in paying
+this just tribute to the character and abilities of my dear pupil,
+in his presence, because he well knows they are so much my genuine
+sentiments, that I have advised his directing his attention to the
+instruction of others; and Providence seems manifestly to favour
+the suggestion, by the present offer enabling him to put it in
+practice. May his now benighted and ill-fated countrymen become more
+and more sensible of the extensive blessings preparing for them;
+and may my dear and docile pupil, Samboe, be one of the favoured
+instruments of Heaven, (assisted by the Spirit of grace,) to diffuse
+the light, to communicate the blessings of religion, and to lead the
+now idolatrous African to rejoice in the high privilege of communion
+by prayer and praise with the great Creator and compassionate Saviour;
+all distinctions of colour and country being lost, in that generous
+sympathy which should flow from the relation which all bear to that
+Saviour who died for the redemption of all men [8]."
+
+There was such a heartfelt earnestness, such an affecting energy,
+such genuine piety, in the voice and manner of the good Llwellin,
+while he uttered his philanthropic wishes, that it made a forcible
+impression upon his young auditors. Tears of respect, gratitude,
+affection, and hope, filled the eyes of Samboe. The intenseness
+and contrariety of his feelings became painful; and, unable longer
+to restrain their expression, he threw himself at the feet of his
+venerable instructor, and sobbed aloud, uttering broken sentences of
+obligation; and when a little composed, earnestly praying that God,
+the Almighty God, would enable him to assist in the realization of
+all the generous plans of his future employers; and so to act in
+every situation of life, as to do honour to the precepts of his dear
+instructor, and to gladden his aged heart, with the knowledge that
+those precepts had not been given in vain.
+
+Encouraged to self-confidence by the unequivocal approbation of
+his revered friend, Samboe hesitated not in his determination of
+accompanying Fitzhugh in his important mission; and a few days
+subsequent to the interview we have related, was fixed for the
+departure from a spot, endeared to the affectionate heart of the
+African by many a tender tie, many an affecting remembrance. Parting
+moments are painful to experience, and are so fraught with emotion,
+that they admit not of correct description; it must, therefore,
+suffice to say, that after a general adieu, and loaded with many a
+token of affection and good will, cheered by many a blessing, and
+fortified with many a prayer from those who loved him, Samboe quitted
+Aberystwith with Fitzhugh and Alfred Roslyn. The intelligence, as
+well as simplicity of his remarks, upon the different objects which
+engaged his attention during the journey, rendered it peculiarly
+interesting to his companions. He was equally delighted with the
+various objects of curiosity and interest which London presented,
+and particularly with any thing which enlarged his views of any
+branch of knowledge he had acquired, or which promised to assist him
+in his future exertions to benefit his country. Fitzhugh found in
+him, a companion who entered with ardour and untired zeal into every
+plan his fertile benevolence devised, and determined to retain him
+under his own immediate care and inspection. Every day increased his
+confidence in the abilities and integrity of his companion; and every
+succeeding day more strongly proved that they were built upon a basis,
+which ensured their permanence and stability; even that of a rational,
+a deep, a vital piety.
+
+The period of sailing approached; and happy in the exercise of the best
+feelings of humanity, and the highest energies of mind, Samboe believed
+nothing could add to his felicity, when an incident occurred which
+called forth all his gratitude to the Being who showered his blessings
+upon him. He accompanied Fitzhugh to the house of a gentleman who was
+ardent in the cause of the Africans, and who freely lent the resources
+of an ample fortune to further every beneficent plan, although habitual
+ill health precluded him from all active exertions. On the arrival
+of the friends, this gentleman was just mounting his horse for a
+morning airing. Seeing, however, Fitzhugh and his companion advance,
+he ordered the groom to lead his horse back to the stable, until his
+visitors left him, and he then entreated Fitzhugh to enter. While
+this was passing, a mutual look of surprise and recognition passed
+between Samboe and the groom, but nothing further: the man leading
+the horse away, and Samboe following Fitzhugh into the house.
+
+After some conversation relative to the approaching voyage,
+Mr. Courtney said: "Well, Fitzhugh, you have inspired many an honest
+heart with the same glowing philanthropy which animates your own; and,
+amongst the number, my excellent boy, Frank Wilson. He is determined,
+if you will permit him, to accompany you to Africa." "Permit him,
+my good Sir? I shall be happy to have in my service, a young man who
+does honour to his rank of life, and whose severely tried principles
+have resisted many attacks: his ingenuity too, and industrious habits,
+will make him essentially useful. But how can you part from him,
+or how will Frank bear to be separated from his revered benefactor?"
+
+"Oh, I believe we have not thought of ourselves," replied Mr. Courtney,
+good humouredly: "all is settled between us, provided you did not
+object. Will you permit me to ring for him?" "Most willingly,"
+said Fitzhugh.
+
+During this short conversation, the emotion of the grateful Samboe
+was powerful. The features of the young man holding Mr. Courtney's
+horse, were familiar to him: he had marked the glance of recognition,
+and the name confirmed the vague hope he had formed, that, in this
+young man, of whose character he had just heard so high an eulogium,
+he had seen the first kind friend he had known in England: he who had
+lightened his troubles, and cheered his oppressed spirit; and this
+friend, this generous hearted youth, was going to Africa, and was to
+be in the service of his valuable friend, Fitzhugh; and they were
+all animated with the same spirit. How delightful the thought! how
+transcendently kind the Almighty Disposer!
+
+While these thoughts were rapidly passing the mind of Samboe, Frank
+Wilson appeared; and it would be hard to decide which of the party
+was most gratified by the disclosure of the two friends, who in each
+other's arms were not ashamed to weep.
+
+Frank immediately entered upon his new duties; and every thing having
+been benevolently and equitably settled by the directors to ensure
+the comfort and advantage of the colony, the ships sailed for their
+destination. It is not necessary to detail the circumstances of the
+voyage, or to attempt to describe the emotions of the young African,
+when he landed on his native shores.
+
+Every individual possessing a manly mind and virtuous soul, is
+patriotic: he rejoices in the weal, he mourns in the miseries of
+his country. Samboe possessed a manly mind and a virtuous soul. He
+was a patriot, and shrunk not from its high responsibilities. We
+detail not his individual exertions; it will be sufficient to say,
+that he took an ample share with his companions in the good work;
+that every thing had been so judiciously arranged; that the conduct
+of the servants of the Company was marked with such propriety, being
+sober, moral, and exemplary, in the discharge of their respective
+duties; that the efforts and zeal of the clergymen were attended
+with the happiest effects; that, before the expiration of two years
+from the settlement of the colony, order and industry exhibited
+their benign fruits in a growing prosperity. The fame of the colony
+not only spread along the whole western coast, but penetrated into
+the remotest interior: embassies were sent by far distant monarchs;
+and the native chiefs, with a pleasing and entire confidence, sent
+their children to the colony, to be instructed in reading, writing,
+and accounts, and to be initiated in the Christian religion. In fact,
+there was every reasonable ground for hope, that the joyful period
+was advancing, when, by the blessing of Heaven upon the endeavours
+used, the continent of Africa would be rescued from the darkness
+that obscured her, and would exhibit the soul-cheering scene of
+light and knowledge, of civilization and order, of peaceful industry
+and domestic comfort. But these anticipations were destroyed by the
+treachery and faithlessness of a government, which professed to hold
+the rights of man as sacred. We shall give a cursory narrative of
+this event, as extracted from a letter of Fitzhugh to his friends in
+England. (Note S.)
+
+"I have distressing news to communicate, but we do not despond. The
+French have appeared with an armed force before our neat and rising
+town, upon which they have pointed their guns. It was not until
+they had done this that we perceived they were enemies; for they
+had English-built vessels, rigged in the English mode, displayed
+the English flag, and had all the sailors, which appeared on deck,
+dressed like English sailors. Thus treacherously did they approach
+our peaceful colony. Conscious we had no strength to resist, the
+governor directed a flag of truce to be hoisted. Yet, after this
+order was executed, the French continued to fire on the town, doing
+much damage, and killing several persons.
+
+"Terrified at the suddenness of the attack, and conscious they
+possessed no power of resistance, the alarmed inhabitants fled to
+the woods, with such of their property as the confusion and limited
+time would allow. When the enemy landed, therefore, they found the
+town almost destitute of inhabitants, but rich in stores and clothing.
+
+"Plunder was the order of the day; and what they did not want, they
+destroyed, burnt, or threw into the river. They also killed all the
+cattle and animals, not sparing even the dogs or cats.
+
+"During a week this work of devastation continued; and when they found
+nothing more to plunder, they set fire to the public buildings, and all
+the houses belonging to the Europeans; entirely ruining the beautiful
+and prospering colony, and leaving the colonists in the most deplorable
+state of destitution; without provisions, medicines, clothing, houses,
+or furniture. Sickness soon followed these privations, and many have
+died for want of proper food, and exposure in the woods.
+
+"When you read the above hurried account of our misfortune, you will
+scarcely believe that these wanton cruelties have been perpetrated
+by individuals of a nation, whose Convention boasted of spreading
+'light and liberty through the world.' Alas! that light is the blaze
+of anarchy, that liberty the most daring and gross licentiousness!
+
+"Sierra Leone colony was established for the godlike purpose of
+abolishing the slave-trade; to enlighten the Africans; to render them
+virtuous, rational, free, and happy; and yet these powerful advocates
+and patrons of the rights of man, could wantonly destroy, in its
+healthful infancy, a settlement in which those rights were peculiarly
+studied and held sacred. 'By their fruits ye shall know them.'
+
+"But it will yet, like the phoenix, arise from its ashes. It was
+formed to promote the cause of justice, mercy, and religion; a
+cause which possesses, in itself, the principle of re-animation--an
+ever-renewing means of rallying its resources, overborne, for a time,
+by a base treachery and unmanly violence.
+
+"My faithful Samboe, and no less faithful Frank, have been like
+ministering angels to the distressed, in this season of calamity. 'My
+poor country,' said Samboe, 'and my generous friends, what a sad
+reverse is here! But though grieved,' he added, 'I am not in despair;
+for has not the Almighty said, (He in whom is no variableness nor
+shadow of turning,) 'I will never leave nor forsake those who trust in
+me. Commit thy way unto the Lord, and he shall bring it to pass.' I
+cannot conclude my letter better, than by assuring my dear ----,
+that such is the trust and confidence we all repose in the Being,
+who out of evil still educes good."
+
+Now, to resume and conclude our narrative, we have but to say
+we may speak of these difficulties in the past tense; they no
+longer, praised be the great Disposer of Events, they no longer are
+experienced at Sierra Leone; but have vanished, gradually, before the
+enlightened policy of the superintendants, and the mild influence of
+Christian doctrine. The enjoyments of the present life, the bright
+hopes of a future state, are now communicated to thousands of our
+fellow-creatures, formerly in a state of mental and moral darkness,
+and obnoxious to the most frightful miseries, victims of the basest
+passions, subjects of the most alarming fears.
+
+Justice, mercy, and courageous perseverance, are now reaping their
+high temporal reward; and the blessing of the Almighty upon patient
+continuance in well-doing, enables England to boast that she has
+overcome the most inveterate prejudices, the most firmly-established
+interests, built upon the basest passions; and this by the simple
+power of experiment, and the eloquence of truth.
+
+Sierra Leone, where this experiment has been made, now presents itself
+as a medium of civilization for Africa. "And in this point of view,
+(it has been most justly observed,) is worth all the treasure that
+has been expended upon it; for the slave-trade, which was the great
+obstacle to this civilization, being now happily abolished by the
+universal voice of England, there is now a populous metropolis, from
+which may issue the seeds of reformation to this injured continent,
+and which, when sown, may now, watered by the genial dews of heaven,
+be expected to grow into fruit, without check or blight. New schools
+may be transplanted from thence into the interior; teachers and
+travellers be sent from thence in various directions; the natives
+resort in safety to it from distant parts, mark the improvements,
+witness the comforts, taste the enjoyments, and feel the protection
+of it. Hence will mistrust give way to confidence, emulation will be
+raised, imitation be encouraged, a desire of instruction be excited,
+and the predatory ignorant savage be gradually moulded into the useful
+citizen and the rational man.
+
+Let then each English heart rejoice, that the moral stain, so long
+apparent on our statutes, so long exhibited in our national character,
+is now erased from the one, and expunged from the other; that the
+impious doctrine so long contended for, that the law of force was
+justifiable under certain circumstances, is now banished from the
+deliberations of our senate; and man, whatever his country, whatever
+his colour, is restored to his moral rights. Let us rejoice that we
+have not only been the advocates of the oppressed--have triumphed
+by perseverance and constancy over the oppressor; but that England
+has become the favoured and glorious instrument of a God of mercy,
+to make his light to shine upon those who sat in darkness and the
+shadow of death. May every nation, feeling the blessing of that light,
+which is upheld by that mercy, follow the example of our favoured
+isle! May the rich stream of mercy flow, and diffuse throughout
+far-distant lands its fertilizing influences! May the spirit of a
+Wilberforce and a Clarkson, inspire the breasts of the powerful; and
+may the gratitude and the intelligence of Samboe, glow in the heart,
+and animate the conduct of every African!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES, FROM AUTHENTICATED AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS.
+
+
+NOTE A.
+
+The arrival of a slave-ship in any of the rivers, is the signal of
+civil war and disorder; the hamlets are burned, and the miserable
+survivors are carried off, and sold to the slave-factors.
+
+In the countries contiguous to Senegal, when slave-ships arrive,
+armed parties are sent out to scour the country, and bring in captives
+to the factors. The wretched beings are to be found in the morning,
+bound back to back in the huts; whence they are conveyed, tied hand
+and foot, to the slave-ships. These ships set sail in the night,
+that the wretched captives may not know the moment when they quit
+for ever their native shore, and all the tender ties that endear it.
+
+
+
+NOTE B.
+
+Coosh-coosh is corn beaten in a wooden mortar, and sifted to a coarse
+flour; it is then put in an earthen pot pierced like a colander,
+which is luted to the top of an earthen pot, in which is boiling
+water, and sometimes broth, exactly as our steamers are. The rising
+steam cures and hardens the flour; and when it is done sufficiently,
+the broth and cooked flour are mixed, and considered a delicious dish.
+
+Coliloo resembles, and is eaten like spinach.
+
+
+
+NOTE C.
+
+Slave-factories are established in almost every native village. The
+kings of Dahomy and Whidáh are the most noted for the infamous trade
+in slaves. It is usual when the slave-ships lie in the rivers, for a
+number of canoes to go up the inland: these go in a fleet, with thirty
+or forty armed natives in each. Every canoe is also furnished with a
+four or six pounder fastened to her bow. Thus equipped they depart,
+and are usually absent from eight to fourteen days. It is said they
+go to fairs held on the banks of the rivers, and at which there is a
+regular show of slaves. On their return, they generally bring down from
+eight hundred to a thousand of these captives, for the ships. They lie
+at the bottom of the canoes, their arms and legs having been bound with
+ropes of the country. It has been disclosed, by undoubted evidence,
+that the crews of these canoes go up the rivers till they arrive to
+a certain distance of a village; they then conceal themselves under
+the bushes which hang over the water, until the shades of night,
+when they enter the village and seize the wretched inhabitants, men,
+women, and children, who have no time to escape.
+
+Nearly three hundred years have the European nations traded with
+Africa in human flesh, and encouraged in the negro countries, wars,
+rapine, desolation, and murder. The annual exportation of slaves
+from this quarter of the globe, has exceeded one hundred thousand;
+numbers of whom are driven down like sheep, perhaps a thousand miles
+from the coast, and are generally inhabitants of villages that have
+been surrounded in the night by armed force, and carried off bound
+in chains, and sold into perpetual bondage.
+
+A slave-merchant thus wrote to his factor: "You will observe to make a
+present of five gallons of rum to the Suma, with the usual compliments
+on the Company's behalf; and to assure him, and other useful persons
+near you, of the Company's intentions to give very great encouragement
+to trade in those parts, more especially for slaves, dry goods,
+elephants' teeth, wax, cotton, &c. and the Company desire me to inform
+you, that they have settled your commission at five shillings a head,
+for every merchantable slave, and so in proportion for other articles,
+in the hope it will encourage you to dispose of their goods to the
+best advantage."
+
+
+
+NOTE D.
+
+The following list of African articles, as exhibited to Mr. Pitt and
+the House of Lords, by Mr. Clarkson, will illustrate the ingenuity of
+the Africans, and the possibility of making its natural productions
+a branch of lucrative and legitimate commerce. These articles were
+contained in a box, formed of four divisions; the first of which was
+filled with specimens of woods, polished; amongst them, mahogany of
+five different sorts, tulip and satin-wood, cam and bar-wood, fustic,
+black and yellow ebony, palm-tree, mangrove, calabash, and date; and
+also seven species retaining their native names, viz. tumiah, sarnaim,
+and jimlalié, each of a beautiful yellow; acajou, a deep crimson;
+bask and quellé for cabinet work; and bentin, the wood of which is
+used for the native canoes. Various other woods, one of which was a
+fine purple; and from two others a strong yellow and deep orange, and
+also a flesh-colour, could be extracted. The second division included
+ivory; and four species of pepper, the long, the black, the Cayenne,
+and the Malaguetta: three species of gum, Senegal, copal, and ruber
+astringes; cinnamon, rice, tobacco, indigo, white and Nankin cotton,
+Guinea-corn, and millet; three species of beans, of which two were for
+food, and the other yielding an orange dye: two species of tamarinds,
+one for food, the other to give whiteness to the teeth: pulse, seeds,
+and fruits of various sorts; some of the latter of which, Dr. Sparrman
+had pronounced, from a trial made during his residence in Africa,
+to be peculiarly valuable as drugs.
+
+The third division contained an African loom, with a spindle and
+spun cotton round it; cloths of cotton of various kinds, made by
+the natives, some white, others dyed, and others, in which they
+had interwoven European silk; cloths and bags of grass, fancifully
+coloured; ornaments of the same material; ropes made from a species
+of aloes, and others, remarkably strong, from grass and straw; fine
+string made of the fibres of the roots of trees: soap of two kinds,
+one of which was formed from an earthy substance: pipe bowls made of
+a clay of a brown red, one beautifully ornamented with black devices,
+burnt in and highly glazed; another from Galám, made of an earth which
+was richly impregnated with little particles of gold. Trinkets made
+by the natives from their own gold; knives and daggers formed from
+bar iron; and various other articles, such as bags, dagger-sheaths,
+quivers, gris gris, all of leather, of native manufacture, dyed of
+various colours, and ingeniously sewed together. The fourth division
+contained the instruments of confinement used on board a slave-ship,
+to which were added those of punishment used in the colonies; such
+as iron collars, manacles, scourges, &c.
+
+
+
+(NOTE E.)
+
+Raynal gives the following description of the mode frequently used
+in conducting the slaves from the interior: "Slave-merchants collect
+themselves into companies, and forming a species of caravans, in the
+space of two or three hundred leagues, they conduct several files
+of thirty or forty slaves, all laden with water, corn, &c. which are
+necessary to their subsistence in those barren deserts through which
+they pass.
+
+"The manner of securing them without much incommoding their march,
+is ingeniously contrived. A fork of wood, of from eight or nine feet
+long, is put round the neck of each slave. A pin of iron, rivetted,
+secures the fork on the back part, in such a manner that the head
+cannot disengage itself. The handle of the fork, the wood of which is
+very heavy, falls before, and so embarrasses the person who is tied
+to it, that, although he hath his arms and legs at liberty, he can
+neither walk nor lift up the fork. When they get ready for the march,
+they range the slaves in a line, and support and tie the extremity
+of each fork on the shoulder of the foremost slave, and proceed in
+this manner from one to another, till they come to the first, the
+extremity of whose fork is carried by the guide. Few restraints are
+imposed, that are not felt by those who impose them; accordingly, in
+order that these traders may enjoy the refreshment of sleep without
+uneasiness, they tie the arms of every slave to the tail of the fork
+which he carries. In this condition he can neither run away, nor
+make any attempt to recover his liberty. These precautions have been
+found indispensable; because, if the slave can but break his chains,
+he becomes free. The public faith which secures to the proprietor the
+possession of his slave, and which at all times delivers him up into
+his hands, is silent with regard to the slave and a trader.
+
+"Reader," continues the animated historian, "while thou art perusing
+this horrid account, is not thy soul filled with the same indignation
+as I experience in writing it? Dost thou not, in imagination, rush
+with fury upon those infamous conductors? Dost thou not break those
+forks with which these unfortunates are confined? and dost thou not
+long to restore them to liberty?
+
+
+
+(NOTE F.)
+
+This instrument is also in general use in Congo, and is there called
+the marimba.
+
+
+
+(NOTE Q.)
+
+The profits of this nefarious trade are so large, that mercenary men
+will incur any risk. At present, says the Report, 1822, speaking of
+the French favouring the trade, the rate of insurance does not exceed
+fifteen or twenty per cent, while the gains of the trade are proved to
+amount to from two hundred to four hundred per cent. It appears, from
+papers found on board Le Succčs, that two hundred and forty slaves,
+which she landed on the island of Bourbon, cost nine thousand nine
+hundred and forty-three dollars; and that the proceeds of the sale
+of these slaves amounted to twenty-nine thousand five hundred and
+sixty-four dollars. And there is also an account of an outfit of
+fifty-three thousand francs producing a net profit of one hundred
+and sixty-six thousand francs.
+
+These facts need no comment. But let not England be discouraged: she
+has stood alone in many a fearful struggle, when apparently sinking
+under the pressure of a hostile world. She has led the way in the
+work of mercy; let her pursue her path with unfaltering firmness,
+and fearlessly oppose those who dare to violate the solemn engagements
+they have formed with her.
+
+
+
+(NOTE R.)
+
+Nothing can more forcibly prove the misery of the slaves, than the
+fact that funerals, which in Africa are attended by lamentations and
+sorrow, are in the West Indies celebrated with expressions of joy.
+
+
+
+(NOTE S.)
+
+This relation is derived from a letter of Mr. Arfelius who was an
+eye-witness, and a great sufferer from this treacherous attack upon
+the colony. See "Rees's Encyclopedia," article, Sierra Leone.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+[1] A society of merchants, established by king Charles II. for trading
+to Africa; which trade was laid open to all his majesty's subjects,
+and those of succeeding monarchs, until the abolition took place, 1807.
+
+[2] Capital of Whidáh, situated about four miles from the factory
+at Whidáh.
+
+[3] It is necessary to apprize our readers, that the remarks and
+descriptions contained in this volume, apply to Africa as it was some
+years since.
+
+[4] The slave-trade was abolished in 1807.
+
+[5] See Mr. Wilberforce's speech, at a meeting of the Church Missionary
+Society, 1822.
+
+[6] See Shillibur's Voyage.
+
+[7] See Cohen's Letter to Governor Macarthy, African Report, 1822.
+
+[8] See Discourse of the Bishop of London, before the Society for
+the Propagation of the Gospel, October 1817.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                THE END.
+
+
+
+     Harvey, Darton, and Co. Printers, Gracechurch-Street, London.
+
+
+
+
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Samboe; or, The African Boy, by Mary Ann Hedge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Samboe; or, The African Boy
+
+Author: Mary Ann Hedge
+
+Release Date: September 2, 2011 [EBook #37296]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAMBOE; OR, THE AFRICAN BOY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
+Gutenberg (This book was produced from scanned images of
+public domain material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<div class="front">
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first"></p>
+<div class="figure xd20e99width"><img src="images/frontispiece.jpg"
+alt="&ldquo;She uttered a piercing shriek, &amp; clasped her child with convulsive strength to her bosom imploring the tyrant not to tear him from her widowed arms.&rdquo;"
+width="439" height="624">
+<p class="figureHead">&ldquo;She uttered a piercing shriek, &amp;
+clasped her child with convulsive strength to her bosom imploring the
+tyrant not to tear him from her widowed arms.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="first">See page <a href="#pb60" class="pageref">60</a>.</p>
+<p>London Published by Harvey &amp; Darton, Gracechurch Street. June
+14<sup>th</sup>. 1823.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="figure xd20e116width"><img src="images/titlepage.gif" alt=
+"Original Title Page." width="414" height="720"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="titlePage">
+<div class="docTitle">
+<div class="mainTitle">SAMBOE;</div>
+<div class="subTitle">OR,</div>
+<div class="mainTitle">THE AFRICAN BOY.</div>
+</div>
+<div class="byline">BY THE AUTHOR OF<br>
+<i>&ldquo;Twilight Hours Improved,&rdquo; &amp;c. &amp;c.</i></div>
+<div class="docImprint">
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter xd20e135">
+<p class="line">And man, where Freedom&rsquo;s beams and fountains
+rise,</p>
+<p class="line">Springs from the dust, and blossoms to the skies.</p>
+<p class="line">Dead to the joys of light and life, the slave</p>
+<p class="line">Clings to the clod; his root is in the grave.</p>
+<p class="line">Bondage is winter, darkness, death, despair;</p>
+<p class="line">Freedom the sun, the sea, the mountain, and the
+air!</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><i>Montgomery.</i></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="docImprint">London:<br>
+PRINTED FOR HARVEY AND DARTON,<br>
+GRACECHURCH-STREET.<br>
+<span class="docDate">1823.</span></div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e163">TO<br>
+WILLIAM WILBERFORCE, <span class="sc">Esq.</span><br>
+M. P.</p>
+<p class="xd20e163">THIS SMALL VOLUME,<br>
+DIFFIDENTLY AIMING TO SERVE THE CAUSE OF HUMANITY<br>
+IS,<br>
+BY HIS KIND PERMISSION<br>
+TO GIVE IT THE SANCTION OF HIS NAME,<br>
+HUMBLY DEDICATED;<br>
+WITH EVERY SENTIMENT OF UNFEIGNED VENERATION<br>
+AND RESPECT FOR HIS<br>
+EXALTED PATRIOTIC AND PRIVATE VIRTUES,</p>
+<p class="xd20e163">And grateful acknowledgment<br>
+OF HIS CONDESCENSION, IN HONOURING WITH HIS<br>
+ATTENTION THE HUMBLE EFFORTS OF</p>
+<p class="xd20e163">THE AUTHOR. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e198"
+href="#xd20e198" name="xd20e198">v</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="advertisment" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e200" class="main">Advertisement.</h2>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">It has been justly remarked, &ldquo;that all who read
+may become enlightened;&rdquo; for readers, insensibly imbibing the
+sentiments of others, and having their own latent sensibilities called
+forth, contract, progressively, virtuous inclinations and habits; and
+thereby become fitted to unite with their fellow-beings, in the removal
+or amelioration of any of the evils of life. With a full conviction of
+this, I have attempted, and now offer to my young readers, the present
+little work. To the rising generation, I am told, the great question of
+the slave-trade is little known; the abolition of it, by our
+legislature, having taken place either before many of them existed, or
+at too early a period of their lives to excite any interest. Present
+circumstances, however, in reference to the subject, ensure for it an
+intense interest, in every heart feeling the blessing of freedom and
+all the sweet charities of home; blessings which it is our care to
+dispose the youthful heart duly to appreciate, and hence to
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e204" href="#xd20e204" name=
+"xd20e204">vi</a>]</span>feel for those, deprived, by violence and
+crime, of these high privileges of man.</p>
+<p>It is true, <i>England</i> has achieved the triumph of humanity, in
+effacing from her Christian character so dark a stain as a traffic in
+human beings; a commerce, &ldquo;the history of which is written
+throughout in characters of blood.&rdquo; Yet there are but too strong
+evidences that it is yet pursued to great and fearful extent by
+<i>other</i> nations, notwithstanding the solemn obligations they have
+entered into to suppress it; obligations &ldquo;imposed on every
+Christian state, no less by the religion it professes, than by a regard
+to its national honour;&rdquo; and notwithstanding it has been branded
+with infamy, at a solemn congress of the great Christian powers, as a
+crime of the deepest dye. Of this there has long been most abundant
+melancholy proof; yet, under its present contraband character, it has
+been attended by, if possible, unprecedented enormities and misery, as
+well as involving the base and cruel agents of it in the further crime
+of deliberate perjury, in order to conceal their nefarious
+employment.</p>
+<p>Surely, then, no age can scarcely be too immature, in which to sow
+the seeds of abhorrence in the young breast, against this
+blood-stained, demoralizing <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e216"
+href="#xd20e216" name="xd20e216">vii</a>]</span>commerce! Surely, no
+means, however trivial, should be neglected, to arouse the spirit of
+youth against it! It would be tedious, and, indeed, inconsistent with
+the brevity of this little work, to name the number of the great and
+the good who have protested against, and sacrificed their time and
+their treasure to abolish it. Suffice it to say, that an apparently
+trifling incident first aroused the virtuous energies of the ardent,
+persevering Clarkson, in the great cause;&mdash;that a view of the
+produce of Africa, and proofs of the ingenuity of Africans, kindled the
+fire of enthusiasm in the noble and comprehensive mind of a Pitt. Nor
+did the flame quiver or become dim while he was the pilot of the state,
+though he was not decreed to see the success of perseverance in the
+cause of justice and humanity.</p>
+<p>Let me, therefore, be acquitted of presumption, when I express a
+hope, that, trifling as is the present work, yet, as the leading events
+it records are not the creations of fancy, but realities that have
+passed; that they have not been collected for effect, or uselessly to
+awaken the feelings; but having been actually presented in the pursuit
+of a disgraceful and cruel commerce, are now offered to the view of my
+young readers, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e220" href="#xd20e220"
+name="xd20e220">viii</a>]</span>in order to confirm the great truths,
+that cruelty and oppression encouraged, soon brutalize the nature of
+man; divesting him of every distinguishing trait which unites him with
+superior intelligences, and sinking him in the scale of being far below
+the ravening wolf and insatiate tiger; and that the slave-trade, more
+especially, never fails effectually to destroy all the sympathies of
+humanity, and so far to barbarize those who are concerned in it, as
+assuredly to cause civilized man to resume the ferocity of the savage
+whom he presumes to despise.</p>
+<p class="signed"><span class="sc">The Author.</span> <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e226" href="#xd20e226" name=
+"xd20e226">10</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Offspring of love divine, Humanity!</p>
+<p class="line">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;
+&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;</p>
+<p class="line">Come thou, and weep with me substantial ills,</p>
+<p class="line">And execrate the wrongs that Afric&rsquo;s sons,</p>
+<p class="line">Torn from their native shore, and doom&rsquo;d to
+bear</p>
+<p class="line">The yoke of servitude in foreign climes,</p>
+<p class="line">Sustain. Nor vainly let our sorrows flow,</p>
+<p class="line">Nor let the strong emotion rise in vain.</p>
+<p class="line">But may the kind contagion widely spread,</p>
+<p class="line">Till, in its flame, the unrelenting heart</p>
+<p class="line">Of avarice melt in softest sympathy,</p>
+<p class="line">And one bright ray of universal love,</p>
+<p class="line">Of grateful incense, rises up to heaven!&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e148"><i>Roscoe&rsquo;s Wrongs of Africa.</i></p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;E&rsquo;en from <i>my</i> pen some heartfelt
+truths may fall;</p>
+<p class="line">For outrag&rsquo;d nature claims the care of
+all.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb1" href="#pb1" name=
+"pb1">1</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="body">
+<div id="ch1" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e271" class="super">Samboe;<br>
+Or,<br>
+The African Boy.</h2>
+<h2 class="main">Chapter I.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Slaves of gold! whose sordid dealings</p>
+<p class="line xd20e283">Tarnish all your boasted powers,</p>
+<p class="line">Prove that ye have human feelings,</p>
+<p class="line xd20e283">Ere ye proudly question ours.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">&ldquo;Encourage the chiefs to go to war, that they
+may obtain slaves; for as on many accounts we require a large number,
+we desire you to exert yourself, and not stand out for a price.&rdquo;
+Such was the direction, and such the order, of the slave-merchants at
+Cape Coast Castle, to one of their factors in the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb2" href="#pb2" name="pb2">2</a>]</span>interior,
+for the collection and purchase of slaves; who, dreadful as was his
+occupation, yet at all times faithfully endeavoured to obey the orders
+of his employers.</p>
+<p>This person had, by studying the character, peculiarities,
+prejudices, and language of the natives, obtained a great influence
+over the chiefs of a country, peculiarly blessed by Providence, with
+all that can enchant the eye, or gratify the wants of man. It is a
+well-known, but melancholy truth, that, by the introduction of
+spirituous liquors, and other desirable articles to an uncivilized
+people, the Europeans have greatly augmented and cherished the dreadful
+traffic in human beings: the African kings and chiefs being induced, by
+these temptations, to barter their subjects and captives, for
+commodities they estimate so highly; frequently even fomenting
+quarrels, and making war with each other, at the instigation of the
+slave-factors, for the sole purpose of obtaining captives, in order to
+exchange them for European articles, with which the factors, who visit
+their country for the dreadful purpose, are well furnished; to
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb3" href="#pb3" name=
+"pb3">3</a>]</span>tempt the appetites, and provoke the wild passions,
+of the wretched beings they intend to make the instruments of their
+inhuman thirst of gain. (<a href="#note.a"><i>Note</i> <span class=
+"sc">A</span></a>.)</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line xd20e305">&ldquo;The natural bond</p>
+<p class="line">Of brotherhood is sever&rsquo;d as the flax</p>
+<p class="line">That falls asunder at the touch of fire&mdash;</p>
+<p class="line xd20e305">And having pow&rsquo;r</p>
+<p class="line">T&rsquo; enforce the wrong, for such a worthy
+cause,</p>
+<p class="line">Dooms and devotes him as his lawful prey.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first">Mr. Irving, the factor whom we have named as having
+received the peremptory and unlimited order from the merchants of Cape
+Coast Castle, had won their confidence, by the remarkable success which
+had attended his negociations with the king and principal grandees of
+Whid&aacute;h, in which delightful part of Africa he had resided for
+some years. Nothing, perhaps, more strongly proves the indurating power
+of the love of gain upon the heart, and the baneful influence of the
+habitual view of oppression on the better feelings of the soul, than
+the change which generally takes place in the characters of the young
+men whose <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb4" href="#pb4" name=
+"pb4">4</a>]</span>official duty places them in situations like that
+filled by Mr. Irving. It has, indeed, been most justly and impressively
+observed, that it is impossible for any one to be accustomed to carry
+away miserable beings, by force, from their country and endearing ties,
+to keep them in chains, to see their tears, to hear their mournful
+lamentations, to behold the dead and the dying mingled together, to
+keep up a system of severity towards them in their deep affliction, to
+be constant witnesses of the misery of exile, bondage, cruelty, and
+oppression, which, together, form the malignant character of this
+nefarious traffic, without losing all those better feelings it should
+be the study of man to cherish; or without contracting those habits of
+moroseness and ferocity which brutalize the nature.</p>
+<p>Irving, like many other youths, had been induced by an ardent
+curiosity, and an enterprising spirit, to engage as a writer to the
+Royal African Company<a class="noteref" id="xd20e323src" href=
+"#xd20e323" name="xd20e323src">1</a>, at a time when <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb5" href="#pb5" name="pb5">5</a>]</span>the traffic
+in slaves was legally pursued, as one source of riches to a great
+commercial nation. Yet it may with candour be presumed, that he, and
+many a youth entering upon the same path, with the same laudable
+impulses, had they anticipated the peril to which they exposed their
+humane principles, by engaging themselves in a trade so repugnant to
+nature, religion, and justice, would rather have undergone personal
+hazard and difficulty in their native land, so that they might have
+fostered that divine principle, which is the noble and distinguishing
+characteristic of man&mdash;of free-born man.</p>
+<p>That Irving possessed a native humanity and right feeling, would
+appear from his letters to his friends in England, written on his
+arrival in Africa; and as he describes the country as it first met his
+admiring and youthful eye, it may be not unamusing to my young readers,
+to extract a few passages from his letters to his sister, before we
+pursue <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb6" href="#pb6" name=
+"pb6">6</a>]</span>the detail of subsequent events, in which he was an
+actor. &ldquo;Well, my dear Sophy,&rdquo; he observes, &ldquo;are you
+reconciled to your brother becoming a dealer in slaves? I assure you I
+have had some compunctious visitings of conscience upon the subject
+during the voyage; the calmness and monotony of which, gave me ample
+opportunity of reflecting upon the kind-hearted arguments of my good
+little sister, against a commerce, which, I believe she says true when
+she asserts, &lsquo;is founded in injustice and crime, and a compound
+of all that is wicked and cruel.&rsquo; But, Sophy, what will you call
+your wild brother, when I tell you, that the first glance I had of this
+enchanting country, put you, your arguments, the unhappy and abused
+natives, from my mind, in an instant; and I could only bless my stars
+that I was to become an inhabitant of a region which seemed to offer so
+many delights&mdash;so many interesting studies for my pencil. I can
+anticipate all you would say upon this subject, as to the cruelty of
+tearing the miserable natives from scenes which &lsquo;breathe of
+Paradise,&rsquo; so as to have raised <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb7" href="#pb7" name="pb7">7</a>]</span>the enthusiasm of even the
+thoughtless heart of Charles Irving. But I have no time for argument,
+Sophy, scarcely that for brief description. Imagine then, my dear
+sister, the most boundless luxuriancy of landscape, continually clothed
+with all the beauties and riches of spring, summer, and harvest; lofty
+mountains covered with wood, chiefly fruit-trees; fine streams,
+romantic and fertile valleys. Such is the general appearance: the
+scenery in detail surpasses description. This charming country seems to
+be remarkably populous. The kingdom of Whid&aacute;h, in which is
+situated the factory to which I am at present appointed, is (as you
+will find on consulting your map) on the western side of Africa,
+commonly called the slave-coast. This kingdom we should rather call a
+county, as it extends only about ten miles along the coast, and about
+seven miles inland. Yet, although of so small an extent, it is divided
+into twenty-six divisions, or provinces. The villages are numerous, and
+thickly inhabited. The houses or huts of the natives are small; conical
+at the top, and thatched either with long grass, or the palmetto
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb8" href="#pb8" name=
+"pb8">8</a>]</span>leaves. The interior is very clean; but from the
+fish and other articles of food kept in them, you may readily imagine
+the effluvia is not very pleasant to European nicety.</p>
+<p>The furniture of these dwellings is not very costly, seldom
+amounting to more than a chest to contain their light and simple
+articles of clothing; a mat to repose upon, raised a little from the
+floor; a jar to contain water, and calabashes of various sizes; two or
+three wooden mortars to pound corn and rice, and a basket or sieve to
+prepare it when done. The villages formed of these huts are generally
+built in a circle, surrounded by a clay wall, scattered over the
+country in the midst of beautiful groves clear of brushwood, and have a
+most picturesque and beautiful effect to a stranger&rsquo;s eye. The
+fields are always verdant, and nature puts forth her beauties with
+inexhaustible profusion; perpetual spring and autumn succeeding each
+other. The Company&rsquo;s factory here, is most pleasantly situated in
+the midst of gardens, which amply supply it, and the fort, (called
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb9" href="#pb9" name=
+"pb9">9</a>]</span>Fort William,) consisting of four batteries,
+mounting seventeen guns. In these gardens is an abundant supply of
+beans, potatoes, every other edible root known in Europe, and a great
+variety of delicious fruits peculiar to the climate. Amongst the most
+beautiful and useful vegetable riches of Africa, may be reckoned the
+plantain and banana trees. The latter bears a fruit six or seven inches
+in length, covered with a yellow skin, very tender when ripe. The pulp
+of it is as soft as a marmalade, and of a most pleasant taste. It grows
+on a stalk about six yards high, the leaves being nearly two yards
+long, and a foot wide. One stalk only bears a single cluster of the
+fruit, which sometimes consists of forty or fifty bananas; and when the
+cluster is gathered, the stalk is cut off, or it would bear no more
+fruit. The plantain is not unlike the banana, but somewhat longer,
+although the flavour greatly resembles it. The leaves, and every part
+of the tree, are converted into a variety of useful articles. There are
+also guavas, a fruit very like our peach, except that the external coat
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb10" href="#pb10" name=
+"pb10">10</a>]</span>is rougher; and it has small kernels like the
+apple, instead of a stone. Cocoas, oranges, lemons, citrons, and limes,
+abound, and, as you may readily suppose, are in great request amongst
+us, as well as beautiful additions to the luxuriant vegetable riches of
+the country.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>In a subsequent letter he again writes: &ldquo;I was much pleased
+this morning to see the natives extracting what we call the wine from
+the palm tree, which is beautifully straight and lofty, growing
+sometimes to a prodigious height.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;They make an incision in the trunk, near the summit of the
+tree, to which they apply, in succession, gourd bottles, conducting the
+liquor into them by means of a pipe formed of the leaves. This wine is
+very pleasant when fresh drawn, but is apt to disagree with Europeans
+in that state. After fermentation, however, it becomes like Rhenish
+wine, and is extremely good, without being prejudicial. You would be
+alarmed, Sophy, to see how rapidly and nimbly the natives mount these
+lofty trees, which are sometimes <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb11"
+href="#pb11" name="pb11">11</a>]</span>sixty, seventy, and even a
+hundred feet in height, and the bark smooth. The only aid they have is
+a piece of the bark of a tree, which they form into a hoop by holding
+the two ends, having enclosed themselves and the trunk of the tree.
+They then place their feet against the tree, and their backs against
+the hoop, and mount as quick as thought. It sometimes occurs that they
+miss their footing, the consequence of course is, that they are
+precipitated with tremendous force to the ground, and dashed to
+pieces.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;There is another tree called the ciboa, very much like the
+palm, and applied to the same purposes: the wine of this is not quite
+so sweet as that of the palm.</p>
+<p>In another letter he further observes: &ldquo;I think you will be
+pleased to hear in what manner I pass my time here, my dear Sophy,
+while you are perhaps talking of me in the dear domestic circle; I will
+therefore give you the journal of a day, which, with little variation,
+is the general mode of my living.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I rise by day-break, in order to enjoy the refreshing
+coolness of the morning, and generally ride or walk into the country,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb12" href="#pb12" name=
+"pb12">12</a>]</span>through the delightful woods and savannahs.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;On my return, I breakfast on <i>never-tiring</i> tea, or, for
+want of it, a sort of tea growing in the woods, called <i>simbong</i>.
+Upon any deficiency of sugar, I use honey, as it is at all times easily
+procured; except, perhaps, when the natives are making their honey
+wine, of which they are immoderately fond. Sometimes I take milk, with
+cakes of rice or flour; or Guinea-corn, baked in a very useful article
+in my kitchen; <i>viz.</i> a large iron pot. The milk will not boil
+without turning to whey, which I ascribe to the nature of the grass
+upon which the cows feed. My dinner is frequently beef, either fresh or
+salted, in which latter state it will keep six or seven days. This I
+either boil and eat with coosh-coosh, (<a href="#note.b"><i>Note</i>
+<span class="sc">B</span></a>.) a favourite dish with the natives, or
+with pumpkins and coliloo, like spinach, both of which are plentiful.
+Fowls are so cheap and common, that they may always be purchased for a
+few charges of gunpowder; and when I wish for either fish or game, I
+send a fisher or hunter, allowed by the factory, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb13" href="#pb13" name="pb13">13</a>]</span>to
+supply me; and they never fail to bring me ample store of the finest
+sorts of the former; and of the latter, deer, ducks, partridges, wild
+geese, and what are here called crown birds, all which abound in their
+different seasons.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The afternoon is the usual time of trade; but sometimes it is
+protracted during the whole of several days, and being my proper
+business, I make a point of never neglecting it (<a href=
+"#note.c"><i>Note</i> <span class="sc">C</span></a>.) If concluded
+early, I sometimes take a trip to some of the neighbouring villages,
+and return home to supper, amusing myself, as I am now doing, with
+writing or reading, and occasionally visiting two or three friends. In
+these visits, the refreshment is generally palm and honey wine, or a
+fruit called cola, which very agreeably relishes water. I frequently,
+also, form one of a party in shooting doves and partridges. I have
+indeed no want of society, generally having even more company than I
+desire. These visitors are traders, and messengers from the great men
+in this and the adjacent kingdom, who frequently send me presents
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb14" href="#pb14" name=
+"pb14">14</a>]</span>of pieces of cloths, cows, spices, and even a
+slave. These presents I would gladly decline, as I well know they are
+given with a view of obtaining more valuable returns, or to bribe me to
+some measure in which my interest or aid is required; but I am obliged
+to accept what they offer, because the interest of the Company renders
+it necessary to conciliate the natives, who may forward the trade. But
+to return to my accommodation: perhaps you think I repose on the
+&lsquo;verdant mead, under the spreading palm.&rsquo; No such thing, my
+dear Sophy: my bed-room is large and airy, and during the rainy season
+glows with the cheering blaze of a fire. My bedstead is raised by
+forkillas; at the head and feet are cross poles, upon which is placed a
+platform of split cane. My bed itself is composed of silk-cotton, a
+sort of vegetable down, extremely soft, and very plentiful here; and to
+complete my bedstead, I have erected light posts at the corners, to
+support a pavilion of thin cloth, as a defence against the musquitoes.
+Independently of the linen I brought from England, I have some
+presented to me, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb15" href="#pb15" name=
+"pb15">15</a>]</span>by a negro king and his sister: (what think you of
+that, Sophy?) it consists of fine cotton cloths, six yards long and
+three wide: these I use for sheets. Thus, you find, I have all my
+comforts around me, even on the burning shores of Africa, to which you
+were so unwilling I should direct my way.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I cannot close my letter without telling you of the pleasure
+I enjoyed in my excursion this morning, with a friend who is my
+colleague in office, and with whom I am indeed so intimate, that we
+have acquired the designation of &lsquo;the inseparables.&rsquo; We set
+out just as the day was dawning, and had penetrated nearly five miles
+into the country, ere the sun bore any oppressive power; and taking our
+fowling pieces with us, we shot a few birds for sport, as we proceeded
+through a country rich beyond your imagination to conceive. We rested
+ourselves at the foot of a rock, and <span class="corr" id="xd20e394"
+title="Source: eat">ate</span> a hearty breakfast of fruit, washing it
+down with palm wine, with which we were provided, and milk from the
+cocoa-nuts we gathered. We then continued to explore scenes which
+seemed to realize the picture <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb16" href=
+"#pb16" name="pb16">16</a>]</span>imagination forms of Paradise. Coming
+to a beautiful expanse of water, we again seated ourselves, to enjoy a
+second meal, as well as the beauty and the heavenly repose, adorning
+and pervading these vast solitudes.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The tinkling of several little rills, and the sound of
+several larger cascades that fell from the rocks, only broke the
+stillness of the spot, in every other respect profound; and altogether
+diffused a tranquillity over the soul, the influence of which I still
+feel, but am unable to define. The orange and lime trees adorning the
+spot, bending under the weight of their delicious fruit, and diffusing
+around their fragrant odour; a number of other beautiful shrubs and
+trees intermingling their various tints of foliage, and tempting the
+hand to gather their rich fruit; combined with the cataracts, the
+surrounding hills, covered with the noblest trees and liveliest
+verdure, and in their various angles and projections, exhibiting the
+bold and free strokes of nature; altogether composed what might,
+without exaggeration, be called a terrestrial Paradise, the effect of
+which <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb17" href="#pb17" name=
+"pb17">17</a>]</span>cannot be imagined, unless it were seen. You may
+be sure that it was not without regret we quitted this delightful spot,
+which raised our curiosity and desire, to the highest degree, further
+to explore the country. Nor (shall I confess it, Sophy?) could we
+forbear remarking, that if the attention of our country was directed to
+the civilization, and the improving the natural resources of such a
+country, instead of robbing and devastating it, it would be far more
+honourable to us as Britains, and as men, enjoying all the privileges
+of that envied title. But I think I hear you say: &lsquo;You tell me
+much of yourself, and of the face of the country you have chosen for a
+residence, but you tell me little of the inhabitants of this favoured
+region.&rsquo; This I must reserve for another packet, my dear sister,
+as also an account of my visit to Sabi<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e403src" href="#xd20e403" name="xd20e403src">2</a>. In the mean
+time I will assure you, that I have no regrets in having quitted for a
+while my country, except my separation from you <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb18" href="#pb18" name="pb18">18</a>]</span>and my
+family, every member of which must ever be dear, to their
+affectionate</p>
+<p class="signed">&rdquo;<span class="sc">Charles
+Irving</span>.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e323" href="#xd20e323src" name="xd20e323">1</a></span> A society
+of merchants, established by king Charles II. for trading to Africa;
+which trade was laid open to all his majesty&rsquo;s subjects, and
+those of succeeding monarchs, until the abolition took place, 1807.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e403" href="#xd20e403src" name="xd20e403">2</a></span> Capital of
+Whid&aacute;h, <span class="corr" id="xd20e405" title=
+"Source: situate">situated</span> about four miles from the factory at
+Whid&aacute;h.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch2" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e417" class="main">Chapter II.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;What&rsquo;s all that Afric&rsquo;s golden
+rivers roll,</p>
+<p class="line">Her odorous woods, and shining ivory stores?</p>
+<p class="line">Ill-fated race! the softening arts of peace,</p>
+<p class="line">And all-protecting freedom, which alone</p>
+<p class="line">Sustains the name and dignity of man:</p>
+<p class="line">These are not theirs!&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Presuming that our young readers are not uninterested
+in the accounts of Charles Irving, we shall make a few more extracts
+from his correspondence. &ldquo;You tell me,&rdquo; he observes in
+reply to the expressed wishes of his sister, &ldquo;you tell me, my
+dear Sophy, to give you some information respecting the inhabitants of
+Whid&aacute;h. I am myself unable <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb19"
+href="#pb19" name="pb19">19</a>]</span>to speak very decisively, but I
+am assured by those who have visited other parts of Africa, that those
+of Whid&aacute;h exceed the other negroes in civilization, and they
+certainly appear to me, both industrious and ingenious. The women, I
+can assure you, are very important personages, truly help-meets to
+their lords. They brew the beer, dress the food, sell all sorts of
+articles, (except slaves!) at the markets; they are also, I am sorry to
+add, employed in tilling the land with the slaves. But, Sophy, this may
+be accounted for: the light of Christianity has not yet beamed upon
+this land. Its humanizing spirit we have, you know, often remarked, as
+peculiarly favourable to the weaker sex; and were Africa free, and
+blessed with the genial ray of true religion, doubtless her women would
+acquire that consideration which is their due, and be regarded as what
+they ought to be, as the companions and solace, not the slaves of man.
+In reference to their ingenuity, I have many specimens. They spin
+cotton yarn, weave fine cotton cloth, make calabashes, wooden vessels,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" href="#pb20" name=
+"pb20">20</a>]</span>plates, dishes, &amp;c. I have now lying before
+me, a present from a great man, a pipe for smoking, which is remarkably
+neat. It is formed of clay of a reddish hue, the stem a reed about six
+feet in length. It is beautifully and finely polished, perfectly
+smooth, white, and even elegant. The bowl and stem are fastened
+together with a piece of delicate red leather. It has also a fine
+leather tassel, attached to about the middle of the stem; and so neat
+is the work, that although the end of the reed goes into the bowl of
+the pipe, it appears as if formed of one piece. They clean the reed,
+when filled up with the smoke, by drawing long straws through it, and
+the bowls, by scraping them with a small sharp instrument.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Last week we had quite a gala day, one of the country chiefs
+paying a visit to the governor at the fort. He was saluted with five
+guns on his landing: I was much pleased that my duty obliged me to go
+to the fort at the time.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The ostensible motive of his visit, was respect to the
+governor; but the real one, to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb21"
+href="#pb21" name="pb21">21</a>]</span>solicit powder and ball, in
+order to defend himself against the attacks of a neighbouring chief. He
+assumes the title of emperor, and is a fine model of negro beauty,
+young, extremely black, tall, and free in his carriage, with teeth
+which rivalled pearls in beauty. His dress consisted of short yellow
+cotton trowsers, reaching only to the knees; and a sort of mantle of
+the same material, flowing full like a surplice. His feet and legs were
+naked; but he wore a very large cap, with a white goat&rsquo;s tail
+fastened in it: I suppose, the insignia of his dignity.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;All the officers of the fort were in full uniform, waiting to
+receive this chieftain; and, I assure you, it was a very gratifying
+sight to observe the expecting numbers ready to welcome him.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;He and his retinue came in a large and splendid canoe,
+containing about sixteen persons, all armed with guns and sabres, with
+a number of drums, upon which they beat with one stick. Two or three
+women were of the party, and danced to the sound of the drums. They
+remained at the fort <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb22" href="#pb22"
+name="pb22">22</a>]</span>all night, highly pleased with the visit, and
+the success of it; not only receiving what they solicited, but an ample
+present of rum, beads, bugles, and looking-glasses, from the governor,
+by which he quite won the hearts of the emperor and his suite.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The natives are, indeed, generally good-natured and obliging,
+particularly to Europeans; and if the latter are liberal in presents,
+they seldom find the obligation forgotten. If a favour is asked of
+them, they will use their utmost efforts to comply, even to their own
+prejudice. Gentle measures are, indeed, the only means to succeed with
+them: they then seem to have pleasure in compliance; but if treated
+with violence, they are obstinate and refractory, and they will take as
+much pains to injure, as, in the other case, to serve. This, you will
+say, sufficiently proves their native generosity of disposition. Can
+such a people require any thing but freedom, and a pure faith, to
+render them equal to the European, who despises them, and denies that
+they possess a capability of enjoying freedom? I grant <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb23" href="#pb23" name="pb23">23</a>]</span>this, my
+dear advocate; and, did time allow me, could relate many instances to
+prove that your opinion is just.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In my last, I mentioned the employment of the women partly
+consisted in weaving fine cotton cloths. We frequently barter these
+with our commodities. The pieces are generally twenty-seven yards long,
+but never more than nine inches wide. They cut them what length they
+require, and sew them together very neatly, to serve the use of broader
+cloths. The cotton is cleared from the seed by hand, and is spun with a
+spindle and distaff: it is afterwards woven in a loom of very simple
+and coarse workmanship. These cloths are made up into pairs, one about
+three yards long, and one and a half broad; with this the shoulders and
+body are covered. The other is almost of the same breadth, and but two
+yards long: this is gathered neatly in folds round the waist, and falls
+loosely over the limbs. Such a pair of cloths is the dress of men and
+women, with a slight variation in the mode of adjustment. I have seen a
+pair of such cloths, so beautifully fine <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb24" href="#pb24" name="pb24">24</a>]</span>in texture, and so
+brightly dyed, as to be very valuable. Their usual colours are either
+blue or yellow, some very lively: I do not remember, however, ever to
+have seen any red. (<a href="#note.d"><i>Note</i> <span class=
+"sc">D</span></a>.)</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I shall conclude this letter by an account of my visit to
+Sabi, as I promised you. With European ideas of the state of society
+and commerce in Africa, I confess, the surprise I experienced was very
+great, on my entrance into the market of this capital of Whid&aacute;h,
+which is kept twice in a week. Great regulation is observed in the
+keeping of these markets, a distinct and proper place being assigned
+for every different commodity; and the confluence of people, although
+great, are preserved from disorder and confusion, by a judge or
+magistrate, appointed by the king; and who, with four assistants, well
+armed, inspects the markets, hears all complaints, and, in a summary
+way, decides all differences among the buyers and sellers, having power
+to seize, and sell as slaves, all who violate the peace. Besides this
+magistrate, there is another, whose peculiar office it is to inspect
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb25" href="#pb25" name=
+"pb25">25</a>]</span>the money, which is called <i>toqua</i>,
+consisting of strings of shells, to the number of forty; and if one of
+these strings happens to be deficient in a single shell, the whole are
+forfeited to the king. Round the markets are erected booths, which are
+occupied by cooks or suttlers, who sell provisions ready dressed, as
+beef, pork, goats&rsquo;-flesh; and others, in which may be obtained
+rice, millet, marre, and bread; and others where they sell spirituous
+liquors, palm and ciboa wine, and pito, which is a sort of beer. The
+chief commodities on sale, are <i>slaves</i>, cattle, and fowls of
+every kind, monkeys and other animals; various sorts of European cloth,
+linen, and woollen; printed calicoes, silk, grocery, and china; gold in
+dust and bars, iron in bars or wrought.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The country manufactures are Whid&aacute;h cloths, mats,
+baskets, jars, calabashes of various sorts, wooden bowls and cups, red
+and blue pepper, salt, palm-oil, &amp;c. All these commodities, except
+slaves, are sold by the women, who are excellent accountants, and set
+off their goods most judiciously. The <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb26" href="#pb26" name="pb26">26</a>]</span>men are also good
+accountants, reckoning every thing by the head; and are as exact as the
+Europeans are with pen and ink, although the sums are often so many and
+so considerable, as to render it very intricate.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The slaves are paid for in gold-dust, but other payments are
+made in strings of cowries, which, as I have said, contain forty in a
+string. Five of the strings make what the natives call a <i>fore</i>;
+and fifty <i>fores</i> make an <i>alkove</i>, which generally weighs
+about sixty pounds.</p>
+<p>The various commodities of these markets, and the order and
+regularity with which they are disposed, would be a peculiarly pleasing
+sight to a stranger, were not human beings included in the articles of
+commerce; but, to behold a number of men, women, and children, linked
+together, and ranged like beasts to view, is a sight truly shocking to
+behold; and I will acknowledge, Sophy, I felt a sickness come over my
+heart, and a glow of shame suffuse my forehead, as I contemplated
+upwards of sixty individuals, whom a few short hours, perhaps, might
+separate, for <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb27" href="#pb27" name=
+"pb27">27</a>]</span>ever, from their kindred and their country. There
+is, however, little chance that it will now ever be otherwise; for the
+worst passions of men are engaged, and the despotism of the African
+kings gives them ample opportunity to gratify their cupidity and
+intemperance, by the barter of their unhappy subjects<a class="noteref"
+id="xd20e496src" href="#xd20e496" name="xd20e496src">1</a>. The
+revenues of the king of Whid&aacute;h are very considerable; for he not
+only has large landed possessions, but he receives a duty on all
+commodities sold in the markets, or imported into the country. His
+lands furnish him with provisions for his numerous household, as well
+as for exportation; great quantities being annually sold to the
+neighbouring nations, less bountifully supplied by nature. The revenues
+arising from the slave-trade are very considerable, and induce him to
+favour it, by the strongest principle in the soul of man, selfishness;
+for he receives three rix dollars for every slave sold in his
+dominions. Every European vessel also pays <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb28" href="#pb28" name="pb28">28</a>]</span>him a
+pecuniary duty, exclusive of presents, which they make to conciliate
+his favour, and to secure his protection in trading.</p>
+<p>Some years, slaves to the number of two thousand are brought from
+the interior, by the native merchants, most of whom, they say, are
+prisoners of war. These merchants purchase them from the different
+princes, who have made captives of them. Their mode of travelling is by
+tying them by the neck with leather thongs, at about a yard distant
+from each other, thirty and forty in a string; having generally a large
+truss or bundle of corn, or an elephant&rsquo;s tooth, upon the head of
+each or many of them. In their way from the mountains, far in the
+interior, they have to travel through vast woods, where, for several
+days, perhaps, no water is to be procured. To obviate this distressing
+scarcity, they carry water in skins. There are a great number of these
+merchants, who, furnishing themselves with European goods from the
+slave-factors, penetrate the inland countries, and with them purchase,
+in their <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb29" href="#pb29" name=
+"pb29">29</a>]</span>route, gold, slaves, and elephants&rsquo; teeth.
+(<a href="#note.e"><i>Note</i> <span class="sc">E</span></a>.)</p>
+<p>&ldquo;They use asses as well as slaves to convey their goods, but
+no camels nor horses. Besides the slaves brought down to the factories
+by these merchants, many others are bought in the vicinity. These are
+either taken in war, as the former, or are men condemned for crimes;
+and, not unfrequently, they are stolen. <i>These</i> the Company never
+purchase, if able to ascertain the fact. It is worthy of remark, that,
+since the great demand for slaves, most punishments are changed into
+slavery; and there being an accruing advantage on such condemnations,
+they exaggerate faults scarcely more than venial, into crimes, in order
+to obtain the benefit of selling the criminal. Not only murder and the
+grosser crimes are punished in this manner, but every trifling
+misdemeanour renders the culprit obnoxious to the same dreadful
+penalty. It was not many days since that I had a man brought to me to
+be sold, for having stolen a tobacco pipe; and I had infinite trouble
+to persuade the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb30" href="#pb30" name=
+"pb30">30</a>]</span>aggrieved party to accept of a compensation, and
+to leave the man free.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;From what I have seen of the people, they are well disposed
+and cheerful, excessively fond of dancing, keeping it up to the sound
+of a drum or a balafeu, for many hours, without any appearance of
+weariness. Their dances are sometimes pleasing and regular, but at
+others wild, and apparently confused. The instrument they call a
+<i>balafeu</i> is very pleasing, sounding something like an organ, when
+not too near. It is composed of about twenty pipes of very hard wood,
+finely polished: these pipes gradually diminish, both in size and
+length, and are tied together with thongs made of very fine thin
+leather. These thongs are twisted round small round wands, which are
+placed between each of the pipes, in order to leave a short space.
+Underneath the pipes are fastened twelve or fourteen calabashes, of
+different sizes, which have the same effect of sound as organ-pipes.
+This they play upon with two sticks, covered with a thin skin, taken
+from the trunk of the ciboa, or with fine leather, in order to soften
+the sound. (<a href="#note.f"><i>Note</i> <span class=
+"sc">F</span></a>.) <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href="#pb31"
+name="pb31">31</a>]</span>Both sexes delight to dance to this
+instrument, and their pleasure seems to rise almost to ecstasy, if a
+white man will unite in the dance; which, you will readily suppose, I
+am never unwilling to do. The only indication of suspicion they show,
+is when asked to take any beverage with a white man, always requiring
+the liquor to be first tasted by the inviter.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Many of the natives have invited me to their habitations and
+dancing parties, and brought their wives and daughters to salute me.
+They, with great artlessness, generally sit down by me, and are never
+weary in admiring the different articles of my dress; making their
+comments one to another, with the most lively admiration and
+astonishment. Some, who had never seen a white man, ran away from me,
+apparently terrified at my <i>monstrous</i> appearance.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In their persons they are of a good height, well shaped, and
+extremely black; and, as an instance of the female subjection, I am
+told, that, when a man has been absent from home, even but for a short
+time, his wife salutes him upon her knees at his return, and,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32" name=
+"pb32">32</a>]</span>in the same attitude, offers him water and
+refreshments. Both sexes are exceedingly cleanly in their persons,
+washing themselves in pure water twice in the day, and using aromatic
+unguents. Their dress consists of the country cotton cloths I have
+named; the superior classes add a short garment, made of taffety, or
+other silk, and scarfs of the same material passed over the shoulder.
+They generally go with the head and feet uncovered, but occasionally
+wear sandals, and caps or bonnets. The superior females wear calico
+paans, or a sort of petticoat, which are very fine, and beautifully
+variegated with different colours: these are confined round the waist,
+and the upper part of the body is covered with a cloth, serving also as
+a veil.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;They wear necklaces of coral, &amp;c. agreeably disposed; and
+their arms, wrists, fingers, and legs, are encompassed and ornamented
+with rings of amber, silver, and even gold, to a considerable value.
+The inferior ranks wear copper or iron. The men suffer the hair to
+remain in its natural form, except <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb33"
+href="#pb33" name="pb33">33</a>]</span>buckling it in two or three
+places, in order to affix a coral ornament to it; but the women arrange
+theirs more artificially, with long and small buckles, or ornaments,
+the hair divided on the crown of the head, and the ornaments placed
+with great uniformity. They have a bad practice of using an oil, which
+injures the glossy blackness of the hair, in time changing it to a
+colour approaching green or yellow, which they much admire; but it is
+very unpleasing to the eye of a stranger.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I have mentioned that the natives of Whid&aacute;h are
+idolaters. The object of their worship, you will be surprised to find,
+is a serpent; an animal to which men, in general, have an
+antipathy<a id="xd20e548" name="xd20e548"></a> This Whid&aacute;h god
+is called the <i>fetiche</i>: it is a harmless, as well as beautiful
+animal, having an antipathy to venomous serpents, attacking them
+whenever it meets with them. The serpent has a large, round, beautiful
+head; a short, pointed tongue, resembling a dart; and a short but sharp
+tail; the whole adorned by the most beautiful colours, upon a light
+grey ground. In general its pace is slow and solemn, except
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34" name=
+"pb34">34</a>]</span>when it seizes on its prey, in which case it is
+quick and rapid. They are perfectly tame and familiar, permitting
+themselves to be caressed and handled, which is frequently done by the
+natives and Europeans, without apprehension of danger. This deity has a
+temple to his honour, with priests, sacrifices, &amp;c.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>With this account we will close our extracts from Irving&rsquo;s
+letters; and as they will give some idea of the people of the country
+which forms the principal scene of our narrative, it is hoped the
+digression will not be thought irrelevant. In the next chapter we
+resume the thread of our story, merely pausing to express our ardent
+hope, that good may spring out of evil; that even the slave-trade may
+be the medium of promulgating the gospel of peace; and that good may,
+in God&rsquo;s own time, overcome evil.</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">O, &rsquo;tis a godlike privilege to save,</p>
+<p class="line">And he that scorns it is himself a slave.</p>
+<p class="line">Inform his mind, one flash of heav&rsquo;nly day</p>
+<p class="line">Would heal his heart, and melt his chains away:</p>
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Beauty for ashes,&rdquo; is a gift indeed;</p>
+<p class="line">And slaves by truth enlarg&rsquo;d are doubly
+freed.</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">Cowper.</span> <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb35" href="#pb35" name="pb35">35</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e496" href="#xd20e496src" name="xd20e496">1</a></span> It is
+necessary to apprize our readers, that the remarks and descriptions
+contained in this volume, apply to Africa as it was some years
+since.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch3" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e577" class="main">Chapter III.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;O Slavery&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+<p class="line">Profuse of woes, and pregnant with distress,</p>
+<p class="line">Eternal horrors in thy presence reign;</p>
+<p class="line">Pale meagre famine leads thy horrid train;</p>
+<p class="line">To each dire load subjection adds more weight,</p>
+<p class="line">And pain is doubled in the captive&rsquo;s fate:</p>
+<p class="line">O&rsquo;er nature&rsquo;s smiling face thou spreadst a
+gloom,</p>
+<p class="line">And to the grave dost every pleasure doom.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Years had elapsed since Irving had indited the letters
+from which we have extracted, and every passing one had seen an
+increasing tendency to suffer humanity to yield to interest: what had
+been the practice of official duty, became the actuating principle, and
+gold, the</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&rdquo;<span class="corr" id="xd20e602" title=
+"Source: Insiduous">Insidious</span> bane that makes destruction
+smooth,</p>
+<p class="line">The foe to virtue, liberty, and truth,&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first">absorbed the better feelings, which had at first
+recoiled from the scenes of cruelty and <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb36" href="#pb36" name="pb36">36</a>]</span>oppression he had
+witnessed; and he could calmly execute the one and the other, and be at
+no loss to justify (at least to himself) the acts, and even reason upon
+the trade of human beings; if not, indeed, upon its humanity and
+justice, at least upon its <i>expedience</i>; forgetful of that great
+and comprehensive, but most simple maxim: &ldquo;Do unto others as ye
+would they should do unto you.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The order he had received from his employers, arrived at an
+opportune period; for he had, on that very day, been invited to attend
+the ceremony of the coronation of the king of Whid&aacute;h, to take
+place in a few days, at Sabi. With the true spirit of gain, he
+calculated that this event might, by a little judicious policy, be
+rendered, not only subservient to his present pressing demand for
+slaves, but also might open greater facilities than he had hitherto
+possessed, of obtaining a choice. Interest, therefore, united with
+curiosity, in his determination of attending the ceremony; a few
+preliminaries of which we will name, ere we accompany him to it.</p>
+<p>On the demise of a king of Whid&aacute;h, the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb37" href="#pb37" name="pb37">37</a>]</span>crown
+descends to his eldest son, unless the grandees have any substantial
+reasons to reject his claim; in which case the youngest son is
+appointed, provided he was born after the accession of the father. It
+is a singular custom, that, as soon as the eldest son of a king of
+Whid&aacute;h is born, he is removed from the palace and court, and
+placed under the care of a person in private, residing remote from the
+latter. With this person he remains, in profound ignorance of his
+birth, and of the high responsibilities for which he is designed. His
+protector is acquainted with the secret of his royal birth, but would
+incur the penalty of death were he to divulge it. By this custom it not
+unfrequently occurs, that when a prince is called to the throne, he
+may, at the moment, be employed in the most common and menial offices;
+and it is with difficulty he can be persuaded to believe those who
+inform him of his elevated rank, or in what manner to receive their
+servile homage; as it is customary for the subjects to approach the
+sovereign in the most humiliating form, advancing <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb38" href="#pb38" name="pb38">38</a>]</span>towards
+them in a creeping manner, to a certain distance, till the monarch,
+clapping his hands softly, indicates his permission for them to speak,
+which they then do, in a low tone, with their heads nearly to the
+ground. They retire, with the same slavish ceremonials, from the royal
+presence.</p>
+<p>As soon as the old king is dead, his successor is brought to the
+palace; but the period of his coronation is uncertain, resting with the
+grandees, with whom it becomes a political man&oelig;uvre to keep the
+government, as long as possible, in their own hands; and they
+accordingly fix the period of the ceremony as best suits their
+respective interests. It is generally put off some months, and,
+sometimes, even years, but cannot be delayed beyond seven years. During
+this interval, the government is rather in the power of the grandees
+than the king; for they execute all the public acts and business,
+without consulting him. In every other respect he is treated as a
+prince, with only one restriction, viz. that, previously to his
+coronation, he cannot quit the palace. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb39" href="#pb39" name="pb39">39</a>]</span></p>
+<p>It may readily be imagined by our young readers, that, from the
+obscure state in which the young monarch is brought up, he has little
+notion of those qualities which are necessary to govern a people. On
+the contrary, the sudden transition from this obscurity, to the paths
+of ease and pleasure, and every facility of self-gratification,
+unfortunately gives a peculiar relish for those pursuits and pleasures,
+with which, had he become guardedly and progressively familiar, in all
+probability he would have been satiated. But this not being the case,
+the king of Whid&aacute;h lives almost in a state of indolence; seldom
+going abroad, and only occasionally attending his grandees when they
+are assembled in the hall of audience, for the administration of
+justice: all the rest of his time is spent in the recesses of his
+seraglio, attended by his numerous wives, who are divided into three
+classes. When the period of the coronation has been fixed by the
+grandees, they give intimation of it to the king, who assembles them in
+the palace; and the council having deliberated on the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb40" href="#pb40" name="pb40">40</a>]</span>measures
+to be used in executing the ceremony, notice of it is given to the
+public by a discharge of cannon, and the glad news is soon circulated
+throughout the kingdom.</p>
+<p>The following morning, the grand sacrificer goes to the king,
+demanding, in the name of the great serpent, (their deity!) the
+offerings due on such a solemn and joyful occasion. These offerings
+consist of an ox, a horse, a sheep, and a fowl, which are sacrificed in
+the palace, and afterwards taken to the market-place. In the centre of
+this, the grand sacrificer erects a pole, nine or ten feet high, with a
+piece of linen attached to it like a flag, and around it are placed the
+victims, with small loaves of millet, rubbed over with palm-oil. After
+a few trifling ceremonies the company retire, leaving the victims
+exposed to the birds of prey; no person being permitted to touch them,
+upon pain of death. Arrived at the palace, about twenty of the
+king&rsquo;s wives walk in procession to the place of sacrifice, the
+eldest, or chief, (<i>Note</i> <span class="sc">G</span>.) bearing a
+figure formed of earth, representing a child in a sitting posture: this
+she <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb41" href="#pb41" name=
+"pb41">41</a>]</span>places at a short distance from the victims. These
+women are attended by a party of fusileers, and the king&rsquo;s flutes
+and drums, the people prostrating themselves as they pass, and
+expressing their joy by the loudest acclamations. When these ceremonies
+are over, the grandees repair to the palace, dressed in their richest
+apparel, and attended by their numerous slaves, of whom they are very
+proud, adorning them with a profusion of trinkets, and ornaments of
+silver and gold. The king is not visible on this occasion; but they
+enter, and prostrate themselves before the throne, and again retire.
+This part of the ceremony continues fifteen days, during which the
+women make the palace re-echo with their acclamations; and the public
+joy is testified by the firing of cannon, and the almost continual
+display of rockets, from all parts of the capital.</p>
+<p>It was during the interval of these rejoicings, that Irving, with
+his attendants, arrived at Sabi, and was appointed to take up his
+quarters with a grandee high in favour with the new king. He had taken
+care to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href="#pb42" name=
+"pb42">42</a>]</span>provide himself with an ample assortment of
+trinkets, spirits, cutlery, and other European produce he knew to be
+tempting to his inviter and his royal master, with whom he proposed to
+trade, immediately after the ceremony was concluded.</p>
+<p>Soon after his arrival, the grandee with whom he resided was
+summoned, (as was customary,) as the one deputed to go to the
+neighbouring kingdom of Ardrah, with a magnificent retinue, in order to
+request one of the nobles of that kingdom (in whose family the right
+had existed time immemorial) to proceed to Sabi, to crown the king; and
+Irving, desirous of seeing the whole of the ceremonial, obtained ready
+permission to accompany the embassy. The greatest respect is paid, by
+all ranks, to this officiating nobleman; and all the expences of his
+journey are defrayed by the grandees of Whid&aacute;h.</p>
+<p>When arrived at the last village next the capital, this nobleman and
+his retinue suspended their progress, remaining there stationary three
+or four days; during which time he received visits from the principal
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb43" href="#pb43" name=
+"pb43">43</a>]</span>people of the kingdom, with whom it is customary
+to make him valuable presents, and contribute to his amusement by a
+variety of entertainments; the king supplying him with a great quantity
+of provision, carried twice a day in great pomp, by his wives, preceded
+by a guard of fusileers and a band of music.</p>
+<p>Among these ladies, Irving saw many whom, as a slave-merchant, he
+would have been happy to have obtained at a high price. Four days being
+elapsed, the grandees, with their usual train, and a great concourse of
+people, repaired to the village, to conduct the Ardrah nobleman, in
+great state, to Sabi; where he was received by a salute of the
+king&rsquo;s guns, and the loud and continued acclamations of the
+multitude. He was then conducted to the apartments prepared for him
+near the palace, where he was splendidly entertained by the grandees,
+and received visits from the principal officers of the court. He
+continued here five days, but, at the close of the third, he entered
+the palace with the chief of his train, without taking off any part of
+his dress or ornaments. He remained <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb44"
+href="#pb44" name="pb44">44</a>]</span>standing, also, when he spoke to
+the king, while all others prostrated themselves, as usual.</p>
+<p>On the evening of the fifth day, nine guns were fired, at the
+palace, to announce to the people that the king would be crowned on the
+following day, and that he would show himself in public, seated on his
+throne, in the court of the palace, the gates of which would be left
+open for the admission of all ranks of people. It was with the utmost
+astonishment that Irving beheld the immense population assembled in the
+streets of Sabi, on this occasion; every avenue towards the palace
+being completely crowded by the natives, to obtain a sight of their new
+monarch.</p>
+<p>On the evening of the following day, the king came forth from his
+seraglio, attended by forty of his favourite wives, dressed in the most
+sumptuous manner; being rather loaded than ornamented, with gold
+necklaces, laces, pendants, bracelets, foot-chains of gold and silver,
+and the richest gems. The king, who was a good-looking, but,
+apparently, very indolent young man, was magnificently <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb45" href="#pb45" name="pb45">45</a>]</span>dressed,
+wearing a gilt helmet, decorated with red and white feathers. He was
+attended by his guards, and proceeded from his seraglio to the throne,
+which was placed in an angle of the court, to the east of the palace,
+and styled the court of the coronation.</p>
+<p>The throne itself was something like a large armed chair, finely
+gilt, and elevated a little above the ground; the negroes choosing very
+low seats, not more than ten inches high, and six in diameter, and not
+unfrequently in the shape of an hour-glass. The most valuable and
+curious part of the throne we are now describing, was the seat,
+consisting of an entire lump of gold; not cast or formed by art, but a
+product of nature alone, weighing thirty pounds. It had been bored and
+fitted as a seat to the royal throne: upon this was a velvet cushion,
+richly laced and fringed with gold, and a foot-cushion to correspond.
+On the left were ranged the forty wives of the monarch, and on the
+right the principal grandees; and in a line with them, the Europeans
+from the English <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href="#pb46" name=
+"pb46">46</a>]</span>factories; therefore, Irving had a complete view
+of every part of the ceremonial. One of the grandees held in his hand
+an umbrella: this, however, was more for ornament than use, as the
+ceremony took place at night. It was formed of the richest cloth of
+gold, the lining embroidered with the same precious material, and the
+fringes and tassels the same. On the top of it was the figure of a
+cock, as large as the life. The pole of this pavilion, or umbrella, was
+six feet long, richly embossed and gilded. Another grandee kneeled
+before the king, constantly fanning him during the ceremony. Opposite
+to the monarch stood two of his dwarfs, who represented to him the good
+qualities of his predecessor; extolling his justice, liberality, and
+clemency, and exhorting the king not only to imitate, but to excel him;
+concluding their harangue with wishes for the king&rsquo;s happiness,
+and that his reign might be long and prosperous.</p>
+<p>These ceremonies concluded, the grandee of Ardrah was summoned to
+attend. When arrived at the outer gate of the palace, the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47" name="pb47">47</a>]</span>cannon
+were discharged, and the band began to play. He entered the court,
+surrounded with his attendants, and was guarded by them to a certain
+distance. He then advanced, singly, to the throne, saluting the king by
+courteously bowing the head, but not prostrating himself. He then
+addressed a short speech to the king, relative to the ceremony he was
+called to perform; and removing the helmet from his head, turned to the
+people, holding it in his hands. A signal was then made, and the music
+instantly ceased. A profound and most impressive silence ensued. The
+grandee of Ardrah, then, with a loud and distinct voice, repeated,
+three times, these words to the assembled multitude: &ldquo;Here is
+your king: be loyal to him, and your prayers shall be heard by the king
+of Ardrah, my master.&rdquo; After this he replaced the helmet on the
+head of the king, made a low reverence, and retired. The cannon and
+small-arms were instantly fired, the music again struck up, and the
+acclamations were renewed. The grandee of Ardrah, in the meantime, was
+reconducted, in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb48" href="#pb48" name=
+"pb48">48</a>]</span>great state, to his apartments; after which, the
+new-crowned king, attended by his wives, his guards, and the Europeans,
+returned to the seraglio, where the latter made their compliments to
+the king as he entered the gate; and, on the following day, the monarch
+sent, as usual, a rich present to the Ardrah grandee, previously to his
+return home, which he must immediately do, the law not permitting him
+to remain three days longer in the kingdom.</p>
+<p>The rejoicings which followed the coronation lasted fifteen days,
+and the whole was closed with a grand procession to the temple of the
+great serpent. The grandee with whom Irving resided during the period
+of these ceremonies, was one of the principal officers of the palace,
+and possessed a disposition peculiarly open to the enticement of
+spirituous liquors, as well as dreadfully acted upon by the pernicious
+stimulus they gave to his passions. He also had such a propensity for
+their use, that Irving easily found, that, by supplying him well, he
+might render him subservient to his purposes; and, in fact, he
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb49" href="#pb49" name=
+"pb49">49</a>]</span>very soon disclosed to the wily merchant, that he
+had in his possession a number of valuable slaves, intended for the
+service, or to purchase the favour of the young king. The appearance of
+this negro courtier was pleasing and imposing. He was, in person, tall
+and well shaped; his dress was that usual in the country, but the
+material fine, and the colour perfectly white: his cap was also white
+and small. He wore large gold earrings, which, together with the pure
+white of his light dress, contrasted well with the jet black of his
+polished skin. In disposition he was so cruel and vindictive, that when
+he received an affront, even in the most trifling instance, he scrupled
+not to sacrifice the aggressor by shooting him.</p>
+<p>He possessed several wives, of whom he was very jealous, and whom he
+treated as slaves. He had also several brothers, to whom he seldom
+spoke, or even permitted them to enter his presence; but when he did
+grant them admission, they were obliged to take off their caps,
+prostrate themselves at his feet, and throw dust on their heads.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb50" href="#pb50" name=
+"pb50">50</a>]</span></p>
+<p>It may readily be imagined, that a disposition so cruel and
+arbitrary, would be stimulated almost to fury and madness by the
+powerful influence of ardent spirits; and the fact was, that his thirst
+for brandy was so insatiable, that, to procure it, he scrupled not to
+execute any act of oppression, cruelty, or treachery. He had even been
+known, in order to procure slaves, with which to purchase brandy,
+secretly to set fire to a village, and then send the ministers of his
+cruelty to seize the distracted people as they rushed from destruction,
+to bind and to send them to the European factories, or to the joncoes,
+(or black slave-merchants,) and sell them for brandy and rum; which he
+would continue to drink till expended, without any cessation but that
+forced upon him by stupefaction or sleep.</p>
+<p>It would not be consistent with the plan of our tale, to make any
+remarks upon the probabilities of what this man might have been, had
+not the slave-trade existed; or what direction his cunning and
+arbitrary disposition might have taken; but we may venture <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb51" href="#pb51" name="pb51">51</a>]</span>to say,
+that he could not have had so extensive opportunities of oppression,
+nor could his cruelties have created such incalculable misery.
+&ldquo;For it has been proved, on the most convincing evidence, that
+the demand for slaves has had the most fatal effect in exciting and
+developing every vice and every bad passion among these people; of
+perverting their rude institutions, and poisoning their domestic
+relations. It has been proved by evidence unquestionable, that, as we
+have asserted, the tyrant chiefs of Africa were daily induced to
+condemn, indiscriminately, whole families, for trivial or imaginary
+crimes, with the sole object of obtaining possession of the individuals
+composing those families, and exchanging them for bad powder and bad
+muskets; to station their soldiers in ambush, on the roads, with orders
+to rush on the unarmed traveller, and load him with chains; to attack,
+at night, villages sunk in repose, dragging into slavery men, women,
+and children, of an age suited to their purpose, and mercilessly
+butchering the aged and the infant. It has been proved, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb52" href="#pb52" name="pb52">52</a>]</span>upon
+authority equally good, that famine, devastation, and continual
+warfare, undertaken for the sole purpose of taking prisoners, were the
+inevitable consequences of the slave ships&rsquo; presence on the
+coast; and that the Europeans not only were witnesses of this
+desolation, but furnished the arms, nourished the hatred, fomented the
+discord, and were the communicaters of the moral blast, which shed its
+pestilential influence over the population of a country, which, under
+the benign protection of a fair and legitimate commerce, is assuredly
+capable of being civilized, enlightened, and happy; and which, in
+return for the inestimable gifts of instruction and religion, would
+cheerfully and gratefully pour its riches into the bosoms of its
+benefactors. But, can the arts which embellish life, can the virtues
+which expand the heart, can the principles that elevate the soul, can
+these find rest, or even enter a region devoted to blood, oppression,
+and desolation? Alas! while the slave-trade exists, we are compelled to
+unite in the fear expressed by an enlightened patriot, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href="#pb53" name="pb53">53</a>]</span>that
+&lsquo;there is no prospect of civilization or happiness for
+Africa.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch4" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e689" class="main">Chapter IV.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Yet was I born as you are, no man&rsquo;s
+slave,</p>
+<p class="line">An heir to all that liberal nature gave;</p>
+<p class="line">My mind can reason, and my limbs can move</p>
+<p class="line">The same as yours; like yours my heart can love:</p>
+<p class="line">Alike my body food and sleep sustain,</p>
+<p class="line">And e&rsquo;en, like yours, feels pleasure, want, and
+pain:</p>
+<p class="line">One sun rolls o&rsquo;er us, common skies surround,</p>
+<p class="line">One globe contains us, and one grave must
+bound.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Intent upon the orders of his employers, and of the
+advantages he should obtain by the commission, Irving studied so much
+to ingratiate himself with his host, that he very soon readily obtained
+his promise of conducting him to his slave-rooms, the first opportunity
+he could spare from his close <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" href=
+"#pb54" name="pb54">54</a>]</span>attendance upon his royal master, to
+whom his bold and haughty spirit made him eminently useful.</p>
+<p>While Irving displayed the tempting assortment of spirits, trinkets,
+dresses, and fire-arms, to the eager African, he artfully affected
+indifference as to the purchase of slaves; being well acquainted with
+the mode of making a good bargain, even when his fellow men were the
+articles for which to negociate: so entirely does this infamous trade
+debase and corrupt every generous emotion of the heart, and blunt every
+honourable feeling. With the internal assurance, therefore, that the
+view he had granted of his commodities, would induce the chief, as soon
+as possible, to gratify his desire of possessing them, Irving waited
+patiently the summons to attend him to the children of misery he had by
+fraud and violence collected; and was fully prepared to accompany him,
+upon his invitation a few days subsequent to the conclusion of the
+coronation ceremonies. Irving was, however, astonished, when the negro
+pointed out to him several <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55" href=
+"#pb55" name="pb55">55</a>]</span>spacious enclosures, the wretched
+inhabitants of which were to purchase his selfish gratification, and
+satisfy his cupidity; for Irving was not then aware that this grandee
+was, in fact, the creature of his sovereign, acting as an agent and
+slave-factor, upon the blood-stained gains of which he not only lived
+in great splendour, but possessed from his riches great power. His
+house was fitted up with European elegance, and was, in exterior style,
+something resembling the buildings of the Moors; consisting of courts,
+surrounded by apartments, beyond the precincts of which were the
+receptacles of the slaves.</p>
+<p>The transition from the elegance and luxuries of this African
+mansion, to the slave-buildings, was striking; and to a heart yet
+unperverted and unvitiated by the habitual view of uncontrouled power
+and oppression over the defenceless, would have been most mournful.</p>
+<p>But such was not the impression made upon either of the present
+visitants; the one intent upon immediate self-gratification, the
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb56" href="#pb56" name=
+"pb56">56</a>]</span>other upon obtaining the means to ensure it in
+future. Nothing could more strongly prove the tendency of this traffic
+to prostrate every noble faculty of the soul, every tender impulse of
+the heart, to destroy every sympathy of our nature, than the fact, that
+Irving, the once generous, kind-hearted youth, beheld, with the cold
+regard of a mere trader intent upon making an advantageous bargain,
+above a hundred and twenty wretched beings in one house, all chained
+two and two, by their hands and feet, and sitting in three rows on the
+floor! They were of various ages of youth, and different in features;
+many of them having come, as the grandee observed, &ldquo;a journey of
+many moons,&rdquo; that is, many hundred miles inland.</p>
+<p>While examining these miserable captives with all the technical
+minuteness of jockeys, or cattle-dealers, (during which the wretched
+exiles evinced the strongest and most varying emotions of reluctance,
+grief, and indignation,) the people of the chief brought in thirty-five
+more individuals, whom they had taken in a small town or village of the
+interior, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57" name=
+"pb57">57</a>]</span>and which they had attacked by order of their
+employer, leaving the aged and young infants butchered in their simple
+huts. Among this last group were several women, who exhibited the most
+heart-rending evidences of distraction and grief, in the loss of their
+infants, and the prospect of the unknown evils that awaited them in
+bondage.</p>
+<p>Amongst this number, however, great as it was, there were no slaves
+which suited the purposes of Irving; and he proceeded with his
+conductor to several other enclosures, from which he selected a few of
+inferior value. The negro then told him, he would show him what he
+termed &ldquo;prime and superb negroes.&rdquo; In passing over to one
+of these enclosures, which were at some distance, Irving was arrested
+by a faint and low moan, as of distress, followed by an air of most
+exquisite plaintive melody, with which was intermingled, at intervals,
+the sound of an infantine voice, so lively as to speak the
+unconsciousness, of the innocent from whose lips it proceeded, of the
+mournful lot to which it was destined. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb58" href="#pb58" name="pb58">58</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;What sound is that?&rdquo; he enquired of his host, as he
+stopped to listen from whence it proceeded; for even upon his deadened
+soul the song had vibrated. (<i>Note</i> <span class="sc">H</span>.)
