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diff --git a/37288-h/37288-h.htm b/37288-h/37288-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7900c78 --- /dev/null +++ b/37288-h/37288-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,4063 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Virginia Architecture in the Seventeenth Century, by Henry Chandlee Forman. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + +p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + +hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} + +table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + +a {text-decoration: none;} + +.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;} + +.blockquot {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + +.hang {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; text-indent: -1em;} +.center {text-align: center;} + +.big {font-size: 125%;} +.huge {font-size: 150%;} +.giant {font-size: 200%;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold; text-align: center;} + +.figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + +.figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + +.figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Virginia Architecture in the Seventeenth +Century, by Henry Chandlee Forman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Virginia Architecture in the Seventeenth Century + +Author: Henry Chandlee Forman + +Release Date: September 1, 2011 [EBook #37288] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VIRGINIA ARCHITECTURE IN 17TH CENTURY *** + + + + +Produced by Mark C. Orton, David E. Brown and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<p class="center"><span class="giant"> +VIRGINIA ARCHITECTURE IN<br/> +THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY</span></p> +<p> </p> +<p class="center">By</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Henry Chandlee Forman</span></p> + +<p class="center">Ph.D. (Fine Arts), A.I.A.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="big">With Drawings and Photographs by the Author</span></p> +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Williamsburg, Virginia</span></p> + +<p class="center">1957</p> +<p> </p> + + + +<p class="center">COPYRIGHT©, 1957 BY HENRY CHANDLEE FORMAN</p> +<p> </p> +<p class="center">Jamestown 350th Anniversary Historical Booklet, Number 11</p> +<p> </p> + + + +<p class="center">Dedicated to<br/> +Singleton Peabody Moorehead</p> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="huge">INTRODUCTION</span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p>In the green, southern land which today comprises the Commonwealth of +Virginia, there flourished three centuries ago the fine art of +architecture, and it is with that subject—the art of building in good +design, with sound construction, and for the proper use—that this brief +essay is concerned. But it is deplorable for one interested in the +subject of historic preservation to have to relate what time and man +have done to seventeenth-century Virginia architecture; there is so very +little left compared to what formerly existed. If it has not been man +himself with his so-called "improvements," his neglect, and his +vandalism, it has been fire, the weather, and the insects which have +caused widespread obliteration—almost a clean sweep—of the structures +of those times.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, by means of careful studies of a few existing buildings, +of several foundations under the ground, of artifacts and manuscripts, +of old prints and photographs—and even of relevant material found in +Britain,—we possess today enough data to make a goodly outline of the +subject. Set forth here are the principal styles of architecture in +Virginia between 1600 and 1700, with some account of their origins and +their development.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="10" summary="table"> + +<tr><td><img src="images/illus-005.jpg" alt="" /></td><td>PUNCHED BRASS<br/> KEY ESCUTCHEON<br/> 2<sup>5</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub>" long, from the<br/> "Bin +House," Jamestown</td></tr></table> + + +<p>The writer has endeavored to approach this task with understanding and +sympathy, for which he is qualified. He has lived on the Jamestown road +in Williamsburg and has Jamestown in his blood; he has written and +lectured much on Virginia; is currently a registered architect in that +Commonwealth; and on both<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span> sides of his family traces his descent back +to the seventeenth-century Chews, Brents, Ayres, and Skipwiths, who, +living along the banks of the James River, saw much of the architecture +described herein. In the preparation for this little work, two incidents +stand out as being important and essential: in 1936 he was a house guest +of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities and +lived in its "Malvern Hill" reproduction at Jamestown while he made +studies of the ruins on that property; and in 1940 he stayed several +nights on the Pamunkey Indian Reservation, near West Point, as guest of +those Virginia Indians, while he made a study in art and archaeology in +part preparation for the doctorate.</p> + +<p>This work is protected under the copyright law of the United States of +America, and no part of this work may be taken or used in any +fashion—whether text or illustration—without written permission from +the publishers and the author.</p> + +<p>We commence the fascinating story of the early architecture of Virginia +by describing the first architectural style which ever flourished +there—a style about which most people know little and most school +children nothing.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="huge">VIRGINIA ARCHITECTURE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY</span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="huge">I</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="huge">FIRST IN VIRGINIA: AMERICAN INDIAN ARCHITECTURE</span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p>When the first English colonists arrived before Jamestown Island, +Virginia, on May 13, 1607, there was already in existence an indigenous +architecture which had been flourishing in that land for hundreds of +years. It is true that that particular kind of architecture, American +Indian, was, by and large, a perishable wooden one; nevertheless, the +subject may not be ignored by stating that it did not exist. This Indian +art of building forms an important chapter in the early history of +Virginia.</p> + +<p>For thousands of years the Indian—a light-brown man, with brown or +black eyes, and straight, blue-black hair—was the owner of what is now +the United States of America. That he roamed the country which is now +called Virginia for "countless centuries" is proven by the ancient +Folsom spear points—one of red jasper—discovered among the Peaks of +Otter, near the Skyline Drive, Bedford County, Virginia. And the Indians +who made those spear points lived thirteen thousand or more years ago.</p> + +<p>The Indian tribes who settled east of the Mississippi River became +skilful in mound-building, sculpture, and other accomplishments. They +were generally clever and dexterous peoples. In the areas covered by +Virginia and the other southeastern states the life of the natives had +an exotic flavor. Their graceful and courtly manner was noted by the +first European explorers.</p> + +<p>At the time of the white settlement in 1607, the land of Virginia was +occupied by three main linguistic groups: first, the <i>Algonquian</i>, which +included the Powhatan Confederacy in tidewater north of the James River, +and the gentle Accowmacks and Accohannocks on the Eastern Shore; second, +the <i>Siouan</i>, located in Piedmont Virginia above the falls of the James, +that is,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> west of Richmond—a group of Indians which included the +Monacan and Manahoac Confederacies; third, the <i>Iroquoian</i>, which +included the Cherokees and the Nottaways, both tribes of which lived +south and southeast of the James River.</p> + +<p>In 1607 there were altogether about 17,000 Indians in Virginia between +the mountains and the sea. It has been estimated that they lived in +about two hundred settlements, called "towns," and in some four thousand +dwelling-houses.</p> + +<p>Their architecture, as has been mentioned, was for the most part a +perishable one. At this time, three hundred and fifty years after 1607, +not one American Indian wooden structure has remained above Virginia +ground. By such complete destruction we and our descendants are forever +deprived of the physical background which would continuously remind us +of the Indian past, in the way that the city of Rome reminds Italians of +their Roman past.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="big">i. <span class="smcap">The Towns</span></span></p> + +<p>In the Old Dominion, Indian towns were small, usually covering about an +acre of ground and containing ten or twelve buildings—seldom more than +thirty. They were always built on or near a river or other body of +water. One of these settlements by the name of "Kecoughtan," the present +Hampton, possessed in 1607 only eighteen Indian buildings.</p> + +<p>The towns themselves may be grouped into three kinds: open, fortified, +and partially fortified.</p> + +<p>The first group, the open towns, comprised those settlements which were +laid out irregularly, with the buildings generally arranged loosely on +either side of a central avenue or cleared space. Footpaths +criss-crossed this open area.</p> + +<p>The fortified or walled towns were, as far as is known, built on two +designs, round and square. The chief constructional method of +fortification was the palisade-and-moat, or to put it another<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> way, the +stockade-and-ditch. This architectural arrangement, it may be mentioned, +was employed by some of the peoples of prehistoric Europe, and by the +Romans, and Anglo-Saxons, and others abroad. But the American Indian +developed the method entirely independently of Europeans.</p> + +<p>The palisades thus built by the Indians in Virginia usually were tree +trunks or heavy timbers, from five inches to eight in diameter. +Sometimes, as at "Patawomeke" or "Potomac" village, the posts were only +three to four inches across. Corner posts were generally larger, being +ten inches thick or thereabouts. The timbers, usually with the branches +uncut, were for the most part set vertically in the bank of earth thrown +up by excavating the moat or trench. They reached two or three feet +underground, and rose seven to twelve feet above the earth. At times, +the posts leaned outward to make scaling them more difficult. The ditch +was usually outside the palisade.</p> + +<p>Often these heavy timbers were set close enough to touch each other, +when they are called "palisading." At other times, they were placed in +the ground a little apart from one another, the interstices being filled +with branches and the bark of trees interwoven, and with bullrush mats, +to make the fortification spear-and-arrow proof. This method of +construction we call puncheoning. In other words, the stockade comprised +"puncheons" which were matted and "wattled"—"wattling" being the term +for the basketry type of weaving of branches and bark strips. When the +posts of a fort were wattled six inches apart, it was comparatively easy +for the defenders to shoot through cracks in the wattling.</p> + +<p>A variation of the palisade method was the twisting and interweaving of +the top branches of the tree-posts into a tight mass, in order to +discourage climbers. For observation and defense, loopholes at a +convenient distance from each other were usually inserted in the walls.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>Not all Indian palisades were substantial. Perhaps some became too +ancient for their own good. Great storms might blow them down on a dark +night. At one Siouan village, "the first Puff blew down all the +Palisadoes that fortified the town." As a result, some fortifications +had their palisades doubled or trebled for strength. Other fortified +settlements were erected like a nest of walls, one within the other.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-012.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>Circular towns, like Paski, in Southampton County, Virginia, usually had +in the center a ceremonial space firebed. Separate buildings were +grouped about that area. In order to protect the inhabitants against +attack, the usual entrance in the walls was narrow, so that only one man +at a time could enter. Often measuring two-and-a-half feet wide, such a +gateway was formed, snail-shell-like, by the overlapping of the ends of +the palisade. When the English in Virginia saw such gates, they called +them "turnpikes," possibly because the gates carried spears or sharp +projections, vaguely resembling the spiked entrances of medieval +England.</p> + +<p>The plan of another circular settlement, "Patawomeke" or "Potomac," in +Stafford County, Virginia, is of interest because there were two rings +of palisaded posts, not concentric, but with the rings touching each +other at one point. The inner ring was about one hundred seventy-five +feet in diameter, and the outer two hundred and eighty.</p> + +<p>Square towns, like the Nottaway settlement, also in Southampton County, +usually measured from two hundred to three hundred feet on a side, and +had more than one palisaded entrance. Though not yet proven, it is +believed that when the Indians employed "flankers," which are side or +corner projections,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> or bastions, in their walls, as they did upon +occasion, they copied them from the English settlers.</p> + +<p>The third class of town, the partially fortified, was very common. The +chief building and a few structures would be enclosed, leaving the +remainder unprotected outside the walls.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="big">ii. <span class="smcap">The Mounds</span></span></p> + +<p>The Indian earth mounds in the land of Virginia have not perished as +rapidly as the wooden buildings, with the result that many mounds have +survived in one fashion or another. They are of at least three kinds: +the burial mound, the platform mound, and the effigy mound. But it must +be admitted that to this date, as far as research has disclosed, +examples of the last two categories have not yet been identified.</p> + +<p>By far the greater number of mounds were located in Piedmont Virginia, +above the Falls of the James. Unlike the Siouan and the Iroquoian, the +Algonquian tribes of tidewater Virginia, such as the Powhatans, did not +erect earth mounds—at least, as far as present evidence indicates. The +earliest white American to have explored scientifically a Virginia mound +was Thomas Jefferson. A few years before the American Revolution, he +excavated and examined a burial mound on the Rivanna River in Albemarle +County, and found it to be a communal grave with an estimated one +thousand skeletons laid in distinct strata. The structure was spheroidal +in shape, and about forty feet in diameter. Its original height was +thought to be twice the height of a man.