+&ldquo;I dare say it is the Senegal slave I had selected for my royal
+master,&rdquo; replied the negro; &ldquo;but she bewailed being parted
+from her boy so much, that, to save her life, I was obliged to suffer
+her to see him once or twice a day, during the ceremonies. I shall,
+however, soon make her submit, now I can attend to her: I shall sell
+her for a great price, if I can separate the child from her, without
+hazarding her life.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Perhaps she will suit me,&rdquo; said Irving; &ldquo;the boy
+would be no objection to the purchase, if he is strong and healthy. Let
+me see them.&rdquo; The negro hesitated; but at length observed,
+&ldquo;They are worth a great deal,&rdquo; as if he doubted that Irving
+would be disposed to give the price. &ldquo;You remember that beautiful
+sabre, and the brandy-chest full of prime liquor, and those muskets you
+admired, and&rdquo;&mdash;&mdash;observed Irving carelessly, but was
+interrupted in his enumeration by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb59"
+href="#pb59" name="pb59">59</a>]</span>the African: &ldquo;Yes, yes, I
+remember: what! will you give them for her and the boy?&rdquo; &ldquo;I
+cannot promise that, you know, unless I see her: you may be telling me
+a false tale. It at least can do no harm to see this slave you keep so
+close.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;True, true, I scorn to deceive so good a friend,&rdquo;
+rejoined the negro, half afraid that Irving would recede from his
+implied bargain: &ldquo;You shall certainly see this refractory woman;
+that is, she is only obstinate when I remove the boy. I wish they had
+killed the young urchin at once, when they carried her off. She is very
+gentle when he is with her: she only chooses to sing those mournful
+songs about Tumi&aacute;h: I suppose he was her husband. However, at
+all events, the boy cannot go to the palace with her.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>During this conversation, they had reached the hut in which the poor
+slave was confined alone, in the hope of making her yield to the will
+of the African, by consenting to be conveyed to the palace without her
+child. Irving followed the negro into the hut. The moment the latter
+got within it, the miserable <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href=
+"#pb60" name="pb60">60</a>]</span>inmate uttered a piercing shriek, and
+clasped her child with convulsive strength to her bosom, imploring the
+tyrant not to tear him from her widowed arms. There was one chord in
+the soul of Irving, which, amid the circumstances of his life, and
+despite of time, yet responded. It was the memory of his mother&rsquo;s
+caresses, when in his childhood she became a widow.</p>
+<p>The scene he now witnessed, struck powerfully on this chord of
+feeling. The distraction of the captive, her extreme youth, her beauty,
+the neglect of grief so apparent in her simple dress, her unornamented
+hair, her trembling limbs, her heaving bosom, her eloquent eye, her
+fevered lip, her attitude, and the energy with which she held her now
+alarmed child; altogether, combined a picture, which coming suddenly
+upon his previously somewhat softened feelings, had a powerful effect
+upon him, and, for a time, made him forget he was a slave-dealer, and
+caused the nobler feeling of the <i>man</i> to prevail. He determined,
+if possible, to save the wretched woman from the fate that awaited
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb61" href="#pb61" name=
+"pb61">61</a>]</span>her; forgetting that, perhaps, one equally
+horrible might be her lot, did she become his property. When,
+therefore, he heard the African tyrant threaten her with a flogging if
+she persisted in singing such mournful songs, he almost involuntarily
+said: &ldquo;If you are willing to barter her and the child, for what I
+named, and a selection of those trinkets you admired, to which I will
+add four gallons of rum, we are agreed upon the bargain.&rdquo; The
+negro again regarded Irving with a half suspicious, half incredulous
+glance, but remained silent. &ldquo;I am serious,&rdquo; said Irving;
+&ldquo;are we agreed?&rdquo; &ldquo;Let me see,&rdquo; muttered the
+negro to himself; &ldquo;that <i>fong</i>, (sword,) mounted in silver
+gilt, and embossed handle; the chest with fine brandy; ten fine
+<i>kiddos</i>; (guns;) trinkets to please <i>woollima moosa</i>,
+(handsome wife,) and four gallons of rum: delicious rum make me merry,
+happy. Make the rum eight gallons,&rdquo; he added aloud to Irving,
+&ldquo;and she,&rdquo; pointing to the being he was thus selling,
+&ldquo;she is yours.<span class="corr" id="xd20e767" title=
+"Not in source">&rdquo;</span>&mdash;&ldquo;And the boy,
+remember?<span class="corr" id="xd20e770" title=
+"Not in source">&rdquo;</span> replied Irving. &ldquo;O yes, the boy,
+the boy, to be <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb62" href="#pb62" name=
+"pb62">62</a>]</span>sure,&rdquo; reiterated the African, hardly
+knowing how to repress his joy. Though almost absorbed in profound
+grief, the wretched captive yet understood she was about to be
+transferred, and that her child was to be included in the transfer. In
+an agony of mingled emotion, after having timidly regarded
+Irving&rsquo;s countenance, while he intently watched hers, she threw
+herself at his feet, imploring his mercy, and by a thousand expressive
+gestures, imparted the feelings which agitated her soul. In this lowly
+attitude she fainted; and when a little recovered, she exclaimed in
+mournful accents: &ldquo;O Tumi&aacute;h, where art thou? Thou canst no
+more hear thy Imihie: she goes to the land of strangers, and will see
+thee no more, till death conveys her beyond the blue mountains. And
+Samboe, my boy,&rdquo; she added, as she called the playful and
+unconscious child from some flowers he was gathering from the ground,
+&ldquo;thou wilt see thy father no more. Thou art a slave, my child:
+hard will be thy lot in the land of strangers, among the manstealers,
+when Imihie, thy <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63" name=
+"pb63">63</a>]</span>mother, no longer shall feel pain, nor endure
+bondage. But I will watch over thee, my boy, I will be thy spirit: I
+will conduct thee over the blue mountains, the manstealer shall not
+follow us there.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The negro&rsquo;s anger began to rise, during this soliloquy of his
+hapless captive; and calling vehemently for attendants, he directed she
+should be conducted, with her child, to a place appointed, with care to
+be taken that she should not do herself any injury, until Irving had
+concluded his engagement, and could have her removed to
+Whid&aacute;h.</p>
+<p>Irving declined viewing any more of the slaves on that day, and
+having determined to remain but a few days longer with the chief, he
+lost no time in making good his purchase of the female slave and her
+child. One impediment to his returning to Whid&aacute;h, however, there
+was, which he might have anticipated; but in his eagerness to purchase
+the wretched Imihie, he had not considered that while the rum and
+brandy remained, the grandee and his companions <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb64" href="#pb64" name="pb64">64</a>]</span>were
+totally incapable of business; but, in the intervals of stupefaction,
+were guilty of the most wanton excesses. Nor was his African majesty
+himself, exempt from effects of the potent contents of the
+liquor-chests consigned to his favourite, who artfully concealed from
+him the circumstance of Imihie; informing the king only, that he had
+obtained the liquor from an English merchant, for some dry goods,
+ivory, and gum. The monarch enquired if this merchant traded also in
+slaves. &ldquo;Doubtless he does,&rdquo; replied the wily courtier:
+&ldquo;he comes from the land of the manstealers, and will not,
+therefore, refuse the commodity in the way of trade. Would my royal
+master wish to see this Englishman?&rdquo; &ldquo;It is my
+desire,&rdquo; answered the king; &ldquo;let him have notice of our
+pleasure.&rdquo; The grandee prostrated himself, and retired to caution
+Irving to conceal the transaction of the female slave from the king, or
+he would doubtless force her from him. The morrow was appointed for the
+interview with the monarch, who, the courtier <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb65" href="#pb65" name="pb65">65</a>]</span>said,
+had some slaves to offer for brandy and trinkets for his wives.</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Where wast thou, then, sweet Charity, where
+then,</p>
+<p class="line">Thou tutelary friend of helpless men?</p>
+<p class="line">Perish the wretch, that slighted and withstood</p>
+<p class="line">The tender argument of kindred blood.</p>
+<p class="line">But tho&rsquo; some nobler minds a law respect,</p>
+<p class="line">That none shall with impunity neglect,</p>
+<p class="line">In baser souls unnumber&rsquo;d evils meet,</p>
+<p class="line">To thwart its influence, and its end defeat.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first">Shall a Briton, shall a man &ldquo;honoured with a
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e804" title=
+"Source: Christain">Christian</span> name&rdquo; encourage slavery,
+because the semi-barbarous, unenlightened, lawless African hath done
+it? &ldquo;To what end (it is impressively asked) do we profess a
+religion whose dictates we so flagrantly violate? Wherefore have we
+that pattern of goodness and humanity, if we refuse to follow it? How
+long shall we continue a practice which policy rejects, justice
+condemns, and piety revolts at?&rdquo; <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb66" href="#pb66" name="pb66">66</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch5" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e809" class="main">Chapter V.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">* * * the band of commerce is design&rsquo;d</p>
+<p class="line">T&rsquo; associate all the branches of mankind.</p>
+<p class="line">And if a boundless plenty be the robe,</p>
+<p class="line">Trade is the golden girdle of the globe:</p>
+<p class="line">This genial intercourse, and mutual aid,</p>
+<p class="line">Cheers, what were else, an universal shade.</p>
+<p class="line">Calls nature from her ivy-mantled den,</p>
+<p class="line">And softens human rock-work into men.</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">Cowper.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Most truly and impressively do these lines of our
+Christian poet describe the effects of legitimate and honourable
+commerce; the mutual exchange of the various gifts of an all-bounteous
+Providence, showered on the globe we inhabit, for the general use,
+benefit, and pleasure; and of those embellishments of art, which
+civilization has brought forth and nourished.</p>
+<p>But no such effect can ever flow from the piratical commerce of men,
+that deformed and cruel offspring of Mammon, which riots <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67" name="pb67">67</a>]</span>in the
+blood, and glories in the miseries of man.</p>
+<p>It may be urged, we are not the original agents in this trade: it is
+pursued with eagerness by the Africans themselves. But are those who
+live in that transcendent light which was granted to dispel the mists
+of error&mdash;to meliorate propensity to evil&mdash;to harmonize the
+rational soul&mdash;still to delight in works so dark, still to trample
+under foot every principle of humanity; still to spurn from them the
+obligations of justice, still to set at naught the precepts of
+religion; and to make themselves accomplices with pagan oppressors, in
+tyrannizing over those hapless beings, whom a mysterious Providence has
+subjected to their power? Is the Christian trader content to put
+himself upon a level with the unenlightened despot, and coolly to put
+his blood-stained profits in the balance, against the laws of religion
+and his country; laughing at the remonstrances of philanthropists, as
+the dreams of enthusiasm, or as puerile objections unworthy of
+attention? No; it surely will not be thus. England has <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb68" href="#pb68" name="pb68">68</a>]</span>entered
+the path of mercy<a class="noteref" id="xd20e842src" href="#xd20e842"
+name="xd20e842src">1</a>, let her pursue it with energy and constancy:
+and if other nations refuse to follow her heaven-enlightened way, to
+them belongs the shame and the guilt of trampling down the laws which
+bind man to his God and his fellow-man; and, for the violation of
+which, every individual must be accountable, at that tremendous audit,
+before which the oppressed and the oppressor shall alike appear!</p>
+<p>But to return to our narrative from these reflections, which the
+seriousness of the subject forced from us, and which must apologize for
+them with our young readers.</p>
+<p>The time being fixed for Irving to have an audience with the king,
+he was conducted to the palace, which was a spacious edifice,
+consisting of many large courts, entirely surrounded with porticoes,
+above which were apartments with small windows. These apartments, as
+well as every part of the palace, exhibited great magnificence in the
+furniture and decorations. Some of the floors were covered with
+exquisitely fine <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb69" href="#pb69" name=
+"pb69">69</a>]</span>matting, and others with superb Turkey carpets;
+and the furniture consisted of chairs, sofas or divans, skreens,
+chests, cabinets and porcelain imported from China. The windows were
+not glazed, but were shaded with frames of fine white linen, and
+taffety curtains. The gardens of this superb palace were very
+extensive, laid out in long vistas of lofty and beautiful trees;
+affording a deliciously cool and shaded retreat, for the women immured
+in the splendid prison. It was evident to Irving, as he passed some of
+these apartments to the hall of audience, that his African majesty
+intended to receive him in great state; but whether out of respect to
+him, as a European and <i>a slave and spirit</i> merchant, or to
+display his own magnificence, he could not determine: nor was it of
+much consequence, although he well knew that the Europeans in general
+are well received, and are allowed to dispense with the humiliating
+ceremonies they scrupulously exact from their own subjects; and, unlike
+them, are granted an audience whenever they desire it. When Irving,
+therefore, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70" name=
+"pb70">70</a>]</span>entered the hall where the king was seated to
+receive him, his majesty immediately rose, and advanced some steps to
+him; took him by the hand, pressed it in his own, and three times
+successively touched his fore finger, which was the greatest token of
+amity and affection. After this, he desired him to sit down by his
+side, upon fine mats spread on the floor; which Irving having complied
+with, he displayed his presents to his majesty, who was astonished to
+find he could, with ease, converse with him without the aid of an
+interpreter.</p>
+<p>Irving could not but feel gratified at the extreme although childish
+pleasure the young monarch evinced, in receiving the presents; which
+consisted of an elegant case of English spirits, some beautiful guns, a
+superb sword, and a great variety of trinkets for the ladies of the
+seraglio. The king offered to sell him some of his discarded wives; but
+Irving respectfully declined the offer of the ladies, as not very well
+calculated for the labours of the colonies.</p>
+<p>In the audience chamber were two benches, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb71" href="#pb71" name="pb71">71</a>]</span>one of
+which was broader than the other, covered with an embroidered cloth,
+and by it was an oval stool; upon this the monarch seated himself,
+after having received and examined the presents. The other bench was
+covered with mats, on which Irving was directed to sit, as the usual
+seat of the Europeans during conferences. Irving was uncovered; not,
+however, by order, but from a voluntary desire of showing proper
+respect; for he had not forgot the early lesson, &ldquo;honour the
+king,&rdquo; though as a slave-dealer, it may be, alas! inferred, that
+he had little recollection of the context, &ldquo;fear God.&rdquo; He
+made himself so agreeable, however, to the king, that he was invited to
+dine with him, and the meal was served with great elegance. While they
+were feasting, the grandees prostrated themselves before their
+sovereign; and what provisions were left were given to them, which they
+appeared readily and cheerfully to accept. Irving had, during this long
+interview, an ample opportunity of observing the person, the dress, and
+the manners of the new king of Whid&aacute;h; and, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb72" href="#pb72" name="pb72">72</a>]</span>in some
+degree, to form a judgment of his character. His dress was superb,
+composed of silk and gold, with strings of beautiful coral round his
+neck, arms, and wrists. In person he was tall, well shaped, with
+remarkably smooth and polished skin. His manners were free, urbane, and
+familiar; but there was discovered a disposition to covetousness, and
+the usual propensity to inebriety. Nor was it difficult to discover
+that he was indolent and pusillanimous, the usual companions of luxury
+and dissipation. In fact, the faults of the king seemed those of his
+education; and his virtues, those of his nature, which required only
+civilization, good examples, and a pure faith, to nourish into
+fruitfulness.</p>
+<p>The audience chamber in which Irving was received, was hung with
+tapestry. At the upper part of the room was a throne, formed of ivory;
+it was ascended by three steps, and shaded by a canopy of the richest
+silk. This is used on great state occasions.</p>
+<p>The king readily granted permission to Irving, to view the palace,
+excepting, of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb73" href="#pb73" name=
+"pb73">73</a>]</span>course, the apartments of the women. Conducted by
+his friend the grandee, and some other officers of the palace, he found
+it more extensive than he had supposed, having entered by a private
+passage. It consisted of several large squares, surrounded with
+galleries, each of which had a portico or gate, guarded by soldiers.
+The first gallery on entering the palace is very long, supported on
+each side by lofty pillars. At the termination of this gallery was a
+wall with three gates, the centre one ornamented with a turret seventy
+feet in height; terminated with a figure of a large snake, cast in
+copper, and very ingeniously carved. These gates opened into an immense
+area, enclosed also with a wall; then another gallery like the former,
+into another spacious court; and so on to a fourth, beyond which were
+the apartments of the king. In this spacious palace the king is
+sometimes immured for years, until he is crowned; and here, also, many
+wealthy courtiers spend the whole of their time, leaving trade and
+agriculture to be executed by their wives and slaves. (<i>Note</i>
+<span class="sc">K</span>.) These <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb74"
+href="#pb74" name="pb74">74</a>]</span>go to the circumjacent villages,
+either to trade in merchandise, or serve for daily wages; but they are
+obliged to bring the greatest part of what they obtain to their
+masters, otherwise they make no scruple to sell them for slaves.</p>
+<p>Irving and his new royal acquaintance had passed their time so
+convivially, that the negociation for slaves was deferred till the
+morrow, when he again attended his majesty to a dep&ocirc;t, containing
+about two hundred; and as they were going to this place, they met
+nearly as many proceeding to the coast, the king&rsquo;s agents having
+sold them on the preceding day. Amongst this wretched group, Irving
+remarked some remarkably handsome men; and found, on enquiry, they were
+from Molembo, from whence the finest negroes are obtained.</p>
+<p>The number he was invited to examine, consisted of men, women, and
+children; and, to any but a slave-dealer, the sight was heart-rending.
+Fathers overwhelmed in silent sorrow; mothers expressing their anguish
+in affecting lamentations, audible sighs, or <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75" name="pb75">75</a>]</span>deep
+groans, expecting every moment to be separated from their tender
+offspring, whom they clasped to their bosoms, or endeavoured to hide
+under the folds of their pacans; youthful females shrinking from the
+brutal gaze of the trader, and dreading nameless indignities; the fiery
+eye of many a youth, indignant at the bonds which confined him from
+levelling to the ground the wretches who bought and sold him as a beast
+of the field, and tore him from the object of his love, whom he was
+powerless to save from death and bondage. But such a scene was of too
+frequent occurrence, the cry of the innocent was too familiar, to make
+any impression upon those who were bargaining. Irving purchased many of
+them; and having seen them marked as his property, (<i>Note</i>
+<span class="sc">L</span>.) left his people to conduct them to
+Whid&aacute;h; whither, after having taken a cordial leave of the king,
+and so far conciliated him and the grandee as to ensure future
+advantages, he himself, with his attendants and the female slave,
+returned that evening. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb76" href="#pb76"
+name="pb76">76</a>]</span></p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">Canst thou, and honoured with a Christian name,</p>
+<p class="line">Buy what is woman-born and feel no shame?</p>
+<p class="line">Trade in the blood of innocence, and plead</p>
+<p class="line">Expedience as a warrant for the deed?</p>
+<p class="line">Perish the thought!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e842" href="#xd20e842src" name="xd20e842">1</a></span> The
+slave-trade was abolished in 1807.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch6" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e906" class="main">Chapter VI.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;And if perchance a momentary sigh,</p>
+<p class="line">For such a lot reflection may supply,</p>
+<p class="line">He follows not the feeling to its source.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">Barton</span> (adapted.)</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;If ever thou hast felt another&rsquo;s pain,</p>
+<p class="line">If ever when he sigh&rsquo;d hast sigh&rsquo;d
+again;</p>
+<p class="line">If ever on thine eyelid stood the tear,</p>
+<p class="line">That pity hath engender&rsquo;d&mdash;drop one
+here:</p>
+<p class="line"><i>This man was happy</i>.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">It will naturally be supposed, from the eagerness of
+Irving to make good the purchase of Imihie and her poor boy, that his
+heart was deeply interested by their situation, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href="#pb77" name="pb77">77</a>]</span>and that
+he had it certainly in his power to ameliorate it. But, alas! if, for a
+moment, the chord of compassion was touched, the feeling was transient,
+the impulse too weak to prompt to action; and, so far from being
+strengthened by the night&rsquo;s reflections, they, on the contrary,
+did but lead to lament his own folly, in making himself liable to the
+loss he would probably sustain by the high price he had given; as it
+was a condition of his engagement with the Company, that he was to be
+individually accountable for all losses incurred by the purchase of
+unprofitable slaves. These anticipations of pecuniary injury, were
+confirmed by the appearance of his poor captive on her arrival at the
+dep&ocirc;t at Whid&aacute;h. A fixed melancholy seemed to have
+absorbed every faculty, rendering her insensible even to the playful
+caresses of her boy, in whose sparkling eye, health &ldquo;seemed a
+cherub yet divinely bright;&rdquo; so happily unconscious was he of the
+bitterness of his lot, and the sufferings of his mother. Finding, from
+his people, that she resolutely <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb78"
+href="#pb78" name="pb78">78</a>]</span>rejected sustenance, Irving
+himself endeavoured to persuade her, but without success; but when
+self-interest, aided by the dictates of conscience and compassion,
+induced him to resort to the usual mode of forcing it, (nor will we
+question it was a painful task to him,) his heart must have been of
+adamant, not to have felt the powerful appeal of wretchedness and
+despair, when, while in the execution of this cruel duty, the poor
+captive looked up in his face, and, with a mournful smile, said:
+&ldquo;Presently I shall be no more.&rdquo; (<i>Note</i> <span class=
+"sc">M</span>.) Irving, indeed, from her appearance, began to think so;
+and as he could not now remedy her situation, nor restore her to what
+she had lost, he considered his best plan was to consign her, as soon
+as possible, to the ship waiting to receive the collected slaves,
+congratulating himself on his <i>humanity</i>, in having prevented the
+mother and child from being separated, even if he should thereby
+sustain some loss. He determined, also, to do all he could to ensure
+her some attention during the passage; and, with this view, determined
+to go immediately <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb79" href="#pb79"
+name="pb79">79</a>]</span>on board, to see the accommodation, and to
+give some particular instructions to the captain; leaving orders that
+Imihie should be conducted to the ship as soon as the day began to
+close.</p>
+<p>The ship destined to convey these miserable beings to the West
+Indies, had already on board between four and five hundred negroes. The
+captain boasted much of the superior accommodation of his vessel for
+the trade; and, to confirm his assertion, entreated Irving to visit the
+slave-rooms. Willing to conciliate any who might promote his interest,
+Irving consented. The <i>superior</i> accommodation he found, was, that
+every slave, whatever his size, had five feet six inches in length, and
+sixteen inches in breadth, to lie upon! The floor was crowded with
+bodies, stowed or packed according to this allowance. But between the
+floor and deck, or ceiling, were platforms or broad shelves, in the
+mid-way, which were also covered with bodies. (<i>Note</i> <span class=
+"sc">N</span>.) The men were shackled two and two, each by one leg, to
+a small iron bar; these, the captain with <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb80" href="#pb80" name="pb80">80</a>]</span>much self-complacence
+said, were every day brought upon deck for the air; but lest they
+should attempt to recover their freedom, they were made fast by
+ring-bolts to the deck, or by two common chains, which were extended on
+each side the main deck; but the women and children, he added, were
+suffered to remain loose. Few slaves fared so well as his, he
+continued, for he allowed each a pint of water a day, and yams and
+horse-beans twice a day; and afterwards, for exercise and health, they
+jumped in their irons, which, if they refused to do, he was obliged,
+certainly, to flog them, as it was his duty to preserve them in health,
+if possible. Irving, however, learnt, in the course of this man&rsquo;s
+conversation, that it was usual for these miserable beings to remain
+fifteen or sixteen hours below deck, out of the twenty-four; and that,
+in wet weather, they could not be brought up for two or three
+successive days: their situation was, he acknowledged, very
+distressing, but he could not remedy it. They would cling to the
+gratings for a little air; draw their breath with anxious and
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81" name=
+"pb81">81</a>]</span>laborious efforts; fight with each other for a
+taste of water; and many died of suffocation. (<i>Note</i> <span class=
+"sc">O</span>.)</p>
+<p>Amongst the number thus confined in the hold of this ship, Irving
+remarked many whose nobleness of aspect indicated that there was a
+&ldquo;spirit within,&rdquo; which rose even above such
+calamity&mdash;a consciousness of moral dignity, that spurned at the
+cruelties of the oppressor; but there was one in particular, before the
+flame of whose eye even Irving shrunk abashed. He was evidently a
+person of consequence; high, it would seem, in military rank, inferred
+from certain personal indications, with the meaning of which Irving was
+acquainted; and also from some articles of dress, stated to have been
+taken from him when captured; and every look (action was denied him)
+indicated that he possessed a mind not insensible to the eminence of
+his station. Irving enquired from whence he was taken, and from whom
+purchased? He was told, from Molembo, it was thought; and that he had
+been only a few days purchased from the king of Whid&aacute;h, with a
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb82" href="#pb82" name=
+"pb82">82</a>]</span>number of his countrymen, taken by treachery, and
+in defiance of a treaty subsisting at the time. This was all he could
+learn; and having given his instructions respecting Imihie, Irving
+returned to Whid&aacute;h before her arrival at the ship, being
+desirous to avoid another interview, the sight of her producing a
+painful emotion he could neither define nor account for.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch7" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e979" class="main">Chapter <span class="corr" id="xd20e981"
+title="Source: VI">VII</span>.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Soft airs, and gentle heavings of the wave,</p>
+<p class="line">Impel the fleet whose errand is to save!</p>
+<p class="line">But ah! what wish can prosper, or what
+pray&rsquo;r,</p>
+<p class="line">For merchants rich in cargoes of despair.</p>
+<p class="line">The sable warrior, frantic with regret</p>
+<p class="line">Of her he loves, and never can forget,</p>
+<p class="line">Loses, in tears, the far-receding shore,</p>
+<p class="line">But not the thought that they must meet no
+more.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">Cowper.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Night shed her silent influence over the mighty deep;
+the firmament was bright with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href=
+"#pb83" name="pb83">83</a>]</span>myriads of glittering worlds; the
+moon, in full and mild lustre, rode majestically, like a sphere of
+silver light, on the summit of fleecy clouds, and was reflected, in
+many a fantastic form, by the tossing waves, the gentle ripplings of
+which were mingled with the distant sound of &ldquo;All is well,&rdquo;
+borne on the gale from the fort, the regular tread of the watch on
+deck, and the boatswain&rsquo;s shrill whistle. The rush of the shark,
+&ldquo;cutting the briny deep,&rdquo; as it instinctively followed the
+floating receptacle of misery, was the only sound that interrupted,
+painfully, the heavenly calmness of the scene and hour; a calmness,
+alas! little according with the soul-sickening agitations of the
+wretched beings, now silently borne from all held dear and precious,
+and on their way to all the horrors of a life in chains. Cargoes of
+despair they may truly be called!</p>
+<p>Imagination, in its loftiest flight, must come short in attempting
+to embody in words, the smallest part of the aggregate of misery which
+exists on board a slave-ship; it will, therefore, not be attempted: one
+only being <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb84" href="#pb84" name=
+"pb84">84</a>]</span>of the wretched number must appear a moment on our
+theatre of woe; he who had so forcibly arrested the attention of
+Irving, when visiting the slave-rooms.</p>
+<p>Confined promiscuously with such a multitude of his wretched
+countrymen, the agony of his feelings is not to be described. With the
+form and visage of a man, he felt, indignantly felt, that his destiny
+was that of the beast of the field, and his soul seemed bursting from
+the frame that confined it. Wearied nature at length found a short
+cessation from the unutterable pangs of woe, in sleep&mdash;in
+consoling visions! He dreamt he was in his own beloved country, in the
+enjoyment of honour and command, caressed by his family, served by his
+wonted attendants, and surrounded with the comforts of his former life:
+his spicy groves exhaling sweets, his palm-tree&rsquo;s refreshing
+shade, his rivers teeming riches, his domestic endearments, his
+war-like preparations, and his hard-earned triumphs, came in succession
+on his fancy. But the sweet delusions were too soon dispelled: he
+awoke, with a hurried start, to the sad, sad reality, that he was a
+slave in the midst <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85"
+name="pb85">85</a>]</span>of slaves. The rapid retrospect of former
+happiness with existing misery, rushed on his soul; and the dreadful
+reverse drew from his manly breast the most affecting lamentations.
+Every dear object of his regard flitted before his mental view; but,
+alas! there was no reality but misery&mdash;interminable bondage: there
+was no fond eye to behold, no persuasive tongue to soothe, no attentive
+ear to listen to his woe. Mingled with the meanest of his subjects,
+whom he had no power to relieve; subjected to the cruelty and insolence
+of wretches a thousand degrees lower in the scale of humanity and
+intellectual endowment, yet arrogating their superiority as Christians,
+and the proud distinctions of national advantages, his soul refused
+comfort, and he determined upon death. Little did he think this foe to
+nature was so near; little did he imagine the horrid form in which he
+would present himself; and that there might be circumstances which, at
+the moment of expiring nature, would make him cling to, and even give
+value to a life of perpetual bondage! <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb86" href="#pb86" name="pb86">86</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The vessel made considerable way during the night, and the morning
+rose, with glorious splendour and beneficent freshness, upon the world
+of waters; on the majestic bosom of which, floated such an accumulation
+of moral turpitude and excelling misery! The hour arrived when the
+slaves were to be brought on deck for air and exercise. The sable
+warrior anticipated it with a gloomy joy, as the most favourable
+opportunity of effecting his designed purpose of self-destruction; and
+when he found he was to be fastened to the deck, he violently resisted.
+This, however, did but provoke his oppressors to increased indignities.
+In the midst of this struggle, he became calm as a lamb, resistless as
+an infant. The sound of a female voice, singing a mournful African air,
+seemed to have bound him by a potent spell<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1020" title="Source: ,">.</span> (<i>Note</i> <span class=
+"sc">P</span>.) His eyes appeared as if bursting from their orbits, his
+whole frame trembled; while the big tear rolled silently down his sable
+countenance, which assumed a mingled expression of doubt, hope, and
+agony. He at first directed his piercing eyes <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb87" href="#pb87" name="pb87">87</a>]</span>to the
+air, as if he thought the song proceeded from some hovering, viewless
+spirit. He again renewed his efforts to get free, and fixed his gaze
+intently on the remotest part of the ship, from whence the sound seemed
+to proceed, but nothing met his view: the song, however, still
+continued, only interrupted, at intervals, by deep sobs of anguish, and
+the scarcely-heard voice of infantine distress.</p>
+<p>Rendered desperate by the confinement under such powerful emotions,
+he called loudly on the spirits of his fathers, to avenge him on the
+Christian tyrants; and while enduring, in consequence, the cruel
+scourging and insulting mockery of the barbarian crew, a piercing
+scream was heard, and the poor Imihie was seen rushing from an obscure
+place, (in which the captain had indulged her to remain,) with the
+infant Samboe clinging to her bosom. In a moment the names of
+Tumi&aacute;h! Imihie! were interchanged; and the exhausted Imihie,
+letting her child fall from her relaxing arms, threw herself upon
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb88" href="#pb88" name=
+"pb88">88</a>]</span>the panting bosom of her enchained and manacled
+husband.</p>
+<p>We invade not the feelings of that moment: language has nothing to
+do with them. The Being who formed the heart of man, can alone judge of
+its emotions.</p>
+<p>The maternal affection was not, however, long absorbed in the
+conjugal; and the half frantic Imihie recollected, that Samboe was not
+enfolded with her in the arms of Tumi&aacute;h. She loosened herself
+with difficulty from his embrace, to restore her child to his wonted
+protection within her own; but, at the moment she arose for the
+purpose, a tumultuous cry resounded through the ship, of &ldquo;fire!
+fire! Loosen the slaves! loosen the slaves!&rdquo; The fire, however,
+spread with such violence, bursting from the spirit-room, that the
+sailors, apprehending that it was impossible to extinguish it before it
+would reach a large quantity of gunpowder on board, concluded it
+necessary to precipitate themselves into the sea, as offering the only
+chance of saving their lives.</p>
+<p>However, they did first endeavour to <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb89" href="#pb89" name="pb89">89</a>]</span>loose the chains by which
+the slaves were fastened to the deck; but in the confusion the key
+could not be found, and they had but just time to loosen one of the
+fastenings, by wrenching the staple, before the vehemence of the fire
+so increased, that they simultaneously jumped overboard; when
+immediately, the fire having gained the powder, the vessel blew up,
+with every slave that was confined by the unloosened chain, and such
+others as had not possessed the power to follow the example of the
+sailors.</p>
+<p>We hardly know whether to style it fortunate, that any circumstance
+should save these victims of avarice from a watery grave, after
+escaping that which, to the sense, seems more terrible. Providence,
+however, ordained that there should be some vessels in sight; which,
+putting out their boats, took up about two hundred and fifty of the
+poor souls that remained alive; but the most of them being those who
+had been fastened together with shackles, had, from the violence of the
+shock, and the confinement of the irons, experienced dreadful fractures
+of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb90" href="#pb90" name=
+"pb90">90</a>]</span>the limbs; which, inflamed by the struggles they
+had instinctively made, the heat, and the agitated state of the blood,
+quickly mortified, and ere they were scarcely sensible of their
+increase of calamity, released them, for ever, from all fear of it
+more. Among the number who thus yielded up his manly spirit, was
+Tumi&aacute;h, rejoicing in the belief that his Imihie and Samboe were
+also removed to a land of spirits&mdash;a land where no man-stealer can
+enter, no treachery gain access, no violence invade. He might have
+adopted the words of the poet:</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Now, Christian, glut thy ravish&rsquo;d
+eyes;</p>
+<p class="line xd20e283">I reach the joyful hour:</p>
+<p class="line">Let, let the scorching flames arise,</p>
+<p class="line xd20e283">And these poor limbs devour.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;O Death, how welcome to th&rsquo; opprest!</p>
+<p class="line xd20e283">Thy kind embrace I crave;</p>
+<p class="line">Thou bringst to Misery&rsquo;s bosom rest,</p>
+<p class="line xd20e283">And freedom to the slave!&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p class="first">The fond belief, however, of the expiring
+Tumi&aacute;h, that his wife and child had escaped the horrors of
+bondage, was fallacious. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb91" href=
+"#pb91" name="pb91">91</a>]</span>Previously to the calamity, the
+feelings of the wretched Imihie had been wrought up nearly to their
+utmost height; the sight of the quick-advancing flames, therefore, was
+sufficient to augment them to frenzy, and with a strength which frenzy
+only could impart, to a frame exhausted by want of nourishment and
+continual grief, she snatched the infant Samboe from the deck, upon
+which he had fallen, and where, unheeded by one pitying eye, he
+remained, without uttering any cry or attempting to move; for, overcome
+by terror of the noise and brutality of the crew, the sight of the
+immense ocean, and the want of that nourishment which he in vain sought
+from the exhausted bosom of his wretched mother, the suffering child
+seemed unable to move, or even to utter any sound.</p>
+<p>Imihie pressed him closely to her breast, turned a momentary and
+frenzied glance upon her enchained husband, and uttering a faint cry of
+terror, cast herself and precious burden into the foaming deep. But it
+was not decreed to become her tomb. Almost <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb92" href="#pb92" name="pb92">92</a>]</span>by
+miracle, she was thrown near a boat which had put off from a Spanish
+slave-vessel, and was picked up by the crew, with Samboe still closely
+entwined within her arms; without, however, exhibiting the smallest
+appearance of remaining life. But the vital spark was not yet extinct.
+She was immediately put on board the ship, and means of resuscitation
+used with both her and her child, as well as several other equally
+miserable victims of avarice. Heaven decreed these efforts to be
+effectual: and thus was the widowed mother transferred, by the sudden
+calamity, from one set of mercenaries to another, yet still doomed to
+slavery! The vessel had taken in her cargo at Rio Pongos, and was bound
+for the Havannah; but her stowage was too small to allow her, with
+impunity, to keep the increase occasioned by the casualty of the fire.
+She therefore put into a port, and disposed of them to a ship bound for
+Jamaica. This occasioned considerable delay; in consequence of which,
+when the transferred slaves were at length on their passage, they were
+subjected to all <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb93" href="#pb93" name=
+"pb93">93</a>]</span>the evils of improper seasons; water failed,
+provisions became spoiled and scanty, and many of the slaves the
+victims of disease, ere they entered the magnificent harbour of Port
+Royal.</p>
+<p>Arrived at Kingston, they were put in <i>store</i>, until notice
+should be given of sale, which was immediately done by advertisement:
+&ldquo;On Tuesday next will be put up for sale, in their store, fifty
+superb negroes of the coast; to the purchasers of which will be
+afforded all the facilities wished.&rdquo;</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">* * * &ldquo;What man reading this,</p>
+<p class="line">And having human feelings, does not blush</p>
+<p class="line">And hang his head, to think himself a man?&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94" name=
+"pb94">94</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch8" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e1092" class="main">Chapter <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1094" title="Source: VII">VIII</span>.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Authority usurp&rsquo;d from God, not given.</p>
+<p class="line">He gave us over beast, fish, fowl,</p>
+<p class="line">Dominion absolute. That right we hold</p>
+<p class="line">By his donation: but men over men</p>
+<p class="line">He made not lord; such title to himself</p>
+<p class="line">Reserving, human left from human free.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">Milton.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Had Irving now seen the once attractive Imihie, and
+her playful boy, as he even beheld them in the slave-room of the
+African courtier, he would scarcely have given credit to any assurance
+that she was the same individual. She then, recently a captive,
+peculiarly displayed in her person the characteristic feminine traits
+of her country&mdash;perfect symmetry of proportion, and beautiful, in
+as far as it did not consist in colour. Modest, affable, and faithful,
+these sweet feminine qualities emanated from her softened eyes, and an
+air of winning innocence in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb95" href=
+"#pb95" name="pb95">95</a>]</span>every look and gesture; while every
+word was pronounced with an inflection of voice so sweet, so soft, so
+tender, that cold indeed must have been the heart that could withstand
+its eloquent appeal, or listen, unmoved, to its modulations. Such was
+the young Imihie. Now, alas! how changed! Emaciated for want of food,
+sinking with illness, shrinking from exposure; almost frenzied with the
+recollection of the past, the misery of the present, and the dread of
+the future; bearing, with difficulty, her infant, she was conducted,
+with her companions in misery, to the vendue, in the bare hope that she
+might be purchased for the sake of the boy; who, though suffering from
+the effects of the voyage and want of his natural nutriment, still
+evidently displayed great intelligence, and much natural vigour. The
+first day of exhibition passed, and no purchaser was found for the
+<i>sulky</i> negress, (for such is the feeling term applied to the
+desponding.)</p>
+<p>On occasions like this, it is a common thing to speculate upon the
+purchase of what are termed the refuse negroes, or those <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb96" href="#pb96" name="pb96">96</a>]</span>left
+from the first day&rsquo;s sale. Some are frequently in so weak and
+miserable a state, as even to be sold as low as for a dollar; some are
+taken to the mart almost in the agonies of death; and some are even
+known to draw their last sigh in the piazzas of the vendue master. It
+was on the second day&rsquo;s sale that Imihie was purchased by a
+planter for a very low sum, and carried into the country, with some
+others, whom he intended to retail. The situation of these wretched
+captives was but little ameliorated, by becoming the property of this
+man, who was of that class of managers, who think that the safety of
+the family to which they are subservient, and the interest of the
+proprietor, renders severity indispensable, and oppression the only
+mode of subduing the refractory spirit of the African, whom they regard
+with the most sovereign contempt. With souls lost to all sense of
+compassion, they believe there can be but one mode of enforcing
+obedience, that of fear; and in the exercise of their delegated
+authority, they put in action, to the utmost, this ignoble <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb97" href="#pb97" name=
+"pb97">97</a>]</span>stimulus, by every means which a spirit of cruelty
+and ignorance can suggest.</p>
+<p>Short, indeed, would have been the existence of the miserable
+Imihie, had she continued the property of this semi-barbarian. Confined
+in a narrow and unwholesome hut, without a single comfort; a hurdle for
+a bed, which rather served to torture than to ease her pained and
+wearied limbs, with scarcely sufficient of a coarse linen to secure her
+frame from the scorching heats of the day, and the dangerous dews of
+night; in the midst of the richest bounties of nature, and the abundant
+luxuries of art, fed on salt beef and salt cod, and roots, with the
+injurious flour of the cassava, imperfectly prepared, and these in
+quantity scarcely sufficient to support existence; deprived of every
+enjoyment; condemned to perpetual labour, under the rod of an unfeeling
+master, there could be no chance of amendment of health, or of
+reconcilement to her destiny. But Providence ordained she should yet
+feel the happiness of sympathy. Her tyrant master, finding that her
+labour was very inadequate <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href=
+"#pb98" name="pb98">98</a>]</span>to the expences of retaining her,
+would have separated her from her child, and sold her for the smallest
+possible sum; but a neighbouring proprietor of a small plantation
+offered a satisfactory price for them together, and they were removed
+to a comparatively comfortable situation, in the hope that, with rest
+and better food, she might be enabled to become a house-slave to the
+wife of the purchaser.</p>
+<p>It has been remarked, by observing travellers, that the women of the
+West Indies possess great natural kind feelings; but that the habitual
+view of oppression, and the free exercise of power over the slaves,
+renders them very insensible to the sufferings of the negro women, and
+totally regardless of promoting their happiness, or of studying to
+ameliorate their hard lot; and that the instances are by no means
+uncommon, in which they treat and have them punished with the utmost
+severity: that they can raise, to no gentle tone, their soft voices,
+and exert, with no little energy, their spiritless frames, when
+provoked by the awkwardness, or jealous of <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb99" href="#pb99" name="pb99">99</a>]</span>the
+influence of their sable captives. Ah! much to be lamented is that
+state of oppression on the one part, and debasement on the other, which
+can convert the expression of that distinguishing feature of beauty, of
+female beauty more especially, from that which indicates right feeling,
+to that which betrays a superiority the God of nature designed not. A
+woman&rsquo;s eye should melt with tenderness, sparkle with innocent
+animation, weep with those that weep, and beam with the rays of joy at
+the happiness of another.</p>
+<p>Such <i>was</i> the expression which shed its consolation on the
+desolated Imihie, upon the visit of her new mistress to her lowly hut.
+This amiable woman was young, but her mind had been early matured in
+the school of adversity: a hapless fate had fixed her residence in a
+remote part of Jamaica, but she had also learnt, from precepts which
+will never lead astray, &ldquo;in whatsoever situation she was,
+therewith to be content.&rdquo; From the same Master who had inspired
+this lesson of the apostle, she had also learnt the only cure for the
+rebellion of the mind; that force defeated <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href="#pb100" name="pb100">100</a>]</span>its
+object; that it was the interest of those who possessed power over
+their fellow-beings, that they should be attached to life, for nothing
+could be expected from them, the moment that they no longer feared
+death. Guiding her conduct by this principle of enlightened reason,
+derived from a far higher source, the most genuine sentiments of
+humanity were in constant exercise, by a corresponding course of
+action. She could not, indeed, as an obscure and solitary individual,
+break or remove the yoke which oppressed her fellow-creatures; but she
+could render it easier to be borne, and could, sometimes, even for a
+time, dissipate the cruel sense of it, by promoting and favouring the
+natural tastes of her poor slaves. Their lodging, clothing, and food,
+were all attended to by persons she could depend upon, and regularly
+inspected by herself. Far from regarding the occupation degrading, she
+persevered in it as a commanding duty; and she reaped her high reward,
+by the grateful affection of her poor servants. By various simple
+methods, she roused from the apathy of despair, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101" name="pb101">101</a>]</span>and
+awakened the sensibilities. Little festivals conducted with judgment,
+innocent recreations, and simple rewards, preserved her slaves from the
+continual melancholy, which had too just a foundation. She sympathized
+with mothers, and delighted to share with them the caresses of the
+children.</p>
+<p>Her husband, although possessing not her intelligence and elevation
+of mind, nor actuated by the principle that directed the energies of
+his amiable wife, yet was induced, by her unostentatious usefulness,
+and evident success in her plans, to accede to most of the humane
+innovations she proposed to him; convinced, by her arguments, that it
+would be his interest to be humane. Hence, their plantation exhibited a
+picture of comfort seldom seen, and their slaves had every appearance
+of health. They were allowed wholesome provision in ample quantity,
+with as much fruit as they wished; they had the liberty of keeping
+poultry, and to cultivate a piece of ground with esculent roots; their
+huts were comfortable, and when sick they experienced the kindest
+attention; and they <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href="#pb102"
+name="pb102">102</a>]</span>were frequently suffered to associate with
+each other in little parties, for recreation and amusement.</p>
+<p>Such were the proprietors of the poor Imihie and her hapless boy,
+who soon began to find the benefit of kind treatment; and it is
+probable, had Providence ordained that it should have been enjoyed,
+immediately after landing on a foreign shore, that the miseries of the
+voyage, and even the horrors of bondage, might have been overcome by
+youth, and that wonderful buoyancy of the human mind, that seems to
+force itself above the swelling waves of misfortune. But the arrow had
+sunk too deep: its barb had been too powerfully poisoned, for human
+effort to withdraw, or to antidote it. Imihie was evidently the victim
+of that disease which hurries to an untimely grave, so many individuals
+of her hapless country; and which, throughout the world, may be termed,
+although not yet classed, a broken heart. The first symptom of this
+disorder among negroes, became evident; namely, the black and glossy
+skin assumed an olive hue, the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb103"
+href="#pb103" name="pb103">103</a>]</span>tongue became white, and the
+poor sufferer became overpowered by such a desire to sleep, that it was
+found impossible to resist it, a deadly faintness preventing the
+smallest exercise. In fact, a languor and general relaxation of the
+whole wonderful machinery of the human frame, seems to threaten death
+day by day, yet the sufferer still survives. So great is the state of
+despondency accompanying this distressing malady, that those afflicted
+will suffer themselves to be beaten, rather than attempt to move or
+walk. Happy was it for Imihie that she had not a task-master&rsquo;s
+whip to dread; and that the loathing which she had for mild and
+wholesome food, was not attributed to obstinacy, but to what it really
+was, a symptom of the disease which was insiduously undermining the
+vital principles of life. It made rapid advances upon her delicate and
+youthful frame: her respiration became laborious and painful, the
+extremities became swollen, and suffocation seemed frequently to impede
+the action of the heart. In this state she languished and suffered
+several months; but <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href="#pb104"
+name="pb104">104</a>]</span>Imihie had her consolations, under an
+infliction, the natural consequence of melancholy upon the organs of
+the human frame.</p>
+<p>We have said, that the humanity and enlightened reason of the
+excellent Mrs. Delany, were derived from a high source; even from that
+source which exalts feeling to a principle: the one is frequently as
+transient as the excitement, the other is founded upon a firm basis;
+offering a permanent and pure incentive to action, by adding a value to
+existence, as connecting it with a future. Such is one of the many
+blessed fruits of a Christian faith. Mrs. Delany felt its commanding
+power: she was a Christian in <i>deed</i>. Hers was not a speculative
+creed, but a practical code: it was her daily, hourly study to act
+upon.</p>
+<p>It is true, Jamaica, at the period of our narrative, enjoyed not the
+high privileges it now possesses of Christian instruction, and of
+Christian example; but Mrs. Delaney was one amongst the few, who,
+feeling and enjoying the light and the consolation of religion, were
+anxious to impart a portion of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb105"
+href="#pb105" name="pb105">105</a>]</span>what cheered their own
+hearts&mdash;of that which directed their steps, to those who yet
+&ldquo;sat in darkness and the shadow of death.&rdquo; Deeply
+interested in her hapless slave, from the moment she saw her, Mrs.
+Delaney had soothed, by truly maternal attention, her bodily
+sufferings, and her mental anguish. She inwardly deplored her total
+ignorance of that grand source of consolation, the knowledge of which
+was so open to those who despised it. She gently prepared the feelings
+and the understanding for the reception of that light, which she
+fervently prayed might be imparted to her benighted mind. She gradually
+led her docile steps, her mental view, to Him who invites the heavy
+laden to resort to him for rest; to seek Him who is the strength and
+the fortress of those that trust in him; to adore, with unfeigned
+humility, that transcendent mercy, which became poor that we might be
+rich. What heart is there, bereft of all earthly good, all earthly
+hope, but must expand with joy, to receive into its most inmost
+recesses the precious promises of Christianity?&mdash;of <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb106" href="#pb106" name="pb106">106</a>]</span>that
+mild and beneficent religion, which so tenderly sympathizes with every
+emotion of the weak, the frail, the lacerated bosom? Was it then
+surprising, that the poor Imihie, with feelings too powerful for
+utterance, hung upon the mild accents of Mrs. Delaney, as she described
+to her the sufferings of the Redeemer&mdash;the abyss of wretchedness
+from which he rescued mankind&mdash;the dreadful penalty from which he
+saved a rebellious world? Was it surprising, that, with an eager
+gratitude, which gave a heavenly expression to her languid eyes, and
+displayed itself in every varying feature, she listened to the glorious
+truths of revelation, unfolded in terms suited to her expanding
+capacity; and that, with all the simplicity of unsophisticated nature,
+receiving the noblest impressions of Deity, she bade Mrs. Delaney thank
+her great good God for his marvellous kindness to wretched captives,
+and for the unsearchable riches of his grace. Never was she wearied in
+hearing her kind instructress recount the sufferings of the incarnate
+God: tears, the offspring of genuine feeling, chased each <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href="#pb107" name=
+"pb107">107</a>]</span>other down her altered countenance, as Mrs.
+Delaney directed her imagination to the garden of Gethsemane, to the
+judgment-hall, where He, whose throne is heaven, and his footstool
+earth, was exposed to insult, contumely, and scorn; scourged, buffeted,
+spit upon; betrayed by one friend, denied by another, and abandoned by
+all; subjected to a painful, a cruel, and an ignominious death, in the
+presence of insulting foes: the very spirit clouded by the momentary
+abandonment of heavenly aid, forcing from the lips of the sufferer the
+agonizing exclamation: &ldquo;My God, my God! why hast thou forsaken
+me?&rdquo; and all this for the love he bore for those who became his
+murderers.</p>
+<p>Thus would Mrs. Delaney, in language suited to the capacity of her
+pupil, recount the affecting history of our Redeemer, and gradually
+open her mind (aided by the Spirit of grace constantly implored to
+direct her) to the grand truths of the gospel. The soul of the dying
+Imihie imbibed the soothing balm, felt the powerful energy, and gladly
+received the consolation the religion of Jesus <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href="#pb108" name=
+"pb108">108</a>]</span>alone has power to give. Her tears, it is true,
+still flowed for Africa, and for Tumi&aacute;h; but they were no longer
+bitter tears. The heavenly ray which had been communicated to her soul,
+had not only enlightened it, but stilled <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1172" title="Source: it">its</span> perturbations; and captivity
+was deprived of its horrors, in the enjoyment of those lively
+instructions in the way of holiness and peace, so impressively imparted
+by her truly Christian mistress.</p>
+<p>Often when administering some relief to her bodily suffering, Mrs.
+Delaney would ask her how she felt herself. She would say, with a
+serene smile, &ldquo;weak, weak; but joy, joy here,&rdquo; laying her
+hand on her bosom, then pressing that of her compassionate
+benefactress. No murmur, no complaint, proceeded from her lips; but her
+mind appeared ever tranquil, and her soul happy. Sometimes, indeed,
+while caressing Samboe, the tear would swell in her eyes; but she had
+learned the comprehensive prayer, &ldquo;Lord, let thy will be
+done!&rdquo; and a frequent, affecting repetition of it, while she
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb109" href="#pb109" name=
+"pb109">109</a>]</span>pressed her boy to her bosom, spoke volumes to
+the sympathizing Mrs. Delaney.</p>
+<p>During this daily increase of spiritual strength, her frame
+gradually sunk under the pressure of her disease, which resisted every
+tried means of relief, and finally came to its usual termination;
+<i>viz.</i> suffocation. Thus closed the mortal career of the youthful
+Imihie, one of the many thousands of victims to a commerce, which, it
+is feared, the mercenary will always cling to; in which desperate men
+will ever be found to hazard; and, even in Africa, tyrants ever be
+ready to supply the horrid market; (<a href="#note.q"><i>Note</i>
+<span class="sc">Q</span></a>.) while few, it is to be feared, will,
+like the poor Imihie, after a series of misery, find a Mrs. Delaney to
+soothe their sorrows, and point to realms where all tears shall be
+wiped away, and sorrow and sighing shall flee for ever.</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">To Heaven the Christian negress sent her sighs,</p>
+<p class="line">In morning vows, and evening sacrifice;</p>
+<p class="line">She pray&rsquo;d for blessings to descend on those</p>
+<p class="line">Who dealt to her the cup of many woes;</p>
+<p class="line">Thought of her home in Africa forlorn,</p>
+<p class="line">Yet, while she wept, rejoic&rsquo;d that she was
+born:<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb110" href="#pb110" name=
+"pb110">110</a>]</span></p>
+<p class="line">Ennobling virtue fix&rsquo;d her hopes above,</p>
+<p class="line">Enlarg&rsquo;d her heart, and sanctified her love.</p>
+<p class="line">With lowly steps the path of peace she trod,</p>
+<p class="line">A happy pilgrim, for she walk&rsquo;d with God.</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">Montgomery</span>,
+(adapted.)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch9" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e1218" class="main">Chapter <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1220" title="Source: VIII">IX</span>.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">The spreading palm-tree o&rsquo;er her grave shall
+wave,</p>
+<p class="line">Emblem of bliss eternal!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;See on the grave in which she sleeps,</p>
+<p class="line">The soften&rsquo;d savage sits and weeps;</p>
+<p class="line">And the sweet voice of gratitude</p>
+<p class="line">Oft names her in the desert rude.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">The Missionary.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">The infant Samboe, thus bereaved of his suffering
+mother, was yet too young to feel the full magnitude of his loss; yet
+his little heart experienced emotions he had no power to utter, when he
+was told she would <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111" href="#pb111"
+name="pb111">111</a>]</span>never more awake to his call, nor could
+<i>he feel happy</i>, when, with expressions of joy, he saw the negroes
+of the plantation remove his &ldquo;silent mother&rdquo; to the burial
+ground, with every demonstration of joy. (<a href="#note.r"><i>Note</i>
+<span class="sc">R</span></a>.)</p>
+<p>An ever kind Providence has, however, made the griefs of children to
+be transient; and Samboe, the favourite of Mrs. Delaney, from his
+sweetness of disposition, great activity, and early intelligence, would
+probably have presented a pleasing exception to the unhappy lot of his
+enslaved countrymen&mdash;might justly have enjoyed the title of the
+<i>happy negro</i>&mdash;had his benefactress been spared to bless the
+sable dependants on her kindness. But life, at all times and in all
+situations transient and uncertain, may be said to be peculiarly so in
+the West Indies; the progress of disease being so rapid, and the
+excitements to it so many. That dreadful visitation, the yellow fever,
+broke out in the district of the Delaney plantation: numberless were
+the victims to the &ldquo;pestilence that walketh in noon-day;&rdquo;
+and among them were Mr. Delaney and his amiable wife. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb112" href="#pb112" name="pb112">112</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Those who were capable of appreciating their worth, who had felt
+their benevolence, had enjoyed the privileges they allowed, and knew
+how rarely they were found in the plantations, mourned them with
+unfeigned sorrow, their loss closing up the avenues of consolation and
+of hope; and those too young to feel how much they were deprived of,
+were quickly made sensible of a change from a system of Christian love
+and benevolence, to that built upon the mere hope of worldly gain. As
+it is not the custom in the English colonies, as in the French, for the
+negroes to be attached to the plantation, those of the Delaney estate
+were, upon the sale of it, dispersed amongst different purchasers; and
+the infant Samboe became the property of a cruel mercenary, who
+employed the poor child to wait upon him, when indulging in all the
+luxurious ease of an occidental despot. By those who have seen the
+various caprices of a temper altogether uncontrouled, the whims of a
+mind destitute of cultivation and obstinate in ignorance, the cruelty
+of a disposition formed by the possession <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb113" href="#pb113" name="pb113">113</a>]</span>of a precarious power
+over helpless individuals; by those, and those only, will the various
+species of suffering to which the innocent child was subjected be
+understood; and the terrors which were produced by the horrid
+imprecations, the unmanly abuse, and vulgar epithets of this brutal
+master, upon the gentle and timid character of the poor little Samboe.
+It was then he began to feel the loss, and to pine for the tenderness
+of his mother and his benefactress; and there is little doubt but he
+would have soon followed them to the tomb, had not an incident
+occurred, that emancipated him from the tyrannical controul by which he
+so acutely suffered. One day, while attending his master at breakfast,
+just as he handed the coffee his foot slipped, and it was thrown over a
+beautiful cimar, which the luxurious planter highly valued, as the gift
+of a lady to whom he was partial. He rose in haste and in anger, and
+aiming a blow at the now kneeling boy, missed the blow, and fell
+himself to the ground, striking his head by the fall against the edge
+of a sofa. Seeing him suddenly <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb114"
+href="#pb114" name="pb114">114</a>]</span>fall, some attendants in
+waiting rushed to his assistance, but in vain: the blow had been fatal,
+he had fallen to rise no more on earth! Happy was it for Samboe that
+there were witnesses, <i>white</i> witnesses of the scene, who could
+exonerate him from all intentional connexion with, or wilful
+provocation to the catastrophe. The alarm, however, of the unoffending
+child was distressing: the countenance of the planter at all times bore
+evidence of his ill-regulated mind and indurated heart, and the awful
+hand of death fixed them in an expression the most horrid. With little
+idea of such sudden death, the poor child thought he was but in a
+violent passion, and, in the most piteous accents, clasping his hands
+together, besought &ldquo;massa to forgive poor Samboe, who would not
+break cup any more, would not spoil dress any more.&rdquo; But his
+supplication was alike unheeded by master and attendants, except by
+one, who kicking him as he passed, said: &ldquo;Get out of the way, ye
+little whining dog, or I&rsquo;ll make ye.&rdquo; Samboe crept from the
+apartment, and crouching under some furniture, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href="#pb115" name="pb115">115</a>]</span>felt
+all the bitterness of a life of slavery, of which nature, in its first
+fresh feelings, can be capable. Happily again for the infant captive,
+the wife of the planter could not bear to retain in her service the
+innocent cause of her husband&rsquo;s death; at least, secretly
+rejoicing at her own emancipation from his arbitrary disposition, she
+affected so to say: consequently, she expressed her wish of selling him
+to the manager of a neighbouring plantation, but as her recent loss
+rendered it impossible for her to have a personal interview, she thus
+communicated her wish by note to this person: &ldquo;Unable to bear the
+sight of the young author of the death of the best and tenderest of
+husbands, Mrs. Williamson requests the favour of Mr. Martin to take
+charge of, and dispose of him, in any way he may judge most conducive
+to her interest, and to employ the proceeds in the purchase of a more
+effective, that is, laborious slave. Mrs. W. relies on the known
+kindness of Mr. M. to render this service to the disconsolate widow of
+his late friend.&rdquo; My young readers will doubtless <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb116" href="#pb116" name="pb116">116</a>]</span>be
+shocked, that Mrs. Williamson should thus profess grief for the loss of
+a man she married for his wealth, without either esteeming or loving
+him; but it is no fancied picture, and is presented to show, that,
+unless the heart is continually watched, and the mind sedulously
+cultivated, in situations favourable to indolence and self-indulgence,
+the moral feelings quickly become blunted, and the individual can
+easily, and without any self-reproach, assume any sentiments and any
+line of conduct which best suits the whim or caprice of the moment; and
+she hated the little Samboe, because she once overheard him, in a
+moment of unusual gaiety, telling a circle of slaves what merry dances
+they had at Delaney, when dear Missy Delaney danced with poor Samboe.
+Upon such trifles will envy condescend to feed its insatiate appetite.
+Good, however, to Samboe, was educed from all this evil. Mr. Martin was
+the respectable and humane manager of the Moreton estate; (see
+&ldquo;<i>Twilight Hours Improved</i>,&rdquo; page 85;) subjected to
+his superintendence during the minority <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb117" href="#pb117" name="pb117">117</a>]</span>of Mr. Frederick
+Moreton, by the will of his deceased father; and whose humane treatment
+of his negroes had excited the displeasure of the young man&rsquo;s
+guardian, Mr. Penryn, who firmly believed the African race created only
+to become the slaves of Europeans. Mr. Martin lost no time in complying
+with the request of his fair neighbour. He well remembered frequently
+having seen the little Samboe in attendance upon his imperious master,
+and never failed to admire his extreme docility, mildness, and
+intelligence; and he looked upon the circumstance of Mrs.
+Williamson&rsquo;s desire to sell him, as very fortunate, as he had,
+only a few days previous, received the commission to send to England a
+negro boy for his young master.</p>
+<p>The purchase was soon made, and Samboe was once more under the roof
+of an indulgent master. Every attention was given, in order to
+establish his health, and improve his personal appearance, that he
+might credit the choice of his purchaser, and please the young eye of
+his future master. He only remained at Jamaica to effect these
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118" name=
+"pb118">118</a>]</span>purposes, when he was consigned to the care of
+the captain of an English West Indiaman, with instructions to have him
+safely conveyed to Mr. Penryn&rsquo;s, Portman Square.</p>
+<p>Samboe evinced the greatest reluctance to go on board; he clung to
+Mr. Martin, who himself conducted him, and trembled violently,
+declaring he could not go into great ship, or on great wide sea. No one
+could account for this extraordinary reluctance and evident terror; for
+they knew not that the young heart of the little negro was throbbing
+with recollections for which he had no name, and which he had no power
+to express. It is true, they were vague, like the confused remembrance
+of a troubled dream, but they were powerful; and it was with the utmost
+difficulty Mr. Martin soothed him, by gentleness, promises, and
+assurances; and, after all, was obliged to leave him, when he had cried
+himself to sleep upon a coil of rope on the deck, no one being able to
+prevail upon him to go below, and Mr. Martin positively forbidding
+coercion.</p>
+<p>The grief and terror of the poor boy were <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb119" href="#pb119" name=
+"pb119">119</a>]</span>renewed, when he discovered he had been left by
+Mr Martin; but a series of kind treatment, and many little indulgences
+granted him, after a while reconciled him to his new situation; while
+his simplicity and quickness greatly endeared him to the sailors, with
+whom he became quite a pet. The voyage passed in this manner without
+any particular occurrence; and Samboe was introduced, one evening, to
+the dining room of Mr. Penryn, filled with elegant company.</p>
+<p>Had he been one of the wonders of the world, he probably would not
+have excited more attention, or elicited more remarks. The ladies
+admired his eyes and his teeth; the gentlemen enquired if he was a
+Molembo, or from the Kroo country, and began an animated debate on
+slavery, and the slave-trade. Each lady gave her opinion of the most
+becoming dress to contrast with the jet black of his skin. One asked
+him if was not glad to come to England; another enquired if he was
+sorry to leave Africa; a third enquired if they flogged him at the
+plantation; while a fourth, by way of compliment <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb120" href="#pb120" name="pb120">120</a>]</span>to
+the lady of the house, observed, he was a happy black boy, to have such
+a charming mistress. To all these remarks the poor child could give no
+reply; nor, it would seem, was it expected; and, much to his joy, he
+was dismissed to the care of the groom, until his apartment and
+employment about the person of his young master could be arranged.</p>
+<p>The groom, however, was highly indignant that a vile <i>neger</i>
+boy should be committed to his care: &ldquo;Did they fancy he would let
+a black get between his sheets? No, indeed; there was the hay-loft, the
+stable-boy should pull him a truss of straw in the corner there: surely
+that would be a better bed than most negers got. Sleep with me, indeed;
+no, I&rsquo;d lose my place first, and tis&rsquo;n&rsquo;t a bad one,
+neither<span class="corr" id="xd20e1300" title="Not in source">.</span>
+Had they told me to take C&aelig;sar the house-dog, or Neptune the
+Newfoundlander, I should not have so much have minded; but a neger boy!
+surely my master was half-seas over to think of it.&rdquo; This, and
+much more of the same refined objection, passed in the kitchen of
+&mdash;&mdash; Penryn, esq. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb121" href=
+"#pb121" name="pb121">121</a>]</span>and, according to the
+groom&rsquo;s kind arrangement, Samboe was indulged with some clean
+straw in the stable-loft.</p>
+<p>The children of oppression and calamity quickly sympathize; a
+kindred feeling draws them together: thus it was with Samboe the
+African, and Frank the English stable boy. An orphan from his cradle,
+and a parish apprentice, Frank had been early subjected to every
+oppression&mdash;exposed to every temptation; but a certain buoyancy of
+spirit, and a persevering ardour of mind, enabled him to rise above the
+one; and the latter was rendered less dangerous, by his constant,
+unremitted love of employment. He was busily engaged mending his shoes,
+when his master, the groom, introduced the young negro to his
+acquaintance. &ldquo;There, Frank,&rdquo; he said, &ldquo;there is a
+companion for you, my lad; take care he don&rsquo;t touch the horses,
+and mind he don&rsquo;t run away. Lock him up when you come in for your
+supper: you may offer him some, but I don&rsquo;t know what negers eat,
+I&rsquo;m sure. Master should have told us that, I think, for I
+don&rsquo;t expect they <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb122" href=
+"#pb122" name="pb122">122</a>]</span>live as we do. Eh! my lad, do ye
+mind me?&rdquo; he added, with a raised voice, as he saw Frank take the
+hand of the timid Samboe, and ask him if he was tired. &ldquo;Oh yes,
+sir!&rdquo; he replied, touching his fur cap, &ldquo;I will be sure to
+take care of him.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Glad to get quit of the restraint which the charge imposed upon him,
+the groom was in high good humour with Frank, and promised, if he would
+attend to his orders, he would give him a shilling. Astonished at his
+unwonted generosity, Frank repeated his assurances; and having made his
+new companion understand that he desired to make him comfortable, with
+the happy facility of children to be so when left to themselves, they
+quickly became acquainted. Frank found that <i>negers</i> could eat
+good bread and fresh meat; that they had no objection to tarts; and
+that even a custard, given by the cook as a treat to merry Frank, was
+equally relished by the neger boy. After this luxurious repast, during
+which, if it was not the &ldquo;feast of reason and the flow of
+soul,&rdquo; there was, most unquestionably, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb123" href="#pb123" name=
+"pb123">123</a>]</span>innate benevolence on one side, and genuine
+gratitude on the other, the new-made friends sought repose on the same
+clean truss of straw, and together enjoyed the refreshment of
+&ldquo;nature&rsquo;s sweet restorer.&rdquo; Not long, however, after
+they had thus lain down, Frank was roused from his yet imperfect
+slumber, by a slight rustling and a low voice, very near him. He spoke
+gently to his new bed-fellow, but received no reply. Frank had that
+tincture of superstition which usually attaches to the ignorant and
+uncultivated; and the unusual sound, his new situation, and the
+profound darkness, aided the impression; while a thought of the little
+negro became associated with the recollection of several marvellous
+ghost-stories he had heard. He ventured, however, (not without
+considerable reluctance,) to feel if his sable companion was by his
+side, and discovered, to his amazement, that he was not there. The
+murmur still continued, and Frank, trembling all over him, made a
+desperate effort, and called lustily, &ldquo;Samboe, Samboe!&rdquo;
+&ldquo;Samboe here,&rdquo; replied the boy, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb124" href="#pb124" name="pb124">124</a>]</span>in a
+soft and gentle tone; &ldquo;Samboe here, but wicked boy.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Frank&rsquo;s courage returned at the sound of Samboe&rsquo;s voice
+clearly pronouncing these words, although he was at a loss to account
+for his self-accusation. &ldquo;Why, what have you done to be wicked;
+where are you?&rdquo; he enquired. Samboe&rsquo;s imperfect knowledge
+of the English language, permitted him not to understand the full
+import of these questions; and it was not until Frank, with renewed
+courage at finding his companion was really a mortal, contrived to make
+him understand his repeated enquiry, why he had risen, and why he
+called himself wicked? &ldquo;Because Samboe forgot lesson dear Missy
+Delaney teach him. Pray to great God before sleep; pray to great God
+when eyes open; pray to good God give food; pray to good God give
+friends.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Frank now understood, that Samboe, in the novelty of his situation,
+and probably from the effects of a little porter he had taken, had
+forgotten to offer his simple tribute of thanks and respect to the
+omnipotent Creator, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb125" href="#pb125"
+name="pb125">125</a>]</span>which the good Mrs. Delaney had taught him
+habitually to do; although he was too young when she died, to admit any
+further religious instruction, or to understand more than that a great
+God, beyond the blue sky, observed all his actions.</p>
+<p>Samboe had never, until this night, neglected this lesson; but, with
+uplifted hands and bended knee, was accustomed to acknowledge the
+protection and the support of the Being he had been taught to regard,
+as ever beholding, and with unwearied care protecting, all men. Sleep,
+however, had not closed his eyes, ere the omission was recollected, and
+he had crept out of the straw, to offer his simple orison, the low
+murmur of which had so much alarmed his new friend. Having concluded,
+he returned to his straw couch, and slept the sleep of innocence,
+untill awaked by Frank rising to his morning duty in the stables.</p>
+<p>Frank possessed an intelligence of mind, as well as activity of
+spirit, which required but opportunities to develope themselves. The
+incident of Samboe&rsquo;s forgotten prayer, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126" name=
+"pb126">126</a>]</span>impressed his youthful mind. How was it he had
+never been taught to pray? He had never seen it practised among those
+he had been with. He thought people went to church to pray; yet surely
+if a black boy thought it right to pray, a white boy ought. Perhaps it
+was a custom among them? Yet, such was the innate impression he had,
+that it was right and proper, that he felt a species of shame to answer
+Samboe in the negative, when he artlessly enquired if he did not pray
+to great God, to take care of him; he, too, who knew so many things:
+for, to Samboe, Frank seemed a miracle of cleverness, when he described
+his various employments, and displayed, to his astonished visitor, the
+results of his ingenuity, which he did with no little
+self-complacency.</p>
+<p>Samboe seemed now the happiest of human beings. He suffered nothing
+to pass unnoticed; asking the reason, the use, the name of every thing
+he heard, or saw, or touched. This he contrived to do, either by broken
+words, gestures, or signs. The new-made friends thus passed several
+hours <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb127" href="#pb127" name=
+"pb127">127</a>]</span>of the morning, before the groom made his
+appearance; for, although his apartments were above the stables, he did
+not often occupy them, finding numerous engagements more pleasant than
+attending to his duty.</p>
+<p>The only unpleasant circumstance of this morning of delight to
+Samboe, was its chilliness. It was one of those which frequently occur
+in May, as if to reprove the hastiness of the family of Flora, in
+putting forth their fair forms; and its asperity was severely felt by
+the little African. Frank determined to make him as comfortable as he
+could; and having received no orders to the contrary, lighted a fire in
+the groom&rsquo;s room, and invited Samboe to its genial warmth, while
+he quickly prepared a comfortable mess of milk-pottage.</p>
+<p>They were thus enjoying themselves, when the <i>master of the
+house</i> appeared, half awake, and storming at Frank for a lazy dog,
+for not having swept the stable-door. But he supposed he and the
+beggarly neger had been idling away their time together. Frank, who was
+used to his arbitrary temper, said <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb128"
+href="#pb128" name="pb128">128</a>]</span>little; but, making signs for
+Samboe to return to the loft, he quickly prepared every thing for his
+master&rsquo;s toilet, and proceeded to rectify the omission of not
+having swept the door-way. While thus engaged, a servant from the house
+arrived with an order to the groom to take the negro-boy to a
+clothes-shop, and have him neatly clothed, until a a proper dress could
+be fixed upon; as he was to have an interview with his mistress and
+young master, who neither of them could bear the smell of tar, exhaling
+from the filthy things he wore.</p>
+<p>This message, delivered in due form to the groom while he was
+shaving himself, nearly endangered his cutting his throat, by the
+resentful agitation it caused, that he should be appointed to wait upon
+a <i>neger</i>. It was a degradation which he could not, nor would not
+submit to. Following, therefore, the example of his superiors, he
+delegated the office to his subordinate; and calling loudly for Frank,
+as soon as the messenger had left him, he desired him to take the black
+he seemed so fond of, to Mr. Draper&rsquo;s, and get <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href="#pb129" name="pb129">129</a>]</span>him
+rigged. &ldquo;And mind ye, Frank, boy, call at the &rsquo;potecaries
+or &rsquo;fumers, and bid &rsquo;em pour some musk or lavender, or
+something sweet over the lad, for missis is very particular; and as to
+Master Fred, I shall have him trying how my legs will bear the exercise
+of his new hunting-whip, if I do not please him about this black, who,
+I dare say, will not be long before he feels it. But I suppose he has
+been used to flogging, so it will be nothing to him.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Frank, highly pleased with this important commission, called the
+shivering boy from the hay-chamber, and in no long time he was
+completely equipped, in a suit according to the taste of Frank and the
+vender: certainly as stiff and ill made as it well could be; while the
+effusion of lavender-water was completely accomplished, even till the
+poor boy&rsquo;s eyes became filled with tears, from the potency of the
+perfume, and every person he passed on his return, half stopped, at
+meeting with the unusual odour.</p>
+<p>Samboe, however, had yet some hours to become reconciled to his new
+habiliment; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb130" href="#pb130" name=
+"pb130">130</a>]</span>and his friend Frank had so many modes and
+sources of employment and amusement, that those hours passed insensibly
+away. At length, about four o&rsquo;clock, the groom again appeared to
+conduct him to the house; and when arrived, a footman desired him to
+follow him to the apartment of his lady, previously to her taking her
+morning airing.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch10" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e1358" class="main">Chapter <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1360" title="Source: IX">X</span>.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;I would not have a slave to till my ground,</p>
+<p class="line">To carry me, to fan me while I sleep,</p>
+<p class="line">And tremble when I wake, for all the wealth</p>
+<p class="line">That sinews bought and sold have ever
+earn&rsquo;d.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">Cowper.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">From the reciprocation of the heart&rsquo;s best
+affections, which had marked the short period of Samboe&rsquo;s
+acquaintance with Frank, we may now follow the young stranger to the
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131" name=
+"pb131">131</a>]</span>inanity of an Anglo West Indian boudoir; in
+which were Mrs. Penryn, reclined on a <i>chaise longue</i>, a young
+lady spangling some delicate muslin, and Mr. Frederick Moreton standing
+at a distant part of the room. The footman having opened the door,
+pointed to Samboe to enter, and immediately closed it upon him, leaving
+the timid boy to the scrutinizing looks of Mrs. Penryn, the oblique
+attention of the young lady, and the supercilious glance of the boy,
+who was engaged in the <i>humane</i> employment of holding a live mouse
+by the tail, as high as his arm could reach; while a kitten, eagerly
+attending to its writhings, kept springing, instinctively, to catch it,
+and as often, from the violence of the exertion, fell back on the
+floor. Had it not been for the chill which pervaded his frame, in his
+way to this apartment, Samboe might have thought himself in the West
+Indies, both as to the temperature, and the luxurious ease displayed in
+the arrangement of it. An elegant Persian carpet, entirely covered it;
+sofas, ottomans, and couches, invited to indolence and repose;
+ornaments of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132" name=
+"pb132">132</a>]</span>the richest and most expensive materials, vases,
+cabinets, &amp;c. adorned it; and a number of tropical birds, of
+beauteous plumage, displayed their captive state in superb cages of
+various elegant forms; while shells of great magnitude and exquisite
+beauty were displayed in different parts of this superb room, with
+considerable judgment and taste; and a rich glow seemed communicated to
+every object, from the light passing the draperies of beautiful
+rose-coloured taffety curtains. Plants of the loveliest bloom and most
+exquisite odour, completed the fascinations of this luxurious
+apartment, tastefully arranged in beautiful baskets and vases,
+reflected by the superb mirrors, of which there were several on each
+side of the room.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Penryn, half raising her pale and spiritless form from the sofa
+on which she was reclining, was the first to break the silence which
+followed Samboe&rsquo;s introduction. &ldquo;Come, Fred, do give Frolic
+the mouse, and look at this boy. He will serve to amuse you, I hope;
+for I think the dogs, the cats, the mice, and the flies, have had
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb133" href="#pb133" name=
+"pb133">133</a>]</span>enough of you. Come, did you ever behold such an
+uncouth creature as George has made him: why the boy looks as if he
+were in a wooden case. He must not appear about you, till he has
+something fit to put on.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>This feeling harangue did not divert the young gentleman from his
+amusement for some minutes, till at length, more it would seem from his
+own fatigue, than from any motive of compassion for the poor animals,
+he gave the cat its natural prey; and it retired <i>swearing</i>, as
+its murmur of triumph is styled, to enjoy the feast, under a sofa at
+the further part of the room. &ldquo;Now, Lavinia,&rdquo; said Mrs.
+Penryn, addressing the young lady, &ldquo;give us your opinion, my
+dear; your taste is so good: what dress shall we have for Fred&rsquo;s
+page? He will like whatever you decide upon, I dare say.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Dear me, do you think so?&rdquo; replied Miss Lavinia, in the
+most affected tone: &ldquo;Mr. Frederick seldom asks my opinion, I
+think.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;He is but a boy, and you will excuse <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb134" href="#pb134" name="pb134">134</a>]</span>him,
+I&rsquo;m sure; but really this dress must be left to you.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Certainly,&rdquo; replied Lavinia, &ldquo;he must have
+<i>something</i> different from that he now wears, which is only fit
+for the stable.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;And a very good place too, I think,&rdquo; remarked the
+polite young gentleman, as he threw himself at his length on a sofa,
+rousing by the action a little white terrier, which had been reposing
+quietly upon it. The dog uttered a cry, and jumped on the floor.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Poor Erminet cannot be quiet even here,&rdquo; said Mrs.
+Penryn, angrily: &ldquo;I wish, Fred, you would look before you lie
+down: I dare say you have lamed my pretty Erminet.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I dare say I have done no such thing,&rdquo; retorted the
+respectful nephew: &ldquo;But I have no desire to stay, I assure you. I
+am sure, though Lavinia talks of the stable, I had rather be there,
+than shut up in this hot room. So make haste and determine about the
+boy&rsquo;s dress, for I cannot stay shilly-shally here all
+day.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I wonder when you will learn to be civil,&rdquo; <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb135" href="#pb135" name="pb135">135</a>]</span>said
+Mrs. Penryn: &ldquo;I think, if you had had a few lessons of politeness
+interspersed with Greek and Latin, it would have made you more
+agreeable.&rdquo; &ldquo;That is all you women know of the matter. But
+let me have no preaching. Have you done with me?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Why, Fred, how provoking you are: did you not bid me send for
+the boy? And now he is come, you want to go without settling any thing
+about him. Remember, he is your property, and you must do what you
+please about him. I shall trouble myself no more about him.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Very well, then leave it alone,&rdquo; said the young
+barbarian; and striding past the trembling Samboe, he quitted the room,
+shutting the door with violence after him.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;What a pity it is,&rdquo; said Mrs. Penryn, after a short
+pause, &ldquo;that Frederick is so hasty: such a good-hearted lad as he
+is. I wish, Lavinia, you would undertake to soften down his manners: he
+is really worth your trouble, my dear girl.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The young lady simpered, half blushed, expressed her doubt of having
+any influence <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136" name=
+"pb136">136</a>]</span>over Mr. Frederick, who was, indeed, a fine
+manly boy. There was nothing she could refuse to dear Mrs. Penryn and
+her guardian, and she would certainly endeavour to please Frederick,
+that she might refine his manners a little.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Well, begin then, my dear girl, and fix upon a tasty dress
+for the boy. I know Fred will be pleased when it is done. I intend
+Samboe to be his constant attendant: he is to sleep in the little
+anti-room, to be ever at hand to attend Frederick&rsquo;s pleasure;
+and, in short, he is to do what he pleases respecting him. Mr. Penryn
+says he will have hundreds under his power when he goes to
+Jamaica.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>This reference to the taste of Lavinia, was the dictate of policy;
+for she was recently become a ward of Mr. Penryn, was an orphan of
+immense property, and only a few years older than Frederick. The
+prudent Mr. and Mrs. Penryn were very desirous to favour an attachment
+between them; and Mrs. Penryn was directed, by her husband, to seek
+every opportunity of doing so. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb137"
+href="#pb137" name="pb137">137</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The young lady was of that negative character, so often met with
+amongst those who, in large boarding-schools, lose every discriminating
+trait in the general application of certain rules and certain pursuits.
+Dress, admiration, and gaiety, alone had power to animate her pretty
+features; from which, however, no intellectual ray ever beamed. She was
+highly flattered by the desire of Mrs. Penryn to exercise her taste in
+the choice of a dress for Samboe. That choice could not be difficult,
+for one who had so frequently seen the variety of costume exhibited on
+the stage; and as vanity, ostentation, and singularity, not congruity,
+were to dictate the choice, it was soon fixed, as the young lady
+thought, of that elegant form and expensive material, which could not
+fail to please the young planter; and it must be owned, that when, a
+few days subsequent, Samboe made his appearance in the elegant costume
+of Persia, that he exhibited a very fair specimen of juvenile negro
+beauty. The blue and silver vest and caftan, the full girdle, the
+capacious trowsers, and the perfectly white <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb138" href="#pb138" name=
+"pb138">138</a>]</span>turban, with its golden cord and sparkling gems,
+contrasted well with his sable skin and slender form; giving a
+lightness to his air, which even the pressure of slavery was not able
+materially to injure.</p>
+<p>Lavinia&rsquo;s taste was loudly applauded; and even Frederick
+condescended to say the boy looked something like what he ought to do.
+But poor Samboe, like many a <i>white</i> boy and girl, felt the misery
+of fine clothes, being continually reminded that he must not do this,
+he must not lie there, lest he should soil his dress.</p>
+<p>His young master would never suffer him out of his sight: not that
+he cared a button for him or his clothes, but because he could not
+allow of any cessation in tormenting a poor being over whom he had full
+controul; and he was continually racking his invention, to devise some
+new species of torment and teasing. With a mean species of jealousy, as
+soon as he found Frank the stable-boy was the only kind being who
+regarded the poor black boy as a fellow-creature, he interdicted Samboe
+from ever going into the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb139" href=
+"#pb139" name="pb139">139</a>]</span>stable, or from speaking to his
+good-tempered friend.</p>
+<p>This was a cruel stroke to poor Samboe, thus to deprive him of the
+only portion of comfort in his bitter draught of slavery. His mind was
+in danger of becoming callous from oppression, and in proportion to the
+degradation he was subjected to. He had no motive for action, but the
+dread of punishment. Without voluntary agency, a mere passive
+instrument in the hands of others, his mind would assuredly have become
+irrecoverably contracted, and the powers of soul even destroyed, had
+not the very tyranny and caprice which were producing these lamentable
+results, transferred the suffering boy to the benevolent care of
+Captain Tremayne, and his young nephew, Charles Roslyn. (See
+&ldquo;<i>Twilight Hours improved</i>.&rdquo;)</p>
+<p>Become the property of the latter by the hasty gift of Frederick,
+how different was the lot of Samboe, from a state of cruel coercion, of
+degrading slavery, which was daily debasing every manly sentiment!
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb140" href="#pb140" name=
+"pb140">140</a>]</span></p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;When, to deep sadness sullenly
+resign&rsquo;d,</p>
+<p class="line">He feels his body&rsquo;s bondage in his mind,</p>
+<p class="line">Put off his generous nature, and to suit</p>
+<p class="line">His manners with his fate, put on the brute.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first">Such, indeed, is slavery most justly termed,
+&ldquo;the grave of virtue.&rdquo; Under its cold and ungenial
+influence, every generous, every warm emotion must languish and die.
+Through the gloom which envelopes the soul subjected to its dark power,
+no ray of intellect, no beam of joy, no sun of cheerfulness can pierce.
+And yet man, inconsistent man, while condemning his fellow-being to
+this soul-paralyzing state, expects from the poor victims qualities and
+virtues only to be planted in the soil, only to be nourished by the
+sun, of liberty&mdash;of Christian liberty, of Christian charity:</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;For slaves by truth enlarg&rsquo;d are doubly
+freed.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb141" href="#pb141" name=
+"pb141">141</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch11" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e1472" class="main">Chapter <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1474" title="Source: X">XI</span>.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Thy lips have shed instruction as the dew,</p>
+<p class="line">Taught me what path to shun, and what pursue.</p>
+<p class="line">Farewell my former joys! I sigh no more</p>
+<p class="line">For Africa&rsquo;s once-lov&rsquo;d, benighted
+shore:</p>
+<p class="line">Serving a benefactor, I am free,</p>
+<p class="line">At my best home, if not exil&rsquo;d from
+thee.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Samboe, placed with the respectable Mr. Llwellin, made
+rapid progress in reading and writing, and in the elements of general
+knowledge. His quickness gained the entire attention of his preceptor;
+while these was a charm and freshness in all he said, which could only
+be derived from quick perceptions and a warm heart&mdash;a buoyancy of
+fancy and a fervid feeling, which won the affections of all those who
+had to instruct him. With the deepest attention he would listen to Mr.
+Llwellin, as in a simple and impressive manner he explained to him the
+general principles of religion, the nature and <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb142" href="#pb142" name="pb142">142</a>]</span>duty
+of worshipping God, the creation of man, his fall from virtue and
+happiness, and the promised restoration through the merits of the
+Redeemer. It is a mistake that these subjects are beyond the
+comprehension, and excite no interest in the hearts of children.
+Practical devotion and the Christian duties, have a forcible influence
+on the ductile minds and unsophisticated hearts of the young. Hence the
+transition of instruction is easy, and perfectly understood by them,
+from the duty and privilege of prayer and praise, to the truth that we
+are unable to do either, or even to think what is right, without
+superior guidance and continual aid. The conviction of this at once
+gives an object and a fervency to prayer; and he who prays fervently
+and believing, however young he may be, will not be unheeded when thus
+imploring the divine aid.</p>
+<p>It was the invariable custom of Mr. Llwellin to assemble his family
+in the evening. He then read a portion of the Holy Scriptures, and
+explained them with admirable simplicity and pathos to his little
+auditory. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb143" href="#pb143" name=
+"pb143">143</a>]</span>It was now that the prayers Samboe had said, as
+it were mechanically, were now repeated with an earnestness which fully
+indicated that they were not merely the offering of the lips; and so
+much did he profit by the pious instructions, example, and care of Mr.
+Llwellin, that he was admitted into the Christian church by baptism;
+but, at the request of his young protector, retaining his former name
+as his usual appellation although he received, at the font, that of
+Henry.</p>
+<p>So anxious was this interesting youth to attain all useful
+knowledge, that he was always the first at his scholastic duties; and
+when dismissed from them, after a little recreation, enjoyed with all
+the zest of health and youth, he would occupy his time in religious
+reading and study, drawing, and little mechanical works; equally
+proving his strength of intellect and his active ingenuity. Though his
+temper was frequently severely tried by the taunts and ridicule of the
+boys, he never betrayed anger or resentment: he disarmed them by his
+humility, patience, and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb144" href=
+"#pb144" name="pb144">144</a>]</span>meekness; so that scoffers he
+converted into friends. He was lively in his disposition, but taciturn
+from thought, except when with his teachers; when he seemed to expand
+every faculty of his mind to receive their instructions, while any
+accession of knowledge caused his naturally brilliant eyes to beam with
+added intelligence and delight.</p>
+<p>With all these qualities of mind and heart, it is not surprising
+that Samboe was a universal favourite; and unfeigned, indeed, was his
+joy, when he was permitted to write to his dear massa Charles, whom he
+never named without his eyes filling with tears of grateful affection.
+&ldquo;Oh!&rdquo; he would say, &ldquo;my dear massa, I shall never
+forget his goodness.&rdquo; Years passed on in this progressive
+improvement, during which a regular correspondence was kept up between
+Charles Roslyn and his proteg&eacute;, when an incident occurred which
+opened a field for the exercise of those attainments it had been the
+laudable and unremitted study of Samboe to acquire.</p>
+<p>Colonel Roslyn was entertaining a party <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb145" href="#pb145" name="pb145">145</a>]</span>of
+gentlemen, among whom were admiral Herbert and his nephew Fitzhugh.
+Charles Roslyn was the favourite midshipman of the admiral, and the
+conversation turned upon the topic of the day; namely, the slave-trade,
+and the probabilities of its abolition, as well as the capacity of the
+negroes to profit by their freedom. Many were the arguments adduced for
+and against; and Colonel Roslyn was naturally led to relate the
+circumstances of Samboe&rsquo;s becoming Charles&rsquo;s
+proteg&eacute;, and the high reward they had experienced in the sweet
+disposition, high intellectual capacity, moral worth, and genuine
+religious principles of the young negro. &ldquo;I have the sincerest
+pleasure,&rdquo; observed Colonel Roslyn, &ldquo;in stating this
+individual instance of the moral and intellectual worth of an African,
+of which, doubtless, there are many similar instances, where
+instruction and kindness have elicited and fostered the qualities of
+the mind and heart. But we all remember the period, my friends, when
+the African&rsquo;s claim to the character <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb146" href="#pb146" name="pb146">146</a>]</span>and
+privileges of man was even disputed&mdash;when they were considered as
+somewhat of a superior species of ourang outang<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1511src" href="#xd20e1511" name="xd20e1511src">1</a>. This false
+and inhuman estimate, succeeding years have disproved. It has been in
+numberless instances shown that they are not only men, but capable of
+becoming intelligent and virtuous men; and not only virtuous men, but
+pious, unaffected, sincere Christians. I am not, however,&rdquo;
+continued the colonel, &ldquo;an advocate for giving personal liberty
+to numbers of men, unless, at the same time, I impart the principles of
+religion and the arts of civil life. It is only by giving freedom to
+the soul, and by encouraging the virtuous energies of man, that we can
+make him capable of properly appreciating the blessing of liberty, and
+preserve him from becoming a pest to society, instead of a useful
+member of it. Without these correcting and restraining principles,
+liberty would soon degenerate into licentiousness, and the possession
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb147" href="#pb147" name=
+"pb147">147</a>]</span>of power be exercised in deeds of
+violence.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I entirely agree with you, colonel,&rdquo; observed the
+admiral; &ldquo;and therefore be so good as to pledge me in a glass of
+that excellent claret, when I offer my sentiment: &lsquo;Let the empire
+of Britain be the empire of mercy; and let no shore re-echo with the
+thunder of her power, but which shall also smile under the blessing of
+her beneficence.&rsquo;&rdquo; This sentiment of the admiral&rsquo;s
+was warmly received. During this conversation, a young man at the lower
+end of the table appeared deeply interested in it. His animated and
+penetrating countenance drew the attention of Colonel Roslyn, and he
+expressed his pleasure, in observing to the admiral, that an interest
+for the enslaved Africans seemed to animate his young relative; for it
+was Fitzhugh, whose whole soul seemed engaged in the subject.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, indeed,&rdquo; observed the admiral, &ldquo;Fitzhugh is
+a very enthusiast in the cause, and I love him the better for it: it is
+honourable to his feelings, and to those generous sentiments
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb148" href="#pb148" name=
+"pb148">148</a>]</span>which ought to pervade the heart, and direct the
+conduct of a British officer. Have you not heard that he has obtained a
+very responsible and active appointment in the new settlement of Sierra
+Leone, and that, in a short time, he will sail for Africa? I doubt not
+his conscientious attention to the duties devolving upon him, nor do I
+think the directors could have made a more judicious choice; for, young
+as he is, his firmness of principle, his rectitude in action, his
+genuine feeling, and his cultivated mind, render him peculiarly
+eligible to attend to the duties, and to surmount the difficulties of
+an infant colony. He will form one of the council, which will be sent
+from England, for the government of the colony. This council is
+particularly instructed to secure to all negroes and people of colour,
+equal rights, and equal treatment, in every respect, as the whites.
+They are to be tried by jury, as the whites, and every facility given
+to them to exercise their peculiar talents; employments being allotted
+them according to their progressive capacity of discharging them. They
+are <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb149" href="#pb149" name=
+"pb149">149</a>]</span>especially, to be instructed in the principles
+of religion and morals. Public worship and the reverent observation of
+the sabbath, the general instruction of the adults and the judicious
+education of the children, are the means to be used to draw this now
+wretched race of men from the night of ignorance to the glorious light
+of divine and temporal knowledge. In fact, the grand object of the
+Sierra Leone Company is to substitute, for that disgraceful traffic
+which has too long subsisted, a fair and legitimate commerce with
+Africa, and all the blessings which may be expected from it.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I thank you, admiral, for this account,&rdquo; replied
+Colonel Roslyn, &ldquo;and pray, with all my heart, that the benevolent
+exertions of the Company may be crowned with final success; and I
+believe I may assure you, that such is also the prayer of every
+individual of the present company.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Fitzhugh,&rdquo; said the admiral, &ldquo;I have been telling
+Colonel Roslyn that you are an enthusiast for the abolition of the
+slave-trade<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb150" href="#pb150" name=
+"pb150">150</a>]</span>&mdash;that it is your dream by night, and your
+stimulus by day.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;If, my dear Sir, an ardent desire to use my individual
+influence and exertions to remove from my country such a stain upon its
+humanity; if as ardently to desire an amelioration of the wretched
+state of the African; if to cherish and to bring into action all those
+charities which distinguish reasoning man from instinctive brutes: if
+to be all this constitutes an enthusiast, then do I, indeed, plead
+guilty to the charge of enthusiasm. Nor am I likely to become less
+so<span class="corr" id="xd20e1533" title="Source: ;">:</span> on the
+contrary, the intelligence I have just received from my young friends
+here, (directing his eyes to Alfred, and Charles Roslyn, who sat near
+him,) has confirmed me in the assurance, that we have every thing to
+hope from the judicious and liberal plan, of the Company to which I
+have now the honour to be attached; and which has so highly flattered
+me, by appointing me, in conjunction with others, to carry into effect
+their beneficent purposes. But you know, my dear Sir, my deep
+abhorrence of slavery <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb151" href=
+"#pb151" name="pb151">151</a>]</span>is derived from the practical
+display of its cruelties; as well as from a deep reflection on its
+moral turpitude, its impolicy, and its inconsistency with the boasted
+honour and religious code of my country. Let those who question the
+feasibility of the plan of civilization and emancipation, visit, as I
+have done, the colonies, (more especially the Spanish colonies and the
+Portuguese dominions in South America,) where the inhuman traffic of
+slaves is carried to the greatest possible extent, forming the
+immediate and private revenue of the crown; let them be but faintly
+impressed with the horrors that constantly there occur, and I scruple
+not to say, if they fail to enter their protest against a system so
+barbarous, they deserve not the name of men, and make their religion
+but an impious mockery.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;A myriad of instances might be adduced, to bear me out in my
+assertions. The labour, of whatever nature it may be, or however
+laborious, is performed by slaves, and seldom more than six negroes
+appointed to remove the heaviest burdens. I have, for <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb152" href="#pb152" name=
+"pb152">152</a>]</span>instance, seen at Rio de Janeiro, four only,
+groaning under a pipe of wine, which they have had to remove through
+the city. Many of these poor creatures are bred to trades, and are sent
+out daily or weekly, with peremptory orders to bring home a certain
+sum, at the expiration of the agreed time. What they can earn over,
+they have to themselves; but they are always so highly rated, that it
+is with the greatest difficulty they can raise the sum nominated; and,
+in case of defalcation, it is attributed to indolence or laziness,
+which subjects the unhappy victim to punishment. An awful instance of
+the despair produced by cruelty and oppression, occurred during my
+residence at Rio. A barbarous and remorseless wretch had a few slaves,
+whom he used to send out upon the plan I have named, subjected to the
+penalty of a severe flogging, if they did not, within a prescribed
+time, earn the sum required and their food. One of these men was a
+hair-dresser: he used to attend me very regularly, and always was
+quiet, industrious, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb153" href="#pb153"
+name="pb153">153</a>]</span>and even active, to promote his
+master&rsquo;s interest.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;After a little time, however, I observed him to be gloomy and
+melancholy. I asked him the reason for the change, and was informed
+that he had been unsuccessful, and could not render to his master the
+sum required; and that he had little hopes of being able to raise it,
+consequently was liable to punishment, I gave him something towards it,
+but, being obliged to be absent a few weeks, knew not the result until
+I returned; when I was informed, that, as the time approached when he
+was to render his account, he became greatly distressed, and despaired
+of accomplishing his engagement. He went, however, in great distress,
+and tendered what he had gained; assuring his master he had used every
+exertion to obtain the specific sum, and imploring from him a remission
+of punishment, or a suspension, at least, for a few days. This was at
+length granted him, but with horrid threats of many additional stripes
+in case of failure. The time fast approached when he must return,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb154" href="#pb154" name=
+"pb154">154</a>]</span>and he was still deficient. He reached the door
+of his master&rsquo;s house, when, in despair of being forgiven, and
+dreading the ordeal he had to undergo, he took from his pocket a razor,
+and, with a desperate violence, nearly severed his head from his body.
+This horrid deed had no other effect upon his inhuman master, than to
+increase his severity towards his other slaves, on whom he imposed
+heavier burdens, to recompence him for the loss sustained by the death
+of the miserable suicide<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1548src" href=
+"#xd20e1548" name="xd20e1548src">2</a>.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;It is a usual practice,&rdquo; continued Fitzhugh,
+&ldquo;when slaves become desperately ill, for their masters to disown
+them, and turn them into the streets, to evade the expences of their
+funeral; and, thus abandoned and exposed, their miserable existence is
+soon terminated. I have to apologize for trespassing upon your
+attention so long, gentlemen,&rdquo; observed this intelligent young
+man; &ldquo;but I have only recounted one of a thousand instances which
+have come under <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb155" href="#pb155"
+name="pb155">155</a>]</span>my own observation, of the barbarous abuses
+of power exercised over the miserable captives.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The party expressed their obligation to Fitzhugh, for the relation
+he had given them, and their united hope, that every effort made use
+of, to ameliorate the situation of the already enslaved, and to check
+the inhuman traffic for the future, might be crowned with success; all
+agreeing, that every exertion that England makes to stop the bleeding
+wounds of Africa, will cause her to rise in her national character more
+resplendent, and must meet the approbation of every good, and what may
+be justly called great men, at home and abroad, and, above all, the
+approbation that of God who holds in his hands the destiny of
+nations<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1557src" href="#xd20e1557" name=
+"xd20e1557src">3</a>.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Have I not heard you, Fitzhugh,&rdquo; enquired the admiral,
+&ldquo;express a wish that you could meet in England with two or three
+intelligent negroes, who would be willing <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb156" href="#pb156" name="pb156">156</a>]</span>to enter into
+engagements with the Company, as instructors to the children, and whose
+habits of civilization might give them an influence over their
+countrymen without exciting any jealousies?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;You have, dear Sir,&rdquo; replied Fitzhugh; &ldquo;and from
+what I have learned of the mental and moral qualities of my young
+friend&rsquo;s proteg&eacute;, I am anxious for their permission to
+visit Aberystwith, in order to enquire if he has any objection to
+accompany me to Africa. A few such young men as he is described to be,
+would do more to effect our plans, than any other mode I can think of;
+and as he has not yet made any choice of a profession, I should feel
+myself most grateful to Colonel Roslyn and his friends, if they will
+second and sanction my application to the youth, who owes so much to
+their benevolent kindness.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Colonel Roslyn said, &ldquo;Call upon us tomorrow morning, my dear
+Sir, and myself and sons will be happy to co-operate, as far as in our
+power, in your philanthropic exertions.&rdquo; <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb157" href="#pb157" name="pb157">157</a>]</span></p>
+<p>This being cheerfully accepted, the conversation took a general
+turn, until the party broke up.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1511" href="#xd20e1511src" name="xd20e1511">1</a></span> See Mr.
+Wilberforce&rsquo;s speech, at a meeting of the Church Missionary
+Society, 1822.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1548" href="#xd20e1548src" name="xd20e1548">2</a></span> See
+Shillibur&rsquo;s Voyage.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1557" href="#xd20e1557src" name="xd20e1557">3</a></span> See
+Cohen&rsquo;s Letter to Governor Macarthy, African Report, 1822.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch12" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e1573" class="main">Chapter <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1575" title="Source: XI">XII.</span></h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">* * * &ldquo;My heart surpris&rsquo;d,
+o&rsquo;erflows</p>
+<p class="line">With filial fondness for the land you bless.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line xd20e1585">&ldquo;Theirs the triumph be,</p>
+<p class="line">Instead of treasure, robb&rsquo;d by ruffian war,</p>
+<p class="line">Round social earth to circle fair exchange,</p>
+<p class="line">And bind the nations in a golden chain.</p>
+<p class="line">To these I honour&rsquo;d stoop.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Fitzhugh was punctual to his appointment at Colonel
+Roslyn&rsquo;s; and after an interesting conversation, and the perusal
+of a number of Samboe&rsquo;s letters to his protector Charles Roslyn,
+it was agreed that Fitzhugh and Alfred Roslyn should proceed to Wales,
+in order to ascertain the sentiments of Samboe <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb158" href="#pb158" name="pb158">158</a>]</span>upon
+his projected removal, respecting which, his own unbiassed choice was
+to be consulted. The intended visit of the young men was to be
+announced by letter to Captain Tremayne; and, as Fitzhugh possessed all
+the ardour, promptitude, and zeal of a Clarkson, in the cause of
+humanity, the letter was immediately written, and an early day fixed
+for the journey. In the correspondence of Charles and his
+proteg&eacute;, the interesting debates in the English senate,
+respecting the slave-trade, frequently formed a part; and Samboe had
+even so far expressed his sentiments upon the subject, that, when the
+colony of Sierra Leone was first formed, he regretted that his youth,
+and the mediocrity of his attainments, would oblige him to forego all
+hope of being useful to his poor benighted countrymen; and he had very
+sensibly felt disappointment at the ill success of the first
+establishment: an ill success which sufficiently proved the truth of
+the observation, that, &ldquo;if the restraints of slavery be removed,
+without corresponding culture of the mind and heart, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb159" href="#pb159" name="pb159">159</a>]</span>the
+mere enjoyment of temporal benefits will not make the man either
+grateful or happy.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Charles Roslyn greatly regretted that the hourly-expected departure
+of his ship, precluded him from the pleasure of accompanying his
+brother and Fitzhugh to Aberystwith. Having taken leave of him, and
+bearing his good wishes and tender remembrances to his kind relatives
+and his affectionate Samboe, the travellers commenced their journey,
+early in a lovely June morning, when every scene they passed,
+manifested the riches and the bounty, the wisdom and beneficence of the
+Creator. The meeting was what might be expected from refined feeling,
+generous ardour, and virtuous exertion, on the one side; and grateful
+respect, modest worth, and conscious ability, chastened by the most
+engaging humility, on the other. Tears of unfeigned joy and gratitude
+started into the eyes of Samboe, as he heard Mr. Llwellin assure
+Fitzhugh, he had no hesitation in saying, that if Samboe acceded to his
+proposal of accompanying him to Africa, he would be found a valuable
+coadjutor in the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb160" href="#pb160"
+name="pb160">160</a>]</span>projected work of mercy: &ldquo;For he
+is,&rdquo; continued the good old man, &ldquo;not only fully capable of
+imparting the elements of general knowledge, but has a happy and
+peculiar manner of instructing others in those divine truths by which
+he regulates every action of his own life. Nor do I think you would
+easily find a more fit instrument among us, for promoting the great
+ends of civilization, and the moral and religious instruction of his
+countrymen. I make no scruple in paying this just tribute to the
+character and abilities of my dear pupil, in his presence, because he
+well knows they are so much my genuine sentiments, that I have advised
+his directing his attention to the instruction of others; and
+Providence seems manifestly to favour the suggestion, by the present
+offer enabling him to put it in practice. May his now benighted and
+ill-fated countrymen become more and more sensible of the extensive
+blessings preparing for them; and may my dear and docile pupil, Samboe,
+be one of the favoured instruments of Heaven, (assisted by the Spirit
+of grace,) to diffuse the light, to communicate the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb161" href="#pb161" name=
+"pb161">161</a>]</span>blessings of religion, and to lead the now
+idolatrous African to rejoice in the high privilege of communion by
+prayer and praise with the great Creator and compassionate Saviour; all
+distinctions of colour and country being lost, in that generous
+sympathy which should flow from the relation which all bear to that
+Saviour who died for the redemption of all men<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1607src" href="#xd20e1607" name="xd20e1607src">1</a>.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>There was such a heartfelt earnestness, such an affecting energy,
+such genuine piety, in the voice and manner of the good Llwellin, while
+he uttered his philanthropic wishes, that it made a forcible impression
+upon his young auditors. Tears of respect, gratitude, affection, and
+hope, filled the eyes of Samboe. The intenseness and contrariety of his
+feelings became painful; and, unable longer to restrain their
+expression, he threw himself at the feet of his venerable instructor,
+and sobbed aloud, uttering broken sentences of obligation; and when a
+little composed, earnestly praying that God, the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb162" href="#pb162" name=
+"pb162">162</a>]</span>Almighty God, would enable him to assist in the
+realization of all the generous plans of his future employers; and so
+to act in every situation of life, as to do honour to the precepts of
+his dear instructor, and to gladden his aged heart, with the knowledge
+that those precepts had not been given in vain.</p>
+<p>Encouraged to self-confidence by the unequivocal approbation of his
+revered friend, Samboe hesitated not in his <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1616" title="Source: determition">determination</span> of
+accompanying Fitzhugh in his important mission; and a few days
+subsequent to the interview we have related, was fixed for the
+departure from a spot, endeared to the affectionate heart of the
+African by many a tender tie, many an affecting remembrance. Parting
+moments are painful to experience, and are so fraught with emotion,
+that they admit not of correct description; it must, therefore, suffice
+to say, that after a general adieu, and loaded with many a token of
+affection and good will, cheered by many a blessing, and fortified with
+many a prayer from those who loved him, Samboe quitted <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb163" href="#pb163" name=
+"pb163">163</a>]</span>Aberystwith with Fitzhugh and Alfred Roslyn. The
+intelligence, as well as simplicity of his remarks, upon the different
+objects which engaged his attention during the journey, rendered it
+peculiarly interesting to his companions. He was equally delighted with
+the various objects of curiosity and interest which London presented,
+and particularly with any thing which enlarged his views of any branch
+of knowledge he had acquired, or which promised to assist him in his
+future exertions to benefit his country. Fitzhugh found in him, a
+companion who entered with ardour and untired zeal into every plan his
+fertile benevolence devised, and determined to retain him under his own
+immediate care and inspection. Every day increased his confidence in
+the abilities and integrity of his companion; and every succeeding day
+more strongly proved that they were built upon a basis, which ensured
+their permanence and stability; even that of a rational, a deep, a
+vital piety.</p>
+<p>The period of sailing approached; and happy in the exercise of the
+best feelings of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb164" href="#pb164"
+name="pb164">164</a>]</span>humanity, and the highest energies of mind,
+Samboe believed nothing could add to his felicity, when an incident
+occurred which called forth all his gratitude to the Being who showered
+his blessings upon him. He accompanied Fitzhugh to the house of a
+gentleman who was ardent in the cause of the Africans, and who freely
+lent the resources of an ample fortune to further every beneficent
+plan, although habitual ill health precluded him from all active
+exertions. On the arrival of the friends, this gentleman was just
+mounting his horse for a morning airing. Seeing, however, Fitzhugh and
+his companion advance, he ordered the groom to lead his horse back to
+the stable, until his visitors left him, and he then entreated Fitzhugh
+to enter. While this was passing, a mutual look of surprise and
+recognition passed between Samboe and the groom, but nothing further:
+the man leading the horse away, and Samboe following Fitzhugh into the
+house.</p>
+<p>After some conversation relative to the approaching voyage, Mr.
+Courtney said: <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb165" href="#pb165" name=
+"pb165">165</a>]</span>&ldquo;Well, Fitzhugh, you have inspired many an
+honest heart with the same glowing philanthropy which animates your
+own; and, amongst the number, my excellent boy, Frank Wilson. He is
+determined, if you will permit him, to accompany you to Africa.&rdquo;
+&ldquo;Permit him, my good Sir? I shall be happy to have in my service,
+a young man who does honour to his rank of life, and whose severely
+tried principles have resisted many attacks: his ingenuity too, and
+industrious habits, will make him essentially useful. But how can you
+part from him, or how will Frank bear to be separated from his revered
+benefactor?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Oh, I believe we have not thought of ourselves,&rdquo;
+replied Mr. Courtney, good humouredly: &ldquo;all is settled between
+us, provided you did not object. Will you permit me to ring for
+him?&rdquo; &ldquo;Most willingly,&rdquo; said Fitzhugh.</p>
+<p>During this short conversation, the emotion of the grateful Samboe
+was powerful. The features of the young man holding Mr.
+Courtney&rsquo;s horse, were familiar to him: <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb166" href="#pb166" name="pb166">166</a>]</span>he
+had marked the glance of recognition, and the name confirmed the vague
+hope he had formed, that, in this young man, of whose character he had
+just heard so high an eulogium, he had seen the first kind friend he
+had known in England: he who had lightened his troubles, and cheered
+his oppressed spirit; and this friend, this generous hearted youth, was
+going to Africa, and was to be in the service of his valuable friend,
+Fitzhugh; and they were all animated with the same spirit. How
+delightful the thought! how transcendently kind the Almighty
+Disposer!</p>
+<p>While these thoughts were rapidly passing the mind of Samboe, Frank
+Wilson appeared; and it would be hard to decide which of the party was
+most gratified by the disclosure of the two friends, who in each
+other&rsquo;s arms were not ashamed to weep.</p>
+<p>Frank immediately entered upon his new duties; and every thing
+having been benevolently and equitably settled by the directors to
+ensure the comfort and advantage of the colony, the ships sailed for
+their destination. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb167" href="#pb167"
+name="pb167">167</a>]</span>It is not necessary to detail the
+circumstances of the voyage, or to attempt to describe the emotions of
+the young African, when he landed on his native shores.</p>
+<p>Every individual possessing a manly mind and virtuous soul, is
+patriotic: he rejoices in the weal, he mourns in the miseries of his
+country. Samboe possessed a manly mind and a virtuous soul. He was a
+patriot, and shrunk not from its high responsibilities. We detail not
+his individual exertions; it will be sufficient to say, that he took an
+ample share with his companions in the good work; that every thing had
+been so judiciously arranged; that the conduct of the servants of the
+Company was marked with such propriety, being sober, moral, and
+exemplary, in the discharge of their respective duties; that the
+efforts and zeal of the clergymen were attended with the happiest
+effects; that, before the expiration of two years from the settlement
+of the colony, order and industry exhibited their benign fruits in a
+growing prosperity. The fame of the colony not only spread along the
+whole western <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb168" href="#pb168" name=
+"pb168">168</a>]</span>coast, but penetrated into the remotest
+interior: embassies were sent by far distant monarchs; and the native
+chiefs, with a pleasing and entire confidence, sent their children to
+the colony, to be instructed in reading, writing, and accounts, and to
+be initiated in the Christian religion. In fact, there was every
+reasonable ground for hope, that the joyful period was advancing, when,
+by the blessing of Heaven upon the endeavours used, the continent of
+Africa would be rescued from the darkness that obscured her, and would
+exhibit the soul-cheering scene of light and knowledge, of civilization
+and order, of peaceful industry and domestic comfort. But these
+anticipations were destroyed by the treachery and faithlessness of a
+government, which professed to hold the rights of man as sacred. We
+shall give a cursory narrative of this event, as extracted from a
+letter of Fitzhugh to his friends in England. (<a href=
+"#note.s"><i>Note</i> <span class="sc">S</span></a>.)</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I have distressing news to communicate, but we do not
+despond. The French have appeared with an armed force before our
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb169" href="#pb169" name=
+"pb169">169</a>]</span>neat and rising town, upon which they have
+pointed their guns. It was not until they had done this that we
+perceived they were enemies; for they had English-built vessels, rigged
+in the English mode, displayed the English flag, and had all the
+sailors, which appeared on deck, dressed like English sailors. Thus
+treacherously did they approach our peaceful colony. Conscious we had
+no strength to resist, the governor directed a flag of truce to be
+hoisted. Yet, after this order was executed, the French continued to
+fire on the town, doing much damage, and killing several persons.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Terrified at the suddenness of the attack, and conscious they
+possessed no power of resistance, the alarmed inhabitants fled to the
+woods, with such of their property as the confusion and limited time
+would allow. When the enemy landed, therefore, they found the town
+almost destitute of inhabitants, but rich in stores and clothing.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Plunder was the order of the day; and what they did not want,
+they destroyed, burnt, or threw into the river. They also <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb170" href="#pb170" name=
+"pb170">170</a>]</span>killed all the cattle and animals, not sparing
+even the dogs or cats.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;During a week this work of devastation continued; and when
+they found nothing more to plunder, they set fire to the public
+buildings, and all the houses belonging to the Europeans; entirely
+ruining the beautiful and prospering colony, and leaving the colonists
+in the most deplorable state of destitution; without provisions,
+medicines, clothing, houses, or furniture. Sickness soon followed these
+privations, and many have died for want of proper food, and exposure in
+the woods.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;When you read the above hurried account of our misfortune,
+you will scarcely believe that these wanton cruelties have been
+perpetrated by individuals of a nation, whose Convention boasted of
+spreading &lsquo;light and liberty through the world.&rsquo; Alas! that
+light is the blaze of anarchy, that liberty the most daring and gross
+licentiousness!</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Sierra Leone colony was established for the godlike purpose
+of abolishing the slave-trade; to enlighten the Africans; to render
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb171" href="#pb171" name=
+"pb171">171</a>]</span>them virtuous, rational, free, and happy; and
+yet these powerful advocates and patrons of the rights of man, could
+wantonly destroy, in its healthful infancy, a settlement in which those
+rights were peculiarly studied and held sacred. &lsquo;By their fruits
+ye shall know them.&rsquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;But it will yet, like the phoenix, arise from its ashes. It
+was formed to promote the cause of justice, mercy, and religion; a
+cause which possesses, in itself, the principle of
+re-animation&mdash;an ever-renewing means of rallying its resources,
+overborne, for a time, by a base treachery and unmanly violence.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;My faithful Samboe, and no less faithful Frank, have been
+like ministering angels to the distressed, in this season of calamity.
+&lsquo;My poor country,&rsquo; said Samboe, &lsquo;and my generous
+friends, <a id="xd20e1675" name="xd20e1675"></a>what a sad reverse is
+here! But though grieved,&rsquo; he added, &lsquo;I am not in despair;
+for has not the Almighty said, (He in whom is no variableness nor
+shadow of turning,) &lsquo;I will never leave nor forsake those who
+trust in me. Commit thy way unto the Lord, and he shall bring it to
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb172" href="#pb172" name=
+"pb172">172</a>]</span>pass.&rsquo; I cannot conclude my letter better,
+than by assuring my dear &mdash;&mdash;, that such is the trust and
+confidence we all repose in the Being, who out of evil still educes
+good.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Now, to resume and conclude our narrative, we have but to say we may
+speak of these difficulties in the past tense; they no longer, praised
+be the great Disposer of Events, they no longer are experienced at
+Sierra Leone; but have vanished, gradually, before the enlightened
+policy of the superintendants, and the mild influence of Christian
+doctrine. The enjoyments of the present life, the bright hopes of a
+future state, are now communicated to thousands of our
+fellow-creatures, formerly in a state of mental and moral darkness, and
+obnoxious to the most frightful miseries, victims of the basest
+passions, subjects of the most alarming fears.</p>
+<p>Justice, mercy, and courageous perseverance, are now reaping their
+high temporal reward; and the blessing of the Almighty upon patient
+continuance in well-doing, enables England to boast that she has
+overcome <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb173" href="#pb173" name=
+"pb173">173</a>]</span>the most inveterate prejudices, the most
+firmly-established interests, built upon the basest passions; and this
+by the simple power of experiment, and the eloquence of truth.</p>
+<p>Sierra Leone, where this experiment has been made, now presents
+itself as a medium of civilization for Africa. &ldquo;And in this point
+of view, (it has been most justly observed,) is worth all the treasure
+that has been expended upon it; for the slave-trade, which was the
+great obstacle to this civilization, being now happily abolished by the
+universal voice of England, there is now a populous metropolis, from
+which may issue the seeds of reformation to this injured continent, and
+which, when sown, may now, watered by the genial dews of heaven, be
+expected to grow into fruit, without check or blight. New schools may
+be transplanted from thence into the interior; teachers and travellers
+be sent from thence in various directions; the natives resort in safety
+to it from distant parts, mark the improvements, witness the comforts,
+taste the enjoyments, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb174" href=
+"#pb174" name="pb174">174</a>]</span>and feel the protection of it.
+Hence will mistrust give way to confidence, emulation will be raised,
+imitation be encouraged, a desire of instruction be excited, and the
+predatory ignorant savage be gradually moulded into the useful citizen
+and the rational man.</p>
+<p>Let then each English heart rejoice, that the moral stain, so long
+apparent on our statutes, so long exhibited in our national character,
+is now erased from the one, and expunged from the other; that the
+impious doctrine so long contended for, that the law of force was
+justifiable under certain circumstances, is now banished from the
+deliberations of our senate; and man, whatever his country, whatever
+his colour, is restored to his moral rights. Let us rejoice that we
+have not only been the advocates of the oppressed&mdash;have triumphed
+by perseverance and constancy over the oppressor; but that England has
+become the favoured and glorious instrument of a God of mercy, to make
+his light to shine upon those who sat in darkness and the shadow of
+death. May every nation, feeling the blessing of that light,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb175" href="#pb175" name=
+"pb175">175</a>]</span>which is upheld by that mercy, follow the
+example of our favoured isle! May the rich stream of mercy flow, and
+diffuse throughout far-distant lands its fertilizing influences! May
+the spirit of a Wilberforce and a Clarkson, inspire the breasts of the
+powerful; and may the gratitude and the intelligence of Samboe, glow in
+the heart, and animate the conduct of every <span class=
+"sc">African</span>!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1607" href="#xd20e1607src" name="xd20e1607">1</a></span> See
+Discourse of the Bishop of London, before the Society for the
+Propagation of the Gospel, October 1817.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="back">
+<div id="notes" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 class="main">Notes, From authenticated and official Documents.</h2>
+<div class="div2" id="note.a"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">Note A.</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">The arrival of a slave-ship in any of the rivers, is
+the signal of civil war and disorder; the hamlets are burned, and the
+miserable survivors are carried off, and sold to the slave-factors.</p>
+<p>In the countries contiguous to Senegal, when slave-ships arrive,
+armed parties are sent out to scour the country, and bring in captives
+to the factors. The wretched beings are to be found in the morning,
+bound back to back in the huts; whence they are conveyed, tied hand and
+foot, to the slave-ships. These ships set sail in the night, that the
+wretched captives may not know the moment when they quit for ever their
+native shore, and all the tender ties that endear it.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.b"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">Note B.</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first"><i>Coosh-coosh</i> is corn beaten in a wooden mortar,
+and sifted to a coarse flour; it is then put in an earthen pot pierced
+like a colander, which is luted to the top of an earthen pot, in which
+is boiling water, and sometimes broth, exactly as our steamers are. The
+rising steam cures and hardens the flour; and when it is done
+sufficiently, the broth and cooked flour are mixed, and considered a
+delicious dish.</p>
+<p><i>Coliloo</i> resembles, and is eaten like spinach.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.c"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">Note C.</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Slave-factories are established in almost every native
+village. The kings of Dahomy and Whid&aacute;h are the most noted for
+the infamous trade in slaves. It is usual when the slave-ships lie in
+the rivers, for a number of canoes to go up the inland: these go in a
+fleet, with thirty or forty armed natives in each. Every canoe is also
+furnished with a four or six pounder fastened to her bow. Thus equipped
+they depart, and are usually absent from eight to fourteen days. It is
+said they go to fairs held on the banks of the rivers, and at which
+there is a regular show of slaves. On their return, they generally
+bring down from eight hundred to a thousand of these captives, for the
+ships. They lie at the bottom of the canoes, their arms and legs having
+been bound with ropes of the country. It has been disclosed, by
+undoubted evidence, that the crews of these canoes go up the rivers
+till they arrive to a certain distance of a village; they then conceal
+themselves under the bushes which hang over the water, until the shades
+of night, when they enter the village and seize the wretched
+inhabitants, men, women, and children, who have no time to escape.</p>
+<p>Nearly three hundred years have the European nations traded with
+Africa in human flesh, and encouraged in the negro countries, wars,
+rapine, desolation, and murder. The annual exportation of slaves from
+this quarter of the globe, has exceeded one hundred thousand; numbers
+of whom are driven down like sheep, perhaps a thousand miles from the
+coast, and are generally inhabitants of villages that have been
+surrounded in the night by armed force, and carried off bound in
+chains, and sold into perpetual bondage.</p>
+<p>A slave-merchant thus wrote to his factor: &ldquo;You will observe
+to make a present of five gallons of rum to the Suma, with the usual
+compliments on the Company&rsquo;s behalf; and to assure him, and other
+useful persons near you, of the Company&rsquo;s intentions to give very
+great encouragement to trade in those parts, more especially for
+slaves, dry goods, elephants&rsquo; teeth, wax, cotton, &amp;c. and the
+Company desire me to inform you, that they have settled your commission
+at five shillings a head, for every merchantable slave, and so in
+proportion for other articles, in the hope it will encourage you to
+dispose of their goods to the best advantage.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.d"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">Note D.</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">The following list of African articles, as exhibited
+to Mr. Pitt and the House of Lords, by Mr. Clarkson, will illustrate
+the ingenuity of the Africans, and the possibility of making its
+natural productions a branch of lucrative and legitimate commerce.
+These articles were contained in a box, formed of four divisions; the
+first of which was filled with specimens of woods, polished; amongst
+them, mahogany of five different sorts, tulip and satin-wood, cam and
+bar-wood, fustic, black and yellow ebony, palm-tree, mangrove,
+calabash, and date; and also seven species retaining their native
+names, <i>viz.</i> tumiah, sarnaim, and jimlali&eacute;, each of a
+beautiful yellow; acajou, a deep crimson; bask and quell&eacute; for
+cabinet work; and bentin, the wood of which is used for the native
+canoes. Various other woods, one of which was a fine purple; and from
+two others a strong yellow and deep orange, and also a flesh-colour,
+could be extracted. The second division included ivory; and four
+species of pepper, the long, the black, the Cayenne, and the
+Malaguetta: three species of gum, Senegal, copal, and ruber astringes;
+cinnamon, rice, tobacco, indigo, white and Nankin cotton, Guinea-corn,
+and millet<span class="corr" id="xd20e1745" title="Source: :">;</span>
+three species of beans, of which two were for food, and the other
+yielding an orange dye: two species of tamarinds, one for food, the
+other to give whiteness to the teeth: pulse, seeds, and fruits of
+various sorts; some of the latter of which, Dr. Sparrman had
+pronounced, from a trial made during his residence in Africa, to be
+peculiarly valuable as drugs.</p>
+<p>The third division contained an African loom, with a spindle and
+spun cotton round it; cloths of cotton of various kinds, made by the
+natives, some white, others dyed, and others, in which they had
+interwoven European silk; cloths and bags of grass, fancifully
+coloured; ornaments of the same material; ropes made from a species of
+aloes, and others, remarkably strong, from grass and straw; fine string
+made of the fibres of the roots of trees: soap of two kinds, one of
+which was formed from an earthy substance: pipe bowls made of a clay of
+a brown red, one beautifully ornamented with black devices, burnt in
+and highly glazed; another from Gal&aacute;m, made of an earth which
+was richly impregnated with little particles of gold. Trinkets made by
+the natives from their own gold; knives and daggers formed from bar
+iron; and various other articles, such as bags, dagger-sheaths,
+quivers, gris gris, all of leather, of native manufacture, dyed of
+various colours, and ingeniously sewed together. The fourth division
+contained the instruments of confinement used on board a slave-ship, to
+which were added those of punishment used in the colonies; such as iron
+collars, manacles, scourges, &amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.e"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">(Note E.)</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Raynal gives the following description of the mode
+frequently used in conducting the slaves from the interior:
+&ldquo;Slave-merchants collect themselves into companies, and forming a
+species of caravans, in the space of two or three hundred leagues, they
+conduct several files of thirty or forty slaves, all laden with water,
+corn, &amp;c. which are necessary to their subsistence in those barren
+deserts through which they pass.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The manner of securing them without much incommoding their
+march, is ingeniously contrived. A fork of wood, of from eight or nine
+feet long, is put round the neck of each slave. A pin of iron,
+rivetted, secures the fork on the back part, in such a manner that the
+head cannot disengage itself. The handle of the fork, the wood of which
+is very heavy, falls before, and so embarrasses the person who is tied
+to it, that, although he hath his arms and legs at liberty, he can
+neither walk nor lift up the fork. When they get ready for the march,
+they range the slaves in a line, and support and tie the extremity of
+each fork on the shoulder of the foremost slave, and proceed in this
+manner from one to another, till they come to the first, the extremity
+of whose fork is carried by the guide. Few restraints are imposed, that
+are not felt by those who impose them; accordingly, in order that these
+traders may enjoy the refreshment of sleep without uneasiness, they tie
+the arms of every slave to the tail of the fork which he carries. In
+this condition he can neither run away, nor make any attempt to recover
+his liberty. These precautions have been found indispensable; because,
+if the slave can but break his chains, he becomes free. The public
+faith which secures to the proprietor the possession of his slave, and
+which at all times delivers him up into his hands, is silent with
+regard to the slave and a trader.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Reader,&rdquo; continues the animated historian, &ldquo;while
+thou art perusing this horrid account, is not thy soul filled with the
+same indignation as I experience in writing it? Dost thou not, in
+imagination, rush with fury upon those infamous conductors? Dost thou
+not break those forks with which these unfortunates are confined? and
+dost thou not long to restore them to liberty?</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.f"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">(Note F.)</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">This instrument is also in general use in Congo, and
+is there called the <i>marimba</i>.</p>
+<p class="transcribernote">Notes G&ndash;P and possibly a part of note
+F are missing in the scanned pages from which this ebook was
+prepared.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.q"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">(Note Q.)</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">The profits of this nefarious trade are so large, that
+mercenary men will incur any risk. At present, says the Report, 1822,
+speaking of the French favouring the trade, the rate of insurance does
+not exceed fifteen or twenty per cent, while the gains of the trade are
+proved to amount to from two hundred to four hundred per cent. It
+appears, from papers found on board Le Succ&egrave;s, that two hundred
+and forty slaves, which she landed on the island of Bourbon, cost nine
+thousand nine hundred and forty-three dollars; and that the proceeds of
+the sale of these slaves amounted to twenty-nine thousand five hundred
+and sixty-four dollars. And there is also an account of an outfit of
+fifty-three thousand francs producing a net profit of one hundred and
+sixty-six thousand francs.</p>
+<p>These facts need no comment. But let not England be discouraged: she
+has stood alone in many a fearful struggle, when apparently sinking
+under the pressure of a hostile world. She has led the way in the work
+of mercy; let her pursue her path with unfaltering firmness, and
+fearlessly oppose those who dare to violate the solemn engagements they
+have formed with her.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.r"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">(Note R.)</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Nothing can more forcibly prove the misery of the
+slaves, than the fact that funerals, which in Africa are attended by
+lamentations and sorrow, are in the West Indies celebrated with
+expressions of joy.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.s"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">(Note S.)</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">This relation is derived from a letter of Mr. Arfelius
+who was an eye-witness, and a great sufferer from this treacherous
+attack upon the colony. See &ldquo;<i>Rees&rsquo;s
+Encyclopedia</i>,&rdquo; article, <i>Sierra Leone</i>.</p>
+<p class="trailer xd20e1798">THE END.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e163">Harvey, Darton, and Co. Printers,
+Gracechurch-Street, London.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1" id="toc">
+<h2 class="main">Table of Contents</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#advertisment">Advertisement.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e200">v</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch1">Chapter I.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e271">1</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch2">Chapter II.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e417">18</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch3">Chapter III.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e577">35</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch4">Chapter IV.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e689">53</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch5">Chapter V.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e809">66</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch6">Chapter VI.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e906">76</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch7">Chapter VII.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e979">82</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch8">Chapter VIII.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1092">94</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch9">Chapter IX.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1218">110</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch10">Chapter X.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1358">130</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch11">Chapter XI.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1472">141</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch12">Chapter XII.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1573">157</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#notes">Notes, From authenticated and official
+Documents.</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#note.a">Note A.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.b">Note B.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.c">Note C.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.d">Note D.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.e">(Note E.)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.f">(Note F.)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.q">(Note Q.)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.r">(Note R.)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.s">(Note S.)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="transcribernote">
+<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2>
+<h3 class="main">Availability</h3>
+<p class="first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no
+cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give
+it away or re-use it under the terms of the <a class="exlink" title=
+"External link" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" rel=
+"license">Project Gutenberg License</a> included with this eBook or
+online at <a class="exlink" title="External link" href=
+"http://www.gutenberg.org/" rel="home">www.gutenberg.org</a>.</p>
+<p>This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at <a class="exlink" title="External link" href=
+"http://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>.</p>
+<p>Prepared from scans made available by the Google print project.
+(Copy <a class="exlink" title="External link" href=
+"http://books.google.com/books?id=ZpQDAAAAQAAJ">1</a>.) Note that the
+<a class="exlink" title="External link" href=
+"http://www.archive.org/details/samboeorafrican00hedggoog">copy</a> at
+the Internet archive lacks pages 174&ndash;175.</p>
+<p>Notes G&ndash;P are missing in the scan-set used to prepare this
+ebook edition.</p>
+<p>The second &ldquo;Chapter VI&rdquo; has been renumbered
+&ldquo;Chapter VII&rdquo;, and all following chapters have been
+renumbered accordingly.</p>
+<p>Related Open Library catalog page: <a class="catlink" href=
+"http://openlibrary.org/b/OL13783787M">OL13783787M</a>.</p>
+<p>Related WorldCat catalog page: <a class="catlink" href=
+"http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/77783305">77783305</a>.</p>
+<h3 class="main">Encoding</h3>
+<p class="first"></p>
+<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3>
+<ul>
+<li>2011-08-28 Started.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 class="main">External References</h3>
+<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These
+links may not work for you.</p>
+<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3>
+<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p>
+<table width="75%" summary=
+"Overview of corrections applied to the text.">
+<tr>
+<th>Page</th>
+<th>Source</th>
+<th>Correction</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e394">15</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">eat</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ate</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e405">17</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">situate</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">situated</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e548">33</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e602">35</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Insiduous</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Insidious</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e767">61</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e770">61</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&rdquo;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e804">65</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Christain</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Christian</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e981">82</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">VI</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">VII</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1020">86</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1094">94</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">VII</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">VIII</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1172">108</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">it</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">its</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1220">110</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">VIII</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">IX</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1300">120</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1360">130</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">IX</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">X</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1474">141</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">X</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">XI</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1533">150</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1575">157</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">XI</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">XII.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1616">162</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">determition</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">determination</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1675">171</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&lsquo;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1745">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Samboe; or, The African Boy, by Mary Ann Hedge
+
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Samboe; or, The African Boy, by Mary Ann Hedge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Samboe; or, The African Boy
+
+Author: Mary Ann Hedge
+
+Release Date: September 2, 2011 [EBook #37296]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAMBOE; OR, THE AFRICAN BOY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
+Gutenberg (This book was produced from scanned images of
+public domain material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<div class="front">
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first"></p>
+<div class="figure xd20e99width"><img src="images/frontispiece.jpg"
+alt="&ldquo;She uttered a piercing shriek, &amp; clasped her child with convulsive strength to her bosom imploring the tyrant not to tear him from her widowed arms.&rdquo;"
+width="439" height="624">
+<p class="figureHead">&ldquo;She uttered a piercing shriek, &amp;
+clasped her child with convulsive strength to her bosom imploring the
+tyrant not to tear him from her widowed arms.&rdquo;</p>
+<p class="first">See page <a href="#pb60" class="pageref">60</a>.</p>
+<p>London Published by Harvey &amp; Darton, Gracechurch Street. June
+14<sup>th</sup>. 1823.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="figure xd20e116width"><img src="images/titlepage.gif" alt=
+"Original Title Page." width="414" height="720"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="titlePage">
+<div class="docTitle">
+<div class="mainTitle">SAMBOE;</div>
+<div class="subTitle">OR,</div>
+<div class="mainTitle">THE AFRICAN BOY.</div>
+</div>
+<div class="byline">BY THE AUTHOR OF<br>
+<i>&ldquo;Twilight Hours Improved,&rdquo; &amp;c. &amp;c.</i></div>
+<div class="docImprint">
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter xd20e135">
+<p class="line">And man, where Freedom&rsquo;s beams and fountains
+rise,</p>
+<p class="line">Springs from the dust, and blossoms to the skies.</p>
+<p class="line">Dead to the joys of light and life, the slave</p>
+<p class="line">Clings to the clod; his root is in the grave.</p>
+<p class="line">Bondage is winter, darkness, death, despair;</p>
+<p class="line">Freedom the sun, the sea, the mountain, and the
+air!</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><i>Montgomery.</i></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="docImprint">London:<br>
+PRINTED FOR HARVEY AND DARTON,<br>
+GRACECHURCH-STREET.<br>
+<span class="docDate">1823.</span></div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e163">TO<br>
+WILLIAM WILBERFORCE, <span class="sc">Esq.</span><br>
+M. P.</p>
+<p class="xd20e163">THIS SMALL VOLUME,<br>
+DIFFIDENTLY AIMING TO SERVE THE CAUSE OF HUMANITY<br>
+IS,<br>
+BY HIS KIND PERMISSION<br>
+TO GIVE IT THE SANCTION OF HIS NAME,<br>
+HUMBLY DEDICATED;<br>
+WITH EVERY SENTIMENT OF UNFEIGNED VENERATION<br>
+AND RESPECT FOR HIS<br>
+EXALTED PATRIOTIC AND PRIVATE VIRTUES,</p>
+<p class="xd20e163">And grateful acknowledgment<br>
+OF HIS CONDESCENSION, IN HONOURING WITH HIS<br>
+ATTENTION THE HUMBLE EFFORTS OF</p>
+<p class="xd20e163">THE AUTHOR. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e198"
+href="#xd20e198" name="xd20e198">v</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="advertisment" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e200" class="main">Advertisement.</h2>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">It has been justly remarked, &ldquo;that all who read
+may become enlightened;&rdquo; for readers, insensibly imbibing the
+sentiments of others, and having their own latent sensibilities called
+forth, contract, progressively, virtuous inclinations and habits; and
+thereby become fitted to unite with their fellow-beings, in the removal
+or amelioration of any of the evils of life. With a full conviction of
+this, I have attempted, and now offer to my young readers, the present
+little work. To the rising generation, I am told, the great question of
+the slave-trade is little known; the abolition of it, by our
+legislature, having taken place either before many of them existed, or
+at too early a period of their lives to excite any interest. Present
+circumstances, however, in reference to the subject, ensure for it an
+intense interest, in every heart feeling the blessing of freedom and
+all the sweet charities of home; blessings which it is our care to
+dispose the youthful heart duly to appreciate, and hence to
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e204" href="#xd20e204" name=
+"xd20e204">vi</a>]</span>feel for those, deprived, by violence and
+crime, of these high privileges of man.</p>
+<p>It is true, <i>England</i> has achieved the triumph of humanity, in
+effacing from her Christian character so dark a stain as a traffic in
+human beings; a commerce, &ldquo;the history of which is written
+throughout in characters of blood.&rdquo; Yet there are but too strong
+evidences that it is yet pursued to great and fearful extent by
+<i>other</i> nations, notwithstanding the solemn obligations they have
+entered into to suppress it; obligations &ldquo;imposed on every
+Christian state, no less by the religion it professes, than by a regard
+to its national honour;&rdquo; and notwithstanding it has been branded
+with infamy, at a solemn congress of the great Christian powers, as a
+crime of the deepest dye. Of this there has long been most abundant
+melancholy proof; yet, under its present contraband character, it has
+been attended by, if possible, unprecedented enormities and misery, as
+well as involving the base and cruel agents of it in the further crime
+of deliberate perjury, in order to conceal their nefarious
+employment.</p>
+<p>Surely, then, no age can scarcely be too immature, in which to sow
+the seeds of abhorrence in the young breast, against this
+blood-stained, demoralizing <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e216"
+href="#xd20e216" name="xd20e216">vii</a>]</span>commerce! Surely, no
+means, however trivial, should be neglected, to arouse the spirit of
+youth against it! It would be tedious, and, indeed, inconsistent with
+the brevity of this little work, to name the number of the great and
+the good who have protested against, and sacrificed their time and
+their treasure to abolish it. Suffice it to say, that an apparently
+trifling incident first aroused the virtuous energies of the ardent,
+persevering Clarkson, in the great cause;&mdash;that a view of the
+produce of Africa, and proofs of the ingenuity of Africans, kindled the
+fire of enthusiasm in the noble and comprehensive mind of a Pitt. Nor
+did the flame quiver or become dim while he was the pilot of the state,
+though he was not decreed to see the success of perseverance in the
+cause of justice and humanity.</p>
+<p>Let me, therefore, be acquitted of presumption, when I express a
+hope, that, trifling as is the present work, yet, as the leading events
+it records are not the creations of fancy, but realities that have
+passed; that they have not been collected for effect, or uselessly to
+awaken the feelings; but having been actually presented in the pursuit
+of a disgraceful and cruel commerce, are now offered to the view of my
+young readers, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e220" href="#xd20e220"
+name="xd20e220">viii</a>]</span>in order to confirm the great truths,
+that cruelty and oppression encouraged, soon brutalize the nature of
+man; divesting him of every distinguishing trait which unites him with
+superior intelligences, and sinking him in the scale of being far below
+the ravening wolf and insatiate tiger; and that the slave-trade, more
+especially, never fails effectually to destroy all the sympathies of
+humanity, and so far to barbarize those who are concerned in it, as
+assuredly to cause civilized man to resume the ferocity of the savage
+whom he presumes to despise.</p>
+<p class="signed"><span class="sc">The Author.</span> <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e226" href="#xd20e226" name=
+"xd20e226">10</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Offspring of love divine, Humanity!</p>
+<p class="line">&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;
+&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;</p>
+<p class="line">Come thou, and weep with me substantial ills,</p>
+<p class="line">And execrate the wrongs that Afric&rsquo;s sons,</p>
+<p class="line">Torn from their native shore, and doom&rsquo;d to
+bear</p>
+<p class="line">The yoke of servitude in foreign climes,</p>
+<p class="line">Sustain. Nor vainly let our sorrows flow,</p>
+<p class="line">Nor let the strong emotion rise in vain.</p>
+<p class="line">But may the kind contagion widely spread,</p>
+<p class="line">Till, in its flame, the unrelenting heart</p>
+<p class="line">Of avarice melt in softest sympathy,</p>
+<p class="line">And one bright ray of universal love,</p>
+<p class="line">Of grateful incense, rises up to heaven!&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e148"><i>Roscoe&rsquo;s Wrongs of Africa.</i></p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;E&rsquo;en from <i>my</i> pen some heartfelt
+truths may fall;</p>
+<p class="line">For outrag&rsquo;d nature claims the care of
+all.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb1" href="#pb1" name=
+"pb1">1</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="body">
+<div id="ch1" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e271" class="super">Samboe;<br>
+Or,<br>
+The African Boy.</h2>
+<h2 class="main">Chapter I.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Slaves of gold! whose sordid dealings</p>
+<p class="line xd20e283">Tarnish all your boasted powers,</p>
+<p class="line">Prove that ye have human feelings,</p>
+<p class="line xd20e283">Ere ye proudly question ours.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">&ldquo;Encourage the chiefs to go to war, that they
+may obtain slaves; for as on many accounts we require a large number,
+we desire you to exert yourself, and not stand out for a price.&rdquo;
+Such was the direction, and such the order, of the slave-merchants at
+Cape Coast Castle, to one of their factors in the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb2" href="#pb2" name="pb2">2</a>]</span>interior,
+for the collection and purchase of slaves; who, dreadful as was his
+occupation, yet at all times faithfully endeavoured to obey the orders
+of his employers.</p>
+<p>This person had, by studying the character, peculiarities,
+prejudices, and language of the natives, obtained a great influence
+over the chiefs of a country, peculiarly blessed by Providence, with
+all that can enchant the eye, or gratify the wants of man. It is a
+well-known, but melancholy truth, that, by the introduction of
+spirituous liquors, and other desirable articles to an uncivilized
+people, the Europeans have greatly augmented and cherished the dreadful
+traffic in human beings: the African kings and chiefs being induced, by
+these temptations, to barter their subjects and captives, for
+commodities they estimate so highly; frequently even fomenting
+quarrels, and making war with each other, at the instigation of the
+slave-factors, for the sole purpose of obtaining captives, in order to
+exchange them for European articles, with which the factors, who visit
+their country for the dreadful purpose, are well furnished; to
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb3" href="#pb3" name=
+"pb3">3</a>]</span>tempt the appetites, and provoke the wild passions,
+of the wretched beings they intend to make the instruments of their
+inhuman thirst of gain. (<a href="#note.a"><i>Note</i> <span class=
+"sc">A</span></a>.)</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line xd20e305">&ldquo;The natural bond</p>
+<p class="line">Of brotherhood is sever&rsquo;d as the flax</p>
+<p class="line">That falls asunder at the touch of fire&mdash;</p>
+<p class="line xd20e305">And having pow&rsquo;r</p>
+<p class="line">T&rsquo; enforce the wrong, for such a worthy
+cause,</p>
+<p class="line">Dooms and devotes him as his lawful prey.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first">Mr. Irving, the factor whom we have named as having
+received the peremptory and unlimited order from the merchants of Cape
+Coast Castle, had won their confidence, by the remarkable success which
+had attended his negociations with the king and principal grandees of
+Whid&aacute;h, in which delightful part of Africa he had resided for
+some years. Nothing, perhaps, more strongly proves the indurating power
+of the love of gain upon the heart, and the baneful influence of the
+habitual view of oppression on the better feelings of the soul, than
+the change which generally takes place in the characters of the young
+men whose <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb4" href="#pb4" name=
+"pb4">4</a>]</span>official duty places them in situations like that
+filled by Mr. Irving. It has, indeed, been most justly and impressively
+observed, that it is impossible for any one to be accustomed to carry
+away miserable beings, by force, from their country and endearing ties,
+to keep them in chains, to see their tears, to hear their mournful
+lamentations, to behold the dead and the dying mingled together, to
+keep up a system of severity towards them in their deep affliction, to
+be constant witnesses of the misery of exile, bondage, cruelty, and
+oppression, which, together, form the malignant character of this
+nefarious traffic, without losing all those better feelings it should
+be the study of man to cherish; or without contracting those habits of
+moroseness and ferocity which brutalize the nature.</p>
+<p>Irving, like many other youths, had been induced by an ardent
+curiosity, and an enterprising spirit, to engage as a writer to the
+Royal African Company<a class="noteref" id="xd20e323src" href=
+"#xd20e323" name="xd20e323src">1</a>, at a time when <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb5" href="#pb5" name="pb5">5</a>]</span>the traffic
+in slaves was legally pursued, as one source of riches to a great
+commercial nation. Yet it may with candour be presumed, that he, and
+many a youth entering upon the same path, with the same laudable
+impulses, had they anticipated the peril to which they exposed their
+humane principles, by engaging themselves in a trade so repugnant to
+nature, religion, and justice, would rather have undergone personal
+hazard and difficulty in their native land, so that they might have
+fostered that divine principle, which is the noble and distinguishing
+characteristic of man&mdash;of free-born man.</p>
+<p>That Irving possessed a native humanity and right feeling, would
+appear from his letters to his friends in England, written on his
+arrival in Africa; and as he describes the country as it first met his
+admiring and youthful eye, it may be not unamusing to my young readers,
+to extract a few passages from his letters to his sister, before we
+pursue <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb6" href="#pb6" name=
+"pb6">6</a>]</span>the detail of subsequent events, in which he was an
+actor. &ldquo;Well, my dear Sophy,&rdquo; he observes, &ldquo;are you
+reconciled to your brother becoming a dealer in slaves? I assure you I
+have had some compunctious visitings of conscience upon the subject
+during the voyage; the calmness and monotony of which, gave me ample
+opportunity of reflecting upon the kind-hearted arguments of my good
+little sister, against a commerce, which, I believe she says true when
+she asserts, &lsquo;is founded in injustice and crime, and a compound
+of all that is wicked and cruel.&rsquo; But, Sophy, what will you call
+your wild brother, when I tell you, that the first glance I had of this
+enchanting country, put you, your arguments, the unhappy and abused
+natives, from my mind, in an instant; and I could only bless my stars
+that I was to become an inhabitant of a region which seemed to offer so
+many delights&mdash;so many interesting studies for my pencil. I can
+anticipate all you would say upon this subject, as to the cruelty of
+tearing the miserable natives from scenes which &lsquo;breathe of
+Paradise,&rsquo; so as to have raised <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb7" href="#pb7" name="pb7">7</a>]</span>the enthusiasm of even the
+thoughtless heart of Charles Irving. But I have no time for argument,
+Sophy, scarcely that for brief description. Imagine then, my dear
+sister, the most boundless luxuriancy of landscape, continually clothed
+with all the beauties and riches of spring, summer, and harvest; lofty
+mountains covered with wood, chiefly fruit-trees; fine streams,
+romantic and fertile valleys. Such is the general appearance: the
+scenery in detail surpasses description. This charming country seems to
+be remarkably populous. The kingdom of Whid&aacute;h, in which is
+situated the factory to which I am at present appointed, is (as you
+will find on consulting your map) on the western side of Africa,
+commonly called the slave-coast. This kingdom we should rather call a
+county, as it extends only about ten miles along the coast, and about
+seven miles inland. Yet, although of so small an extent, it is divided
+into twenty-six divisions, or provinces. The villages are numerous, and
+thickly inhabited. The houses or huts of the natives are small; conical
+at the top, and thatched either with long grass, or the palmetto
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb8" href="#pb8" name=
+"pb8">8</a>]</span>leaves. The interior is very clean; but from the
+fish and other articles of food kept in them, you may readily imagine
+the effluvia is not very pleasant to European nicety.</p>
+<p>The furniture of these dwellings is not very costly, seldom
+amounting to more than a chest to contain their light and simple
+articles of clothing; a mat to repose upon, raised a little from the
+floor; a jar to contain water, and calabashes of various sizes; two or
+three wooden mortars to pound corn and rice, and a basket or sieve to
+prepare it when done. The villages formed of these huts are generally
+built in a circle, surrounded by a clay wall, scattered over the
+country in the midst of beautiful groves clear of brushwood, and have a
+most picturesque and beautiful effect to a stranger&rsquo;s eye. The
+fields are always verdant, and nature puts forth her beauties with
+inexhaustible profusion; perpetual spring and autumn succeeding each
+other. The Company&rsquo;s factory here, is most pleasantly situated in
+the midst of gardens, which amply supply it, and the fort, (called
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb9" href="#pb9" name=
+"pb9">9</a>]</span>Fort William,) consisting of four batteries,
+mounting seventeen guns. In these gardens is an abundant supply of
+beans, potatoes, every other edible root known in Europe, and a great
+variety of delicious fruits peculiar to the climate. Amongst the most
+beautiful and useful vegetable riches of Africa, may be reckoned the
+plantain and banana trees. The latter bears a fruit six or seven inches
+in length, covered with a yellow skin, very tender when ripe. The pulp
+of it is as soft as a marmalade, and of a most pleasant taste. It grows
+on a stalk about six yards high, the leaves being nearly two yards
+long, and a foot wide. One stalk only bears a single cluster of the
+fruit, which sometimes consists of forty or fifty bananas; and when the
+cluster is gathered, the stalk is cut off, or it would bear no more
+fruit. The plantain is not unlike the banana, but somewhat longer,
+although the flavour greatly resembles it. The leaves, and every part
+of the tree, are converted into a variety of useful articles. There are
+also guavas, a fruit very like our peach, except that the external coat
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb10" href="#pb10" name=
+"pb10">10</a>]</span>is rougher; and it has small kernels like the
+apple, instead of a stone. Cocoas, oranges, lemons, citrons, and limes,
+abound, and, as you may readily suppose, are in great request amongst
+us, as well as beautiful additions to the luxuriant vegetable riches of
+the country.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>In a subsequent letter he again writes: &ldquo;I was much pleased
+this morning to see the natives extracting what we call the wine from
+the palm tree, which is beautifully straight and lofty, growing
+sometimes to a prodigious height.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;They make an incision in the trunk, near the summit of the
+tree, to which they apply, in succession, gourd bottles, conducting the
+liquor into them by means of a pipe formed of the leaves. This wine is
+very pleasant when fresh drawn, but is apt to disagree with Europeans
+in that state. After fermentation, however, it becomes like Rhenish
+wine, and is extremely good, without being prejudicial. You would be
+alarmed, Sophy, to see how rapidly and nimbly the natives mount these
+lofty trees, which are sometimes <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb11"
+href="#pb11" name="pb11">11</a>]</span>sixty, seventy, and even a
+hundred feet in height, and the bark smooth. The only aid they have is
+a piece of the bark of a tree, which they form into a hoop by holding
+the two ends, having enclosed themselves and the trunk of the tree.
+They then place their feet against the tree, and their backs against
+the hoop, and mount as quick as thought. It sometimes occurs that they
+miss their footing, the consequence of course is, that they are
+precipitated with tremendous force to the ground, and dashed to
+pieces.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;There is another tree called the ciboa, very much like the
+palm, and applied to the same purposes: the wine of this is not quite
+so sweet as that of the palm.</p>
+<p>In another letter he further observes: &ldquo;I think you will be
+pleased to hear in what manner I pass my time here, my dear Sophy,
+while you are perhaps talking of me in the dear domestic circle; I will
+therefore give you the journal of a day, which, with little variation,
+is the general mode of my living.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I rise by day-break, in order to enjoy the refreshing
+coolness of the morning, and generally ride or walk into the country,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb12" href="#pb12" name=
+"pb12">12</a>]</span>through the delightful woods and savannahs.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;On my return, I breakfast on <i>never-tiring</i> tea, or, for
+want of it, a sort of tea growing in the woods, called <i>simbong</i>.
+Upon any deficiency of sugar, I use honey, as it is at all times easily
+procured; except, perhaps, when the natives are making their honey
+wine, of which they are immoderately fond. Sometimes I take milk, with
+cakes of rice or flour; or Guinea-corn, baked in a very useful article
+in my kitchen; <i>viz.</i> a large iron pot. The milk will not boil
+without turning to whey, which I ascribe to the nature of the grass
+upon which the cows feed. My dinner is frequently beef, either fresh or
+salted, in which latter state it will keep six or seven days. This I
+either boil and eat with coosh-coosh, (<a href="#note.b"><i>Note</i>
+<span class="sc">B</span></a>.) a favourite dish with the natives, or
+with pumpkins and coliloo, like spinach, both of which are plentiful.
+Fowls are so cheap and common, that they may always be purchased for a
+few charges of gunpowder; and when I wish for either fish or game, I
+send a fisher or hunter, allowed by the factory, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb13" href="#pb13" name="pb13">13</a>]</span>to
+supply me; and they never fail to bring me ample store of the finest
+sorts of the former; and of the latter, deer, ducks, partridges, wild
+geese, and what are here called crown birds, all which abound in their
+different seasons.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The afternoon is the usual time of trade; but sometimes it is
+protracted during the whole of several days, and being my proper
+business, I make a point of never neglecting it (<a href=
+"#note.c"><i>Note</i> <span class="sc">C</span></a>.) If concluded
+early, I sometimes take a trip to some of the neighbouring villages,
+and return home to supper, amusing myself, as I am now doing, with
+writing or reading, and occasionally visiting two or three friends. In
+these visits, the refreshment is generally palm and honey wine, or a
+fruit called cola, which very agreeably relishes water. I frequently,
+also, form one of a party in shooting doves and partridges. I have
+indeed no want of society, generally having even more company than I
+desire. These visitors are traders, and messengers from the great men
+in this and the adjacent kingdom, who frequently send me presents
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb14" href="#pb14" name=
+"pb14">14</a>]</span>of pieces of cloths, cows, spices, and even a
+slave. These presents I would gladly decline, as I well know they are
+given with a view of obtaining more valuable returns, or to bribe me to
+some measure in which my interest or aid is required; but I am obliged
+to accept what they offer, because the interest of the Company renders
+it necessary to conciliate the natives, who may forward the trade. But
+to return to my accommodation: perhaps you think I repose on the
+&lsquo;verdant mead, under the spreading palm.&rsquo; No such thing, my
+dear Sophy: my bed-room is large and airy, and during the rainy season
+glows with the cheering blaze of a fire. My bedstead is raised by
+forkillas; at the head and feet are cross poles, upon which is placed a
+platform of split cane. My bed itself is composed of silk-cotton, a
+sort of vegetable down, extremely soft, and very plentiful here; and to
+complete my bedstead, I have erected light posts at the corners, to
+support a pavilion of thin cloth, as a defence against the musquitoes.
+Independently of the linen I brought from England, I have some
+presented to me, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb15" href="#pb15" name=
+"pb15">15</a>]</span>by a negro king and his sister: (what think you of
+that, Sophy?) it consists of fine cotton cloths, six yards long and
+three wide: these I use for sheets. Thus, you find, I have all my
+comforts around me, even on the burning shores of Africa, to which you
+were so unwilling I should direct my way.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I cannot close my letter without telling you of the pleasure
+I enjoyed in my excursion this morning, with a friend who is my
+colleague in office, and with whom I am indeed so intimate, that we
+have acquired the designation of &lsquo;the inseparables.&rsquo; We set
+out just as the day was dawning, and had penetrated nearly five miles
+into the country, ere the sun bore any oppressive power; and taking our
+fowling pieces with us, we shot a few birds for sport, as we proceeded
+through a country rich beyond your imagination to conceive. We rested
+ourselves at the foot of a rock, and <span class="corr" id="xd20e394"
+title="Source: eat">ate</span> a hearty breakfast of fruit, washing it
+down with palm wine, with which we were provided, and milk from the
+cocoa-nuts we gathered. We then continued to explore scenes which
+seemed to realize the picture <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb16" href=
+"#pb16" name="pb16">16</a>]</span>imagination forms of Paradise. Coming
+to a beautiful expanse of water, we again seated ourselves, to enjoy a
+second meal, as well as the beauty and the heavenly repose, adorning
+and pervading these vast solitudes.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The tinkling of several little rills, and the sound of
+several larger cascades that fell from the rocks, only broke the
+stillness of the spot, in every other respect profound; and altogether
+diffused a tranquillity over the soul, the influence of which I still
+feel, but am unable to define. The orange and lime trees adorning the
+spot, bending under the weight of their delicious fruit, and diffusing
+around their fragrant odour; a number of other beautiful shrubs and
+trees intermingling their various tints of foliage, and tempting the
+hand to gather their rich fruit; combined with the cataracts, the
+surrounding hills, covered with the noblest trees and liveliest
+verdure, and in their various angles and projections, exhibiting the
+bold and free strokes of nature; altogether composed what might,
+without exaggeration, be called a terrestrial Paradise, the effect of
+which <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb17" href="#pb17" name=
+"pb17">17</a>]</span>cannot be imagined, unless it were seen. You may
+be sure that it was not without regret we quitted this delightful spot,
+which raised our curiosity and desire, to the highest degree, further
+to explore the country. Nor (shall I confess it, Sophy?) could we
+forbear remarking, that if the attention of our country was directed to
+the civilization, and the improving the natural resources of such a
+country, instead of robbing and devastating it, it would be far more
+honourable to us as Britains, and as men, enjoying all the privileges
+of that envied title. But I think I hear you say: &lsquo;You tell me
+much of yourself, and of the face of the country you have chosen for a
+residence, but you tell me little of the inhabitants of this favoured
+region.&rsquo; This I must reserve for another packet, my dear sister,
+as also an account of my visit to Sabi<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e403src" href="#xd20e403" name="xd20e403src">2</a>. In the mean
+time I will assure you, that I have no regrets in having quitted for a
+while my country, except my separation from you <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb18" href="#pb18" name="pb18">18</a>]</span>and my
+family, every member of which must ever be dear, to their
+affectionate</p>
+<p class="signed">&rdquo;<span class="sc">Charles
+Irving</span>.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e323" href="#xd20e323src" name="xd20e323">1</a></span> A society
+of merchants, established by king Charles II. for trading to Africa;
+which trade was laid open to all his majesty&rsquo;s subjects, and
+those of succeeding monarchs, until the abolition took place, 1807.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e403" href="#xd20e403src" name="xd20e403">2</a></span> Capital of
+Whid&aacute;h, <span class="corr" id="xd20e405" title=
+"Source: situate">situated</span> about four miles from the factory at
+Whid&aacute;h.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch2" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e417" class="main">Chapter II.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;What&rsquo;s all that Afric&rsquo;s golden
+rivers roll,</p>
+<p class="line">Her odorous woods, and shining ivory stores?</p>
+<p class="line">Ill-fated race! the softening arts of peace,</p>
+<p class="line">And all-protecting freedom, which alone</p>
+<p class="line">Sustains the name and dignity of man:</p>
+<p class="line">These are not theirs!&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Presuming that our young readers are not uninterested
+in the accounts of Charles Irving, we shall make a few more extracts
+from his correspondence. &ldquo;You tell me,&rdquo; he observes in
+reply to the expressed wishes of his sister, &ldquo;you tell me, my
+dear Sophy, to give you some information respecting the inhabitants of
+Whid&aacute;h. I am myself unable <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb19"
+href="#pb19" name="pb19">19</a>]</span>to speak very decisively, but I
+am assured by those who have visited other parts of Africa, that those
+of Whid&aacute;h exceed the other negroes in civilization, and they
+certainly appear to me, both industrious and ingenious. The women, I
+can assure you, are very important personages, truly help-meets to
+their lords. They brew the beer, dress the food, sell all sorts of
+articles, (except slaves!) at the markets; they are also, I am sorry to
+add, employed in tilling the land with the slaves. But, Sophy, this may
+be accounted for: the light of Christianity has not yet beamed upon
+this land. Its humanizing spirit we have, you know, often remarked, as
+peculiarly favourable to the weaker sex; and were Africa free, and
+blessed with the genial ray of true religion, doubtless her women would
+acquire that consideration which is their due, and be regarded as what
+they ought to be, as the companions and solace, not the slaves of man.
+In reference to their ingenuity, I have many specimens. They spin
+cotton yarn, weave fine cotton cloth, make calabashes, wooden vessels,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" href="#pb20" name=
+"pb20">20</a>]</span>plates, dishes, &amp;c. I have now lying before
+me, a present from a great man, a pipe for smoking, which is remarkably
+neat. It is formed of clay of a reddish hue, the stem a reed about six
+feet in length. It is beautifully and finely polished, perfectly
+smooth, white, and even elegant. The bowl and stem are fastened
+together with a piece of delicate red leather. It has also a fine
+leather tassel, attached to about the middle of the stem; and so neat
+is the work, that although the end of the reed goes into the bowl of
+the pipe, it appears as if formed of one piece. They clean the reed,
+when filled up with the smoke, by drawing long straws through it, and
+the bowls, by scraping them with a small sharp instrument.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Last week we had quite a gala day, one of the country chiefs
+paying a visit to the governor at the fort. He was saluted with five
+guns on his landing: I was much pleased that my duty obliged me to go
+to the fort at the time.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The ostensible motive of his visit, was respect to the
+governor; but the real one, to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb21"
+href="#pb21" name="pb21">21</a>]</span>solicit powder and ball, in
+order to defend himself against the attacks of a neighbouring chief. He
+assumes the title of emperor, and is a fine model of negro beauty,
+young, extremely black, tall, and free in his carriage, with teeth
+which rivalled pearls in beauty. His dress consisted of short yellow
+cotton trowsers, reaching only to the knees; and a sort of mantle of
+the same material, flowing full like a surplice. His feet and legs were
+naked; but he wore a very large cap, with a white goat&rsquo;s tail
+fastened in it: I suppose, the insignia of his dignity.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;All the officers of the fort were in full uniform, waiting to
+receive this chieftain; and, I assure you, it was a very gratifying
+sight to observe the expecting numbers ready to welcome him.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;He and his retinue came in a large and splendid canoe,
+containing about sixteen persons, all armed with guns and sabres, with
+a number of drums, upon which they beat with one stick. Two or three
+women were of the party, and danced to the sound of the drums. They
+remained at the fort <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb22" href="#pb22"
+name="pb22">22</a>]</span>all night, highly pleased with the visit, and
+the success of it; not only receiving what they solicited, but an ample
+present of rum, beads, bugles, and looking-glasses, from the governor,
+by which he quite won the hearts of the emperor and his suite.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The natives are, indeed, generally good-natured and obliging,
+particularly to Europeans; and if the latter are liberal in presents,
+they seldom find the obligation forgotten. If a favour is asked of
+them, they will use their utmost efforts to comply, even to their own
+prejudice. Gentle measures are, indeed, the only means to succeed with
+them: they then seem to have pleasure in compliance; but if treated
+with violence, they are obstinate and refractory, and they will take as
+much pains to injure, as, in the other case, to serve. This, you will
+say, sufficiently proves their native generosity of disposition. Can
+such a people require any thing but freedom, and a pure faith, to
+render them equal to the European, who despises them, and denies that
+they possess a capability of enjoying freedom? I grant <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb23" href="#pb23" name="pb23">23</a>]</span>this, my
+dear advocate; and, did time allow me, could relate many instances to
+prove that your opinion is just.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In my last, I mentioned the employment of the women partly
+consisted in weaving fine cotton cloths. We frequently barter these
+with our commodities. The pieces are generally twenty-seven yards long,
+but never more than nine inches wide. They cut them what length they
+require, and sew them together very neatly, to serve the use of broader
+cloths. The cotton is cleared from the seed by hand, and is spun with a
+spindle and distaff: it is afterwards woven in a loom of very simple
+and coarse workmanship. These cloths are made up into pairs, one about
+three yards long, and one and a half broad; with this the shoulders and
+body are covered. The other is almost of the same breadth, and but two
+yards long: this is gathered neatly in folds round the waist, and falls
+loosely over the limbs. Such a pair of cloths is the dress of men and
+women, with a slight variation in the mode of adjustment. I have seen a
+pair of such cloths, so beautifully fine <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb24" href="#pb24" name="pb24">24</a>]</span>in texture, and so
+brightly dyed, as to be very valuable. Their usual colours are either
+blue or yellow, some very lively: I do not remember, however, ever to
+have seen any red. (<a href="#note.d"><i>Note</i> <span class=
+"sc">D</span></a>.)</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I shall conclude this letter by an account of my visit to
+Sabi, as I promised you. With European ideas of the state of society
+and commerce in Africa, I confess, the surprise I experienced was very
+great, on my entrance into the market of this capital of Whid&aacute;h,
+which is kept twice in a week. Great regulation is observed in the
+keeping of these markets, a distinct and proper place being assigned
+for every different commodity; and the confluence of people, although
+great, are preserved from disorder and confusion, by a judge or
+magistrate, appointed by the king; and who, with four assistants, well
+armed, inspects the markets, hears all complaints, and, in a summary
+way, decides all differences among the buyers and sellers, having power
+to seize, and sell as slaves, all who violate the peace. Besides this
+magistrate, there is another, whose peculiar office it is to inspect
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb25" href="#pb25" name=
+"pb25">25</a>]</span>the money, which is called <i>toqua</i>,
+consisting of strings of shells, to the number of forty; and if one of
+these strings happens to be deficient in a single shell, the whole are
+forfeited to the king. Round the markets are erected booths, which are
+occupied by cooks or suttlers, who sell provisions ready dressed, as
+beef, pork, goats&rsquo;-flesh; and others, in which may be obtained
+rice, millet, marre, and bread; and others where they sell spirituous
+liquors, palm and ciboa wine, and pito, which is a sort of beer. The
+chief commodities on sale, are <i>slaves</i>, cattle, and fowls of
+every kind, monkeys and other animals; various sorts of European cloth,
+linen, and woollen; printed calicoes, silk, grocery, and china; gold in
+dust and bars, iron in bars or wrought.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The country manufactures are Whid&aacute;h cloths, mats,
+baskets, jars, calabashes of various sorts, wooden bowls and cups, red
+and blue pepper, salt, palm-oil, &amp;c. All these commodities, except
+slaves, are sold by the women, who are excellent accountants, and set
+off their goods most judiciously. The <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb26" href="#pb26" name="pb26">26</a>]</span>men are also good
+accountants, reckoning every thing by the head; and are as exact as the
+Europeans are with pen and ink, although the sums are often so many and
+so considerable, as to render it very intricate.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The slaves are paid for in gold-dust, but other payments are
+made in strings of cowries, which, as I have said, contain forty in a
+string. Five of the strings make what the natives call a <i>fore</i>;
+and fifty <i>fores</i> make an <i>alkove</i>, which generally weighs
+about sixty pounds.</p>
+<p>The various commodities of these markets, and the order and
+regularity with which they are disposed, would be a peculiarly pleasing
+sight to a stranger, were not human beings included in the articles of
+commerce; but, to behold a number of men, women, and children, linked
+together, and ranged like beasts to view, is a sight truly shocking to
+behold; and I will acknowledge, Sophy, I felt a sickness come over my
+heart, and a glow of shame suffuse my forehead, as I contemplated
+upwards of sixty individuals, whom a few short hours, perhaps, might
+separate, for <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb27" href="#pb27" name=
+"pb27">27</a>]</span>ever, from their kindred and their country. There
+is, however, little chance that it will now ever be otherwise; for the
+worst passions of men are engaged, and the despotism of the African
+kings gives them ample opportunity to gratify their cupidity and
+intemperance, by the barter of their unhappy subjects<a class="noteref"
+id="xd20e496src" href="#xd20e496" name="xd20e496src">1</a>. The
+revenues of the king of Whid&aacute;h are very considerable; for he not
+only has large landed possessions, but he receives a duty on all
+commodities sold in the markets, or imported into the country. His
+lands furnish him with provisions for his numerous household, as well
+as for exportation; great quantities being annually sold to the
+neighbouring nations, less bountifully supplied by nature. The revenues
+arising from the slave-trade are very considerable, and induce him to
+favour it, by the strongest principle in the soul of man, selfishness;
+for he receives three rix dollars for every slave sold in his
+dominions. Every European vessel also pays <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb28" href="#pb28" name="pb28">28</a>]</span>him a
+pecuniary duty, exclusive of presents, which they make to conciliate
+his favour, and to secure his protection in trading.</p>
+<p>Some years, slaves to the number of two thousand are brought from
+the interior, by the native merchants, most of whom, they say, are
+prisoners of war. These merchants purchase them from the different
+princes, who have made captives of them. Their mode of travelling is by
+tying them by the neck with leather thongs, at about a yard distant
+from each other, thirty and forty in a string; having generally a large
+truss or bundle of corn, or an elephant&rsquo;s tooth, upon the head of
+each or many of them. In their way from the mountains, far in the
+interior, they have to travel through vast woods, where, for several
+days, perhaps, no water is to be procured. To obviate this distressing
+scarcity, they carry water in skins. There are a great number of these
+merchants, who, furnishing themselves with European goods from the
+slave-factors, penetrate the inland countries, and with them purchase,
+in their <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb29" href="#pb29" name=
+"pb29">29</a>]</span>route, gold, slaves, and elephants&rsquo; teeth.
+(<a href="#note.e"><i>Note</i> <span class="sc">E</span></a>.)</p>
+<p>&ldquo;They use asses as well as slaves to convey their goods, but
+no camels nor horses. Besides the slaves brought down to the factories
+by these merchants, many others are bought in the vicinity. These are
+either taken in war, as the former, or are men condemned for crimes;
+and, not unfrequently, they are stolen. <i>These</i> the Company never
+purchase, if able to ascertain the fact. It is worthy of remark, that,
+since the great demand for slaves, most punishments are changed into
+slavery; and there being an accruing advantage on such condemnations,
+they exaggerate faults scarcely more than venial, into crimes, in order
+to obtain the benefit of selling the criminal. Not only murder and the
+grosser crimes are punished in this manner, but every trifling
+misdemeanour renders the culprit obnoxious to the same dreadful
+penalty. It was not many days since that I had a man brought to me to
+be sold, for having stolen a tobacco pipe; and I had infinite trouble
+to persuade the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb30" href="#pb30" name=
+"pb30">30</a>]</span>aggrieved party to accept of a compensation, and
+to leave the man free.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;From what I have seen of the people, they are well disposed
+and cheerful, excessively fond of dancing, keeping it up to the sound
+of a drum or a balafeu, for many hours, without any appearance of
+weariness. Their dances are sometimes pleasing and regular, but at
+others wild, and apparently confused. The instrument they call a
+<i>balafeu</i> is very pleasing, sounding something like an organ, when
+not too near. It is composed of about twenty pipes of very hard wood,
+finely polished: these pipes gradually diminish, both in size and
+length, and are tied together with thongs made of very fine thin
+leather. These thongs are twisted round small round wands, which are
+placed between each of the pipes, in order to leave a short space.
+Underneath the pipes are fastened twelve or fourteen calabashes, of
+different sizes, which have the same effect of sound as organ-pipes.
+This they play upon with two sticks, covered with a thin skin, taken
+from the trunk of the ciboa, or with fine leather, in order to soften
+the sound. (<a href="#note.f"><i>Note</i> <span class=
+"sc">F</span></a>.) <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href="#pb31"
+name="pb31">31</a>]</span>Both sexes delight to dance to this
+instrument, and their pleasure seems to rise almost to ecstasy, if a
+white man will unite in the dance; which, you will readily suppose, I
+am never unwilling to do. The only indication of suspicion they show,
+is when asked to take any beverage with a white man, always requiring
+the liquor to be first tasted by the inviter.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Many of the natives have invited me to their habitations and
+dancing parties, and brought their wives and daughters to salute me.
+They, with great artlessness, generally sit down by me, and are never
+weary in admiring the different articles of my dress; making their
+comments one to another, with the most lively admiration and
+astonishment. Some, who had never seen a white man, ran away from me,
+apparently terrified at my <i>monstrous</i> appearance.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;In their persons they are of a good height, well shaped, and
+extremely black; and, as an instance of the female subjection, I am
+told, that, when a man has been absent from home, even but for a short
+time, his wife salutes him upon her knees at his return, and,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32" name=
+"pb32">32</a>]</span>in the same attitude, offers him water and
+refreshments. Both sexes are exceedingly cleanly in their persons,
+washing themselves in pure water twice in the day, and using aromatic
+unguents. Their dress consists of the country cotton cloths I have
+named; the superior classes add a short garment, made of taffety, or
+other silk, and scarfs of the same material passed over the shoulder.
+They generally go with the head and feet uncovered, but occasionally
+wear sandals, and caps or bonnets. The superior females wear calico
+paans, or a sort of petticoat, which are very fine, and beautifully
+variegated with different colours: these are confined round the waist,
+and the upper part of the body is covered with a cloth, serving also as
+a veil.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;They wear necklaces of coral, &amp;c. agreeably disposed; and
+their arms, wrists, fingers, and legs, are encompassed and ornamented
+with rings of amber, silver, and even gold, to a considerable value.
+The inferior ranks wear copper or iron. The men suffer the hair to
+remain in its natural form, except <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb33"
+href="#pb33" name="pb33">33</a>]</span>buckling it in two or three
+places, in order to affix a coral ornament to it; but the women arrange
+theirs more artificially, with long and small buckles, or ornaments,
+the hair divided on the crown of the head, and the ornaments placed
+with great uniformity. They have a bad practice of using an oil, which
+injures the glossy blackness of the hair, in time changing it to a
+colour approaching green or yellow, which they much admire; but it is
+very unpleasing to the eye of a stranger.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I have mentioned that the natives of Whid&aacute;h are
+idolaters. The object of their worship, you will be surprised to find,
+is a serpent; an animal to which men, in general, have an
+antipathy<a id="xd20e548" name="xd20e548"></a> This Whid&aacute;h god
+is called the <i>fetiche</i>: it is a harmless, as well as beautiful
+animal, having an antipathy to venomous serpents, attacking them
+whenever it meets with them. The serpent has a large, round, beautiful
+head; a short, pointed tongue, resembling a dart; and a short but sharp
+tail; the whole adorned by the most beautiful colours, upon a light
+grey ground. In general its pace is slow and solemn, except
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34" name=
+"pb34">34</a>]</span>when it seizes on its prey, in which case it is
+quick and rapid. They are perfectly tame and familiar, permitting
+themselves to be caressed and handled, which is frequently done by the
+natives and Europeans, without apprehension of danger. This deity has a
+temple to his honour, with priests, sacrifices, &amp;c.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>With this account we will close our extracts from Irving&rsquo;s
+letters; and as they will give some idea of the people of the country
+which forms the principal scene of our narrative, it is hoped the
+digression will not be thought irrelevant. In the next chapter we
+resume the thread of our story, merely pausing to express our ardent
+hope, that good may spring out of evil; that even the slave-trade may
+be the medium of promulgating the gospel of peace; and that good may,
+in God&rsquo;s own time, overcome evil.</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">O, &rsquo;tis a godlike privilege to save,</p>
+<p class="line">And he that scorns it is himself a slave.</p>
+<p class="line">Inform his mind, one flash of heav&rsquo;nly day</p>
+<p class="line">Would heal his heart, and melt his chains away:</p>
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Beauty for ashes,&rdquo; is a gift indeed;</p>
+<p class="line">And slaves by truth enlarg&rsquo;d are doubly
+freed.</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">Cowper.</span> <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb35" href="#pb35" name="pb35">35</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e496" href="#xd20e496src" name="xd20e496">1</a></span> It is
+necessary to apprize our readers, that the remarks and descriptions
+contained in this volume, apply to Africa as it was some years
+since.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch3" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e577" class="main">Chapter III.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;O Slavery&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+<p class="line">Profuse of woes, and pregnant with distress,</p>
+<p class="line">Eternal horrors in thy presence reign;</p>
+<p class="line">Pale meagre famine leads thy horrid train;</p>
+<p class="line">To each dire load subjection adds more weight,</p>
+<p class="line">And pain is doubled in the captive&rsquo;s fate:</p>
+<p class="line">O&rsquo;er nature&rsquo;s smiling face thou spreadst a
+gloom,</p>
+<p class="line">And to the grave dost every pleasure doom.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Years had elapsed since Irving had indited the letters
+from which we have extracted, and every passing one had seen an
+increasing tendency to suffer humanity to yield to interest: what had
+been the practice of official duty, became the actuating principle, and
+gold, the</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&rdquo;<span class="corr" id="xd20e602" title=
+"Source: Insiduous">Insidious</span> bane that makes destruction
+smooth,</p>
+<p class="line">The foe to virtue, liberty, and truth,&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first">absorbed the better feelings, which had at first
+recoiled from the scenes of cruelty and <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb36" href="#pb36" name="pb36">36</a>]</span>oppression he had
+witnessed; and he could calmly execute the one and the other, and be at
+no loss to justify (at least to himself) the acts, and even reason upon
+the trade of human beings; if not, indeed, upon its humanity and
+justice, at least upon its <i>expedience</i>; forgetful of that great
+and comprehensive, but most simple maxim: &ldquo;Do unto others as ye
+would they should do unto you.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The order he had received from his employers, arrived at an
+opportune period; for he had, on that very day, been invited to attend
+the ceremony of the coronation of the king of Whid&aacute;h, to take
+place in a few days, at Sabi. With the true spirit of gain, he
+calculated that this event might, by a little judicious policy, be
+rendered, not only subservient to his present pressing demand for
+slaves, but also might open greater facilities than he had hitherto
+possessed, of obtaining a choice. Interest, therefore, united with
+curiosity, in his determination of attending the ceremony; a few
+preliminaries of which we will name, ere we accompany him to it.</p>
+<p>On the demise of a king of Whid&aacute;h, the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb37" href="#pb37" name="pb37">37</a>]</span>crown
+descends to his eldest son, unless the grandees have any substantial
+reasons to reject his claim; in which case the youngest son is
+appointed, provided he was born after the accession of the father. It
+is a singular custom, that, as soon as the eldest son of a king of
+Whid&aacute;h is born, he is removed from the palace and court, and
+placed under the care of a person in private, residing remote from the
+latter. With this person he remains, in profound ignorance of his
+birth, and of the high responsibilities for which he is designed. His
+protector is acquainted with the secret of his royal birth, but would
+incur the penalty of death were he to divulge it. By this custom it not
+unfrequently occurs, that when a prince is called to the throne, he
+may, at the moment, be employed in the most common and menial offices;
+and it is with difficulty he can be persuaded to believe those who
+inform him of his elevated rank, or in what manner to receive their
+servile homage; as it is customary for the subjects to approach the
+sovereign in the most humiliating form, advancing <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb38" href="#pb38" name="pb38">38</a>]</span>towards
+them in a creeping manner, to a certain distance, till the monarch,
+clapping his hands softly, indicates his permission for them to speak,
+which they then do, in a low tone, with their heads nearly to the
+ground. They retire, with the same slavish ceremonials, from the royal
+presence.</p>
+<p>As soon as the old king is dead, his successor is brought to the
+palace; but the period of his coronation is uncertain, resting with the
+grandees, with whom it becomes a political man&oelig;uvre to keep the
+government, as long as possible, in their own hands; and they
+accordingly fix the period of the ceremony as best suits their
+respective interests. It is generally put off some months, and,
+sometimes, even years, but cannot be delayed beyond seven years. During
+this interval, the government is rather in the power of the grandees
+than the king; for they execute all the public acts and business,
+without consulting him. In every other respect he is treated as a
+prince, with only one restriction, viz. that, previously to his
+coronation, he cannot quit the palace. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb39" href="#pb39" name="pb39">39</a>]</span></p>
+<p>It may readily be imagined by our young readers, that, from the
+obscure state in which the young monarch is brought up, he has little
+notion of those qualities which are necessary to govern a people. On
+the contrary, the sudden transition from this obscurity, to the paths
+of ease and pleasure, and every facility of self-gratification,
+unfortunately gives a peculiar relish for those pursuits and pleasures,
+with which, had he become guardedly and progressively familiar, in all
+probability he would have been satiated. But this not being the case,
+the king of Whid&aacute;h lives almost in a state of indolence; seldom
+going abroad, and only occasionally attending his grandees when they
+are assembled in the hall of audience, for the administration of
+justice: all the rest of his time is spent in the recesses of his
+seraglio, attended by his numerous wives, who are divided into three
+classes. When the period of the coronation has been fixed by the
+grandees, they give intimation of it to the king, who assembles them in
+the palace; and the council having deliberated on the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb40" href="#pb40" name="pb40">40</a>]</span>measures
+to be used in executing the ceremony, notice of it is given to the
+public by a discharge of cannon, and the glad news is soon circulated
+throughout the kingdom.</p>
+<p>The following morning, the grand sacrificer goes to the king,
+demanding, in the name of the great serpent, (their deity!) the
+offerings due on such a solemn and joyful occasion. These offerings
+consist of an ox, a horse, a sheep, and a fowl, which are sacrificed in
+the palace, and afterwards taken to the market-place. In the centre of
+this, the grand sacrificer erects a pole, nine or ten feet high, with a
+piece of linen attached to it like a flag, and around it are placed the
+victims, with small loaves of millet, rubbed over with palm-oil. After
+a few trifling ceremonies the company retire, leaving the victims
+exposed to the birds of prey; no person being permitted to touch them,
+upon pain of death. Arrived at the palace, about twenty of the
+king&rsquo;s wives walk in procession to the place of sacrifice, the
+eldest, or chief, (<i>Note</i> <span class="sc">G</span>.) bearing a
+figure formed of earth, representing a child in a sitting posture: this
+she <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb41" href="#pb41" name=
+"pb41">41</a>]</span>places at a short distance from the victims. These
+women are attended by a party of fusileers, and the king&rsquo;s flutes
+and drums, the people prostrating themselves as they pass, and
+expressing their joy by the loudest acclamations. When these ceremonies
+are over, the grandees repair to the palace, dressed in their richest
+apparel, and attended by their numerous slaves, of whom they are very
+proud, adorning them with a profusion of trinkets, and ornaments of
+silver and gold. The king is not visible on this occasion; but they
+enter, and prostrate themselves before the throne, and again retire.
+This part of the ceremony continues fifteen days, during which the
+women make the palace re-echo with their acclamations; and the public
+joy is testified by the firing of cannon, and the almost continual
+display of rockets, from all parts of the capital.</p>
+<p>It was during the interval of these rejoicings, that Irving, with
+his attendants, arrived at Sabi, and was appointed to take up his
+quarters with a grandee high in favour with the new king. He had taken
+care to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href="#pb42" name=
+"pb42">42</a>]</span>provide himself with an ample assortment of
+trinkets, spirits, cutlery, and other European produce he knew to be
+tempting to his inviter and his royal master, with whom he proposed to
+trade, immediately after the ceremony was concluded.</p>
+<p>Soon after his arrival, the grandee with whom he resided was
+summoned, (as was customary,) as the one deputed to go to the
+neighbouring kingdom of Ardrah, with a magnificent retinue, in order to
+request one of the nobles of that kingdom (in whose family the right
+had existed time immemorial) to proceed to Sabi, to crown the king; and
+Irving, desirous of seeing the whole of the ceremonial, obtained ready
+permission to accompany the embassy. The greatest respect is paid, by
+all ranks, to this officiating nobleman; and all the expences of his
+journey are defrayed by the grandees of Whid&aacute;h.</p>
+<p>When arrived at the last village next the capital, this nobleman and
+his retinue suspended their progress, remaining there stationary three
+or four days; during which time he received visits from the principal
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb43" href="#pb43" name=
+"pb43">43</a>]</span>people of the kingdom, with whom it is customary
+to make him valuable presents, and contribute to his amusement by a
+variety of entertainments; the king supplying him with a great quantity
+of provision, carried twice a day in great pomp, by his wives, preceded
+by a guard of fusileers and a band of music.</p>
+<p>Among these ladies, Irving saw many whom, as a slave-merchant, he
+would have been happy to have obtained at a high price. Four days being
+elapsed, the grandees, with their usual train, and a great concourse of
+people, repaired to the village, to conduct the Ardrah nobleman, in
+great state, to Sabi; where he was received by a salute of the
+king&rsquo;s guns, and the loud and continued acclamations of the
+multitude. He was then conducted to the apartments prepared for him
+near the palace, where he was splendidly entertained by the grandees,
+and received visits from the principal officers of the court. He
+continued here five days, but, at the close of the third, he entered
+the palace with the chief of his train, without taking off any part of
+his dress or ornaments. He remained <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb44"
+href="#pb44" name="pb44">44</a>]</span>standing, also, when he spoke to
+the king, while all others prostrated themselves, as usual.</p>
+<p>On the evening of the fifth day, nine guns were fired, at the
+palace, to announce to the people that the king would be crowned on the
+following day, and that he would show himself in public, seated on his
+throne, in the court of the palace, the gates of which would be left
+open for the admission of all ranks of people. It was with the utmost
+astonishment that Irving beheld the immense population assembled in the
+streets of Sabi, on this occasion; every avenue towards the palace
+being completely crowded by the natives, to obtain a sight of their new
+monarch.</p>
+<p>On the evening of the following day, the king came forth from his
+seraglio, attended by forty of his favourite wives, dressed in the most
+sumptuous manner; being rather loaded than ornamented, with gold
+necklaces, laces, pendants, bracelets, foot-chains of gold and silver,
+and the richest gems. The king, who was a good-looking, but,
+apparently, very indolent young man, was magnificently <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb45" href="#pb45" name="pb45">45</a>]</span>dressed,
+wearing a gilt helmet, decorated with red and white feathers. He was
+attended by his guards, and proceeded from his seraglio to the throne,
+which was placed in an angle of the court, to the east of the palace,
+and styled the court of the coronation.</p>
+<p>The throne itself was something like a large armed chair, finely
+gilt, and elevated a little above the ground; the negroes choosing very
+low seats, not more than ten inches high, and six in diameter, and not
+unfrequently in the shape of an hour-glass. The most valuable and
+curious part of the throne we are now describing, was the seat,
+consisting of an entire lump of gold; not cast or formed by art, but a
+product of nature alone, weighing thirty pounds. It had been bored and
+fitted as a seat to the royal throne: upon this was a velvet cushion,
+richly laced and fringed with gold, and a foot-cushion to correspond.
+On the left were ranged the forty wives of the monarch, and on the
+right the principal grandees; and in a line with them, the Europeans
+from the English <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href="#pb46" name=
+"pb46">46</a>]</span>factories; therefore, Irving had a complete view
+of every part of the ceremonial. One of the grandees held in his hand
+an umbrella: this, however, was more for ornament than use, as the
+ceremony took place at night. It was formed of the richest cloth of
+gold, the lining embroidered with the same precious material, and the
+fringes and tassels the same. On the top of it was the figure of a
+cock, as large as the life. The pole of this pavilion, or umbrella, was
+six feet long, richly embossed and gilded. Another grandee kneeled
+before the king, constantly fanning him during the ceremony. Opposite
+to the monarch stood two of his dwarfs, who represented to him the good
+qualities of his predecessor; extolling his justice, liberality, and
+clemency, and exhorting the king not only to imitate, but to excel him;
+concluding their harangue with wishes for the king&rsquo;s happiness,
+and that his reign might be long and prosperous.</p>
+<p>These ceremonies concluded, the grandee of Ardrah was summoned to
+attend. When arrived at the outer gate of the palace, the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47" name="pb47">47</a>]</span>cannon
+were discharged, and the band began to play. He entered the court,
+surrounded with his attendants, and was guarded by them to a certain
+distance. He then advanced, singly, to the throne, saluting the king by
+courteously bowing the head, but not prostrating himself. He then
+addressed a short speech to the king, relative to the ceremony he was
+called to perform; and removing the helmet from his head, turned to the
+people, holding it in his hands. A signal was then made, and the music
+instantly ceased. A profound and most impressive silence ensued. The
+grandee of Ardrah, then, with a loud and distinct voice, repeated,
+three times, these words to the assembled multitude: &ldquo;Here is
+your king: be loyal to him, and your prayers shall be heard by the king
+of Ardrah, my master.&rdquo; After this he replaced the helmet on the
+head of the king, made a low reverence, and retired. The cannon and
+small-arms were instantly fired, the music again struck up, and the
+acclamations were renewed. The grandee of Ardrah, in the meantime, was
+reconducted, in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb48" href="#pb48" name=
+"pb48">48</a>]</span>great state, to his apartments; after which, the
+new-crowned king, attended by his wives, his guards, and the Europeans,
+returned to the seraglio, where the latter made their compliments to
+the king as he entered the gate; and, on the following day, the monarch
+sent, as usual, a rich present to the Ardrah grandee, previously to his
+return home, which he must immediately do, the law not permitting him
+to remain three days longer in the kingdom.</p>
+<p>The rejoicings which followed the coronation lasted fifteen days,
+and the whole was closed with a grand procession to the temple of the
+great serpent. The grandee with whom Irving resided during the period
+of these ceremonies, was one of the principal officers of the palace,
+and possessed a disposition peculiarly open to the enticement of
+spirituous liquors, as well as dreadfully acted upon by the pernicious
+stimulus they gave to his passions. He also had such a propensity for
+their use, that Irving easily found, that, by supplying him well, he
+might render him subservient to his purposes; and, in fact, he
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb49" href="#pb49" name=
+"pb49">49</a>]</span>very soon disclosed to the wily merchant, that he
+had in his possession a number of valuable slaves, intended for the
+service, or to purchase the favour of the young king. The appearance of
+this negro courtier was pleasing and imposing. He was, in person, tall
+and well shaped; his dress was that usual in the country, but the
+material fine, and the colour perfectly white: his cap was also white
+and small. He wore large gold earrings, which, together with the pure
+white of his light dress, contrasted well with the jet black of his
+polished skin. In disposition he was so cruel and vindictive, that when
+he received an affront, even in the most trifling instance, he scrupled
+not to sacrifice the aggressor by shooting him.</p>
+<p>He possessed several wives, of whom he was very jealous, and whom he
+treated as slaves. He had also several brothers, to whom he seldom
+spoke, or even permitted them to enter his presence; but when he did
+grant them admission, they were obliged to take off their caps,
+prostrate themselves at his feet, and throw dust on their heads.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb50" href="#pb50" name=
+"pb50">50</a>]</span></p>
+<p>It may readily be imagined, that a disposition so cruel and
+arbitrary, would be stimulated almost to fury and madness by the
+powerful influence of ardent spirits; and the fact was, that his thirst
+for brandy was so insatiable, that, to procure it, he scrupled not to
+execute any act of oppression, cruelty, or treachery. He had even been
+known, in order to procure slaves, with which to purchase brandy,
+secretly to set fire to a village, and then send the ministers of his
+cruelty to seize the distracted people as they rushed from destruction,
+to bind and to send them to the European factories, or to the joncoes,
+(or black slave-merchants,) and sell them for brandy and rum; which he
+would continue to drink till expended, without any cessation but that
+forced upon him by stupefaction or sleep.</p>
+<p>It would not be consistent with the plan of our tale, to make any
+remarks upon the probabilities of what this man might have been, had
+not the slave-trade existed; or what direction his cunning and
+arbitrary disposition might have taken; but we may venture <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb51" href="#pb51" name="pb51">51</a>]</span>to say,
+that he could not have had so extensive opportunities of oppression,
+nor could his cruelties have created such incalculable misery.
+&ldquo;For it has been proved, on the most convincing evidence, that
+the demand for slaves has had the most fatal effect in exciting and
+developing every vice and every bad passion among these people; of
+perverting their rude institutions, and poisoning their domestic
+relations. It has been proved by evidence unquestionable, that, as we
+have asserted, the tyrant chiefs of Africa were daily induced to
+condemn, indiscriminately, whole families, for trivial or imaginary
+crimes, with the sole object of obtaining possession of the individuals
+composing those families, and exchanging them for bad powder and bad
+muskets; to station their soldiers in ambush, on the roads, with orders
+to rush on the unarmed traveller, and load him with chains; to attack,
+at night, villages sunk in repose, dragging into slavery men, women,
+and children, of an age suited to their purpose, and mercilessly
+butchering the aged and the infant. It has been proved, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb52" href="#pb52" name="pb52">52</a>]</span>upon
+authority equally good, that famine, devastation, and continual
+warfare, undertaken for the sole purpose of taking prisoners, were the
+inevitable consequences of the slave ships&rsquo; presence on the
+coast; and that the Europeans not only were witnesses of this
+desolation, but furnished the arms, nourished the hatred, fomented the
+discord, and were the communicaters of the moral blast, which shed its
+pestilential influence over the population of a country, which, under
+the benign protection of a fair and legitimate commerce, is assuredly
+capable of being civilized, enlightened, and happy; and which, in
+return for the inestimable gifts of instruction and religion, would
+cheerfully and gratefully pour its riches into the bosoms of its
+benefactors. But, can the arts which embellish life, can the virtues
+which expand the heart, can the principles that elevate the soul, can
+these find rest, or even enter a region devoted to blood, oppression,
+and desolation? Alas! while the slave-trade exists, we are compelled to
+unite in the fear expressed by an enlightened patriot, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href="#pb53" name="pb53">53</a>]</span>that
+&lsquo;there is no prospect of civilization or happiness for
+Africa.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch4" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e689" class="main">Chapter IV.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Yet was I born as you are, no man&rsquo;s
+slave,</p>
+<p class="line">An heir to all that liberal nature gave;</p>
+<p class="line">My mind can reason, and my limbs can move</p>
+<p class="line">The same as yours; like yours my heart can love:</p>
+<p class="line">Alike my body food and sleep sustain,</p>
+<p class="line">And e&rsquo;en, like yours, feels pleasure, want, and
+pain:</p>
+<p class="line">One sun rolls o&rsquo;er us, common skies surround,</p>
+<p class="line">One globe contains us, and one grave must
+bound.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Intent upon the orders of his employers, and of the
+advantages he should obtain by the commission, Irving studied so much
+to ingratiate himself with his host, that he very soon readily obtained
+his promise of conducting him to his slave-rooms, the first opportunity
+he could spare from his close <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" href=
+"#pb54" name="pb54">54</a>]</span>attendance upon his royal master, to
+whom his bold and haughty spirit made him eminently useful.</p>
+<p>While Irving displayed the tempting assortment of spirits, trinkets,
+dresses, and fire-arms, to the eager African, he artfully affected
+indifference as to the purchase of slaves; being well acquainted with
+the mode of making a good bargain, even when his fellow men were the
+articles for which to negociate: so entirely does this infamous trade
+debase and corrupt every generous emotion of the heart, and blunt every
+honourable feeling. With the internal assurance, therefore, that the
+view he had granted of his commodities, would induce the chief, as soon
+as possible, to gratify his desire of possessing them, Irving waited
+patiently the summons to attend him to the children of misery he had by
+fraud and violence collected; and was fully prepared to accompany him,
+upon his invitation a few days subsequent to the conclusion of the
+coronation ceremonies. Irving was, however, astonished, when the negro
+pointed out to him several <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55" href=
+"#pb55" name="pb55">55</a>]</span>spacious enclosures, the wretched
+inhabitants of which were to purchase his selfish gratification, and
+satisfy his cupidity; for Irving was not then aware that this grandee
+was, in fact, the creature of his sovereign, acting as an agent and
+slave-factor, upon the blood-stained gains of which he not only lived
+in great splendour, but possessed from his riches great power. His
+house was fitted up with European elegance, and was, in exterior style,
+something resembling the buildings of the Moors; consisting of courts,
+surrounded by apartments, beyond the precincts of which were the
+receptacles of the slaves.</p>
+<p>The transition from the elegance and luxuries of this African
+mansion, to the slave-buildings, was striking; and to a heart yet
+unperverted and unvitiated by the habitual view of uncontrouled power
+and oppression over the defenceless, would have been most mournful.</p>
+<p>But such was not the impression made upon either of the present
+visitants; the one intent upon immediate self-gratification, the
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb56" href="#pb56" name=
+"pb56">56</a>]</span>other upon obtaining the means to ensure it in
+future. Nothing could more strongly prove the tendency of this traffic
+to prostrate every noble faculty of the soul, every tender impulse of
+the heart, to destroy every sympathy of our nature, than the fact, that
+Irving, the once generous, kind-hearted youth, beheld, with the cold
+regard of a mere trader intent upon making an advantageous bargain,
+above a hundred and twenty wretched beings in one house, all chained
+two and two, by their hands and feet, and sitting in three rows on the
+floor! They were of various ages of youth, and different in features;
+many of them having come, as the grandee observed, &ldquo;a journey of
+many moons,&rdquo; that is, many hundred miles inland.</p>
+<p>While examining these miserable captives with all the technical
+minuteness of jockeys, or cattle-dealers, (during which the wretched
+exiles evinced the strongest and most varying emotions of reluctance,
+grief, and indignation,) the people of the chief brought in thirty-five
+more individuals, whom they had taken in a small town or village of the
+interior, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57" name=
+"pb57">57</a>]</span>and which they had attacked by order of their
+employer, leaving the aged and young infants butchered in their simple
+huts. Among this last group were several women, who exhibited the most
+heart-rending evidences of distraction and grief, in the loss of their
+infants, and the prospect of the unknown evils that awaited them in
+bondage.</p>
+<p>Amongst this number, however, great as it was, there were no slaves
+which suited the purposes of Irving; and he proceeded with his
+conductor to several other enclosures, from which he selected a few of
+inferior value. The negro then told him, he would show him what he
+termed &ldquo;prime and superb negroes.&rdquo; In passing over to one
+of these enclosures, which were at some distance, Irving was arrested
+by a faint and low moan, as of distress, followed by an air of most
+exquisite plaintive melody, with which was intermingled, at intervals,
+the sound of an infantine voice, so lively as to speak the
+unconsciousness, of the innocent from whose lips it proceeded, of the
+mournful lot to which it was destined. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb58" href="#pb58" name="pb58">58</a>]</span></p>
+<p>&ldquo;What sound is that?&rdquo; he enquired of his host, as he
+stopped to listen from whence it proceeded; for even upon his deadened
+soul the song had vibrated. (<i>Note</i> <span class="sc">H</span>.)