</p> + +<p>Such a burial mound was made gradually by covering with earth and stone +one skeleton lying on the ground, then placing a second skeleton on top +and again covering with earth and stone, until in that manner a thousand +burials had been made. A similar mound, but larger, was found beside the +Rapidan River, in Orange County. Many earth mounds have been found west +of the Shenandoah River.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>Within this burial mound classification may be included the "cairn," a +Gaelic name meaning "the heap," and comprising a grave under a small +pile of stones. The largest of such rock heaps is said to be fifteen +feet in diameter and three feet high. Several small cairns have been +located on the banks of the Rivanna.</p> + +<p>As for platform mounds, it was the custom of the Cherokee tribe to erect +such elevated earth forms as sub-structures or bases for wooden temples +or council chambers. As has been already indicated, some Cherokees lived +in the land of Virginia, notably in the vicinity of the Peaks of Otter, +in Bedford County. Further south, as far away as Georgia, some platform +mounds are immense, man-made hills, formerly covered with smooth, +polished, hard clay, which at times reflected the rays of the sun. Great +buildings once stood upon the summits of those mounds. Because none have +hitherto been discovered in the Cherokee area of Virginia does not mean +that none existed. And the same can be said of the Cherokee effigy +mounds.</p> + +<p>An effigy mound is one built for religious purposes, generally in the +shape or silhouette of an animal or bird; but as yet, none has been +discovered in Virginia. The probability that there were effigy mounds is +strong.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="big">iii. <span class="smcap">Dwelling-houses</span></span></p> + +<p>Contrary to popular belief, the Indians of Virginia were not a tent +people. They lived in wigwams, which are <i>houses</i>. Tents belonged to the +natives of the Great Plains, like the Sioux Indians.</p> + +<p>Among the various types of wigwams there are two chief kinds: the +circular or "beehive" dwelling, and the rectangular or "arbor" house. +Both of these names were given by the English settlers because the +buildings resembled constructions in their own homeland across the sea.</p> + +<p>The round house had a domed roof. On the other hand, the "arbor" abode +resembled, in the words of the English, "the arbories<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> in our gardens in +England." The roofs of such habitations were arched in the form of a +tunnel vault.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-015.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p>The construction of the wigwam was generally a framework of saplings or +young trees spaced nearly vertically in the ground at regular intervals, +and bowed at the top, to make the dome or tunnel vault, as the case +might be. Although the saplings were usually tied securely at the top +with "withes"—which are flexible twigs,—and with roots, vines, reeds, +or bark strips, some dwellings had young trees long enough to have both +ends stuck in the ground, so that nothing had to be tied at the top. +Ordinarily for strength the walls of such homes were battered or sloped +inward at the top.</p> + +<p>At all events, cross pieces of small poles, running horizontally, were +fastened to the saplings in order to serve as braces and as supports for +the various kinds of curtain material employed by the Indians—materials +like woven-grass mats, bark, and skins.</p> + +<p>One of the curious features of some of these arbor houses which the +writer does not believe to have been elsewhere described before, is the +use of a kind of "lunette" or half-moon window, of multiple lights, on +the long side of a domicile. Such a feature gave additional ceiling +space and more headroom. If lunettes were employed opposite each other +on each side of a wigwam roof, for which arrangement we have no +evidence, the roof must have resembled what we call a "cross-vault." It +is interesting that lunettes and cross-vaults of masonry were employed +by the Romans and the Goths of Europe. That the Indian had lunettes and +probably had cross-vaults was a mere coincidence.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>It seems that most of the arbor houses averaged twelve feet wide and +eighteen long, according to finds made in excavations. Even so, many +lodgings were longer. Some were over seventy feet, and were divided into +separate compartments by interior partitions of saplings and mats.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-016.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p>For wigwams the covering mats were woven with long rushes or grasses, +and for the most part extended from the top of the house to the ground. +They were usually three or four feet wide and in length eight or ten +feet, and were stitched together or to the framework of the dwelling. +Furthermore, mats were not the only covering employed. Bark of cedar, +oak, or hickory was used, and made a thicker and better insulated +material than mats, which in summer permitted the interiors to heat up +like stoves. The bark was stripped off the tree in great flakes, and was +laid so closely together that no rain could enter. Some wigwams had a +combination of mat and bark, like mat walls and bark roofs. And +sometimes animal skins were used as coverings.</p> + +<p>As for house entrances, the beehive had one doorway, the arbor abode +usually one at each end. The "doors" were usually mats, which could be +rolled up neatly in hot weather. Often in winter curtains of bear skins +would cover the doorways.</p> + +<p>The Indians anticipated the present outdoor-, glass-wall-, and +barbecue-loving age by arranging their wigwams so that in warm weather +the sidewall mats could be rolled up on the sapling framework, much as +the flaps of a circus tent can be raised. Consequently, in the Indian +dwelling one or more whole sides could be opened to balmy breezes, +throwing the whole interior construction open to outside gaze.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>The place for the fire was the firebed, and it stood in the ground in +the center of the wigwam. When the lodging was long, there was usually a +fireplace for each compartment. Flues there were none. The smoke from +the fire, winding its way leisurely around the interior, finally found +its way through an outlet or louvre in the roof or through windows at +the eaves level. In wet weather a mat flap or piece of bark would cover +the louvre. On the other hand, in the summer time, the Indian enjoyed +cooking over an outdoor firebed in true barbecue style.</p> + +<p>The wigwam windows were merely apertures without glass—true +"wind-holes." They comprised single, double, triple, or quadruple +lights, sometimes arranged in "lunette" fashion, as has been indicated. +To keep out bad weather, these openings had moveable covers, like bark +shutters; but the prevailing method seems to have been to run long mats, +either lengthwise or crosswise, over the arbor roof, so that the ends of +the mats formed covering flaps.</p> + +<p>It is interesting to note that the Indian knew that smoky rooms were +undesirable, so that when he could obtain them, logs of pine were +burned, a process which cut down the amount of smoke. On rare occasions +when the fire went out, he lit pine splinter "candles," of which he +generally kept a large stock on hand.</p> + +<p>When he went journeying apace, he rolled heavy logs against the doorways +to keep out wild beasts and marauders.