+&ldquo;I dare say it is the Senegal slave I had selected for my royal
+master,&rdquo; replied the negro; &ldquo;but she bewailed being parted
+from her boy so much, that, to save her life, I was obliged to suffer
+her to see him once or twice a day, during the ceremonies. I shall,
+however, soon make her submit, now I can attend to her: I shall sell
+her for a great price, if I can separate the child from her, without
+hazarding her life.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Perhaps she will suit me,&rdquo; said Irving; &ldquo;the boy
+would be no objection to the purchase, if he is strong and healthy. Let
+me see them.&rdquo; The negro hesitated; but at length observed,
+&ldquo;They are worth a great deal,&rdquo; as if he doubted that Irving
+would be disposed to give the price. &ldquo;You remember that beautiful
+sabre, and the brandy-chest full of prime liquor, and those muskets you
+admired, and&rdquo;&mdash;&mdash;observed Irving carelessly, but was
+interrupted in his enumeration by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb59"
+href="#pb59" name="pb59">59</a>]</span>the African: &ldquo;Yes, yes, I
+remember: what! will you give them for her and the boy?&rdquo; &ldquo;I
+cannot promise that, you know, unless I see her: you may be telling me
+a false tale. It at least can do no harm to see this slave you keep so
+close.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;True, true, I scorn to deceive so good a friend,&rdquo;
+rejoined the negro, half afraid that Irving would recede from his
+implied bargain: &ldquo;You shall certainly see this refractory woman;
+that is, she is only obstinate when I remove the boy. I wish they had
+killed the young urchin at once, when they carried her off. She is very
+gentle when he is with her: she only chooses to sing those mournful
+songs about Tumi&aacute;h: I suppose he was her husband. However, at
+all events, the boy cannot go to the palace with her.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>During this conversation, they had reached the hut in which the poor
+slave was confined alone, in the hope of making her yield to the will
+of the African, by consenting to be conveyed to the palace without her
+child. Irving followed the negro into the hut. The moment the latter
+got within it, the miserable <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href=
+"#pb60" name="pb60">60</a>]</span>inmate uttered a piercing shriek, and
+clasped her child with convulsive strength to her bosom, imploring the
+tyrant not to tear him from her widowed arms. There was one chord in
+the soul of Irving, which, amid the circumstances of his life, and
+despite of time, yet responded. It was the memory of his mother&rsquo;s
+caresses, when in his childhood she became a widow.</p>
+<p>The scene he now witnessed, struck powerfully on this chord of
+feeling. The distraction of the captive, her extreme youth, her beauty,
+the neglect of grief so apparent in her simple dress, her unornamented
+hair, her trembling limbs, her heaving bosom, her eloquent eye, her
+fevered lip, her attitude, and the energy with which she held her now
+alarmed child; altogether, combined a picture, which coming suddenly
+upon his previously somewhat softened feelings, had a powerful effect
+upon him, and, for a time, made him forget he was a slave-dealer, and
+caused the nobler feeling of the <i>man</i> to prevail. He determined,
+if possible, to save the wretched woman from the fate that awaited
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb61" href="#pb61" name=
+"pb61">61</a>]</span>her; forgetting that, perhaps, one equally
+horrible might be her lot, did she become his property. When,
+therefore, he heard the African tyrant threaten her with a flogging if
+she persisted in singing such mournful songs, he almost involuntarily
+said: &ldquo;If you are willing to barter her and the child, for what I
+named, and a selection of those trinkets you admired, to which I will
+add four gallons of rum, we are agreed upon the bargain.&rdquo; The
+negro again regarded Irving with a half suspicious, half incredulous
+glance, but remained silent. &ldquo;I am serious,&rdquo; said Irving;
+&ldquo;are we agreed?&rdquo; &ldquo;Let me see,&rdquo; muttered the
+negro to himself; &ldquo;that <i>fong</i>, (sword,) mounted in silver
+gilt, and embossed handle; the chest with fine brandy; ten fine
+<i>kiddos</i>; (guns;) trinkets to please <i>woollima moosa</i>,
+(handsome wife,) and four gallons of rum: delicious rum make me merry,
+happy. Make the rum eight gallons,&rdquo; he added aloud to Irving,
+&ldquo;and she,&rdquo; pointing to the being he was thus selling,
+&ldquo;she is yours.<span class="corr" id="xd20e767" title=
+"Not in source">&rdquo;</span>&mdash;&ldquo;And the boy,
+remember?<span class="corr" id="xd20e770" title=
+"Not in source">&rdquo;</span> replied Irving. &ldquo;O yes, the boy,
+the boy, to be <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb62" href="#pb62" name=
+"pb62">62</a>]</span>sure,&rdquo; reiterated the African, hardly
+knowing how to repress his joy. Though almost absorbed in profound
+grief, the wretched captive yet understood she was about to be
+transferred, and that her child was to be included in the transfer. In
+an agony of mingled emotion, after having timidly regarded
+Irving&rsquo;s countenance, while he intently watched hers, she threw
+herself at his feet, imploring his mercy, and by a thousand expressive
+gestures, imparted the feelings which agitated her soul. In this lowly
+attitude she fainted; and when a little recovered, she exclaimed in
+mournful accents: &ldquo;O Tumi&aacute;h, where art thou? Thou canst no
+more hear thy Imihie: she goes to the land of strangers, and will see
+thee no more, till death conveys her beyond the blue mountains. And
+Samboe, my boy,&rdquo; she added, as she called the playful and
+unconscious child from some flowers he was gathering from the ground,
+&ldquo;thou wilt see thy father no more. Thou art a slave, my child:
+hard will be thy lot in the land of strangers, among the manstealers,
+when Imihie, thy <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63" name=
+"pb63">63</a>]</span>mother, no longer shall feel pain, nor endure
+bondage. But I will watch over thee, my boy, I will be thy spirit: I
+will conduct thee over the blue mountains, the manstealer shall not
+follow us there.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The negro&rsquo;s anger began to rise, during this soliloquy of his
+hapless captive; and calling vehemently for attendants, he directed she
+should be conducted, with her child, to a place appointed, with care to
+be taken that she should not do herself any injury, until Irving had
+concluded his engagement, and could have her removed to
+Whid&aacute;h.</p>
+<p>Irving declined viewing any more of the slaves on that day, and
+having determined to remain but a few days longer with the chief, he
+lost no time in making good his purchase of the female slave and her
+child. One impediment to his returning to Whid&aacute;h, however, there
+was, which he might have anticipated; but in his eagerness to purchase
+the wretched Imihie, he had not considered that while the rum and
+brandy remained, the grandee and his companions <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb64" href="#pb64" name="pb64">64</a>]</span>were
+totally incapable of business; but, in the intervals of stupefaction,
+were guilty of the most wanton excesses. Nor was his African majesty
+himself, exempt from effects of the potent contents of the
+liquor-chests consigned to his favourite, who artfully concealed from
+him the circumstance of Imihie; informing the king only, that he had
+obtained the liquor from an English merchant, for some dry goods,
+ivory, and gum. The monarch enquired if this merchant traded also in
+slaves. &ldquo;Doubtless he does,&rdquo; replied the wily courtier:
+&ldquo;he comes from the land of the manstealers, and will not,
+therefore, refuse the commodity in the way of trade. Would my royal
+master wish to see this Englishman?&rdquo; &ldquo;It is my
+desire,&rdquo; answered the king; &ldquo;let him have notice of our
+pleasure.&rdquo; The grandee prostrated himself, and retired to caution
+Irving to conceal the transaction of the female slave from the king, or
+he would doubtless force her from him. The morrow was appointed for the
+interview with the monarch, who, the courtier <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb65" href="#pb65" name="pb65">65</a>]</span>said,
+had some slaves to offer for brandy and trinkets for his wives.</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Where wast thou, then, sweet Charity, where
+then,</p>
+<p class="line">Thou tutelary friend of helpless men?</p>
+<p class="line">Perish the wretch, that slighted and withstood</p>
+<p class="line">The tender argument of kindred blood.</p>
+<p class="line">But tho&rsquo; some nobler minds a law respect,</p>
+<p class="line">That none shall with impunity neglect,</p>
+<p class="line">In baser souls unnumber&rsquo;d evils meet,</p>
+<p class="line">To thwart its influence, and its end defeat.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first">Shall a Briton, shall a man &ldquo;honoured with a
+<span class="corr" id="xd20e804" title=
+"Source: Christain">Christian</span> name&rdquo; encourage slavery,
+because the semi-barbarous, unenlightened, lawless African hath done
+it? &ldquo;To what end (it is impressively asked) do we profess a
+religion whose dictates we so flagrantly violate? Wherefore have we
+that pattern of goodness and humanity, if we refuse to follow it? How
+long shall we continue a practice which policy rejects, justice
+condemns, and piety revolts at?&rdquo; <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb66" href="#pb66" name="pb66">66</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch5" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e809" class="main">Chapter V.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">* * * the band of commerce is design&rsquo;d</p>
+<p class="line">T&rsquo; associate all the branches of mankind.</p>
+<p class="line">And if a boundless plenty be the robe,</p>
+<p class="line">Trade is the golden girdle of the globe:</p>
+<p class="line">This genial intercourse, and mutual aid,</p>
+<p class="line">Cheers, what were else, an universal shade.</p>
+<p class="line">Calls nature from her ivy-mantled den,</p>
+<p class="line">And softens human rock-work into men.</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">Cowper.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Most truly and impressively do these lines of our
+Christian poet describe the effects of legitimate and honourable
+commerce; the mutual exchange of the various gifts of an all-bounteous
+Providence, showered on the globe we inhabit, for the general use,
+benefit, and pleasure; and of those embellishments of art, which
+civilization has brought forth and nourished.</p>
+<p>But no such effect can ever flow from the piratical commerce of men,
+that deformed and cruel offspring of Mammon, which riots <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67" name="pb67">67</a>]</span>in the
+blood, and glories in the miseries of man.</p>
+<p>It may be urged, we are not the original agents in this trade: it is
+pursued with eagerness by the Africans themselves. But are those who
+live in that transcendent light which was granted to dispel the mists
+of error&mdash;to meliorate propensity to evil&mdash;to harmonize the
+rational soul&mdash;still to delight in works so dark, still to trample
+under foot every principle of humanity; still to spurn from them the
+obligations of justice, still to set at naught the precepts of
+religion; and to make themselves accomplices with pagan oppressors, in
+tyrannizing over those hapless beings, whom a mysterious Providence has
+subjected to their power? Is the Christian trader content to put
+himself upon a level with the unenlightened despot, and coolly to put
+his blood-stained profits in the balance, against the laws of religion
+and his country; laughing at the remonstrances of philanthropists, as
+the dreams of enthusiasm, or as puerile objections unworthy of
+attention? No; it surely will not be thus. England has <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb68" href="#pb68" name="pb68">68</a>]</span>entered
+the path of mercy<a class="noteref" id="xd20e842src" href="#xd20e842"
+name="xd20e842src">1</a>, let her pursue it with energy and constancy:
+and if other nations refuse to follow her heaven-enlightened way, to
+them belongs the shame and the guilt of trampling down the laws which
+bind man to his God and his fellow-man; and, for the violation of
+which, every individual must be accountable, at that tremendous audit,
+before which the oppressed and the oppressor shall alike appear!</p>
+<p>But to return to our narrative from these reflections, which the
+seriousness of the subject forced from us, and which must apologize for
+them with our young readers.</p>
+<p>The time being fixed for Irving to have an audience with the king,
+he was conducted to the palace, which was a spacious edifice,
+consisting of many large courts, entirely surrounded with porticoes,
+above which were apartments with small windows. These apartments, as
+well as every part of the palace, exhibited great magnificence in the
+furniture and decorations. Some of the floors were covered with
+exquisitely fine <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb69" href="#pb69" name=
+"pb69">69</a>]</span>matting, and others with superb Turkey carpets;
+and the furniture consisted of chairs, sofas or divans, skreens,
+chests, cabinets and porcelain imported from China. The windows were
+not glazed, but were shaded with frames of fine white linen, and
+taffety curtains. The gardens of this superb palace were very
+extensive, laid out in long vistas of lofty and beautiful trees;
+affording a deliciously cool and shaded retreat, for the women immured
+in the splendid prison. It was evident to Irving, as he passed some of
+these apartments to the hall of audience, that his African majesty
+intended to receive him in great state; but whether out of respect to
+him, as a European and <i>a slave and spirit</i> merchant, or to
+display his own magnificence, he could not determine: nor was it of
+much consequence, although he well knew that the Europeans in general
+are well received, and are allowed to dispense with the humiliating
+ceremonies they scrupulously exact from their own subjects; and, unlike
+them, are granted an audience whenever they desire it. When Irving,
+therefore, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70" name=
+"pb70">70</a>]</span>entered the hall where the king was seated to
+receive him, his majesty immediately rose, and advanced some steps to
+him; took him by the hand, pressed it in his own, and three times
+successively touched his fore finger, which was the greatest token of
+amity and affection. After this, he desired him to sit down by his
+side, upon fine mats spread on the floor; which Irving having complied
+with, he displayed his presents to his majesty, who was astonished to
+find he could, with ease, converse with him without the aid of an
+interpreter.</p>
+<p>Irving could not but feel gratified at the extreme although childish
+pleasure the young monarch evinced, in receiving the presents; which
+consisted of an elegant case of English spirits, some beautiful guns, a
+superb sword, and a great variety of trinkets for the ladies of the
+seraglio. The king offered to sell him some of his discarded wives; but
+Irving respectfully declined the offer of the ladies, as not very well
+calculated for the labours of the colonies.</p>
+<p>In the audience chamber were two benches, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb71" href="#pb71" name="pb71">71</a>]</span>one of
+which was broader than the other, covered with an embroidered cloth,
+and by it was an oval stool; upon this the monarch seated himself,
+after having received and examined the presents. The other bench was
+covered with mats, on which Irving was directed to sit, as the usual
+seat of the Europeans during conferences. Irving was uncovered; not,
+however, by order, but from a voluntary desire of showing proper
+respect; for he had not forgot the early lesson, &ldquo;honour the
+king,&rdquo; though as a slave-dealer, it may be, alas! inferred, that
+he had little recollection of the context, &ldquo;fear God.&rdquo; He
+made himself so agreeable, however, to the king, that he was invited to
+dine with him, and the meal was served with great elegance. While they
+were feasting, the grandees prostrated themselves before their
+sovereign; and what provisions were left were given to them, which they
+appeared readily and cheerfully to accept. Irving had, during this long
+interview, an ample opportunity of observing the person, the dress, and
+the manners of the new king of Whid&aacute;h; and, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb72" href="#pb72" name="pb72">72</a>]</span>in some
+degree, to form a judgment of his character. His dress was superb,
+composed of silk and gold, with strings of beautiful coral round his
+neck, arms, and wrists. In person he was tall, well shaped, with
+remarkably smooth and polished skin. His manners were free, urbane, and
+familiar; but there was discovered a disposition to covetousness, and
+the usual propensity to inebriety. Nor was it difficult to discover
+that he was indolent and pusillanimous, the usual companions of luxury
+and dissipation. In fact, the faults of the king seemed those of his
+education; and his virtues, those of his nature, which required only
+civilization, good examples, and a pure faith, to nourish into
+fruitfulness.</p>
+<p>The audience chamber in which Irving was received, was hung with
+tapestry. At the upper part of the room was a throne, formed of ivory;
+it was ascended by three steps, and shaded by a canopy of the richest
+silk. This is used on great state occasions.</p>
+<p>The king readily granted permission to Irving, to view the palace,
+excepting, of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb73" href="#pb73" name=
+"pb73">73</a>]</span>course, the apartments of the women. Conducted by
+his friend the grandee, and some other officers of the palace, he found
+it more extensive than he had supposed, having entered by a private
+passage. It consisted of several large squares, surrounded with
+galleries, each of which had a portico or gate, guarded by soldiers.
+The first gallery on entering the palace is very long, supported on
+each side by lofty pillars. At the termination of this gallery was a
+wall with three gates, the centre one ornamented with a turret seventy
+feet in height; terminated with a figure of a large snake, cast in
+copper, and very ingeniously carved. These gates opened into an immense
+area, enclosed also with a wall; then another gallery like the former,
+into another spacious court; and so on to a fourth, beyond which were
+the apartments of the king. In this spacious palace the king is
+sometimes immured for years, until he is crowned; and here, also, many
+wealthy courtiers spend the whole of their time, leaving trade and
+agriculture to be executed by their wives and slaves. (<i>Note</i>
+<span class="sc">K</span>.) These <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb74"
+href="#pb74" name="pb74">74</a>]</span>go to the circumjacent villages,
+either to trade in merchandise, or serve for daily wages; but they are
+obliged to bring the greatest part of what they obtain to their
+masters, otherwise they make no scruple to sell them for slaves.</p>
+<p>Irving and his new royal acquaintance had passed their time so
+convivially, that the negociation for slaves was deferred till the
+morrow, when he again attended his majesty to a dep&ocirc;t, containing
+about two hundred; and as they were going to this place, they met
+nearly as many proceeding to the coast, the king&rsquo;s agents having
+sold them on the preceding day. Amongst this wretched group, Irving
+remarked some remarkably handsome men; and found, on enquiry, they were
+from Molembo, from whence the finest negroes are obtained.</p>
+<p>The number he was invited to examine, consisted of men, women, and
+children; and, to any but a slave-dealer, the sight was heart-rending.
+Fathers overwhelmed in silent sorrow; mothers expressing their anguish
+in affecting lamentations, audible sighs, or <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75" name="pb75">75</a>]</span>deep
+groans, expecting every moment to be separated from their tender
+offspring, whom they clasped to their bosoms, or endeavoured to hide
+under the folds of their pacans; youthful females shrinking from the
+brutal gaze of the trader, and dreading nameless indignities; the fiery
+eye of many a youth, indignant at the bonds which confined him from
+levelling to the ground the wretches who bought and sold him as a beast
+of the field, and tore him from the object of his love, whom he was
+powerless to save from death and bondage. But such a scene was of too
+frequent occurrence, the cry of the innocent was too familiar, to make
+any impression upon those who were bargaining. Irving purchased many of
+them; and having seen them marked as his property, (<i>Note</i>
+<span class="sc">L</span>.) left his people to conduct them to
+Whid&aacute;h; whither, after having taken a cordial leave of the king,
+and so far conciliated him and the grandee as to ensure future
+advantages, he himself, with his attendants and the female slave,
+returned that evening. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb76" href="#pb76"
+name="pb76">76</a>]</span></p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">Canst thou, and honoured with a Christian name,</p>
+<p class="line">Buy what is woman-born and feel no shame?</p>
+<p class="line">Trade in the blood of innocence, and plead</p>
+<p class="line">Expedience as a warrant for the deed?</p>
+<p class="line">Perish the thought!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e842" href="#xd20e842src" name="xd20e842">1</a></span> The
+slave-trade was abolished in 1807.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch6" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e906" class="main">Chapter VI.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;And if perchance a momentary sigh,</p>
+<p class="line">For such a lot reflection may supply,</p>
+<p class="line">He follows not the feeling to its source.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">Barton</span> (adapted.)</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;If ever thou hast felt another&rsquo;s pain,</p>
+<p class="line">If ever when he sigh&rsquo;d hast sigh&rsquo;d
+again;</p>
+<p class="line">If ever on thine eyelid stood the tear,</p>
+<p class="line">That pity hath engender&rsquo;d&mdash;drop one
+here:</p>
+<p class="line"><i>This man was happy</i>.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">It will naturally be supposed, from the eagerness of
+Irving to make good the purchase of Imihie and her poor boy, that his
+heart was deeply interested by their situation, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href="#pb77" name="pb77">77</a>]</span>and that
+he had it certainly in his power to ameliorate it. But, alas! if, for a
+moment, the chord of compassion was touched, the feeling was transient,
+the impulse too weak to prompt to action; and, so far from being
+strengthened by the night&rsquo;s reflections, they, on the contrary,
+did but lead to lament his own folly, in making himself liable to the
+loss he would probably sustain by the high price he had given; as it
+was a condition of his engagement with the Company, that he was to be
+individually accountable for all losses incurred by the purchase of
+unprofitable slaves. These anticipations of pecuniary injury, were
+confirmed by the appearance of his poor captive on her arrival at the
+dep&ocirc;t at Whid&aacute;h. A fixed melancholy seemed to have
+absorbed every faculty, rendering her insensible even to the playful
+caresses of her boy, in whose sparkling eye, health &ldquo;seemed a
+cherub yet divinely bright;&rdquo; so happily unconscious was he of the
+bitterness of his lot, and the sufferings of his mother. Finding, from
+his people, that she resolutely <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb78"
+href="#pb78" name="pb78">78</a>]</span>rejected sustenance, Irving
+himself endeavoured to persuade her, but without success; but when
+self-interest, aided by the dictates of conscience and compassion,
+induced him to resort to the usual mode of forcing it, (nor will we
+question it was a painful task to him,) his heart must have been of
+adamant, not to have felt the powerful appeal of wretchedness and
+despair, when, while in the execution of this cruel duty, the poor
+captive looked up in his face, and, with a mournful smile, said:
+&ldquo;Presently I shall be no more.&rdquo; (<i>Note</i> <span class=
+"sc">M</span>.) Irving, indeed, from her appearance, began to think so;
+and as he could not now remedy her situation, nor restore her to what
+she had lost, he considered his best plan was to consign her, as soon
+as possible, to the ship waiting to receive the collected slaves,
+congratulating himself on his <i>humanity</i>, in having prevented the
+mother and child from being separated, even if he should thereby
+sustain some loss. He determined, also, to do all he could to ensure
+her some attention during the passage; and, with this view, determined
+to go immediately <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb79" href="#pb79"
+name="pb79">79</a>]</span>on board, to see the accommodation, and to
+give some particular instructions to the captain; leaving orders that
+Imihie should be conducted to the ship as soon as the day began to
+close.</p>
+<p>The ship destined to convey these miserable beings to the West
+Indies, had already on board between four and five hundred negroes. The
+captain boasted much of the superior accommodation of his vessel for
+the trade; and, to confirm his assertion, entreated Irving to visit the
+slave-rooms. Willing to conciliate any who might promote his interest,
+Irving consented. The <i>superior</i> accommodation he found, was, that
+every slave, whatever his size, had five feet six inches in length, and
+sixteen inches in breadth, to lie upon! The floor was crowded with
+bodies, stowed or packed according to this allowance. But between the
+floor and deck, or ceiling, were platforms or broad shelves, in the
+mid-way, which were also covered with bodies. (<i>Note</i> <span class=
+"sc">N</span>.) The men were shackled two and two, each by one leg, to
+a small iron bar; these, the captain with <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb80" href="#pb80" name="pb80">80</a>]</span>much self-complacence
+said, were every day brought upon deck for the air; but lest they
+should attempt to recover their freedom, they were made fast by
+ring-bolts to the deck, or by two common chains, which were extended on
+each side the main deck; but the women and children, he added, were
+suffered to remain loose. Few slaves fared so well as his, he
+continued, for he allowed each a pint of water a day, and yams and
+horse-beans twice a day; and afterwards, for exercise and health, they
+jumped in their irons, which, if they refused to do, he was obliged,
+certainly, to flog them, as it was his duty to preserve them in health,
+if possible. Irving, however, learnt, in the course of this man&rsquo;s
+conversation, that it was usual for these miserable beings to remain
+fifteen or sixteen hours below deck, out of the twenty-four; and that,
+in wet weather, they could not be brought up for two or three
+successive days: their situation was, he acknowledged, very
+distressing, but he could not remedy it. They would cling to the
+gratings for a little air; draw their breath with anxious and
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81" name=
+"pb81">81</a>]</span>laborious efforts; fight with each other for a
+taste of water; and many died of suffocation. (<i>Note</i> <span class=
+"sc">O</span>.)</p>
+<p>Amongst the number thus confined in the hold of this ship, Irving
+remarked many whose nobleness of aspect indicated that there was a
+&ldquo;spirit within,&rdquo; which rose even above such
+calamity&mdash;a consciousness of moral dignity, that spurned at the
+cruelties of the oppressor; but there was one in particular, before the
+flame of whose eye even Irving shrunk abashed. He was evidently a
+person of consequence; high, it would seem, in military rank, inferred
+from certain personal indications, with the meaning of which Irving was
+acquainted; and also from some articles of dress, stated to have been
+taken from him when captured; and every look (action was denied him)
+indicated that he possessed a mind not insensible to the eminence of
+his station. Irving enquired from whence he was taken, and from whom
+purchased? He was told, from Molembo, it was thought; and that he had
+been only a few days purchased from the king of Whid&aacute;h, with a
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb82" href="#pb82" name=
+"pb82">82</a>]</span>number of his countrymen, taken by treachery, and
+in defiance of a treaty subsisting at the time. This was all he could
+learn; and having given his instructions respecting Imihie, Irving
+returned to Whid&aacute;h before her arrival at the ship, being
+desirous to avoid another interview, the sight of her producing a
+painful emotion he could neither define nor account for.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch7" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e979" class="main">Chapter <span class="corr" id="xd20e981"
+title="Source: VI">VII</span>.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Soft airs, and gentle heavings of the wave,</p>
+<p class="line">Impel the fleet whose errand is to save!</p>
+<p class="line">But ah! what wish can prosper, or what
+pray&rsquo;r,</p>
+<p class="line">For merchants rich in cargoes of despair.</p>
+<p class="line">The sable warrior, frantic with regret</p>
+<p class="line">Of her he loves, and never can forget,</p>
+<p class="line">Loses, in tears, the far-receding shore,</p>
+<p class="line">But not the thought that they must meet no
+more.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">Cowper.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Night shed her silent influence over the mighty deep;
+the firmament was bright with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href=
+"#pb83" name="pb83">83</a>]</span>myriads of glittering worlds; the
+moon, in full and mild lustre, rode majestically, like a sphere of
+silver light, on the summit of fleecy clouds, and was reflected, in
+many a fantastic form, by the tossing waves, the gentle ripplings of
+which were mingled with the distant sound of &ldquo;All is well,&rdquo;
+borne on the gale from the fort, the regular tread of the watch on
+deck, and the boatswain&rsquo;s shrill whistle. The rush of the shark,
+&ldquo;cutting the briny deep,&rdquo; as it instinctively followed the
+floating receptacle of misery, was the only sound that interrupted,
+painfully, the heavenly calmness of the scene and hour; a calmness,
+alas! little according with the soul-sickening agitations of the
+wretched beings, now silently borne from all held dear and precious,
+and on their way to all the horrors of a life in chains. Cargoes of
+despair they may truly be called!</p>
+<p>Imagination, in its loftiest flight, must come short in attempting
+to embody in words, the smallest part of the aggregate of misery which
+exists on board a slave-ship; it will, therefore, not be attempted: one
+only being <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb84" href="#pb84" name=
+"pb84">84</a>]</span>of the wretched number must appear a moment on our
+theatre of woe; he who had so forcibly arrested the attention of
+Irving, when visiting the slave-rooms.</p>
+<p>Confined promiscuously with such a multitude of his wretched
+countrymen, the agony of his feelings is not to be described. With the
+form and visage of a man, he felt, indignantly felt, that his destiny
+was that of the beast of the field, and his soul seemed bursting from
+the frame that confined it. Wearied nature at length found a short
+cessation from the unutterable pangs of woe, in sleep&mdash;in
+consoling visions! He dreamt he was in his own beloved country, in the
+enjoyment of honour and command, caressed by his family, served by his
+wonted attendants, and surrounded with the comforts of his former life:
+his spicy groves exhaling sweets, his palm-tree&rsquo;s refreshing
+shade, his rivers teeming riches, his domestic endearments, his
+war-like preparations, and his hard-earned triumphs, came in succession
+on his fancy. But the sweet delusions were too soon dispelled: he
+awoke, with a hurried start, to the sad, sad reality, that he was a
+slave in the midst <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85"
+name="pb85">85</a>]</span>of slaves. The rapid retrospect of former
+happiness with existing misery, rushed on his soul; and the dreadful
+reverse drew from his manly breast the most affecting lamentations.
+Every dear object of his regard flitted before his mental view; but,
+alas! there was no reality but misery&mdash;interminable bondage: there
+was no fond eye to behold, no persuasive tongue to soothe, no attentive
+ear to listen to his woe. Mingled with the meanest of his subjects,
+whom he had no power to relieve; subjected to the cruelty and insolence
+of wretches a thousand degrees lower in the scale of humanity and
+intellectual endowment, yet arrogating their superiority as Christians,
+and the proud distinctions of national advantages, his soul refused
+comfort, and he determined upon death. Little did he think this foe to
+nature was so near; little did he imagine the horrid form in which he
+would present himself; and that there might be circumstances which, at
+the moment of expiring nature, would make him cling to, and even give
+value to a life of perpetual bondage! <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb86" href="#pb86" name="pb86">86</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The vessel made considerable way during the night, and the morning
+rose, with glorious splendour and beneficent freshness, upon the world
+of waters; on the majestic bosom of which, floated such an accumulation
+of moral turpitude and excelling misery! The hour arrived when the
+slaves were to be brought on deck for air and exercise. The sable
+warrior anticipated it with a gloomy joy, as the most favourable
+opportunity of effecting his designed purpose of self-destruction; and
+when he found he was to be fastened to the deck, he violently resisted.
+This, however, did but provoke his oppressors to increased indignities.
+In the midst of this struggle, he became calm as a lamb, resistless as
+an infant. The sound of a female voice, singing a mournful African air,
+seemed to have bound him by a potent spell<span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1020" title="Source: ,">.</span> (<i>Note</i> <span class=
+"sc">P</span>.) His eyes appeared as if bursting from their orbits, his
+whole frame trembled; while the big tear rolled silently down his sable
+countenance, which assumed a mingled expression of doubt, hope, and
+agony. He at first directed his piercing eyes <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb87" href="#pb87" name="pb87">87</a>]</span>to the
+air, as if he thought the song proceeded from some hovering, viewless
+spirit. He again renewed his efforts to get free, and fixed his gaze
+intently on the remotest part of the ship, from whence the sound seemed
+to proceed, but nothing met his view: the song, however, still
+continued, only interrupted, at intervals, by deep sobs of anguish, and
+the scarcely-heard voice of infantine distress.</p>
+<p>Rendered desperate by the confinement under such powerful emotions,
+he called loudly on the spirits of his fathers, to avenge him on the
+Christian tyrants; and while enduring, in consequence, the cruel
+scourging and insulting mockery of the barbarian crew, a piercing
+scream was heard, and the poor Imihie was seen rushing from an obscure
+place, (in which the captain had indulged her to remain,) with the
+infant Samboe clinging to her bosom. In a moment the names of
+Tumi&aacute;h! Imihie! were interchanged; and the exhausted Imihie,
+letting her child fall from her relaxing arms, threw herself upon
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb88" href="#pb88" name=
+"pb88">88</a>]</span>the panting bosom of her enchained and manacled
+husband.</p>
+<p>We invade not the feelings of that moment: language has nothing to
+do with them. The Being who formed the heart of man, can alone judge of
+its emotions.</p>
+<p>The maternal affection was not, however, long absorbed in the
+conjugal; and the half frantic Imihie recollected, that Samboe was not
+enfolded with her in the arms of Tumi&aacute;h. She loosened herself
+with difficulty from his embrace, to restore her child to his wonted
+protection within her own; but, at the moment she arose for the
+purpose, a tumultuous cry resounded through the ship, of &ldquo;fire!
+fire! Loosen the slaves! loosen the slaves!&rdquo; The fire, however,
+spread with such violence, bursting from the spirit-room, that the
+sailors, apprehending that it was impossible to extinguish it before it
+would reach a large quantity of gunpowder on board, concluded it
+necessary to precipitate themselves into the sea, as offering the only
+chance of saving their lives.</p>
+<p>However, they did first endeavour to <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb89" href="#pb89" name="pb89">89</a>]</span>loose the chains by which
+the slaves were fastened to the deck; but in the confusion the key
+could not be found, and they had but just time to loosen one of the
+fastenings, by wrenching the staple, before the vehemence of the fire
+so increased, that they simultaneously jumped overboard; when
+immediately, the fire having gained the powder, the vessel blew up,
+with every slave that was confined by the unloosened chain, and such
+others as had not possessed the power to follow the example of the
+sailors.</p>
+<p>We hardly know whether to style it fortunate, that any circumstance
+should save these victims of avarice from a watery grave, after
+escaping that which, to the sense, seems more terrible. Providence,
+however, ordained that there should be some vessels in sight; which,
+putting out their boats, took up about two hundred and fifty of the
+poor souls that remained alive; but the most of them being those who
+had been fastened together with shackles, had, from the violence of the
+shock, and the confinement of the irons, experienced dreadful fractures
+of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb90" href="#pb90" name=
+"pb90">90</a>]</span>the limbs; which, inflamed by the struggles they
+had instinctively made, the heat, and the agitated state of the blood,
+quickly mortified, and ere they were scarcely sensible of their
+increase of calamity, released them, for ever, from all fear of it
+more. Among the number who thus yielded up his manly spirit, was
+Tumi&aacute;h, rejoicing in the belief that his Imihie and Samboe were
+also removed to a land of spirits&mdash;a land where no man-stealer can
+enter, no treachery gain access, no violence invade. He might have
+adopted the words of the poet:</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Now, Christian, glut thy ravish&rsquo;d
+eyes;</p>
+<p class="line xd20e283">I reach the joyful hour:</p>
+<p class="line">Let, let the scorching flames arise,</p>
+<p class="line xd20e283">And these poor limbs devour.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;O Death, how welcome to th&rsquo; opprest!</p>
+<p class="line xd20e283">Thy kind embrace I crave;</p>
+<p class="line">Thou bringst to Misery&rsquo;s bosom rest,</p>
+<p class="line xd20e283">And freedom to the slave!&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p class="first">The fond belief, however, of the expiring
+Tumi&aacute;h, that his wife and child had escaped the horrors of
+bondage, was fallacious. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb91" href=
+"#pb91" name="pb91">91</a>]</span>Previously to the calamity, the
+feelings of the wretched Imihie had been wrought up nearly to their
+utmost height; the sight of the quick-advancing flames, therefore, was
+sufficient to augment them to frenzy, and with a strength which frenzy
+only could impart, to a frame exhausted by want of nourishment and
+continual grief, she snatched the infant Samboe from the deck, upon
+which he had fallen, and where, unheeded by one pitying eye, he
+remained, without uttering any cry or attempting to move; for, overcome
+by terror of the noise and brutality of the crew, the sight of the
+immense ocean, and the want of that nourishment which he in vain sought
+from the exhausted bosom of his wretched mother, the suffering child
+seemed unable to move, or even to utter any sound.</p>
+<p>Imihie pressed him closely to her breast, turned a momentary and
+frenzied glance upon her enchained husband, and uttering a faint cry of
+terror, cast herself and precious burden into the foaming deep. But it
+was not decreed to become her tomb. Almost <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb92" href="#pb92" name="pb92">92</a>]</span>by
+miracle, she was thrown near a boat which had put off from a Spanish
+slave-vessel, and was picked up by the crew, with Samboe still closely
+entwined within her arms; without, however, exhibiting the smallest
+appearance of remaining life. But the vital spark was not yet extinct.
+She was immediately put on board the ship, and means of resuscitation
+used with both her and her child, as well as several other equally
+miserable victims of avarice. Heaven decreed these efforts to be
+effectual: and thus was the widowed mother transferred, by the sudden
+calamity, from one set of mercenaries to another, yet still doomed to
+slavery! The vessel had taken in her cargo at Rio Pongos, and was bound
+for the Havannah; but her stowage was too small to allow her, with
+impunity, to keep the increase occasioned by the casualty of the fire.
+She therefore put into a port, and disposed of them to a ship bound for
+Jamaica. This occasioned considerable delay; in consequence of which,
+when the transferred slaves were at length on their passage, they were
+subjected to all <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb93" href="#pb93" name=
+"pb93">93</a>]</span>the evils of improper seasons; water failed,
+provisions became spoiled and scanty, and many of the slaves the
+victims of disease, ere they entered the magnificent harbour of Port
+Royal.</p>
+<p>Arrived at Kingston, they were put in <i>store</i>, until notice
+should be given of sale, which was immediately done by advertisement:
+&ldquo;On Tuesday next will be put up for sale, in their store, fifty
+superb negroes of the coast; to the purchasers of which will be
+afforded all the facilities wished.&rdquo;</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">* * * &ldquo;What man reading this,</p>
+<p class="line">And having human feelings, does not blush</p>
+<p class="line">And hang his head, to think himself a man?&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94" name=
+"pb94">94</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch8" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e1092" class="main">Chapter <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1094" title="Source: VII">VIII</span>.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Authority usurp&rsquo;d from God, not given.</p>
+<p class="line">He gave us over beast, fish, fowl,</p>
+<p class="line">Dominion absolute. That right we hold</p>
+<p class="line">By his donation: but men over men</p>
+<p class="line">He made not lord; such title to himself</p>
+<p class="line">Reserving, human left from human free.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">Milton.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Had Irving now seen the once attractive Imihie, and
+her playful boy, as he even beheld them in the slave-room of the
+African courtier, he would scarcely have given credit to any assurance
+that she was the same individual. She then, recently a captive,
+peculiarly displayed in her person the characteristic feminine traits
+of her country&mdash;perfect symmetry of proportion, and beautiful, in
+as far as it did not consist in colour. Modest, affable, and faithful,
+these sweet feminine qualities emanated from her softened eyes, and an
+air of winning innocence in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb95" href=
+"#pb95" name="pb95">95</a>]</span>every look and gesture; while every
+word was pronounced with an inflection of voice so sweet, so soft, so
+tender, that cold indeed must have been the heart that could withstand
+its eloquent appeal, or listen, unmoved, to its modulations. Such was
+the young Imihie. Now, alas! how changed! Emaciated for want of food,
+sinking with illness, shrinking from exposure; almost frenzied with the
+recollection of the past, the misery of the present, and the dread of
+the future; bearing, with difficulty, her infant, she was conducted,
+with her companions in misery, to the vendue, in the bare hope that she
+might be purchased for the sake of the boy; who, though suffering from
+the effects of the voyage and want of his natural nutriment, still
+evidently displayed great intelligence, and much natural vigour. The
+first day of exhibition passed, and no purchaser was found for the
+<i>sulky</i> negress, (for such is the feeling term applied to the
+desponding.)</p>
+<p>On occasions like this, it is a common thing to speculate upon the
+purchase of what are termed the refuse negroes, or those <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb96" href="#pb96" name="pb96">96</a>]</span>left
+from the first day&rsquo;s sale. Some are frequently in so weak and
+miserable a state, as even to be sold as low as for a dollar; some are
+taken to the mart almost in the agonies of death; and some are even
+known to draw their last sigh in the piazzas of the vendue master. It
+was on the second day&rsquo;s sale that Imihie was purchased by a
+planter for a very low sum, and carried into the country, with some
+others, whom he intended to retail. The situation of these wretched
+captives was but little ameliorated, by becoming the property of this
+man, who was of that class of managers, who think that the safety of
+the family to which they are subservient, and the interest of the
+proprietor, renders severity indispensable, and oppression the only
+mode of subduing the refractory spirit of the African, whom they regard
+with the most sovereign contempt. With souls lost to all sense of
+compassion, they believe there can be but one mode of enforcing
+obedience, that of fear; and in the exercise of their delegated
+authority, they put in action, to the utmost, this ignoble <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb97" href="#pb97" name=
+"pb97">97</a>]</span>stimulus, by every means which a spirit of cruelty
+and ignorance can suggest.</p>
+<p>Short, indeed, would have been the existence of the miserable
+Imihie, had she continued the property of this semi-barbarian. Confined
+in a narrow and unwholesome hut, without a single comfort; a hurdle for
+a bed, which rather served to torture than to ease her pained and
+wearied limbs, with scarcely sufficient of a coarse linen to secure her
+frame from the scorching heats of the day, and the dangerous dews of
+night; in the midst of the richest bounties of nature, and the abundant
+luxuries of art, fed on salt beef and salt cod, and roots, with the
+injurious flour of the cassava, imperfectly prepared, and these in
+quantity scarcely sufficient to support existence; deprived of every
+enjoyment; condemned to perpetual labour, under the rod of an unfeeling
+master, there could be no chance of amendment of health, or of
+reconcilement to her destiny. But Providence ordained she should yet
+feel the happiness of sympathy. Her tyrant master, finding that her
+labour was very inadequate <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href=
+"#pb98" name="pb98">98</a>]</span>to the expences of retaining her,
+would have separated her from her child, and sold her for the smallest
+possible sum; but a neighbouring proprietor of a small plantation
+offered a satisfactory price for them together, and they were removed
+to a comparatively comfortable situation, in the hope that, with rest
+and better food, she might be enabled to become a house-slave to the
+wife of the purchaser.</p>
+<p>It has been remarked, by observing travellers, that the women of the
+West Indies possess great natural kind feelings; but that the habitual
+view of oppression, and the free exercise of power over the slaves,
+renders them very insensible to the sufferings of the negro women, and
+totally regardless of promoting their happiness, or of studying to
+ameliorate their hard lot; and that the instances are by no means
+uncommon, in which they treat and have them punished with the utmost
+severity: that they can raise, to no gentle tone, their soft voices,
+and exert, with no little energy, their spiritless frames, when
+provoked by the awkwardness, or jealous of <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb99" href="#pb99" name="pb99">99</a>]</span>the
+influence of their sable captives. Ah! much to be lamented is that
+state of oppression on the one part, and debasement on the other, which
+can convert the expression of that distinguishing feature of beauty, of
+female beauty more especially, from that which indicates right feeling,
+to that which betrays a superiority the God of nature designed not. A
+woman&rsquo;s eye should melt with tenderness, sparkle with innocent
+animation, weep with those that weep, and beam with the rays of joy at
+the happiness of another.</p>
+<p>Such <i>was</i> the expression which shed its consolation on the
+desolated Imihie, upon the visit of her new mistress to her lowly hut.
+This amiable woman was young, but her mind had been early matured in
+the school of adversity: a hapless fate had fixed her residence in a
+remote part of Jamaica, but she had also learnt, from precepts which
+will never lead astray, &ldquo;in whatsoever situation she was,
+therewith to be content.&rdquo; From the same Master who had inspired
+this lesson of the apostle, she had also learnt the only cure for the
+rebellion of the mind; that force defeated <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href="#pb100" name="pb100">100</a>]</span>its
+object; that it was the interest of those who possessed power over
+their fellow-beings, that they should be attached to life, for nothing
+could be expected from them, the moment that they no longer feared
+death. Guiding her conduct by this principle of enlightened reason,
+derived from a far higher source, the most genuine sentiments of
+humanity were in constant exercise, by a corresponding course of
+action. She could not, indeed, as an obscure and solitary individual,
+break or remove the yoke which oppressed her fellow-creatures; but she
+could render it easier to be borne, and could, sometimes, even for a
+time, dissipate the cruel sense of it, by promoting and favouring the
+natural tastes of her poor slaves. Their lodging, clothing, and food,
+were all attended to by persons she could depend upon, and regularly
+inspected by herself. Far from regarding the occupation degrading, she
+persevered in it as a commanding duty; and she reaped her high reward,
+by the grateful affection of her poor servants. By various simple
+methods, she roused from the apathy of despair, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101" name="pb101">101</a>]</span>and
+awakened the sensibilities. Little festivals conducted with judgment,
+innocent recreations, and simple rewards, preserved her slaves from the
+continual melancholy, which had too just a foundation. She sympathized
+with mothers, and delighted to share with them the caresses of the
+children.</p>
+<p>Her husband, although possessing not her intelligence and elevation
+of mind, nor actuated by the principle that directed the energies of
+his amiable wife, yet was induced, by her unostentatious usefulness,
+and evident success in her plans, to accede to most of the humane
+innovations she proposed to him; convinced, by her arguments, that it
+would be his interest to be humane. Hence, their plantation exhibited a
+picture of comfort seldom seen, and their slaves had every appearance
+of health. They were allowed wholesome provision in ample quantity,
+with as much fruit as they wished; they had the liberty of keeping
+poultry, and to cultivate a piece of ground with esculent roots; their
+huts were comfortable, and when sick they experienced the kindest
+attention; and they <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href="#pb102"
+name="pb102">102</a>]</span>were frequently suffered to associate with
+each other in little parties, for recreation and amusement.</p>
+<p>Such were the proprietors of the poor Imihie and her hapless boy,
+who soon began to find the benefit of kind treatment; and it is
+probable, had Providence ordained that it should have been enjoyed,
+immediately after landing on a foreign shore, that the miseries of the
+voyage, and even the horrors of bondage, might have been overcome by
+youth, and that wonderful buoyancy of the human mind, that seems to
+force itself above the swelling waves of misfortune. But the arrow had
+sunk too deep: its barb had been too powerfully poisoned, for human
+effort to withdraw, or to antidote it. Imihie was evidently the victim
+of that disease which hurries to an untimely grave, so many individuals
+of her hapless country; and which, throughout the world, may be termed,
+although not yet classed, a broken heart. The first symptom of this
+disorder among negroes, became evident; namely, the black and glossy
+skin assumed an olive hue, the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb103"
+href="#pb103" name="pb103">103</a>]</span>tongue became white, and the
+poor sufferer became overpowered by such a desire to sleep, that it was
+found impossible to resist it, a deadly faintness preventing the
+smallest exercise. In fact, a languor and general relaxation of the
+whole wonderful machinery of the human frame, seems to threaten death
+day by day, yet the sufferer still survives. So great is the state of
+despondency accompanying this distressing malady, that those afflicted
+will suffer themselves to be beaten, rather than attempt to move or
+walk. Happy was it for Imihie that she had not a task-master&rsquo;s
+whip to dread; and that the loathing which she had for mild and
+wholesome food, was not attributed to obstinacy, but to what it really
+was, a symptom of the disease which was insiduously undermining the
+vital principles of life. It made rapid advances upon her delicate and
+youthful frame: her respiration became laborious and painful, the
+extremities became swollen, and suffocation seemed frequently to impede
+the action of the heart. In this state she languished and suffered
+several months; but <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href="#pb104"
+name="pb104">104</a>]</span>Imihie had her consolations, under an
+infliction, the natural consequence of melancholy upon the organs of
+the human frame.</p>
+<p>We have said, that the humanity and enlightened reason of the
+excellent Mrs. Delany, were derived from a high source; even from that
+source which exalts feeling to a principle: the one is frequently as
+transient as the excitement, the other is founded upon a firm basis;
+offering a permanent and pure incentive to action, by adding a value to
+existence, as connecting it with a future. Such is one of the many
+blessed fruits of a Christian faith. Mrs. Delany felt its commanding
+power: she was a Christian in <i>deed</i>. Hers was not a speculative
+creed, but a practical code: it was her daily, hourly study to act
+upon.</p>
+<p>It is true, Jamaica, at the period of our narrative, enjoyed not the
+high privileges it now possesses of Christian instruction, and of
+Christian example; but Mrs. Delaney was one amongst the few, who,
+feeling and enjoying the light and the consolation of religion, were
+anxious to impart a portion of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb105"
+href="#pb105" name="pb105">105</a>]</span>what cheered their own
+hearts&mdash;of that which directed their steps, to those who yet
+&ldquo;sat in darkness and the shadow of death.&rdquo; Deeply
+interested in her hapless slave, from the moment she saw her, Mrs.
+Delaney had soothed, by truly maternal attention, her bodily
+sufferings, and her mental anguish. She inwardly deplored her total
+ignorance of that grand source of consolation, the knowledge of which
+was so open to those who despised it. She gently prepared the feelings
+and the understanding for the reception of that light, which she
+fervently prayed might be imparted to her benighted mind. She gradually
+led her docile steps, her mental view, to Him who invites the heavy
+laden to resort to him for rest; to seek Him who is the strength and
+the fortress of those that trust in him; to adore, with unfeigned
+humility, that transcendent mercy, which became poor that we might be
+rich. What heart is there, bereft of all earthly good, all earthly
+hope, but must expand with joy, to receive into its most inmost
+recesses the precious promises of Christianity?&mdash;of <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb106" href="#pb106" name="pb106">106</a>]</span>that
+mild and beneficent religion, which so tenderly sympathizes with every
+emotion of the weak, the frail, the lacerated bosom? Was it then
+surprising, that the poor Imihie, with feelings too powerful for
+utterance, hung upon the mild accents of Mrs. Delaney, as she described
+to her the sufferings of the Redeemer&mdash;the abyss of wretchedness
+from which he rescued mankind&mdash;the dreadful penalty from which he
+saved a rebellious world? Was it surprising, that, with an eager
+gratitude, which gave a heavenly expression to her languid eyes, and
+displayed itself in every varying feature, she listened to the glorious
+truths of revelation, unfolded in terms suited to her expanding
+capacity; and that, with all the simplicity of unsophisticated nature,
+receiving the noblest impressions of Deity, she bade Mrs. Delaney thank
+her great good God for his marvellous kindness to wretched captives,
+and for the unsearchable riches of his grace. Never was she wearied in
+hearing her kind instructress recount the sufferings of the incarnate
+God: tears, the offspring of genuine feeling, chased each <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href="#pb107" name=
+"pb107">107</a>]</span>other down her altered countenance, as Mrs.
+Delaney directed her imagination to the garden of Gethsemane, to the
+judgment-hall, where He, whose throne is heaven, and his footstool
+earth, was exposed to insult, contumely, and scorn; scourged, buffeted,
+spit upon; betrayed by one friend, denied by another, and abandoned by
+all; subjected to a painful, a cruel, and an ignominious death, in the
+presence of insulting foes: the very spirit clouded by the momentary
+abandonment of heavenly aid, forcing from the lips of the sufferer the
+agonizing exclamation: &ldquo;My God, my God! why hast thou forsaken
+me?&rdquo; and all this for the love he bore for those who became his
+murderers.</p>
+<p>Thus would Mrs. Delaney, in language suited to the capacity of her
+pupil, recount the affecting history of our Redeemer, and gradually
+open her mind (aided by the Spirit of grace constantly implored to
+direct her) to the grand truths of the gospel. The soul of the dying
+Imihie imbibed the soothing balm, felt the powerful energy, and gladly
+received the consolation the religion of Jesus <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href="#pb108" name=
+"pb108">108</a>]</span>alone has power to give. Her tears, it is true,
+still flowed for Africa, and for Tumi&aacute;h; but they were no longer
+bitter tears. The heavenly ray which had been communicated to her soul,
+had not only enlightened it, but stilled <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1172" title="Source: it">its</span> perturbations; and captivity
+was deprived of its horrors, in the enjoyment of those lively
+instructions in the way of holiness and peace, so impressively imparted
+by her truly Christian mistress.</p>
+<p>Often when administering some relief to her bodily suffering, Mrs.
+Delaney would ask her how she felt herself. She would say, with a
+serene smile, &ldquo;weak, weak; but joy, joy here,&rdquo; laying her
+hand on her bosom, then pressing that of her compassionate
+benefactress. No murmur, no complaint, proceeded from her lips; but her
+mind appeared ever tranquil, and her soul happy. Sometimes, indeed,
+while caressing Samboe, the tear would swell in her eyes; but she had
+learned the comprehensive prayer, &ldquo;Lord, let thy will be
+done!&rdquo; and a frequent, affecting repetition of it, while she
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb109" href="#pb109" name=
+"pb109">109</a>]</span>pressed her boy to her bosom, spoke volumes to
+the sympathizing Mrs. Delaney.</p>
+<p>During this daily increase of spiritual strength, her frame
+gradually sunk under the pressure of her disease, which resisted every
+tried means of relief, and finally came to its usual termination;
+<i>viz.</i> suffocation. Thus closed the mortal career of the youthful
+Imihie, one of the many thousands of victims to a commerce, which, it
+is feared, the mercenary will always cling to; in which desperate men
+will ever be found to hazard; and, even in Africa, tyrants ever be
+ready to supply the horrid market; (<a href="#note.q"><i>Note</i>
+<span class="sc">Q</span></a>.) while few, it is to be feared, will,
+like the poor Imihie, after a series of misery, find a Mrs. Delaney to
+soothe their sorrows, and point to realms where all tears shall be
+wiped away, and sorrow and sighing shall flee for ever.</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">To Heaven the Christian negress sent her sighs,</p>
+<p class="line">In morning vows, and evening sacrifice;</p>
+<p class="line">She pray&rsquo;d for blessings to descend on those</p>
+<p class="line">Who dealt to her the cup of many woes;</p>
+<p class="line">Thought of her home in Africa forlorn,</p>
+<p class="line">Yet, while she wept, rejoic&rsquo;d that she was
+born:<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb110" href="#pb110" name=
+"pb110">110</a>]</span></p>
+<p class="line">Ennobling virtue fix&rsquo;d her hopes above,</p>
+<p class="line">Enlarg&rsquo;d her heart, and sanctified her love.</p>
+<p class="line">With lowly steps the path of peace she trod,</p>
+<p class="line">A happy pilgrim, for she walk&rsquo;d with God.</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">Montgomery</span>,
+(adapted.)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch9" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e1218" class="main">Chapter <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1220" title="Source: VIII">IX</span>.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">The spreading palm-tree o&rsquo;er her grave shall
+wave,</p>
+<p class="line">Emblem of bliss eternal!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;See on the grave in which she sleeps,</p>
+<p class="line">The soften&rsquo;d savage sits and weeps;</p>
+<p class="line">And the sweet voice of gratitude</p>
+<p class="line">Oft names her in the desert rude.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">The Missionary.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">The infant Samboe, thus bereaved of his suffering
+mother, was yet too young to feel the full magnitude of his loss; yet
+his little heart experienced emotions he had no power to utter, when he
+was told she would <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111" href="#pb111"
+name="pb111">111</a>]</span>never more awake to his call, nor could
+<i>he feel happy</i>, when, with expressions of joy, he saw the negroes
+of the plantation remove his &ldquo;silent mother&rdquo; to the burial
+ground, with every demonstration of joy. (<a href="#note.r"><i>Note</i>
+<span class="sc">R</span></a>.)</p>
+<p>An ever kind Providence has, however, made the griefs of children to
+be transient; and Samboe, the favourite of Mrs. Delaney, from his
+sweetness of disposition, great activity, and early intelligence, would
+probably have presented a pleasing exception to the unhappy lot of his
+enslaved countrymen&mdash;might justly have enjoyed the title of the
+<i>happy negro</i>&mdash;had his benefactress been spared to bless the
+sable dependants on her kindness. But life, at all times and in all
+situations transient and uncertain, may be said to be peculiarly so in
+the West Indies; the progress of disease being so rapid, and the
+excitements to it so many. That dreadful visitation, the yellow fever,
+broke out in the district of the Delaney plantation: numberless were
+the victims to the &ldquo;pestilence that walketh in noon-day;&rdquo;
+and among them were Mr. Delaney and his amiable wife. <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb112" href="#pb112" name="pb112">112</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Those who were capable of appreciating their worth, who had felt
+their benevolence, had enjoyed the privileges they allowed, and knew
+how rarely they were found in the plantations, mourned them with
+unfeigned sorrow, their loss closing up the avenues of consolation and
+of hope; and those too young to feel how much they were deprived of,
+were quickly made sensible of a change from a system of Christian love
+and benevolence, to that built upon the mere hope of worldly gain. As
+it is not the custom in the English colonies, as in the French, for the
+negroes to be attached to the plantation, those of the Delaney estate
+were, upon the sale of it, dispersed amongst different purchasers; and
+the infant Samboe became the property of a cruel mercenary, who
+employed the poor child to wait upon him, when indulging in all the
+luxurious ease of an occidental despot. By those who have seen the
+various caprices of a temper altogether uncontrouled, the whims of a
+mind destitute of cultivation and obstinate in ignorance, the cruelty
+of a disposition formed by the possession <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb113" href="#pb113" name="pb113">113</a>]</span>of a precarious power
+over helpless individuals; by those, and those only, will the various
+species of suffering to which the innocent child was subjected be
+understood; and the terrors which were produced by the horrid
+imprecations, the unmanly abuse, and vulgar epithets of this brutal
+master, upon the gentle and timid character of the poor little Samboe.
+It was then he began to feel the loss, and to pine for the tenderness
+of his mother and his benefactress; and there is little doubt but he
+would have soon followed them to the tomb, had not an incident
+occurred, that emancipated him from the tyrannical controul by which he
+so acutely suffered. One day, while attending his master at breakfast,
+just as he handed the coffee his foot slipped, and it was thrown over a
+beautiful cimar, which the luxurious planter highly valued, as the gift
+of a lady to whom he was partial. He rose in haste and in anger, and
+aiming a blow at the now kneeling boy, missed the blow, and fell
+himself to the ground, striking his head by the fall against the edge
+of a sofa. Seeing him suddenly <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb114"
+href="#pb114" name="pb114">114</a>]</span>fall, some attendants in
+waiting rushed to his assistance, but in vain: the blow had been fatal,
+he had fallen to rise no more on earth! Happy was it for Samboe that
+there were witnesses, <i>white</i> witnesses of the scene, who could
+exonerate him from all intentional connexion with, or wilful
+provocation to the catastrophe. The alarm, however, of the unoffending
+child was distressing: the countenance of the planter at all times bore
+evidence of his ill-regulated mind and indurated heart, and the awful
+hand of death fixed them in an expression the most horrid. With little
+idea of such sudden death, the poor child thought he was but in a
+violent passion, and, in the most piteous accents, clasping his hands
+together, besought &ldquo;massa to forgive poor Samboe, who would not
+break cup any more, would not spoil dress any more.&rdquo; But his
+supplication was alike unheeded by master and attendants, except by
+one, who kicking him as he passed, said: &ldquo;Get out of the way, ye
+little whining dog, or I&rsquo;ll make ye.&rdquo; Samboe crept from the
+apartment, and crouching under some furniture, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href="#pb115" name="pb115">115</a>]</span>felt
+all the bitterness of a life of slavery, of which nature, in its first
+fresh feelings, can be capable. Happily again for the infant captive,
+the wife of the planter could not bear to retain in her service the
+innocent cause of her husband&rsquo;s death; at least, secretly
+rejoicing at her own emancipation from his arbitrary disposition, she
+affected so to say: consequently, she expressed her wish of selling him
+to the manager of a neighbouring plantation, but as her recent loss
+rendered it impossible for her to have a personal interview, she thus
+communicated her wish by note to this person: &ldquo;Unable to bear the
+sight of the young author of the death of the best and tenderest of
+husbands, Mrs. Williamson requests the favour of Mr. Martin to take
+charge of, and dispose of him, in any way he may judge most conducive
+to her interest, and to employ the proceeds in the purchase of a more
+effective, that is, laborious slave. Mrs. W. relies on the known
+kindness of Mr. M. to render this service to the disconsolate widow of
+his late friend.&rdquo; My young readers will doubtless <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb116" href="#pb116" name="pb116">116</a>]</span>be
+shocked, that Mrs. Williamson should thus profess grief for the loss of
+a man she married for his wealth, without either esteeming or loving
+him; but it is no fancied picture, and is presented to show, that,
+unless the heart is continually watched, and the mind sedulously
+cultivated, in situations favourable to indolence and self-indulgence,
+the moral feelings quickly become blunted, and the individual can
+easily, and without any self-reproach, assume any sentiments and any
+line of conduct which best suits the whim or caprice of the moment; and
+she hated the little Samboe, because she once overheard him, in a
+moment of unusual gaiety, telling a circle of slaves what merry dances
+they had at Delaney, when dear Missy Delaney danced with poor Samboe.
+Upon such trifles will envy condescend to feed its insatiate appetite.
+Good, however, to Samboe, was educed from all this evil. Mr. Martin was
+the respectable and humane manager of the Moreton estate; (see
+&ldquo;<i>Twilight Hours Improved</i>,&rdquo; page 85;) subjected to
+his superintendence during the minority <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb117" href="#pb117" name="pb117">117</a>]</span>of Mr. Frederick
+Moreton, by the will of his deceased father; and whose humane treatment
+of his negroes had excited the displeasure of the young man&rsquo;s
+guardian, Mr. Penryn, who firmly believed the African race created only
+to become the slaves of Europeans. Mr. Martin lost no time in complying
+with the request of his fair neighbour. He well remembered frequently
+having seen the little Samboe in attendance upon his imperious master,
+and never failed to admire his extreme docility, mildness, and
+intelligence; and he looked upon the circumstance of Mrs.
+Williamson&rsquo;s desire to sell him, as very fortunate, as he had,
+only a few days previous, received the commission to send to England a
+negro boy for his young master.</p>
+<p>The purchase was soon made, and Samboe was once more under the roof
+of an indulgent master. Every attention was given, in order to
+establish his health, and improve his personal appearance, that he
+might credit the choice of his purchaser, and please the young eye of
+his future master. He only remained at Jamaica to effect these
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118" name=
+"pb118">118</a>]</span>purposes, when he was consigned to the care of
+the captain of an English West Indiaman, with instructions to have him
+safely conveyed to Mr. Penryn&rsquo;s, Portman Square.</p>
+<p>Samboe evinced the greatest reluctance to go on board; he clung to
+Mr. Martin, who himself conducted him, and trembled violently,
+declaring he could not go into great ship, or on great wide sea. No one
+could account for this extraordinary reluctance and evident terror; for
+they knew not that the young heart of the little negro was throbbing
+with recollections for which he had no name, and which he had no power
+to express. It is true, they were vague, like the confused remembrance
+of a troubled dream, but they were powerful; and it was with the utmost
+difficulty Mr. Martin soothed him, by gentleness, promises, and
+assurances; and, after all, was obliged to leave him, when he had cried
+himself to sleep upon a coil of rope on the deck, no one being able to
+prevail upon him to go below, and Mr. Martin positively forbidding
+coercion.</p>
+<p>The grief and terror of the poor boy were <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb119" href="#pb119" name=
+"pb119">119</a>]</span>renewed, when he discovered he had been left by
+Mr Martin; but a series of kind treatment, and many little indulgences
+granted him, after a while reconciled him to his new situation; while
+his simplicity and quickness greatly endeared him to the sailors, with
+whom he became quite a pet. The voyage passed in this manner without
+any particular occurrence; and Samboe was introduced, one evening, to
+the dining room of Mr. Penryn, filled with elegant company.</p>
+<p>Had he been one of the wonders of the world, he probably would not
+have excited more attention, or elicited more remarks. The ladies
+admired his eyes and his teeth; the gentlemen enquired if he was a
+Molembo, or from the Kroo country, and began an animated debate on
+slavery, and the slave-trade. Each lady gave her opinion of the most
+becoming dress to contrast with the jet black of his skin. One asked
+him if was not glad to come to England; another enquired if he was
+sorry to leave Africa; a third enquired if they flogged him at the
+plantation; while a fourth, by way of compliment <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb120" href="#pb120" name="pb120">120</a>]</span>to
+the lady of the house, observed, he was a happy black boy, to have such
+a charming mistress. To all these remarks the poor child could give no
+reply; nor, it would seem, was it expected; and, much to his joy, he
+was dismissed to the care of the groom, until his apartment and
+employment about the person of his young master could be arranged.</p>
+<p>The groom, however, was highly indignant that a vile <i>neger</i>
+boy should be committed to his care: &ldquo;Did they fancy he would let
+a black get between his sheets? No, indeed; there was the hay-loft, the
+stable-boy should pull him a truss of straw in the corner there: surely
+that would be a better bed than most negers got. Sleep with me, indeed;
+no, I&rsquo;d lose my place first, and tis&rsquo;n&rsquo;t a bad one,
+neither<span class="corr" id="xd20e1300" title="Not in source">.</span>
+Had they told me to take C&aelig;sar the house-dog, or Neptune the
+Newfoundlander, I should not have so much have minded; but a neger boy!
+surely my master was half-seas over to think of it.&rdquo; This, and
+much more of the same refined objection, passed in the kitchen of
+&mdash;&mdash; Penryn, esq. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb121" href=
+"#pb121" name="pb121">121</a>]</span>and, according to the
+groom&rsquo;s kind arrangement, Samboe was indulged with some clean
+straw in the stable-loft.</p>
+<p>The children of oppression and calamity quickly sympathize; a
+kindred feeling draws them together: thus it was with Samboe the
+African, and Frank the English stable boy. An orphan from his cradle,
+and a parish apprentice, Frank had been early subjected to every
+oppression&mdash;exposed to every temptation; but a certain buoyancy of
+spirit, and a persevering ardour of mind, enabled him to rise above the
+one; and the latter was rendered less dangerous, by his constant,
+unremitted love of employment. He was busily engaged mending his shoes,
+when his master, the groom, introduced the young negro to his
+acquaintance. &ldquo;There, Frank,&rdquo; he said, &ldquo;there is a
+companion for you, my lad; take care he don&rsquo;t touch the horses,
+and mind he don&rsquo;t run away. Lock him up when you come in for your
+supper: you may offer him some, but I don&rsquo;t know what negers eat,
+I&rsquo;m sure. Master should have told us that, I think, for I
+don&rsquo;t expect they <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb122" href=
+"#pb122" name="pb122">122</a>]</span>live as we do. Eh! my lad, do ye
+mind me?&rdquo; he added, with a raised voice, as he saw Frank take the
+hand of the timid Samboe, and ask him if he was tired. &ldquo;Oh yes,
+sir!&rdquo; he replied, touching his fur cap, &ldquo;I will be sure to
+take care of him.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Glad to get quit of the restraint which the charge imposed upon him,
+the groom was in high good humour with Frank, and promised, if he would
+attend to his orders, he would give him a shilling. Astonished at his
+unwonted generosity, Frank repeated his assurances; and having made his
+new companion understand that he desired to make him comfortable, with
+the happy facility of children to be so when left to themselves, they
+quickly became acquainted. Frank found that <i>negers</i> could eat
+good bread and fresh meat; that they had no objection to tarts; and
+that even a custard, given by the cook as a treat to merry Frank, was
+equally relished by the neger boy. After this luxurious repast, during
+which, if it was not the &ldquo;feast of reason and the flow of
+soul,&rdquo; there was, most unquestionably, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb123" href="#pb123" name=
+"pb123">123</a>]</span>innate benevolence on one side, and genuine
+gratitude on the other, the new-made friends sought repose on the same
+clean truss of straw, and together enjoyed the refreshment of
+&ldquo;nature&rsquo;s sweet restorer.&rdquo; Not long, however, after
+they had thus lain down, Frank was roused from his yet imperfect
+slumber, by a slight rustling and a low voice, very near him. He spoke
+gently to his new bed-fellow, but received no reply. Frank had that
+tincture of superstition which usually attaches to the ignorant and
+uncultivated; and the unusual sound, his new situation, and the
+profound darkness, aided the impression; while a thought of the little
+negro became associated with the recollection of several marvellous
+ghost-stories he had heard. He ventured, however, (not without
+considerable reluctance,) to feel if his sable companion was by his
+side, and discovered, to his amazement, that he was not there. The
+murmur still continued, and Frank, trembling all over him, made a
+desperate effort, and called lustily, &ldquo;Samboe, Samboe!&rdquo;
+&ldquo;Samboe here,&rdquo; replied the boy, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb124" href="#pb124" name="pb124">124</a>]</span>in a
+soft and gentle tone; &ldquo;Samboe here, but wicked boy.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Frank&rsquo;s courage returned at the sound of Samboe&rsquo;s voice
+clearly pronouncing these words, although he was at a loss to account
+for his self-accusation. &ldquo;Why, what have you done to be wicked;
+where are you?&rdquo; he enquired. Samboe&rsquo;s imperfect knowledge
+of the English language, permitted him not to understand the full
+import of these questions; and it was not until Frank, with renewed
+courage at finding his companion was really a mortal, contrived to make
+him understand his repeated enquiry, why he had risen, and why he
+called himself wicked? &ldquo;Because Samboe forgot lesson dear Missy
+Delaney teach him. Pray to great God before sleep; pray to great God
+when eyes open; pray to good God give food; pray to good God give
+friends.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Frank now understood, that Samboe, in the novelty of his situation,
+and probably from the effects of a little porter he had taken, had
+forgotten to offer his simple tribute of thanks and respect to the
+omnipotent Creator, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb125" href="#pb125"
+name="pb125">125</a>]</span>which the good Mrs. Delaney had taught him
+habitually to do; although he was too young when she died, to admit any
+further religious instruction, or to understand more than that a great
+God, beyond the blue sky, observed all his actions.</p>
+<p>Samboe had never, until this night, neglected this lesson; but, with
+uplifted hands and bended knee, was accustomed to acknowledge the
+protection and the support of the Being he had been taught to regard,
+as ever beholding, and with unwearied care protecting, all men. Sleep,
+however, had not closed his eyes, ere the omission was recollected, and
+he had crept out of the straw, to offer his simple orison, the low
+murmur of which had so much alarmed his new friend. Having concluded,
+he returned to his straw couch, and slept the sleep of innocence,
+untill awaked by Frank rising to his morning duty in the stables.</p>
+<p>Frank possessed an intelligence of mind, as well as activity of
+spirit, which required but opportunities to develope themselves. The
+incident of Samboe&rsquo;s forgotten prayer, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126" name=
+"pb126">126</a>]</span>impressed his youthful mind. How was it he had
+never been taught to pray? He had never seen it practised among those
+he had been with. He thought people went to church to pray; yet surely
+if a black boy thought it right to pray, a white boy ought. Perhaps it
+was a custom among them? Yet, such was the innate impression he had,
+that it was right and proper, that he felt a species of shame to answer
+Samboe in the negative, when he artlessly enquired if he did not pray
+to great God, to take care of him; he, too, who knew so many things:
+for, to Samboe, Frank seemed a miracle of cleverness, when he described
+his various employments, and displayed, to his astonished visitor, the
+results of his ingenuity, which he did with no little
+self-complacency.</p>
+<p>Samboe seemed now the happiest of human beings. He suffered nothing
+to pass unnoticed; asking the reason, the use, the name of every thing
+he heard, or saw, or touched. This he contrived to do, either by broken
+words, gestures, or signs. The new-made friends thus passed several
+hours <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb127" href="#pb127" name=
+"pb127">127</a>]</span>of the morning, before the groom made his
+appearance; for, although his apartments were above the stables, he did
+not often occupy them, finding numerous engagements more pleasant than
+attending to his duty.</p>
+<p>The only unpleasant circumstance of this morning of delight to
+Samboe, was its chilliness. It was one of those which frequently occur
+in May, as if to reprove the hastiness of the family of Flora, in
+putting forth their fair forms; and its asperity was severely felt by
+the little African. Frank determined to make him as comfortable as he
+could; and having received no orders to the contrary, lighted a fire in
+the groom&rsquo;s room, and invited Samboe to its genial warmth, while
+he quickly prepared a comfortable mess of milk-pottage.</p>
+<p>They were thus enjoying themselves, when the <i>master of the
+house</i> appeared, half awake, and storming at Frank for a lazy dog,
+for not having swept the stable-door. But he supposed he and the
+beggarly neger had been idling away their time together. Frank, who was
+used to his arbitrary temper, said <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb128"
+href="#pb128" name="pb128">128</a>]</span>little; but, making signs for
+Samboe to return to the loft, he quickly prepared every thing for his
+master&rsquo;s toilet, and proceeded to rectify the omission of not
+having swept the door-way. While thus engaged, a servant from the house
+arrived with an order to the groom to take the negro-boy to a
+clothes-shop, and have him neatly clothed, until a a proper dress could
+be fixed upon; as he was to have an interview with his mistress and
+young master, who neither of them could bear the smell of tar, exhaling
+from the filthy things he wore.</p>
+<p>This message, delivered in due form to the groom while he was
+shaving himself, nearly endangered his cutting his throat, by the
+resentful agitation it caused, that he should be appointed to wait upon
+a <i>neger</i>. It was a degradation which he could not, nor would not
+submit to. Following, therefore, the example of his superiors, he
+delegated the office to his subordinate; and calling loudly for Frank,
+as soon as the messenger had left him, he desired him to take the black
+he seemed so fond of, to Mr. Draper&rsquo;s, and get <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href="#pb129" name="pb129">129</a>]</span>him
+rigged. &ldquo;And mind ye, Frank, boy, call at the &rsquo;potecaries
+or &rsquo;fumers, and bid &rsquo;em pour some musk or lavender, or
+something sweet over the lad, for missis is very particular; and as to
+Master Fred, I shall have him trying how my legs will bear the exercise
+of his new hunting-whip, if I do not please him about this black, who,
+I dare say, will not be long before he feels it. But I suppose he has
+been used to flogging, so it will be nothing to him.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Frank, highly pleased with this important commission, called the
+shivering boy from the hay-chamber, and in no long time he was
+completely equipped, in a suit according to the taste of Frank and the
+vender: certainly as stiff and ill made as it well could be; while the
+effusion of lavender-water was completely accomplished, even till the
+poor boy&rsquo;s eyes became filled with tears, from the potency of the
+perfume, and every person he passed on his return, half stopped, at
+meeting with the unusual odour.</p>
+<p>Samboe, however, had yet some hours to become reconciled to his new
+habiliment; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb130" href="#pb130" name=
+"pb130">130</a>]</span>and his friend Frank had so many modes and
+sources of employment and amusement, that those hours passed insensibly
+away. At length, about four o&rsquo;clock, the groom again appeared to
+conduct him to the house; and when arrived, a footman desired him to
+follow him to the apartment of his lady, previously to her taking her
+morning airing.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch10" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e1358" class="main">Chapter <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1360" title="Source: IX">X</span>.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;I would not have a slave to till my ground,</p>
+<p class="line">To carry me, to fan me while I sleep,</p>
+<p class="line">And tremble when I wake, for all the wealth</p>
+<p class="line">That sinews bought and sold have ever
+earn&rsquo;d.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first xd20e148"><span class="sc">Cowper.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">From the reciprocation of the heart&rsquo;s best
+affections, which had marked the short period of Samboe&rsquo;s
+acquaintance with Frank, we may now follow the young stranger to the
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131" name=
+"pb131">131</a>]</span>inanity of an Anglo West Indian boudoir; in
+which were Mrs. Penryn, reclined on a <i>chaise longue</i>, a young
+lady spangling some delicate muslin, and Mr. Frederick Moreton standing
+at a distant part of the room. The footman having opened the door,
+pointed to Samboe to enter, and immediately closed it upon him, leaving
+the timid boy to the scrutinizing looks of Mrs. Penryn, the oblique
+attention of the young lady, and the supercilious glance of the boy,
+who was engaged in the <i>humane</i> employment of holding a live mouse
+by the tail, as high as his arm could reach; while a kitten, eagerly
+attending to its writhings, kept springing, instinctively, to catch it,
+and as often, from the violence of the exertion, fell back on the
+floor. Had it not been for the chill which pervaded his frame, in his
+way to this apartment, Samboe might have thought himself in the West
+Indies, both as to the temperature, and the luxurious ease displayed in
+the arrangement of it. An elegant Persian carpet, entirely covered it;
+sofas, ottomans, and couches, invited to indolence and repose;
+ornaments of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132" name=
+"pb132">132</a>]</span>the richest and most expensive materials, vases,
+cabinets, &amp;c. adorned it; and a number of tropical birds, of
+beauteous plumage, displayed their captive state in superb cages of
+various elegant forms; while shells of great magnitude and exquisite
+beauty were displayed in different parts of this superb room, with
+considerable judgment and taste; and a rich glow seemed communicated to
+every object, from the light passing the draperies of beautiful
+rose-coloured taffety curtains. Plants of the loveliest bloom and most
+exquisite odour, completed the fascinations of this luxurious
+apartment, tastefully arranged in beautiful baskets and vases,
+reflected by the superb mirrors, of which there were several on each
+side of the room.</p>
+<p>Mrs. Penryn, half raising her pale and spiritless form from the sofa
+on which she was reclining, was the first to break the silence which
+followed Samboe&rsquo;s introduction. &ldquo;Come, Fred, do give Frolic
+the mouse, and look at this boy. He will serve to amuse you, I hope;
+for I think the dogs, the cats, the mice, and the flies, have had
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb133" href="#pb133" name=
+"pb133">133</a>]</span>enough of you. Come, did you ever behold such an
+uncouth creature as George has made him: why the boy looks as if he
+were in a wooden case. He must not appear about you, till he has
+something fit to put on.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>This feeling harangue did not divert the young gentleman from his
+amusement for some minutes, till at length, more it would seem from his
+own fatigue, than from any motive of compassion for the poor animals,
+he gave the cat its natural prey; and it retired <i>swearing</i>, as
+its murmur of triumph is styled, to enjoy the feast, under a sofa at
+the further part of the room. &ldquo;Now, Lavinia,&rdquo; said Mrs.
+Penryn, addressing the young lady, &ldquo;give us your opinion, my
+dear; your taste is so good: what dress shall we have for Fred&rsquo;s
+page? He will like whatever you decide upon, I dare say.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Dear me, do you think so?&rdquo; replied Miss Lavinia, in the
+most affected tone: &ldquo;Mr. Frederick seldom asks my opinion, I
+think.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;He is but a boy, and you will excuse <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb134" href="#pb134" name="pb134">134</a>]</span>him,
+I&rsquo;m sure; but really this dress must be left to you.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Certainly,&rdquo; replied Lavinia, &ldquo;he must have
+<i>something</i> different from that he now wears, which is only fit
+for the stable.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;And a very good place too, I think,&rdquo; remarked the
+polite young gentleman, as he threw himself at his length on a sofa,
+rousing by the action a little white terrier, which had been reposing
+quietly upon it. The dog uttered a cry, and jumped on the floor.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Poor Erminet cannot be quiet even here,&rdquo; said Mrs.
+Penryn, angrily: &ldquo;I wish, Fred, you would look before you lie
+down: I dare say you have lamed my pretty Erminet.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I dare say I have done no such thing,&rdquo; retorted the
+respectful nephew: &ldquo;But I have no desire to stay, I assure you. I
+am sure, though Lavinia talks of the stable, I had rather be there,
+than shut up in this hot room. So make haste and determine about the
+boy&rsquo;s dress, for I cannot stay shilly-shally here all
+day.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I wonder when you will learn to be civil,&rdquo; <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb135" href="#pb135" name="pb135">135</a>]</span>said
+Mrs. Penryn: &ldquo;I think, if you had had a few lessons of politeness
+interspersed with Greek and Latin, it would have made you more
+agreeable.&rdquo; &ldquo;That is all you women know of the matter. But
+let me have no preaching. Have you done with me?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Why, Fred, how provoking you are: did you not bid me send for
+the boy? And now he is come, you want to go without settling any thing
+about him. Remember, he is your property, and you must do what you
+please about him. I shall trouble myself no more about him.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Very well, then leave it alone,&rdquo; said the young
+barbarian; and striding past the trembling Samboe, he quitted the room,
+shutting the door with violence after him.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;What a pity it is,&rdquo; said Mrs. Penryn, after a short
+pause, &ldquo;that Frederick is so hasty: such a good-hearted lad as he
+is. I wish, Lavinia, you would undertake to soften down his manners: he
+is really worth your trouble, my dear girl.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The young lady simpered, half blushed, expressed her doubt of having
+any influence <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136" name=
+"pb136">136</a>]</span>over Mr. Frederick, who was, indeed, a fine
+manly boy. There was nothing she could refuse to dear Mrs. Penryn and
+her guardian, and she would certainly endeavour to please Frederick,
+that she might refine his manners a little.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Well, begin then, my dear girl, and fix upon a tasty dress
+for the boy. I know Fred will be pleased when it is done. I intend
+Samboe to be his constant attendant: he is to sleep in the little
+anti-room, to be ever at hand to attend Frederick&rsquo;s pleasure;
+and, in short, he is to do what he pleases respecting him. Mr. Penryn
+says he will have hundreds under his power when he goes to
+Jamaica.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>This reference to the taste of Lavinia, was the dictate of policy;
+for she was recently become a ward of Mr. Penryn, was an orphan of
+immense property, and only a few years older than Frederick. The
+prudent Mr. and Mrs. Penryn were very desirous to favour an attachment
+between them; and Mrs. Penryn was directed, by her husband, to seek
+every opportunity of doing so. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb137"
+href="#pb137" name="pb137">137</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The young lady was of that negative character, so often met with
+amongst those who, in large boarding-schools, lose every discriminating
+trait in the general application of certain rules and certain pursuits.
+Dress, admiration, and gaiety, alone had power to animate her pretty
+features; from which, however, no intellectual ray ever beamed. She was
+highly flattered by the desire of Mrs. Penryn to exercise her taste in
+the choice of a dress for Samboe. That choice could not be difficult,
+for one who had so frequently seen the variety of costume exhibited on
+the stage; and as vanity, ostentation, and singularity, not congruity,
+were to dictate the choice, it was soon fixed, as the young lady
+thought, of that elegant form and expensive material, which could not
+fail to please the young planter; and it must be owned, that when, a
+few days subsequent, Samboe made his appearance in the elegant costume
+of Persia, that he exhibited a very fair specimen of juvenile negro
+beauty. The blue and silver vest and caftan, the full girdle, the
+capacious trowsers, and the perfectly white <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb138" href="#pb138" name=
+"pb138">138</a>]</span>turban, with its golden cord and sparkling gems,
+contrasted well with his sable skin and slender form; giving a
+lightness to his air, which even the pressure of slavery was not able
+materially to injure.</p>
+<p>Lavinia&rsquo;s taste was loudly applauded; and even Frederick
+condescended to say the boy looked something like what he ought to do.
+But poor Samboe, like many a <i>white</i> boy and girl, felt the misery
+of fine clothes, being continually reminded that he must not do this,
+he must not lie there, lest he should soil his dress.</p>
+<p>His young master would never suffer him out of his sight: not that
+he cared a button for him or his clothes, but because he could not
+allow of any cessation in tormenting a poor being over whom he had full
+controul; and he was continually racking his invention, to devise some
+new species of torment and teasing. With a mean species of jealousy, as
+soon as he found Frank the stable-boy was the only kind being who
+regarded the poor black boy as a fellow-creature, he interdicted Samboe
+from ever going into the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb139" href=
+"#pb139" name="pb139">139</a>]</span>stable, or from speaking to his
+good-tempered friend.</p>
+<p>This was a cruel stroke to poor Samboe, thus to deprive him of the
+only portion of comfort in his bitter draught of slavery. His mind was
+in danger of becoming callous from oppression, and in proportion to the
+degradation he was subjected to. He had no motive for action, but the
+dread of punishment. Without voluntary agency, a mere passive
+instrument in the hands of others, his mind would assuredly have become
+irrecoverably contracted, and the powers of soul even destroyed, had
+not the very tyranny and caprice which were producing these lamentable
+results, transferred the suffering boy to the benevolent care of
+Captain Tremayne, and his young nephew, Charles Roslyn. (See
+&ldquo;<i>Twilight Hours improved</i>.&rdquo;)</p>
+<p>Become the property of the latter by the hasty gift of Frederick,
+how different was the lot of Samboe, from a state of cruel coercion, of
+degrading slavery, which was daily debasing every manly sentiment!
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb140" href="#pb140" name=
+"pb140">140</a>]</span></p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;When, to deep sadness sullenly
+resign&rsquo;d,</p>
+<p class="line">He feels his body&rsquo;s bondage in his mind,</p>
+<p class="line">Put off his generous nature, and to suit</p>
+<p class="line">His manners with his fate, put on the brute.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p class="first">Such, indeed, is slavery most justly termed,
+&ldquo;the grave of virtue.&rdquo; Under its cold and ungenial
+influence, every generous, every warm emotion must languish and die.
+Through the gloom which envelopes the soul subjected to its dark power,
+no ray of intellect, no beam of joy, no sun of cheerfulness can pierce.
+And yet man, inconsistent man, while condemning his fellow-being to
+this soul-paralyzing state, expects from the poor victims qualities and
+virtues only to be planted in the soil, only to be nourished by the
+sun, of liberty&mdash;of Christian liberty, of Christian charity:</p>
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;For slaves by truth enlarg&rsquo;d are doubly
+freed.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb141" href="#pb141" name=
+"pb141">141</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch11" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e1472" class="main">Chapter <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1474" title="Source: X">XI</span>.</h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<p class="line">&ldquo;Thy lips have shed instruction as the dew,</p>
+<p class="line">Taught me what path to shun, and what pursue.</p>
+<p class="line">Farewell my former joys! I sigh no more</p>
+<p class="line">For Africa&rsquo;s once-lov&rsquo;d, benighted
+shore:</p>
+<p class="line">Serving a benefactor, I am free,</p>
+<p class="line">At my best home, if not exil&rsquo;d from
+thee.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Samboe, placed with the respectable Mr. Llwellin, made
+rapid progress in reading and writing, and in the elements of general
+knowledge. His quickness gained the entire attention of his preceptor;
+while these was a charm and freshness in all he said, which could only
+be derived from quick perceptions and a warm heart&mdash;a buoyancy of
+fancy and a fervid feeling, which won the affections of all those who
+had to instruct him. With the deepest attention he would listen to Mr.
+Llwellin, as in a simple and impressive manner he explained to him the
+general principles of religion, the nature and <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb142" href="#pb142" name="pb142">142</a>]</span>duty
+of worshipping God, the creation of man, his fall from virtue and
+happiness, and the promised restoration through the merits of the
+Redeemer. It is a mistake that these subjects are beyond the
+comprehension, and excite no interest in the hearts of children.
+Practical devotion and the Christian duties, have a forcible influence
+on the ductile minds and unsophisticated hearts of the young. Hence the
+transition of instruction is easy, and perfectly understood by them,
+from the duty and privilege of prayer and praise, to the truth that we
+are unable to do either, or even to think what is right, without
+superior guidance and continual aid. The conviction of this at once
+gives an object and a fervency to prayer; and he who prays fervently
+and believing, however young he may be, will not be unheeded when thus
+imploring the divine aid.</p>
+<p>It was the invariable custom of Mr. Llwellin to assemble his family
+in the evening. He then read a portion of the Holy Scriptures, and
+explained them with admirable simplicity and pathos to his little
+auditory. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb143" href="#pb143" name=
+"pb143">143</a>]</span>It was now that the prayers Samboe had said, as
+it were mechanically, were now repeated with an earnestness which fully
+indicated that they were not merely the offering of the lips; and so
+much did he profit by the pious instructions, example, and care of Mr.
+Llwellin, that he was admitted into the Christian church by baptism;
+but, at the request of his young protector, retaining his former name
+as his usual appellation although he received, at the font, that of
+Henry.</p>
+<p>So anxious was this interesting youth to attain all useful
+knowledge, that he was always the first at his scholastic duties; and
+when dismissed from them, after a little recreation, enjoyed with all
+the zest of health and youth, he would occupy his time in religious
+reading and study, drawing, and little mechanical works; equally
+proving his strength of intellect and his active ingenuity. Though his
+temper was frequently severely tried by the taunts and ridicule of the
+boys, he never betrayed anger or resentment: he disarmed them by his
+humility, patience, and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb144" href=
+"#pb144" name="pb144">144</a>]</span>meekness; so that scoffers he
+converted into friends. He was lively in his disposition, but taciturn
+from thought, except when with his teachers; when he seemed to expand
+every faculty of his mind to receive their instructions, while any
+accession of knowledge caused his naturally brilliant eyes to beam with
+added intelligence and delight.</p>
+<p>With all these qualities of mind and heart, it is not surprising
+that Samboe was a universal favourite; and unfeigned, indeed, was his
+joy, when he was permitted to write to his dear massa Charles, whom he
+never named without his eyes filling with tears of grateful affection.
+&ldquo;Oh!&rdquo; he would say, &ldquo;my dear massa, I shall never
+forget his goodness.&rdquo; Years passed on in this progressive
+improvement, during which a regular correspondence was kept up between
+Charles Roslyn and his proteg&eacute;, when an incident occurred which
+opened a field for the exercise of those attainments it had been the
+laudable and unremitted study of Samboe to acquire.</p>
+<p>Colonel Roslyn was entertaining a party <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb145" href="#pb145" name="pb145">145</a>]</span>of
+gentlemen, among whom were admiral Herbert and his nephew Fitzhugh.
+Charles Roslyn was the favourite midshipman of the admiral, and the
+conversation turned upon the topic of the day; namely, the slave-trade,
+and the probabilities of its abolition, as well as the capacity of the
+negroes to profit by their freedom. Many were the arguments adduced for
+and against; and Colonel Roslyn was naturally led to relate the
+circumstances of Samboe&rsquo;s becoming Charles&rsquo;s
+proteg&eacute;, and the high reward they had experienced in the sweet
+disposition, high intellectual capacity, moral worth, and genuine
+religious principles of the young negro. &ldquo;I have the sincerest
+pleasure,&rdquo; observed Colonel Roslyn, &ldquo;in stating this
+individual instance of the moral and intellectual worth of an African,
+of which, doubtless, there are many similar instances, where
+instruction and kindness have elicited and fostered the qualities of
+the mind and heart. But we all remember the period, my friends, when
+the African&rsquo;s claim to the character <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb146" href="#pb146" name="pb146">146</a>]</span>and
+privileges of man was even disputed&mdash;when they were considered as
+somewhat of a superior species of ourang outang<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1511src" href="#xd20e1511" name="xd20e1511src">1</a>. This false
+and inhuman estimate, succeeding years have disproved. It has been in
+numberless instances shown that they are not only men, but capable of
+becoming intelligent and virtuous men; and not only virtuous men, but
+pious, unaffected, sincere Christians. I am not, however,&rdquo;
+continued the colonel, &ldquo;an advocate for giving personal liberty
+to numbers of men, unless, at the same time, I impart the principles of
+religion and the arts of civil life. It is only by giving freedom to
+the soul, and by encouraging the virtuous energies of man, that we can
+make him capable of properly appreciating the blessing of liberty, and
+preserve him from becoming a pest to society, instead of a useful
+member of it. Without these correcting and restraining principles,
+liberty would soon degenerate into licentiousness, and the possession
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb147" href="#pb147" name=
+"pb147">147</a>]</span>of power be exercised in deeds of
+violence.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I entirely agree with you, colonel,&rdquo; observed the
+admiral; &ldquo;and therefore be so good as to pledge me in a glass of
+that excellent claret, when I offer my sentiment: &lsquo;Let the empire
+of Britain be the empire of mercy; and let no shore re-echo with the
+thunder of her power, but which shall also smile under the blessing of
+her beneficence.&rsquo;&rdquo; This sentiment of the admiral&rsquo;s
+was warmly received. During this conversation, a young man at the lower
+end of the table appeared deeply interested in it. His animated and
+penetrating countenance drew the attention of Colonel Roslyn, and he
+expressed his pleasure, in observing to the admiral, that an interest
+for the enslaved Africans seemed to animate his young relative; for it
+was Fitzhugh, whose whole soul seemed engaged in the subject.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, indeed,&rdquo; observed the admiral, &ldquo;Fitzhugh is
+a very enthusiast in the cause, and I love him the better for it: it is
+honourable to his feelings, and to those generous sentiments
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb148" href="#pb148" name=
+"pb148">148</a>]</span>which ought to pervade the heart, and direct the
+conduct of a British officer. Have you not heard that he has obtained a
+very responsible and active appointment in the new settlement of Sierra
+Leone, and that, in a short time, he will sail for Africa? I doubt not
+his conscientious attention to the duties devolving upon him, nor do I
+think the directors could have made a more judicious choice; for, young
+as he is, his firmness of principle, his rectitude in action, his
+genuine feeling, and his cultivated mind, render him peculiarly
+eligible to attend to the duties, and to surmount the difficulties of
+an infant colony. He will form one of the council, which will be sent
+from England, for the government of the colony. This council is
+particularly instructed to secure to all negroes and people of colour,
+equal rights, and equal treatment, in every respect, as the whites.