</p> + +<p>Possibly because the American Indian was a descendant of Orientals, he +was accustomed to little in the way of furniture. Chairs and tables he +appears to have had none. The ground was stable and permanent. An +important chief might have, however, a low earth bench covered with +skins, for comfort. But the rest of the people sat on the ground or upon +their "beds." It should be written here that the whites were not the +first on this side of the Atlantic to use built-in furniture. The Indian +invented built-in beds, which were turned into benches in the daytime.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +They were made by thrusting forked sticks into the ground, about a foot +or two in height, to support a horizontal framework of small poles, tied +to the saplings of the wigwam itself. Over that framework were stretched +skins, furs, coarse mats, and sometimes soft white grass mats of +excellent quality and handsome patterns. Great men, like the "Emperor" +Powhatan, had leather pillows, a real luxury. In their arrangement the +built-in beds were in the arbor houses placed generally end-to-end along +two or three sides. Again, if there were plenty of space, the beds were +separated one from another, but still abutted the walls. In the beehive +dwellings the beds circled the fire.</p> + +<p>One feature which we today remember in our old-fashioned homes is the +pantry or buttery; but the Indian habitation was not even "modern" +enough for that. There was no native pantry. Food contained in woven +sacks, gourds, and like receptacles, was hung from the cross-beams high +above the heads of the occupants of the wigwam.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="big">iv. <span class="smcap">King's Houses, Treasure Houses, and Temples</span></span></p> + +<p>The lodging of a "werowance" or chief, or of an "emperor," who was head +of many chiefs, was called by the English a "King's House" or "Palace." +It was commonly an enlarged arbor house, "broad and long," sometimes +with winding interior passages. The principal residence of Powhatan was +at Portan or Powhatan Bay, on York River, and was of the arbor variety +and very long. Another King's House, dating about 1649, on the Eastern +Shore of Virginia, had a framework of great locust posts sunk in the +ground at the corners and at the partitions, and the arched roof was +tied to the framework by vines and roots. In breadth this "Palace" was +some sixty feet long and eighteen or twenty wide. The bed platforms, +each about six feet long, were placed on the long sides of the edifice, +and were separated from each other by some five feet. In the center was +the customary firebed. The Eastern Shore potentate himself sat upon a +bank of earth adorned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> with finely-dressed deer skins, and with the very +best otter and beaver skins which could be found in that region.</p> + +<p>As in the ordinary dwelling-house, the entire wall of mats and coverings +could be rolled up as high as the King should desire.</p> + +<p>In size, the Treasure House of Powhatan, at a place called Orapaks, was +one of the largest known structures in seventeenth-century Virginia. +According to accounts, it reached somewhere between one hundred fifty +and one hundred eighty feet in length.</p> + +<p>That some of these immense buildings were not without ornament is proven +by the description of the sculptured corner posts of the Orapaks +Treasure House. There were figures resembling a bear, leopard, dragon, +and giant man. Another popular architectural sculpture was the bird, +such as eagle, which was set upon great Indian edifices.</p> + +<p>The "Mortuary Temple," sometimes called by the English the "Temple," +"Temple-Tomb," or "Bone-House," seems to have been the most interesting +of their known wooden edifices. To the Indians such a structure was a +"Quacasum House," because it contained idols or "quioccos." Some of +those images of their gods were ornate, being hand-carved and painted, +dressed with beads, copper, and necklaces, and adorned with skins. +Sometimes the idols were placed under a matted canopy in the same way +that the Madonnas of some of the Old Masters abroad sat under canopies +with "cloths of honor" behind them.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-019.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p>The interior of the Mortuary Temple was dark and mysterious. The only +light, it seems, came through a single doorway. Some of these sanctums +were arbor-like, but others were built on a central plan: round, +hexagonal, or octagonal. We know that the roof of at least one Temple +was an ogee-pointed, "gored" dome. An ogee is a line of double<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +curvature, and the silhouette of such a dome was curved in that manner.</p> + +<p>At Pamunkey, Virginia, Powhatan possessed three Temples, situated on top +of red sandy hills—which, by the way, may have been artificial platform +mounds. Each structure was built arbor-wise, and reached nearly sixty +feet in length. Others of the same ilk extended in length as much as one +hundred feet. Like the treasure houses, they had a circle of carved +posts surrounding them, upon which the native sculptors could make +ornate and colorful carvings.</p> + +<p>The chief function of the Temple was a temporary storage place for the +important dead, before permanent burial in ossuaries or mounds. The +bodies were stuffed mummies with bones and skin still intact, and were +laid out side by side upon a scaffolding of vertical poles about nine or +ten feet high, well lined with mats, and roofed with a matted tunnel +vault. Such a scaffolding under the temple roof formed a kind of +miniature arbor home for the deceased. As in ordinary dwellings, the +mats of the scaffolding could be rolled up at will. Beneath the platform +lived priests, who had charge of the dead and who were reported to have +spent their time mumbling incantations night and day.</p> + +<p>It seems to have been customary to orient the temple doorway, that is, +to place it on the eastern side, and to build, as in the king's houses, +dark and labyrinthine passageways, located in the west end of the +sanctum, where stood two or three "black" idols, facing eastward.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="big">v. <span class="smcap">Bath Houses and Other Buildings</span></span></p> + +<p>The English called the Indian bath house by the names of "Bagnio" and +"Sweating House." Such fabrics were generally circular, like the outdoor +ovens used by the Indians, and had no windows. The Siouan tribes of +Virginia built some of their bath houses of stone; but throughout +Virginia the common material for such structures was wood. As in the +ordinary dwelling, regu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>larly-spaced saplings were thrust into the +ground and bowed overhead. Then the interstices were closely woven with +branches—that is, wattled,—and were plastered with mud.</p> + +<p>The Indian took what amounted to a Turkish bath, a method still in use +in Finland, Mexico, and other parts of the world. But in Virginia the +bath went like this: the bather heated ten or twelve small or "pebble" +stones in a fire. When they had become red hot, they were placed in a +firebed inside the "Bagnio." The bather then stripped, grabbed a +blanket, and shut the door. Slowly pouring water upon the hot stones, he +caused steam to rise so thick you could cut it with a knife. He sat on a +bench until he could no longer stand the intense heat, at which moment +he rushed out of the bath house and jumped into the river, over his head +and ears. If the bather happened to be ill, he was supposed to be washed +clean of sickness. At any rate that was the way of taking the Saturday +night bath on the James, the York, the Pamunkey, the Rivanna, and +elsewhere in the Old Dominion.</p> + +<p class="center">* * * * *</p> + +<p>Other structures known to have been built by the Indian in Virginia were +hunting houses, platforms, fences, landings, and outdoor ceremonial +centers.</p> + +<p>Many were the weeks that the Indian left logs rolled in front of his +house door and was off hunting or foraging. On long trips he erected +"hunting houses," temporary shelters also known as "camping stations." +These were probably simplified wigwams, which could be easily taken down +and reërected in another place.</p> + +<p>In every town there stood "scaffolding" or raised platforms, where the +inhabitants frequently sat and conversed, and which served somewhat the +same purpose as our own outdoor summerhouses of olden times. But the +Indian platforms had a loft made of hurdles, upon which the women of the +settlement placed their maize, fish, and other foods to dry.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>There was another kind of platform, constructed in their tilled fields, +to serve as scarecrows to their crops of beans, pompions, tomatoes, +squash, corn, and the like. Upon the platform was built a small cabin or +cottage, sometimes arranged in the shape of a half-dome, like a "round +chair," in which an Indian sat to watch the fields. Such listening posts +anticipated our own radar warning installations.</p> + +<p>The usual fence was a row of irregular pales, but sometimes it was made +of wattles. A rarer kind, it seems, was a low fence to border paths +which comprised overlapping semi-circles of tree branches. We today have +the same kind of staggered semi-circles for our park paths, but they are +usually made of iron, which the Indian did not possess.</p> + +<p>Nothing appears to be known of the form of the Indian dock or wharf, +like the "Indian Landing" of 1654 on the Harmanson tract in Accomack +County; but their bridges were generally simple constructions comprising +forked stakes with poles laid across them for a footway. Because there +were no wheeled vehicles, footpaths and foot bridges for land travel +were sufficient. For that matter, the main highway was the water.</p> + +<p>In this connection, the oldest "road" in Virginia, called by the English +"the Greate Road," which ran from James City to Middle Plantation, now +Williamsburg, was at first—at least in the Jamestown-Pasbyhayes section +of it—an Indian pathway. In the beginning the English called it a +"bridle" path.</p> + +<p>The open-air ceremonial centers, to which the English gave the name of +"Dancing Grounds," played an important part in Indian life. To the +native the art of dancing was essential to his religion. The usual large +space was layed out for dances and bounded by a circle of wooden posts, +sculptured with painted heads. At one center the English likened such +carven figures to the faces of veiled nuns. Other posts sometimes had +men's countenances upon them.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="big">vi. <span class="smcap">Unusual Constructions</span></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> + +<p>At the native town of Sapponey, Brunswick County, Virginia, there was an +interesting variation of the usual town plan. The dwellings were row +houses, adjoining one another in the form of a circle. The individual +home had palisaded walls, made of large, squared timbers, set two feet +deep in the earth and rising seven feet above it. The back walls of such +habitations formed the town wall, and there were three entrances into +the settlement, formed by leaving passageways about six feet wide +between certain pairs of buildings. But the most unusual feature was +that the abodes possessed pitched or gable roofs, built with rafters. +Upon the rafters hickory bark strips were set so closely together that +no rain could penetrate.</p> + +<p>Another Indian habitation with pitched roof and palisaded walls once +stood in a spot north of the present Pamunkey Indian Reservation, near +West Point, Virginia. Still another native homestead, it seems, had +puncheoned walls with a low-pitched roof of unusual construction: each +half of the roof was hinged at the ridge and could be raised like a flap +in order to obtain better ventilation.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the Indian obtained the idea of a pitched roof from the whites, +but that theory is open to question. We know that, among other good +qualities, the native had an inventive mind. It is difficult for some of +us to realize that some Virginia Indians employed plastered ceilings in +their dwelling-houses, but that is exactly how the Cherokees of Virginia +constructed their ceilings—the plaster being the usual combination of +clay and straw.</p> + +<p class="center">* * * * *</p> + + +<p>The first chapter in Virginia's architectural history—the Indian +chapter—is one of which we may be proud, because, in spite of its +widespread perishable nature, the architecture was well-designed, +beautifully ornamented, and often of great size and dignity. It,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> too, +sometimes revealed the native's inventive tendencies. No one can +relegate with justice the status of Indian architecture to a lower place +when the Orapaks Treasure House of Powhatan had a larger floor area than +that of the greatest mansion of all Virginia in the seventeenth +century—Sir William Berkeley's home, "The Green Spring," near +Jamestown—which is shown in our diagram without the "ell" addition. +Even with the "ell" included, the Orapaks Treasure House was larger. +Moreover, this Treasure House was more extensive in ground space than +the largest English house of its time in the American colonies—Lord +Baltimore's "Governor's Castle," St. Mary's City, Maryland, of 1639.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-024.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p>The Cherokees of Virginia may have had, and probably did have, council +chambers larger than the Orapaks Treasure House, similar to the great +town house holding five hundred persons, which the Cherokees constructed +at Chote in Tennessee.</p> + +<p>Of this fact we may be sure: the Cherokees were great builders. They +comprised a nation extending from Virginia to Georgia, and only a +century and a half ago they possessed their own written language, their +own dictionary, and their own printed newspaper. It was from that +Cherokee nation that Will Rogers descended, and it was Rogers' great +uncle, Chief Joseph Vann, who built for himself in 1803 in the Georgia +mountains a large brick mansion, with a handsome hanging staircase and +tall panelled mantels and richly-carved cornices with rosettes. It is a +manor house after the English fashion; but in the attic are two +incipient, rounded, Indian council chambers with sapling +partitions—because an Indian is always an Indian. It has been this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +writer's good fortune to restore Vann's mansion for the State. But how +could a mere Indian, our school children will say, build a manor equal +to that of a white man? The Cherokees could.