+They are to be tried by jury, as the whites, and every facility given
+to them to exercise their peculiar talents; employments being allotted
+them according to their progressive capacity of discharging them. They
+are <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb149" href="#pb149" name=
+"pb149">149</a>]</span>especially, to be instructed in the principles
+of religion and morals. Public worship and the reverent observation of
+the sabbath, the general instruction of the adults and the judicious
+education of the children, are the means to be used to draw this now
+wretched race of men from the night of ignorance to the glorious light
+of divine and temporal knowledge. In fact, the grand object of the
+Sierra Leone Company is to substitute, for that disgraceful traffic
+which has too long subsisted, a fair and legitimate commerce with
+Africa, and all the blessings which may be expected from it.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I thank you, admiral, for this account,&rdquo; replied
+Colonel Roslyn, &ldquo;and pray, with all my heart, that the benevolent
+exertions of the Company may be crowned with final success; and I
+believe I may assure you, that such is also the prayer of every
+individual of the present company.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Fitzhugh,&rdquo; said the admiral, &ldquo;I have been telling
+Colonel Roslyn that you are an enthusiast for the abolition of the
+slave-trade<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb150" href="#pb150" name=
+"pb150">150</a>]</span>&mdash;that it is your dream by night, and your
+stimulus by day.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;If, my dear Sir, an ardent desire to use my individual
+influence and exertions to remove from my country such a stain upon its
+humanity; if as ardently to desire an amelioration of the wretched
+state of the African; if to cherish and to bring into action all those
+charities which distinguish reasoning man from instinctive brutes: if
+to be all this constitutes an enthusiast, then do I, indeed, plead
+guilty to the charge of enthusiasm. Nor am I likely to become less
+so<span class="corr" id="xd20e1533" title="Source: ;">:</span> on the
+contrary, the intelligence I have just received from my young friends
+here, (directing his eyes to Alfred, and Charles Roslyn, who sat near
+him,) has confirmed me in the assurance, that we have every thing to
+hope from the judicious and liberal plan, of the Company to which I
+have now the honour to be attached; and which has so highly flattered
+me, by appointing me, in conjunction with others, to carry into effect
+their beneficent purposes. But you know, my dear Sir, my deep
+abhorrence of slavery <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb151" href=
+"#pb151" name="pb151">151</a>]</span>is derived from the practical
+display of its cruelties; as well as from a deep reflection on its
+moral turpitude, its impolicy, and its inconsistency with the boasted
+honour and religious code of my country. Let those who question the
+feasibility of the plan of civilization and emancipation, visit, as I
+have done, the colonies, (more especially the Spanish colonies and the
+Portuguese dominions in South America,) where the inhuman traffic of
+slaves is carried to the greatest possible extent, forming the
+immediate and private revenue of the crown; let them be but faintly
+impressed with the horrors that constantly there occur, and I scruple
+not to say, if they fail to enter their protest against a system so
+barbarous, they deserve not the name of men, and make their religion
+but an impious mockery.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;A myriad of instances might be adduced, to bear me out in my
+assertions. The labour, of whatever nature it may be, or however
+laborious, is performed by slaves, and seldom more than six negroes
+appointed to remove the heaviest burdens. I have, for <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb152" href="#pb152" name=
+"pb152">152</a>]</span>instance, seen at Rio de Janeiro, four only,
+groaning under a pipe of wine, which they have had to remove through
+the city. Many of these poor creatures are bred to trades, and are sent
+out daily or weekly, with peremptory orders to bring home a certain
+sum, at the expiration of the agreed time. What they can earn over,
+they have to themselves; but they are always so highly rated, that it
+is with the greatest difficulty they can raise the sum nominated; and,
+in case of defalcation, it is attributed to indolence or laziness,
+which subjects the unhappy victim to punishment. An awful instance of
+the despair produced by cruelty and oppression, occurred during my
+residence at Rio. A barbarous and remorseless wretch had a few slaves,
+whom he used to send out upon the plan I have named, subjected to the
+penalty of a severe flogging, if they did not, within a prescribed
+time, earn the sum required and their food. One of these men was a
+hair-dresser: he used to attend me very regularly, and always was
+quiet, industrious, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb153" href="#pb153"
+name="pb153">153</a>]</span>and even active, to promote his
+master&rsquo;s interest.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;After a little time, however, I observed him to be gloomy and
+melancholy. I asked him the reason for the change, and was informed
+that he had been unsuccessful, and could not render to his master the
+sum required; and that he had little hopes of being able to raise it,
+consequently was liable to punishment, I gave him something towards it,
+but, being obliged to be absent a few weeks, knew not the result until
+I returned; when I was informed, that, as the time approached when he
+was to render his account, he became greatly distressed, and despaired
+of accomplishing his engagement. He went, however, in great distress,
+and tendered what he had gained; assuring his master he had used every
+exertion to obtain the specific sum, and imploring from him a remission
+of punishment, or a suspension, at least, for a few days. This was at
+length granted him, but with horrid threats of many additional stripes
+in case of failure. The time fast approached when he must return,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb154" href="#pb154" name=
+"pb154">154</a>]</span>and he was still deficient. He reached the door
+of his master&rsquo;s house, when, in despair of being forgiven, and
+dreading the ordeal he had to undergo, he took from his pocket a razor,
+and, with a desperate violence, nearly severed his head from his body.
+This horrid deed had no other effect upon his inhuman master, than to
+increase his severity towards his other slaves, on whom he imposed
+heavier burdens, to recompence him for the loss sustained by the death
+of the miserable suicide<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1548src" href=
+"#xd20e1548" name="xd20e1548src">2</a>.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;It is a usual practice,&rdquo; continued Fitzhugh,
+&ldquo;when slaves become desperately ill, for their masters to disown
+them, and turn them into the streets, to evade the expences of their
+funeral; and, thus abandoned and exposed, their miserable existence is
+soon terminated. I have to apologize for trespassing upon your
+attention so long, gentlemen,&rdquo; observed this intelligent young
+man; &ldquo;but I have only recounted one of a thousand instances which
+have come under <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb155" href="#pb155"
+name="pb155">155</a>]</span>my own observation, of the barbarous abuses
+of power exercised over the miserable captives.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The party expressed their obligation to Fitzhugh, for the relation
+he had given them, and their united hope, that every effort made use
+of, to ameliorate the situation of the already enslaved, and to check
+the inhuman traffic for the future, might be crowned with success; all
+agreeing, that every exertion that England makes to stop the bleeding
+wounds of Africa, will cause her to rise in her national character more
+resplendent, and must meet the approbation of every good, and what may
+be justly called great men, at home and abroad, and, above all, the
+approbation that of God who holds in his hands the destiny of
+nations<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1557src" href="#xd20e1557" name=
+"xd20e1557src">3</a>.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Have I not heard you, Fitzhugh,&rdquo; enquired the admiral,
+&ldquo;express a wish that you could meet in England with two or three
+intelligent negroes, who would be willing <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
+"pb156" href="#pb156" name="pb156">156</a>]</span>to enter into
+engagements with the Company, as instructors to the children, and whose
+habits of civilization might give them an influence over their
+countrymen without exciting any jealousies?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;You have, dear Sir,&rdquo; replied Fitzhugh; &ldquo;and from
+what I have learned of the mental and moral qualities of my young
+friend&rsquo;s proteg&eacute;, I am anxious for their permission to
+visit Aberystwith, in order to enquire if he has any objection to
+accompany me to Africa. A few such young men as he is described to be,
+would do more to effect our plans, than any other mode I can think of;
+and as he has not yet made any choice of a profession, I should feel
+myself most grateful to Colonel Roslyn and his friends, if they will
+second and sanction my application to the youth, who owes so much to
+their benevolent kindness.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Colonel Roslyn said, &ldquo;Call upon us tomorrow morning, my dear
+Sir, and myself and sons will be happy to co-operate, as far as in our
+power, in your philanthropic exertions.&rdquo; <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb157" href="#pb157" name="pb157">157</a>]</span></p>
+<p>This being cheerfully accepted, the conversation took a general
+turn, until the party broke up.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1511" href="#xd20e1511src" name="xd20e1511">1</a></span> See Mr.
+Wilberforce&rsquo;s speech, at a meeting of the Church Missionary
+Society, 1822.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1548" href="#xd20e1548src" name="xd20e1548">2</a></span> See
+Shillibur&rsquo;s Voyage.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1557" href="#xd20e1557src" name="xd20e1557">3</a></span> See
+Cohen&rsquo;s Letter to Governor Macarthy, African Report, 1822.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="ch12" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 id="xd20e1573" class="main">Chapter <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1575" title="Source: XI">XII.</span></h2>
+<div class="epigraph">
+<div class="lgouter">
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line">* * * &ldquo;My heart surpris&rsquo;d,
+o&rsquo;erflows</p>
+<p class="line">With filial fondness for the land you bless.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="line xd20e1585">&ldquo;Theirs the triumph be,</p>
+<p class="line">Instead of treasure, robb&rsquo;d by ruffian war,</p>
+<p class="line">Round social earth to circle fair exchange,</p>
+<p class="line">And bind the nations in a golden chain.</p>
+<p class="line">To these I honour&rsquo;d stoop.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Fitzhugh was punctual to his appointment at Colonel
+Roslyn&rsquo;s; and after an interesting conversation, and the perusal
+of a number of Samboe&rsquo;s letters to his protector Charles Roslyn,
+it was agreed that Fitzhugh and Alfred Roslyn should proceed to Wales,
+in order to ascertain the sentiments of Samboe <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb158" href="#pb158" name="pb158">158</a>]</span>upon
+his projected removal, respecting which, his own unbiassed choice was
+to be consulted. The intended visit of the young men was to be
+announced by letter to Captain Tremayne; and, as Fitzhugh possessed all
+the ardour, promptitude, and zeal of a Clarkson, in the cause of
+humanity, the letter was immediately written, and an early day fixed
+for the journey. In the correspondence of Charles and his
+proteg&eacute;, the interesting debates in the English senate,
+respecting the slave-trade, frequently formed a part; and Samboe had
+even so far expressed his sentiments upon the subject, that, when the
+colony of Sierra Leone was first formed, he regretted that his youth,
+and the mediocrity of his attainments, would oblige him to forego all
+hope of being useful to his poor benighted countrymen; and he had very
+sensibly felt disappointment at the ill success of the first
+establishment: an ill success which sufficiently proved the truth of
+the observation, that, &ldquo;if the restraints of slavery be removed,
+without corresponding culture of the mind and heart, <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb159" href="#pb159" name="pb159">159</a>]</span>the
+mere enjoyment of temporal benefits will not make the man either
+grateful or happy.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Charles Roslyn greatly regretted that the hourly-expected departure
+of his ship, precluded him from the pleasure of accompanying his
+brother and Fitzhugh to Aberystwith. Having taken leave of him, and
+bearing his good wishes and tender remembrances to his kind relatives
+and his affectionate Samboe, the travellers commenced their journey,
+early in a lovely June morning, when every scene they passed,
+manifested the riches and the bounty, the wisdom and beneficence of the
+Creator. The meeting was what might be expected from refined feeling,
+generous ardour, and virtuous exertion, on the one side; and grateful
+respect, modest worth, and conscious ability, chastened by the most
+engaging humility, on the other. Tears of unfeigned joy and gratitude
+started into the eyes of Samboe, as he heard Mr. Llwellin assure
+Fitzhugh, he had no hesitation in saying, that if Samboe acceded to his
+proposal of accompanying him to Africa, he would be found a valuable
+coadjutor in the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb160" href="#pb160"
+name="pb160">160</a>]</span>projected work of mercy: &ldquo;For he
+is,&rdquo; continued the good old man, &ldquo;not only fully capable of
+imparting the elements of general knowledge, but has a happy and
+peculiar manner of instructing others in those divine truths by which
+he regulates every action of his own life. Nor do I think you would
+easily find a more fit instrument among us, for promoting the great
+ends of civilization, and the moral and religious instruction of his
+countrymen. I make no scruple in paying this just tribute to the
+character and abilities of my dear pupil, in his presence, because he
+well knows they are so much my genuine sentiments, that I have advised
+his directing his attention to the instruction of others; and
+Providence seems manifestly to favour the suggestion, by the present
+offer enabling him to put it in practice. May his now benighted and
+ill-fated countrymen become more and more sensible of the extensive
+blessings preparing for them; and may my dear and docile pupil, Samboe,
+be one of the favoured instruments of Heaven, (assisted by the Spirit
+of grace,) to diffuse the light, to communicate the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb161" href="#pb161" name=
+"pb161">161</a>]</span>blessings of religion, and to lead the now
+idolatrous African to rejoice in the high privilege of communion by
+prayer and praise with the great Creator and compassionate Saviour; all
+distinctions of colour and country being lost, in that generous
+sympathy which should flow from the relation which all bear to that
+Saviour who died for the redemption of all men<a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1607src" href="#xd20e1607" name="xd20e1607src">1</a>.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>There was such a heartfelt earnestness, such an affecting energy,
+such genuine piety, in the voice and manner of the good Llwellin, while
+he uttered his philanthropic wishes, that it made a forcible impression
+upon his young auditors. Tears of respect, gratitude, affection, and
+hope, filled the eyes of Samboe. The intenseness and contrariety of his
+feelings became painful; and, unable longer to restrain their
+expression, he threw himself at the feet of his venerable instructor,
+and sobbed aloud, uttering broken sentences of obligation; and when a
+little composed, earnestly praying that God, the <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb162" href="#pb162" name=
+"pb162">162</a>]</span>Almighty God, would enable him to assist in the
+realization of all the generous plans of his future employers; and so
+to act in every situation of life, as to do honour to the precepts of
+his dear instructor, and to gladden his aged heart, with the knowledge
+that those precepts had not been given in vain.</p>
+<p>Encouraged to self-confidence by the unequivocal approbation of his
+revered friend, Samboe hesitated not in his <span class="corr" id=
+"xd20e1616" title="Source: determition">determination</span> of
+accompanying Fitzhugh in his important mission; and a few days
+subsequent to the interview we have related, was fixed for the
+departure from a spot, endeared to the affectionate heart of the
+African by many a tender tie, many an affecting remembrance. Parting
+moments are painful to experience, and are so fraught with emotion,
+that they admit not of correct description; it must, therefore, suffice
+to say, that after a general adieu, and loaded with many a token of
+affection and good will, cheered by many a blessing, and fortified with
+many a prayer from those who loved him, Samboe quitted <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb163" href="#pb163" name=
+"pb163">163</a>]</span>Aberystwith with Fitzhugh and Alfred Roslyn. The
+intelligence, as well as simplicity of his remarks, upon the different
+objects which engaged his attention during the journey, rendered it
+peculiarly interesting to his companions. He was equally delighted with
+the various objects of curiosity and interest which London presented,
+and particularly with any thing which enlarged his views of any branch
+of knowledge he had acquired, or which promised to assist him in his
+future exertions to benefit his country. Fitzhugh found in him, a
+companion who entered with ardour and untired zeal into every plan his
+fertile benevolence devised, and determined to retain him under his own
+immediate care and inspection. Every day increased his confidence in
+the abilities and integrity of his companion; and every succeeding day
+more strongly proved that they were built upon a basis, which ensured
+their permanence and stability; even that of a rational, a deep, a
+vital piety.</p>
+<p>The period of sailing approached; and happy in the exercise of the
+best feelings of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb164" href="#pb164"
+name="pb164">164</a>]</span>humanity, and the highest energies of mind,
+Samboe believed nothing could add to his felicity, when an incident
+occurred which called forth all his gratitude to the Being who showered
+his blessings upon him. He accompanied Fitzhugh to the house of a
+gentleman who was ardent in the cause of the Africans, and who freely
+lent the resources of an ample fortune to further every beneficent
+plan, although habitual ill health precluded him from all active
+exertions. On the arrival of the friends, this gentleman was just
+mounting his horse for a morning airing. Seeing, however, Fitzhugh and
+his companion advance, he ordered the groom to lead his horse back to
+the stable, until his visitors left him, and he then entreated Fitzhugh
+to enter. While this was passing, a mutual look of surprise and
+recognition passed between Samboe and the groom, but nothing further:
+the man leading the horse away, and Samboe following Fitzhugh into the
+house.</p>
+<p>After some conversation relative to the approaching voyage, Mr.
+Courtney said: <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb165" href="#pb165" name=
+"pb165">165</a>]</span>&ldquo;Well, Fitzhugh, you have inspired many an
+honest heart with the same glowing philanthropy which animates your
+own; and, amongst the number, my excellent boy, Frank Wilson. He is
+determined, if you will permit him, to accompany you to Africa.&rdquo;
+&ldquo;Permit him, my good Sir? I shall be happy to have in my service,
+a young man who does honour to his rank of life, and whose severely
+tried principles have resisted many attacks: his ingenuity too, and
+industrious habits, will make him essentially useful. But how can you
+part from him, or how will Frank bear to be separated from his revered
+benefactor?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Oh, I believe we have not thought of ourselves,&rdquo;
+replied Mr. Courtney, good humouredly: &ldquo;all is settled between
+us, provided you did not object. Will you permit me to ring for
+him?&rdquo; &ldquo;Most willingly,&rdquo; said Fitzhugh.</p>
+<p>During this short conversation, the emotion of the grateful Samboe
+was powerful. The features of the young man holding Mr.
+Courtney&rsquo;s horse, were familiar to him: <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb166" href="#pb166" name="pb166">166</a>]</span>he
+had marked the glance of recognition, and the name confirmed the vague
+hope he had formed, that, in this young man, of whose character he had
+just heard so high an eulogium, he had seen the first kind friend he
+had known in England: he who had lightened his troubles, and cheered
+his oppressed spirit; and this friend, this generous hearted youth, was
+going to Africa, and was to be in the service of his valuable friend,
+Fitzhugh; and they were all animated with the same spirit. How
+delightful the thought! how transcendently kind the Almighty
+Disposer!</p>
+<p>While these thoughts were rapidly passing the mind of Samboe, Frank
+Wilson appeared; and it would be hard to decide which of the party was
+most gratified by the disclosure of the two friends, who in each
+other&rsquo;s arms were not ashamed to weep.</p>
+<p>Frank immediately entered upon his new duties; and every thing
+having been benevolently and equitably settled by the directors to
+ensure the comfort and advantage of the colony, the ships sailed for
+their destination. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb167" href="#pb167"
+name="pb167">167</a>]</span>It is not necessary to detail the
+circumstances of the voyage, or to attempt to describe the emotions of
+the young African, when he landed on his native shores.</p>
+<p>Every individual possessing a manly mind and virtuous soul, is
+patriotic: he rejoices in the weal, he mourns in the miseries of his
+country. Samboe possessed a manly mind and a virtuous soul. He was a
+patriot, and shrunk not from its high responsibilities. We detail not
+his individual exertions; it will be sufficient to say, that he took an
+ample share with his companions in the good work; that every thing had
+been so judiciously arranged; that the conduct of the servants of the
+Company was marked with such propriety, being sober, moral, and
+exemplary, in the discharge of their respective duties; that the
+efforts and zeal of the clergymen were attended with the happiest
+effects; that, before the expiration of two years from the settlement
+of the colony, order and industry exhibited their benign fruits in a
+growing prosperity. The fame of the colony not only spread along the
+whole western <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb168" href="#pb168" name=
+"pb168">168</a>]</span>coast, but penetrated into the remotest
+interior: embassies were sent by far distant monarchs; and the native
+chiefs, with a pleasing and entire confidence, sent their children to
+the colony, to be instructed in reading, writing, and accounts, and to
+be initiated in the Christian religion. In fact, there was every
+reasonable ground for hope, that the joyful period was advancing, when,
+by the blessing of Heaven upon the endeavours used, the continent of
+Africa would be rescued from the darkness that obscured her, and would
+exhibit the soul-cheering scene of light and knowledge, of civilization
+and order, of peaceful industry and domestic comfort. But these
+anticipations were destroyed by the treachery and faithlessness of a
+government, which professed to hold the rights of man as sacred. We
+shall give a cursory narrative of this event, as extracted from a
+letter of Fitzhugh to his friends in England. (<a href=
+"#note.s"><i>Note</i> <span class="sc">S</span></a>.)</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I have distressing news to communicate, but we do not
+despond. The French have appeared with an armed force before our
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb169" href="#pb169" name=
+"pb169">169</a>]</span>neat and rising town, upon which they have
+pointed their guns. It was not until they had done this that we
+perceived they were enemies; for they had English-built vessels, rigged
+in the English mode, displayed the English flag, and had all the
+sailors, which appeared on deck, dressed like English sailors. Thus
+treacherously did they approach our peaceful colony. Conscious we had
+no strength to resist, the governor directed a flag of truce to be
+hoisted. Yet, after this order was executed, the French continued to
+fire on the town, doing much damage, and killing several persons.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Terrified at the suddenness of the attack, and conscious they
+possessed no power of resistance, the alarmed inhabitants fled to the
+woods, with such of their property as the confusion and limited time
+would allow. When the enemy landed, therefore, they found the town
+almost destitute of inhabitants, but rich in stores and clothing.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Plunder was the order of the day; and what they did not want,
+they destroyed, burnt, or threw into the river. They also <span class=
+"pagenum">[<a id="pb170" href="#pb170" name=
+"pb170">170</a>]</span>killed all the cattle and animals, not sparing
+even the dogs or cats.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;During a week this work of devastation continued; and when
+they found nothing more to plunder, they set fire to the public
+buildings, and all the houses belonging to the Europeans; entirely
+ruining the beautiful and prospering colony, and leaving the colonists
+in the most deplorable state of destitution; without provisions,
+medicines, clothing, houses, or furniture. Sickness soon followed these
+privations, and many have died for want of proper food, and exposure in
+the woods.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;When you read the above hurried account of our misfortune,
+you will scarcely believe that these wanton cruelties have been
+perpetrated by individuals of a nation, whose Convention boasted of
+spreading &lsquo;light and liberty through the world.&rsquo; Alas! that
+light is the blaze of anarchy, that liberty the most daring and gross
+licentiousness!</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Sierra Leone colony was established for the godlike purpose
+of abolishing the slave-trade; to enlighten the Africans; to render
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb171" href="#pb171" name=
+"pb171">171</a>]</span>them virtuous, rational, free, and happy; and
+yet these powerful advocates and patrons of the rights of man, could
+wantonly destroy, in its healthful infancy, a settlement in which those
+rights were peculiarly studied and held sacred. &lsquo;By their fruits
+ye shall know them.&rsquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;But it will yet, like the phoenix, arise from its ashes. It
+was formed to promote the cause of justice, mercy, and religion; a
+cause which possesses, in itself, the principle of
+re-animation&mdash;an ever-renewing means of rallying its resources,
+overborne, for a time, by a base treachery and unmanly violence.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;My faithful Samboe, and no less faithful Frank, have been
+like ministering angels to the distressed, in this season of calamity.
+&lsquo;My poor country,&rsquo; said Samboe, &lsquo;and my generous
+friends, <a id="xd20e1675" name="xd20e1675"></a>what a sad reverse is
+here! But though grieved,&rsquo; he added, &lsquo;I am not in despair;
+for has not the Almighty said, (He in whom is no variableness nor
+shadow of turning,) &lsquo;I will never leave nor forsake those who
+trust in me. Commit thy way unto the Lord, and he shall bring it to
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb172" href="#pb172" name=
+"pb172">172</a>]</span>pass.&rsquo; I cannot conclude my letter better,
+than by assuring my dear &mdash;&mdash;, that such is the trust and
+confidence we all repose in the Being, who out of evil still educes
+good.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Now, to resume and conclude our narrative, we have but to say we may
+speak of these difficulties in the past tense; they no longer, praised
+be the great Disposer of Events, they no longer are experienced at
+Sierra Leone; but have vanished, gradually, before the enlightened
+policy of the superintendants, and the mild influence of Christian
+doctrine. The enjoyments of the present life, the bright hopes of a
+future state, are now communicated to thousands of our
+fellow-creatures, formerly in a state of mental and moral darkness, and
+obnoxious to the most frightful miseries, victims of the basest
+passions, subjects of the most alarming fears.</p>
+<p>Justice, mercy, and courageous perseverance, are now reaping their
+high temporal reward; and the blessing of the Almighty upon patient
+continuance in well-doing, enables England to boast that she has
+overcome <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb173" href="#pb173" name=
+"pb173">173</a>]</span>the most inveterate prejudices, the most
+firmly-established interests, built upon the basest passions; and this
+by the simple power of experiment, and the eloquence of truth.</p>
+<p>Sierra Leone, where this experiment has been made, now presents
+itself as a medium of civilization for Africa. &ldquo;And in this point
+of view, (it has been most justly observed,) is worth all the treasure
+that has been expended upon it; for the slave-trade, which was the
+great obstacle to this civilization, being now happily abolished by the
+universal voice of England, there is now a populous metropolis, from
+which may issue the seeds of reformation to this injured continent, and
+which, when sown, may now, watered by the genial dews of heaven, be
+expected to grow into fruit, without check or blight. New schools may
+be transplanted from thence into the interior; teachers and travellers
+be sent from thence in various directions; the natives resort in safety
+to it from distant parts, mark the improvements, witness the comforts,
+taste the enjoyments, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb174" href=
+"#pb174" name="pb174">174</a>]</span>and feel the protection of it.
+Hence will mistrust give way to confidence, emulation will be raised,
+imitation be encouraged, a desire of instruction be excited, and the
+predatory ignorant savage be gradually moulded into the useful citizen
+and the rational man.</p>
+<p>Let then each English heart rejoice, that the moral stain, so long
+apparent on our statutes, so long exhibited in our national character,
+is now erased from the one, and expunged from the other; that the
+impious doctrine so long contended for, that the law of force was
+justifiable under certain circumstances, is now banished from the
+deliberations of our senate; and man, whatever his country, whatever
+his colour, is restored to his moral rights. Let us rejoice that we
+have not only been the advocates of the oppressed&mdash;have triumphed
+by perseverance and constancy over the oppressor; but that England has
+become the favoured and glorious instrument of a God of mercy, to make
+his light to shine upon those who sat in darkness and the shadow of
+death. May every nation, feeling the blessing of that light,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb175" href="#pb175" name=
+"pb175">175</a>]</span>which is upheld by that mercy, follow the
+example of our favoured isle! May the rich stream of mercy flow, and
+diffuse throughout far-distant lands its fertilizing influences! May
+the spirit of a Wilberforce and a Clarkson, inspire the breasts of the
+powerful; and may the gratitude and the intelligence of Samboe, glow in
+the heart, and animate the conduct of every <span class=
+"sc">African</span>!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
+"xd20e1607" href="#xd20e1607src" name="xd20e1607">1</a></span> See
+Discourse of the Bishop of London, before the Society for the
+Propagation of the Gospel, October 1817.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="back">
+<div id="notes" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h2 class="main">Notes, From authenticated and official Documents.</h2>
+<div class="div2" id="note.a"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">Note A.</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">The arrival of a slave-ship in any of the rivers, is
+the signal of civil war and disorder; the hamlets are burned, and the
+miserable survivors are carried off, and sold to the slave-factors.</p>
+<p>In the countries contiguous to Senegal, when slave-ships arrive,
+armed parties are sent out to scour the country, and bring in captives
+to the factors. The wretched beings are to be found in the morning,
+bound back to back in the huts; whence they are conveyed, tied hand and
+foot, to the slave-ships. These ships set sail in the night, that the
+wretched captives may not know the moment when they quit for ever their
+native shore, and all the tender ties that endear it.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.b"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">Note B.</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first"><i>Coosh-coosh</i> is corn beaten in a wooden mortar,
+and sifted to a coarse flour; it is then put in an earthen pot pierced
+like a colander, which is luted to the top of an earthen pot, in which
+is boiling water, and sometimes broth, exactly as our steamers are. The
+rising steam cures and hardens the flour; and when it is done
+sufficiently, the broth and cooked flour are mixed, and considered a
+delicious dish.</p>
+<p><i>Coliloo</i> resembles, and is eaten like spinach.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.c"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">Note C.</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Slave-factories are established in almost every native
+village. The kings of Dahomy and Whid&aacute;h are the most noted for
+the infamous trade in slaves. It is usual when the slave-ships lie in
+the rivers, for a number of canoes to go up the inland: these go in a
+fleet, with thirty or forty armed natives in each. Every canoe is also
+furnished with a four or six pounder fastened to her bow. Thus equipped
+they depart, and are usually absent from eight to fourteen days. It is
+said they go to fairs held on the banks of the rivers, and at which
+there is a regular show of slaves. On their return, they generally
+bring down from eight hundred to a thousand of these captives, for the
+ships. They lie at the bottom of the canoes, their arms and legs having
+been bound with ropes of the country. It has been disclosed, by
+undoubted evidence, that the crews of these canoes go up the rivers
+till they arrive to a certain distance of a village; they then conceal
+themselves under the bushes which hang over the water, until the shades
+of night, when they enter the village and seize the wretched
+inhabitants, men, women, and children, who have no time to escape.</p>
+<p>Nearly three hundred years have the European nations traded with
+Africa in human flesh, and encouraged in the negro countries, wars,
+rapine, desolation, and murder. The annual exportation of slaves from
+this quarter of the globe, has exceeded one hundred thousand; numbers
+of whom are driven down like sheep, perhaps a thousand miles from the
+coast, and are generally inhabitants of villages that have been
+surrounded in the night by armed force, and carried off bound in
+chains, and sold into perpetual bondage.</p>
+<p>A slave-merchant thus wrote to his factor: &ldquo;You will observe
+to make a present of five gallons of rum to the Suma, with the usual
+compliments on the Company&rsquo;s behalf; and to assure him, and other
+useful persons near you, of the Company&rsquo;s intentions to give very
+great encouragement to trade in those parts, more especially for
+slaves, dry goods, elephants&rsquo; teeth, wax, cotton, &amp;c. and the
+Company desire me to inform you, that they have settled your commission
+at five shillings a head, for every merchantable slave, and so in
+proportion for other articles, in the hope it will encourage you to
+dispose of their goods to the best advantage.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.d"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">Note D.</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">The following list of African articles, as exhibited
+to Mr. Pitt and the House of Lords, by Mr. Clarkson, will illustrate
+the ingenuity of the Africans, and the possibility of making its
+natural productions a branch of lucrative and legitimate commerce.
+These articles were contained in a box, formed of four divisions; the
+first of which was filled with specimens of woods, polished; amongst
+them, mahogany of five different sorts, tulip and satin-wood, cam and
+bar-wood, fustic, black and yellow ebony, palm-tree, mangrove,
+calabash, and date; and also seven species retaining their native
+names, <i>viz.</i> tumiah, sarnaim, and jimlali&eacute;, each of a
+beautiful yellow; acajou, a deep crimson; bask and quell&eacute; for
+cabinet work; and bentin, the wood of which is used for the native
+canoes. Various other woods, one of which was a fine purple; and from
+two others a strong yellow and deep orange, and also a flesh-colour,
+could be extracted. The second division included ivory; and four
+species of pepper, the long, the black, the Cayenne, and the
+Malaguetta: three species of gum, Senegal, copal, and ruber astringes;
+cinnamon, rice, tobacco, indigo, white and Nankin cotton, Guinea-corn,
+and millet<span class="corr" id="xd20e1745" title="Source: :">;</span>
+three species of beans, of which two were for food, and the other
+yielding an orange dye: two species of tamarinds, one for food, the
+other to give whiteness to the teeth: pulse, seeds, and fruits of
+various sorts; some of the latter of which, Dr. Sparrman had
+pronounced, from a trial made during his residence in Africa, to be
+peculiarly valuable as drugs.</p>
+<p>The third division contained an African loom, with a spindle and
+spun cotton round it; cloths of cotton of various kinds, made by the
+natives, some white, others dyed, and others, in which they had
+interwoven European silk; cloths and bags of grass, fancifully
+coloured; ornaments of the same material; ropes made from a species of
+aloes, and others, remarkably strong, from grass and straw; fine string
+made of the fibres of the roots of trees: soap of two kinds, one of
+which was formed from an earthy substance: pipe bowls made of a clay of
+a brown red, one beautifully ornamented with black devices, burnt in
+and highly glazed; another from Gal&aacute;m, made of an earth which
+was richly impregnated with little particles of gold. Trinkets made by
+the natives from their own gold; knives and daggers formed from bar
+iron; and various other articles, such as bags, dagger-sheaths,
+quivers, gris gris, all of leather, of native manufacture, dyed of
+various colours, and ingeniously sewed together. The fourth division
+contained the instruments of confinement used on board a slave-ship, to
+which were added those of punishment used in the colonies; such as iron
+collars, manacles, scourges, &amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.e"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">(Note E.)</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Raynal gives the following description of the mode
+frequently used in conducting the slaves from the interior:
+&ldquo;Slave-merchants collect themselves into companies, and forming a
+species of caravans, in the space of two or three hundred leagues, they
+conduct several files of thirty or forty slaves, all laden with water,
+corn, &amp;c. which are necessary to their subsistence in those barren
+deserts through which they pass.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The manner of securing them without much incommoding their
+march, is ingeniously contrived. A fork of wood, of from eight or nine
+feet long, is put round the neck of each slave. A pin of iron,
+rivetted, secures the fork on the back part, in such a manner that the
+head cannot disengage itself. The handle of the fork, the wood of which
+is very heavy, falls before, and so embarrasses the person who is tied
+to it, that, although he hath his arms and legs at liberty, he can
+neither walk nor lift up the fork. When they get ready for the march,
+they range the slaves in a line, and support and tie the extremity of
+each fork on the shoulder of the foremost slave, and proceed in this
+manner from one to another, till they come to the first, the extremity
+of whose fork is carried by the guide. Few restraints are imposed, that
+are not felt by those who impose them; accordingly, in order that these
+traders may enjoy the refreshment of sleep without uneasiness, they tie
+the arms of every slave to the tail of the fork which he carries. In
+this condition he can neither run away, nor make any attempt to recover
+his liberty. These precautions have been found indispensable; because,
+if the slave can but break his chains, he becomes free. The public
+faith which secures to the proprietor the possession of his slave, and
+which at all times delivers him up into his hands, is silent with
+regard to the slave and a trader.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Reader,&rdquo; continues the animated historian, &ldquo;while
+thou art perusing this horrid account, is not thy soul filled with the
+same indignation as I experience in writing it? Dost thou not, in
+imagination, rush with fury upon those infamous conductors? Dost thou
+not break those forks with which these unfortunates are confined? and
+dost thou not long to restore them to liberty?</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.f"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">(Note F.)</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">This instrument is also in general use in Congo, and
+is there called the <i>marimba</i>.</p>
+<p class="transcribernote">Notes G&ndash;P and possibly a part of note
+F are missing in the scanned pages from which this ebook was
+prepared.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.q"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">(Note Q.)</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">The profits of this nefarious trade are so large, that
+mercenary men will incur any risk. At present, says the Report, 1822,
+speaking of the French favouring the trade, the rate of insurance does
+not exceed fifteen or twenty per cent, while the gains of the trade are
+proved to amount to from two hundred to four hundred per cent. It
+appears, from papers found on board Le Succ&egrave;s, that two hundred
+and forty slaves, which she landed on the island of Bourbon, cost nine
+thousand nine hundred and forty-three dollars; and that the proceeds of
+the sale of these slaves amounted to twenty-nine thousand five hundred
+and sixty-four dollars. And there is also an account of an outfit of
+fifty-three thousand francs producing a net profit of one hundred and
+sixty-six thousand francs.</p>
+<p>These facts need no comment. But let not England be discouraged: she
+has stood alone in many a fearful struggle, when apparently sinking
+under the pressure of a hostile world. She has led the way in the work
+of mercy; let her pursue her path with unfaltering firmness, and
+fearlessly oppose those who dare to violate the solemn engagements they
+have formed with her.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.r"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">(Note R.)</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">Nothing can more forcibly prove the misery of the
+slaves, than the fact that funerals, which in Africa are attended by
+lamentations and sorrow, are in the West Indies celebrated with
+expressions of joy.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="note.s"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divHead">
+<h3 class="main">(Note S.)</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first">This relation is derived from a letter of Mr. Arfelius
+who was an eye-witness, and a great sufferer from this treacherous
+attack upon the colony. See &ldquo;<i>Rees&rsquo;s
+Encyclopedia</i>,&rdquo; article, <i>Sierra Leone</i>.</p>
+<p class="trailer xd20e1798">THE END.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
+"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
+<div class="divBody">
+<p class="first xd20e163">Harvey, Darton, and Co. Printers,
+Gracechurch-Street, London.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1" id="toc">
+<h2 class="main">Table of Contents</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#advertisment">Advertisement.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e200">v</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch1">Chapter I.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e271">1</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch2">Chapter II.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e417">18</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch3">Chapter III.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e577">35</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch4">Chapter IV.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e689">53</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch5">Chapter V.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e809">66</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch6">Chapter VI.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e906">76</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch7">Chapter VII.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e979">82</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch8">Chapter VIII.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1092">94</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch9">Chapter IX.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1218">110</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch10">Chapter X.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
+"tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1358">130</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch11">Chapter XI.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1472">141</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#ch12">Chapter XII.</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<span class="tocPagenum"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1573">157</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#notes">Notes, From authenticated and official
+Documents.</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#note.a">Note A.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.b">Note B.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.c">Note C.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.d">Note D.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.e">(Note E.)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.f">(Note F.)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.q">(Note Q.)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.r">(Note R.)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#note.s">(Note S.)</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="transcribernote">
+<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2>
+<h3 class="main">Availability</h3>
+<p class="first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no
+cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give
+it away or re-use it under the terms of the <a class="exlink" title=
+"External link" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" rel=
+"license">Project Gutenberg License</a> included with this eBook or
+online at <a class="exlink" title="External link" href=
+"http://www.gutenberg.org/" rel="home">www.gutenberg.org</a>.</p>
+<p>This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at <a class="exlink" title="External link" href=
+"http://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>.</p>
+<p>Prepared from scans made available by the Google print project.
+(Copy <a class="exlink" title="External link" href=
+"http://books.google.com/books?id=ZpQDAAAAQAAJ">1</a>.) Note that the
+<a class="exlink" title="External link" href=
+"http://www.archive.org/details/samboeorafrican00hedggoog">copy</a> at
+the Internet archive lacks pages 174&ndash;175.</p>
+<p>Notes G&ndash;P are missing in the scan-set used to prepare this
+ebook edition.</p>
+<p>The second &ldquo;Chapter VI&rdquo; has been renumbered
+&ldquo;Chapter VII&rdquo;, and all following chapters have been
+renumbered accordingly.</p>
+<p>Related Open Library catalog page: <a class="catlink" href=
+"http://openlibrary.org/b/OL13783787M">OL13783787M</a>.</p>
+<p>Related WorldCat catalog page: <a class="catlink" href=
+"http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/77783305">77783305</a>.</p>
+<h3 class="main">Encoding</h3>
+<p class="first"></p>
+<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3>
+<ul>
+<li>2011-08-28 Started.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 class="main">External References</h3>
+<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These
+links may not work for you.</p>
+<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3>
+<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p>
+<table width="75%" summary=
+"Overview of corrections applied to the text.">
+<tr>
+<th>Page</th>
+<th>Source</th>
+<th>Correction</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e394">15</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">eat</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">ate</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e405">17</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">situate</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">situated</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e548">33</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e602">35</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Insiduous</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Insidious</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e767">61</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e770">61</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&rdquo;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e804">65</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Christain</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Christian</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e981">82</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">VI</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">VII</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1020">86</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">,</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1094">94</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">VII</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">VIII</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1172">108</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">it</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">its</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1220">110</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">VIII</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">IX</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1300">120</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1360">130</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">IX</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">X</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1474">141</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">X</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">XI</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1533">150</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1575">157</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">XI</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">XII.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1616">162</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">determition</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">determination</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1675">171</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">&lsquo;</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href=
+"#xd20e1745">N.A.</a></td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">:</td>
+<td class="width40" valign="bottom">;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Samboe; or, The African Boy, by Mary Ann Hedge
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAMBOE; OR, THE AFRICAN BOY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 37296-h.htm or 37296-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/2/9/37296/
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+</body>
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diff --git a/old/2011-09-02-37296.txt b/old/2011-09-02-37296.txt
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Samboe; or, The African Boy, by Mary Ann Hedge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Samboe; or, The African Boy
+
+Author: Mary Ann Hedge
+
+Release Date: September 2, 2011 [EBook #37296]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAMBOE; OR, THE AFRICAN BOY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
+Gutenberg (This book was produced from scanned images of
+public domain material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                SAMBOE;
+                                  OR,
+                            THE AFRICAN BOY.
+
+
+                            BY THE AUTHOR OF
+                   "Twilight Hours Improved," &c. &c.
+
+
+
+                And man, where Freedom's beams and fountains rise,
+                Springs from the dust, and blossoms to the skies.
+                Dead to the joys of light and life, the slave
+                Clings to the clod; his root is in the grave.
+                Bondage is winter, darkness, death, despair;
+                Freedom the sun, the sea, the mountain, and the air!
+
+                                                             Montgomery.
+
+
+
+                                London:
+                     PRINTED FOR HARVEY AND DARTON,
+                          GRACECHURCH-STREET.
+
+                                 1823.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                   TO
+                       WILLIAM WILBERFORCE, Esq.
+                                 M. P.
+
+                           THIS SMALL VOLUME,
+           DIFFIDENTLY AIMING TO SERVE THE CAUSE OF HUMANITY
+                                  IS,
+                         BY HIS KIND PERMISSION
+                  TO GIVE IT THE SANCTION OF HIS NAME,
+                           HUMBLY DEDICATED;
+              WITH EVERY SENTIMENT OF UNFEIGNED VENERATION
+                          AND RESPECT FOR HIS
+                 EXALTED PATRIOTIC AND PRIVATE VIRTUES,
+
+                      And grateful acknowledgment
+              OF HIS CONDESCENSION, IN HONOURING WITH HIS
+                    ATTENTION THE HUMBLE EFFORTS OF
+
+                              THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+
+It has been justly remarked, "that all who read may become
+enlightened;" for readers, insensibly imbibing the sentiments of
+others, and having their own latent sensibilities called forth,
+contract, progressively, virtuous inclinations and habits; and thereby
+become fitted to unite with their fellow-beings, in the removal or
+amelioration of any of the evils of life. With a full conviction
+of this, I have attempted, and now offer to my young readers, the
+present little work. To the rising generation, I am told, the great
+question of the slave-trade is little known; the abolition of it, by
+our legislature, having taken place either before many of them existed,
+or at too early a period of their lives to excite any interest. Present
+circumstances, however, in reference to the subject, ensure for it
+an intense interest, in every heart feeling the blessing of freedom
+and all the sweet charities of home; blessings which it is our care
+to dispose the youthful heart duly to appreciate, and hence to feel
+for those, deprived, by violence and crime, of these high privileges
+of man.
+
+It is true, England has achieved the triumph of humanity, in effacing
+from her Christian character so dark a stain as a traffic in human
+beings; a commerce, "the history of which is written throughout in
+characters of blood." Yet there are but too strong evidences that
+it is yet pursued to great and fearful extent by other nations,
+notwithstanding the solemn obligations they have entered into to
+suppress it; obligations "imposed on every Christian state, no less by
+the religion it professes, than by a regard to its national honour;"
+and notwithstanding it has been branded with infamy, at a solemn
+congress of the great Christian powers, as a crime of the deepest
+dye. Of this there has long been most abundant melancholy proof; yet,
+under its present contraband character, it has been attended by, if
+possible, unprecedented enormities and misery, as well as involving
+the base and cruel agents of it in the further crime of deliberate
+perjury, in order to conceal their nefarious employment.
+
+Surely, then, no age can scarcely be too immature, in which to sow the
+seeds of abhorrence in the young breast, against this blood-stained,
+demoralizing commerce! Surely, no means, however trivial, should
+be neglected, to arouse the spirit of youth against it! It would be
+tedious, and, indeed, inconsistent with the brevity of this little
+work, to name the number of the great and the good who have protested
+against, and sacrificed their time and their treasure to abolish
+it. Suffice it to say, that an apparently trifling incident first
+aroused the virtuous energies of the ardent, persevering Clarkson, in
+the great cause;--that a view of the produce of Africa, and proofs of
+the ingenuity of Africans, kindled the fire of enthusiasm in the noble
+and comprehensive mind of a Pitt. Nor did the flame quiver or become
+dim while he was the pilot of the state, though he was not decreed to
+see the success of perseverance in the cause of justice and humanity.
+
+Let me, therefore, be acquitted of presumption, when I express a hope,
+that, trifling as is the present work, yet, as the leading events
+it records are not the creations of fancy, but realities that have
+passed; that they have not been collected for effect, or uselessly
+to awaken the feelings; but having been actually presented in the
+pursuit of a disgraceful and cruel commerce, are now offered to the
+view of my young readers, in order to confirm the great truths, that
+cruelty and oppression encouraged, soon brutalize the nature of man;
+divesting him of every distinguishing trait which unites him with
+superior intelligences, and sinking him in the scale of being far
+below the ravening wolf and insatiate tiger; and that the slave-trade,
+more especially, never fails effectually to destroy all the sympathies
+of humanity, and so far to barbarize those who are concerned in it,
+as assuredly to cause civilized man to resume the ferocity of the
+savage whom he presumes to despise.
+
+
+                                                             The Author.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+            "Offspring of love divine, Humanity!
+
+            ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
+
+            Come thou, and weep with me substantial ills,
+            And execrate the wrongs that Afric's sons,
+            Torn from their native shore, and doom'd to bear
+            The yoke of servitude in foreign climes,
+            Sustain. Nor vainly let our sorrows flow,
+            Nor let the strong emotion rise in vain.
+            But may the kind contagion widely spread,
+            Till, in its flame, the unrelenting heart
+            Of avarice melt in softest sympathy,
+            And one bright ray of universal love,
+            Of grateful incense, rises up to heaven!"
+
+
+                                      Roscoe's Wrongs of Africa.
+
+
+            "E'en from my pen some heartfelt truths may fall;
+            For outrag'd nature claims the care of all."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+SAMBOE; OR, THE AFRICAN BOY.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+                                  "Slaves of gold! whose sordid dealings
+                                    Tarnish all your boasted powers,
+                                  Prove that ye have human feelings,
+                                    Ere ye proudly question ours."
+
+
+"Encourage the chiefs to go to war, that they may obtain slaves; for
+as on many accounts we require a large number, we desire you to exert
+yourself, and not stand out for a price." Such was the direction,
+and such the order, of the slave-merchants at Cape Coast Castle,
+to one of their factors in the interior, for the collection and
+purchase of slaves; who, dreadful as was his occupation, yet at all
+times faithfully endeavoured to obey the orders of his employers.
+
+This person had, by studying the character, peculiarities, prejudices,
+and language of the natives, obtained a great influence over the chiefs
+of a country, peculiarly blessed by Providence, with all that can
+enchant the eye, or gratify the wants of man. It is a well-known, but
+melancholy truth, that, by the introduction of spirituous liquors, and
+other desirable articles to an uncivilized people, the Europeans have
+greatly augmented and cherished the dreadful traffic in human beings:
+the African kings and chiefs being induced, by these temptations,
+to barter their subjects and captives, for commodities they estimate
+so highly; frequently even fomenting quarrels, and making war with
+each other, at the instigation of the slave-factors, for the sole
+purpose of obtaining captives, in order to exchange them for European
+articles, with which the factors, who visit their country for the
+dreadful purpose, are well furnished; to tempt the appetites, and
+provoke the wild passions, of the wretched beings they intend to make
+the instruments of their inhuman thirst of gain. (Note A.)
+
+
+                            "The natural bond
+        Of brotherhood is sever'd as the flax
+        That falls asunder at the touch of fire--
+                            And having pow'r
+        T' enforce the wrong, for such a worthy cause,
+        Dooms and devotes him as his lawful prey."
+
+
+Mr. Irving, the factor whom we have named as having received the
+peremptory and unlimited order from the merchants of Cape Coast
+Castle, had won their confidence, by the remarkable success which had
+attended his negociations with the king and principal grandees of
+Whidah, in which delightful part of Africa he had resided for some
+years. Nothing, perhaps, more strongly proves the indurating power
+of the love of gain upon the heart, and the baneful influence of the
+habitual view of oppression on the better feelings of the soul, than
+the change which generally takes place in the characters of the young
+men whose official duty places them in situations like that filled by
+Mr. Irving. It has, indeed, been most justly and impressively observed,
+that it is impossible for any one to be accustomed to carry away
+miserable beings, by force, from their country and endearing ties,
+to keep them in chains, to see their tears, to hear their mournful
+lamentations, to behold the dead and the dying mingled together, to
+keep up a system of severity towards them in their deep affliction,
+to be constant witnesses of the misery of exile, bondage, cruelty,
+and oppression, which, together, form the malignant character of this
+nefarious traffic, without losing all those better feelings it should
+be the study of man to cherish; or without contracting those habits
+of moroseness and ferocity which brutalize the nature.
+
+Irving, like many other youths, had been induced by an ardent
+curiosity, and an enterprising spirit, to engage as a writer to
+the Royal African Company [1], at a time when the traffic in slaves
+was legally pursued, as one source of riches to a great commercial
+nation. Yet it may with candour be presumed, that he, and many a
+youth entering upon the same path, with the same laudable impulses,
+had they anticipated the peril to which they exposed their humane
+principles, by engaging themselves in a trade so repugnant to nature,
+religion, and justice, would rather have undergone personal hazard and
+difficulty in their native land, so that they might have fostered that
+divine principle, which is the noble and distinguishing characteristic
+of man--of free-born man.
+
+That Irving possessed a native humanity and right feeling, would
+appear from his letters to his friends in England, written on his
+arrival in Africa; and as he describes the country as it first met
+his admiring and youthful eye, it may be not unamusing to my young
+readers, to extract a few passages from his letters to his sister,
+before we pursue the detail of subsequent events, in which he was
+an actor. "Well, my dear Sophy," he observes, "are you reconciled
+to your brother becoming a dealer in slaves? I assure you I have had
+some compunctious visitings of conscience upon the subject during the
+voyage; the calmness and monotony of which, gave me ample opportunity
+of reflecting upon the kind-hearted arguments of my good little sister,
+against a commerce, which, I believe she says true when she asserts,
+'is founded in injustice and crime, and a compound of all that is
+wicked and cruel.' But, Sophy, what will you call your wild brother,
+when I tell you, that the first glance I had of this enchanting
+country, put you, your arguments, the unhappy and abused natives,
+from my mind, in an instant; and I could only bless my stars that I
+was to become an inhabitant of a region which seemed to offer so many
+delights--so many interesting studies for my pencil. I can anticipate
+all you would say upon this subject, as to the cruelty of tearing
+the miserable natives from scenes which 'breathe of Paradise,' so
+as to have raised the enthusiasm of even the thoughtless heart of
+Charles Irving. But I have no time for argument, Sophy, scarcely
+that for brief description. Imagine then, my dear sister, the most
+boundless luxuriancy of landscape, continually clothed with all the
+beauties and riches of spring, summer, and harvest; lofty mountains
+covered with wood, chiefly fruit-trees; fine streams, romantic
+and fertile valleys. Such is the general appearance: the scenery
+in detail surpasses description. This charming country seems to be
+remarkably populous. The kingdom of Whidah, in which is situated the
+factory to which I am at present appointed, is (as you will find on
+consulting your map) on the western side of Africa, commonly called
+the slave-coast. This kingdom we should rather call a county, as
+it extends only about ten miles along the coast, and about seven
+miles inland. Yet, although of so small an extent, it is divided
+into twenty-six divisions, or provinces. The villages are numerous,
+and thickly inhabited. The houses or huts of the natives are small;
+conical at the top, and thatched either with long grass, or the
+palmetto leaves. The interior is very clean; but from the fish and
+other articles of food kept in them, you may readily imagine the
+effluvia is not very pleasant to European nicety.
+
+The furniture of these dwellings is not very costly, seldom amounting
+to more than a chest to contain their light and simple articles of
+clothing; a mat to repose upon, raised a little from the floor; a jar
+to contain water, and calabashes of various sizes; two or three wooden
+mortars to pound corn and rice, and a basket or sieve to prepare it
+when done. The villages formed of these huts are generally built in
+a circle, surrounded by a clay wall, scattered over the country in
+the midst of beautiful groves clear of brushwood, and have a most
+picturesque and beautiful effect to a stranger's eye. The fields are
+always verdant, and nature puts forth her beauties with inexhaustible
+profusion; perpetual spring and autumn succeeding each other. The
+Company's factory here, is most pleasantly situated in the midst of
+gardens, which amply supply it, and the fort, (called Fort William,)
+consisting of four batteries, mounting seventeen guns. In these gardens
+is an abundant supply of beans, potatoes, every other edible root
+known in Europe, and a great variety of delicious fruits peculiar to
+the climate. Amongst the most beautiful and useful vegetable riches of
+Africa, may be reckoned the plantain and banana trees. The latter bears
+a fruit six or seven inches in length, covered with a yellow skin,
+very tender when ripe. The pulp of it is as soft as a marmalade, and
+of a most pleasant taste. It grows on a stalk about six yards high,
+the leaves being nearly two yards long, and a foot wide. One stalk
+only bears a single cluster of the fruit, which sometimes consists
+of forty or fifty bananas; and when the cluster is gathered, the
+stalk is cut off, or it would bear no more fruit. The plantain is not
+unlike the banana, but somewhat longer, although the flavour greatly
+resembles it. The leaves, and every part of the tree, are converted
+into a variety of useful articles. There are also guavas, a fruit very
+like our peach, except that the external coat is rougher; and it has
+small kernels like the apple, instead of a stone. Cocoas, oranges,
+lemons, citrons, and limes, abound, and, as you may readily suppose,
+are in great request amongst us, as well as beautiful additions to
+the luxuriant vegetable riches of the country."
+
+In a subsequent letter he again writes: "I was much pleased this
+morning to see the natives extracting what we call the wine from the
+palm tree, which is beautifully straight and lofty, growing sometimes
+to a prodigious height.
+
+"They make an incision in the trunk, near the summit of the tree, to
+which they apply, in succession, gourd bottles, conducting the liquor
+into them by means of a pipe formed of the leaves. This wine is very
+pleasant when fresh drawn, but is apt to disagree with Europeans in
+that state. After fermentation, however, it becomes like Rhenish wine,
+and is extremely good, without being prejudicial. You would be alarmed,
+Sophy, to see how rapidly and nimbly the natives mount these lofty
+trees, which are sometimes sixty, seventy, and even a hundred feet in
+height, and the bark smooth. The only aid they have is a piece of the
+bark of a tree, which they form into a hoop by holding the two ends,
+having enclosed themselves and the trunk of the tree. They then place
+their feet against the tree, and their backs against the hoop, and
+mount as quick as thought. It sometimes occurs that they miss their
+footing, the consequence of course is, that they are precipitated
+with tremendous force to the ground, and dashed to pieces.
+
+"There is another tree called the ciboa, very much like the palm,
+and applied to the same purposes: the wine of this is not quite so
+sweet as that of the palm.
+
+In another letter he further observes: "I think you will be pleased to
+hear in what manner I pass my time here, my dear Sophy, while you are
+perhaps talking of me in the dear domestic circle; I will therefore
+give you the journal of a day, which, with little variation, is the
+general mode of my living.
+
+"I rise by day-break, in order to enjoy the refreshing coolness of
+the morning, and generally ride or walk into the country, through
+the delightful woods and savannahs.
+
+"On my return, I breakfast on never-tiring tea, or, for want of it, a
+sort of tea growing in the woods, called simbong. Upon any deficiency
+of sugar, I use honey, as it is at all times easily procured; except,
+perhaps, when the natives are making their honey wine, of which they
+are immoderately fond. Sometimes I take milk, with cakes of rice or
+flour; or Guinea-corn, baked in a very useful article in my kitchen;
+viz. a large iron pot. The milk will not boil without turning to
+whey, which I ascribe to the nature of the grass upon which the cows
+feed. My dinner is frequently beef, either fresh or salted, in which
+latter state it will keep six or seven days. This I either boil and eat
+with coosh-coosh, (Note B.) a favourite dish with the natives, or with
+pumpkins and coliloo, like spinach, both of which are plentiful. Fowls
+are so cheap and common, that they may always be purchased for a few
+charges of gunpowder; and when I wish for either fish or game, I send
+a fisher or hunter, allowed by the factory, to supply me; and they
+never fail to bring me ample store of the finest sorts of the former;
+and of the latter, deer, ducks, partridges, wild geese, and what are
+here called crown birds, all which abound in their different seasons.
+
+"The afternoon is the usual time of trade; but sometimes it is
+protracted during the whole of several days, and being my proper
+business, I make a point of never neglecting it (Note C.) If concluded
+early, I sometimes take a trip to some of the neighbouring villages,
+and return home to supper, amusing myself, as I am now doing, with
+writing or reading, and occasionally visiting two or three friends. In
+these visits, the refreshment is generally palm and honey wine, or a
+fruit called cola, which very agreeably relishes water. I frequently,
+also, form one of a party in shooting doves and partridges. I have
+indeed no want of society, generally having even more company than I
+desire. These visitors are traders, and messengers from the great men
+in this and the adjacent kingdom, who frequently send me presents of
+pieces of cloths, cows, spices, and even a slave. These presents I
+would gladly decline, as I well know they are given with a view of
+obtaining more valuable returns, or to bribe me to some measure in
+which my interest or aid is required; but I am obliged to accept what
+they offer, because the interest of the Company renders it necessary
+to conciliate the natives, who may forward the trade. But to return
+to my accommodation: perhaps you think I repose on the 'verdant mead,
+under the spreading palm.' No such thing, my dear Sophy: my bed-room
+is large and airy, and during the rainy season glows with the cheering
+blaze of a fire. My bedstead is raised by forkillas; at the head and
+feet are cross poles, upon which is placed a platform of split cane. My
+bed itself is composed of silk-cotton, a sort of vegetable down,
+extremely soft, and very plentiful here; and to complete my bedstead,
+I have erected light posts at the corners, to support a pavilion
+of thin cloth, as a defence against the musquitoes. Independently
+of the linen I brought from England, I have some presented to me,
+by a negro king and his sister: (what think you of that, Sophy?) it
+consists of fine cotton cloths, six yards long and three wide: these
+I use for sheets. Thus, you find, I have all my comforts around me,
+even on the burning shores of Africa, to which you were so unwilling
+I should direct my way.
+
+"I cannot close my letter without telling you of the pleasure I enjoyed
+in my excursion this morning, with a friend who is my colleague in
+office, and with whom I am indeed so intimate, that we have acquired
+the designation of 'the inseparables.' We set out just as the day
+was dawning, and had penetrated nearly five miles into the country,
+ere the sun bore any oppressive power; and taking our fowling pieces
+with us, we shot a few birds for sport, as we proceeded through a
+country rich beyond your imagination to conceive. We rested ourselves
+at the foot of a rock, and ate a hearty breakfast of fruit, washing
+it down with palm wine, with which we were provided, and milk from
+the cocoa-nuts we gathered. We then continued to explore scenes which
+seemed to realize the picture imagination forms of Paradise. Coming
+to a beautiful expanse of water, we again seated ourselves, to enjoy
+a second meal, as well as the beauty and the heavenly repose, adorning
+and pervading these vast solitudes.
+
+"The tinkling of several little rills, and the sound of several larger
+cascades that fell from the rocks, only broke the stillness of the
+spot, in every other respect profound; and altogether diffused a
+tranquillity over the soul, the influence of which I still feel, but
+am unable to define. The orange and lime trees adorning the spot,
+bending under the weight of their delicious fruit, and diffusing
+around their fragrant odour; a number of other beautiful shrubs and
+trees intermingling their various tints of foliage, and tempting
+the hand to gather their rich fruit; combined with the cataracts,
+the surrounding hills, covered with the noblest trees and liveliest
+verdure, and in their various angles and projections, exhibiting
+the bold and free strokes of nature; altogether composed what might,
+without exaggeration, be called a terrestrial Paradise, the effect of
+which cannot be imagined, unless it were seen. You may be sure that it
+was not without regret we quitted this delightful spot, which raised
+our curiosity and desire, to the highest degree, further to explore the
+country. Nor (shall I confess it, Sophy?) could we forbear remarking,
+that if the attention of our country was directed to the civilization,
+and the improving the natural resources of such a country, instead
+of robbing and devastating it, it would be far more honourable to us
+as Britains, and as men, enjoying all the privileges of that envied
+title. But I think I hear you say: 'You tell me much of yourself,
+and of the face of the country you have chosen for a residence, but
+you tell me little of the inhabitants of this favoured region.' This
+I must reserve for another packet, my dear sister, as also an account
+of my visit to Sabi [2]. In the mean time I will assure you, that I
+have no regrets in having quitted for a while my country, except my
+separation from you and my family, every member of which must ever
+be dear, to their affectionate
+
+
+                                                       "Charles Irving."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+                            "What's all that Afric's golden rivers roll,
+                            Her odorous woods, and shining ivory stores?
+                            Ill-fated race! the softening arts of peace,
+                            And all-protecting freedom, which alone
+                            Sustains the name and dignity of man:
+                            These are not theirs!"
+
+
+Presuming that our young readers are not uninterested in the
+accounts of Charles Irving, we shall make a few more extracts
+from his correspondence. "You tell me," he observes in reply to
+the expressed wishes of his sister, "you tell me, my dear Sophy,
+to give you some information respecting the inhabitants of Whidah. I
+am myself unable to speak very decisively, but I am assured by those
+who have visited other parts of Africa, that those of Whidah exceed
+the other negroes in civilization, and they certainly appear to me,
+both industrious and ingenious. The women, I can assure you, are very
+important personages, truly help-meets to their lords. They brew the
+beer, dress the food, sell all sorts of articles, (except slaves!) at
+the markets; they are also, I am sorry to add, employed in tilling
+the land with the slaves. But, Sophy, this may be accounted for:
+the light of Christianity has not yet beamed upon this land. Its
+humanizing spirit we have, you know, often remarked, as peculiarly
+favourable to the weaker sex; and were Africa free, and blessed
+with the genial ray of true religion, doubtless her women would
+acquire that consideration which is their due, and be regarded as
+what they ought to be, as the companions and solace, not the slaves
+of man. In reference to their ingenuity, I have many specimens. They
+spin cotton yarn, weave fine cotton cloth, make calabashes, wooden
+vessels, plates, dishes, &c. I have now lying before me, a present
+from a great man, a pipe for smoking, which is remarkably neat. It
+is formed of clay of a reddish hue, the stem a reed about six feet
+in length. It is beautifully and finely polished, perfectly smooth,
+white, and even elegant. The bowl and stem are fastened together with
+a piece of delicate red leather. It has also a fine leather tassel,
+attached to about the middle of the stem; and so neat is the work,
+that although the end of the reed goes into the bowl of the pipe, it
+appears as if formed of one piece. They clean the reed, when filled
+up with the smoke, by drawing long straws through it, and the bowls,
+by scraping them with a small sharp instrument.
+
+"Last week we had quite a gala day, one of the country chiefs paying
+a visit to the governor at the fort. He was saluted with five guns
+on his landing: I was much pleased that my duty obliged me to go to
+the fort at the time.
+
+"The ostensible motive of his visit, was respect to the governor; but
+the real one, to solicit powder and ball, in order to defend himself
+against the attacks of a neighbouring chief. He assumes the title of
+emperor, and is a fine model of negro beauty, young, extremely black,
+tall, and free in his carriage, with teeth which rivalled pearls in
+beauty. His dress consisted of short yellow cotton trowsers, reaching
+only to the knees; and a sort of mantle of the same material, flowing
+full like a surplice. His feet and legs were naked; but he wore a
+very large cap, with a white goat's tail fastened in it: I suppose,
+the insignia of his dignity.
+
+"All the officers of the fort were in full uniform, waiting to receive
+this chieftain; and, I assure you, it was a very gratifying sight to
+observe the expecting numbers ready to welcome him.
+
+"He and his retinue came in a large and splendid canoe, containing
+about sixteen persons, all armed with guns and sabres, with a number of
+drums, upon which they beat with one stick. Two or three women were of
+the party, and danced to the sound of the drums. They remained at the
+fort all night, highly pleased with the visit, and the success of it;
+not only receiving what they solicited, but an ample present of rum,
+beads, bugles, and looking-glasses, from the governor, by which he
+quite won the hearts of the emperor and his suite.
+
+"The natives are, indeed, generally good-natured and obliging,
+particularly to Europeans; and if the latter are liberal in presents,
+they seldom find the obligation forgotten. If a favour is asked of
+them, they will use their utmost efforts to comply, even to their own
+prejudice. Gentle measures are, indeed, the only means to succeed with
+them: they then seem to have pleasure in compliance; but if treated
+with violence, they are obstinate and refractory, and they will take as
+much pains to injure, as, in the other case, to serve. This, you will
+say, sufficiently proves their native generosity of disposition. Can
+such a people require any thing but freedom, and a pure faith, to
+render them equal to the European, who despises them, and denies
+that they possess a capability of enjoying freedom? I grant this,
+my dear advocate; and, did time allow me, could relate many instances
+to prove that your opinion is just.
+
+"In my last, I mentioned the employment of the women partly consisted
+in weaving fine cotton cloths. We frequently barter these with our
+commodities. The pieces are generally twenty-seven yards long,
+but never more than nine inches wide. They cut them what length
+they require, and sew them together very neatly, to serve the use
+of broader cloths. The cotton is cleared from the seed by hand,
+and is spun with a spindle and distaff: it is afterwards woven in
+a loom of very simple and coarse workmanship. These cloths are made
+up into pairs, one about three yards long, and one and a half broad;
+with this the shoulders and body are covered. The other is almost of
+the same breadth, and but two yards long: this is gathered neatly in
+folds round the waist, and falls loosely over the limbs. Such a pair of
+cloths is the dress of men and women, with a slight variation in the
+mode of adjustment. I have seen a pair of such cloths, so beautifully
+fine in texture, and so brightly dyed, as to be very valuable. Their
+usual colours are either blue or yellow, some very lively: I do not
+remember, however, ever to have seen any red. (Note D.)
+
+"I shall conclude this letter by an account of my visit to Sabi, as I
+promised you. With European ideas of the state of society and commerce
+in Africa, I confess, the surprise I experienced was very great, on
+my entrance into the market of this capital of Whidah, which is kept
+twice in a week. Great regulation is observed in the keeping of these
+markets, a distinct and proper place being assigned for every different
+commodity; and the confluence of people, although great, are preserved
+from disorder and confusion, by a judge or magistrate, appointed by
+the king; and who, with four assistants, well armed, inspects the
+markets, hears all complaints, and, in a summary way, decides all
+differences among the buyers and sellers, having power to seize, and
+sell as slaves, all who violate the peace. Besides this magistrate,
+there is another, whose peculiar office it is to inspect the money,
+which is called toqua, consisting of strings of shells, to the number
+of forty; and if one of these strings happens to be deficient in a
+single shell, the whole are forfeited to the king. Round the markets
+are erected booths, which are occupied by cooks or suttlers, who sell
+provisions ready dressed, as beef, pork, goats'-flesh; and others,
+in which may be obtained rice, millet, marre, and bread; and others
+where they sell spirituous liquors, palm and ciboa wine, and pito,
+which is a sort of beer. The chief commodities on sale, are slaves,
+cattle, and fowls of every kind, monkeys and other animals; various
+sorts of European cloth, linen, and woollen; printed calicoes, silk,
+grocery, and china; gold in dust and bars, iron in bars or wrought.
+
+"The country manufactures are Whidah cloths, mats, baskets, jars,
+calabashes of various sorts, wooden bowls and cups, red and blue
+pepper, salt, palm-oil, &c. All these commodities, except slaves, are
+sold by the women, who are excellent accountants, and set off their
+goods most judiciously. The men are also good accountants, reckoning
+every thing by the head; and are as exact as the Europeans are with
+pen and ink, although the sums are often so many and so considerable,
+as to render it very intricate.
+
+"The slaves are paid for in gold-dust, but other payments are made
+in strings of cowries, which, as I have said, contain forty in a
+string. Five of the strings make what the natives call a fore; and
+fifty fores make an alkove, which generally weighs about sixty pounds.
+
+The various commodities of these markets, and the order and regularity
+with which they are disposed, would be a peculiarly pleasing sight to a
+stranger, were not human beings included in the articles of commerce;
+but, to behold a number of men, women, and children, linked together,
+and ranged like beasts to view, is a sight truly shocking to behold;
+and I will acknowledge, Sophy, I felt a sickness come over my heart,
+and a glow of shame suffuse my forehead, as I contemplated upwards of
+sixty individuals, whom a few short hours, perhaps, might separate, for
+ever, from their kindred and their country. There is, however, little
+chance that it will now ever be otherwise; for the worst passions
+of men are engaged, and the despotism of the African kings gives
+them ample opportunity to gratify their cupidity and intemperance,
+by the barter of their unhappy subjects [3]. The revenues of the king
+of Whidah are very considerable; for he not only has large landed
+possessions, but he receives a duty on all commodities sold in the
+markets, or imported into the country. His lands furnish him with
+provisions for his numerous household, as well as for exportation;
+great quantities being annually sold to the neighbouring nations,
+less bountifully supplied by nature. The revenues arising from the
+slave-trade are very considerable, and induce him to favour it,
+by the strongest principle in the soul of man, selfishness; for he
+receives three rix dollars for every slave sold in his dominions. Every
+European vessel also pays him a pecuniary duty, exclusive of presents,
+which they make to conciliate his favour, and to secure his protection
+in trading.
+
+Some years, slaves to the number of two thousand are brought from
+the interior, by the native merchants, most of whom, they say, are
+prisoners of war. These merchants purchase them from the different
+princes, who have made captives of them. Their mode of travelling is
+by tying them by the neck with leather thongs, at about a yard distant
+from each other, thirty and forty in a string; having generally a
+large truss or bundle of corn, or an elephant's tooth, upon the head
+of each or many of them. In their way from the mountains, far in the
+interior, they have to travel through vast woods, where, for several
+days, perhaps, no water is to be procured. To obviate this distressing
+scarcity, they carry water in skins. There are a great number of these
+merchants, who, furnishing themselves with European goods from the
+slave-factors, penetrate the inland countries, and with them purchase,
+in their route, gold, slaves, and elephants' teeth. (Note E.)
+
+"They use asses as well as slaves to convey their goods, but no camels
+nor horses. Besides the slaves brought down to the factories by these
+merchants, many others are bought in the vicinity. These are either
+taken in war, as the former, or are men condemned for crimes; and,
+not unfrequently, they are stolen. These the Company never purchase,
+if able to ascertain the fact. It is worthy of remark, that, since the
+great demand for slaves, most punishments are changed into slavery;
+and there being an accruing advantage on such condemnations, they
+exaggerate faults scarcely more than venial, into crimes, in order
+to obtain the benefit of selling the criminal. Not only murder and
+the grosser crimes are punished in this manner, but every trifling
+misdemeanour renders the culprit obnoxious to the same dreadful
+penalty. It was not many days since that I had a man brought to me
+to be sold, for having stolen a tobacco pipe; and I had infinite
+trouble to persuade the aggrieved party to accept of a compensation,
+and to leave the man free.
+
+"From what I have seen of the people, they are well disposed and
+cheerful, excessively fond of dancing, keeping it up to the sound
+of a drum or a balafeu, for many hours, without any appearance
+of weariness. Their dances are sometimes pleasing and regular,
+but at others wild, and apparently confused. The instrument they
+call a balafeu is very pleasing, sounding something like an organ,
+when not too near. It is composed of about twenty pipes of very hard
+wood, finely polished: these pipes gradually diminish, both in size
+and length, and are tied together with thongs made of very fine
+thin leather. These thongs are twisted round small round wands,
+which are placed between each of the pipes, in order to leave a
+short space. Underneath the pipes are fastened twelve or fourteen
+calabashes, of different sizes, which have the same effect of sound
+as organ-pipes. This they play upon with two sticks, covered with a
+thin skin, taken from the trunk of the ciboa, or with fine leather,
+in order to soften the sound. (Note F.) Both sexes delight to dance to
+this instrument, and their pleasure seems to rise almost to ecstasy, if
+a white man will unite in the dance; which, you will readily suppose,
+I am never unwilling to do. The only indication of suspicion they show,
+is when asked to take any beverage with a white man, always requiring
+the liquor to be first tasted by the inviter.
+
+"Many of the natives have invited me to their habitations and dancing
+parties, and brought their wives and daughters to salute me. They,
+with great artlessness, generally sit down by me, and are never weary
+in admiring the different articles of my dress; making their comments
+one to another, with the most lively admiration and astonishment. Some,
+who had never seen a white man, ran away from me, apparently terrified
+at my monstrous appearance.
+
+"In their persons they are of a good height, well shaped, and
+extremely black; and, as an instance of the female subjection, I
+am told, that, when a man has been absent from home, even but for a
+short time, his wife salutes him upon her knees at his return, and,
+in the same attitude, offers him water and refreshments. Both sexes
+are exceedingly cleanly in their persons, washing themselves in pure
+water twice in the day, and using aromatic unguents. Their dress
+consists of the country cotton cloths I have named; the superior
+classes add a short garment, made of taffety, or other silk, and
+scarfs of the same material passed over the shoulder. They generally
+go with the head and feet uncovered, but occasionally wear sandals,
+and caps or bonnets. The superior females wear calico paans, or a
+sort of petticoat, which are very fine, and beautifully variegated
+with different colours: these are confined round the waist, and the
+upper part of the body is covered with a cloth, serving also as a veil.
+
+"They wear necklaces of coral, &c. agreeably disposed; and their arms,
+wrists, fingers, and legs, are encompassed and ornamented with rings
+of amber, silver, and even gold, to a considerable value. The inferior
+ranks wear copper or iron. The men suffer the hair to remain in its
+natural form, except buckling it in two or three places, in order
+to affix a coral ornament to it; but the women arrange theirs more
+artificially, with long and small buckles, or ornaments, the hair
+divided on the crown of the head, and the ornaments placed with great
+uniformity. They have a bad practice of using an oil, which injures
+the glossy blackness of the hair, in time changing it to a colour
+approaching green or yellow, which they much admire; but it is very
+unpleasing to the eye of a stranger.
+
+"I have mentioned that the natives of Whidah are idolaters. The
+object of their worship, you will be surprised to find, is a serpent;
+an animal to which men, in general, have an antipathy This Whidah god
+is called the fetiche: it is a harmless, as well as beautiful animal,
+having an antipathy to venomous serpents, attacking them whenever
+it meets with them. The serpent has a large, round, beautiful head;
+a short, pointed tongue, resembling a dart; and a short but sharp
+tail; the whole adorned by the most beautiful colours, upon a light
+grey ground. In general its pace is slow and solemn, except when it
+seizes on its prey, in which case it is quick and rapid. They are
+perfectly tame and familiar, permitting themselves to be caressed
+and handled, which is frequently done by the natives and Europeans,
+without apprehension of danger. This deity has a temple to his honour,
+with priests, sacrifices, &c."
+
+With this account we will close our extracts from Irving's letters;
+and as they will give some idea of the people of the country which
+forms the principal scene of our narrative, it is hoped the digression
+will not be thought irrelevant. In the next chapter we resume the
+thread of our story, merely pausing to express our ardent hope,
+that good may spring out of evil; that even the slave-trade may be
+the medium of promulgating the gospel of peace; and that good may,
+in God's own time, overcome evil.
+
+
+
+            O, 'tis a godlike privilege to save,
+            And he that scorns it is himself a slave.
+            Inform his mind, one flash of heav'nly day
+            Would heal his heart, and melt his chains away:
+            "Beauty for ashes," is a gift indeed;
+            And slaves by truth enlarg'd are doubly freed.
+
+
+                                                   Cowper.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+
+                      "O Slavery----
+                       Profuse of woes, and pregnant with distress,
+                       Eternal horrors in thy presence reign;
+                       Pale meagre famine leads thy horrid train;
+                       To each dire load subjection adds more weight,
+                       And pain is doubled in the captive's fate:
+                       O'er nature's smiling face thou spreadst a gloom,
+                       And to the grave dost every pleasure doom."
+
+
+Years had elapsed since Irving had indited the letters from which we
+have extracted, and every passing one had seen an increasing tendency
+to suffer humanity to yield to interest: what had been the practice
+of official duty, became the actuating principle, and gold, the
+
+
+            "Insidious bane that makes destruction smooth,
+            The foe to virtue, liberty, and truth,"
+
+
+absorbed the better feelings, which had at first recoiled from
+the scenes of cruelty and oppression he had witnessed; and he could
+calmly execute the one and the other, and be at no loss to justify (at
+least to himself) the acts, and even reason upon the trade of human
+beings; if not, indeed, upon its humanity and justice, at least upon
+its expedience; forgetful of that great and comprehensive, but most
+simple maxim: "Do unto others as ye would they should do unto you."
+
+The order he had received from his employers, arrived at an opportune
+period; for he had, on that very day, been invited to attend the
+ceremony of the coronation of the king of Whidah, to take place in
+a few days, at Sabi. With the true spirit of gain, he calculated
+that this event might, by a little judicious policy, be rendered,
+not only subservient to his present pressing demand for slaves, but
+also might open greater facilities than he had hitherto possessed,
+of obtaining a choice. Interest, therefore, united with curiosity,
+in his determination of attending the ceremony; a few preliminaries
+of which we will name, ere we accompany him to it.
+
+On the demise of a king of Whidah, the crown descends to his eldest
+son, unless the grandees have any substantial reasons to reject his
+claim; in which case the youngest son is appointed, provided he was
+born after the accession of the father. It is a singular custom, that,
+as soon as the eldest son of a king of Whidah is born, he is removed
+from the palace and court, and placed under the care of a person in
+private, residing remote from the latter. With this person he remains,
+in profound ignorance of his birth, and of the high responsibilities
+for which he is designed. His protector is acquainted with the
+secret of his royal birth, but would incur the penalty of death
+were he to divulge it. By this custom it not unfrequently occurs,
+that when a prince is called to the throne, he may, at the moment,
+be employed in the most common and menial offices; and it is with
+difficulty he can be persuaded to believe those who inform him of
+his elevated rank, or in what manner to receive their servile homage;
+as it is customary for the subjects to approach the sovereign in the
+most humiliating form, advancing towards them in a creeping manner,
+to a certain distance, till the monarch, clapping his hands softly,
+indicates his permission for them to speak, which they then do,
+in a low tone, with their heads nearly to the ground. They retire,
+with the same slavish ceremonials, from the royal presence.
+
+As soon as the old king is dead, his successor is brought to the
+palace; but the period of his coronation is uncertain, resting
+with the grandees, with whom it becomes a political manoeuvre
+to keep the government, as long as possible, in their own hands;
+and they accordingly fix the period of the ceremony as best suits
+their respective interests. It is generally put off some months, and,
+sometimes, even years, but cannot be delayed beyond seven years. During
+this interval, the government is rather in the power of the grandees
+than the king; for they execute all the public acts and business,
+without consulting him. In every other respect he is treated as
+a prince, with only one restriction, viz. that, previously to his
+coronation, he cannot quit the palace.
+
+It may readily be imagined by our young readers, that, from the obscure
+state in which the young monarch is brought up, he has little notion
+of those qualities which are necessary to govern a people. On the
+contrary, the sudden transition from this obscurity, to the paths
+of ease and pleasure, and every facility of self-gratification,
+unfortunately gives a peculiar relish for those pursuits and
+pleasures, with which, had he become guardedly and progressively
+familiar, in all probability he would have been satiated. But this
+not being the case, the king of Whidah lives almost in a state of
+indolence; seldom going abroad, and only occasionally attending his
+grandees when they are assembled in the hall of audience, for the
+administration of justice: all the rest of his time is spent in the
+recesses of his seraglio, attended by his numerous wives, who are
+divided into three classes. When the period of the coronation has
+been fixed by the grandees, they give intimation of it to the king,
+who assembles them in the palace; and the council having deliberated
+on the measures to be used in executing the ceremony, notice of it
+is given to the public by a discharge of cannon, and the glad news
+is soon circulated throughout the kingdom.
+
+The following morning, the grand sacrificer goes to the king,
+demanding, in the name of the great serpent, (their deity!) the
+offerings due on such a solemn and joyful occasion. These offerings
+consist of an ox, a horse, a sheep, and a fowl, which are sacrificed
+in the palace, and afterwards taken to the market-place. In the centre
+of this, the grand sacrificer erects a pole, nine or ten feet high,
+with a piece of linen attached to it like a flag, and around it
+are placed the victims, with small loaves of millet, rubbed over
+with palm-oil. After a few trifling ceremonies the company retire,
+leaving the victims exposed to the birds of prey; no person being
+permitted to touch them, upon pain of death. Arrived at the palace,
+about twenty of the king's wives walk in procession to the place
+of sacrifice, the eldest, or chief, (Note G.) bearing a figure
+formed of earth, representing a child in a sitting posture: this
+she places at a short distance from the victims. These women are
+attended by a party of fusileers, and the king's flutes and drums,
+the people prostrating themselves as they pass, and expressing their
+joy by the loudest acclamations. When these ceremonies are over,
+the grandees repair to the palace, dressed in their richest apparel,
+and attended by their numerous slaves, of whom they are very proud,
+adorning them with a profusion of trinkets, and ornaments of silver
+and gold. The king is not visible on this occasion; but they enter,
+and prostrate themselves before the throne, and again retire. This
+part of the ceremony continues fifteen days, during which the women
+make the palace re-echo with their acclamations; and the public joy
+is testified by the firing of cannon, and the almost continual display
+of rockets, from all parts of the capital.
+
+It was during the interval of these rejoicings, that Irving, with
+his attendants, arrived at Sabi, and was appointed to take up his
+quarters with a grandee high in favour with the new king. He had
+taken care to provide himself with an ample assortment of trinkets,
+spirits, cutlery, and other European produce he knew to be tempting
+to his inviter and his royal master, with whom he proposed to trade,
+immediately after the ceremony was concluded.
+
+Soon after his arrival, the grandee with whom he resided was summoned,
+(as was customary,) as the one deputed to go to the neighbouring
+kingdom of Ardrah, with a magnificent retinue, in order to request
+one of the nobles of that kingdom (in whose family the right had
+existed time immemorial) to proceed to Sabi, to crown the king; and
+Irving, desirous of seeing the whole of the ceremonial, obtained ready
+permission to accompany the embassy. The greatest respect is paid,
+by all ranks, to this officiating nobleman; and all the expences of
+his journey are defrayed by the grandees of Whidah.
+
+When arrived at the last village next the capital, this nobleman and
+his retinue suspended their progress, remaining there stationary
+three or four days; during which time he received visits from the
+principal people of the kingdom, with whom it is customary to make
+him valuable presents, and contribute to his amusement by a variety
+of entertainments; the king supplying him with a great quantity of
+provision, carried twice a day in great pomp, by his wives, preceded
+by a guard of fusileers and a band of music.
+
+Among these ladies, Irving saw many whom, as a slave-merchant, he
+would have been happy to have obtained at a high price. Four days
+being elapsed, the grandees, with their usual train, and a great
+concourse of people, repaired to the village, to conduct the Ardrah
+nobleman, in great state, to Sabi; where he was received by a salute
+of the king's guns, and the loud and continued acclamations of the
+multitude. He was then conducted to the apartments prepared for him
+near the palace, where he was splendidly entertained by the grandees,
+and received visits from the principal officers of the court. He
+continued here five days, but, at the close of the third, he entered
+the palace with the chief of his train, without taking off any part
+of his dress or ornaments. He remained standing, also, when he spoke
+to the king, while all others prostrated themselves, as usual.
+
+On the evening of the fifth day, nine guns were fired, at the palace,
+to announce to the people that the king would be crowned on the
+following day, and that he would show himself in public, seated on
+his throne, in the court of the palace, the gates of which would be
+left open for the admission of all ranks of people. It was with the
+utmost astonishment that Irving beheld the immense population assembled
+in the streets of Sabi, on this occasion; every avenue towards the
+palace being completely crowded by the natives, to obtain a sight of
+their new monarch.
+
+On the evening of the following day, the king came forth from his
+seraglio, attended by forty of his favourite wives, dressed in the
+most sumptuous manner; being rather loaded than ornamented, with
+gold necklaces, laces, pendants, bracelets, foot-chains of gold
+and silver, and the richest gems. The king, who was a good-looking,
+but, apparently, very indolent young man, was magnificently dressed,
+wearing a gilt helmet, decorated with red and white feathers. He was
+attended by his guards, and proceeded from his seraglio to the throne,
+which was placed in an angle of the court, to the east of the palace,
+and styled the court of the coronation.
+
+The throne itself was something like a large armed chair, finely
+gilt, and elevated a little above the ground; the negroes choosing
+very low seats, not more than ten inches high, and six in diameter,
+and not unfrequently in the shape of an hour-glass. The most valuable
+and curious part of the throne we are now describing, was the seat,
+consisting of an entire lump of gold; not cast or formed by art,
+but a product of nature alone, weighing thirty pounds. It had been
+bored and fitted as a seat to the royal throne: upon this was a velvet
+cushion, richly laced and fringed with gold, and a foot-cushion to
+correspond. On the left were ranged the forty wives of the monarch,
+and on the right the principal grandees; and in a line with them, the
+Europeans from the English factories; therefore, Irving had a complete
+view of every part of the ceremonial. One of the grandees held in his
+hand an umbrella: this, however, was more for ornament than use, as
+the ceremony took place at night. It was formed of the richest cloth
+of gold, the lining embroidered with the same precious material, and
+the fringes and tassels the same. On the top of it was the figure of
+a cock, as large as the life. The pole of this pavilion, or umbrella,
+was six feet long, richly embossed and gilded. Another grandee kneeled
+before the king, constantly fanning him during the ceremony. Opposite
+to the monarch stood two of his dwarfs, who represented to him the
+good qualities of his predecessor; extolling his justice, liberality,
+and clemency, and exhorting the king not only to imitate, but to excel
+him; concluding their harangue with wishes for the king's happiness,
+and that his reign might be long and prosperous.
+
+These ceremonies concluded, the grandee of Ardrah was summoned to
+attend. When arrived at the outer gate of the palace, the cannon
+were discharged, and the band began to play. He entered the court,
+surrounded with his attendants, and was guarded by them to a certain
+distance. He then advanced, singly, to the throne, saluting the king
+by courteously bowing the head, but not prostrating himself. He then
+addressed a short speech to the king, relative to the ceremony he
+was called to perform; and removing the helmet from his head, turned
+to the people, holding it in his hands. A signal was then made, and
+the music instantly ceased. A profound and most impressive silence
+ensued. The grandee of Ardrah, then, with a loud and distinct voice,
+repeated, three times, these words to the assembled multitude: "Here
+is your king: be loyal to him, and your prayers shall be heard by the
+king of Ardrah, my master." After this he replaced the helmet on the
+head of the king, made a low reverence, and retired. The cannon and
+small-arms were instantly fired, the music again struck up, and the
+acclamations were renewed. The grandee of Ardrah, in the meantime,
+was reconducted, in great state, to his apartments; after which,
+the new-crowned king, attended by his wives, his guards, and the
+Europeans, returned to the seraglio, where the latter made their
+compliments to the king as he entered the gate; and, on the following
+day, the monarch sent, as usual, a rich present to the Ardrah grandee,
+previously to his return home, which he must immediately do, the law
+not permitting him to remain three days longer in the kingdom.
+
+The rejoicings which followed the coronation lasted fifteen days,
+and the whole was closed with a grand procession to the temple
+of the great serpent. The grandee with whom Irving resided during
+the period of these ceremonies, was one of the principal officers
+of the palace, and possessed a disposition peculiarly open to the
+enticement of spirituous liquors, as well as dreadfully acted upon
+by the pernicious stimulus they gave to his passions. He also had
+such a propensity for their use, that Irving easily found, that, by
+supplying him well, he might render him subservient to his purposes;
+and, in fact, he very soon disclosed to the wily merchant, that he
+had in his possession a number of valuable slaves, intended for the
+service, or to purchase the favour of the young king. The appearance
+of this negro courtier was pleasing and imposing. He was, in person,
+tall and well shaped; his dress was that usual in the country, but
+the material fine, and the colour perfectly white: his cap was also
+white and small. He wore large gold earrings, which, together with
+the pure white of his light dress, contrasted well with the jet black
+of his polished skin. In disposition he was so cruel and vindictive,
+that when he received an affront, even in the most trifling instance,
+he scrupled not to sacrifice the aggressor by shooting him.
+
+He possessed several wives, of whom he was very jealous, and whom he
+treated as slaves. He had also several brothers, to whom he seldom
+spoke, or even permitted them to enter his presence; but when he
+did grant them admission, they were obliged to take off their caps,
+prostrate themselves at his feet, and throw dust on their heads.
+
+It may readily be imagined, that a disposition so cruel and arbitrary,
+would be stimulated almost to fury and madness by the powerful
+influence of ardent spirits; and the fact was, that his thirst for
+brandy was so insatiable, that, to procure it, he scrupled not to
+execute any act of oppression, cruelty, or treachery. He had even
+been known, in order to procure slaves, with which to purchase brandy,
+secretly to set fire to a village, and then send the ministers of his
+cruelty to seize the distracted people as they rushed from destruction,
+to bind and to send them to the European factories, or to the joncoes,
+(or black slave-merchants,) and sell them for brandy and rum; which
+he would continue to drink till expended, without any cessation but
+that forced upon him by stupefaction or sleep.
+
+It would not be consistent with the plan of our tale, to make any
+remarks upon the probabilities of what this man might have been,
+had not the slave-trade existed; or what direction his cunning and
+arbitrary disposition might have taken; but we may venture to say,
+that he could not have had so extensive opportunities of oppression,
+nor could his cruelties have created such incalculable misery. "For
+it has been proved, on the most convincing evidence, that the demand
+for slaves has had the most fatal effect in exciting and developing
+every vice and every bad passion among these people; of perverting
+their rude institutions, and poisoning their domestic relations. It
+has been proved by evidence unquestionable, that, as we have
+asserted, the tyrant chiefs of Africa were daily induced to condemn,
+indiscriminately, whole families, for trivial or imaginary crimes,
+with the sole object of obtaining possession of the individuals
+composing those families, and exchanging them for bad powder and
+bad muskets; to station their soldiers in ambush, on the roads, with
+orders to rush on the unarmed traveller, and load him with chains;
+to attack, at night, villages sunk in repose, dragging into slavery
+men, women, and children, of an age suited to their purpose, and
+mercilessly butchering the aged and the infant. It has been proved,
+upon authority equally good, that famine, devastation, and continual
+warfare, undertaken for the sole purpose of taking prisoners, were the
+inevitable consequences of the slave ships' presence on the coast;
+and that the Europeans not only were witnesses of this desolation,
+but furnished the arms, nourished the hatred, fomented the discord,
+and were the communicaters of the moral blast, which shed its
+pestilential influence over the population of a country, which,
+under the benign protection of a fair and legitimate commerce,
+is assuredly capable of being civilized, enlightened, and happy;
+and which, in return for the inestimable gifts of instruction and
+religion, would cheerfully and gratefully pour its riches into the
+bosoms of its benefactors. But, can the arts which embellish life,
+can the virtues which expand the heart, can the principles that elevate
+the soul, can these find rest, or even enter a region devoted to blood,
+oppression, and desolation? Alas! while the slave-trade exists, we are
+compelled to unite in the fear expressed by an enlightened patriot,
+that 'there is no prospect of civilization or happiness for Africa.'"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+                  "Yet was I born as you are, no man's slave,
+                   An heir to all that liberal nature gave;
+                   My mind can reason, and my limbs can move
+                   The same as yours; like yours my heart can love:
+                   Alike my body food and sleep sustain,
+                   And e'en, like yours, feels pleasure, want, and pain:
+                   One sun rolls o'er us, common skies surround,
+                   One globe contains us, and one grave must bound."
+
+
+Intent upon the orders of his employers, and of the advantages he
+should obtain by the commission, Irving studied so much to ingratiate
+himself with his host, that he very soon readily obtained his promise
+of conducting him to his slave-rooms, the first opportunity he could
+spare from his close attendance upon his royal master, to whom his
+bold and haughty spirit made him eminently useful.
+
+While Irving displayed the tempting assortment of spirits, trinkets,
+dresses, and fire-arms, to the eager African, he artfully affected
+indifference as to the purchase of slaves; being well acquainted with
+the mode of making a good bargain, even when his fellow men were the
+articles for which to negociate: so entirely does this infamous trade
+debase and corrupt every generous emotion of the heart, and blunt every
+honourable feeling. With the internal assurance, therefore, that the
+view he had granted of his commodities, would induce the chief, as soon
+as possible, to gratify his desire of possessing them, Irving waited
+patiently the summons to attend him to the children of misery he had
+by fraud and violence collected; and was fully prepared to accompany
+him, upon his invitation a few days subsequent to the conclusion of
+the coronation ceremonies. Irving was, however, astonished, when the
+negro pointed out to him several spacious enclosures, the wretched
+inhabitants of which were to purchase his selfish gratification,
+and satisfy his cupidity; for Irving was not then aware that this
+grandee was, in fact, the creature of his sovereign, acting as an
+agent and slave-factor, upon the blood-stained gains of which he not
+only lived in great splendour, but possessed from his riches great
+power. His house was fitted up with European elegance, and was,
+in exterior style, something resembling the buildings of the Moors;
+consisting of courts, surrounded by apartments, beyond the precincts
+of which were the receptacles of the slaves.