</p> + +<p class="center">* * * * *</p> + + +<p>Thirty-seven years before the English established Jamestown, a Spanish +Jesuit and other missionaries from Florida erected (1570), according to +the best authority, a hut and small chapel in the James-York region of +what later became Virginia. These buildings may have resembled the crude +St. Augustine mission of 1566, the earliest Spanish church in this +country, which was constructed of vertical plank walls and with a gable +roof. No trace of these two structures has ever been found, but they +constitute a short Spanish chapter in the history of early Virginia +architecture.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="huge">II</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="huge">THE ENGLISH VERNACULAR AT A GLANCE</span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p>As we have seen, the first English colonists, arriving in 1607 from +across the sea, to construct James Fort in Virginia, encountered a +native architecture flourishing about them. In establishing that outpost +in the New World, which was to become the first permanent English +settlement on this side of the Atlantic, as well as the beginning of the +British Empire—now the Commonwealth,—they brought with them a +knowledge of, and skill in, English architecture. At that time, the +beginning of the seventeenth century, architecture in Britain had +reached a very high level of culture—witness the great minsters, like +Lincoln and York, or the great castles, like Windsor and Hampton Court.</p> + +<p>Without an elementary knowledge of the English vernacular, no one can +fully understand the early English architecture of Virginia. Besides, +contrary to popular belief up to this very day, Virginia architecture +was much more English than has been supposed.</p> + +<p>The Britain of 1600 was a country of fortified manors, battlemented +castles, thatched and wattled farmhouses, picturesque chimneystacks, +half-timber work, winding tower staircases, and tracery-windowed abbeys, +minsters, and little parish churches. For the most part the spirit of +this building work was informal, romantic, and naïve; it partook of +things not according to rule; it breathed Chaucer.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-027.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>In short, Britain at that period was a land where <i>medieval +architecture</i> flourished almost everywhere.</p> + +<p>Now what is this Medieval Style which lasted in England more than a +thousand years? It comprises three chief divisions: Anglo-Saxon, Norman, +and Gothic. Yet the great English Gothic Style is itself subdivided into +styles based on window tracery<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> which are called "Early English," +"Decorated," "Perpendicular," and "Tudor." Of main concern to us in this +essay is that last subdivision, the "Tudor,"—also called "Late Gothic" +or "Late Medieval",—which was chiefly centered around the Court of King +Henry VIII (1509-1547). It may be necessary to remind the reader that +Henry, wife-lover and neck-chopper, was an enthusiastic builder, who +initiated in England a domestic architecture in which the desire for +comfort was paramount. No better homes have been built in England than +at the height of Tudor influence.</p> + +<p>Most authorities date medieval architecture as terminating in England in +1558 with the accession of Elizabeth to the throne. But it was not as +simple as that. On the contrary, the vast majority of British buildings +after 1558 continued to be built in the Tudor or Late Medieval manner, +even as late as Queen Anne and the year 1702 or thereabouts. It was this +long and widespread persistence of the traditional manner of building +which greatly influenced Virginia architecture in the seventeenth +century.</p> + +<p>Furthermore, there came upon the English scene in Elizabeth's time, an +architecture called "Early Renaissance," comprising two styles, the +Elizabethan (1558-1603) and the Jacobean (1603-1625). The "Early +Renaissance" was followed by the "High Renaissance" in architecture, a +subject which has little to do with this essay, but which has much to do +with Williamsburg.</p> + +<p>But in spite of the penetrating wedge of the "Early Renaissance" into +the great mass of English medieval construction, Britain remained a +place where medieval building traditions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> especially in the rural +areas, remained powerful and overwhelmingly popular throughout the +seventeenth century. The situation was, for all purposes, like a grain +of Renaissance sand in a medieval bucket. <i>That</i> we should remember when +we survey the early architecture of Virginia.</p> + +<p>The significant aspect of the transposition of the English Medieval +Style to Virginia was that the "lag"—meaning the delay caused at that +period by an architectural style crossing an ocean—served only to bring +Virginia closer to the heart of medievalism. This lag in fact gave a new +lease on life to the Medieval Style flourishing within the Old Dominion.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="10" summary="table"> + +<tr><td><img src="images/illus-028.jpg" alt="" /></td><td><p>A BRANDING IRON FROM JAMESTOWN.<br/> This implement for +marking cattle or hogsheads with the initials <i>R L N</i> came to light in the +ruins of the First State House. On the right is shown the side view, +with most of the twelve-inch handle excluded.</p></td></tr></table> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="huge">III</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="huge">THE ENGLISH STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE IN VIRGINIA</span></p> + +<p> </p> +<p>For many years after the founding of James Fort in Virginia, the Indian +continued to build in his traditional manner along side the +newly-blossoming English architecture. In what year the last, authentic, +wooden structure of Indian style was constructed in Virginia by a native +Indian is not known, but it probably was in the first quarter of the +nineteenth century. However that may be, in eighteenth-century Virginia +Indian construction was a dying art, of which the skills, it seems, have +been completely lost. Even if you gave the present-day Indians in the +Old Dominion the tools to build them with, those natives would not know +how to erect the great wigwams and temples of their ancestors. Such a +statement is no minimization, because this writer once resided as a +guest in the Pamunkey Indian Reservation near West Point, Virginia, and +he found the natives there, who are descendants of the oldest and most +powerful clan in Virginia, who possess the oldest Indian reservation in +the United States, living in clapboard houses of the kind we call +"shacks." With all their inherited courtly bearing and good manners, +they had even forgotten how to make their own pottery, with its +indigenous designs based on the scroll, the swastika, and the like. +Instead, they sold to tourists and visitors to the reservation imported +Southwestern or Pueblo pottery, of step-designs. To that favor they had +come at last, three centuries after Jamestown.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-030.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>The fact that a large percent of the people who settled Jamestown, and +other English settlements of Virginia in the seventeenth century were +lowly fishermen, farmers and laborers who were not adjusted to new +national economic conditions, unsuccessful tradesmen, unemployed +craftsmen, and such folk, has a direct bearing on the style of +architecture introduced from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> Britain into Virginia. Because there were +few bluebloods, and because most were of the humbler classes, the +average Virginian came from the overwrought farms on remote and secluded +roads, the little small-town shops, in narrow streets, the peasant +dwellings of sod or wattle, far out on the fens and moors of Britain. +The real point is, architecturally speaking, it was in these very rural +districts of England the Medieval Style was the most entrenched.