+
+The transition from the elegance and luxuries of this African mansion,
+to the slave-buildings, was striking; and to a heart yet unperverted
+and unvitiated by the habitual view of uncontrouled power and
+oppression over the defenceless, would have been most mournful.
+
+But such was not the impression made upon either of the present
+visitants; the one intent upon immediate self-gratification,
+the other upon obtaining the means to ensure it in future. Nothing
+could more strongly prove the tendency of this traffic to prostrate
+every noble faculty of the soul, every tender impulse of the heart,
+to destroy every sympathy of our nature, than the fact, that Irving,
+the once generous, kind-hearted youth, beheld, with the cold regard
+of a mere trader intent upon making an advantageous bargain, above
+a hundred and twenty wretched beings in one house, all chained two
+and two, by their hands and feet, and sitting in three rows on the
+floor! They were of various ages of youth, and different in features;
+many of them having come, as the grandee observed, "a journey of many
+moons," that is, many hundred miles inland.
+
+While examining these miserable captives with all the technical
+minuteness of jockeys, or cattle-dealers, (during which the
+wretched exiles evinced the strongest and most varying emotions of
+reluctance, grief, and indignation,) the people of the chief brought
+in thirty-five more individuals, whom they had taken in a small town
+or village of the interior, and which they had attacked by order
+of their employer, leaving the aged and young infants butchered in
+their simple huts. Among this last group were several women, who
+exhibited the most heart-rending evidences of distraction and grief,
+in the loss of their infants, and the prospect of the unknown evils
+that awaited them in bondage.
+
+Amongst this number, however, great as it was, there were no
+slaves which suited the purposes of Irving; and he proceeded with
+his conductor to several other enclosures, from which he selected
+a few of inferior value. The negro then told him, he would show
+him what he termed "prime and superb negroes." In passing over to
+one of these enclosures, which were at some distance, Irving was
+arrested by a faint and low moan, as of distress, followed by an
+air of most exquisite plaintive melody, with which was intermingled,
+at intervals, the sound of an infantine voice, so lively as to speak
+the unconsciousness, of the innocent from whose lips it proceeded,
+of the mournful lot to which it was destined.
+
+"What sound is that?" he enquired of his host, as he stopped to listen
+from whence it proceeded; for even upon his deadened soul the song had
+vibrated. (Note H.) "I dare say it is the Senegal slave I had selected
+for my royal master," replied the negro; "but she bewailed being parted
+from her boy so much, that, to save her life, I was obliged to suffer
+her to see him once or twice a day, during the ceremonies. I shall,
+however, soon make her submit, now I can attend to her: I shall sell
+her for a great price, if I can separate the child from her, without
+hazarding her life."
+
+"Perhaps she will suit me," said Irving; "the boy would be no objection
+to the purchase, if he is strong and healthy. Let me see them." The
+negro hesitated; but at length observed, "They are worth a great
+deal," as if he doubted that Irving would be disposed to give the
+price. "You remember that beautiful sabre, and the brandy-chest full of
+prime liquor, and those muskets you admired, and"----observed Irving
+carelessly, but was interrupted in his enumeration by the African:
+"Yes, yes, I remember: what! will you give them for her and the
+boy?" "I cannot promise that, you know, unless I see her: you may
+be telling me a false tale. It at least can do no harm to see this
+slave you keep so close."
+
+"True, true, I scorn to deceive so good a friend," rejoined the negro,
+half afraid that Irving would recede from his implied bargain:
+"You shall certainly see this refractory woman; that is, she is
+only obstinate when I remove the boy. I wish they had killed the
+young urchin at once, when they carried her off. She is very gentle
+when he is with her: she only chooses to sing those mournful songs
+about Tumiah: I suppose he was her husband. However, at all events,
+the boy cannot go to the palace with her."
+
+During this conversation, they had reached the hut in which the poor
+slave was confined alone, in the hope of making her yield to the will
+of the African, by consenting to be conveyed to the palace without
+her child. Irving followed the negro into the hut. The moment the
+latter got within it, the miserable inmate uttered a piercing shriek,
+and clasped her child with convulsive strength to her bosom, imploring
+the tyrant not to tear him from her widowed arms. There was one chord
+in the soul of Irving, which, amid the circumstances of his life,
+and despite of time, yet responded. It was the memory of his mother's
+caresses, when in his childhood she became a widow.
+
+The scene he now witnessed, struck powerfully on this chord of
+feeling. The distraction of the captive, her extreme youth, her beauty,
+the neglect of grief so apparent in her simple dress, her unornamented
+hair, her trembling limbs, her heaving bosom, her eloquent eye, her
+fevered lip, her attitude, and the energy with which she held her now
+alarmed child; altogether, combined a picture, which coming suddenly
+upon his previously somewhat softened feelings, had a powerful effect
+upon him, and, for a time, made him forget he was a slave-dealer,
+and caused the nobler feeling of the man to prevail. He determined, if
+possible, to save the wretched woman from the fate that awaited her;
+forgetting that, perhaps, one equally horrible might be her lot, did
+she become his property. When, therefore, he heard the African tyrant
+threaten her with a flogging if she persisted in singing such mournful
+songs, he almost involuntarily said: "If you are willing to barter her
+and the child, for what I named, and a selection of those trinkets you
+admired, to which I will add four gallons of rum, we are agreed upon
+the bargain." The negro again regarded Irving with a half suspicious,
+half incredulous glance, but remained silent. "I am serious," said
+Irving; "are we agreed?" "Let me see," muttered the negro to himself;
+"that fong, (sword,) mounted in silver gilt, and embossed handle; the
+chest with fine brandy; ten fine kiddos; (guns;) trinkets to please
+woollima moosa, (handsome wife,) and four gallons of rum: delicious
+rum make me merry, happy. Make the rum eight gallons," he added aloud
+to Irving, "and she," pointing to the being he was thus selling, "she
+is yours."--"And the boy, remember?" replied Irving. "O yes, the boy,
+the boy, to be sure," reiterated the African, hardly knowing how to
+repress his joy. Though almost absorbed in profound grief, the wretched
+captive yet understood she was about to be transferred, and that
+her child was to be included in the transfer. In an agony of mingled
+emotion, after having timidly regarded Irving's countenance, while he
+intently watched hers, she threw herself at his feet, imploring his
+mercy, and by a thousand expressive gestures, imparted the feelings
+which agitated her soul. In this lowly attitude she fainted; and when
+a little recovered, she exclaimed in mournful accents: "O Tumiah,
+where art thou? Thou canst no more hear thy Imihie: she goes to the
+land of strangers, and will see thee no more, till death conveys her
+beyond the blue mountains. And Samboe, my boy," she added, as she
+called the playful and unconscious child from some flowers he was
+gathering from the ground, "thou wilt see thy father no more. Thou
+art a slave, my child: hard will be thy lot in the land of strangers,
+among the manstealers, when Imihie, thy mother, no longer shall
+feel pain, nor endure bondage. But I will watch over thee, my boy,
+I will be thy spirit: I will conduct thee over the blue mountains,
+the manstealer shall not follow us there."
+
+The negro's anger began to rise, during this soliloquy of his hapless
+captive; and calling vehemently for attendants, he directed she should
+be conducted, with her child, to a place appointed, with care to be
+taken that she should not do herself any injury, until Irving had
+concluded his engagement, and could have her removed to Whidah.
+
+Irving declined viewing any more of the slaves on that day, and
+having determined to remain but a few days longer with the chief, he
+lost no time in making good his purchase of the female slave and her
+child. One impediment to his returning to Whidah, however, there was,
+which he might have anticipated; but in his eagerness to purchase the
+wretched Imihie, he had not considered that while the rum and brandy
+remained, the grandee and his companions were totally incapable of
+business; but, in the intervals of stupefaction, were guilty of the
+most wanton excesses. Nor was his African majesty himself, exempt
+from effects of the potent contents of the liquor-chests consigned
+to his favourite, who artfully concealed from him the circumstance
+of Imihie; informing the king only, that he had obtained the liquor
+from an English merchant, for some dry goods, ivory, and gum. The
+monarch enquired if this merchant traded also in slaves. "Doubtless
+he does," replied the wily courtier: "he comes from the land of the
+manstealers, and will not, therefore, refuse the commodity in the way
+of trade. Would my royal master wish to see this Englishman?" "It
+is my desire," answered the king; "let him have notice of our
+pleasure." The grandee prostrated himself, and retired to caution
+Irving to conceal the transaction of the female slave from the king,
+or he would doubtless force her from him. The morrow was appointed
+for the interview with the monarch, who, the courtier said, had some
+slaves to offer for brandy and trinkets for his wives.
+
+
+            "Where wast thou, then, sweet Charity, where then,
+            Thou tutelary friend of helpless men?
+            Perish the wretch, that slighted and withstood
+            The tender argument of kindred blood.
+            But tho' some nobler minds a law respect,
+            That none shall with impunity neglect,
+            In baser souls unnumber'd evils meet,
+            To thwart its influence, and its end defeat."
+
+
+Shall a Briton, shall a man "honoured with a Christian name" encourage
+slavery, because the semi-barbarous, unenlightened, lawless African
+hath done it? "To what end (it is impressively asked) do we profess
+a religion whose dictates we so flagrantly violate? Wherefore have
+we that pattern of goodness and humanity, if we refuse to follow
+it? How long shall we continue a practice which policy rejects,
+justice condemns, and piety revolts at?"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+                             * * * the band of commerce is design'd
+                             T' associate all the branches of mankind.
+                             And if a boundless plenty be the robe,
+                             Trade is the golden girdle of the globe:
+                             This genial intercourse, and mutual aid,
+                             Cheers, what were else, an universal shade.
+                             Calls nature from her ivy-mantled den,
+                             And softens human rock-work into men.
+
+                                                                 Cowper.
+
+
+Most truly and impressively do these lines of our Christian poet
+describe the effects of legitimate and honourable commerce; the mutual
+exchange of the various gifts of an all-bounteous Providence, showered
+on the globe we inhabit, for the general use, benefit, and pleasure;
+and of those embellishments of art, which civilization has brought
+forth and nourished.
+
+But no such effect can ever flow from the piratical commerce of men,
+that deformed and cruel offspring of Mammon, which riots in the blood,
+and glories in the miseries of man.
+
+It may be urged, we are not the original agents in this trade: it
+is pursued with eagerness by the Africans themselves. But are those
+who live in that transcendent light which was granted to dispel the
+mists of error--to meliorate propensity to evil--to harmonize the
+rational soul--still to delight in works so dark, still to trample
+under foot every principle of humanity; still to spurn from them
+the obligations of justice, still to set at naught the precepts of
+religion; and to make themselves accomplices with pagan oppressors,
+in tyrannizing over those hapless beings, whom a mysterious Providence
+has subjected to their power? Is the Christian trader content to put
+himself upon a level with the unenlightened despot, and coolly to put
+his blood-stained profits in the balance, against the laws of religion
+and his country; laughing at the remonstrances of philanthropists,
+as the dreams of enthusiasm, or as puerile objections unworthy of
+attention? No; it surely will not be thus. England has entered the
+path of mercy [4], let her pursue it with energy and constancy:
+and if other nations refuse to follow her heaven-enlightened way,
+to them belongs the shame and the guilt of trampling down the laws
+which bind man to his God and his fellow-man; and, for the violation
+of which, every individual must be accountable, at that tremendous
+audit, before which the oppressed and the oppressor shall alike appear!
+
+But to return to our narrative from these reflections, which the
+seriousness of the subject forced from us, and which must apologize
+for them with our young readers.
+
+The time being fixed for Irving to have an audience with the king, he
+was conducted to the palace, which was a spacious edifice, consisting
+of many large courts, entirely surrounded with porticoes, above which
+were apartments with small windows. These apartments, as well as every
+part of the palace, exhibited great magnificence in the furniture and
+decorations. Some of the floors were covered with exquisitely fine
+matting, and others with superb Turkey carpets; and the furniture
+consisted of chairs, sofas or divans, skreens, chests, cabinets and
+porcelain imported from China. The windows were not glazed, but were
+shaded with frames of fine white linen, and taffety curtains. The
+gardens of this superb palace were very extensive, laid out in long
+vistas of lofty and beautiful trees; affording a deliciously cool
+and shaded retreat, for the women immured in the splendid prison. It
+was evident to Irving, as he passed some of these apartments to the
+hall of audience, that his African majesty intended to receive him
+in great state; but whether out of respect to him, as a European and
+a slave and spirit merchant, or to display his own magnificence, he
+could not determine: nor was it of much consequence, although he well
+knew that the Europeans in general are well received, and are allowed
+to dispense with the humiliating ceremonies they scrupulously exact
+from their own subjects; and, unlike them, are granted an audience
+whenever they desire it. When Irving, therefore, entered the hall
+where the king was seated to receive him, his majesty immediately
+rose, and advanced some steps to him; took him by the hand, pressed
+it in his own, and three times successively touched his fore finger,
+which was the greatest token of amity and affection. After this,
+he desired him to sit down by his side, upon fine mats spread on the
+floor; which Irving having complied with, he displayed his presents
+to his majesty, who was astonished to find he could, with ease,
+converse with him without the aid of an interpreter.
+
+Irving could not but feel gratified at the extreme although childish
+pleasure the young monarch evinced, in receiving the presents; which
+consisted of an elegant case of English spirits, some beautiful guns,
+a superb sword, and a great variety of trinkets for the ladies of the
+seraglio. The king offered to sell him some of his discarded wives;
+but Irving respectfully declined the offer of the ladies, as not very
+well calculated for the labours of the colonies.
+
+In the audience chamber were two benches, one of which was broader than
+the other, covered with an embroidered cloth, and by it was an oval
+stool; upon this the monarch seated himself, after having received and
+examined the presents. The other bench was covered with mats, on which
+Irving was directed to sit, as the usual seat of the Europeans during
+conferences. Irving was uncovered; not, however, by order, but from
+a voluntary desire of showing proper respect; for he had not forgot
+the early lesson, "honour the king," though as a slave-dealer, it may
+be, alas! inferred, that he had little recollection of the context,
+"fear God." He made himself so agreeable, however, to the king, that
+he was invited to dine with him, and the meal was served with great
+elegance. While they were feasting, the grandees prostrated themselves
+before their sovereign; and what provisions were left were given to
+them, which they appeared readily and cheerfully to accept. Irving
+had, during this long interview, an ample opportunity of observing
+the person, the dress, and the manners of the new king of Whidah;
+and, in some degree, to form a judgment of his character. His dress
+was superb, composed of silk and gold, with strings of beautiful
+coral round his neck, arms, and wrists. In person he was tall, well
+shaped, with remarkably smooth and polished skin. His manners were
+free, urbane, and familiar; but there was discovered a disposition
+to covetousness, and the usual propensity to inebriety. Nor was it
+difficult to discover that he was indolent and pusillanimous, the usual
+companions of luxury and dissipation. In fact, the faults of the king
+seemed those of his education; and his virtues, those of his nature,
+which required only civilization, good examples, and a pure faith,
+to nourish into fruitfulness.
+
+The audience chamber in which Irving was received, was hung with
+tapestry. At the upper part of the room was a throne, formed of ivory;
+it was ascended by three steps, and shaded by a canopy of the richest
+silk. This is used on great state occasions.
+
+The king readily granted permission to Irving, to view the palace,
+excepting, of course, the apartments of the women. Conducted by
+his friend the grandee, and some other officers of the palace, he
+found it more extensive than he had supposed, having entered by a
+private passage. It consisted of several large squares, surrounded
+with galleries, each of which had a portico or gate, guarded by
+soldiers. The first gallery on entering the palace is very long,
+supported on each side by lofty pillars. At the termination of this
+gallery was a wall with three gates, the centre one ornamented with
+a turret seventy feet in height; terminated with a figure of a large
+snake, cast in copper, and very ingeniously carved. These gates opened
+into an immense area, enclosed also with a wall; then another gallery
+like the former, into another spacious court; and so on to a fourth,
+beyond which were the apartments of the king. In this spacious palace
+the king is sometimes immured for years, until he is crowned; and
+here, also, many wealthy courtiers spend the whole of their time,
+leaving trade and agriculture to be executed by their wives and
+slaves. (Note K.) These go to the circumjacent villages, either to
+trade in merchandise, or serve for daily wages; but they are obliged
+to bring the greatest part of what they obtain to their masters,
+otherwise they make no scruple to sell them for slaves.
+
+Irving and his new royal acquaintance had passed their time so
+convivially, that the negociation for slaves was deferred till the
+morrow, when he again attended his majesty to a depot, containing
+about two hundred; and as they were going to this place, they met
+nearly as many proceeding to the coast, the king's agents having
+sold them on the preceding day. Amongst this wretched group, Irving
+remarked some remarkably handsome men; and found, on enquiry, they
+were from Molembo, from whence the finest negroes are obtained.
+
+The number he was invited to examine, consisted of men,
+women, and children; and, to any but a slave-dealer, the sight
+was heart-rending. Fathers overwhelmed in silent sorrow; mothers
+expressing their anguish in affecting lamentations, audible sighs,
+or deep groans, expecting every moment to be separated from their
+tender offspring, whom they clasped to their bosoms, or endeavoured
+to hide under the folds of their pacans; youthful females shrinking
+from the brutal gaze of the trader, and dreading nameless indignities;
+the fiery eye of many a youth, indignant at the bonds which confined
+him from levelling to the ground the wretches who bought and sold him
+as a beast of the field, and tore him from the object of his love,
+whom he was powerless to save from death and bondage. But such a
+scene was of too frequent occurrence, the cry of the innocent was too
+familiar, to make any impression upon those who were bargaining. Irving
+purchased many of them; and having seen them marked as his property,
+(Note L.) left his people to conduct them to Whidah; whither, after
+having taken a cordial leave of the king, and so far conciliated him
+and the grandee as to ensure future advantages, he himself, with his
+attendants and the female slave, returned that evening.
+
+
+
+            Canst thou, and honoured with a Christian name,
+            Buy what is woman-born and feel no shame?
+            Trade in the blood of innocence, and plead
+            Expedience as a warrant for the deed?
+            Perish the thought!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+                             "And if perchance a momentary sigh,
+                              For such a lot reflection may supply,
+                              He follows not the feeling to its source."
+
+                                                       Barton (adapted.)
+
+                             "If ever thou hast felt another's pain,
+                              If ever when he sigh'd hast sigh'd again;
+                              If ever on thine eyelid stood the tear,
+                              That pity hath engender'd--drop one here:
+                              This man was happy."
+
+
+It will naturally be supposed, from the eagerness of Irving to make
+good the purchase of Imihie and her poor boy, that his heart was
+deeply interested by their situation, and that he had it certainly in
+his power to ameliorate it. But, alas! if, for a moment, the chord
+of compassion was touched, the feeling was transient, the impulse
+too weak to prompt to action; and, so far from being strengthened
+by the night's reflections, they, on the contrary, did but lead to
+lament his own folly, in making himself liable to the loss he would
+probably sustain by the high price he had given; as it was a condition
+of his engagement with the Company, that he was to be individually
+accountable for all losses incurred by the purchase of unprofitable
+slaves. These anticipations of pecuniary injury, were confirmed by
+the appearance of his poor captive on her arrival at the depot at
+Whidah. A fixed melancholy seemed to have absorbed every faculty,
+rendering her insensible even to the playful caresses of her boy,
+in whose sparkling eye, health "seemed a cherub yet divinely bright;"
+so happily unconscious was he of the bitterness of his lot, and the
+sufferings of his mother. Finding, from his people, that she resolutely
+rejected sustenance, Irving himself endeavoured to persuade her, but
+without success; but when self-interest, aided by the dictates of
+conscience and compassion, induced him to resort to the usual mode
+of forcing it, (nor will we question it was a painful task to him,)
+his heart must have been of adamant, not to have felt the powerful
+appeal of wretchedness and despair, when, while in the execution
+of this cruel duty, the poor captive looked up in his face, and,
+with a mournful smile, said: "Presently I shall be no more." (Note
+M.) Irving, indeed, from her appearance, began to think so; and as
+he could not now remedy her situation, nor restore her to what she
+had lost, he considered his best plan was to consign her, as soon
+as possible, to the ship waiting to receive the collected slaves,
+congratulating himself on his humanity, in having prevented the mother
+and child from being separated, even if he should thereby sustain
+some loss. He determined, also, to do all he could to ensure her
+some attention during the passage; and, with this view, determined to
+go immediately on board, to see the accommodation, and to give some
+particular instructions to the captain; leaving orders that Imihie
+should be conducted to the ship as soon as the day began to close.
+
+The ship destined to convey these miserable beings to the West Indies,
+had already on board between four and five hundred negroes. The
+captain boasted much of the superior accommodation of his vessel for
+the trade; and, to confirm his assertion, entreated Irving to visit the
+slave-rooms. Willing to conciliate any who might promote his interest,
+Irving consented. The superior accommodation he found, was, that
+every slave, whatever his size, had five feet six inches in length,
+and sixteen inches in breadth, to lie upon! The floor was crowded with
+bodies, stowed or packed according to this allowance. But between
+the floor and deck, or ceiling, were platforms or broad shelves,
+in the mid-way, which were also covered with bodies. (Note N.) The
+men were shackled two and two, each by one leg, to a small iron
+bar; these, the captain with much self-complacence said, were every
+day brought upon deck for the air; but lest they should attempt to
+recover their freedom, they were made fast by ring-bolts to the deck,
+or by two common chains, which were extended on each side the main
+deck; but the women and children, he added, were suffered to remain
+loose. Few slaves fared so well as his, he continued, for he allowed
+each a pint of water a day, and yams and horse-beans twice a day;
+and afterwards, for exercise and health, they jumped in their irons,
+which, if they refused to do, he was obliged, certainly, to flog them,
+as it was his duty to preserve them in health, if possible. Irving,
+however, learnt, in the course of this man's conversation, that it
+was usual for these miserable beings to remain fifteen or sixteen
+hours below deck, out of the twenty-four; and that, in wet weather,
+they could not be brought up for two or three successive days: their
+situation was, he acknowledged, very distressing, but he could not
+remedy it. They would cling to the gratings for a little air; draw
+their breath with anxious and laborious efforts; fight with each
+other for a taste of water; and many died of suffocation. (Note O.)
+
+Amongst the number thus confined in the hold of this ship, Irving
+remarked many whose nobleness of aspect indicated that there was a
+"spirit within," which rose even above such calamity--a consciousness
+of moral dignity, that spurned at the cruelties of the oppressor;
+but there was one in particular, before the flame of whose eye even
+Irving shrunk abashed. He was evidently a person of consequence; high,
+it would seem, in military rank, inferred from certain personal
+indications, with the meaning of which Irving was acquainted;
+and also from some articles of dress, stated to have been taken
+from him when captured; and every look (action was denied him)
+indicated that he possessed a mind not insensible to the eminence of
+his station. Irving enquired from whence he was taken, and from whom
+purchased? He was told, from Molembo, it was thought; and that he had
+been only a few days purchased from the king of Whidah, with a number
+of his countrymen, taken by treachery, and in defiance of a treaty
+subsisting at the time. This was all he could learn; and having given
+his instructions respecting Imihie, Irving returned to Whidah before
+her arrival at the ship, being desirous to avoid another interview,
+the sight of her producing a painful emotion he could neither define
+nor account for.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+                      "Soft airs, and gentle heavings of the wave,
+                       Impel the fleet whose errand is to save!
+                       But ah! what wish can prosper, or what pray'r,
+                       For merchants rich in cargoes of despair.
+                       The sable warrior, frantic with regret
+                       Of her he loves, and never can forget,
+                       Loses, in tears, the far-receding shore,
+                       But not the thought that they must meet no more."
+
+                                                                 Cowper.
+
+
+Night shed her silent influence over the mighty deep; the firmament
+was bright with myriads of glittering worlds; the moon, in full and
+mild lustre, rode majestically, like a sphere of silver light, on the
+summit of fleecy clouds, and was reflected, in many a fantastic form,
+by the tossing waves, the gentle ripplings of which were mingled
+with the distant sound of "All is well," borne on the gale from the
+fort, the regular tread of the watch on deck, and the boatswain's
+shrill whistle. The rush of the shark, "cutting the briny deep,"
+as it instinctively followed the floating receptacle of misery, was
+the only sound that interrupted, painfully, the heavenly calmness
+of the scene and hour; a calmness, alas! little according with the
+soul-sickening agitations of the wretched beings, now silently borne
+from all held dear and precious, and on their way to all the horrors
+of a life in chains. Cargoes of despair they may truly be called!
+
+Imagination, in its loftiest flight, must come short in attempting to
+embody in words, the smallest part of the aggregate of misery which
+exists on board a slave-ship; it will, therefore, not be attempted:
+one only being of the wretched number must appear a moment on our
+theatre of woe; he who had so forcibly arrested the attention of
+Irving, when visiting the slave-rooms.
+
+Confined promiscuously with such a multitude of his wretched
+countrymen, the agony of his feelings is not to be described. With the
+form and visage of a man, he felt, indignantly felt, that his destiny
+was that of the beast of the field, and his soul seemed bursting from
+the frame that confined it. Wearied nature at length found a short
+cessation from the unutterable pangs of woe, in sleep--in consoling
+visions! He dreamt he was in his own beloved country, in the enjoyment
+of honour and command, caressed by his family, served by his wonted
+attendants, and surrounded with the comforts of his former life:
+his spicy groves exhaling sweets, his palm-tree's refreshing shade,
+his rivers teeming riches, his domestic endearments, his war-like
+preparations, and his hard-earned triumphs, came in succession on
+his fancy. But the sweet delusions were too soon dispelled: he awoke,
+with a hurried start, to the sad, sad reality, that he was a slave in
+the midst of slaves. The rapid retrospect of former happiness with
+existing misery, rushed on his soul; and the dreadful reverse drew
+from his manly breast the most affecting lamentations. Every dear
+object of his regard flitted before his mental view; but, alas! there
+was no reality but misery--interminable bondage: there was no fond eye
+to behold, no persuasive tongue to soothe, no attentive ear to listen
+to his woe. Mingled with the meanest of his subjects, whom he had no
+power to relieve; subjected to the cruelty and insolence of wretches
+a thousand degrees lower in the scale of humanity and intellectual
+endowment, yet arrogating their superiority as Christians, and the
+proud distinctions of national advantages, his soul refused comfort,
+and he determined upon death. Little did he think this foe to nature
+was so near; little did he imagine the horrid form in which he would
+present himself; and that there might be circumstances which, at the
+moment of expiring nature, would make him cling to, and even give
+value to a life of perpetual bondage!
+
+The vessel made considerable way during the night, and the morning
+rose, with glorious splendour and beneficent freshness, upon the
+world of waters; on the majestic bosom of which, floated such an
+accumulation of moral turpitude and excelling misery! The hour
+arrived when the slaves were to be brought on deck for air and
+exercise. The sable warrior anticipated it with a gloomy joy, as
+the most favourable opportunity of effecting his designed purpose of
+self-destruction; and when he found he was to be fastened to the deck,
+he violently resisted. This, however, did but provoke his oppressors
+to increased indignities. In the midst of this struggle, he became
+calm as a lamb, resistless as an infant. The sound of a female voice,
+singing a mournful African air, seemed to have bound him by a potent
+spell. (Note P.) His eyes appeared as if bursting from their orbits,
+his whole frame trembled; while the big tear rolled silently down
+his sable countenance, which assumed a mingled expression of doubt,
+hope, and agony. He at first directed his piercing eyes to the air,
+as if he thought the song proceeded from some hovering, viewless
+spirit. He again renewed his efforts to get free, and fixed his gaze
+intently on the remotest part of the ship, from whence the sound
+seemed to proceed, but nothing met his view: the song, however, still
+continued, only interrupted, at intervals, by deep sobs of anguish,
+and the scarcely-heard voice of infantine distress.
+
+Rendered desperate by the confinement under such powerful emotions,
+he called loudly on the spirits of his fathers, to avenge him on the
+Christian tyrants; and while enduring, in consequence, the cruel
+scourging and insulting mockery of the barbarian crew, a piercing
+scream was heard, and the poor Imihie was seen rushing from an
+obscure place, (in which the captain had indulged her to remain,)
+with the infant Samboe clinging to her bosom. In a moment the names
+of Tumiah! Imihie! were interchanged; and the exhausted Imihie,
+letting her child fall from her relaxing arms, threw herself upon
+the panting bosom of her enchained and manacled husband.
+
+We invade not the feelings of that moment: language has nothing to
+do with them. The Being who formed the heart of man, can alone judge
+of its emotions.
+
+The maternal affection was not, however, long absorbed in the conjugal;
+and the half frantic Imihie recollected, that Samboe was not enfolded
+with her in the arms of Tumiah. She loosened herself with difficulty
+from his embrace, to restore her child to his wonted protection within
+her own; but, at the moment she arose for the purpose, a tumultuous cry
+resounded through the ship, of "fire! fire! Loosen the slaves! loosen
+the slaves!" The fire, however, spread with such violence, bursting
+from the spirit-room, that the sailors, apprehending that it was
+impossible to extinguish it before it would reach a large quantity of
+gunpowder on board, concluded it necessary to precipitate themselves
+into the sea, as offering the only chance of saving their lives.
+
+However, they did first endeavour to loose the chains by which the
+slaves were fastened to the deck; but in the confusion the key
+could not be found, and they had but just time to loosen one of
+the fastenings, by wrenching the staple, before the vehemence of
+the fire so increased, that they simultaneously jumped overboard;
+when immediately, the fire having gained the powder, the vessel blew
+up, with every slave that was confined by the unloosened chain, and
+such others as had not possessed the power to follow the example of
+the sailors.
+
+We hardly know whether to style it fortunate, that any circumstance
+should save these victims of avarice from a watery grave, after
+escaping that which, to the sense, seems more terrible. Providence,
+however, ordained that there should be some vessels in sight; which,
+putting out their boats, took up about two hundred and fifty of the
+poor souls that remained alive; but the most of them being those who
+had been fastened together with shackles, had, from the violence of
+the shock, and the confinement of the irons, experienced dreadful
+fractures of the limbs; which, inflamed by the struggles they had
+instinctively made, the heat, and the agitated state of the blood,
+quickly mortified, and ere they were scarcely sensible of their
+increase of calamity, released them, for ever, from all fear of it
+more. Among the number who thus yielded up his manly spirit, was
+Tumiah, rejoicing in the belief that his Imihie and Samboe were also
+removed to a land of spirits--a land where no man-stealer can enter,
+no treachery gain access, no violence invade. He might have adopted
+the words of the poet:
+
+
+                "Now, Christian, glut thy ravish'd eyes;
+                  I reach the joyful hour:
+                Let, let the scorching flames arise,
+                  And these poor limbs devour.
+
+                "O Death, how welcome to th' opprest!
+                  Thy kind embrace I crave;
+                Thou bringst to Misery's bosom rest,
+                  And freedom to the slave!"
+
+
+The fond belief, however, of the expiring Tumiah, that his wife and
+child had escaped the horrors of bondage, was fallacious. Previously
+to the calamity, the feelings of the wretched Imihie had been wrought
+up nearly to their utmost height; the sight of the quick-advancing
+flames, therefore, was sufficient to augment them to frenzy, and with a
+strength which frenzy only could impart, to a frame exhausted by want
+of nourishment and continual grief, she snatched the infant Samboe
+from the deck, upon which he had fallen, and where, unheeded by one
+pitying eye, he remained, without uttering any cry or attempting to
+move; for, overcome by terror of the noise and brutality of the crew,
+the sight of the immense ocean, and the want of that nourishment which
+he in vain sought from the exhausted bosom of his wretched mother,
+the suffering child seemed unable to move, or even to utter any sound.
+
+Imihie pressed him closely to her breast, turned a momentary and
+frenzied glance upon her enchained husband, and uttering a faint cry of
+terror, cast herself and precious burden into the foaming deep. But it
+was not decreed to become her tomb. Almost by miracle, she was thrown
+near a boat which had put off from a Spanish slave-vessel, and was
+picked up by the crew, with Samboe still closely entwined within her
+arms; without, however, exhibiting the smallest appearance of remaining
+life. But the vital spark was not yet extinct. She was immediately
+put on board the ship, and means of resuscitation used with both her
+and her child, as well as several other equally miserable victims of
+avarice. Heaven decreed these efforts to be effectual: and thus was
+the widowed mother transferred, by the sudden calamity, from one set
+of mercenaries to another, yet still doomed to slavery! The vessel
+had taken in her cargo at Rio Pongos, and was bound for the Havannah;
+but her stowage was too small to allow her, with impunity, to keep the
+increase occasioned by the casualty of the fire. She therefore put
+into a port, and disposed of them to a ship bound for Jamaica. This
+occasioned considerable delay; in consequence of which, when the
+transferred slaves were at length on their passage, they were subjected
+to all the evils of improper seasons; water failed, provisions became
+spoiled and scanty, and many of the slaves the victims of disease,
+ere they entered the magnificent harbour of Port Royal.
+
+Arrived at Kingston, they were put in store, until notice should
+be given of sale, which was immediately done by advertisement: "On
+Tuesday next will be put up for sale, in their store, fifty superb
+negroes of the coast; to the purchasers of which will be afforded
+all the facilities wished."
+
+
+            * * * "What man reading this,
+            And having human feelings, does not blush
+            And hang his head, to think himself a man?"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+                                "Authority usurp'd from God, not given.
+                                 He gave us over beast, fish, fowl,
+                                 Dominion absolute. That right we hold
+                                 By his donation: but men over men
+                                 He made not lord; such title to himself
+                                 Reserving, human left from human free."
+
+                                                                 Milton.
+
+
+Had Irving now seen the once attractive Imihie, and her playful boy,
+as he even beheld them in the slave-room of the African courtier,
+he would scarcely have given credit to any assurance that she
+was the same individual. She then, recently a captive, peculiarly
+displayed in her person the characteristic feminine traits of her
+country--perfect symmetry of proportion, and beautiful, in as far as
+it did not consist in colour. Modest, affable, and faithful, these
+sweet feminine qualities emanated from her softened eyes, and an air
+of winning innocence in every look and gesture; while every word was
+pronounced with an inflection of voice so sweet, so soft, so tender,
+that cold indeed must have been the heart that could withstand its
+eloquent appeal, or listen, unmoved, to its modulations. Such was the
+young Imihie. Now, alas! how changed! Emaciated for want of food,
+sinking with illness, shrinking from exposure; almost frenzied
+with the recollection of the past, the misery of the present,
+and the dread of the future; bearing, with difficulty, her infant,
+she was conducted, with her companions in misery, to the vendue, in
+the bare hope that she might be purchased for the sake of the boy;
+who, though suffering from the effects of the voyage and want of
+his natural nutriment, still evidently displayed great intelligence,
+and much natural vigour. The first day of exhibition passed, and no
+purchaser was found for the sulky negress, (for such is the feeling
+term applied to the desponding.)
+
+On occasions like this, it is a common thing to speculate upon the
+purchase of what are termed the refuse negroes, or those left from the
+first day's sale. Some are frequently in so weak and miserable a state,
+as even to be sold as low as for a dollar; some are taken to the mart
+almost in the agonies of death; and some are even known to draw their
+last sigh in the piazzas of the vendue master. It was on the second
+day's sale that Imihie was purchased by a planter for a very low sum,
+and carried into the country, with some others, whom he intended
+to retail. The situation of these wretched captives was but little
+ameliorated, by becoming the property of this man, who was of that
+class of managers, who think that the safety of the family to which
+they are subservient, and the interest of the proprietor, renders
+severity indispensable, and oppression the only mode of subduing
+the refractory spirit of the African, whom they regard with the most
+sovereign contempt. With souls lost to all sense of compassion, they
+believe there can be but one mode of enforcing obedience, that of fear;
+and in the exercise of their delegated authority, they put in action,
+to the utmost, this ignoble stimulus, by every means which a spirit
+of cruelty and ignorance can suggest.
+
+Short, indeed, would have been the existence of the miserable Imihie,
+had she continued the property of this semi-barbarian. Confined in a
+narrow and unwholesome hut, without a single comfort; a hurdle for
+a bed, which rather served to torture than to ease her pained and
+wearied limbs, with scarcely sufficient of a coarse linen to secure
+her frame from the scorching heats of the day, and the dangerous dews
+of night; in the midst of the richest bounties of nature, and the
+abundant luxuries of art, fed on salt beef and salt cod, and roots,
+with the injurious flour of the cassava, imperfectly prepared,
+and these in quantity scarcely sufficient to support existence;
+deprived of every enjoyment; condemned to perpetual labour, under the
+rod of an unfeeling master, there could be no chance of amendment of
+health, or of reconcilement to her destiny. But Providence ordained
+she should yet feel the happiness of sympathy. Her tyrant master,
+finding that her labour was very inadequate to the expences of
+retaining her, would have separated her from her child, and sold
+her for the smallest possible sum; but a neighbouring proprietor of
+a small plantation offered a satisfactory price for them together,
+and they were removed to a comparatively comfortable situation, in
+the hope that, with rest and better food, she might be enabled to
+become a house-slave to the wife of the purchaser.
+
+It has been remarked, by observing travellers, that the women of the
+West Indies possess great natural kind feelings; but that the habitual
+view of oppression, and the free exercise of power over the slaves,
+renders them very insensible to the sufferings of the negro women,
+and totally regardless of promoting their happiness, or of studying
+to ameliorate their hard lot; and that the instances are by no means
+uncommon, in which they treat and have them punished with the utmost
+severity: that they can raise, to no gentle tone, their soft voices,
+and exert, with no little energy, their spiritless frames, when
+provoked by the awkwardness, or jealous of the influence of their
+sable captives. Ah! much to be lamented is that state of oppression
+on the one part, and debasement on the other, which can convert the
+expression of that distinguishing feature of beauty, of female beauty
+more especially, from that which indicates right feeling, to that which
+betrays a superiority the God of nature designed not. A woman's eye
+should melt with tenderness, sparkle with innocent animation, weep
+with those that weep, and beam with the rays of joy at the happiness
+of another.
+
+Such was the expression which shed its consolation on the desolated
+Imihie, upon the visit of her new mistress to her lowly hut. This
+amiable woman was young, but her mind had been early matured in the
+school of adversity: a hapless fate had fixed her residence in a
+remote part of Jamaica, but she had also learnt, from precepts which
+will never lead astray, "in whatsoever situation she was, therewith
+to be content." From the same Master who had inspired this lesson of
+the apostle, she had also learnt the only cure for the rebellion of
+the mind; that force defeated its object; that it was the interest of
+those who possessed power over their fellow-beings, that they should
+be attached to life, for nothing could be expected from them, the
+moment that they no longer feared death. Guiding her conduct by this
+principle of enlightened reason, derived from a far higher source,
+the most genuine sentiments of humanity were in constant exercise, by
+a corresponding course of action. She could not, indeed, as an obscure
+and solitary individual, break or remove the yoke which oppressed
+her fellow-creatures; but she could render it easier to be borne, and
+could, sometimes, even for a time, dissipate the cruel sense of it,
+by promoting and favouring the natural tastes of her poor slaves. Their
+lodging, clothing, and food, were all attended to by persons she could
+depend upon, and regularly inspected by herself. Far from regarding
+the occupation degrading, she persevered in it as a commanding
+duty; and she reaped her high reward, by the grateful affection of
+her poor servants. By various simple methods, she roused from the
+apathy of despair, and awakened the sensibilities. Little festivals
+conducted with judgment, innocent recreations, and simple rewards,
+preserved her slaves from the continual melancholy, which had too
+just a foundation. She sympathized with mothers, and delighted to
+share with them the caresses of the children.
+
+Her husband, although possessing not her intelligence and elevation
+of mind, nor actuated by the principle that directed the energies of
+his amiable wife, yet was induced, by her unostentatious usefulness,
+and evident success in her plans, to accede to most of the humane
+innovations she proposed to him; convinced, by her arguments, that it
+would be his interest to be humane. Hence, their plantation exhibited a
+picture of comfort seldom seen, and their slaves had every appearance
+of health. They were allowed wholesome provision in ample quantity,
+with as much fruit as they wished; they had the liberty of keeping
+poultry, and to cultivate a piece of ground with esculent roots;
+their huts were comfortable, and when sick they experienced the
+kindest attention; and they were frequently suffered to associate
+with each other in little parties, for recreation and amusement.
+
+Such were the proprietors of the poor Imihie and her hapless boy, who
+soon began to find the benefit of kind treatment; and it is probable,
+had Providence ordained that it should have been enjoyed, immediately
+after landing on a foreign shore, that the miseries of the voyage,
+and even the horrors of bondage, might have been overcome by youth,
+and that wonderful buoyancy of the human mind, that seems to force
+itself above the swelling waves of misfortune. But the arrow had sunk
+too deep: its barb had been too powerfully poisoned, for human effort
+to withdraw, or to antidote it. Imihie was evidently the victim of that
+disease which hurries to an untimely grave, so many individuals of
+her hapless country; and which, throughout the world, may be termed,
+although not yet classed, a broken heart. The first symptom of this
+disorder among negroes, became evident; namely, the black and glossy
+skin assumed an olive hue, the tongue became white, and the poor
+sufferer became overpowered by such a desire to sleep, that it was
+found impossible to resist it, a deadly faintness preventing the
+smallest exercise. In fact, a languor and general relaxation of the
+whole wonderful machinery of the human frame, seems to threaten death
+day by day, yet the sufferer still survives. So great is the state of
+despondency accompanying this distressing malady, that those afflicted
+will suffer themselves to be beaten, rather than attempt to move or
+walk. Happy was it for Imihie that she had not a task-master's whip to
+dread; and that the loathing which she had for mild and wholesome food,
+was not attributed to obstinacy, but to what it really was, a symptom
+of the disease which was insiduously undermining the vital principles
+of life. It made rapid advances upon her delicate and youthful frame:
+her respiration became laborious and painful, the extremities became
+swollen, and suffocation seemed frequently to impede the action of
+the heart. In this state she languished and suffered several months;
+but Imihie had her consolations, under an infliction, the natural
+consequence of melancholy upon the organs of the human frame.
+
+We have said, that the humanity and enlightened reason of the
+excellent Mrs. Delany, were derived from a high source; even from that
+source which exalts feeling to a principle: the one is frequently as
+transient as the excitement, the other is founded upon a firm basis;
+offering a permanent and pure incentive to action, by adding a value
+to existence, as connecting it with a future. Such is one of the many
+blessed fruits of a Christian faith. Mrs. Delany felt its commanding
+power: she was a Christian in deed. Hers was not a speculative creed,
+but a practical code: it was her daily, hourly study to act upon.
+
+It is true, Jamaica, at the period of our narrative, enjoyed not
+the high privileges it now possesses of Christian instruction, and
+of Christian example; but Mrs. Delaney was one amongst the few, who,
+feeling and enjoying the light and the consolation of religion, were
+anxious to impart a portion of what cheered their own hearts--of that
+which directed their steps, to those who yet "sat in darkness and
+the shadow of death." Deeply interested in her hapless slave, from
+the moment she saw her, Mrs. Delaney had soothed, by truly maternal
+attention, her bodily sufferings, and her mental anguish. She inwardly
+deplored her total ignorance of that grand source of consolation, the
+knowledge of which was so open to those who despised it. She gently
+prepared the feelings and the understanding for the reception of that
+light, which she fervently prayed might be imparted to her benighted
+mind. She gradually led her docile steps, her mental view, to Him who
+invites the heavy laden to resort to him for rest; to seek Him who is
+the strength and the fortress of those that trust in him; to adore,
+with unfeigned humility, that transcendent mercy, which became poor
+that we might be rich. What heart is there, bereft of all earthly
+good, all earthly hope, but must expand with joy, to receive into
+its most inmost recesses the precious promises of Christianity?--of
+that mild and beneficent religion, which so tenderly sympathizes with
+every emotion of the weak, the frail, the lacerated bosom? Was it
+then surprising, that the poor Imihie, with feelings too powerful for
+utterance, hung upon the mild accents of Mrs. Delaney, as she described
+to her the sufferings of the Redeemer--the abyss of wretchedness from
+which he rescued mankind--the dreadful penalty from which he saved a
+rebellious world? Was it surprising, that, with an eager gratitude,
+which gave a heavenly expression to her languid eyes, and displayed
+itself in every varying feature, she listened to the glorious truths
+of revelation, unfolded in terms suited to her expanding capacity;
+and that, with all the simplicity of unsophisticated nature, receiving
+the noblest impressions of Deity, she bade Mrs. Delaney thank her great
+good God for his marvellous kindness to wretched captives, and for the
+unsearchable riches of his grace. Never was she wearied in hearing
+her kind instructress recount the sufferings of the incarnate God:
+tears, the offspring of genuine feeling, chased each other down her
+altered countenance, as Mrs. Delaney directed her imagination to the
+garden of Gethsemane, to the judgment-hall, where He, whose throne is
+heaven, and his footstool earth, was exposed to insult, contumely,
+and scorn; scourged, buffeted, spit upon; betrayed by one friend,
+denied by another, and abandoned by all; subjected to a painful, a
+cruel, and an ignominious death, in the presence of insulting foes:
+the very spirit clouded by the momentary abandonment of heavenly aid,
+forcing from the lips of the sufferer the agonizing exclamation:
+"My God, my God! why hast thou forsaken me?" and all this for the
+love he bore for those who became his murderers.
+
+Thus would Mrs. Delaney, in language suited to the capacity of her
+pupil, recount the affecting history of our Redeemer, and gradually
+open her mind (aided by the Spirit of grace constantly implored
+to direct her) to the grand truths of the gospel. The soul of the
+dying Imihie imbibed the soothing balm, felt the powerful energy,
+and gladly received the consolation the religion of Jesus alone has
+power to give. Her tears, it is true, still flowed for Africa, and for
+Tumiah; but they were no longer bitter tears. The heavenly ray which
+had been communicated to her soul, had not only enlightened it, but
+stilled its perturbations; and captivity was deprived of its horrors,
+in the enjoyment of those lively instructions in the way of holiness
+and peace, so impressively imparted by her truly Christian mistress.
+
+Often when administering some relief to her bodily suffering,
+Mrs. Delaney would ask her how she felt herself. She would say, with
+a serene smile, "weak, weak; but joy, joy here," laying her hand on
+her bosom, then pressing that of her compassionate benefactress. No
+murmur, no complaint, proceeded from her lips; but her mind appeared
+ever tranquil, and her soul happy. Sometimes, indeed, while caressing
+Samboe, the tear would swell in her eyes; but she had learned the
+comprehensive prayer, "Lord, let thy will be done!" and a frequent,
+affecting repetition of it, while she pressed her boy to her bosom,
+spoke volumes to the sympathizing Mrs. Delaney.
+
+During this daily increase of spiritual strength, her frame gradually
+sunk under the pressure of her disease, which resisted every
+tried means of relief, and finally came to its usual termination;
+viz. suffocation. Thus closed the mortal career of the youthful
+Imihie, one of the many thousands of victims to a commerce, which,
+it is feared, the mercenary will always cling to; in which desperate
+men will ever be found to hazard; and, even in Africa, tyrants ever
+be ready to supply the horrid market; (Note Q.) while few, it is to
+be feared, will, like the poor Imihie, after a series of misery, find
+a Mrs. Delaney to soothe their sorrows, and point to realms where all
+tears shall be wiped away, and sorrow and sighing shall flee for ever.
+
+
+            To Heaven the Christian negress sent her sighs,
+            In morning vows, and evening sacrifice;
+            She pray'd for blessings to descend on those
+            Who dealt to her the cup of many woes;
+            Thought of her home in Africa forlorn,
+            Yet, while she wept, rejoic'd that she was born:
+            Ennobling virtue fix'd her hopes above,
+            Enlarg'd her heart, and sanctified her love.
+            With lowly steps the path of peace she trod,
+            A happy pilgrim, for she walk'd with God.
+
+                                                Montgomery, (adapted.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+                      The spreading palm-tree o'er her grave shall wave,
+                      Emblem of bliss eternal!
+
+                     "See on the grave in which she sleeps,
+                      The soften'd savage sits and weeps;
+                      And the sweet voice of gratitude
+                      Oft names her in the desert rude."
+
+                                                         The Missionary.
+
+
+The infant Samboe, thus bereaved of his suffering mother, was yet too
+young to feel the full magnitude of his loss; yet his little heart
+experienced emotions he had no power to utter, when he was told she
+would never more awake to his call, nor could he feel happy, when,
+with expressions of joy, he saw the negroes of the plantation remove
+his "silent mother" to the burial ground, with every demonstration
+of joy. (Note R.)
+
+An ever kind Providence has, however, made the griefs of children to
+be transient; and Samboe, the favourite of Mrs. Delaney, from his
+sweetness of disposition, great activity, and early intelligence,
+would probably have presented a pleasing exception to the unhappy
+lot of his enslaved countrymen--might justly have enjoyed the title
+of the happy negro--had his benefactress been spared to bless the
+sable dependants on her kindness. But life, at all times and in all
+situations transient and uncertain, may be said to be peculiarly so
+in the West Indies; the progress of disease being so rapid, and the
+excitements to it so many. That dreadful visitation, the yellow fever,
+broke out in the district of the Delaney plantation: numberless were
+the victims to the "pestilence that walketh in noon-day;" and among
+them were Mr. Delaney and his amiable wife.
+
+Those who were capable of appreciating their worth, who had felt
+their benevolence, had enjoyed the privileges they allowed, and knew
+how rarely they were found in the plantations, mourned them with
+unfeigned sorrow, their loss closing up the avenues of consolation and
+of hope; and those too young to feel how much they were deprived of,
+were quickly made sensible of a change from a system of Christian
+love and benevolence, to that built upon the mere hope of worldly
+gain. As it is not the custom in the English colonies, as in the
+French, for the negroes to be attached to the plantation, those
+of the Delaney estate were, upon the sale of it, dispersed amongst
+different purchasers; and the infant Samboe became the property of
+a cruel mercenary, who employed the poor child to wait upon him,
+when indulging in all the luxurious ease of an occidental despot. By
+those who have seen the various caprices of a temper altogether
+uncontrouled, the whims of a mind destitute of cultivation and
+obstinate in ignorance, the cruelty of a disposition formed by the
+possession of a precarious power over helpless individuals; by those,
+and those only, will the various species of suffering to which the
+innocent child was subjected be understood; and the terrors which were
+produced by the horrid imprecations, the unmanly abuse, and vulgar
+epithets of this brutal master, upon the gentle and timid character
+of the poor little Samboe. It was then he began to feel the loss,
+and to pine for the tenderness of his mother and his benefactress;
+and there is little doubt but he would have soon followed them to
+the tomb, had not an incident occurred, that emancipated him from the
+tyrannical controul by which he so acutely suffered. One day, while
+attending his master at breakfast, just as he handed the coffee his
+foot slipped, and it was thrown over a beautiful cimar, which the
+luxurious planter highly valued, as the gift of a lady to whom he
+was partial. He rose in haste and in anger, and aiming a blow at the
+now kneeling boy, missed the blow, and fell himself to the ground,
+striking his head by the fall against the edge of a sofa. Seeing him
+suddenly fall, some attendants in waiting rushed to his assistance,
+but in vain: the blow had been fatal, he had fallen to rise no more
+on earth! Happy was it for Samboe that there were witnesses, white
+witnesses of the scene, who could exonerate him from all intentional
+connexion with, or wilful provocation to the catastrophe. The alarm,
+however, of the unoffending child was distressing: the countenance
+of the planter at all times bore evidence of his ill-regulated mind
+and indurated heart, and the awful hand of death fixed them in an
+expression the most horrid. With little idea of such sudden death,
+the poor child thought he was but in a violent passion, and, in the
+most piteous accents, clasping his hands together, besought "massa to
+forgive poor Samboe, who would not break cup any more, would not spoil
+dress any more." But his supplication was alike unheeded by master
+and attendants, except by one, who kicking him as he passed, said:
+"Get out of the way, ye little whining dog, or I'll make ye." Samboe
+crept from the apartment, and crouching under some furniture, felt
+all the bitterness of a life of slavery, of which nature, in its first
+fresh feelings, can be capable. Happily again for the infant captive,
+the wife of the planter could not bear to retain in her service the
+innocent cause of her husband's death; at least, secretly rejoicing
+at her own emancipation from his arbitrary disposition, she affected
+so to say: consequently, she expressed her wish of selling him to
+the manager of a neighbouring plantation, but as her recent loss
+rendered it impossible for her to have a personal interview, she
+thus communicated her wish by note to this person: "Unable to bear
+the sight of the young author of the death of the best and tenderest
+of husbands, Mrs. Williamson requests the favour of Mr. Martin to
+take charge of, and dispose of him, in any way he may judge most
+conducive to her interest, and to employ the proceeds in the purchase
+of a more effective, that is, laborious slave. Mrs. W. relies on the
+known kindness of Mr. M. to render this service to the disconsolate
+widow of his late friend." My young readers will doubtless be shocked,
+that Mrs. Williamson should thus profess grief for the loss of a man
+she married for his wealth, without either esteeming or loving him;
+but it is no fancied picture, and is presented to show, that, unless
+the heart is continually watched, and the mind sedulously cultivated,
+in situations favourable to indolence and self-indulgence, the moral
+feelings quickly become blunted, and the individual can easily,
+and without any self-reproach, assume any sentiments and any line
+of conduct which best suits the whim or caprice of the moment;
+and she hated the little Samboe, because she once overheard him,
+in a moment of unusual gaiety, telling a circle of slaves what
+merry dances they had at Delaney, when dear Missy Delaney danced
+with poor Samboe. Upon such trifles will envy condescend to feed its
+insatiate appetite. Good, however, to Samboe, was educed from all this
+evil. Mr. Martin was the respectable and humane manager of the Moreton
+estate; (see "Twilight Hours Improved," page 85;) subjected to his
+superintendence during the minority of Mr. Frederick Moreton, by the
+will of his deceased father; and whose humane treatment of his negroes
+had excited the displeasure of the young man's guardian, Mr. Penryn,
+who firmly believed the African race created only to become the slaves
+of Europeans. Mr. Martin lost no time in complying with the request
+of his fair neighbour. He well remembered frequently having seen the
+little Samboe in attendance upon his imperious master, and never failed
+to admire his extreme docility, mildness, and intelligence; and he
+looked upon the circumstance of Mrs. Williamson's desire to sell him,
+as very fortunate, as he had, only a few days previous, received the
+commission to send to England a negro boy for his young master.
+
+The purchase was soon made, and Samboe was once more under the roof of
+an indulgent master. Every attention was given, in order to establish
+his health, and improve his personal appearance, that he might credit
+the choice of his purchaser, and please the young eye of his future
+master. He only remained at Jamaica to effect these purposes, when he
+was consigned to the care of the captain of an English West Indiaman,
+with instructions to have him safely conveyed to Mr. Penryn's,
+Portman Square.
+
+Samboe evinced the greatest reluctance to go on board; he clung
+to Mr. Martin, who himself conducted him, and trembled violently,
+declaring he could not go into great ship, or on great wide sea. No one
+could account for this extraordinary reluctance and evident terror; for
+they knew not that the young heart of the little negro was throbbing
+with recollections for which he had no name, and which he had no
+power to express. It is true, they were vague, like the confused
+remembrance of a troubled dream, but they were powerful; and it was
+with the utmost difficulty Mr. Martin soothed him, by gentleness,
+promises, and assurances; and, after all, was obliged to leave him,
+when he had cried himself to sleep upon a coil of rope on the deck,
+no one being able to prevail upon him to go below, and Mr. Martin
+positively forbidding coercion.
+
+The grief and terror of the poor boy were renewed, when he discovered
+he had been left by Mr Martin; but a series of kind treatment, and
+many little indulgences granted him, after a while reconciled him
+to his new situation; while his simplicity and quickness greatly
+endeared him to the sailors, with whom he became quite a pet. The
+voyage passed in this manner without any particular occurrence; and
+Samboe was introduced, one evening, to the dining room of Mr. Penryn,
+filled with elegant company.
+
+Had he been one of the wonders of the world, he probably would not have
+excited more attention, or elicited more remarks. The ladies admired
+his eyes and his teeth; the gentlemen enquired if he was a Molembo,
+or from the Kroo country, and began an animated debate on slavery,
+and the slave-trade. Each lady gave her opinion of the most becoming
+dress to contrast with the jet black of his skin. One asked him if was
+not glad to come to England; another enquired if he was sorry to leave
+Africa; a third enquired if they flogged him at the plantation; while
+a fourth, by way of compliment to the lady of the house, observed,
+he was a happy black boy, to have such a charming mistress. To all
+these remarks the poor child could give no reply; nor, it would seem,
+was it expected; and, much to his joy, he was dismissed to the care
+of the groom, until his apartment and employment about the person of
+his young master could be arranged.
+
+The groom, however, was highly indignant that a vile neger boy
+should be committed to his care: "Did they fancy he would let a
+black get between his sheets? No, indeed; there was the hay-loft,
+the stable-boy should pull him a truss of straw in the corner there:
+surely that would be a better bed than most negers got. Sleep with
+me, indeed; no, I'd lose my place first, and tis'n't a bad one,
+neither. Had they told me to take Caesar the house-dog, or Neptune
+the Newfoundlander, I should not have so much have minded; but a
+neger boy! surely my master was half-seas over to think of it." This,
+and much more of the same refined objection, passed in the kitchen
+of ---- Penryn, esq. and, according to the groom's kind arrangement,
+Samboe was indulged with some clean straw in the stable-loft.
+
+The children of oppression and calamity quickly sympathize; a kindred
+feeling draws them together: thus it was with Samboe the African,
+and Frank the English stable boy. An orphan from his cradle,
+and a parish apprentice, Frank had been early subjected to every
+oppression--exposed to every temptation; but a certain buoyancy of
+spirit, and a persevering ardour of mind, enabled him to rise above
+the one; and the latter was rendered less dangerous, by his constant,
+unremitted love of employment. He was busily engaged mending his
+shoes, when his master, the groom, introduced the young negro to his
+acquaintance. "There, Frank," he said, "there is a companion for you,
+my lad; take care he don't touch the horses, and mind he don't run
+away. Lock him up when you come in for your supper: you may offer him
+some, but I don't know what negers eat, I'm sure. Master should have
+told us that, I think, for I don't expect they live as we do. Eh! my
+lad, do ye mind me?" he added, with a raised voice, as he saw Frank
+take the hand of the timid Samboe, and ask him if he was tired. "Oh
+yes, sir!" he replied, touching his fur cap, "I will be sure to take
+care of him."
+
+Glad to get quit of the restraint which the charge imposed upon him,
+the groom was in high good humour with Frank, and promised, if he would
+attend to his orders, he would give him a shilling. Astonished at his
+unwonted generosity, Frank repeated his assurances; and having made
+his new companion understand that he desired to make him comfortable,
+with the happy facility of children to be so when left to themselves,
+they quickly became acquainted. Frank found that negers could eat
+good bread and fresh meat; that they had no objection to tarts; and
+that even a custard, given by the cook as a treat to merry Frank,
+was equally relished by the neger boy. After this luxurious repast,
+during which, if it was not the "feast of reason and the flow of soul,"
+there was, most unquestionably, innate benevolence on one side, and
+genuine gratitude on the other, the new-made friends sought repose on
+the same clean truss of straw, and together enjoyed the refreshment
+of "nature's sweet restorer." Not long, however, after they had thus
+lain down, Frank was roused from his yet imperfect slumber, by a
+slight rustling and a low voice, very near him. He spoke gently to
+his new bed-fellow, but received no reply. Frank had that tincture of
+superstition which usually attaches to the ignorant and uncultivated;
+and the unusual sound, his new situation, and the profound darkness,
+aided the impression; while a thought of the little negro became
+associated with the recollection of several marvellous ghost-stories he
+had heard. He ventured, however, (not without considerable reluctance,)
+to feel if his sable companion was by his side, and discovered, to
+his amazement, that he was not there. The murmur still continued,
+and Frank, trembling all over him, made a desperate effort, and
+called lustily, "Samboe, Samboe!" "Samboe here," replied the boy,
+in a soft and gentle tone; "Samboe here, but wicked boy."
+
+Frank's courage returned at the sound of Samboe's voice clearly
+pronouncing these words, although he was at a loss to account
+for his self-accusation. "Why, what have you done to be wicked;
+where are you?" he enquired. Samboe's imperfect knowledge of the
+English language, permitted him not to understand the full import
+of these questions; and it was not until Frank, with renewed courage
+at finding his companion was really a mortal, contrived to make him
+understand his repeated enquiry, why he had risen, and why he called
+himself wicked? "Because Samboe forgot lesson dear Missy Delaney teach
+him. Pray to great God before sleep; pray to great God when eyes open;
+pray to good God give food; pray to good God give friends."
+
+Frank now understood, that Samboe, in the novelty of his situation,
+and probably from the effects of a little porter he had taken,
+had forgotten to offer his simple tribute of thanks and respect to
+the omnipotent Creator, which the good Mrs. Delaney had taught him
+habitually to do; although he was too young when she died, to admit
+any further religious instruction, or to understand more than that
+a great God, beyond the blue sky, observed all his actions.
+
+Samboe had never, until this night, neglected this lesson; but, with
+uplifted hands and bended knee, was accustomed to acknowledge the
+protection and the support of the Being he had been taught to regard,
+as ever beholding, and with unwearied care protecting, all men. Sleep,
+however, had not closed his eyes, ere the omission was recollected,
+and he had crept out of the straw, to offer his simple orison, the low
+murmur of which had so much alarmed his new friend. Having concluded,
+he returned to his straw couch, and slept the sleep of innocence,
+untill awaked by Frank rising to his morning duty in the stables.
+
+Frank possessed an intelligence of mind, as well as activity of spirit,
+which required but opportunities to develope themselves. The incident
+of Samboe's forgotten prayer, impressed his youthful mind. How was
+it he had never been taught to pray? He had never seen it practised
+among those he had been with. He thought people went to church to
+pray; yet surely if a black boy thought it right to pray, a white
+boy ought. Perhaps it was a custom among them? Yet, such was the
+innate impression he had, that it was right and proper, that he
+felt a species of shame to answer Samboe in the negative, when he
+artlessly enquired if he did not pray to great God, to take care of
+him; he, too, who knew so many things: for, to Samboe, Frank seemed
+a miracle of cleverness, when he described his various employments,
+and displayed, to his astonished visitor, the results of his ingenuity,
+which he did with no little self-complacency.
+
+Samboe seemed now the happiest of human beings. He suffered nothing
+to pass unnoticed; asking the reason, the use, the name of every
+thing he heard, or saw, or touched. This he contrived to do, either
+by broken words, gestures, or signs. The new-made friends thus passed
+several hours of the morning, before the groom made his appearance;
+for, although his apartments were above the stables, he did not often
+occupy them, finding numerous engagements more pleasant than attending
+to his duty.
+
+The only unpleasant circumstance of this morning of delight to
+Samboe, was its chilliness. It was one of those which frequently
+occur in May, as if to reprove the hastiness of the family of Flora,
+in putting forth their fair forms; and its asperity was severely felt
+by the little African. Frank determined to make him as comfortable
+as he could; and having received no orders to the contrary, lighted
+a fire in the groom's room, and invited Samboe to its genial warmth,
+while he quickly prepared a comfortable mess of milk-pottage.
+
+They were thus enjoying themselves, when the master of the house
+appeared, half awake, and storming at Frank for a lazy dog, for not
+having swept the stable-door. But he supposed he and the beggarly
+neger had been idling away their time together. Frank, who was used
+to his arbitrary temper, said little; but, making signs for Samboe to
+return to the loft, he quickly prepared every thing for his master's
+toilet, and proceeded to rectify the omission of not having swept the
+door-way. While thus engaged, a servant from the house arrived with
+an order to the groom to take the negro-boy to a clothes-shop, and
+have him neatly clothed, until a a proper dress could be fixed upon;
+as he was to have an interview with his mistress and young master,
+who neither of them could bear the smell of tar, exhaling from the
+filthy things he wore.
+
+This message, delivered in due form to the groom while he was shaving
+himself, nearly endangered his cutting his throat, by the resentful
+agitation it caused, that he should be appointed to wait upon a
+neger. It was a degradation which he could not, nor would not submit
+to. Following, therefore, the example of his superiors, he delegated
+the office to his subordinate; and calling loudly for Frank, as soon
+as the messenger had left him, he desired him to take the black he
+seemed so fond of, to Mr. Draper's, and get him rigged. "And mind
+ye, Frank, boy, call at the 'potecaries or 'fumers, and bid 'em
+pour some musk or lavender, or something sweet over the lad, for
+missis is very particular; and as to Master Fred, I shall have him
+trying how my legs will bear the exercise of his new hunting-whip,
+if I do not please him about this black, who, I dare say, will not be
+long before he feels it. But I suppose he has been used to flogging,
+so it will be nothing to him."
+
+Frank, highly pleased with this important commission, called the
+shivering boy from the hay-chamber, and in no long time he was
+completely equipped, in a suit according to the taste of Frank and
+the vender: certainly as stiff and ill made as it well could be;
+while the effusion of lavender-water was completely accomplished,
+even till the poor boy's eyes became filled with tears, from the
+potency of the perfume, and every person he passed on his return,
+half stopped, at meeting with the unusual odour.
+
+Samboe, however, had yet some hours to become reconciled to his new
+habiliment; and his friend Frank had so many modes and sources of
+employment and amusement, that those hours passed insensibly away. At
+length, about four o'clock, the groom again appeared to conduct him
+to the house; and when arrived, a footman desired him to follow him to
+the apartment of his lady, previously to her taking her morning airing.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+                         "I would not have a slave to till my ground,
+                          To carry me, to fan me while I sleep,
+                          And tremble when I wake, for all the wealth
+                          That sinews bought and sold have ever earn'd."
+
+                                                                 Cowper.
+
+
+From the reciprocation of the heart's best affections, which had
+marked the short period of Samboe's acquaintance with Frank, we may
+now follow the young stranger to the inanity of an Anglo West Indian
+boudoir; in which were Mrs. Penryn, reclined on a chaise longue, a
+young lady spangling some delicate muslin, and Mr. Frederick Moreton
+standing at a distant part of the room. The footman having opened the
+door, pointed to Samboe to enter, and immediately closed it upon him,
+leaving the timid boy to the scrutinizing looks of Mrs. Penryn, the
+oblique attention of the young lady, and the supercilious glance of the
+boy, who was engaged in the humane employment of holding a live mouse
+by the tail, as high as his arm could reach; while a kitten, eagerly
+attending to its writhings, kept springing, instinctively, to catch
+it, and as often, from the violence of the exertion, fell back on the
+floor. Had it not been for the chill which pervaded his frame, in his
+way to this apartment, Samboe might have thought himself in the West
+Indies, both as to the temperature, and the luxurious ease displayed
+in the arrangement of it. An elegant Persian carpet, entirely covered
+it; sofas, ottomans, and couches, invited to indolence and repose;
+ornaments of the richest and most expensive materials, vases, cabinets,
+&c. adorned it; and a number of tropical birds, of beauteous plumage,
+displayed their captive state in superb cages of various elegant forms;
+while shells of great magnitude and exquisite beauty were displayed
+in different parts of this superb room, with considerable judgment
+and taste; and a rich glow seemed communicated to every object, from
+the light passing the draperies of beautiful rose-coloured taffety
+curtains. Plants of the loveliest bloom and most exquisite odour,
+completed the fascinations of this luxurious apartment, tastefully
+arranged in beautiful baskets and vases, reflected by the superb
+mirrors, of which there were several on each side of the room.
+
+Mrs. Penryn, half raising her pale and spiritless form from the
+sofa on which she was reclining, was the first to break the silence
+which followed Samboe's introduction. "Come, Fred, do give Frolic the
+mouse, and look at this boy. He will serve to amuse you, I hope; for
+I think the dogs, the cats, the mice, and the flies, have had enough
+of you. Come, did you ever behold such an uncouth creature as George
+has made him: why the boy looks as if he were in a wooden case. He
+must not appear about you, till he has something fit to put on."
+
+This feeling harangue did not divert the young gentleman from his
+amusement for some minutes, till at length, more it would seem from
+his own fatigue, than from any motive of compassion for the poor
+animals, he gave the cat its natural prey; and it retired swearing,
+as its murmur of triumph is styled, to enjoy the feast, under a sofa
+at the further part of the room. "Now, Lavinia," said Mrs. Penryn,
+addressing the young lady, "give us your opinion, my dear; your taste
+is so good: what dress shall we have for Fred's page? He will like
+whatever you decide upon, I dare say."
+
+"Dear me, do you think so?" replied Miss Lavinia, in the most affected
+tone: "Mr. Frederick seldom asks my opinion, I think."
+
+"He is but a boy, and you will excuse him, I'm sure; but really this
+dress must be left to you."
+
+"Certainly," replied Lavinia, "he must have something different from
+that he now wears, which is only fit for the stable."
+
+"And a very good place too, I think," remarked the polite young
+gentleman, as he threw himself at his length on a sofa, rousing by
+the action a little white terrier, which had been reposing quietly
+upon it. The dog uttered a cry, and jumped on the floor.
+
+"Poor Erminet cannot be quiet even here," said Mrs. Penryn, angrily:
+"I wish, Fred, you would look before you lie down: I dare say you
+have lamed my pretty Erminet."
+
+"I dare say I have done no such thing," retorted the respectful nephew:
+"But I have no desire to stay, I assure you. I am sure, though Lavinia
+talks of the stable, I had rather be there, than shut up in this hot
+room. So make haste and determine about the boy's dress, for I cannot
+stay shilly-shally here all day."
+
+"I wonder when you will learn to be civil," said Mrs. Penryn: "I think,
+if you had had a few lessons of politeness interspersed with Greek
+and Latin, it would have made you more agreeable." "That is all you
+women know of the matter. But let me have no preaching. Have you done
+with me?"
+
+"Why, Fred, how provoking you are: did you not bid me send for the
+boy? And now he is come, you want to go without settling any thing
+about him. Remember, he is your property, and you must do what you
+please about him. I shall trouble myself no more about him."
+
+"Very well, then leave it alone," said the young barbarian; and
+striding past the trembling Samboe, he quitted the room, shutting
+the door with violence after him.
+
+"What a pity it is," said Mrs. Penryn, after a short pause, "that
+Frederick is so hasty: such a good-hearted lad as he is. I wish,
+Lavinia, you would undertake to soften down his manners: he is really
+worth your trouble, my dear girl."
+
+The young lady simpered, half blushed, expressed her doubt of having
+any influence over Mr. Frederick, who was, indeed, a fine manly
+boy. There was nothing she could refuse to dear Mrs. Penryn and her
+guardian, and she would certainly endeavour to please Frederick,
+that she might refine his manners a little."
+
+"Well, begin then, my dear girl, and fix upon a tasty dress for the
+boy. I know Fred will be pleased when it is done. I intend Samboe to
+be his constant attendant: he is to sleep in the little anti-room,
+to be ever at hand to attend Frederick's pleasure; and, in short,
+he is to do what he pleases respecting him. Mr. Penryn says he will
+have hundreds under his power when he goes to Jamaica."
+
+This reference to the taste of Lavinia, was the dictate of policy;
+for she was recently become a ward of Mr. Penryn, was an orphan
+of immense property, and only a few years older than Frederick. The
+prudent Mr. and Mrs. Penryn were very desirous to favour an attachment
+between them; and Mrs. Penryn was directed, by her husband, to seek
+every opportunity of doing so.
+
+The young lady was of that negative character, so often met
+with amongst those who, in large boarding-schools, lose every
+discriminating trait in the general application of certain rules and
+certain pursuits. Dress, admiration, and gaiety, alone had power to
+animate her pretty features; from which, however, no intellectual ray
+ever beamed. She was highly flattered by the desire of Mrs. Penryn to
+exercise her taste in the choice of a dress for Samboe. That choice
+could not be difficult, for one who had so frequently seen the variety
+of costume exhibited on the stage; and as vanity, ostentation, and
+singularity, not congruity, were to dictate the choice, it was soon
+fixed, as the young lady thought, of that elegant form and expensive
+material, which could not fail to please the young planter; and it
+must be owned, that when, a few days subsequent, Samboe made his
+appearance in the elegant costume of Persia, that he exhibited a very
+fair specimen of juvenile negro beauty. The blue and silver vest and
+caftan, the full girdle, the capacious trowsers, and the perfectly
+white turban, with its golden cord and sparkling gems, contrasted well
+with his sable skin and slender form; giving a lightness to his air,
+which even the pressure of slavery was not able materially to injure.
+
+Lavinia's taste was loudly applauded; and even Frederick condescended
+to say the boy looked something like what he ought to do. But
+poor Samboe, like many a white boy and girl, felt the misery of
+fine clothes, being continually reminded that he must not do this,
+he must not lie there, lest he should soil his dress.
+
+His young master would never suffer him out of his sight: not that
+he cared a button for him or his clothes, but because he could not
+allow of any cessation in tormenting a poor being over whom he had
+full controul; and he was continually racking his invention, to
+devise some new species of torment and teasing. With a mean species
+of jealousy, as soon as he found Frank the stable-boy was the only
+kind being who regarded the poor black boy as a fellow-creature, he
+interdicted Samboe from ever going into the stable, or from speaking
+to his good-tempered friend.
+
+This was a cruel stroke to poor Samboe, thus to deprive him of the
+only portion of comfort in his bitter draught of slavery. His mind
+was in danger of becoming callous from oppression, and in proportion
+to the degradation he was subjected to. He had no motive for action,
+but the dread of punishment. Without voluntary agency, a mere passive
+instrument in the hands of others, his mind would assuredly have become
+irrecoverably contracted, and the powers of soul even destroyed,
+had not the very tyranny and caprice which were producing these
+lamentable results, transferred the suffering boy to the benevolent
+care of Captain Tremayne, and his young nephew, Charles Roslyn. (See
+"Twilight Hours improved.")
+
+Become the property of the latter by the hasty gift of Frederick,
+how different was the lot of Samboe, from a state of cruel coercion,
+of degrading slavery, which was daily debasing every manly sentiment!
+
+
+            "When, to deep sadness sullenly resign'd,
+            He feels his body's bondage in his mind,
+            Put off his generous nature, and to suit
+            His manners with his fate, put on the brute."
+
+
+Such, indeed, is slavery most justly termed, "the grave of
+virtue." Under its cold and ungenial influence, every generous, every
+warm emotion must languish and die. Through the gloom which envelopes
+the soul subjected to its dark power, no ray of intellect, no beam
+of joy, no sun of cheerfulness can pierce. And yet man, inconsistent
+man, while condemning his fellow-being to this soul-paralyzing state,
+expects from the poor victims qualities and virtues only to be planted
+in the soil, only to be nourished by the sun, of liberty--of Christian
+liberty, of Christian charity:
+
+
+            "For slaves by truth enlarg'd are doubly freed."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+                          "Thy lips have shed instruction as the dew,
+                           Taught me what path to shun, and what pursue.
+                           Farewell my former joys! I sigh no more
+                           For Africa's once-lov'd, benighted shore:
+                           Serving a benefactor, I am free,
+                           At my best home, if not exil'd from thee."
+
+
+Samboe, placed with the respectable Mr. Llwellin, made rapid progress
+in reading and writing, and in the elements of general knowledge. His
+quickness gained the entire attention of his preceptor; while these was
+a charm and freshness in all he said, which could only be derived from
+quick perceptions and a warm heart--a buoyancy of fancy and a fervid
+feeling, which won the affections of all those who had to instruct
+him. With the deepest attention he would listen to Mr. Llwellin,
+as in a simple and impressive manner he explained to him the general
+principles of religion, the nature and duty of worshipping God, the
+creation of man, his fall from virtue and happiness, and the promised
+restoration through the merits of the Redeemer. It is a mistake that
+these subjects are beyond the comprehension, and excite no interest in
+the hearts of children. Practical devotion and the Christian duties,
+have a forcible influence on the ductile minds and unsophisticated
+hearts of the young. Hence the transition of instruction is easy, and
+perfectly understood by them, from the duty and privilege of prayer
+and praise, to the truth that we are unable to do either, or even to
+think what is right, without superior guidance and continual aid. The
+conviction of this at once gives an object and a fervency to prayer;
+and he who prays fervently and believing, however young he may be,
+will not be unheeded when thus imploring the divine aid.
+
+It was the invariable custom of Mr. Llwellin to assemble his family
+in the evening. He then read a portion of the Holy Scriptures, and
+explained them with admirable simplicity and pathos to his little
+auditory. It was now that the prayers Samboe had said, as it were
+mechanically, were now repeated with an earnestness which fully
+indicated that they were not merely the offering of the lips; and
+so much did he profit by the pious instructions, example, and care
+of Mr. Llwellin, that he was admitted into the Christian church by
+baptism; but, at the request of his young protector, retaining his
+former name as his usual appellation although he received, at the font,
+that of Henry.
+
+So anxious was this interesting youth to attain all useful knowledge,
+that he was always the first at his scholastic duties; and when
+dismissed from them, after a little recreation, enjoyed with all
+the zest of health and youth, he would occupy his time in religious
+reading and study, drawing, and little mechanical works; equally
+proving his strength of intellect and his active ingenuity. Though
+his temper was frequently severely tried by the taunts and ridicule of
+the boys, he never betrayed anger or resentment: he disarmed them by
+his humility, patience, and meekness; so that scoffers he converted
+into friends. He was lively in his disposition, but taciturn from
+thought, except when with his teachers; when he seemed to expand
+every faculty of his mind to receive their instructions, while any
+accession of knowledge caused his naturally brilliant eyes to beam
+with added intelligence and delight.
+
+With all these qualities of mind and heart, it is not surprising
+that Samboe was a universal favourite; and unfeigned, indeed, was
+his joy, when he was permitted to write to his dear massa Charles,
+whom he never named without his eyes filling with tears of grateful
+affection. "Oh!" he would say, "my dear massa, I shall never forget
+his goodness." Years passed on in this progressive improvement, during
+which a regular correspondence was kept up between Charles Roslyn and
+his protege, when an incident occurred which opened a field for the
+exercise of those attainments it had been the laudable and unremitted
+study of Samboe to acquire.
+
+Colonel Roslyn was entertaining a party of gentlemen, among whom
+were admiral Herbert and his nephew Fitzhugh. Charles Roslyn was the
+favourite midshipman of the admiral, and the conversation turned upon
+the topic of the day; namely, the slave-trade, and the probabilities
+of its abolition, as well as the capacity of the negroes to profit
+by their freedom. Many were the arguments adduced for and against;
+and Colonel Roslyn was naturally led to relate the circumstances of
+Samboe's becoming Charles's protege, and the high reward they had
+experienced in the sweet disposition, high intellectual capacity,
+moral worth, and genuine religious principles of the young negro. "I
+have the sincerest pleasure," observed Colonel Roslyn, "in stating
+this individual instance of the moral and intellectual worth of an
+African, of which, doubtless, there are many similar instances,
+where instruction and kindness have elicited and fostered the
+qualities of the mind and heart. But we all remember the period, my
+friends, when the African's claim to the character and privileges
+of man was even disputed--when they were considered as somewhat
+of a superior species of ourang outang [5]. This false and inhuman
+estimate, succeeding years have disproved. It has been in numberless
+instances shown that they are not only men, but capable of becoming
+intelligent and virtuous men; and not only virtuous men, but pious,
+unaffected, sincere Christians. I am not, however," continued the
+colonel, "an advocate for giving personal liberty to numbers of men,
+unless, at the same time, I impart the principles of religion and
+the arts of civil life. It is only by giving freedom to the soul,
+and by encouraging the virtuous energies of man, that we can make
+him capable of properly appreciating the blessing of liberty, and
+preserve him from becoming a pest to society, instead of a useful
+member of it. Without these correcting and restraining principles,
+liberty would soon degenerate into licentiousness, and the possession
+of power be exercised in deeds of violence."
+
+"I entirely agree with you, colonel," observed the admiral;
+"and therefore be so good as to pledge me in a glass of that
+excellent claret, when I offer my sentiment: 'Let the empire of
+Britain be the empire of mercy; and let no shore re-echo with the
+thunder of her power, but which shall also smile under the blessing
+of her beneficence.'" This sentiment of the admiral's was warmly
+received. During this conversation, a young man at the lower end of the
+table appeared deeply interested in it. His animated and penetrating
+countenance drew the attention of Colonel Roslyn, and he expressed
+his pleasure, in observing to the admiral, that an interest for the
+enslaved Africans seemed to animate his young relative; for it was
+Fitzhugh, whose whole soul seemed engaged in the subject.
+
+"Yes, indeed," observed the admiral, "Fitzhugh is a very enthusiast
+in the cause, and I love him the better for it: it is honourable to
+his feelings, and to those generous sentiments which ought to pervade
+the heart, and direct the conduct of a British officer. Have you not
+heard that he has obtained a very responsible and active appointment
+in the new settlement of Sierra Leone, and that, in a short time,
+he will sail for Africa? I doubt not his conscientious attention to
+the duties devolving upon him, nor do I think the directors could
+have made a more judicious choice; for, young as he is, his firmness
+of principle, his rectitude in action, his genuine feeling, and his
+cultivated mind, render him peculiarly eligible to attend to the
+duties, and to surmount the difficulties of an infant colony. He will
+form one of the council, which will be sent from England, for the
+government of the colony. This council is particularly instructed
+to secure to all negroes and people of colour, equal rights, and
+equal treatment, in every respect, as the whites. They are to be
+tried by jury, as the whites, and every facility given to them to
+exercise their peculiar talents; employments being allotted them
+according to their progressive capacity of discharging them. They
+are especially, to be instructed in the principles of religion and
+morals. Public worship and the reverent observation of the sabbath,
+the general instruction of the adults and the judicious education of
+the children, are the means to be used to draw this now wretched race
+of men from the night of ignorance to the glorious light of divine
+and temporal knowledge. In fact, the grand object of the Sierra
+Leone Company is to substitute, for that disgraceful traffic which
+has too long subsisted, a fair and legitimate commerce with Africa,
+and all the blessings which may be expected from it."
+
+"I thank you, admiral, for this account," replied Colonel Roslyn, "and
+pray, with all my heart, that the benevolent exertions of the Company
+may be crowned with final success; and I believe I may assure you, that
+such is also the prayer of every individual of the present company."
+
+"Fitzhugh," said the admiral, "I have been telling Colonel Roslyn that
+you are an enthusiast for the abolition of the slave-trade--that it
+is your dream by night, and your stimulus by day."
+
+"If, my dear Sir, an ardent desire to use my individual influence and
+exertions to remove from my country such a stain upon its humanity;
+if as ardently to desire an amelioration of the wretched state of the
+African; if to cherish and to bring into action all those charities
+which distinguish reasoning man from instinctive brutes: if to be
+all this constitutes an enthusiast, then do I, indeed, plead guilty
+to the charge of enthusiasm. Nor am I likely to become less so: on
+the contrary, the intelligence I have just received from my young
+friends here, (directing his eyes to Alfred, and Charles Roslyn, who
+sat near him,) has confirmed me in the assurance, that we have every
+thing to hope from the judicious and liberal plan, of the Company to
+which I have now the honour to be attached; and which has so highly
+flattered me, by appointing me, in conjunction with others, to carry
+into effect their beneficent purposes. But you know, my dear Sir, my
+deep abhorrence of slavery is derived from the practical display of its
+cruelties; as well as from a deep reflection on its moral turpitude,
+its impolicy, and its inconsistency with the boasted honour and
+religious code of my country. Let those who question the feasibility
+of the plan of civilization and emancipation, visit, as I have done,
+the colonies, (more especially the Spanish colonies and the Portuguese
+dominions in South America,) where the inhuman traffic of slaves is
+carried to the greatest possible extent, forming the immediate and
+private revenue of the crown; let them be but faintly impressed with
+the horrors that constantly there occur, and I scruple not to say,
+if they fail to enter their protest against a system so barbarous,
+they deserve not the name of men, and make their religion but an
+impious mockery.
+
+"A myriad of instances might be adduced, to bear me out in my
+assertions. The labour, of whatever nature it may be, or however
+laborious, is performed by slaves, and seldom more than six negroes
+appointed to remove the heaviest burdens. I have, for instance,
+seen at Rio de Janeiro, four only, groaning under a pipe of wine,
+which they have had to remove through the city. Many of these poor
+creatures are bred to trades, and are sent out daily or weekly, with
+peremptory orders to bring home a certain sum, at the expiration of the
+agreed time. What they can earn over, they have to themselves; but they
+are always so highly rated, that it is with the greatest difficulty
+they can raise the sum nominated; and, in case of defalcation, it is
+attributed to indolence or laziness, which subjects the unhappy victim
+to punishment. An awful instance of the despair produced by cruelty
+and oppression, occurred during my residence at Rio. A barbarous and
+remorseless wretch had a few slaves, whom he used to send out upon
+the plan I have named, subjected to the penalty of a severe flogging,
+if they did not, within a prescribed time, earn the sum required and
+their food. One of these men was a hair-dresser: he used to attend me
+very regularly, and always was quiet, industrious, and even active,
+to promote his master's interest.
+
+"After a little time, however, I observed him to be gloomy and
+melancholy. I asked him the reason for the change, and was informed
+that he had been unsuccessful, and could not render to his master the
+sum required; and that he had little hopes of being able to raise it,
+consequently was liable to punishment, I gave him something towards
+it, but, being obliged to be absent a few weeks, knew not the result
+until I returned; when I was informed, that, as the time approached
+when he was to render his account, he became greatly distressed,
+and despaired of accomplishing his engagement. He went, however,
+in great distress, and tendered what he had gained; assuring his
+master he had used every exertion to obtain the specific sum, and
+imploring from him a remission of punishment, or a suspension, at
+least, for a few days. This was at length granted him, but with horrid
+threats of many additional stripes in case of failure. The time fast
+approached when he must return, and he was still deficient. He reached
+the door of his master's house, when, in despair of being forgiven,
+and dreading the ordeal he had to undergo, he took from his pocket a
+razor, and, with a desperate violence, nearly severed his head from his
+body. This horrid deed had no other effect upon his inhuman master,
+than to increase his severity towards his other slaves, on whom he
+imposed heavier burdens, to recompence him for the loss sustained by
+the death of the miserable suicide [6].
+
+"It is a usual practice," continued Fitzhugh, "when slaves become
+desperately ill, for their masters to disown them, and turn them
+into the streets, to evade the expences of their funeral; and,
+thus abandoned and exposed, their miserable existence is soon
+terminated. I have to apologize for trespassing upon your attention
+so long, gentlemen," observed this intelligent young man; "but I have
+only recounted one of a thousand instances which have come under my
+own observation, of the barbarous abuses of power exercised over the
+miserable captives."
+
+The party expressed their obligation to Fitzhugh, for the relation he
+had given them, and their united hope, that every effort made use of,
+to ameliorate the situation of the already enslaved, and to check
+the inhuman traffic for the future, might be crowned with success;
+all agreeing, that every exertion that England makes to stop the
+bleeding wounds of Africa, will cause her to rise in her national
+character more resplendent, and must meet the approbation of every
+good, and what may be justly called great men, at home and abroad,
+and, above all, the approbation that of God who holds in his hands
+the destiny of nations [7].
+
+"Have I not heard you, Fitzhugh," enquired the admiral, "express a wish
+that you could meet in England with two or three intelligent negroes,
+who would be willing to enter into engagements with the Company,
+as instructors to the children, and whose habits of civilization
+might give them an influence over their countrymen without exciting
+any jealousies?"
+
+"You have, dear Sir," replied Fitzhugh; "and from what I have learned
+of the mental and moral qualities of my young friend's protege, I am
+anxious for their permission to visit Aberystwith, in order to enquire
+if he has any objection to accompany me to Africa. A few such young
+men as he is described to be, would do more to effect our plans, than
+any other mode I can think of; and as he has not yet made any choice
+of a profession, I should feel myself most grateful to Colonel Roslyn
+and his friends, if they will second and sanction my application to
+the youth, who owes so much to their benevolent kindness."
+
+Colonel Roslyn said, "Call upon us tomorrow morning, my dear Sir, and
+myself and sons will be happy to co-operate, as far as in our power,
+in your philanthropic exertions."
+
+This being cheerfully accepted, the conversation took a general turn,
+until the party broke up.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+                        * * *             "My heart surpris'd, o'erflows
+                        With filial fondness for the land you bless."
+
+                                          "Theirs the triumph be,
+                        Instead of treasure, robb'd by ruffian war,
+                        Round social earth to circle fair exchange,
+                        And bind the nations in a golden chain.
+                        To these I honour'd stoop."
+
+
+Fitzhugh was punctual to his appointment at Colonel Roslyn's; and after
+an interesting conversation, and the perusal of a number of Samboe's
+letters to his protector Charles Roslyn, it was agreed that Fitzhugh
+and Alfred Roslyn should proceed to Wales, in order to ascertain the
+sentiments of Samboe upon his projected removal, respecting which, his
+own unbiassed choice was to be consulted. The intended visit of the
+young men was to be announced by letter to Captain Tremayne; and, as
+Fitzhugh possessed all the ardour, promptitude, and zeal of a Clarkson,
+in the cause of humanity, the letter was immediately written, and an
+early day fixed for the journey. In the correspondence of Charles
+and his protege, the interesting debates in the English senate,
+respecting the slave-trade, frequently formed a part; and Samboe had
+even so far expressed his sentiments upon the subject, that, when the
+colony of Sierra Leone was first formed, he regretted that his youth,
+and the mediocrity of his attainments, would oblige him to forego all
+hope of being useful to his poor benighted countrymen; and he had
+very sensibly felt disappointment at the ill success of the first
+establishment: an ill success which sufficiently proved the truth
+of the observation, that, "if the restraints of slavery be removed,
+without corresponding culture of the mind and heart, the mere enjoyment
+of temporal benefits will not make the man either grateful or happy."
+
+Charles Roslyn greatly regretted that the hourly-expected departure of
+his ship, precluded him from the pleasure of accompanying his brother
+and Fitzhugh to Aberystwith. Having taken leave of him, and bearing
+his good wishes and tender remembrances to his kind relatives and his
+affectionate Samboe, the travellers commenced their journey, early in
+a lovely June morning, when every scene they passed, manifested the
+riches and the bounty, the wisdom and beneficence of the Creator. The
+meeting was what might be expected from refined feeling, generous
+ardour, and virtuous exertion, on the one side; and grateful respect,
+modest worth, and conscious ability, chastened by the most engaging
+humility, on the other. Tears of unfeigned joy and gratitude started
+into the eyes of Samboe, as he heard Mr. Llwellin assure Fitzhugh,
+he had no hesitation in saying, that if Samboe acceded to his proposal
+of accompanying him to Africa, he would be found a valuable coadjutor
+in the projected work of mercy: "For he is," continued the good old
+man, "not only fully capable of imparting the elements of general
+knowledge, but has a happy and peculiar manner of instructing others
+in those divine truths by which he regulates every action of his own
+life. Nor do I think you would easily find a more fit instrument among
+us, for promoting the great ends of civilization, and the moral and
+religious instruction of his countrymen. I make no scruple in paying
+this just tribute to the character and abilities of my dear pupil,
+in his presence, because he well knows they are so much my genuine
+sentiments, that I have advised his directing his attention to the
+instruction of others; and Providence seems manifestly to favour
+the suggestion, by the present offer enabling him to put it in
+practice. May his now benighted and ill-fated countrymen become more
+and more sensible of the extensive blessings preparing for them;
+and may my dear and docile pupil, Samboe, be one of the favoured
+instruments of Heaven, (assisted by the Spirit of grace,) to diffuse
+the light, to communicate the blessings of religion, and to lead the
+now idolatrous African to rejoice in the high privilege of communion
+by prayer and praise with the great Creator and compassionate Saviour;
+all distinctions of colour and country being lost, in that generous
+sympathy which should flow from the relation which all bear to that
+Saviour who died for the redemption of all men [8]."
+
+There was such a heartfelt earnestness, such an affecting energy,
+such genuine piety, in the voice and manner of the good Llwellin,
+while he uttered his philanthropic wishes, that it made a forcible
+impression upon his young auditors. Tears of respect, gratitude,
+affection, and hope, filled the eyes of Samboe. The intenseness
+and contrariety of his feelings became painful; and, unable longer
+to restrain their expression, he threw himself at the feet of his
+venerable instructor, and sobbed aloud, uttering broken sentences of
+obligation; and when a little composed, earnestly praying that God,
+the Almighty God, would enable him to assist in the realization of
+all the generous plans of his future employers; and so to act in
+every situation of life, as to do honour to the precepts of his dear
+instructor, and to gladden his aged heart, with the knowledge that
+those precepts had not been given in vain.
+
+Encouraged to self-confidence by the unequivocal approbation of
+his revered friend, Samboe hesitated not in his determination of
+accompanying Fitzhugh in his important mission; and a few days
+subsequent to the interview we have related, was fixed for the
+departure from a spot, endeared to the affectionate heart of the
+African by many a tender tie, many an affecting remembrance. Parting
+moments are painful to experience, and are so fraught with emotion,
+that they admit not of correct description; it must, therefore,
+suffice to say, that after a general adieu, and loaded with many a
+token of affection and good will, cheered by many a blessing, and
+fortified with many a prayer from those who loved him, Samboe quitted
+Aberystwith with Fitzhugh and Alfred Roslyn. The intelligence, as
+well as simplicity of his remarks, upon the different objects which
+engaged his attention during the journey, rendered it peculiarly
+interesting to his companions. He was equally delighted with the
+various objects of curiosity and interest which London presented,
+and particularly with any thing which enlarged his views of any
+branch of knowledge he had acquired, or which promised to assist him
+in his future exertions to benefit his country. Fitzhugh found in
+him, a companion who entered with ardour and untired zeal into every
+plan his fertile benevolence devised, and determined to retain him
+under his own immediate care and inspection. Every day increased his
+confidence in the abilities and integrity of his companion; and every
+succeeding day more strongly proved that they were built upon a basis,
+which ensured their permanence and stability; even that of a rational,
+a deep, a vital piety.