</p> + +<p>It can not be said that the yeomen, the sawyers, the joiners, the +hog-raisers, the merchants, or the carpenters of Jamestown Island—and +we know many by name and exactly where they lived there—were interested +in the continental, classical or Renaissance ideas in architecture which +were commencing to be fashionable among the rich and affluent. It was, +on the contrary, those very same poorer classes, ill-affording and not +understanding the Renaissance fads, who were the most reactionary of all +in their approach to building methods. They loved medieval architecture. +They doted on their Gothic heritage, whether it were a diamond-pane +casement or a stock floor plan for a traditional house.</p> + +<p>By the year 1615—eight years after the founding of James Fort—the +great English architect, Inigo Jones, had taken home from Italy a number +of books by Palladio, distinguished Italian architect in the classical +manner, and by 1622 had completed the important banqueting hall at +"White Hall," London, replete with rows of classical pilasters. But the +Virginia settlers—probably at least ninety-five percent of them—knew +nothing of Inigo Jones and Palladio, because, in their arts and crafts +thinking, the colonists were overwhelmingly medieval.</p> + +<p>We come, now, to the three English styles of architecture<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> prevalent in +Virginia in the seventeenth century: the Medieval, the Jacobean, and the +Transitional. The first two were common throughout that hundred years, +but the third, the Transitional, began about 1680 and extended about +one-third of the way into the eighteenth century.</p> + +<p> </p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="big">i. <span class="smcap">The Medieval Style</span></span></p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-031.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p>The buildings represented by this first style should be spoken of as +"Virginia Medieval Architecture," because that is what the style is. +"Colonial" and "Early Colonial" are technically not correct names for +the style. This particular manifestation in architecture belonged to the +style, English Medieval; it was the direct product, not an "afterglow," +of the Middle Ages.</p> + +<p>The Old Dominion at this time was full of medieval structures, of which +there were hundreds of kinds of every description: windmills, water +mills, taverns, guest houses, coffee houses, churches, mansions, +dwellings, hovels, state houses, glebes, brew-houses, warehouses, +furnaces, stores, shops, tanneries, market houses, guard houses, +blockhouses, tenements, silk factories, and countless outhouses. Taken +as a whole, these buildings possessed Tudor features identical to those +which we find in the medieval architecture of Britain: steeply-pointed +roofs, half-timber work, the huge "pyramid" chimney, "black-diapered" +brickwork patterns of glazed brick, and casements on hinges. Others are: +separate or grouped chimney stacks, overhanging storeys, beamed +ceilings, buttresses, stair towers, and "outshuts"—wart-like additions. +These are a few of the Tudor motifs; there are many more. Generally the +overall building designs were marked by informality and naïveté. Some of +these medieval Virginia buildings, such as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> "Thoroughgood House" (c. +1640), and the "One-Bay Dwelling" (c. 1670), of which we present several +illustrations, are still extant.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="center"><span class="big">ii. <span class="smcap">The Jacobean Style</span></span></p> + +<p>Although only a little wedge at first, when it came upon the English +scene, the Early Renaissance Style of architecture slowly and gradually +developed and expanded. As we have noted, it combined two phases, first +the Elizabethan Style, and then the Jacobean, much of which was based +either directly or indirectly upon Dutch, Flemish, and German +architecture. On the other hand, in Virginia these two styles, +Elizabethan and Jacobean, are for practical purposes combined into one +style, called "Jacobean."</p> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="10" summary="table"> + +<tr><td><img src="images/illus-032a.jpg" alt="" /></td><td><img src="images/illus-032b.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr></table> +<p>At the same time, this Virginia Jacobean was never an important and +widespread manner of building. To all intents and purposes it was a +minor style, dominated by, or grafted upon, the Medieval Style. You may +think of it as a kind of window dressing upon the Medieval. Its chief +example extant in the Old Dominion is "Bacon's Castle" (c. 1650), in +Surry County.</p> + + + + +<p>For the most part you may recognize the Jacobean by Cupid's bow lines in +house gables, door heads, window heads, and stair balusters. Such lines +reveal the decorative and exuberant curves loved much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> by the Low +Countrymen and by the Englishmen who took over the curves. All in all, +Virginia saw relatively little of the Jacobean because it was a minor +style.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="big">iii. <span class="smcap">The Transitional Style</span></span></p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-034a.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>More complicated than either of the first two styles is the +Transitional—an architectural style identified and named by this writer +to include all experimental examples which formed the transitional link +between the Medieval of the seventeenth century and the Georgian of the +eighteenth. This style of the Transition prevailed in England, but as +far as we know has not been identified or labelled as such.</p> + +<p>It seems that in the last quarter of the seventeenth century, that is, +from about 1680, Virginians generally were becoming weary of their dark +medieval cottages, mostly one room in depth, with a loft above, and with +the only daylight entering through small casements of opaque glass. +These people began to look toward a goal which may have been vaguely +defined in their minds: a handsome and shipshape residence, preferably +of brick, of two rooms deep and two storeys-and-garret high, with wings +or separate dependencies to balance; a neat and orderly mansion, without +steep gables, but with one cornice line for the whole building. This +goal, of course, was the Georgian mansion of the eighteenth century.</p> + +<p>At any rate, between 1680 and 1730 change permeated the air of Virginia, +and a whole host of experimental buildings sprang up which we loosely +label as "Transitional."</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-034b.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>In the first place, the sash or "guillotine" window is one of the +barometers indicating the Transitional stage to Georgian. No doubt by +the 1680s such windows, comprising crude, vertically-sliding sash, which +often fell suddenly on wrist or neck, like a French <i>guillotine</i>, were +introduced into Virginia. But not until 1699 do the records reveal their +existence, at which time they were specified for the Capitol in +Williamsburg. Notwithstanding,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> such sash before 1700 was a rarity, +because the casement window was still fashionable.