+
+The period of sailing approached; and happy in the exercise of the best
+feelings of humanity, and the highest energies of mind, Samboe believed
+nothing could add to his felicity, when an incident occurred which
+called forth all his gratitude to the Being who showered his blessings
+upon him. He accompanied Fitzhugh to the house of a gentleman who was
+ardent in the cause of the Africans, and who freely lent the resources
+of an ample fortune to further every beneficent plan, although habitual
+ill health precluded him from all active exertions. On the arrival
+of the friends, this gentleman was just mounting his horse for a
+morning airing. Seeing, however, Fitzhugh and his companion advance,
+he ordered the groom to lead his horse back to the stable, until his
+visitors left him, and he then entreated Fitzhugh to enter. While
+this was passing, a mutual look of surprise and recognition passed
+between Samboe and the groom, but nothing further: the man leading
+the horse away, and Samboe following Fitzhugh into the house.
+
+After some conversation relative to the approaching voyage,
+Mr. Courtney said: "Well, Fitzhugh, you have inspired many an honest
+heart with the same glowing philanthropy which animates your own; and,
+amongst the number, my excellent boy, Frank Wilson. He is determined,
+if you will permit him, to accompany you to Africa." "Permit him,
+my good Sir? I shall be happy to have in my service, a young man who
+does honour to his rank of life, and whose severely tried principles
+have resisted many attacks: his ingenuity too, and industrious habits,
+will make him essentially useful. But how can you part from him,
+or how will Frank bear to be separated from his revered benefactor?"
+
+"Oh, I believe we have not thought of ourselves," replied Mr. Courtney,
+good humouredly: "all is settled between us, provided you did not
+object. Will you permit me to ring for him?" "Most willingly,"
+said Fitzhugh.
+
+During this short conversation, the emotion of the grateful Samboe
+was powerful. The features of the young man holding Mr. Courtney's
+horse, were familiar to him: he had marked the glance of recognition,
+and the name confirmed the vague hope he had formed, that, in this
+young man, of whose character he had just heard so high an eulogium,
+he had seen the first kind friend he had known in England: he who had
+lightened his troubles, and cheered his oppressed spirit; and this
+friend, this generous hearted youth, was going to Africa, and was to
+be in the service of his valuable friend, Fitzhugh; and they were
+all animated with the same spirit. How delightful the thought! how
+transcendently kind the Almighty Disposer!
+
+While these thoughts were rapidly passing the mind of Samboe, Frank
+Wilson appeared; and it would be hard to decide which of the party
+was most gratified by the disclosure of the two friends, who in each
+other's arms were not ashamed to weep.
+
+Frank immediately entered upon his new duties; and every thing having
+been benevolently and equitably settled by the directors to ensure
+the comfort and advantage of the colony, the ships sailed for their
+destination. It is not necessary to detail the circumstances of the
+voyage, or to attempt to describe the emotions of the young African,
+when he landed on his native shores.
+
+Every individual possessing a manly mind and virtuous soul, is
+patriotic: he rejoices in the weal, he mourns in the miseries of
+his country. Samboe possessed a manly mind and a virtuous soul. He
+was a patriot, and shrunk not from its high responsibilities. We
+detail not his individual exertions; it will be sufficient to say,
+that he took an ample share with his companions in the good work;
+that every thing had been so judiciously arranged; that the conduct
+of the servants of the Company was marked with such propriety, being
+sober, moral, and exemplary, in the discharge of their respective
+duties; that the efforts and zeal of the clergymen were attended
+with the happiest effects; that, before the expiration of two years
+from the settlement of the colony, order and industry exhibited
+their benign fruits in a growing prosperity. The fame of the colony
+not only spread along the whole western coast, but penetrated into
+the remotest interior: embassies were sent by far distant monarchs;
+and the native chiefs, with a pleasing and entire confidence, sent
+their children to the colony, to be instructed in reading, writing,
+and accounts, and to be initiated in the Christian religion. In fact,
+there was every reasonable ground for hope, that the joyful period
+was advancing, when, by the blessing of Heaven upon the endeavours
+used, the continent of Africa would be rescued from the darkness
+that obscured her, and would exhibit the soul-cheering scene of
+light and knowledge, of civilization and order, of peaceful industry
+and domestic comfort. But these anticipations were destroyed by the
+treachery and faithlessness of a government, which professed to hold
+the rights of man as sacred. We shall give a cursory narrative of
+this event, as extracted from a letter of Fitzhugh to his friends in
+England. (Note S.)
+
+"I have distressing news to communicate, but we do not despond. The
+French have appeared with an armed force before our neat and rising
+town, upon which they have pointed their guns. It was not until
+they had done this that we perceived they were enemies; for they
+had English-built vessels, rigged in the English mode, displayed
+the English flag, and had all the sailors, which appeared on deck,
+dressed like English sailors. Thus treacherously did they approach
+our peaceful colony. Conscious we had no strength to resist, the
+governor directed a flag of truce to be hoisted. Yet, after this
+order was executed, the French continued to fire on the town, doing
+much damage, and killing several persons.
+
+"Terrified at the suddenness of the attack, and conscious they
+possessed no power of resistance, the alarmed inhabitants fled to
+the woods, with such of their property as the confusion and limited
+time would allow. When the enemy landed, therefore, they found the
+town almost destitute of inhabitants, but rich in stores and clothing.
+
+"Plunder was the order of the day; and what they did not want, they
+destroyed, burnt, or threw into the river. They also killed all the
+cattle and animals, not sparing even the dogs or cats.
+
+"During a week this work of devastation continued; and when they found
+nothing more to plunder, they set fire to the public buildings, and all
+the houses belonging to the Europeans; entirely ruining the beautiful
+and prospering colony, and leaving the colonists in the most deplorable
+state of destitution; without provisions, medicines, clothing, houses,
+or furniture. Sickness soon followed these privations, and many have
+died for want of proper food, and exposure in the woods.
+
+"When you read the above hurried account of our misfortune, you will
+scarcely believe that these wanton cruelties have been perpetrated
+by individuals of a nation, whose Convention boasted of spreading
+'light and liberty through the world.' Alas! that light is the blaze
+of anarchy, that liberty the most daring and gross licentiousness!
+
+"Sierra Leone colony was established for the godlike purpose of
+abolishing the slave-trade; to enlighten the Africans; to render them
+virtuous, rational, free, and happy; and yet these powerful advocates
+and patrons of the rights of man, could wantonly destroy, in its
+healthful infancy, a settlement in which those rights were peculiarly
+studied and held sacred. 'By their fruits ye shall know them.'
+
+"But it will yet, like the phoenix, arise from its ashes. It was
+formed to promote the cause of justice, mercy, and religion; a
+cause which possesses, in itself, the principle of re-animation--an
+ever-renewing means of rallying its resources, overborne, for a time,
+by a base treachery and unmanly violence.
+
+"My faithful Samboe, and no less faithful Frank, have been like
+ministering angels to the distressed, in this season of calamity. 'My
+poor country,' said Samboe, 'and my generous friends, what a sad
+reverse is here! But though grieved,' he added, 'I am not in despair;
+for has not the Almighty said, (He in whom is no variableness nor
+shadow of turning,) 'I will never leave nor forsake those who trust in
+me. Commit thy way unto the Lord, and he shall bring it to pass.' I
+cannot conclude my letter better, than by assuring my dear ----,
+that such is the trust and confidence we all repose in the Being,
+who out of evil still educes good."
+
+Now, to resume and conclude our narrative, we have but to say
+we may speak of these difficulties in the past tense; they no
+longer, praised be the great Disposer of Events, they no longer are
+experienced at Sierra Leone; but have vanished, gradually, before the
+enlightened policy of the superintendants, and the mild influence of
+Christian doctrine. The enjoyments of the present life, the bright
+hopes of a future state, are now communicated to thousands of our
+fellow-creatures, formerly in a state of mental and moral darkness,
+and obnoxious to the most frightful miseries, victims of the basest
+passions, subjects of the most alarming fears.
+
+Justice, mercy, and courageous perseverance, are now reaping their
+high temporal reward; and the blessing of the Almighty upon patient
+continuance in well-doing, enables England to boast that she has
+overcome the most inveterate prejudices, the most firmly-established
+interests, built upon the basest passions; and this by the simple
+power of experiment, and the eloquence of truth.
+
+Sierra Leone, where this experiment has been made, now presents itself
+as a medium of civilization for Africa. "And in this point of view,
+(it has been most justly observed,) is worth all the treasure that
+has been expended upon it; for the slave-trade, which was the great
+obstacle to this civilization, being now happily abolished by the
+universal voice of England, there is now a populous metropolis, from
+which may issue the seeds of reformation to this injured continent,
+and which, when sown, may now, watered by the genial dews of heaven,
+be expected to grow into fruit, without check or blight. New schools
+may be transplanted from thence into the interior; teachers and
+travellers be sent from thence in various directions; the natives
+resort in safety to it from distant parts, mark the improvements,
+witness the comforts, taste the enjoyments, and feel the protection
+of it. Hence will mistrust give way to confidence, emulation will be
+raised, imitation be encouraged, a desire of instruction be excited,
+and the predatory ignorant savage be gradually moulded into the useful
+citizen and the rational man.
+
+Let then each English heart rejoice, that the moral stain, so long
+apparent on our statutes, so long exhibited in our national character,
+is now erased from the one, and expunged from the other; that the
+impious doctrine so long contended for, that the law of force was
+justifiable under certain circumstances, is now banished from the
+deliberations of our senate; and man, whatever his country, whatever
+his colour, is restored to his moral rights. Let us rejoice that we
+have not only been the advocates of the oppressed--have triumphed
+by perseverance and constancy over the oppressor; but that England
+has become the favoured and glorious instrument of a God of mercy,
+to make his light to shine upon those who sat in darkness and the
+shadow of death. May every nation, feeling the blessing of that light,
+which is upheld by that mercy, follow the example of our favoured
+isle! May the rich stream of mercy flow, and diffuse throughout
+far-distant lands its fertilizing influences! May the spirit of a
+Wilberforce and a Clarkson, inspire the breasts of the powerful; and
+may the gratitude and the intelligence of Samboe, glow in the heart,
+and animate the conduct of every African!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES, FROM AUTHENTICATED AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS.
+
+
+NOTE A.
+
+The arrival of a slave-ship in any of the rivers, is the signal of
+civil war and disorder; the hamlets are burned, and the miserable
+survivors are carried off, and sold to the slave-factors.
+
+In the countries contiguous to Senegal, when slave-ships arrive,
+armed parties are sent out to scour the country, and bring in captives
+to the factors. The wretched beings are to be found in the morning,
+bound back to back in the huts; whence they are conveyed, tied hand
+and foot, to the slave-ships. These ships set sail in the night,
+that the wretched captives may not know the moment when they quit
+for ever their native shore, and all the tender ties that endear it.
+
+
+
+NOTE B.
+
+Coosh-coosh is corn beaten in a wooden mortar, and sifted to a coarse
+flour; it is then put in an earthen pot pierced like a colander,
+which is luted to the top of an earthen pot, in which is boiling
+water, and sometimes broth, exactly as our steamers are. The rising
+steam cures and hardens the flour; and when it is done sufficiently,
+the broth and cooked flour are mixed, and considered a delicious dish.
+
+Coliloo resembles, and is eaten like spinach.
+
+
+
+NOTE C.
+
+Slave-factories are established in almost every native village. The
+kings of Dahomy and Whidah are the most noted for the infamous trade
+in slaves. It is usual when the slave-ships lie in the rivers, for a
+number of canoes to go up the inland: these go in a fleet, with thirty
+or forty armed natives in each. Every canoe is also furnished with a
+four or six pounder fastened to her bow. Thus equipped they depart,
+and are usually absent from eight to fourteen days. It is said they
+go to fairs held on the banks of the rivers, and at which there is a
+regular show of slaves. On their return, they generally bring down from
+eight hundred to a thousand of these captives, for the ships. They lie
+at the bottom of the canoes, their arms and legs having been bound with
+ropes of the country. It has been disclosed, by undoubted evidence,
+that the crews of these canoes go up the rivers till they arrive to
+a certain distance of a village; they then conceal themselves under
+the bushes which hang over the water, until the shades of night,
+when they enter the village and seize the wretched inhabitants, men,
+women, and children, who have no time to escape.
+
+Nearly three hundred years have the European nations traded with
+Africa in human flesh, and encouraged in the negro countries, wars,
+rapine, desolation, and murder. The annual exportation of slaves
+from this quarter of the globe, has exceeded one hundred thousand;
+numbers of whom are driven down like sheep, perhaps a thousand miles
+from the coast, and are generally inhabitants of villages that have
+been surrounded in the night by armed force, and carried off bound
+in chains, and sold into perpetual bondage.
+
+A slave-merchant thus wrote to his factor: "You will observe to make a
+present of five gallons of rum to the Suma, with the usual compliments
+on the Company's behalf; and to assure him, and other useful persons
+near you, of the Company's intentions to give very great encouragement
+to trade in those parts, more especially for slaves, dry goods,
+elephants' teeth, wax, cotton, &c. and the Company desire me to inform
+you, that they have settled your commission at five shillings a head,
+for every merchantable slave, and so in proportion for other articles,
+in the hope it will encourage you to dispose of their goods to the
+best advantage."
+
+
+
+NOTE D.
+
+The following list of African articles, as exhibited to Mr. Pitt and
+the House of Lords, by Mr. Clarkson, will illustrate the ingenuity of
+the Africans, and the possibility of making its natural productions
+a branch of lucrative and legitimate commerce. These articles were
+contained in a box, formed of four divisions; the first of which was
+filled with specimens of woods, polished; amongst them, mahogany of
+five different sorts, tulip and satin-wood, cam and bar-wood, fustic,
+black and yellow ebony, palm-tree, mangrove, calabash, and date; and
+also seven species retaining their native names, viz. tumiah, sarnaim,
+and jimlalie, each of a beautiful yellow; acajou, a deep crimson;
+bask and quelle for cabinet work; and bentin, the wood of which is
+used for the native canoes. Various other woods, one of which was a
+fine purple; and from two others a strong yellow and deep orange, and
+also a flesh-colour, could be extracted. The second division included
+ivory; and four species of pepper, the long, the black, the Cayenne,
+and the Malaguetta: three species of gum, Senegal, copal, and ruber
+astringes; cinnamon, rice, tobacco, indigo, white and Nankin cotton,
+Guinea-corn, and millet; three species of beans, of which two were for
+food, and the other yielding an orange dye: two species of tamarinds,
+one for food, the other to give whiteness to the teeth: pulse, seeds,
+and fruits of various sorts; some of the latter of which, Dr. Sparrman
+had pronounced, from a trial made during his residence in Africa,
+to be peculiarly valuable as drugs.
+
+The third division contained an African loom, with a spindle and
+spun cotton round it; cloths of cotton of various kinds, made by
+the natives, some white, others dyed, and others, in which they
+had interwoven European silk; cloths and bags of grass, fancifully
+coloured; ornaments of the same material; ropes made from a species
+of aloes, and others, remarkably strong, from grass and straw; fine
+string made of the fibres of the roots of trees: soap of two kinds,
+one of which was formed from an earthy substance: pipe bowls made of
+a clay of a brown red, one beautifully ornamented with black devices,
+burnt in and highly glazed; another from Galam, made of an earth which
+was richly impregnated with little particles of gold. Trinkets made
+by the natives from their own gold; knives and daggers formed from
+bar iron; and various other articles, such as bags, dagger-sheaths,
+quivers, gris gris, all of leather, of native manufacture, dyed of
+various colours, and ingeniously sewed together. The fourth division
+contained the instruments of confinement used on board a slave-ship,
+to which were added those of punishment used in the colonies; such
+as iron collars, manacles, scourges, &c.
+
+
+
+(NOTE E.)
+
+Raynal gives the following description of the mode frequently used
+in conducting the slaves from the interior: "Slave-merchants collect
+themselves into companies, and forming a species of caravans, in the
+space of two or three hundred leagues, they conduct several files
+of thirty or forty slaves, all laden with water, corn, &c. which are
+necessary to their subsistence in those barren deserts through which
+they pass.
+
+"The manner of securing them without much incommoding their march,
+is ingeniously contrived. A fork of wood, of from eight or nine feet
+long, is put round the neck of each slave. A pin of iron, rivetted,
+secures the fork on the back part, in such a manner that the head
+cannot disengage itself. The handle of the fork, the wood of which is
+very heavy, falls before, and so embarrasses the person who is tied
+to it, that, although he hath his arms and legs at liberty, he can
+neither walk nor lift up the fork. When they get ready for the march,
+they range the slaves in a line, and support and tie the extremity
+of each fork on the shoulder of the foremost slave, and proceed in
+this manner from one to another, till they come to the first, the
+extremity of whose fork is carried by the guide. Few restraints are
+imposed, that are not felt by those who impose them; accordingly, in
+order that these traders may enjoy the refreshment of sleep without
+uneasiness, they tie the arms of every slave to the tail of the fork
+which he carries. In this condition he can neither run away, nor
+make any attempt to recover his liberty. These precautions have been
+found indispensable; because, if the slave can but break his chains,
+he becomes free. The public faith which secures to the proprietor the
+possession of his slave, and which at all times delivers him up into
+his hands, is silent with regard to the slave and a trader.
+
+"Reader," continues the animated historian, "while thou art perusing
+this horrid account, is not thy soul filled with the same indignation
+as I experience in writing it? Dost thou not, in imagination, rush
+with fury upon those infamous conductors? Dost thou not break those
+forks with which these unfortunates are confined? and dost thou not
+long to restore them to liberty?
+
+
+
+(NOTE F.)
+
+This instrument is also in general use in Congo, and is there called
+the marimba.
+
+
+
+(NOTE Q.)
+
+The profits of this nefarious trade are so large, that mercenary men
+will incur any risk. At present, says the Report, 1822, speaking of
+the French favouring the trade, the rate of insurance does not exceed
+fifteen or twenty per cent, while the gains of the trade are proved to
+amount to from two hundred to four hundred per cent. It appears, from
+papers found on board Le Succes, that two hundred and forty slaves,
+which she landed on the island of Bourbon, cost nine thousand nine
+hundred and forty-three dollars; and that the proceeds of the sale
+of these slaves amounted to twenty-nine thousand five hundred and
+sixty-four dollars. And there is also an account of an outfit of
+fifty-three thousand francs producing a net profit of one hundred
+and sixty-six thousand francs.
+
+These facts need no comment. But let not England be discouraged: she
+has stood alone in many a fearful struggle, when apparently sinking
+under the pressure of a hostile world. She has led the way in the
+work of mercy; let her pursue her path with unfaltering firmness,
+and fearlessly oppose those who dare to violate the solemn engagements
+they have formed with her.
+
+
+
+(NOTE R.)
+
+Nothing can more forcibly prove the misery of the slaves, than the
+fact that funerals, which in Africa are attended by lamentations and
+sorrow, are in the West Indies celebrated with expressions of joy.
+
+
+
+(NOTE S.)
+
+This relation is derived from a letter of Mr. Arfelius who was an
+eye-witness, and a great sufferer from this treacherous attack upon
+the colony. See "Rees's Encyclopedia," article, Sierra Leone.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+[1] A society of merchants, established by king Charles II. for trading
+to Africa; which trade was laid open to all his majesty's subjects,
+and those of succeeding monarchs, until the abolition took place, 1807.
+
+[2] Capital of Whidah, situated about four miles from the factory
+at Whidah.
+
+[3] It is necessary to apprize our readers, that the remarks and
+descriptions contained in this volume, apply to Africa as it was some
+years since.
+
+[4] The slave-trade was abolished in 1807.
+
+[5] See Mr. Wilberforce's speech, at a meeting of the Church Missionary
+Society, 1822.
+
+[6] See Shillibur's Voyage.
+
+[7] See Cohen's Letter to Governor Macarthy, African Report, 1822.
+
+[8] See Discourse of the Bishop of London, before the Society for
+the Propagation of the Gospel, October 1817.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                THE END.
+
+
+
+     Harvey, Darton, and Co. Printers, Gracechurch-Street, London.
+
+
+
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Samboe; or, The African Boy, by Mary Ann Hedge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Samboe; or, The African Boy
+
+Author: Mary Ann Hedge
+
+Release Date: September 2, 2011 [EBook #37296]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAMBOE; OR, THE AFRICAN BOY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
+Gutenberg (This book was produced from scanned images of
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+
+
+
+
+                                SAMBOE;
+                                  OR,
+                            THE AFRICAN BOY.
+
+
+                            BY THE AUTHOR OF
+                   "Twilight Hours Improved," &c. &c.
+
+
+
+                And man, where Freedom's beams and fountains rise,
+                Springs from the dust, and blossoms to the skies.
+                Dead to the joys of light and life, the slave
+                Clings to the clod; his root is in the grave.
+                Bondage is winter, darkness, death, despair;
+                Freedom the sun, the sea, the mountain, and the air!
+
+                                                             Montgomery.
+
+
+
+                                London:
+                     PRINTED FOR HARVEY AND DARTON,
+                          GRACECHURCH-STREET.
+
+                                 1823.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                   TO
+                       WILLIAM WILBERFORCE, Esq.
+                                 M. P.
+
+                           THIS SMALL VOLUME,
+           DIFFIDENTLY AIMING TO SERVE THE CAUSE OF HUMANITY
+                                  IS,
+                         BY HIS KIND PERMISSION
+                  TO GIVE IT THE SANCTION OF HIS NAME,
+                           HUMBLY DEDICATED;
+              WITH EVERY SENTIMENT OF UNFEIGNED VENERATION
+                          AND RESPECT FOR HIS
+                 EXALTED PATRIOTIC AND PRIVATE VIRTUES,
+
+                      And grateful acknowledgment
+              OF HIS CONDESCENSION, IN HONOURING WITH HIS
+                    ATTENTION THE HUMBLE EFFORTS OF
+
+                              THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+
+It has been justly remarked, "that all who read may become
+enlightened;" for readers, insensibly imbibing the sentiments of
+others, and having their own latent sensibilities called forth,
+contract, progressively, virtuous inclinations and habits; and thereby
+become fitted to unite with their fellow-beings, in the removal or
+amelioration of any of the evils of life. With a full conviction
+of this, I have attempted, and now offer to my young readers, the
+present little work. To the rising generation, I am told, the great
+question of the slave-trade is little known; the abolition of it, by
+our legislature, having taken place either before many of them existed,
+or at too early a period of their lives to excite any interest. Present
+circumstances, however, in reference to the subject, ensure for it
+an intense interest, in every heart feeling the blessing of freedom
+and all the sweet charities of home; blessings which it is our care
+to dispose the youthful heart duly to appreciate, and hence to feel
+for those, deprived, by violence and crime, of these high privileges
+of man.
+
+It is true, England has achieved the triumph of humanity, in effacing
+from her Christian character so dark a stain as a traffic in human
+beings; a commerce, "the history of which is written throughout in
+characters of blood." Yet there are but too strong evidences that
+it is yet pursued to great and fearful extent by other nations,
+notwithstanding the solemn obligations they have entered into to
+suppress it; obligations "imposed on every Christian state, no less by
+the religion it professes, than by a regard to its national honour;"
+and notwithstanding it has been branded with infamy, at a solemn
+congress of the great Christian powers, as a crime of the deepest
+dye. Of this there has long been most abundant melancholy proof; yet,
+under its present contraband character, it has been attended by, if
+possible, unprecedented enormities and misery, as well as involving
+the base and cruel agents of it in the further crime of deliberate
+perjury, in order to conceal their nefarious employment.
+
+Surely, then, no age can scarcely be too immature, in which to sow the
+seeds of abhorrence in the young breast, against this blood-stained,
+demoralizing commerce! Surely, no means, however trivial, should
+be neglected, to arouse the spirit of youth against it! It would be
+tedious, and, indeed, inconsistent with the brevity of this little
+work, to name the number of the great and the good who have protested
+against, and sacrificed their time and their treasure to abolish
+it. Suffice it to say, that an apparently trifling incident first
+aroused the virtuous energies of the ardent, persevering Clarkson, in
+the great cause;--that a view of the produce of Africa, and proofs of
+the ingenuity of Africans, kindled the fire of enthusiasm in the noble
+and comprehensive mind of a Pitt. Nor did the flame quiver or become
+dim while he was the pilot of the state, though he was not decreed to
+see the success of perseverance in the cause of justice and humanity.
+
+Let me, therefore, be acquitted of presumption, when I express a hope,
+that, trifling as is the present work, yet, as the leading events
+it records are not the creations of fancy, but realities that have
+passed; that they have not been collected for effect, or uselessly
+to awaken the feelings; but having been actually presented in the
+pursuit of a disgraceful and cruel commerce, are now offered to the
+view of my young readers, in order to confirm the great truths, that
+cruelty and oppression encouraged, soon brutalize the nature of man;
+divesting him of every distinguishing trait which unites him with
+superior intelligences, and sinking him in the scale of being far
+below the ravening wolf and insatiate tiger; and that the slave-trade,
+more especially, never fails effectually to destroy all the sympathies
+of humanity, and so far to barbarize those who are concerned in it,
+as assuredly to cause civilized man to resume the ferocity of the
+savage whom he presumes to despise.
+
+
+                                                             The Author.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+            "Offspring of love divine, Humanity!
+
+            ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
+
+            Come thou, and weep with me substantial ills,
+            And execrate the wrongs that Afric's sons,
+            Torn from their native shore, and doom'd to bear
+            The yoke of servitude in foreign climes,
+            Sustain. Nor vainly let our sorrows flow,
+            Nor let the strong emotion rise in vain.
+            But may the kind contagion widely spread,
+            Till, in its flame, the unrelenting heart
+            Of avarice melt in softest sympathy,
+            And one bright ray of universal love,
+            Of grateful incense, rises up to heaven!"
+
+
+                                      Roscoe's Wrongs of Africa.
+
+
+            "E'en from my pen some heartfelt truths may fall;
+            For outrag'd nature claims the care of all."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+SAMBOE; OR, THE AFRICAN BOY.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+                                  "Slaves of gold! whose sordid dealings
+                                    Tarnish all your boasted powers,
+                                  Prove that ye have human feelings,
+                                    Ere ye proudly question ours."
+
+
+"Encourage the chiefs to go to war, that they may obtain slaves; for
+as on many accounts we require a large number, we desire you to exert
+yourself, and not stand out for a price." Such was the direction,
+and such the order, of the slave-merchants at Cape Coast Castle,
+to one of their factors in the interior, for the collection and
+purchase of slaves; who, dreadful as was his occupation, yet at all
+times faithfully endeavoured to obey the orders of his employers.
+
+This person had, by studying the character, peculiarities, prejudices,
+and language of the natives, obtained a great influence over the chiefs
+of a country, peculiarly blessed by Providence, with all that can
+enchant the eye, or gratify the wants of man. It is a well-known, but
+melancholy truth, that, by the introduction of spirituous liquors, and
+other desirable articles to an uncivilized people, the Europeans have
+greatly augmented and cherished the dreadful traffic in human beings:
+the African kings and chiefs being induced, by these temptations,
+to barter their subjects and captives, for commodities they estimate
+so highly; frequently even fomenting quarrels, and making war with
+each other, at the instigation of the slave-factors, for the sole
+purpose of obtaining captives, in order to exchange them for European
+articles, with which the factors, who visit their country for the
+dreadful purpose, are well furnished; to tempt the appetites, and
+provoke the wild passions, of the wretched beings they intend to make
+the instruments of their inhuman thirst of gain. (Note A.)
+
+
+                            "The natural bond
+        Of brotherhood is sever'd as the flax
+        That falls asunder at the touch of fire--
+                            And having pow'r
+        T' enforce the wrong, for such a worthy cause,
+        Dooms and devotes him as his lawful prey."
+
+
+Mr. Irving, the factor whom we have named as having received the
+peremptory and unlimited order from the merchants of Cape Coast
+Castle, had won their confidence, by the remarkable success which had
+attended his negociations with the king and principal grandees of
+Whidah, in which delightful part of Africa he had resided for some
+years. Nothing, perhaps, more strongly proves the indurating power
+of the love of gain upon the heart, and the baneful influence of the
+habitual view of oppression on the better feelings of the soul, than
+the change which generally takes place in the characters of the young
+men whose official duty places them in situations like that filled by
+Mr. Irving. It has, indeed, been most justly and impressively observed,
+that it is impossible for any one to be accustomed to carry away
+miserable beings, by force, from their country and endearing ties,
+to keep them in chains, to see their tears, to hear their mournful
+lamentations, to behold the dead and the dying mingled together, to
+keep up a system of severity towards them in their deep affliction,
+to be constant witnesses of the misery of exile, bondage, cruelty,
+and oppression, which, together, form the malignant character of this
+nefarious traffic, without losing all those better feelings it should
+be the study of man to cherish; or without contracting those habits
+of moroseness and ferocity which brutalize the nature.
+
+Irving, like many other youths, had been induced by an ardent
+curiosity, and an enterprising spirit, to engage as a writer to
+the Royal African Company [1], at a time when the traffic in slaves
+was legally pursued, as one source of riches to a great commercial
+nation. Yet it may with candour be presumed, that he, and many a
+youth entering upon the same path, with the same laudable impulses,
+had they anticipated the peril to which they exposed their humane
+principles, by engaging themselves in a trade so repugnant to nature,
+religion, and justice, would rather have undergone personal hazard and
+difficulty in their native land, so that they might have fostered that
+divine principle, which is the noble and distinguishing characteristic
+of man--of free-born man.
+
+That Irving possessed a native humanity and right feeling, would
+appear from his letters to his friends in England, written on his
+arrival in Africa; and as he describes the country as it first met
+his admiring and youthful eye, it may be not unamusing to my young
+readers, to extract a few passages from his letters to his sister,
+before we pursue the detail of subsequent events, in which he was
+an actor. "Well, my dear Sophy," he observes, "are you reconciled
+to your brother becoming a dealer in slaves? I assure you I have had
+some compunctious visitings of conscience upon the subject during the
+voyage; the calmness and monotony of which, gave me ample opportunity
+of reflecting upon the kind-hearted arguments of my good little sister,
+against a commerce, which, I believe she says true when she asserts,
+'is founded in injustice and crime, and a compound of all that is
+wicked and cruel.' But, Sophy, what will you call your wild brother,
+when I tell you, that the first glance I had of this enchanting
+country, put you, your arguments, the unhappy and abused natives,
+from my mind, in an instant; and I could only bless my stars that I
+was to become an inhabitant of a region which seemed to offer so many
+delights--so many interesting studies for my pencil. I can anticipate
+all you would say upon this subject, as to the cruelty of tearing
+the miserable natives from scenes which 'breathe of Paradise,' so
+as to have raised the enthusiasm of even the thoughtless heart of
+Charles Irving. But I have no time for argument, Sophy, scarcely
+that for brief description. Imagine then, my dear sister, the most
+boundless luxuriancy of landscape, continually clothed with all the
+beauties and riches of spring, summer, and harvest; lofty mountains
+covered with wood, chiefly fruit-trees; fine streams, romantic
+and fertile valleys. Such is the general appearance: the scenery
+in detail surpasses description. This charming country seems to be
+remarkably populous. The kingdom of Whidah, in which is situated the
+factory to which I am at present appointed, is (as you will find on
+consulting your map) on the western side of Africa, commonly called
+the slave-coast. This kingdom we should rather call a county, as
+it extends only about ten miles along the coast, and about seven
+miles inland. Yet, although of so small an extent, it is divided
+into twenty-six divisions, or provinces. The villages are numerous,
+and thickly inhabited. The houses or huts of the natives are small;
+conical at the top, and thatched either with long grass, or the
+palmetto leaves. The interior is very clean; but from the fish and
+other articles of food kept in them, you may readily imagine the
+effluvia is not very pleasant to European nicety.
+
+The furniture of these dwellings is not very costly, seldom amounting
+to more than a chest to contain their light and simple articles of
+clothing; a mat to repose upon, raised a little from the floor; a jar
+to contain water, and calabashes of various sizes; two or three wooden
+mortars to pound corn and rice, and a basket or sieve to prepare it
+when done. The villages formed of these huts are generally built in
+a circle, surrounded by a clay wall, scattered over the country in
+the midst of beautiful groves clear of brushwood, and have a most
+picturesque and beautiful effect to a stranger's eye. The fields are
+always verdant, and nature puts forth her beauties with inexhaustible
+profusion; perpetual spring and autumn succeeding each other. The
+Company's factory here, is most pleasantly situated in the midst of
+gardens, which amply supply it, and the fort, (called Fort William,)
+consisting of four batteries, mounting seventeen guns. In these gardens
+is an abundant supply of beans, potatoes, every other edible root
+known in Europe, and a great variety of delicious fruits peculiar to
+the climate. Amongst the most beautiful and useful vegetable riches of
+Africa, may be reckoned the plantain and banana trees. The latter bears
+a fruit six or seven inches in length, covered with a yellow skin,
+very tender when ripe. The pulp of it is as soft as a marmalade, and
+of a most pleasant taste. It grows on a stalk about six yards high,
+the leaves being nearly two yards long, and a foot wide. One stalk
+only bears a single cluster of the fruit, which sometimes consists
+of forty or fifty bananas; and when the cluster is gathered, the
+stalk is cut off, or it would bear no more fruit. The plantain is not
+unlike the banana, but somewhat longer, although the flavour greatly
+resembles it. The leaves, and every part of the tree, are converted
+into a variety of useful articles. There are also guavas, a fruit very
+like our peach, except that the external coat is rougher; and it has
+small kernels like the apple, instead of a stone. Cocoas, oranges,
+lemons, citrons, and limes, abound, and, as you may readily suppose,
+are in great request amongst us, as well as beautiful additions to
+the luxuriant vegetable riches of the country."
+
+In a subsequent letter he again writes: "I was much pleased this
+morning to see the natives extracting what we call the wine from the
+palm tree, which is beautifully straight and lofty, growing sometimes
+to a prodigious height.
+
+"They make an incision in the trunk, near the summit of the tree, to
+which they apply, in succession, gourd bottles, conducting the liquor
+into them by means of a pipe formed of the leaves. This wine is very
+pleasant when fresh drawn, but is apt to disagree with Europeans in
+that state. After fermentation, however, it becomes like Rhenish wine,
+and is extremely good, without being prejudicial. You would be alarmed,
+Sophy, to see how rapidly and nimbly the natives mount these lofty
+trees, which are sometimes sixty, seventy, and even a hundred feet in
+height, and the bark smooth. The only aid they have is a piece of the
+bark of a tree, which they form into a hoop by holding the two ends,
+having enclosed themselves and the trunk of the tree. They then place
+their feet against the tree, and their backs against the hoop, and
+mount as quick as thought. It sometimes occurs that they miss their
+footing, the consequence of course is, that they are precipitated
+with tremendous force to the ground, and dashed to pieces.
+
+"There is another tree called the ciboa, very much like the palm,
+and applied to the same purposes: the wine of this is not quite so
+sweet as that of the palm.
+
+In another letter he further observes: "I think you will be pleased to
+hear in what manner I pass my time here, my dear Sophy, while you are
+perhaps talking of me in the dear domestic circle; I will therefore
+give you the journal of a day, which, with little variation, is the
+general mode of my living.
+
+"I rise by day-break, in order to enjoy the refreshing coolness of
+the morning, and generally ride or walk into the country, through
+the delightful woods and savannahs.
+
+"On my return, I breakfast on never-tiring tea, or, for want of it, a
+sort of tea growing in the woods, called simbong. Upon any deficiency
+of sugar, I use honey, as it is at all times easily procured; except,
+perhaps, when the natives are making their honey wine, of which they
+are immoderately fond. Sometimes I take milk, with cakes of rice or
+flour; or Guinea-corn, baked in a very useful article in my kitchen;
+viz. a large iron pot. The milk will not boil without turning to
+whey, which I ascribe to the nature of the grass upon which the cows
+feed. My dinner is frequently beef, either fresh or salted, in which
+latter state it will keep six or seven days. This I either boil and eat
+with coosh-coosh, (Note B.) a favourite dish with the natives, or with
+pumpkins and coliloo, like spinach, both of which are plentiful. Fowls
+are so cheap and common, that they may always be purchased for a few
+charges of gunpowder; and when I wish for either fish or game, I send
+a fisher or hunter, allowed by the factory, to supply me; and they
+never fail to bring me ample store of the finest sorts of the former;
+and of the latter, deer, ducks, partridges, wild geese, and what are
+here called crown birds, all which abound in their different seasons.
+
+"The afternoon is the usual time of trade; but sometimes it is
+protracted during the whole of several days, and being my proper
+business, I make a point of never neglecting it (Note C.) If concluded
+early, I sometimes take a trip to some of the neighbouring villages,
+and return home to supper, amusing myself, as I am now doing, with
+writing or reading, and occasionally visiting two or three friends. In
+these visits, the refreshment is generally palm and honey wine, or a
+fruit called cola, which very agreeably relishes water. I frequently,
+also, form one of a party in shooting doves and partridges. I have
+indeed no want of society, generally having even more company than I
+desire. These visitors are traders, and messengers from the great men
+in this and the adjacent kingdom, who frequently send me presents of
+pieces of cloths, cows, spices, and even a slave. These presents I
+would gladly decline, as I well know they are given with a view of
+obtaining more valuable returns, or to bribe me to some measure in
+which my interest or aid is required; but I am obliged to accept what
+they offer, because the interest of the Company renders it necessary
+to conciliate the natives, who may forward the trade. But to return
+to my accommodation: perhaps you think I repose on the 'verdant mead,
+under the spreading palm.' No such thing, my dear Sophy: my bed-room
+is large and airy, and during the rainy season glows with the cheering
+blaze of a fire. My bedstead is raised by forkillas; at the head and
+feet are cross poles, upon which is placed a platform of split cane. My
+bed itself is composed of silk-cotton, a sort of vegetable down,
+extremely soft, and very plentiful here; and to complete my bedstead,
+I have erected light posts at the corners, to support a pavilion
+of thin cloth, as a defence against the musquitoes. Independently
+of the linen I brought from England, I have some presented to me,
+by a negro king and his sister: (what think you of that, Sophy?) it
+consists of fine cotton cloths, six yards long and three wide: these
+I use for sheets. Thus, you find, I have all my comforts around me,
+even on the burning shores of Africa, to which you were so unwilling
+I should direct my way.
+
+"I cannot close my letter without telling you of the pleasure I enjoyed
+in my excursion this morning, with a friend who is my colleague in
+office, and with whom I am indeed so intimate, that we have acquired
+the designation of 'the inseparables.' We set out just as the day
+was dawning, and had penetrated nearly five miles into the country,
+ere the sun bore any oppressive power; and taking our fowling pieces
+with us, we shot a few birds for sport, as we proceeded through a
+country rich beyond your imagination to conceive. We rested ourselves
+at the foot of a rock, and ate a hearty breakfast of fruit, washing
+it down with palm wine, with which we were provided, and milk from
+the cocoa-nuts we gathered. We then continued to explore scenes which
+seemed to realize the picture imagination forms of Paradise. Coming
+to a beautiful expanse of water, we again seated ourselves, to enjoy
+a second meal, as well as the beauty and the heavenly repose, adorning
+and pervading these vast solitudes.
+
+"The tinkling of several little rills, and the sound of several larger
+cascades that fell from the rocks, only broke the stillness of the
+spot, in every other respect profound; and altogether diffused a
+tranquillity over the soul, the influence of which I still feel, but
+am unable to define. The orange and lime trees adorning the spot,
+bending under the weight of their delicious fruit, and diffusing
+around their fragrant odour; a number of other beautiful shrubs and
+trees intermingling their various tints of foliage, and tempting
+the hand to gather their rich fruit; combined with the cataracts,
+the surrounding hills, covered with the noblest trees and liveliest
+verdure, and in their various angles and projections, exhibiting
+the bold and free strokes of nature; altogether composed what might,
+without exaggeration, be called a terrestrial Paradise, the effect of
+which cannot be imagined, unless it were seen. You may be sure that it
+was not without regret we quitted this delightful spot, which raised
+our curiosity and desire, to the highest degree, further to explore the
+country. Nor (shall I confess it, Sophy?) could we forbear remarking,
+that if the attention of our country was directed to the civilization,
+and the improving the natural resources of such a country, instead
+of robbing and devastating it, it would be far more honourable to us
+as Britains, and as men, enjoying all the privileges of that envied
+title. But I think I hear you say: 'You tell me much of yourself,
+and of the face of the country you have chosen for a residence, but
+you tell me little of the inhabitants of this favoured region.' This
+I must reserve for another packet, my dear sister, as also an account
+of my visit to Sabi [2]. In the mean time I will assure you, that I
+have no regrets in having quitted for a while my country, except my
+separation from you and my family, every member of which must ever
+be dear, to their affectionate
+
+
+                                                       "Charles Irving."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+                            "What's all that Afric's golden rivers roll,
+                            Her odorous woods, and shining ivory stores?
+                            Ill-fated race! the softening arts of peace,
+                            And all-protecting freedom, which alone
+                            Sustains the name and dignity of man:
+                            These are not theirs!"
+
+
+Presuming that our young readers are not uninterested in the
+accounts of Charles Irving, we shall make a few more extracts
+from his correspondence. "You tell me," he observes in reply to
+the expressed wishes of his sister, "you tell me, my dear Sophy,
+to give you some information respecting the inhabitants of Whidah. I
+am myself unable to speak very decisively, but I am assured by those
+who have visited other parts of Africa, that those of Whidah exceed
+the other negroes in civilization, and they certainly appear to me,
+both industrious and ingenious. The women, I can assure you, are very
+important personages, truly help-meets to their lords. They brew the
+beer, dress the food, sell all sorts of articles, (except slaves!) at
+the markets; they are also, I am sorry to add, employed in tilling
+the land with the slaves. But, Sophy, this may be accounted for:
+the light of Christianity has not yet beamed upon this land. Its
+humanizing spirit we have, you know, often remarked, as peculiarly
+favourable to the weaker sex; and were Africa free, and blessed
+with the genial ray of true religion, doubtless her women would
+acquire that consideration which is their due, and be regarded as
+what they ought to be, as the companions and solace, not the slaves
+of man. In reference to their ingenuity, I have many specimens. They
+spin cotton yarn, weave fine cotton cloth, make calabashes, wooden
+vessels, plates, dishes, &c. I have now lying before me, a present
+from a great man, a pipe for smoking, which is remarkably neat. It
+is formed of clay of a reddish hue, the stem a reed about six feet
+in length. It is beautifully and finely polished, perfectly smooth,
+white, and even elegant. The bowl and stem are fastened together with
+a piece of delicate red leather. It has also a fine leather tassel,
+attached to about the middle of the stem; and so neat is the work,
+that although the end of the reed goes into the bowl of the pipe, it
+appears as if formed of one piece. They clean the reed, when filled
+up with the smoke, by drawing long straws through it, and the bowls,
+by scraping them with a small sharp instrument.
+
+"Last week we had quite a gala day, one of the country chiefs paying
+a visit to the governor at the fort. He was saluted with five guns
+on his landing: I was much pleased that my duty obliged me to go to
+the fort at the time.
+
+"The ostensible motive of his visit, was respect to the governor; but
+the real one, to solicit powder and ball, in order to defend himself
+against the attacks of a neighbouring chief. He assumes the title of
+emperor, and is a fine model of negro beauty, young, extremely black,
+tall, and free in his carriage, with teeth which rivalled pearls in
+beauty. His dress consisted of short yellow cotton trowsers, reaching
+only to the knees; and a sort of mantle of the same material, flowing
+full like a surplice. His feet and legs were naked; but he wore a
+very large cap, with a white goat's tail fastened in it: I suppose,
+the insignia of his dignity.
+
+"All the officers of the fort were in full uniform, waiting to receive
+this chieftain; and, I assure you, it was a very gratifying sight to
+observe the expecting numbers ready to welcome him.
+
+"He and his retinue came in a large and splendid canoe, containing
+about sixteen persons, all armed with guns and sabres, with a number of
+drums, upon which they beat with one stick. Two or three women were of
+the party, and danced to the sound of the drums. They remained at the
+fort all night, highly pleased with the visit, and the success of it;
+not only receiving what they solicited, but an ample present of rum,
+beads, bugles, and looking-glasses, from the governor, by which he
+quite won the hearts of the emperor and his suite.
+
+"The natives are, indeed, generally good-natured and obliging,
+particularly to Europeans; and if the latter are liberal in presents,
+they seldom find the obligation forgotten. If a favour is asked of
+them, they will use their utmost efforts to comply, even to their own
+prejudice. Gentle measures are, indeed, the only means to succeed with
+them: they then seem to have pleasure in compliance; but if treated
+with violence, they are obstinate and refractory, and they will take as
+much pains to injure, as, in the other case, to serve. This, you will
+say, sufficiently proves their native generosity of disposition. Can
+such a people require any thing but freedom, and a pure faith, to
+render them equal to the European, who despises them, and denies
+that they possess a capability of enjoying freedom? I grant this,
+my dear advocate; and, did time allow me, could relate many instances
+to prove that your opinion is just.
+
+"In my last, I mentioned the employment of the women partly consisted
+in weaving fine cotton cloths. We frequently barter these with our
+commodities. The pieces are generally twenty-seven yards long,
+but never more than nine inches wide. They cut them what length
+they require, and sew them together very neatly, to serve the use
+of broader cloths. The cotton is cleared from the seed by hand,
+and is spun with a spindle and distaff: it is afterwards woven in
+a loom of very simple and coarse workmanship. These cloths are made
+up into pairs, one about three yards long, and one and a half broad;
+with this the shoulders and body are covered. The other is almost of
+the same breadth, and but two yards long: this is gathered neatly in
+folds round the waist, and falls loosely over the limbs. Such a pair of
+cloths is the dress of men and women, with a slight variation in the
+mode of adjustment. I have seen a pair of such cloths, so beautifully
+fine in texture, and so brightly dyed, as to be very valuable. Their
+usual colours are either blue or yellow, some very lively: I do not
+remember, however, ever to have seen any red. (Note D.)
+
+"I shall conclude this letter by an account of my visit to Sabi, as I
+promised you. With European ideas of the state of society and commerce
+in Africa, I confess, the surprise I experienced was very great, on
+my entrance into the market of this capital of Whidah, which is kept
+twice in a week. Great regulation is observed in the keeping of these
+markets, a distinct and proper place being assigned for every different
+commodity; and the confluence of people, although great, are preserved
+from disorder and confusion, by a judge or magistrate, appointed by
+the king; and who, with four assistants, well armed, inspects the
+markets, hears all complaints, and, in a summary way, decides all
+differences among the buyers and sellers, having power to seize, and
+sell as slaves, all who violate the peace. Besides this magistrate,
+there is another, whose peculiar office it is to inspect the money,
+which is called toqua, consisting of strings of shells, to the number
+of forty; and if one of these strings happens to be deficient in a
+single shell, the whole are forfeited to the king. Round the markets
+are erected booths, which are occupied by cooks or suttlers, who sell
+provisions ready dressed, as beef, pork, goats'-flesh; and others,
+in which may be obtained rice, millet, marre, and bread; and others
+where they sell spirituous liquors, palm and ciboa wine, and pito,
+which is a sort of beer. The chief commodities on sale, are slaves,
+cattle, and fowls of every kind, monkeys and other animals; various
+sorts of European cloth, linen, and woollen; printed calicoes, silk,
+grocery, and china; gold in dust and bars, iron in bars or wrought.
+
+"The country manufactures are Whidah cloths, mats, baskets, jars,
+calabashes of various sorts, wooden bowls and cups, red and blue
+pepper, salt, palm-oil, &c. All these commodities, except slaves, are
+sold by the women, who are excellent accountants, and set off their
+goods most judiciously. The men are also good accountants, reckoning
+every thing by the head; and are as exact as the Europeans are with
+pen and ink, although the sums are often so many and so considerable,
+as to render it very intricate.
+
+"The slaves are paid for in gold-dust, but other payments are made
+in strings of cowries, which, as I have said, contain forty in a
+string. Five of the strings make what the natives call a fore; and
+fifty fores make an alkove, which generally weighs about sixty pounds.
+
+The various commodities of these markets, and the order and regularity
+with which they are disposed, would be a peculiarly pleasing sight to a
+stranger, were not human beings included in the articles of commerce;
+but, to behold a number of men, women, and children, linked together,
+and ranged like beasts to view, is a sight truly shocking to behold;
+and I will acknowledge, Sophy, I felt a sickness come over my heart,
+and a glow of shame suffuse my forehead, as I contemplated upwards of
+sixty individuals, whom a few short hours, perhaps, might separate, for
+ever, from their kindred and their country. There is, however, little
+chance that it will now ever be otherwise; for the worst passions
+of men are engaged, and the despotism of the African kings gives
+them ample opportunity to gratify their cupidity and intemperance,
+by the barter of their unhappy subjects [3]. The revenues of the king
+of Whidah are very considerable; for he not only has large landed
+possessions, but he receives a duty on all commodities sold in the
+markets, or imported into the country. His lands furnish him with
+provisions for his numerous household, as well as for exportation;
+great quantities being annually sold to the neighbouring nations,
+less bountifully supplied by nature. The revenues arising from the
+slave-trade are very considerable, and induce him to favour it,
+by the strongest principle in the soul of man, selfishness; for he
+receives three rix dollars for every slave sold in his dominions. Every
+European vessel also pays him a pecuniary duty, exclusive of presents,
+which they make to conciliate his favour, and to secure his protection
+in trading.
+
+Some years, slaves to the number of two thousand are brought from
+the interior, by the native merchants, most of whom, they say, are
+prisoners of war. These merchants purchase them from the different
+princes, who have made captives of them. Their mode of travelling is
+by tying them by the neck with leather thongs, at about a yard distant
+from each other, thirty and forty in a string; having generally a
+large truss or bundle of corn, or an elephant's tooth, upon the head
+of each or many of them. In their way from the mountains, far in the
+interior, they have to travel through vast woods, where, for several
+days, perhaps, no water is to be procured. To obviate this distressing
+scarcity, they carry water in skins. There are a great number of these
+merchants, who, furnishing themselves with European goods from the
+slave-factors, penetrate the inland countries, and with them purchase,
+in their route, gold, slaves, and elephants' teeth. (Note E.)
+
+"They use asses as well as slaves to convey their goods, but no camels
+nor horses. Besides the slaves brought down to the factories by these
+merchants, many others are bought in the vicinity. These are either
+taken in war, as the former, or are men condemned for crimes; and,
+not unfrequently, they are stolen. These the Company never purchase,
+if able to ascertain the fact. It is worthy of remark, that, since the
+great demand for slaves, most punishments are changed into slavery;
+and there being an accruing advantage on such condemnations, they
+exaggerate faults scarcely more than venial, into crimes, in order
+to obtain the benefit of selling the criminal. Not only murder and
+the grosser crimes are punished in this manner, but every trifling
+misdemeanour renders the culprit obnoxious to the same dreadful
+penalty. It was not many days since that I had a man brought to me
+to be sold, for having stolen a tobacco pipe; and I had infinite
+trouble to persuade the aggrieved party to accept of a compensation,
+and to leave the man free.
+
+"From what I have seen of the people, they are well disposed and
+cheerful, excessively fond of dancing, keeping it up to the sound
+of a drum or a balafeu, for many hours, without any appearance
+of weariness. Their dances are sometimes pleasing and regular,
+but at others wild, and apparently confused. The instrument they
+call a balafeu is very pleasing, sounding something like an organ,
+when not too near. It is composed of about twenty pipes of very hard
+wood, finely polished: these pipes gradually diminish, both in size
+and length, and are tied together with thongs made of very fine
+thin leather. These thongs are twisted round small round wands,
+which are placed between each of the pipes, in order to leave a
+short space. Underneath the pipes are fastened twelve or fourteen
+calabashes, of different sizes, which have the same effect of sound
+as organ-pipes. This they play upon with two sticks, covered with a
+thin skin, taken from the trunk of the ciboa, or with fine leather,
+in order to soften the sound. (Note F.) Both sexes delight to dance to
+this instrument, and their pleasure seems to rise almost to ecstasy, if
+a white man will unite in the dance; which, you will readily suppose,
+I am never unwilling to do. The only indication of suspicion they show,
+is when asked to take any beverage with a white man, always requiring
+the liquor to be first tasted by the inviter.
+
+"Many of the natives have invited me to their habitations and dancing
+parties, and brought their wives and daughters to salute me. They,
+with great artlessness, generally sit down by me, and are never weary
+in admiring the different articles of my dress; making their comments
+one to another, with the most lively admiration and astonishment. Some,
+who had never seen a white man, ran away from me, apparently terrified
+at my monstrous appearance.
+
+"In their persons they are of a good height, well shaped, and
+extremely black; and, as an instance of the female subjection, I
+am told, that, when a man has been absent from home, even but for a
+short time, his wife salutes him upon her knees at his return, and,
+in the same attitude, offers him water and refreshments. Both sexes
+are exceedingly cleanly in their persons, washing themselves in pure
+water twice in the day, and using aromatic unguents. Their dress
+consists of the country cotton cloths I have named; the superior
+classes add a short garment, made of taffety, or other silk, and
+scarfs of the same material passed over the shoulder. They generally
+go with the head and feet uncovered, but occasionally wear sandals,
+and caps or bonnets. The superior females wear calico paans, or a
+sort of petticoat, which are very fine, and beautifully variegated
+with different colours: these are confined round the waist, and the
+upper part of the body is covered with a cloth, serving also as a veil.
+
+"They wear necklaces of coral, &c. agreeably disposed; and their arms,
+wrists, fingers, and legs, are encompassed and ornamented with rings
+of amber, silver, and even gold, to a considerable value. The inferior
+ranks wear copper or iron. The men suffer the hair to remain in its
+natural form, except buckling it in two or three places, in order
+to affix a coral ornament to it; but the women arrange theirs more
+artificially, with long and small buckles, or ornaments, the hair
+divided on the crown of the head, and the ornaments placed with great
+uniformity. They have a bad practice of using an oil, which injures
+the glossy blackness of the hair, in time changing it to a colour
+approaching green or yellow, which they much admire; but it is very
+unpleasing to the eye of a stranger.
+
+"I have mentioned that the natives of Whidah are idolaters. The
+object of their worship, you will be surprised to find, is a serpent;
+an animal to which men, in general, have an antipathy This Whidah god
+is called the fetiche: it is a harmless, as well as beautiful animal,
+having an antipathy to venomous serpents, attacking them whenever
+it meets with them. The serpent has a large, round, beautiful head;
+a short, pointed tongue, resembling a dart; and a short but sharp
+tail; the whole adorned by the most beautiful colours, upon a light
+grey ground. In general its pace is slow and solemn, except when it
+seizes on its prey, in which case it is quick and rapid. They are
+perfectly tame and familiar, permitting themselves to be caressed
+and handled, which is frequently done by the natives and Europeans,
+without apprehension of danger. This deity has a temple to his honour,
+with priests, sacrifices, &c."
+
+With this account we will close our extracts from Irving's letters;
+and as they will give some idea of the people of the country which
+forms the principal scene of our narrative, it is hoped the digression
+will not be thought irrelevant. In the next chapter we resume the
+thread of our story, merely pausing to express our ardent hope,
+that good may spring out of evil; that even the slave-trade may be
+the medium of promulgating the gospel of peace; and that good may,
+in God's own time, overcome evil.
+
+
+
+            O, 'tis a godlike privilege to save,
+            And he that scorns it is himself a slave.
+            Inform his mind, one flash of heav'nly day
+            Would heal his heart, and melt his chains away:
+            "Beauty for ashes," is a gift indeed;
+            And slaves by truth enlarg'd are doubly freed.
+
+
+                                                   Cowper.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+
+                      "O Slavery----
+                       Profuse of woes, and pregnant with distress,
+                       Eternal horrors in thy presence reign;
+                       Pale meagre famine leads thy horrid train;
+                       To each dire load subjection adds more weight,
+                       And pain is doubled in the captive's fate:
+                       O'er nature's smiling face thou spreadst a gloom,
+                       And to the grave dost every pleasure doom."
+
+
+Years had elapsed since Irving had indited the letters from which we
+have extracted, and every passing one had seen an increasing tendency
+to suffer humanity to yield to interest: what had been the practice
+of official duty, became the actuating principle, and gold, the
+
+
+            "Insidious bane that makes destruction smooth,
+            The foe to virtue, liberty, and truth,"
+
+
+absorbed the better feelings, which had at first recoiled from
+the scenes of cruelty and oppression he had witnessed; and he could
+calmly execute the one and the other, and be at no loss to justify (at
+least to himself) the acts, and even reason upon the trade of human
+beings; if not, indeed, upon its humanity and justice, at least upon
+its expedience; forgetful of that great and comprehensive, but most
+simple maxim: "Do unto others as ye would they should do unto you."
+
+The order he had received from his employers, arrived at an opportune
+period; for he had, on that very day, been invited to attend the
+ceremony of the coronation of the king of Whidah, to take place in
+a few days, at Sabi. With the true spirit of gain, he calculated
+that this event might, by a little judicious policy, be rendered,
+not only subservient to his present pressing demand for slaves, but
+also might open greater facilities than he had hitherto possessed,
+of obtaining a choice. Interest, therefore, united with curiosity,
+in his determination of attending the ceremony; a few preliminaries
+of which we will name, ere we accompany him to it.
+
+On the demise of a king of Whidah, the crown descends to his eldest
+son, unless the grandees have any substantial reasons to reject his
+claim; in which case the youngest son is appointed, provided he was
+born after the accession of the father. It is a singular custom, that,
+as soon as the eldest son of a king of Whidah is born, he is removed
+from the palace and court, and placed under the care of a person in
+private, residing remote from the latter. With this person he remains,
+in profound ignorance of his birth, and of the high responsibilities
+for which he is designed. His protector is acquainted with the
+secret of his royal birth, but would incur the penalty of death
+were he to divulge it. By this custom it not unfrequently occurs,
+that when a prince is called to the throne, he may, at the moment,
+be employed in the most common and menial offices; and it is with
+difficulty he can be persuaded to believe those who inform him of
+his elevated rank, or in what manner to receive their servile homage;
+as it is customary for the subjects to approach the sovereign in the
+most humiliating form, advancing towards them in a creeping manner,
+to a certain distance, till the monarch, clapping his hands softly,
+indicates his permission for them to speak, which they then do,
+in a low tone, with their heads nearly to the ground. They retire,
+with the same slavish ceremonials, from the royal presence.
+
+As soon as the old king is dead, his successor is brought to the
+palace; but the period of his coronation is uncertain, resting
+with the grandees, with whom it becomes a political manoeuvre
+to keep the government, as long as possible, in their own hands;
+and they accordingly fix the period of the ceremony as best suits
+their respective interests. It is generally put off some months, and,
+sometimes, even years, but cannot be delayed beyond seven years. During
+this interval, the government is rather in the power of the grandees
+than the king; for they execute all the public acts and business,
+without consulting him. In every other respect he is treated as
+a prince, with only one restriction, viz. that, previously to his
+coronation, he cannot quit the palace.
+
+It may readily be imagined by our young readers, that, from the obscure
+state in which the young monarch is brought up, he has little notion
+of those qualities which are necessary to govern a people. On the
+contrary, the sudden transition from this obscurity, to the paths
+of ease and pleasure, and every facility of self-gratification,
+unfortunately gives a peculiar relish for those pursuits and
+pleasures, with which, had he become guardedly and progressively
+familiar, in all probability he would have been satiated. But this
+not being the case, the king of Whidah lives almost in a state of
+indolence; seldom going abroad, and only occasionally attending his
+grandees when they are assembled in the hall of audience, for the
+administration of justice: all the rest of his time is spent in the
+recesses of his seraglio, attended by his numerous wives, who are
+divided into three classes. When the period of the coronation has
+been fixed by the grandees, they give intimation of it to the king,
+who assembles them in the palace; and the council having deliberated
+on the measures to be used in executing the ceremony, notice of it
+is given to the public by a discharge of cannon, and the glad news
+is soon circulated throughout the kingdom.
+
+The following morning, the grand sacrificer goes to the king,
+demanding, in the name of the great serpent, (their deity!) the
+offerings due on such a solemn and joyful occasion. These offerings
+consist of an ox, a horse, a sheep, and a fowl, which are sacrificed
+in the palace, and afterwards taken to the market-place. In the centre
+of this, the grand sacrificer erects a pole, nine or ten feet high,
+with a piece of linen attached to it like a flag, and around it
+are placed the victims, with small loaves of millet, rubbed over
+with palm-oil. After a few trifling ceremonies the company retire,
+leaving the victims exposed to the birds of prey; no person being
+permitted to touch them, upon pain of death. Arrived at the palace,
+about twenty of the king's wives walk in procession to the place
+of sacrifice, the eldest, or chief, (Note G.) bearing a figure
+formed of earth, representing a child in a sitting posture: this
+she places at a short distance from the victims. These women are
+attended by a party of fusileers, and the king's flutes and drums,
+the people prostrating themselves as they pass, and expressing their
+joy by the loudest acclamations. When these ceremonies are over,
+the grandees repair to the palace, dressed in their richest apparel,
+and attended by their numerous slaves, of whom they are very proud,
+adorning them with a profusion of trinkets, and ornaments of silver
+and gold. The king is not visible on this occasion; but they enter,
+and prostrate themselves before the throne, and again retire. This
+part of the ceremony continues fifteen days, during which the women
+make the palace re-echo with their acclamations; and the public joy
+is testified by the firing of cannon, and the almost continual display
+of rockets, from all parts of the capital.
+
+It was during the interval of these rejoicings, that Irving, with
+his attendants, arrived at Sabi, and was appointed to take up his
+quarters with a grandee high in favour with the new king. He had
+taken care to provide himself with an ample assortment of trinkets,
+spirits, cutlery, and other European produce he knew to be tempting
+to his inviter and his royal master, with whom he proposed to trade,
+immediately after the ceremony was concluded.
+
+Soon after his arrival, the grandee with whom he resided was summoned,
+(as was customary,) as the one deputed to go to the neighbouring
+kingdom of Ardrah, with a magnificent retinue, in order to request
+one of the nobles of that kingdom (in whose family the right had
+existed time immemorial) to proceed to Sabi, to crown the king; and
+Irving, desirous of seeing the whole of the ceremonial, obtained ready
+permission to accompany the embassy. The greatest respect is paid,
+by all ranks, to this officiating nobleman; and all the expences of
+his journey are defrayed by the grandees of Whidah.
+
+When arrived at the last village next the capital, this nobleman and
+his retinue suspended their progress, remaining there stationary
+three or four days; during which time he received visits from the
+principal people of the kingdom, with whom it is customary to make
+him valuable presents, and contribute to his amusement by a variety
+of entertainments; the king supplying him with a great quantity of
+provision, carried twice a day in great pomp, by his wives, preceded
+by a guard of fusileers and a band of music.
+
+Among these ladies, Irving saw many whom, as a slave-merchant, he
+would have been happy to have obtained at a high price. Four days
+being elapsed, the grandees, with their usual train, and a great
+concourse of people, repaired to the village, to conduct the Ardrah
+nobleman, in great state, to Sabi; where he was received by a salute
+of the king's guns, and the loud and continued acclamations of the
+multitude. He was then conducted to the apartments prepared for him
+near the palace, where he was splendidly entertained by the grandees,
+and received visits from the principal officers of the court. He
+continued here five days, but, at the close of the third, he entered
+the palace with the chief of his train, without taking off any part
+of his dress or ornaments. He remained standing, also, when he spoke
+to the king, while all others prostrated themselves, as usual.
+
+On the evening of the fifth day, nine guns were fired, at the palace,
+to announce to the people that the king would be crowned on the
+following day, and that he would show himself in public, seated on
+his throne, in the court of the palace, the gates of which would be
+left open for the admission of all ranks of people. It was with the
+utmost astonishment that Irving beheld the immense population assembled
+in the streets of Sabi, on this occasion; every avenue towards the
+palace being completely crowded by the natives, to obtain a sight of
+their new monarch.
+
+On the evening of the following day, the king came forth from his
+seraglio, attended by forty of his favourite wives, dressed in the
+most sumptuous manner; being rather loaded than ornamented, with
+gold necklaces, laces, pendants, bracelets, foot-chains of gold
+and silver, and the richest gems. The king, who was a good-looking,
+but, apparently, very indolent young man, was magnificently dressed,
+wearing a gilt helmet, decorated with red and white feathers. He was
+attended by his guards, and proceeded from his seraglio to the throne,
+which was placed in an angle of the court, to the east of the palace,
+and styled the court of the coronation.
+
+The throne itself was something like a large armed chair, finely
+gilt, and elevated a little above the ground; the negroes choosing
+very low seats, not more than ten inches high, and six in diameter,
+and not unfrequently in the shape of an hour-glass. The most valuable
+and curious part of the throne we are now describing, was the seat,
+consisting of an entire lump of gold; not cast or formed by art,
+but a product of nature alone, weighing thirty pounds. It had been
+bored and fitted as a seat to the royal throne: upon this was a velvet
+cushion, richly laced and fringed with gold, and a foot-cushion to
+correspond. On the left were ranged the forty wives of the monarch,
+and on the right the principal grandees; and in a line with them, the
+Europeans from the English factories; therefore, Irving had a complete
+view of every part of the ceremonial. One of the grandees held in his
+hand an umbrella: this, however, was more for ornament than use, as
+the ceremony took place at night. It was formed of the richest cloth
+of gold, the lining embroidered with the same precious material, and
+the fringes and tassels the same. On the top of it was the figure of
+a cock, as large as the life. The pole of this pavilion, or umbrella,
+was six feet long, richly embossed and gilded. Another grandee kneeled
+before the king, constantly fanning him during the ceremony. Opposite
+to the monarch stood two of his dwarfs, who represented to him the
+good qualities of his predecessor; extolling his justice, liberality,
+and clemency, and exhorting the king not only to imitate, but to excel
+him; concluding their harangue with wishes for the king's happiness,
+and that his reign might be long and prosperous.
+
+These ceremonies concluded, the grandee of Ardrah was summoned to
+attend. When arrived at the outer gate of the palace, the cannon
+were discharged, and the band began to play. He entered the court,
+surrounded with his attendants, and was guarded by them to a certain
+distance. He then advanced, singly, to the throne, saluting the king
+by courteously bowing the head, but not prostrating himself. He then
+addressed a short speech to the king, relative to the ceremony he
+was called to perform; and removing the helmet from his head, turned
+to the people, holding it in his hands. A signal was then made, and
+the music instantly ceased. A profound and most impressive silence
+ensued. The grandee of Ardrah, then, with a loud and distinct voice,
+repeated, three times, these words to the assembled multitude: "Here
+is your king: be loyal to him, and your prayers shall be heard by the
+king of Ardrah, my master." After this he replaced the helmet on the
+head of the king, made a low reverence, and retired. The cannon and
+small-arms were instantly fired, the music again struck up, and the
+acclamations were renewed. The grandee of Ardrah, in the meantime,
+was reconducted, in great state, to his apartments; after which,
+the new-crowned king, attended by his wives, his guards, and the
+Europeans, returned to the seraglio, where the latter made their
+compliments to the king as he entered the gate; and, on the following
+day, the monarch sent, as usual, a rich present to the Ardrah grandee,
+previously to his return home, which he must immediately do, the law
+not permitting him to remain three days longer in the kingdom.
+
+The rejoicings which followed the coronation lasted fifteen days,
+and the whole was closed with a grand procession to the temple
+of the great serpent. The grandee with whom Irving resided during
+the period of these ceremonies, was one of the principal officers
+of the palace, and possessed a disposition peculiarly open to the
+enticement of spirituous liquors, as well as dreadfully acted upon
+by the pernicious stimulus they gave to his passions. He also had
+such a propensity for their use, that Irving easily found, that, by
+supplying him well, he might render him subservient to his purposes;
+and, in fact, he very soon disclosed to the wily merchant, that he
+had in his possession a number of valuable slaves, intended for the
+service, or to purchase the favour of the young king. The appearance
+of this negro courtier was pleasing and imposing. He was, in person,
+tall and well shaped; his dress was that usual in the country, but
+the material fine, and the colour perfectly white: his cap was also
+white and small. He wore large gold earrings, which, together with
+the pure white of his light dress, contrasted well with the jet black
+of his polished skin. In disposition he was so cruel and vindictive,
+that when he received an affront, even in the most trifling instance,
+he scrupled not to sacrifice the aggressor by shooting him.
+
+He possessed several wives, of whom he was very jealous, and whom he
+treated as slaves. He had also several brothers, to whom he seldom
+spoke, or even permitted them to enter his presence; but when he
+did grant them admission, they were obliged to take off their caps,
+prostrate themselves at his feet, and throw dust on their heads.
+
+It may readily be imagined, that a disposition so cruel and arbitrary,
+would be stimulated almost to fury and madness by the powerful
+influence of ardent spirits; and the fact was, that his thirst for
+brandy was so insatiable, that, to procure it, he scrupled not to
+execute any act of oppression, cruelty, or treachery. He had even
+been known, in order to procure slaves, with which to purchase brandy,
+secretly to set fire to a village, and then send the ministers of his
+cruelty to seize the distracted people as they rushed from destruction,
+to bind and to send them to the European factories, or to the joncoes,
+(or black slave-merchants,) and sell them for brandy and rum; which
+he would continue to drink till expended, without any cessation but
+that forced upon him by stupefaction or sleep.
+
+It would not be consistent with the plan of our tale, to make any
+remarks upon the probabilities of what this man might have been,
+had not the slave-trade existed; or what direction his cunning and
+arbitrary disposition might have taken; but we may venture to say,
+that he could not have had so extensive opportunities of oppression,
+nor could his cruelties have created such incalculable misery. "For
+it has been proved, on the most convincing evidence, that the demand
+for slaves has had the most fatal effect in exciting and developing
+every vice and every bad passion among these people; of perverting
+their rude institutions, and poisoning their domestic relations. It
+has been proved by evidence unquestionable, that, as we have
+asserted, the tyrant chiefs of Africa were daily induced to condemn,
+indiscriminately, whole families, for trivial or imaginary crimes,
+with the sole object of obtaining possession of the individuals
+composing those families, and exchanging them for bad powder and
+bad muskets; to station their soldiers in ambush, on the roads, with
+orders to rush on the unarmed traveller, and load him with chains;
+to attack, at night, villages sunk in repose, dragging into slavery
+men, women, and children, of an age suited to their purpose, and
+mercilessly butchering the aged and the infant. It has been proved,
+upon authority equally good, that famine, devastation, and continual
+warfare, undertaken for the sole purpose of taking prisoners, were the
+inevitable consequences of the slave ships' presence on the coast;
+and that the Europeans not only were witnesses of this desolation,
+but furnished the arms, nourished the hatred, fomented the discord,
+and were the communicaters of the moral blast, which shed its
+pestilential influence over the population of a country, which,
+under the benign protection of a fair and legitimate commerce,
+is assuredly capable of being civilized, enlightened, and happy;
+and which, in return for the inestimable gifts of instruction and
+religion, would cheerfully and gratefully pour its riches into the
+bosoms of its benefactors. But, can the arts which embellish life,
+can the virtues which expand the heart, can the principles that elevate
+the soul, can these find rest, or even enter a region devoted to blood,
+oppression, and desolation? Alas! while the slave-trade exists, we are
+compelled to unite in the fear expressed by an enlightened patriot,
+that 'there is no prospect of civilization or happiness for Africa.'"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+                  "Yet was I born as you are, no man's slave,
+                   An heir to all that liberal nature gave;
+                   My mind can reason, and my limbs can move
+                   The same as yours; like yours my heart can love:
+                   Alike my body food and sleep sustain,
+                   And e'en, like yours, feels pleasure, want, and pain:
+                   One sun rolls o'er us, common skies surround,
+                   One globe contains us, and one grave must bound."
+
+
+Intent upon the orders of his employers, and of the advantages he
+should obtain by the commission, Irving studied so much to ingratiate
+himself with his host, that he very soon readily obtained his promise
+of conducting him to his slave-rooms, the first opportunity he could
+spare from his close attendance upon his royal master, to whom his
+bold and haughty spirit made him eminently useful.
+
+While Irving displayed the tempting assortment of spirits, trinkets,
+dresses, and fire-arms, to the eager African, he artfully affected
+indifference as to the purchase of slaves; being well acquainted with
+the mode of making a good bargain, even when his fellow men were the
+articles for which to negociate: so entirely does this infamous trade
+debase and corrupt every generous emotion of the heart, and blunt every
+honourable feeling. With the internal assurance, therefore, that the
+view he had granted of his commodities, would induce the chief, as soon
+as possible, to gratify his desire of possessing them, Irving waited
+patiently the summons to attend him to the children of misery he had
+by fraud and violence collected; and was fully prepared to accompany
+him, upon his invitation a few days subsequent to the conclusion of
+the coronation ceremonies. Irving was, however, astonished, when the
+negro pointed out to him several spacious enclosures, the wretched
+inhabitants of which were to purchase his selfish gratification,
+and satisfy his cupidity; for Irving was not then aware that this
+grandee was, in fact, the creature of his sovereign, acting as an
+agent and slave-factor, upon the blood-stained gains of which he not
+only lived in great splendour, but possessed from his riches great
+power. His house was fitted up with European elegance, and was,
+in exterior style, something resembling the buildings of the Moors;
+consisting of courts, surrounded by apartments, beyond the precincts
+of which were the receptacles of the slaves.
+
+The transition from the elegance and luxuries of this African mansion,
+to the slave-buildings, was striking; and to a heart yet unperverted
+and unvitiated by the habitual view of uncontrouled power and
+oppression over the defenceless, would have been most mournful.
+
+But such was not the impression made upon either of the present
+visitants; the one intent upon immediate self-gratification,
+the other upon obtaining the means to ensure it in future. Nothing
+could more strongly prove the tendency of this traffic to prostrate
+every noble faculty of the soul, every tender impulse of the heart,
+to destroy every sympathy of our nature, than the fact, that Irving,
+the once generous, kind-hearted youth, beheld, with the cold regard
+of a mere trader intent upon making an advantageous bargain, above
+a hundred and twenty wretched beings in one house, all chained two
+and two, by their hands and feet, and sitting in three rows on the
+floor! They were of various ages of youth, and different in features;
+many of them having come, as the grandee observed, "a journey of many
+moons," that is, many hundred miles inland.
+
+While examining these miserable captives with all the technical
+minuteness of jockeys, or cattle-dealers, (during which the
+wretched exiles evinced the strongest and most varying emotions of
+reluctance, grief, and indignation,) the people of the chief brought
+in thirty-five more individuals, whom they had taken in a small town
+or village of the interior, and which they had attacked by order
+of their employer, leaving the aged and young infants butchered in
+their simple huts. Among this last group were several women, who
+exhibited the most heart-rending evidences of distraction and grief,
+in the loss of their infants, and the prospect of the unknown evils
+that awaited them in bondage.
+
+Amongst this number, however, great as it was, there were no
+slaves which suited the purposes of Irving; and he proceeded with
+his conductor to several other enclosures, from which he selected
+a few of inferior value. The negro then told him, he would show
+him what he termed "prime and superb negroes." In passing over to
+one of these enclosures, which were at some distance, Irving was
+arrested by a faint and low moan, as of distress, followed by an
+air of most exquisite plaintive melody, with which was intermingled,
+at intervals, the sound of an infantine voice, so lively as to speak
+the unconsciousness, of the innocent from whose lips it proceeded,
+of the mournful lot to which it was destined.
+
+"What sound is that?" he enquired of his host, as he stopped to listen
+from whence it proceeded; for even upon his deadened soul the song had
+vibrated. (Note H.) "I dare say it is the Senegal slave I had selected
+for my royal master," replied the negro; "but she bewailed being parted
+from her boy so much, that, to save her life, I was obliged to suffer
+her to see him once or twice a day, during the ceremonies. I shall,
+however, soon make her submit, now I can attend to her: I shall sell
+her for a great price, if I can separate the child from her, without
+hazarding her life."
+
+"Perhaps she will suit me," said Irving; "the boy would be no objection
+to the purchase, if he is strong and healthy. Let me see them." The
+negro hesitated; but at length observed, "They are worth a great
+deal," as if he doubted that Irving would be disposed to give the
+price. "You remember that beautiful sabre, and the brandy-chest full of
+prime liquor, and those muskets you admired, and"----observed Irving
+carelessly, but was interrupted in his enumeration by the African:
+"Yes, yes, I remember: what! will you give them for her and the
+boy?" "I cannot promise that, you know, unless I see her: you may
+be telling me a false tale. It at least can do no harm to see this
+slave you keep so close."
+
+"True, true, I scorn to deceive so good a friend," rejoined the negro,
+half afraid that Irving would recede from his implied bargain:
+"You shall certainly see this refractory woman; that is, she is
+only obstinate when I remove the boy. I wish they had killed the
+young urchin at once, when they carried her off. She is very gentle
+when he is with her: she only chooses to sing those mournful songs
+about Tumiah: I suppose he was her husband. However, at all events,
+the boy cannot go to the palace with her."
+
+During this conversation, they had reached the hut in which the poor
+slave was confined alone, in the hope of making her yield to the will
+of the African, by consenting to be conveyed to the palace without
+her child. Irving followed the negro into the hut. The moment the
+latter got within it, the miserable inmate uttered a piercing shriek,
+and clasped her child with convulsive strength to her bosom, imploring
+the tyrant not to tear him from her widowed arms. There was one chord
+in the soul of Irving, which, amid the circumstances of his life,
+and despite of time, yet responded. It was the memory of his mother's
+caresses, when in his childhood she became a widow.
+
+The scene he now witnessed, struck powerfully on this chord of
+feeling. The distraction of the captive, her extreme youth, her beauty,
+the neglect of grief so apparent in her simple dress, her unornamented
+hair, her trembling limbs, her heaving bosom, her eloquent eye, her
+fevered lip, her attitude, and the energy with which she held her now
+alarmed child; altogether, combined a picture, which coming suddenly
+upon his previously somewhat softened feelings, had a powerful effect
+upon him, and, for a time, made him forget he was a slave-dealer,
+and caused the nobler feeling of the man to prevail. He determined, if
+possible, to save the wretched woman from the fate that awaited her;
+forgetting that, perhaps, one equally horrible might be her lot, did
+she become his property. When, therefore, he heard the African tyrant
+threaten her with a flogging if she persisted in singing such mournful
+songs, he almost involuntarily said: "If you are willing to barter her
+and the child, for what I named, and a selection of those trinkets you
+admired, to which I will add four gallons of rum, we are agreed upon
+the bargain." The negro again regarded Irving with a half suspicious,
+half incredulous glance, but remained silent. "I am serious," said
+Irving; "are we agreed?" "Let me see," muttered the negro to himself;
+"that fong, (sword,) mounted in silver gilt, and embossed handle; the
+chest with fine brandy; ten fine kiddos; (guns;) trinkets to please
+woollima moosa, (handsome wife,) and four gallons of rum: delicious
+rum make me merry, happy. Make the rum eight gallons," he added aloud
+to Irving, "and she," pointing to the being he was thus selling, "she
+is yours."--"And the boy, remember?" replied Irving. "O yes, the boy,
+the boy, to be sure," reiterated the African, hardly knowing how to
+repress his joy. Though almost absorbed in profound grief, the wretched
+captive yet understood she was about to be transferred, and that
+her child was to be included in the transfer. In an agony of mingled
+emotion, after having timidly regarded Irving's countenance, while he
+intently watched hers, she threw herself at his feet, imploring his
+mercy, and by a thousand expressive gestures, imparted the feelings
+which agitated her soul. In this lowly attitude she fainted; and when
+a little recovered, she exclaimed in mournful accents: "O Tumiah,
+where art thou? Thou canst no more hear thy Imihie: she goes to the
+land of strangers, and will see thee no more, till death conveys her
+beyond the blue mountains. And Samboe, my boy," she added, as she
+called the playful and unconscious child from some flowers he was
+gathering from the ground, "thou wilt see thy father no more. Thou
+art a slave, my child: hard will be thy lot in the land of strangers,
+among the manstealers, when Imihie, thy mother, no longer shall
+feel pain, nor endure bondage. But I will watch over thee, my boy,
+I will be thy spirit: I will conduct thee over the blue mountains,
+the manstealer shall not follow us there."
+
+The negro's anger began to rise, during this soliloquy of his hapless
+captive; and calling vehemently for attendants, he directed she should
+be conducted, with her child, to a place appointed, with care to be
+taken that she should not do herself any injury, until Irving had
+concluded his engagement, and could have her removed to Whidah.
+
+Irving declined viewing any more of the slaves on that day, and
+having determined to remain but a few days longer with the chief, he
+lost no time in making good his purchase of the female slave and her
+child. One impediment to his returning to Whidah, however, there was,
+which he might have anticipated; but in his eagerness to purchase the
+wretched Imihie, he had not considered that while the rum and brandy
+remained, the grandee and his companions were totally incapable of
+business; but, in the intervals of stupefaction, were guilty of the
+most wanton excesses. Nor was his African majesty himself, exempt
+from effects of the potent contents of the liquor-chests consigned
+to his favourite, who artfully concealed from him the circumstance
+of Imihie; informing the king only, that he had obtained the liquor
+from an English merchant, for some dry goods, ivory, and gum. The
+monarch enquired if this merchant traded also in slaves. "Doubtless
+he does," replied the wily courtier: "he comes from the land of the
+manstealers, and will not, therefore, refuse the commodity in the way
+of trade. Would my royal master wish to see this Englishman?" "It
+is my desire," answered the king; "let him have notice of our
+pleasure." The grandee prostrated himself, and retired to caution
+Irving to conceal the transaction of the female slave from the king,
+or he would doubtless force her from him. The morrow was appointed
+for the interview with the monarch, who, the courtier said, had some
+slaves to offer for brandy and trinkets for his wives.
+
+
+            "Where wast thou, then, sweet Charity, where then,
+            Thou tutelary friend of helpless men?
+            Perish the wretch, that slighted and withstood
+            The tender argument of kindred blood.
+            But tho' some nobler minds a law respect,
+            That none shall with impunity neglect,
+            In baser souls unnumber'd evils meet,
+            To thwart its influence, and its end defeat."
+
+
+Shall a Briton, shall a man "honoured with a Christian name" encourage
+slavery, because the semi-barbarous, unenlightened, lawless African
+hath done it? "To what end (it is impressively asked) do we profess
+a religion whose dictates we so flagrantly violate? Wherefore have
+we that pattern of goodness and humanity, if we refuse to follow
+it? How long shall we continue a practice which policy rejects,
+justice condemns, and piety revolts at?"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+                             * * * the band of commerce is design'd
+                             T' associate all the branches of mankind.
+                             And if a boundless plenty be the robe,
+                             Trade is the golden girdle of the globe:
+                             This genial intercourse, and mutual aid,
+                             Cheers, what were else, an universal shade.
+                             Calls nature from her ivy-mantled den,
+                             And softens human rock-work into men.
+
+                                                                 Cowper.
+
+
+Most truly and impressively do these lines of our Christian poet
+describe the effects of legitimate and honourable commerce; the mutual
+exchange of the various gifts of an all-bounteous Providence, showered
+on the globe we inhabit, for the general use, benefit, and pleasure;
+and of those embellishments of art, which civilization has brought
+forth and nourished.
+
+But no such effect can ever flow from the piratical commerce of men,
+that deformed and cruel offspring of Mammon, which riots in the blood,
+and glories in the miseries of man.
+
+It may be urged, we are not the original agents in this trade: it
+is pursued with eagerness by the Africans themselves. But are those
+who live in that transcendent light which was granted to dispel the
+mists of error--to meliorate propensity to evil--to harmonize the
+rational soul--still to delight in works so dark, still to trample
+under foot every principle of humanity; still to spurn from them
+the obligations of justice, still to set at naught the precepts of
+religion; and to make themselves accomplices with pagan oppressors,
+in tyrannizing over those hapless beings, whom a mysterious Providence
+has subjected to their power? Is the Christian trader content to put
+himself upon a level with the unenlightened despot, and coolly to put
+his blood-stained profits in the balance, against the laws of religion
+and his country; laughing at the remonstrances of philanthropists,
+as the dreams of enthusiasm, or as puerile objections unworthy of
+attention? No; it surely will not be thus. England has entered the
+path of mercy [4], let her pursue it with energy and constancy:
+and if other nations refuse to follow her heaven-enlightened way,
+to them belongs the shame and the guilt of trampling down the laws
+which bind man to his God and his fellow-man; and, for the violation
+of which, every individual must be accountable, at that tremendous
+audit, before which the oppressed and the oppressor shall alike appear!
+
+But to return to our narrative from these reflections, which the
+seriousness of the subject forced from us, and which must apologize
+for them with our young readers.
+
+The time being fixed for Irving to have an audience with the king, he
+was conducted to the palace, which was a spacious edifice, consisting
+of many large courts, entirely surrounded with porticoes, above which
+were apartments with small windows. These apartments, as well as every
+part of the palace, exhibited great magnificence in the furniture and
+decorations. Some of the floors were covered with exquisitely fine
+matting, and others with superb Turkey carpets; and the furniture
+consisted of chairs, sofas or divans, skreens, chests, cabinets and
+porcelain imported from China. The windows were not glazed, but were
+shaded with frames of fine white linen, and taffety curtains. The
+gardens of this superb palace were very extensive, laid out in long
+vistas of lofty and beautiful trees; affording a deliciously cool
+and shaded retreat, for the women immured in the splendid prison. It
+was evident to Irving, as he passed some of these apartments to the
+hall of audience, that his African majesty intended to receive him
+in great state; but whether out of respect to him, as a European and
+a slave and spirit merchant, or to display his own magnificence, he
+could not determine: nor was it of much consequence, although he well
+knew that the Europeans in general are well received, and are allowed
+to dispense with the humiliating ceremonies they scrupulously exact
+from their own subjects; and, unlike them, are granted an audience
+whenever they desire it. When Irving, therefore, entered the hall
+where the king was seated to receive him, his majesty immediately
+rose, and advanced some steps to him; took him by the hand, pressed
+it in his own, and three times successively touched his fore finger,
+which was the greatest token of amity and affection. After this,
+he desired him to sit down by his side, upon fine mats spread on the
+floor; which Irving having complied with, he displayed his presents
+to his majesty, who was astonished to find he could, with ease,
+converse with him without the aid of an interpreter.
+
+Irving could not but feel gratified at the extreme although childish
+pleasure the young monarch evinced, in receiving the presents; which
+consisted of an elegant case of English spirits, some beautiful guns,
+a superb sword, and a great variety of trinkets for the ladies of the
+seraglio. The king offered to sell him some of his discarded wives;
+but Irving respectfully declined the offer of the ladies, as not very
+well calculated for the labours of the colonies.
+
+In the audience chamber were two benches, one of which was broader than
+the other, covered with an embroidered cloth, and by it was an oval
+stool; upon this the monarch seated himself, after having received and
+examined the presents. The other bench was covered with mats, on which
+Irving was directed to sit, as the usual seat of the Europeans during
+conferences. Irving was uncovered; not, however, by order, but from
+a voluntary desire of showing proper respect; for he had not forgot
+the early lesson, "honour the king," though as a slave-dealer, it may
+be, alas! inferred, that he had little recollection of the context,
+"fear God." He made himself so agreeable, however, to the king, that
+he was invited to dine with him, and the meal was served with great
+elegance. While they were feasting, the grandees prostrated themselves
+before their sovereign; and what provisions were left were given to
+them, which they appeared readily and cheerfully to accept. Irving
+had, during this long interview, an ample opportunity of observing
+the person, the dress, and the manners of the new king of Whidah;
+and, in some degree, to form a judgment of his character. His dress
+was superb, composed of silk and gold, with strings of beautiful
+coral round his neck, arms, and wrists. In person he was tall, well
+shaped, with remarkably smooth and polished skin. His manners were
+free, urbane, and familiar; but there was discovered a disposition
+to covetousness, and the usual propensity to inebriety. Nor was it
+difficult to discover that he was indolent and pusillanimous, the usual
+companions of luxury and dissipation. In fact, the faults of the king
+seemed those of his education; and his virtues, those of his nature,
+which required only civilization, good examples, and a pure faith,
+to nourish into fruitfulness.
+
+The audience chamber in which Irving was received, was hung with
+tapestry. At the upper part of the room was a throne, formed of ivory;
+it was ascended by three steps, and shaded by a canopy of the richest
+silk. This is used on great state occasions.
+
+The king readily granted permission to Irving, to view the palace,
+excepting, of course, the apartments of the women. Conducted by
+his friend the grandee, and some other officers of the palace, he
+found it more extensive than he had supposed, having entered by a
+private passage. It consisted of several large squares, surrounded
+with galleries, each of which had a portico or gate, guarded by
+soldiers. The first gallery on entering the palace is very long,
+supported on each side by lofty pillars. At the termination of this
+gallery was a wall with three gates, the centre one ornamented with
+a turret seventy feet in height; terminated with a figure of a large
+snake, cast in copper, and very ingeniously carved. These gates opened
+into an immense area, enclosed also with a wall; then another gallery
+like the former, into another spacious court; and so on to a fourth,
+beyond which were the apartments of the king. In this spacious palace
+the king is sometimes immured for years, until he is crowned; and
+here, also, many wealthy courtiers spend the whole of their time,
+leaving trade and agriculture to be executed by their wives and
+slaves. (Note K.) These go to the circumjacent villages, either to
+trade in merchandise, or serve for daily wages; but they are obliged
+to bring the greatest part of what they obtain to their masters,
+otherwise they make no scruple to sell them for slaves.
+
+Irving and his new royal acquaintance had passed their time so
+convivially, that the negociation for slaves was deferred till the
+morrow, when he again attended his majesty to a depot, containing
+about two hundred; and as they were going to this place, they met
+nearly as many proceeding to the coast, the king's agents having
+sold them on the preceding day. Amongst this wretched group, Irving
+remarked some remarkably handsome men; and found, on enquiry, they
+were from Molembo, from whence the finest negroes are obtained.
+
+The number he was invited to examine, consisted of men,
+women, and children; and, to any but a slave-dealer, the sight
+was heart-rending. Fathers overwhelmed in silent sorrow; mothers
+expressing their anguish in affecting lamentations, audible sighs,
+or deep groans, expecting every moment to be separated from their
+tender offspring, whom they clasped to their bosoms, or endeavoured
+to hide under the folds of their pacans; youthful females shrinking
+from the brutal gaze of the trader, and dreading nameless indignities;
+the fiery eye of many a youth, indignant at the bonds which confined
+him from levelling to the ground the wretches who bought and sold him
+as a beast of the field, and tore him from the object of his love,
+whom he was powerless to save from death and bondage. But such a
+scene was of too frequent occurrence, the cry of the innocent was too
+familiar, to make any impression upon those who were bargaining. Irving
+purchased many of them; and having seen them marked as his property,
+(Note L.) left his people to conduct them to Whidah; whither, after
+having taken a cordial leave of the king, and so far conciliated him
+and the grandee as to ensure future advantages, he himself, with his
+attendants and the female slave, returned that evening.
+
+
+
+            Canst thou, and honoured with a Christian name,
+            Buy what is woman-born and feel no shame?
+            Trade in the blood of innocence, and plead
+            Expedience as a warrant for the deed?
+            Perish the thought!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+                             "And if perchance a momentary sigh,
+                              For such a lot reflection may supply,
+                              He follows not the feeling to its source."
+
+                                                       Barton (adapted.)
+
+                             "If ever thou hast felt another's pain,
+                              If ever when he sigh'd hast sigh'd again;
+                              If ever on thine eyelid stood the tear,
+                              That pity hath engender'd--drop one here:
+                              This man was happy."
+
+
+It will naturally be supposed, from the eagerness of Irving to make
+good the purchase of Imihie and her poor boy, that his heart was
+deeply interested by their situation, and that he had it certainly in
+his power to ameliorate it. But, alas! if, for a moment, the chord
+of compassion was touched, the feeling was transient, the impulse
+too weak to prompt to action; and, so far from being strengthened
+by the night's reflections, they, on the contrary, did but lead to
+lament his own folly, in making himself liable to the loss he would
+probably sustain by the high price he had given; as it was a condition
+of his engagement with the Company, that he was to be individually
+accountable for all losses incurred by the purchase of unprofitable
+slaves. These anticipations of pecuniary injury, were confirmed by
+the appearance of his poor captive on her arrival at the depot at
+Whidah. A fixed melancholy seemed to have absorbed every faculty,
+rendering her insensible even to the playful caresses of her boy,
+in whose sparkling eye, health "seemed a cherub yet divinely bright;"
+so happily unconscious was he of the bitterness of his lot, and the
+sufferings of his mother. Finding, from his people, that she resolutely
+rejected sustenance, Irving himself endeavoured to persuade her, but
+without success; but when self-interest, aided by the dictates of
+conscience and compassion, induced him to resort to the usual mode
+of forcing it, (nor will we question it was a painful task to him,)
+his heart must have been of adamant, not to have felt the powerful
+appeal of wretchedness and despair, when, while in the execution
+of this cruel duty, the poor captive looked up in his face, and,
+with a mournful smile, said: "Presently I shall be no more." (Note
+M.) Irving, indeed, from her appearance, began to think so; and as
+he could not now remedy her situation, nor restore her to what she
+had lost, he considered his best plan was to consign her, as soon
+as possible, to the ship waiting to receive the collected slaves,
+congratulating himself on his humanity, in having prevented the mother
+and child from being separated, even if he should thereby sustain
+some loss. He determined, also, to do all he could to ensure her
+some attention during the passage; and, with this view, determined to
+go immediately on board, to see the accommodation, and to give some
+particular instructions to the captain; leaving orders that Imihie
+should be conducted to the ship as soon as the day began to close.
+
+The ship destined to convey these miserable beings to the West Indies,
+had already on board between four and five hundred negroes. The
+captain boasted much of the superior accommodation of his vessel for
+the trade; and, to confirm his assertion, entreated Irving to visit the
+slave-rooms. Willing to conciliate any who might promote his interest,
+Irving consented. The superior accommodation he found, was, that
+every slave, whatever his size, had five feet six inches in length,
+and sixteen inches in breadth, to lie upon! The floor was crowded with
+bodies, stowed or packed according to this allowance. But between
+the floor and deck, or ceiling, were platforms or broad shelves,
+in the mid-way, which were also covered with bodies. (Note N.) The
+men were shackled two and two, each by one leg, to a small iron
+bar; these, the captain with much self-complacence said, were every
+day brought upon deck for the air; but lest they should attempt to
+recover their freedom, they were made fast by ring-bolts to the deck,
+or by two common chains, which were extended on each side the main
+deck; but the women and children, he added, were suffered to remain
+loose. Few slaves fared so well as his, he continued, for he allowed
+each a pint of water a day, and yams and horse-beans twice a day;
+and afterwards, for exercise and health, they jumped in their irons,
+which, if they refused to do, he was obliged, certainly, to flog them,
+as it was his duty to preserve them in health, if possible. Irving,
+however, learnt, in the course of this man's conversation, that it
+was usual for these miserable beings to remain fifteen or sixteen
+hours below deck, out of the twenty-four; and that, in wet weather,
+they could not be brought up for two or three successive days: their
+situation was, he acknowledged, very distressing, but he could not
+remedy it. They would cling to the gratings for a little air; draw
+their breath with anxious and laborious efforts; fight with each
+other for a taste of water; and many died of suffocation. (Note O.)
+
+Amongst the number thus confined in the hold of this ship, Irving
+remarked many whose nobleness of aspect indicated that there was a
+"spirit within," which rose even above such calamity--a consciousness
+of moral dignity, that spurned at the cruelties of the oppressor;
+but there was one in particular, before the flame of whose eye even
+Irving shrunk abashed. He was evidently a person of consequence; high,
+it would seem, in military rank, inferred from certain personal
+indications, with the meaning of which Irving was acquainted;
+and also from some articles of dress, stated to have been taken
+from him when captured; and every look (action was denied him)
+indicated that he possessed a mind not insensible to the eminence of
+his station. Irving enquired from whence he was taken, and from whom
+purchased? He was told, from Molembo, it was thought; and that he had
+been only a few days purchased from the king of Whidah, with a number
+of his countrymen, taken by treachery, and in defiance of a treaty
+subsisting at the time. This was all he could learn; and having given
+his instructions respecting Imihie, Irving returned to Whidah before
+her arrival at the ship, being desirous to avoid another interview,
+the sight of her producing a painful emotion he could neither define
+nor account for.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+                      "Soft airs, and gentle heavings of the wave,
+                       Impel the fleet whose errand is to save!
+                       But ah! what wish can prosper, or what pray'r,
+                       For merchants rich in cargoes of despair.
+                       The sable warrior, frantic with regret
+                       Of her he loves, and never can forget,
+                       Loses, in tears, the far-receding shore,
+                       But not the thought that they must meet no more."
+
+                                                                 Cowper.
+
+
+Night shed her silent influence over the mighty deep; the firmament
+was bright with myriads of glittering worlds; the moon, in full and
+mild lustre, rode majestically, like a sphere of silver light, on the
+summit of fleecy clouds, and was reflected, in many a fantastic form,
+by the tossing waves, the gentle ripplings of which were mingled
+with the distant sound of "All is well," borne on the gale from the
+fort, the regular tread of the watch on deck, and the boatswain's
+shrill whistle. The rush of the shark, "cutting the briny deep,"
+as it instinctively followed the floating receptacle of misery, was
+the only sound that interrupted, painfully, the heavenly calmness
+of the scene and hour; a calmness, alas! little according with the
+soul-sickening agitations of the wretched beings, now silently borne
+from all held dear and precious, and on their way to all the horrors
+of a life in chains. Cargoes of despair they may truly be called!
+
+Imagination, in its loftiest flight, must come short in attempting to
+embody in words, the smallest part of the aggregate of misery which
+exists on board a slave-ship; it will, therefore, not be attempted:
+one only being of the wretched number must appear a moment on our
+theatre of woe; he who had so forcibly arrested the attention of
+Irving, when visiting the slave-rooms.
+
+Confined promiscuously with such a multitude of his wretched
+countrymen, the agony of his feelings is not to be described. With the
+form and visage of a man, he felt, indignantly felt, that his destiny
+was that of the beast of the field, and his soul seemed bursting from
+the frame that confined it. Wearied nature at length found a short
+cessation from the unutterable pangs of woe, in sleep--in consoling
+visions! He dreamt he was in his own beloved country, in the enjoyment
+of honour and command, caressed by his family, served by his wonted
+attendants, and surrounded with the comforts of his former life:
+his spicy groves exhaling sweets, his palm-tree's refreshing shade,
+his rivers teeming riches, his domestic endearments, his war-like
+preparations, and his hard-earned triumphs, came in succession on
+his fancy. But the sweet delusions were too soon dispelled: he awoke,
+with a hurried start, to the sad, sad reality, that he was a slave in
+the midst of slaves. The rapid retrospect of former happiness with
+existing misery, rushed on his soul; and the dreadful reverse drew
+from his manly breast the most affecting lamentations. Every dear
+object of his regard flitted before his mental view; but, alas! there
+was no reality but misery--interminable bondage: there was no fond eye
+to behold, no persuasive tongue to soothe, no attentive ear to listen
+to his woe. Mingled with the meanest of his subjects, whom he had no
+power to relieve; subjected to the cruelty and insolence of wretches
+a thousand degrees lower in the scale of humanity and intellectual
+endowment, yet arrogating their superiority as Christians, and the
+proud distinctions of national advantages, his soul refused comfort,
+and he determined upon death. Little did he think this foe to nature
+was so near; little did he imagine the horrid form in which he would
+present himself; and that there might be circumstances which, at the
+moment of expiring nature, would make him cling to, and even give
+value to a life of perpetual bondage!
+
+The vessel made considerable way during the night, and the morning
+rose, with glorious splendour and beneficent freshness, upon the
+world of waters; on the majestic bosom of which, floated such an
+accumulation of moral turpitude and excelling misery! The hour
+arrived when the slaves were to be brought on deck for air and
+exercise. The sable warrior anticipated it with a gloomy joy, as
+the most favourable opportunity of effecting his designed purpose of
+self-destruction; and when he found he was to be fastened to the deck,
+he violently resisted. This, however, did but provoke his oppressors
+to increased indignities. In the midst of this struggle, he became
+calm as a lamb, resistless as an infant. The sound of a female voice,
+singing a mournful African air, seemed to have bound him by a potent
+spell. (Note P.) His eyes appeared as if bursting from their orbits,
+his whole frame trembled; while the big tear rolled silently down
+his sable countenance, which assumed a mingled expression of doubt,
+hope, and agony. He at first directed his piercing eyes to the air,
+as if he thought the song proceeded from some hovering, viewless
+spirit. He again renewed his efforts to get free, and fixed his gaze
+intently on the remotest part of the ship, from whence the sound
+seemed to proceed, but nothing met his view: the song, however, still
+continued, only interrupted, at intervals, by deep sobs of anguish,
+and the scarcely-heard voice of infantine distress.
+
+Rendered desperate by the confinement under such powerful emotions,
+he called loudly on the spirits of his fathers, to avenge him on the
+Christian tyrants; and while enduring, in consequence, the cruel
+scourging and insulting mockery of the barbarian crew, a piercing
+scream was heard, and the poor Imihie was seen rushing from an
+obscure place, (in which the captain had indulged her to remain,)
+with the infant Samboe clinging to her bosom. In a moment the names
+of Tumiah! Imihie! were interchanged; and the exhausted Imihie,
+letting her child fall from her relaxing arms, threw herself upon
+the panting bosom of her enchained and manacled husband.
+
+We invade not the feelings of that moment: language has nothing to
+do with them. The Being who formed the heart of man, can alone judge
+of its emotions.
+
+The maternal affection was not, however, long absorbed in the conjugal;
+and the half frantic Imihie recollected, that Samboe was not enfolded
+with her in the arms of Tumiah. She loosened herself with difficulty
+from his embrace, to restore her child to his wonted protection within
+her own; but, at the moment she arose for the purpose, a tumultuous cry
+resounded through the ship, of "fire! fire! Loosen the slaves! loosen
+the slaves!" The fire, however, spread with such violence, bursting
+from the spirit-room, that the sailors, apprehending that it was
+impossible to extinguish it before it would reach a large quantity of
+gunpowder on board, concluded it necessary to precipitate themselves
+into the sea, as offering the only chance of saving their lives.
+
+However, they did first endeavour to loose the chains by which the
+slaves were fastened to the deck; but in the confusion the key
+could not be found, and they had but just time to loosen one of
+the fastenings, by wrenching the staple, before the vehemence of
+the fire so increased, that they simultaneously jumped overboard;
+when immediately, the fire having gained the powder, the vessel blew
+up, with every slave that was confined by the unloosened chain, and
+such others as had not possessed the power to follow the example of
+the sailors.
+
+We hardly know whether to style it fortunate, that any circumstance
+should save these victims of avarice from a watery grave, after
+escaping that which, to the sense, seems more terrible. Providence,
+however, ordained that there should be some vessels in sight; which,
+putting out their boats, took up about two hundred and fifty of the
+poor souls that remained alive; but the most of them being those who
+had been fastened together with shackles, had, from the violence of
+the shock, and the confinement of the irons, experienced dreadful
+fractures of the limbs; which, inflamed by the struggles they had
+instinctively made, the heat, and the agitated state of the blood,
+quickly mortified, and ere they were scarcely sensible of their
+increase of calamity, released them, for ever, from all fear of it
+more. Among the number who thus yielded up his manly spirit, was
+Tumiah, rejoicing in the belief that his Imihie and Samboe were also
+removed to a land of spirits--a land where no man-stealer can enter,
+no treachery gain access, no violence invade. He might have adopted
+the words of the poet:
+
+
+                "Now, Christian, glut thy ravish'd eyes;
+                  I reach the joyful hour:
+                Let, let the scorching flames arise,
+                  And these poor limbs devour.
+
+                "O Death, how welcome to th' opprest!
+                  Thy kind embrace I crave;
+                Thou bringst to Misery's bosom rest,
+                  And freedom to the slave!"
+
+
+The fond belief, however, of the expiring Tumiah, that his wife and
+child had escaped the horrors of bondage, was fallacious. Previously
+to the calamity, the feelings of the wretched Imihie had been wrought
+up nearly to their utmost height; the sight of the quick-advancing
+flames, therefore, was sufficient to augment them to frenzy, and with a
+strength which frenzy only could impart, to a frame exhausted by want
+of nourishment and continual grief, she snatched the infant Samboe
+from the deck, upon which he had fallen, and where, unheeded by one
+pitying eye, he remained, without uttering any cry or attempting to
+move; for, overcome by terror of the noise and brutality of the crew,
+the sight of the immense ocean, and the want of that nourishment which
+he in vain sought from the exhausted bosom of his wretched mother,
+the suffering child seemed unable to move, or even to utter any sound.
+
+Imihie pressed him closely to her breast, turned a momentary and
+frenzied glance upon her enchained husband, and uttering a faint cry of
+terror, cast herself and precious burden into the foaming deep. But it
+was not decreed to become her tomb. Almost by miracle, she was thrown
+near a boat which had put off from a Spanish slave-vessel, and was
+picked up by the crew, with Samboe still closely entwined within her
+arms; without, however, exhibiting the smallest appearance of remaining
+life. But the vital spark was not yet extinct. She was immediately
+put on board the ship, and means of resuscitation used with both her
+and her child, as well as several other equally miserable victims of
+avarice. Heaven decreed these efforts to be effectual: and thus was
+the widowed mother transferred, by the sudden calamity, from one set
+of mercenaries to another, yet still doomed to slavery! The vessel
+had taken in her cargo at Rio Pongos, and was bound for the Havannah;
+but her stowage was too small to allow her, with impunity, to keep the
+increase occasioned by the casualty of the fire. She therefore put
+into a port, and disposed of them to a ship bound for Jamaica. This
+occasioned considerable delay; in consequence of which, when the
+transferred slaves were at length on their passage, they were subjected
+to all the evils of improper seasons; water failed, provisions became
+spoiled and scanty, and many of the slaves the victims of disease,
+ere they entered the magnificent harbour of Port Royal.
+
+Arrived at Kingston, they were put in store, until notice should
+be given of sale, which was immediately done by advertisement: "On
+Tuesday next will be put up for sale, in their store, fifty superb
+negroes of the coast; to the purchasers of which will be afforded
+all the facilities wished."
+
+
+            * * * "What man reading this,
+            And having human feelings, does not blush
+            And hang his head, to think himself a man?"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+                                "Authority usurp'd from God, not given.
+                                 He gave us over beast, fish, fowl,
+                                 Dominion absolute. That right we hold
+                                 By his donation: but men over men
+                                 He made not lord; such title to himself
+                                 Reserving, human left from human free."
+
+                                                                 Milton.
+
+
+Had Irving now seen the once attractive Imihie, and her playful boy,
+as he even beheld them in the slave-room of the African courtier,
+he would scarcely have given credit to any assurance that she
+was the same individual. She then, recently a captive, peculiarly
+displayed in her person the characteristic feminine traits of her
+country--perfect symmetry of proportion, and beautiful, in as far as
+it did not consist in colour. Modest, affable, and faithful, these
+sweet feminine qualities emanated from her softened eyes, and an air
+of winning innocence in every look and gesture; while every word was
+pronounced with an inflection of voice so sweet, so soft, so tender,
+that cold indeed must have been the heart that could withstand its
+eloquent appeal, or listen, unmoved, to its modulations. Such was the
+young Imihie. Now, alas! how changed! Emaciated for want of food,
+sinking with illness, shrinking from exposure; almost frenzied
+with the recollection of the past, the misery of the present,
+and the dread of the future; bearing, with difficulty, her infant,
+she was conducted, with her companions in misery, to the vendue, in
+the bare hope that she might be purchased for the sake of the boy;
+who, though suffering from the effects of the voyage and want of
+his natural nutriment, still evidently displayed great intelligence,
+and much natural vigour. The first day of exhibition passed, and no
+purchaser was found for the sulky negress, (for such is the feeling
+term applied to the desponding.)
+
+On occasions like this, it is a common thing to speculate upon the
+purchase of what are termed the refuse negroes, or those left from the
+first day's sale. Some are frequently in so weak and miserable a state,
+as even to be sold as low as for a dollar; some are taken to the mart
+almost in the agonies of death; and some are even known to draw their
+last sigh in the piazzas of the vendue master. It was on the second
+day's sale that Imihie was purchased by a planter for a very low sum,
+and carried into the country, with some others, whom he intended
+to retail. The situation of these wretched captives was but little
+ameliorated, by becoming the property of this man, who was of that
+class of managers, who think that the safety of the family to which
+they are subservient, and the interest of the proprietor, renders
+severity indispensable, and oppression the only mode of subduing
+the refractory spirit of the African, whom they regard with the most
+sovereign contempt. With souls lost to all sense of compassion, they
+believe there can be but one mode of enforcing obedience, that of fear;
+and in the exercise of their delegated authority, they put in action,
+to the utmost, this ignoble stimulus, by every means which a spirit
+of cruelty and ignorance can suggest.
+
+Short, indeed, would have been the existence of the miserable Imihie,
+had she continued the property of this semi-barbarian. Confined in a
+narrow and unwholesome hut, without a single comfort; a hurdle for
+a bed, which rather served to torture than to ease her pained and
+wearied limbs, with scarcely sufficient of a coarse linen to secure
+her frame from the scorching heats of the day, and the dangerous dews
+of night; in the midst of the richest bounties of nature, and the
+abundant luxuries of art, fed on salt beef and salt cod, and roots,
+with the injurious flour of the cassava, imperfectly prepared,
+and these in quantity scarcely sufficient to support existence;
+deprived of every enjoyment; condemned to perpetual labour, under the
+rod of an unfeeling master, there could be no chance of amendment of
+health, or of reconcilement to her destiny. But Providence ordained
+she should yet feel the happiness of sympathy. Her tyrant master,
+finding that her labour was very inadequate to the expences of
+retaining her, would have separated her from her child, and sold
+her for the smallest possible sum; but a neighbouring proprietor of
+a small plantation offered a satisfactory price for them together,
+and they were removed to a comparatively comfortable situation, in
+the hope that, with rest and better food, she might be enabled to
+become a house-slave to the wife of the purchaser.
+
+It has been remarked, by observing travellers, that the women of the
+West Indies possess great natural kind feelings; but that the habitual
+view of oppression, and the free exercise of power over the slaves,
+renders them very insensible to the sufferings of the negro women,
+and totally regardless of promoting their happiness, or of studying
+to ameliorate their hard lot; and that the instances are by no means
+uncommon, in which they treat and have them punished with the utmost
+severity: that they can raise, to no gentle tone, their soft voices,
+and exert, with no little energy, their spiritless frames, when
+provoked by the awkwardness, or jealous of the influence of their
+sable captives. Ah! much to be lamented is that state of oppression
+on the one part, and debasement on the other, which can convert the
+expression of that distinguishing feature of beauty, of female beauty
+more especially, from that which indicates right feeling, to that which
+betrays a superiority the God of nature designed not. A woman's eye
+should melt with tenderness, sparkle with innocent animation, weep
+with those that weep, and beam with the rays of joy at the happiness
+of another.
+
+Such was the expression which shed its consolation on the desolated
+Imihie, upon the visit of her new mistress to her lowly hut. This
+amiable woman was young, but her mind had been early matured in the
+school of adversity: a hapless fate had fixed her residence in a
+remote part of Jamaica, but she had also learnt, from precepts which
+will never lead astray, "in whatsoever situation she was, therewith
+to be content." From the same Master who had inspired this lesson of
+the apostle, she had also learnt the only cure for the rebellion of
+the mind; that force defeated its object; that it was the interest of
+those who possessed power over their fellow-beings, that they should
+be attached to life, for nothing could be expected from them, the
+moment that they no longer feared death. Guiding her conduct by this
+principle of enlightened reason, derived from a far higher source,
+the most genuine sentiments of humanity were in constant exercise, by
+a corresponding course of action. She could not, indeed, as an obscure
+and solitary individual, break or remove the yoke which oppressed
+her fellow-creatures; but she could render it easier to be borne, and
+could, sometimes, even for a time, dissipate the cruel sense of it,
+by promoting and favouring the natural tastes of her poor slaves. Their
+lodging, clothing, and food, were all attended to by persons she could
+depend upon, and regularly inspected by herself. Far from regarding
+the occupation degrading, she persevered in it as a commanding
+duty; and she reaped her high reward, by the grateful affection of
+her poor servants. By various simple methods, she roused from the
+apathy of despair, and awakened the sensibilities. Little festivals
+conducted with judgment, innocent recreations, and simple rewards,
+preserved her slaves from the continual melancholy, which had too
+just a foundation. She sympathized with mothers, and delighted to
+share with them the caresses of the children.
+
+Her husband, although possessing not her intelligence and elevation
+of mind, nor actuated by the principle that directed the energies of
+his amiable wife, yet was induced, by her unostentatious usefulness,
+and evident success in her plans, to accede to most of the humane
+innovations she proposed to him; convinced, by her arguments, that it
+would be his interest to be humane. Hence, their plantation exhibited a
+picture of comfort seldom seen, and their slaves had every appearance
+of health. They were allowed wholesome provision in ample quantity,
+with as much fruit as they wished; they had the liberty of keeping
+poultry, and to cultivate a piece of ground with esculent roots;
+their huts were comfortable, and when sick they experienced the
+kindest attention; and they were frequently suffered to associate
+with each other in little parties, for recreation and amusement.
+
+Such were the proprietors of the poor Imihie and her hapless boy, who
+soon began to find the benefit of kind treatment; and it is probable,
+had Providence ordained that it should have been enjoyed, immediately
+after landing on a foreign shore, that the miseries of the voyage,
+and even the horrors of bondage, might have been overcome by youth,
+and that wonderful buoyancy of the human mind, that seems to force
+itself above the swelling waves of misfortune. But the arrow had sunk
+too deep: its barb had been too powerfully poisoned, for human effort
+to withdraw, or to antidote it. Imihie was evidently the victim of that
+disease which hurries to an untimely grave, so many individuals of
+her hapless country; and which, throughout the world, may be termed,
+although not yet classed, a broken heart. The first symptom of this
+disorder among negroes, became evident; namely, the black and glossy
+skin assumed an olive hue, the tongue became white, and the poor
+sufferer became overpowered by such a desire to sleep, that it was
+found impossible to resist it, a deadly faintness preventing the
+smallest exercise. In fact, a languor and general relaxation of the
+whole wonderful machinery of the human frame, seems to threaten death
+day by day, yet the sufferer still survives. So great is the state of
+despondency accompanying this distressing malady, that those afflicted
+will suffer themselves to be beaten, rather than attempt to move or
+walk. Happy was it for Imihie that she had not a task-master's whip to
+dread; and that the loathing which she had for mild and wholesome food,
+was not attributed to obstinacy, but to what it really was, a symptom
+of the disease which was insiduously undermining the vital principles
+of life. It made rapid advances upon her delicate and youthful frame:
+her respiration became laborious and painful, the extremities became
+swollen, and suffocation seemed frequently to impede the action of
+the heart. In this state she languished and suffered several months;
+but Imihie had her consolations, under an infliction, the natural
+consequence of melancholy upon the organs of the human frame.
+
+We have said, that the humanity and enlightened reason of the
+excellent Mrs. Delany, were derived from a high source; even from that
+source which exalts feeling to a principle: the one is frequently as
+transient as the excitement, the other is founded upon a firm basis;
+offering a permanent and pure incentive to action, by adding a value
+to existence, as connecting it with a future. Such is one of the many
+blessed fruits of a Christian faith. Mrs. Delany felt its commanding
+power: she was a Christian in deed. Hers was not a speculative creed,
+but a practical code: it was her daily, hourly study to act upon.
+
+It is true, Jamaica, at the period of our narrative, enjoyed not
+the high privileges it now possesses of Christian instruction, and
+of Christian example; but Mrs. Delaney was one amongst the few, who,
+feeling and enjoying the light and the consolation of religion, were
+anxious to impart a portion of what cheered their own hearts--of that
+which directed their steps, to those who yet "sat in darkness and
+the shadow of death." Deeply interested in her hapless slave, from
+the moment she saw her, Mrs. Delaney had soothed, by truly maternal
+attention, her bodily sufferings, and her mental anguish. She inwardly
+deplored her total ignorance of that grand source of consolation, the
+knowledge of which was so open to those who despised it. She gently
+prepared the feelings and the understanding for the reception of that
+light, which she fervently prayed might be imparted to her benighted
+mind. She gradually led her docile steps, her mental view, to Him who
+invites the heavy laden to resort to him for rest; to seek Him who is
+the strength and the fortress of those that trust in him; to adore,
+with unfeigned humility, that transcendent mercy, which became poor
+that we might be rich. What heart is there, bereft of all earthly
+good, all earthly hope, but must expand with joy, to receive into
+its most inmost recesses the precious promises of Christianity?--of
+that mild and beneficent religion, which so tenderly sympathizes with
+every emotion of the weak, the frail, the lacerated bosom? Was it
+then surprising, that the poor Imihie, with feelings too powerful for
+utterance, hung upon the mild accents of Mrs. Delaney, as she described
+to her the sufferings of the Redeemer--the abyss of wretchedness from
+which he rescued mankind--the dreadful penalty from which he saved a
+rebellious world? Was it surprising, that, with an eager gratitude,
+which gave a heavenly expression to her languid eyes, and displayed
+itself in every varying feature, she listened to the glorious truths
+of revelation, unfolded in terms suited to her expanding capacity;
+and that, with all the simplicity of unsophisticated nature, receiving
+the noblest impressions of Deity, she bade Mrs. Delaney thank her great
+good God for his marvellous kindness to wretched captives, and for the
+unsearchable riches of his grace. Never was she wearied in hearing
+her kind instructress recount the sufferings of the incarnate God:
+tears, the offspring of genuine feeling, chased each other down her
+altered countenance, as Mrs. Delaney directed her imagination to the
+garden of Gethsemane, to the judgment-hall, where He, whose throne is
+heaven, and his footstool earth, was exposed to insult, contumely,
+and scorn; scourged, buffeted, spit upon; betrayed by one friend,
+denied by another, and abandoned by all; subjected to a painful, a
+cruel, and an ignominious death, in the presence of insulting foes:
+the very spirit clouded by the momentary abandonment of heavenly aid,
+forcing from the lips of the sufferer the agonizing exclamation:
+"My God, my God! why hast thou forsaken me?" and all this for the
+love he bore for those who became his murderers.
+
+Thus would Mrs. Delaney, in language suited to the capacity of her
+pupil, recount the affecting history of our Redeemer, and gradually
+open her mind (aided by the Spirit of grace constantly implored
+to direct her) to the grand truths of the gospel. The soul of the
+dying Imihie imbibed the soothing balm, felt the powerful energy,
+and gladly received the consolation the religion of Jesus alone has
+power to give. Her tears, it is true, still flowed for Africa, and for
+Tumiah; but they were no longer bitter tears. The heavenly ray which
+had been communicated to her soul, had not only enlightened it, but
+stilled its perturbations; and captivity was deprived of its horrors,
+in the enjoyment of those lively instructions in the way of holiness
+and peace, so impressively imparted by her truly Christian mistress.
+
+Often when administering some relief to her bodily suffering,
+Mrs. Delaney would ask her how she felt herself. She would say, with
+a serene smile, "weak, weak; but joy, joy here," laying her hand on
+her bosom, then pressing that of her compassionate benefactress. No
+murmur, no complaint, proceeded from her lips; but her mind appeared
+ever tranquil, and her soul happy. Sometimes, indeed, while caressing
+Samboe, the tear would swell in her eyes; but she had learned the
+comprehensive prayer, "Lord, let thy will be done!" and a frequent,
+affecting repetition of it, while she pressed her boy to her bosom,
+spoke volumes to the sympathizing Mrs. Delaney.
+
+During this daily increase of spiritual strength, her frame gradually
+sunk under the pressure of her disease, which resisted every
+tried means of relief, and finally came to its usual termination;
+viz. suffocation. Thus closed the mortal career of the youthful
+Imihie, one of the many thousands of victims to a commerce, which,
+it is feared, the mercenary will always cling to; in which desperate
+men will ever be found to hazard; and, even in Africa, tyrants ever
+be ready to supply the horrid market; (Note Q.) while few, it is to
+be feared, will, like the poor Imihie, after a series of misery, find
+a Mrs. Delaney to soothe their sorrows, and point to realms where all
+tears shall be wiped away, and sorrow and sighing shall flee for ever.
+
+
+            To Heaven the Christian negress sent her sighs,
+            In morning vows, and evening sacrifice;
+            She pray'd for blessings to descend on those
+            Who dealt to her the cup of many woes;
+            Thought of her home in Africa forlorn,
+            Yet, while she wept, rejoic'd that she was born:
+            Ennobling virtue fix'd her hopes above,
+            Enlarg'd her heart, and sanctified her love.
+            With lowly steps the path of peace she trod,
+            A happy pilgrim, for she walk'd with God.
+
+                                                Montgomery, (adapted.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+                      The spreading palm-tree o'er her grave shall wave,
+                      Emblem of bliss eternal!
+
+                     "See on the grave in which she sleeps,
+                      The soften'd savage sits and weeps;
+                      And the sweet voice of gratitude
+                      Oft names her in the desert rude."
+
+                                                         The Missionary.
+
+
+The infant Samboe, thus bereaved of his suffering mother, was yet too
+young to feel the full magnitude of his loss; yet his little heart
+experienced emotions he had no power to utter, when he was told she
+would never more awake to his call, nor could he feel happy, when,
+with expressions of joy, he saw the negroes of the plantation remove
+his "silent mother" to the burial ground, with every demonstration
+of joy. (Note R.)
+
+An ever kind Providence has, however, made the griefs of children to
+be transient; and Samboe, the favourite of Mrs. Delaney, from his
+sweetness of disposition, great activity, and early intelligence,
+would probably have presented a pleasing exception to the unhappy
+lot of his enslaved countrymen--might justly have enjoyed the title
+of the happy negro--had his benefactress been spared to bless the
+sable dependants on her kindness. But life, at all times and in all
+situations transient and uncertain, may be said to be peculiarly so
+in the West Indies; the progress of disease being so rapid, and the
+excitements to it so many. That dreadful visitation, the yellow fever,
+broke out in the district of the Delaney plantation: numberless were
+the victims to the "pestilence that walketh in noon-day;" and among
+them were Mr. Delaney and his amiable wife.
+
+Those who were capable of appreciating their worth, who had felt
+their benevolence, had enjoyed the privileges they allowed, and knew
+how rarely they were found in the plantations, mourned them with
+unfeigned sorrow, their loss closing up the avenues of consolation and
+of hope; and those too young to feel how much they were deprived of,
+were quickly made sensible of a change from a system of Christian
+love and benevolence, to that built upon the mere hope of worldly
+gain. As it is not the custom in the English colonies, as in the
+French, for the negroes to be attached to the plantation, those
+of the Delaney estate were, upon the sale of it, dispersed amongst
+different purchasers; and the infant Samboe became the property of
+a cruel mercenary, who employed the poor child to wait upon him,
+when indulging in all the luxurious ease of an occidental despot. By
+those who have seen the various caprices of a temper altogether
+uncontrouled, the whims of a mind destitute of cultivation and
+obstinate in ignorance, the cruelty of a disposition formed by the
+possession of a precarious power over helpless individuals; by those,
+and those only, will the various species of suffering to which the
+innocent child was subjected be understood; and the terrors which were
+produced by the horrid imprecations, the unmanly abuse, and vulgar
+epithets of this brutal master, upon the gentle and timid character
+of the poor little Samboe. It was then he began to feel the loss,
+and to pine for the tenderness of his mother and his benefactress;
+and there is little doubt but he would have soon followed them to
+the tomb, had not an incident occurred, that emancipated him from the
+tyrannical controul by which he so acutely suffered. One day, while
+attending his master at breakfast, just as he handed the coffee his
+foot slipped, and it was thrown over a beautiful cimar, which the
+luxurious planter highly valued, as the gift of a lady to whom he
+was partial. He rose in haste and in anger, and aiming a blow at the
+now kneeling boy, missed the blow, and fell himself to the ground,
+striking his head by the fall against the edge of a sofa. Seeing him
+suddenly fall, some attendants in waiting rushed to his assistance,
+but in vain: the blow had been fatal, he had fallen to rise no more
+on earth! Happy was it for Samboe that there were witnesses, white
+witnesses of the scene, who could exonerate him from all intentional
+connexion with, or wilful provocation to the catastrophe. The alarm,
+however, of the unoffending child was distressing: the countenance
+of the planter at all times bore evidence of his ill-regulated mind
+and indurated heart, and the awful hand of death fixed them in an
+expression the most horrid. With little idea of such sudden death,
+the poor child thought he was but in a violent passion, and, in the
+most piteous accents, clasping his hands together, besought "massa to
+forgive poor Samboe, who would not break cup any more, would not spoil
+dress any more." But his supplication was alike unheeded by master
+and attendants, except by one, who kicking him as he passed, said:
+"Get out of the way, ye little whining dog, or I'll make ye." Samboe
+crept from the apartment, and crouching under some furniture, felt
+all the bitterness of a life of slavery, of which nature, in its first
+fresh feelings, can be capable. Happily again for the infant captive,
+the wife of the planter could not bear to retain in her service the
+innocent cause of her husband's death; at least, secretly rejoicing
+at her own emancipation from his arbitrary disposition, she affected
+so to say: consequently, she expressed her wish of selling him to
+the manager of a neighbouring plantation, but as her recent loss
+rendered it impossible for her to have a personal interview, she
+thus communicated her wish by note to this person: "Unable to bear
+the sight of the young author of the death of the best and tenderest
+of husbands, Mrs. Williamson requests the favour of Mr. Martin to
+take charge of, and dispose of him, in any way he may judge most
+conducive to her interest, and to employ the proceeds in the purchase
+of a more effective, that is, laborious slave. Mrs. W. relies on the
+known kindness of Mr. M. to render this service to the disconsolate
+widow of his late friend." My young readers will doubtless be shocked,
+that Mrs. Williamson should thus profess grief for the loss of a man
+she married for his wealth, without either esteeming or loving him;
+but it is no fancied picture, and is presented to show, that, unless
+the heart is continually watched, and the mind sedulously cultivated,
+in situations favourable to indolence and self-indulgence, the moral
+feelings quickly become blunted, and the individual can easily,
+and without any self-reproach, assume any sentiments and any line
+of conduct which best suits the whim or caprice of the moment;
+and she hated the little Samboe, because she once overheard him,
+in a moment of unusual gaiety, telling a circle of slaves what
+merry dances they had at Delaney, when dear Missy Delaney danced
+with poor Samboe. Upon such trifles will envy condescend to feed its
+insatiate appetite. Good, however, to Samboe, was educed from all this
+evil. Mr. Martin was the respectable and humane manager of the Moreton
+estate; (see "Twilight Hours Improved," page 85;) subjected to his
+superintendence during the minority of Mr. Frederick Moreton, by the
+will of his deceased father; and whose humane treatment of his negroes
+had excited the displeasure of the young man's guardian, Mr. Penryn,
+who firmly believed the African race created only to become the slaves
+of Europeans. Mr. Martin lost no time in complying with the request
+of his fair neighbour. He well remembered frequently having seen the
+little Samboe in attendance upon his imperious master, and never failed
+to admire his extreme docility, mildness, and intelligence; and he
+looked upon the circumstance of Mrs. Williamson's desire to sell him,
+as very fortunate, as he had, only a few days previous, received the
+commission to send to England a negro boy for his young master.
+
+The purchase was soon made, and Samboe was once more under the roof of
+an indulgent master. Every attention was given, in order to establish
+his health, and improve his personal appearance, that he might credit
+the choice of his purchaser, and please the young eye of his future
+master. He only remained at Jamaica to effect these purposes, when he
+was consigned to the care of the captain of an English West Indiaman,
+with instructions to have him safely conveyed to Mr. Penryn's,
+Portman Square.
+
+Samboe evinced the greatest reluctance to go on board; he clung
+to Mr. Martin, who himself conducted him, and trembled violently,
+declaring he could not go into great ship, or on great wide sea. No one
+could account for this extraordinary reluctance and evident terror; for
+they knew not that the young heart of the little negro was throbbing
+with recollections for which he had no name, and which he had no
+power to express. It is true, they were vague, like the confused
+remembrance of a troubled dream, but they were powerful; and it was
+with the utmost difficulty Mr. Martin soothed him, by gentleness,
+promises, and assurances; and, after all, was obliged to leave him,
+when he had cried himself to sleep upon a coil of rope on the deck,
+no one being able to prevail upon him to go below, and Mr. Martin
+positively forbidding coercion.
+
+The grief and terror of the poor boy were renewed, when he discovered
+he had been left by Mr Martin; but a series of kind treatment, and
+many little indulgences granted him, after a while reconciled him
+to his new situation; while his simplicity and quickness greatly
+endeared him to the sailors, with whom he became quite a pet. The
+voyage passed in this manner without any particular occurrence; and
+Samboe was introduced, one evening, to the dining room of Mr. Penryn,
+filled with elegant company.
+
+Had he been one of the wonders of the world, he probably would not have
+excited more attention, or elicited more remarks. The ladies admired
+his eyes and his teeth; the gentlemen enquired if he was a Molembo,
+or from the Kroo country, and began an animated debate on slavery,
+and the slave-trade. Each lady gave her opinion of the most becoming
+dress to contrast with the jet black of his skin. One asked him if was
+not glad to come to England; another enquired if he was sorry to leave
+Africa; a third enquired if they flogged him at the plantation; while
+a fourth, by way of compliment to the lady of the house, observed,
+he was a happy black boy, to have such a charming mistress. To all
+these remarks the poor child could give no reply; nor, it would seem,
+was it expected; and, much to his joy, he was dismissed to the care
+of the groom, until his apartment and employment about the person of
+his young master could be arranged.
+
+The groom, however, was highly indignant that a vile neger boy
+should be committed to his care: "Did they fancy he would let a
+black get between his sheets? No, indeed; there was the hay-loft,
+the stable-boy should pull him a truss of straw in the corner there:
+surely that would be a better bed than most negers got. Sleep with
+me, indeed; no, I'd lose my place first, and tis'n't a bad one,
+neither. Had they told me to take Caesar the house-dog, or Neptune
+the Newfoundlander, I should not have so much have minded; but a
+neger boy! surely my master was half-seas over to think of it." This,
+and much more of the same refined objection, passed in the kitchen
+of ---- Penryn, esq. and, according to the groom's kind arrangement,
+Samboe was indulged with some clean straw in the stable-loft.
+
+The children of oppression and calamity quickly sympathize; a kindred
+feeling draws them together: thus it was with Samboe the African,
+and Frank the English stable boy. An orphan from his cradle,
+and a parish apprentice, Frank had been early subjected to every
+oppression--exposed to every temptation; but a certain buoyancy of
+spirit, and a persevering ardour of mind, enabled him to rise above
+the one; and the latter was rendered less dangerous, by his constant,
+unremitted love of employment. He was busily engaged mending his
+shoes, when his master, the groom, introduced the young negro to his
+acquaintance. "There, Frank," he said, "there is a companion for you,
+my lad; take care he don't touch the horses, and mind he don't run
+away. Lock him up when you come in for your supper: you may offer him
+some, but I don't know what negers eat, I'm sure. Master should have
+told us that, I think, for I don't expect they live as we do. Eh! my
+lad, do ye mind me?" he added, with a raised voice, as he saw Frank
+take the hand of the timid Samboe, and ask him if he was tired. "Oh
+yes, sir!" he replied, touching his fur cap, "I will be sure to take
+care of him."
+
+Glad to get quit of the restraint which the charge imposed upon him,
+the groom was in high good humour with Frank, and promised, if he would
+attend to his orders, he would give him a shilling. Astonished at his
+unwonted generosity, Frank repeated his assurances; and having made
+his new companion understand that he desired to make him comfortable,
+with the happy facility of children to be so when left to themselves,
+they quickly became acquainted. Frank found that negers could eat
+good bread and fresh meat; that they had no objection to tarts; and
+that even a custard, given by the cook as a treat to merry Frank,
+was equally relished by the neger boy. After this luxurious repast,
+during which, if it was not the "feast of reason and the flow of soul,"
+there was, most unquestionably, innate benevolence on one side, and
+genuine gratitude on the other, the new-made friends sought repose on
+the same clean truss of straw, and together enjoyed the refreshment
+of "nature's sweet restorer." Not long, however, after they had thus
+lain down, Frank was roused from his yet imperfect slumber, by a
+slight rustling and a low voice, very near him. He spoke gently to
+his new bed-fellow, but received no reply. Frank had that tincture of
+superstition which usually attaches to the ignorant and uncultivated;
+and the unusual sound, his new situation, and the profound darkness,
+aided the impression; while a thought of the little negro became
+associated with the recollection of several marvellous ghost-stories he
+had heard. He ventured, however, (not without considerable reluctance,)
+to feel if his sable companion was by his side, and discovered, to
+his amazement, that he was not there. The murmur still continued,
+and Frank, trembling all over him, made a desperate effort, and
+called lustily, "Samboe, Samboe!" "Samboe here," replied the boy,
+in a soft and gentle tone; "Samboe here, but wicked boy."
+
+Frank's courage returned at the sound of Samboe's voice clearly
+pronouncing these words, although he was at a loss to account
+for his self-accusation. "Why, what have you done to be wicked;
+where are you?" he enquired. Samboe's imperfect knowledge of the
+English language, permitted him not to understand the full import
+of these questions; and it was not until Frank, with renewed courage
+at finding his companion was really a mortal, contrived to make him
+understand his repeated enquiry, why he had risen, and why he called
+himself wicked? "Because Samboe forgot lesson dear Missy Delaney teach
+him. Pray to great God before sleep; pray to great God when eyes open;
+pray to good God give food; pray to good God give friends."
+
+Frank now understood, that Samboe, in the novelty of his situation,
+and probably from the effects of a little porter he had taken,
+had forgotten to offer his simple tribute of thanks and respect to
+the omnipotent Creator, which the good Mrs. Delaney had taught him
+habitually to do; although he was too young when she died, to admit
+any further religious instruction, or to understand more than that
+a great God, beyond the blue sky, observed all his actions.
+
+Samboe had never, until this night, neglected this lesson; but, with
+uplifted hands and bended knee, was accustomed to acknowledge the
+protection and the support of the Being he had been taught to regard,
+as ever beholding, and with unwearied care protecting, all men. Sleep,
+however, had not closed his eyes, ere the omission was recollected,
+and he had crept out of the straw, to offer his simple orison, the low
+murmur of which had so much alarmed his new friend. Having concluded,
+he returned to his straw couch, and slept the sleep of innocence,
+untill awaked by Frank rising to his morning duty in the stables.
+
+Frank possessed an intelligence of mind, as well as activity of spirit,
+which required but opportunities to develope themselves. The incident
+of Samboe's forgotten prayer, impressed his youthful mind. How was
+it he had never been taught to pray? He had never seen it practised
+among those he had been with. He thought people went to church to
+pray; yet surely if a black boy thought it right to pray, a white
+boy ought. Perhaps it was a custom among them? Yet, such was the
+innate impression he had, that it was right and proper, that he
+felt a species of shame to answer Samboe in the negative, when he
+artlessly enquired if he did not pray to great God, to take care of
+him; he, too, who knew so many things: for, to Samboe, Frank seemed
+a miracle of cleverness, when he described his various employments,
+and displayed, to his astonished visitor, the results of his ingenuity,
+which he did with no little self-complacency.
+
+Samboe seemed now the happiest of human beings. He suffered nothing
+to pass unnoticed; asking the reason, the use, the name of every
+thing he heard, or saw, or touched. This he contrived to do, either
+by broken words, gestures, or signs. The new-made friends thus passed
+several hours of the morning, before the groom made his appearance;
+for, although his apartments were above the stables, he did not often
+occupy them, finding numerous engagements more pleasant than attending
+to his duty.
+
+The only unpleasant circumstance of this morning of delight to
+Samboe, was its chilliness. It was one of those which frequently
+occur in May, as if to reprove the hastiness of the family of Flora,
+in putting forth their fair forms; and its asperity was severely felt
+by the little African. Frank determined to make him as comfortable
+as he could; and having received no orders to the contrary, lighted
+a fire in the groom's room, and invited Samboe to its genial warmth,
+while he quickly prepared a comfortable mess of milk-pottage.
+
+They were thus enjoying themselves, when the master of the house
+appeared, half awake, and storming at Frank for a lazy dog, for not
+having swept the stable-door. But he supposed he and the beggarly
+neger had been idling away their time together. Frank, who was used
+to his arbitrary temper, said little; but, making signs for Samboe to
+return to the loft, he quickly prepared every thing for his master's
+toilet, and proceeded to rectify the omission of not having swept the
+door-way. While thus engaged, a servant from the house arrived with
+an order to the groom to take the negro-boy to a clothes-shop, and
+have him neatly clothed, until a a proper dress could be fixed upon;
+as he was to have an interview with his mistress and young master,
+who neither of them could bear the smell of tar, exhaling from the
+filthy things he wore.
+
+This message, delivered in due form to the groom while he was shaving
+himself, nearly endangered his cutting his throat, by the resentful
+agitation it caused, that he should be appointed to wait upon a
+neger. It was a degradation which he could not, nor would not submit
+to. Following, therefore, the example of his superiors, he delegated
+the office to his subordinate; and calling loudly for Frank, as soon
+as the messenger had left him, he desired him to take the black he
+seemed so fond of, to Mr. Draper's, and get him rigged. "And mind
+ye, Frank, boy, call at the 'potecaries or 'fumers, and bid 'em
+pour some musk or lavender, or something sweet over the lad, for
+missis is very particular; and as to Master Fred, I shall have him
+trying how my legs will bear the exercise of his new hunting-whip,
+if I do not please him about this black, who, I dare say, will not be
+long before he feels it. But I suppose he has been used to flogging,
+so it will be nothing to him."
+
+Frank, highly pleased with this important commission, called the
+shivering boy from the hay-chamber, and in no long time he was
+completely equipped, in a suit according to the taste of Frank and
+the vender: certainly as stiff and ill made as it well could be;
+while the effusion of lavender-water was completely accomplished,
+even till the poor boy's eyes became filled with tears, from the
+potency of the perfume, and every person he passed on his return,
+half stopped, at meeting with the unusual odour.
+
+Samboe, however, had yet some hours to become reconciled to his new
+habiliment; and his friend Frank had so many modes and sources of
+employment and amusement, that those hours passed insensibly away. At
+length, about four o'clock, the groom again appeared to conduct him
+to the house; and when arrived, a footman desired him to follow him to
+the apartment of his lady, previously to her taking her morning airing.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+                         "I would not have a slave to till my ground,
+                          To carry me, to fan me while I sleep,
+                          And tremble when I wake, for all the wealth
+                          That sinews bought and sold have ever earn'd."
+
+                                                                 Cowper.
+
+
+From the reciprocation of the heart's best affections, which had
+marked the short period of Samboe's acquaintance with Frank, we may
+now follow the young stranger to the inanity of an Anglo West Indian
+boudoir; in which were Mrs. Penryn, reclined on a chaise longue, a
+young lady spangling some delicate muslin, and Mr. Frederick Moreton
+standing at a distant part of the room. The footman having opened the
+door, pointed to Samboe to enter, and immediately closed it upon him,
+leaving the timid boy to the scrutinizing looks of Mrs. Penryn, the
+oblique attention of the young lady, and the supercilious glance of the
+boy, who was engaged in the humane employment of holding a live mouse
+by the tail, as high as his arm could reach; while a kitten, eagerly
+attending to its writhings, kept springing, instinctively, to catch
+it, and as often, from the violence of the exertion, fell back on the
+floor. Had it not been for the chill which pervaded his frame, in his
+way to this apartment, Samboe might have thought himself in the West
+Indies, both as to the temperature, and the luxurious ease displayed
+in the arrangement of it. An elegant Persian carpet, entirely covered
+it; sofas, ottomans, and couches, invited to indolence and repose;
+ornaments of the richest and most expensive materials, vases, cabinets,
+&c. adorned it; and a number of tropical birds, of beauteous plumage,
+displayed their captive state in superb cages of various elegant forms;
+while shells of great magnitude and exquisite beauty were displayed
+in different parts of this superb room, with considerable judgment
+and taste; and a rich glow seemed communicated to every object, from
+the light passing the draperies of beautiful rose-coloured taffety
+curtains. Plants of the loveliest bloom and most exquisite odour,
+completed the fascinations of this luxurious apartment, tastefully
+arranged in beautiful baskets and vases, reflected by the superb
+mirrors, of which there were several on each side of the room.
+
+Mrs. Penryn, half raising her pale and spiritless form from the
+sofa on which she was reclining, was the first to break the silence
+which followed Samboe's introduction. "Come, Fred, do give Frolic the
+mouse, and look at this boy. He will serve to amuse you, I hope; for
+I think the dogs, the cats, the mice, and the flies, have had enough
+of you. Come, did you ever behold such an uncouth creature as George
+has made him: why the boy looks as if he were in a wooden case. He
+must not appear about you, till he has something fit to put on."
+
+This feeling harangue did not divert the young gentleman from his
+amusement for some minutes, till at length, more it would seem from
+his own fatigue, than from any motive of compassion for the poor
+animals, he gave the cat its natural prey; and it retired swearing,
+as its murmur of triumph is styled, to enjoy the feast, under a sofa
+at the further part of the room. "Now, Lavinia," said Mrs. Penryn,
+addressing the young lady, "give us your opinion, my dear; your taste
+is so good: what dress shall we have for Fred's page? He will like
+whatever you decide upon, I dare say."
+
+"Dear me, do you think so?" replied Miss Lavinia, in the most affected
+tone: "Mr. Frederick seldom asks my opinion, I think."
+
+"He is but a boy, and you will excuse him, I'm sure; but really this
+dress must be left to you."
+
+"Certainly," replied Lavinia, "he must have something different from
+that he now wears, which is only fit for the stable."
+
+"And a very good place too, I think," remarked the polite young
+gentleman, as he threw himself at his length on a sofa, rousing by
+the action a little white terrier, which had been reposing quietly
+upon it. The dog uttered a cry, and jumped on the floor.
+
+"Poor Erminet cannot be quiet even here," said Mrs. Penryn, angrily:
+"I wish, Fred, you would look before you lie down: I dare say you
+have lamed my pretty Erminet."
+
+"I dare say I have done no such thing," retorted the respectful nephew:
+"But I have no desire to stay, I assure you. I am sure, though Lavinia
+talks of the stable, I had rather be there, than shut up in this hot
+room. So make haste and determine about the boy's dress, for I cannot
+stay shilly-shally here all day."
+
+"I wonder when you will learn to be civil," said Mrs. Penryn: "I think,
+if you had had a few lessons of politeness interspersed with Greek
+and Latin, it would have made you more agreeable." "That is all you
+women know of the matter. But let me have no preaching. Have you done
+with me?"
+
+"Why, Fred, how provoking you are: did you not bid me send for the
+boy? And now he is come, you want to go without settling any thing
+about him. Remember, he is your property, and you must do what you
+please about him. I shall trouble myself no more about him."
+
+"Very well, then leave it alone," said the young barbarian; and
+striding past the trembling Samboe, he quitted the room, shutting
+the door with violence after him.
+
+"What a pity it is," said Mrs. Penryn, after a short pause, "that
+Frederick is so hasty: such a good-hearted lad as he is. I wish,
+Lavinia, you would undertake to soften down his manners: he is really
+worth your trouble, my dear girl."
+
+The young lady simpered, half blushed, expressed her doubt of having
+any influence over Mr. Frederick, who was, indeed, a fine manly
+boy. There was nothing she could refuse to dear Mrs. Penryn and her
+guardian, and she would certainly endeavour to please Frederick,
+that she might refine his manners a little."
+
+"Well, begin then, my dear girl, and fix upon a tasty dress for the
+boy. I know Fred will be pleased when it is done. I intend Samboe to
+be his constant attendant: he is to sleep in the little anti-room,
+to be ever at hand to attend Frederick's pleasure; and, in short,
+he is to do what he pleases respecting him. Mr. Penryn says he will
+have hundreds under his power when he goes to Jamaica."
+
+This reference to the taste of Lavinia, was the dictate of policy;
+for she was recently become a ward of Mr. Penryn, was an orphan
+of immense property, and only a few years older than Frederick. The
+prudent Mr. and Mrs. Penryn were very desirous to favour an attachment
+between them; and Mrs. Penryn was directed, by her husband, to seek
+every opportunity of doing so.
+
+The young lady was of that negative character, so often met
+with amongst those who, in large boarding-schools, lose every
+discriminating trait in the general application of certain rules and
+certain pursuits. Dress, admiration, and gaiety, alone had power to
+animate her pretty features; from which, however, no intellectual ray
+ever beamed. She was highly flattered by the desire of Mrs. Penryn to
+exercise her taste in the choice of a dress for Samboe. That choice
+could not be difficult, for one who had so frequently seen the variety
+of costume exhibited on the stage; and as vanity, ostentation, and
+singularity, not congruity, were to dictate the choice, it was soon
+fixed, as the young lady thought, of that elegant form and expensive
+material, which could not fail to please the young planter; and it
+must be owned, that when, a few days subsequent, Samboe made his
+appearance in the elegant costume of Persia, that he exhibited a very
+fair specimen of juvenile negro beauty. The blue and silver vest and
+caftan, the full girdle, the capacious trowsers, and the perfectly
+white turban, with its golden cord and sparkling gems, contrasted well
+with his sable skin and slender form; giving a lightness to his air,
+which even the pressure of slavery was not able materially to injure.
+
+Lavinia's taste was loudly applauded; and even Frederick condescended
+to say the boy looked something like what he ought to do. But
+poor Samboe, like many a white boy and girl, felt the misery of
+fine clothes, being continually reminded that he must not do this,
+he must not lie there, lest he should soil his dress.
+
+His young master would never suffer him out of his sight: not that
+he cared a button for him or his clothes, but because he could not
+allow of any cessation in tormenting a poor being over whom he had
+full controul; and he was continually racking his invention, to
+devise some new species of torment and teasing. With a mean species
+of jealousy, as soon as he found Frank the stable-boy was the only
+kind being who regarded the poor black boy as a fellow-creature, he
+interdicted Samboe from ever going into the stable, or from speaking
+to his good-tempered friend.
+
+This was a cruel stroke to poor Samboe, thus to deprive him of the
+only portion of comfort in his bitter draught of slavery. His mind
+was in danger of becoming callous from oppression, and in proportion
+to the degradation he was subjected to. He had no motive for action,
+but the dread of punishment. Without voluntary agency, a mere passive
+instrument in the hands of others, his mind would assuredly have become
+irrecoverably contracted, and the powers of soul even destroyed,
+had not the very tyranny and caprice which were producing these
+lamentable results, transferred the suffering boy to the benevolent
+care of Captain Tremayne, and his young nephew, Charles Roslyn. (See
+"Twilight Hours improved.")
+
+Become the property of the latter by the hasty gift of Frederick,
+how different was the lot of Samboe, from a state of cruel coercion,
+of degrading slavery, which was daily debasing every manly sentiment!
+
+
+            "When, to deep sadness sullenly resign'd,
+            He feels his body's bondage in his mind,
+            Put off his generous nature, and to suit
+            His manners with his fate, put on the brute."
+
+
+Such, indeed, is slavery most justly termed, "the grave of
+virtue." Under its cold and ungenial influence, every generous, every
+warm emotion must languish and die. Through the gloom which envelopes
+the soul subjected to its dark power, no ray of intellect, no beam
+of joy, no sun of cheerfulness can pierce. And yet man, inconsistent
+man, while condemning his fellow-being to this soul-paralyzing state,
+expects from the poor victims qualities and virtues only to be planted
+in the soil, only to be nourished by the sun, of liberty--of Christian
+liberty, of Christian charity:
+
+
+            "For slaves by truth enlarg'd are doubly freed."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+                          "Thy lips have shed instruction as the dew,
+                           Taught me what path to shun, and what pursue.
+                           Farewell my former joys! I sigh no more
+                           For Africa's once-lov'd, benighted shore:
+                           Serving a benefactor, I am free,
+                           At my best home, if not exil'd from thee."
+
+
+Samboe, placed with the respectable Mr. Llwellin, made rapid progress
+in reading and writing, and in the elements of general knowledge. His
+quickness gained the entire attention of his preceptor; while these was
+a charm and freshness in all he said, which could only be derived from
+quick perceptions and a warm heart--a buoyancy of fancy and a fervid
+feeling, which won the affections of all those who had to instruct
+him. With the deepest attention he would listen to Mr. Llwellin,
+as in a simple and impressive manner he explained to him the general
+principles of religion, the nature and duty of worshipping God, the
+creation of man, his fall from virtue and happiness, and the promised
+restoration through the merits of the Redeemer. It is a mistake that
+these subjects are beyond the comprehension, and excite no interest in
+the hearts of children. Practical devotion and the Christian duties,
+have a forcible influence on the ductile minds and unsophisticated
+hearts of the young. Hence the transition of instruction is easy, and
+perfectly understood by them, from the duty and privilege of prayer
+and praise, to the truth that we are unable to do either, or even to
+think what is right, without superior guidance and continual aid. The
+conviction of this at once gives an object and a fervency to prayer;
+and he who prays fervently and believing, however young he may be,
+will not be unheeded when thus imploring the divine aid.
+
+It was the invariable custom of Mr. Llwellin to assemble his family
+in the evening. He then read a portion of the Holy Scriptures, and
+explained them with admirable simplicity and pathos to his little
+auditory. It was now that the prayers Samboe had said, as it were
+mechanically, were now repeated with an earnestness which fully
+indicated that they were not merely the offering of the lips; and
+so much did he profit by the pious instructions, example, and care
+of Mr. Llwellin, that he was admitted into the Christian church by
+baptism; but, at the request of his young protector, retaining his
+former name as his usual appellation although he received, at the font,
+that of Henry.
+
+So anxious was this interesting youth to attain all useful knowledge,
+that he was always the first at his scholastic duties; and when
+dismissed from them, after a little recreation, enjoyed with all
+the zest of health and youth, he would occupy his time in religious
+reading and study, drawing, and little mechanical works; equally
+proving his strength of intellect and his active ingenuity. Though
+his temper was frequently severely tried by the taunts and ridicule of
+the boys, he never betrayed anger or resentment: he disarmed them by
+his humility, patience, and meekness; so that scoffers he converted
+into friends. He was lively in his disposition, but taciturn from
+thought, except when with his teachers; when he seemed to expand
+every faculty of his mind to receive their instructions, while any
+accession of knowledge caused his naturally brilliant eyes to beam
+with added intelligence and delight.
+
+With all these qualities of mind and heart, it is not surprising
+that Samboe was a universal favourite; and unfeigned, indeed, was
+his joy, when he was permitted to write to his dear massa Charles,
+whom he never named without his eyes filling with tears of grateful
+affection. "Oh!" he would say, "my dear massa, I shall never forget
+his goodness." Years passed on in this progressive improvement, during
+which a regular correspondence was kept up between Charles Roslyn and
+his protege, when an incident occurred which opened a field for the
+exercise of those attainments it had been the laudable and unremitted
+study of Samboe to acquire.
+
+Colonel Roslyn was entertaining a party of gentlemen, among whom
+were admiral Herbert and his nephew Fitzhugh. Charles Roslyn was the
+favourite midshipman of the admiral, and the conversation turned upon
+the topic of the day; namely, the slave-trade, and the probabilities
+of its abolition, as well as the capacity of the negroes to profit
+by their freedom. Many were the arguments adduced for and against;
+and Colonel Roslyn was naturally led to relate the circumstances of
+Samboe's becoming Charles's protege, and the high reward they had
+experienced in the sweet disposition, high intellectual capacity,
+moral worth, and genuine religious principles of the young negro. "I
+have the sincerest pleasure," observed Colonel Roslyn, "in stating
+this individual instance of the moral and intellectual worth of an
+African, of which, doubtless, there are many similar instances,
+where instruction and kindness have elicited and fostered the
+qualities of the mind and heart. But we all remember the period, my
+friends, when the African's claim to the character and privileges
+of man was even disputed--when they were considered as somewhat
+of a superior species of ourang outang [5]. This false and inhuman
+estimate, succeeding years have disproved. It has been in numberless
+instances shown that they are not only men, but capable of becoming
+intelligent and virtuous men; and not only virtuous men, but pious,
+unaffected, sincere Christians. I am not, however," continued the
+colonel, "an advocate for giving personal liberty to numbers of men,
+unless, at the same time, I impart the principles of religion and
+the arts of civil life. It is only by giving freedom to the soul,
+and by encouraging the virtuous energies of man, that we can make
+him capable of properly appreciating the blessing of liberty, and
+preserve him from becoming a pest to society, instead of a useful
+member of it. Without these correcting and restraining principles,
+liberty would soon degenerate into licentiousness, and the possession
+of power be exercised in deeds of violence."
+
+"I entirely agree with you, colonel," observed the admiral;
+"and therefore be so good as to pledge me in a glass of that
+excellent claret, when I offer my sentiment: 'Let the empire of
+Britain be the empire of mercy; and let no shore re-echo with the
+thunder of her power, but which shall also smile under the blessing
+of her beneficence.'" This sentiment of the admiral's was warmly
+received. During this conversation, a young man at the lower end of the
+table appeared deeply interested in it. His animated and penetrating
+countenance drew the attention of Colonel Roslyn, and he expressed
+his pleasure, in observing to the admiral, that an interest for the
+enslaved Africans seemed to animate his young relative; for it was
+Fitzhugh, whose whole soul seemed engaged in the subject.
+
+"Yes, indeed," observed the admiral, "Fitzhugh is a very enthusiast
+in the cause, and I love him the better for it: it is honourable to
+his feelings, and to those generous sentiments which ought to pervade
+the heart, and direct the conduct of a British officer. Have you not
+heard that he has obtained a very responsible and active appointment
+in the new settlement of Sierra Leone, and that, in a short time,
+he will sail for Africa? I doubt not his conscientious attention to
+the duties devolving upon him, nor do I think the directors could
+have made a more judicious choice; for, young as he is, his firmness
+of principle, his rectitude in action, his genuine feeling, and his
+cultivated mind, render him peculiarly eligible to attend to the
+duties, and to surmount the difficulties of an infant colony. He will
+form one of the council, which will be sent from England, for the
+government of the colony. This council is particularly instructed
+to secure to all negroes and people of colour, equal rights, and
+equal treatment, in every respect, as the whites. They are to be
+tried by jury, as the whites, and every facility given to them to
+exercise their peculiar talents; employments being allotted them
+according to their progressive capacity of discharging them. They
+are especially, to be instructed in the principles of religion and
+morals. Public worship and the reverent observation of the sabbath,
+the general instruction of the adults and the judicious education of
+the children, are the means to be used to draw this now wretched race
+of men from the night of ignorance to the glorious light of divine
+and temporal knowledge. In fact, the grand object of the Sierra
+Leone Company is to substitute, for that disgraceful traffic which
+has too long subsisted, a fair and legitimate commerce with Africa,
+and all the blessings which may be expected from it."
+
+"I thank you, admiral, for this account," replied Colonel Roslyn, "and
+pray, with all my heart, that the benevolent exertions of the Company
+may be crowned with final success; and I believe I may assure you, that
+such is also the prayer of every individual of the present company."
+
+"Fitzhugh," said the admiral, "I have been telling Colonel Roslyn that
+you are an enthusiast for the abolition of the slave-trade--that it
+is your dream by night, and your stimulus by day."
+
+"If, my dear Sir, an ardent desire to use my individual influence and
+exertions to remove from my country such a stain upon its humanity;
+if as ardently to desire an amelioration of the wretched state of the
+African; if to cherish and to bring into action all those charities
+which distinguish reasoning man from instinctive brutes: if to be
+all this constitutes an enthusiast, then do I, indeed, plead guilty
+to the charge of enthusiasm. Nor am I likely to become less so: on
+the contrary, the intelligence I have just received from my young
+friends here, (directing his eyes to Alfred, and Charles Roslyn, who
+sat near him,) has confirmed me in the assurance, that we have every
+thing to hope from the judicious and liberal plan, of the Company to
+which I have now the honour to be attached; and which has so highly
+flattered me, by appointing me, in conjunction with others, to carry
+into effect their beneficent purposes. But you know, my dear Sir, my
+deep abhorrence of slavery is derived from the practical display of its
+cruelties; as well as from a deep reflection on its moral turpitude,
+its impolicy, and its inconsistency with the boasted honour and
+religious code of my country. Let those who question the feasibility
+of the plan of civilization and emancipation, visit, as I have done,
+the colonies, (more especially the Spanish colonies and the Portuguese
+dominions in South America,) where the inhuman traffic of slaves is
+carried to the greatest possible extent, forming the immediate and
+private revenue of the crown; let them be but faintly impressed with
+the horrors that constantly there occur, and I scruple not to say,
+if they fail to enter their protest against a system so barbarous,
+they deserve not the name of men, and make their religion but an
+impious mockery.
+
+"A myriad of instances might be adduced, to bear me out in my
+assertions. The labour, of whatever nature it may be, or however
+laborious, is performed by slaves, and seldom more than six negroes
+appointed to remove the heaviest burdens. I have, for instance,
+seen at Rio de Janeiro, four only, groaning under a pipe of wine,
+which they have had to remove through the city. Many of these poor
+creatures are bred to trades, and are sent out daily or weekly, with
+peremptory orders to bring home a certain sum, at the expiration of the
+agreed time. What they can earn over, they have to themselves; but they
+are always so highly rated, that it is with the greatest difficulty
+they can raise the sum nominated; and, in case of defalcation, it is
+attributed to indolence or laziness, which subjects the unhappy victim
+to punishment. An awful instance of the despair produced by cruelty
+and oppression, occurred during my residence at Rio. A barbarous and
+remorseless wretch had a few slaves, whom he used to send out upon
+the plan I have named, subjected to the penalty of a severe flogging,
+if they did not, within a prescribed time, earn the sum required and
+their food. One of these men was a hair-dresser: he used to attend me
+very regularly, and always was quiet, industrious, and even active,
+to promote his master's interest.
+
+"After a little time, however, I observed him to be gloomy and
+melancholy. I asked him the reason for the change, and was informed
+that he had been unsuccessful, and could not render to his master the
+sum required; and that he had little hopes of being able to raise it,
+consequently was liable to punishment, I gave him something towards
+it, but, being obliged to be absent a few weeks, knew not the result
+until I returned; when I was informed, that, as the time approached
+when he was to render his account, he became greatly distressed,
+and despaired of accomplishing his engagement. He went, however,
+in great distress, and tendered what he had gained; assuring his
+master he had used every exertion to obtain the specific sum, and
+imploring from him a remission of punishment, or a suspension, at
+least, for a few days. This was at length granted him, but with horrid
+threats of many additional stripes in case of failure. The time fast
+approached when he must return, and he was still deficient. He reached
+the door of his master's house, when, in despair of being forgiven,
+and dreading the ordeal he had to undergo, he took from his pocket a
+razor, and, with a desperate violence, nearly severed his head from his
+body. This horrid deed had no other effect upon his inhuman master,
+than to increase his severity towards his other slaves, on whom he
+imposed heavier burdens, to recompence him for the loss sustained by
+the death of the miserable suicide [6].
+
+"It is a usual practice," continued Fitzhugh, "when slaves become
+desperately ill, for their masters to disown them, and turn them
+into the streets, to evade the expences of their funeral; and,
+thus abandoned and exposed, their miserable existence is soon
+terminated. I have to apologize for trespassing upon your attention
+so long, gentlemen," observed this intelligent young man; "but I have
+only recounted one of a thousand instances which have come under my
+own observation, of the barbarous abuses of power exercised over the
+miserable captives."
+
+The party expressed their obligation to Fitzhugh, for the relation he
+had given them, and their united hope, that every effort made use of,
+to ameliorate the situation of the already enslaved, and to check
+the inhuman traffic for the future, might be crowned with success;
+all agreeing, that every exertion that England makes to stop the
+bleeding wounds of Africa, will cause her to rise in her national
+character more resplendent, and must meet the approbation of every
+good, and what may be justly called great men, at home and abroad,
+and, above all, the approbation that of God who holds in his hands
+the destiny of nations [7].
+
+"Have I not heard you, Fitzhugh," enquired the admiral, "express a wish
+that you could meet in England with two or three intelligent negroes,
+who would be willing to enter into engagements with the Company,
+as instructors to the children, and whose habits of civilization
+might give them an influence over their countrymen without exciting
+any jealousies?"
+
+"You have, dear Sir," replied Fitzhugh; "and from what I have learned
+of the mental and moral qualities of my young friend's protege, I am
+anxious for their permission to visit Aberystwith, in order to enquire
+if he has any objection to accompany me to Africa. A few such young
+men as he is described to be, would do more to effect our plans, than
+any other mode I can think of; and as he has not yet made any choice
+of a profession, I should feel myself most grateful to Colonel Roslyn
+and his friends, if they will second and sanction my application to
+the youth, who owes so much to their benevolent kindness."
+
+Colonel Roslyn said, "Call upon us tomorrow morning, my dear Sir, and
+myself and sons will be happy to co-operate, as far as in our power,
+in your philanthropic exertions."
+
+This being cheerfully accepted, the conversation took a general turn,
+until the party broke up.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+                        * * *             "My heart surpris'd, o'erflows
+                        With filial fondness for the land you bless."
+
+                                          "Theirs the triumph be,
+                        Instead of treasure, robb'd by ruffian war,
+                        Round social earth to circle fair exchange,
+                        And bind the nations in a golden chain.
+                        To these I honour'd stoop."
+
+
+Fitzhugh was punctual to his appointment at Colonel Roslyn's; and after
+an interesting conversation, and the perusal of a number of Samboe's
+letters to his protector Charles Roslyn, it was agreed that Fitzhugh
+and Alfred Roslyn should proceed to Wales, in order to ascertain the
+sentiments of Samboe upon his projected removal, respecting which, his
+own unbiassed choice was to be consulted. The intended visit of the
+young men was to be announced by letter to Captain Tremayne; and, as
+Fitzhugh possessed all the ardour, promptitude, and zeal of a Clarkson,
+in the cause of humanity, the letter was immediately written, and an
+early day fixed for the journey. In the correspondence of Charles
+and his protege, the interesting debates in the English senate,
+respecting the slave-trade, frequently formed a part; and Samboe had
+even so far expressed his sentiments upon the subject, that, when the
+colony of Sierra Leone was first formed, he regretted that his youth,
+and the mediocrity of his attainments, would oblige him to forego all
+hope of being useful to his poor benighted countrymen; and he had
+very sensibly felt disappointment at the ill success of the first
+establishment: an ill success which sufficiently proved the truth
+of the observation, that, "if the restraints of slavery be removed,
+without corresponding culture of the mind and heart, the mere enjoyment
+of temporal benefits will not make the man either grateful or happy."
+
+Charles Roslyn greatly regretted that the hourly-expected departure of
+his ship, precluded him from the pleasure of accompanying his brother
+and Fitzhugh to Aberystwith. Having taken leave of him, and bearing
+his good wishes and tender remembrances to his kind relatives and his
+affectionate Samboe, the travellers commenced their journey, early in
+a lovely June morning, when every scene they passed, manifested the
+riches and the bounty, the wisdom and beneficence of the Creator. The
+meeting was what might be expected from refined feeling, generous
+ardour, and virtuous exertion, on the one side; and grateful respect,
+modest worth, and conscious ability, chastened by the most engaging
+humility, on the other. Tears of unfeigned joy and gratitude started
+into the eyes of Samboe, as he heard Mr. Llwellin assure Fitzhugh,
+he had no hesitation in saying, that if Samboe acceded to his proposal
+of accompanying him to Africa, he would be found a valuable coadjutor
+in the projected work of mercy: "For he is," continued the good old
+man, "not only fully capable of imparting the elements of general
+knowledge, but has a happy and peculiar manner of instructing others
+in those divine truths by which he regulates every action of his own
+life. Nor do I think you would easily find a more fit instrument among
+us, for promoting the great ends of civilization, and the moral and
+religious instruction of his countrymen. I make no scruple in paying
+this just tribute to the character and abilities of my dear pupil,
+in his presence, because he well knows they are so much my genuine
+sentiments, that I have advised his directing his attention to the
+instruction of others; and Providence seems manifestly to favour
+the suggestion, by the present offer enabling him to put it in
+practice. May his now benighted and ill-fated countrymen become more
+and more sensible of the extensive blessings preparing for them;
+and may my dear and docile pupil, Samboe, be one of the favoured
+instruments of Heaven, (assisted by the Spirit of grace,) to diffuse
+the light, to communicate the blessings of religion, and to lead the
+now idolatrous African to rejoice in the high privilege of communion
+by prayer and praise with the great Creator and compassionate Saviour;
+all distinctions of colour and country being lost, in that generous
+sympathy which should flow from the relation which all bear to that
+Saviour who died for the redemption of all men [8]."
+
+There was such a heartfelt earnestness, such an affecting energy,
+such genuine piety, in the voice and manner of the good Llwellin,
+while he uttered his philanthropic wishes, that it made a forcible
+impression upon his young auditors. Tears of respect, gratitude,
+affection, and hope, filled the eyes of Samboe. The intenseness
+and contrariety of his feelings became painful; and, unable longer
+to restrain their expression, he threw himself at the feet of his
+venerable instructor, and sobbed aloud, uttering broken sentences of
+obligation; and when a little composed, earnestly praying that God,
+the Almighty God, would enable him to assist in the realization of
+all the generous plans of his future employers; and so to act in
+every situation of life, as to do honour to the precepts of his dear
+instructor, and to gladden his aged heart, with the knowledge that
+those precepts had not been given in vain.
+
+Encouraged to self-confidence by the unequivocal approbation of
+his revered friend, Samboe hesitated not in his determination of
+accompanying Fitzhugh in his important mission; and a few days
+subsequent to the interview we have related, was fixed for the
+departure from a spot, endeared to the affectionate heart of the
+African by many a tender tie, many an affecting remembrance. Parting
+moments are painful to experience, and are so fraught with emotion,
+that they admit not of correct description; it must, therefore,
+suffice to say, that after a general adieu, and loaded with many a
+token of affection and good will, cheered by many a blessing, and
+fortified with many a prayer from those who loved him, Samboe quitted
+Aberystwith with Fitzhugh and Alfred Roslyn. The intelligence, as
+well as simplicity of his remarks, upon the different objects which
+engaged his attention during the journey, rendered it peculiarly
+interesting to his companions. He was equally delighted with the
+various objects of curiosity and interest which London presented,
+and particularly with any thing which enlarged his views of any
+branch of knowledge he had acquired, or which promised to assist him
+in his future exertions to benefit his country. Fitzhugh found in
+him, a companion who entered with ardour and untired zeal into every
+plan his fertile benevolence devised, and determined to retain him
+under his own immediate care and inspection. Every day increased his
+confidence in the abilities and integrity of his companion; and every
+succeeding day more strongly proved that they were built upon a basis,
+which ensured their permanence and stability; even that of a rational,
+a deep, a vital piety.
+
+The period of sailing approached; and happy in the exercise of the best
+feelings of humanity, and the highest energies of mind, Samboe believed
+nothing could add to his felicity, when an incident occurred which
+called forth all his gratitude to the Being who showered his blessings
+upon him. He accompanied Fitzhugh to the house of a gentleman who was
+ardent in the cause of the Africans, and who freely lent the resources
+of an ample fortune to further every beneficent plan, although habitual
+ill health precluded him from all active exertions. On the arrival
+of the friends, this gentleman was just mounting his horse for a
+morning airing. Seeing, however, Fitzhugh and his companion advance,
+he ordered the groom to lead his horse back to the stable, until his
+visitors left him, and he then entreated Fitzhugh to enter. While
+this was passing, a mutual look of surprise and recognition passed
+between Samboe and the groom, but nothing further: the man leading
+the horse away, and Samboe following Fitzhugh into the house.
+
+After some conversation relative to the approaching voyage,
+Mr. Courtney said: "Well, Fitzhugh, you have inspired many an honest
+heart with the same glowing philanthropy which animates your own; and,
+amongst the number, my excellent boy, Frank Wilson. He is determined,
+if you will permit him, to accompany you to Africa." "Permit him,
+my good Sir? I shall be happy to have in my service, a young man who
+does honour to his rank of life, and whose severely tried principles
+have resisted many attacks: his ingenuity too, and industrious habits,
+will make him essentially useful. But how can you part from him,
+or how will Frank bear to be separated from his revered benefactor?"
+
+"Oh, I believe we have not thought of ourselves," replied Mr. Courtney,
+good humouredly: "all is settled between us, provided you did not
+object. Will you permit me to ring for him?" "Most willingly,"
+said Fitzhugh.
+
+During this short conversation, the emotion of the grateful Samboe
+was powerful. The features of the young man holding Mr. Courtney's
+horse, were familiar to him: he had marked the glance of recognition,
+and the name confirmed the vague hope he had formed, that, in this
+young man, of whose character he had just heard so high an eulogium,
+he had seen the first kind friend he had known in England: he who had
+lightened his troubles, and cheered his oppressed spirit; and this
+friend, this generous hearted youth, was going to Africa, and was to
+be in the service of his valuable friend, Fitzhugh; and they were
+all animated with the same spirit. How delightful the thought! how
+transcendently kind the Almighty Disposer!
+
+While these thoughts were rapidly passing the mind of Samboe, Frank
+Wilson appeared; and it would be hard to decide which of the party
+was most gratified by the disclosure of the two friends, who in each
+other's arms were not ashamed to weep.
+
+Frank immediately entered upon his new duties; and every thing having
+been benevolently and equitably settled by the directors to ensure
+the comfort and advantage of the colony, the ships sailed for their
+destination. It is not necessary to detail the circumstances of the
+voyage, or to attempt to describe the emotions of the young African,
+when he landed on his native shores.
+
+Every individual possessing a manly mind and virtuous soul, is
+patriotic: he rejoices in the weal, he mourns in the miseries of
+his country. Samboe possessed a manly mind and a virtuous soul. He
+was a patriot, and shrunk not from its high responsibilities. We
+detail not his individual exertions; it will be sufficient to say,
+that he took an ample share with his companions in the good work;
+that every thing had been so judiciously arranged; that the conduct
+of the servants of the Company was marked with such propriety, being
+sober, moral, and exemplary, in the discharge of their respective
+duties; that the efforts and zeal of the clergymen were attended
+with the happiest effects; that, before the expiration of two years
+from the settlement of the colony, order and industry exhibited
+their benign fruits in a growing prosperity. The fame of the colony
+not only spread along the whole western coast, but penetrated into
+the remotest interior: embassies were sent by far distant monarchs;
+and the native chiefs, with a pleasing and entire confidence, sent
+their children to the colony, to be instructed in reading, writing,
+and accounts, and to be initiated in the Christian religion. In fact,
+there was every reasonable ground for hope, that the joyful period
+was advancing, when, by the blessing of Heaven upon the endeavours
+used, the continent of Africa would be rescued from the darkness
+that obscured her, and would exhibit the soul-cheering scene of
+light and knowledge, of civilization and order, of peaceful industry
+and domestic comfort. But these anticipations were destroyed by the
+treachery and faithlessness of a government, which professed to hold
+the rights of man as sacred. We shall give a cursory narrative of
+this event, as extracted from a letter of Fitzhugh to his friends in
+England. (Note S.)
+
+"I have distressing news to communicate, but we do not despond. The
+French have appeared with an armed force before our neat and rising
+town, upon which they have pointed their guns. It was not until
+they had done this that we perceived they were enemies; for they
+had English-built vessels, rigged in the English mode, displayed
+the English flag, and had all the sailors, which appeared on deck,
+dressed like English sailors. Thus treacherously did they approach
+our peaceful colony. Conscious we had no strength to resist, the
+governor directed a flag of truce to be hoisted. Yet, after this
+order was executed, the French continued to fire on the town, doing
+much damage, and killing several persons.
+
+"Terrified at the suddenness of the attack, and conscious they
+possessed no power of resistance, the alarmed inhabitants fled to
+the woods, with such of their property as the confusion and limited
+time would allow. When the enemy landed, therefore, they found the
+town almost destitute of inhabitants, but rich in stores and clothing.
+
+"Plunder was the order of the day; and what they did not want, they
+destroyed, burnt, or threw into the river. They also killed all the
+cattle and animals, not sparing even the dogs or cats.
+
+"During a week this work of devastation continued; and when they found
+nothing more to plunder, they set fire to the public buildings, and all
+the houses belonging to the Europeans; entirely ruining the beautiful
+and prospering colony, and leaving the colonists in the most deplorable
+state of destitution; without provisions, medicines, clothing, houses,
+or furniture. Sickness soon followed these privations, and many have
+died for want of proper food, and exposure in the woods.
+
+"When you read the above hurried account of our misfortune, you will
+scarcely believe that these wanton cruelties have been perpetrated
+by individuals of a nation, whose Convention boasted of spreading
+'light and liberty through the world.' Alas! that light is the blaze
+of anarchy, that liberty the most daring and gross licentiousness!
+
+"Sierra Leone colony was established for the godlike purpose of
+abolishing the slave-trade; to enlighten the Africans; to render them
+virtuous, rational, free, and happy; and yet these powerful advocates
+and patrons of the rights of man, could wantonly destroy, in its
+healthful infancy, a settlement in which those rights were peculiarly
+studied and held sacred. 'By their fruits ye shall know them.'
+
+"But it will yet, like the phoenix, arise from its ashes. It was
+formed to promote the cause of justice, mercy, and religion; a
+cause which possesses, in itself, the principle of re-animation--an
+ever-renewing means of rallying its resources, overborne, for a time,
+by a base treachery and unmanly violence.
+
+"My faithful Samboe, and no less faithful Frank, have been like
+ministering angels to the distressed, in this season of calamity. 'My
+poor country,' said Samboe, 'and my generous friends, what a sad
+reverse is here! But though grieved,' he added, 'I am not in despair;
+for has not the Almighty said, (He in whom is no variableness nor
+shadow of turning,) 'I will never leave nor forsake those who trust in
+me. Commit thy way unto the Lord, and he shall bring it to pass.' I
+cannot conclude my letter better, than by assuring my dear ----,
+that such is the trust and confidence we all repose in the Being,
+who out of evil still educes good."
+
+Now, to resume and conclude our narrative, we have but to say
+we may speak of these difficulties in the past tense; they no
+longer, praised be the great Disposer of Events, they no longer are
+experienced at Sierra Leone; but have vanished, gradually, before the
+enlightened policy of the superintendants, and the mild influence of
+Christian doctrine. The enjoyments of the present life, the bright
+hopes of a future state, are now communicated to thousands of our
+fellow-creatures, formerly in a state of mental and moral darkness,
+and obnoxious to the most frightful miseries, victims of the basest
+passions, subjects of the most alarming fears.
+
+Justice, mercy, and courageous perseverance, are now reaping their
+high temporal reward; and the blessing of the Almighty upon patient
+continuance in well-doing, enables England to boast that she has
+overcome the most inveterate prejudices, the most firmly-established
+interests, built upon the basest passions; and this by the simple
+power of experiment, and the eloquence of truth.
+
+Sierra Leone, where this experiment has been made, now presents itself
+as a medium of civilization for Africa. "And in this point of view,
+(it has been most justly observed,) is worth all the treasure that
+has been expended upon it; for the slave-trade, which was the great
+obstacle to this civilization, being now happily abolished by the
+universal voice of England, there is now a populous metropolis, from
+which may issue the seeds of reformation to this injured continent,
+and which, when sown, may now, watered by the genial dews of heaven,
+be expected to grow into fruit, without check or blight. New schools
+may be transplanted from thence into the interior; teachers and
+travellers be sent from thence in various directions; the natives
+resort in safety to it from distant parts, mark the improvements,
+witness the comforts, taste the enjoyments, and feel the protection
+of it. Hence will mistrust give way to confidence, emulation will be
+raised, imitation be encouraged, a desire of instruction be excited,
+and the predatory ignorant savage be gradually moulded into the useful
+citizen and the rational man.
+
+Let then each English heart rejoice, that the moral stain, so long
+apparent on our statutes, so long exhibited in our national character,
+is now erased from the one, and expunged from the other; that the
+impious doctrine so long contended for, that the law of force was
+justifiable under certain circumstances, is now banished from the
+deliberations of our senate; and man, whatever his country, whatever
+his colour, is restored to his moral rights. Let us rejoice that we
+have not only been the advocates of the oppressed--have triumphed
+by perseverance and constancy over the oppressor; but that England
+has become the favoured and glorious instrument of a God of mercy,
+to make his light to shine upon those who sat in darkness and the
+shadow of death. May every nation, feeling the blessing of that light,
+which is upheld by that mercy, follow the example of our favoured
+isle! May the rich stream of mercy flow, and diffuse throughout
+far-distant lands its fertilizing influences! May the spirit of a
+Wilberforce and a Clarkson, inspire the breasts of the powerful; and
+may the gratitude and the intelligence of Samboe, glow in the heart,
+and animate the conduct of every African!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES, FROM AUTHENTICATED AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS.
+
+
+NOTE A.
+
+The arrival of a slave-ship in any of the rivers, is the signal of
+civil war and disorder; the hamlets are burned, and the miserable
+survivors are carried off, and sold to the slave-factors.
+
+In the countries contiguous to Senegal, when slave-ships arrive,
+armed parties are sent out to scour the country, and bring in captives
+to the factors. The wretched beings are to be found in the morning,
+bound back to back in the huts; whence they are conveyed, tied hand
+and foot, to the slave-ships. These ships set sail in the night,
+that the wretched captives may not know the moment when they quit
+for ever their native shore, and all the tender ties that endear it.
+
+
+
+NOTE B.
+
+Coosh-coosh is corn beaten in a wooden mortar, and sifted to a coarse
+flour; it is then put in an earthen pot pierced like a colander,
+which is luted to the top of an earthen pot, in which is boiling
+water, and sometimes broth, exactly as our steamers are. The rising
+steam cures and hardens the flour; and when it is done sufficiently,
+the broth and cooked flour are mixed, and considered a delicious dish.
+
+Coliloo resembles, and is eaten like spinach.
+
+
+
+NOTE C.
+
+Slave-factories are established in almost every native village. The
+kings of Dahomy and Whidah are the most noted for the infamous trade
+in slaves. It is usual when the slave-ships lie in the rivers, for a
+number of canoes to go up the inland: these go in a fleet, with thirty
+or forty armed natives in each. Every canoe is also furnished with a
+four or six pounder fastened to her bow. Thus equipped they depart,
+and are usually absent from eight to fourteen days. It is said they
+go to fairs held on the banks of the rivers, and at which there is a
+regular show of slaves. On their return, they generally bring down from
+eight hundred to a thousand of these captives, for the ships. They lie
+at the bottom of the canoes, their arms and legs having been bound with
+ropes of the country. It has been disclosed, by undoubted evidence,
+that the crews of these canoes go up the rivers till they arrive to
+a certain distance of a village; they then conceal themselves under
+the bushes which hang over the water, until the shades of night,
+when they enter the village and seize the wretched inhabitants, men,
+women, and children, who have no time to escape.
+
+Nearly three hundred years have the European nations traded with
+Africa in human flesh, and encouraged in the negro countries, wars,
+rapine, desolation, and murder. The annual exportation of slaves
+from this quarter of the globe, has exceeded one hundred thousand;
+numbers of whom are driven down like sheep, perhaps a thousand miles
+from the coast, and are generally inhabitants of villages that have
+been surrounded in the night by armed force, and carried off bound
+in chains, and sold into perpetual bondage.
+
+A slave-merchant thus wrote to his factor: "You will observe to make a
+present of five gallons of rum to the Suma, with the usual compliments
+on the Company's behalf; and to assure him, and other useful persons
+near you, of the Company's intentions to give very great encouragement
+to trade in those parts, more especially for slaves, dry goods,
+elephants' teeth, wax, cotton, &c. and the Company desire me to inform
+you, that they have settled your commission at five shillings a head,
+for every merchantable slave, and so in proportion for other articles,
+in the hope it will encourage you to dispose of their goods to the
+best advantage."
+
+
+
+NOTE D.
+
+The following list of African articles, as exhibited to Mr. Pitt and
+the House of Lords, by Mr. Clarkson, will illustrate the ingenuity of
+the Africans, and the possibility of making its natural productions
+a branch of lucrative and legitimate commerce. These articles were
+contained in a box, formed of four divisions; the first of which was
+filled with specimens of woods, polished; amongst them, mahogany of
+five different sorts, tulip and satin-wood, cam and bar-wood, fustic,
+black and yellow ebony, palm-tree, mangrove, calabash, and date; and
+also seven species retaining their native names, viz. tumiah, sarnaim,
+and jimlalie, each of a beautiful yellow; acajou, a deep crimson;
+bask and quelle for cabinet work; and bentin, the wood of which is
+used for the native canoes. Various other woods, one of which was a
+fine purple; and from two others a strong yellow and deep orange, and
+also a flesh-colour, could be extracted. The second division included
+ivory; and four species of pepper, the long, the black, the Cayenne,
+and the Malaguetta: three species of gum, Senegal, copal, and ruber
+astringes; cinnamon, rice, tobacco, indigo, white and Nankin cotton,
+Guinea-corn, and millet; three species of beans, of which two were for
+food, and the other yielding an orange dye: two species of tamarinds,
+one for food, the other to give whiteness to the teeth: pulse, seeds,
+and fruits of various sorts; some of the latter of which, Dr. Sparrman
+had pronounced, from a trial made during his residence in Africa,
+to be peculiarly valuable as drugs.
+
+The third division contained an African loom, with a spindle and
+spun cotton round it; cloths of cotton of various kinds, made by
+the natives, some white, others dyed, and others, in which they
+had interwoven European silk; cloths and bags of grass, fancifully
+coloured; ornaments of the same material; ropes made from a species
+of aloes, and others, remarkably strong, from grass and straw; fine
+string made of the fibres of the roots of trees: soap of two kinds,
+one of which was formed from an earthy substance: pipe bowls made of
+a clay of a brown red, one beautifully ornamented with black devices,
+burnt in and highly glazed; another from Galam, made of an earth which
+was richly impregnated with little particles of gold. Trinkets made
+by the natives from their own gold; knives and daggers formed from
+bar iron; and various other articles, such as bags, dagger-sheaths,
+quivers, gris gris, all of leather, of native manufacture, dyed of
+various colours, and ingeniously sewed together. The fourth division
+contained the instruments of confinement used on board a slave-ship,
+to which were added those of punishment used in the colonies; such
+as iron collars, manacles, scourges, &c.
+
+
+
+(NOTE E.)
+
+Raynal gives the following description of the mode frequently used
+in conducting the slaves from the interior: "Slave-merchants collect
+themselves into companies, and forming a species of caravans, in the
+space of two or three hundred leagues, they conduct several files
+of thirty or forty slaves, all laden with water, corn, &c. which are
+necessary to their subsistence in those barren deserts through which
+they pass.
+
+"The manner of securing them without much incommoding their march,
+is ingeniously contrived. A fork of wood, of from eight or nine feet
+long, is put round the neck of each slave. A pin of iron, rivetted,
+secures the fork on the back part, in such a manner that the head
+cannot disengage itself. The handle of the fork, the wood of which is
+very heavy, falls before, and so embarrasses the person who is tied
+to it, that, although he hath his arms and legs at liberty, he can
+neither walk nor lift up the fork. When they get ready for the march,
+they range the slaves in a line, and support and tie the extremity
+of each fork on the shoulder of the foremost slave, and proceed in
+this manner from one to another, till they come to the first, the
+extremity of whose fork is carried by the guide. Few restraints are
+imposed, that are not felt by those who impose them; accordingly, in
+order that these traders may enjoy the refreshment of sleep without
+uneasiness, they tie the arms of every slave to the tail of the fork
+which he carries. In this condition he can neither run away, nor
+make any attempt to recover his liberty. These precautions have been
+found indispensable; because, if the slave can but break his chains,
+he becomes free. The public faith which secures to the proprietor the
+possession of his slave, and which at all times delivers him up into
+his hands, is silent with regard to the slave and a trader.
+
+"Reader," continues the animated historian, "while thou art perusing
+this horrid account, is not thy soul filled with the same indignation
+as I experience in writing it? Dost thou not, in imagination, rush
+with fury upon those infamous conductors? Dost thou not break those
+forks with which these unfortunates are confined? and dost thou not
+long to restore them to liberty?
+
+
+
+(NOTE F.)
+
+This instrument is also in general use in Congo, and is there called
+the marimba.
+
+
+
+(NOTE Q.)
+
+The profits of this nefarious trade are so large, that mercenary men
+will incur any risk. At present, says the Report, 1822, speaking of
+the French favouring the trade, the rate of insurance does not exceed
+fifteen or twenty per cent, while the gains of the trade are proved to
+amount to from two hundred to four hundred per cent. It appears, from
+papers found on board Le Succes, that two hundred and forty slaves,
+which she landed on the island of Bourbon, cost nine thousand nine
+hundred and forty-three dollars; and that the proceeds of the sale
+of these slaves amounted to twenty-nine thousand five hundred and
+sixty-four dollars. And there is also an account of an outfit of
+fifty-three thousand francs producing a net profit of one hundred
+and sixty-six thousand francs.
+
+These facts need no comment. But let not England be discouraged: she
+has stood alone in many a fearful struggle, when apparently sinking
+under the pressure of a hostile world. She has led the way in the
+work of mercy; let her pursue her path with unfaltering firmness,
+and fearlessly oppose those who dare to violate the solemn engagements
+they have formed with her.
+
+
+
+(NOTE R.)
+
+Nothing can more forcibly prove the misery of the slaves, than the
+fact that funerals, which in Africa are attended by lamentations and
+sorrow, are in the West Indies celebrated with expressions of joy.
+
+
+
+(NOTE S.)
+
+This relation is derived from a letter of Mr. Arfelius who was an
+eye-witness, and a great sufferer from this treacherous attack upon
+the colony. See "Rees's Encyclopedia," article, Sierra Leone.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+[1] A society of merchants, established by king Charles II. for trading
+to Africa; which trade was laid open to all his majesty's subjects,
+and those of succeeding monarchs, until the abolition took place, 1807.
+
+[2] Capital of Whidah, situated about four miles from the factory
+at Whidah.
+
+[3] It is necessary to apprize our readers, that the remarks and
+descriptions contained in this volume, apply to Africa as it was some
+years since.
+
+[4] The slave-trade was abolished in 1807.
+
+[5] See Mr. Wilberforce's speech, at a meeting of the Church Missionary
+Society, 1822.
+
+[6] See Shillibur's Voyage.
+
+[7] See Cohen's Letter to Governor Macarthy, African Report, 1822.
+
+[8] See Discourse of the Bishop of London, before the Society for
+the Propagation of the Gospel, October 1817.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                THE END.
+
+
+
+     Harvey, Darton, and Co. Printers, Gracechurch-Street, London.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Samboe; or, The African Boy, by Mary Ann Hedge
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