</p> + +<p>Other first signs of the Transition are the diagonal or catercornered +fireplace, the hipped or "pyramid" roof, the gambrel roof, and the +open-well stairs, which mount up the sides of a room—an arrangement +which Britons at home complained of as "wasters of space." In short, it +may be said that while these features may earmark a building as of the +Transition, they are only thus <i>when</i> combined with certain house-forms +and floor plans. A diagonal fireplace by itself is no criterion of a +building being Transitional.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-035.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>Many of the dwellings of this Style were "cell" houses. That is, there +was a "cell" or "aisle" at the rear of the narrow Tudor cottage, one +room deep. In the same way, the English parish church of single nave +sometimes sprouted a side aisle in order to make more space for +parishioners. In the Old Dominion such elongated warts or "outshuts" at +the rear of the homestead afforded additional bedroom space over and +beyond the cramped garret, but at the same time unfortunately threw +off-center the steep medieval gable, thereby causing what the English +have called a "catslide." A catslide roof is one in which the slope at +the rear extends nearly the whole way to the ground. In New England the +"cell"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> addition became the "lean-to." For such fabrics in Virginia we +have coined the term, the <i>Early Cell</i> type, one which was well +represented by the destroyed "Towles Point," in Lancaster County.</p> + +<p>Even so, the Virginian did not long relish an "ugly," though perhaps +picturesque, catslide gable; therefore, he once more began to build +symmetrically, at the same time keeping his little back "cells." When +such gables became symmetrical, we may assign the examples to the <i>Late +Cell</i> type.</p> + + + + +<p>We find, moreover, that not all Transitional structures had "cells." +Sometimes the mark of experimentation is shown by other building forms, +such as the one-room deep cottage mushrooming upward into a full second +storey and garret; at other times the settler, dissatisfied with his +"knock-head" bed chambers, experimented with the gambrel roof, +frequently but mistakenly called the "Dutch roof." The gambrel, to the +best of our knowledge, was introduced from England into the American +Colonies in the 1680s; but it did not become widespread for almost half +a century. Likewise Transitional are certain early Virginia homes with +hip roofs, perhaps the best example being the brick "Abingdon Glebe" (c. +1700) in Gloucester County, where the one-and-a-half-storey main block +of the house is exactly balanced by low end pavilions—each surmounted +by a hipped roof.</p> + +<p>There were other Virginia building experiments in the period covered by +the Transition, but the foregoing is sufficient to summarize the Style, +which paved the way for the Georgian in the eighteenth century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="center"><span class="huge">IV</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="huge">THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE IN VIRGINIA.</span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p class="center"><span class="big">i. <span class="smcap">The Cottage Period</span></span></p> + +<p>The thirteen years between the founding of James Fort in 1607 and the +landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth Rock on Christmas Day, 1620, +have been designated by this writer, for the sake of convenience, as the +"Cottage" Period of Virginia architecture. It was in the "Cradle of the +Republic," on James River, that we find the English styles taking root +and flourishing mightily. As a result, the United States of America +became characterized more by these same English styles than by any other +foreign style, such as French or Spanish.</p> + +<p>For the most part—though not entirely—these first thirteen years of +English settlement in Virginia were marked by rough shelters, temporary +huts or booths, and fragile buildings. As a case in point, the first +fortification thrown together upon the day of first landing upon +Jamestown Island was of the skimpiest construction: boughs of trees cast +together in the form of a half-moon. The first settlement at that time +was frankly a bivouac, where a tented church was set up, and the +customary lodging was a tent cover or a hole in the ground. Secretary +Strachey wrote home to England about the ill-lodged colonists, of whom +the poorer slept on the ground and the more fortunate had such miserable +cottages that the sun pierced through them and made them hot as stoves.</p> + +<p>All these fragile shelters have disappeared, but types of them have in +later years been described. In 1621, for example, a servant by the name +of Richard Chelsey was to have a new house<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> built for him, in length, +fourteen feet, and in breadth, twelve feet. In Northampton County one +John Alford squeezed himself into a hut only five and a half feet high, +with a doorway only four feet, nine inches and a quarter in height. Big +enough for children! Some habitations did not bother about wood for +walls; they were of earth or clay mixed with straw. This last type was +represented in later years by some of the outhouses at "Four Mile Tree" +plantation, Virginia, which were made of red clay held together by +chopped straw.</p> + +<p>Such abbreviated buildings had waxed paper or curtains to cover their +"wind-holes," sliding-panel windows, hinged shutters without glass, or +tiny casements.</p> + +<p>In addition to these frail and temporary shelters were more substantial +edifices, which may be classified, according to present knowledge, as +illustrating at least five chief methods of English Medieval +construction. These may be listed as follows:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">1. The palisade<br/> + +2. The puncheon<br/> + +3. The cruck<br/> + +4. Timber framing, including half-timber work<br/> + +5. Brick</p> + +<p>Now the first of these, <i>palisading</i>, was common in England for two +thousand years and more, and, as we have already seen, was employed by +the Virginia Indian, who invented it entirely independently of European +contact. The first palisade on the James River, that of James Fort of +1607, comprised strong planks and posts placed close together four feet +deep in the earth. They rose above ground about fourteen feet. But there +was nothing, to our knowledge, which was unusual about that palisading, +except, perhaps, its triangular shape. Most forts of that kind were +square, but on Jamestown Island the fort was a triangle, supposedly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +forced into that configuration by the topography. At any rate, the +customary bulwarks or watchtowers rose at the three corners of the +fortification, and there was the usual moat and drawbridge.</p> + +<p>English forts of this kind, with stockades and ditches, were common to +Virginia, as for example, at Sir Walter Raleigh's Roanoke Fort of 1585 +in North Carolina, formerly Virginia; at Old Point Comfort in 1609; in +City of Henrico in 1611; at Claiborne's Kent Island trading post of +1621—now in Maryland; and at the "Town" on the Eastern Shore in 1623. +One of the longest palisades in all Virginia in the seventeenth century +was Dale's "Dutch Gap" on the James. Its two-mile-long moat was lined by +palisaded walls accented by towers.</p> + +<p>After the Massacre of 1622, the Colony of Virginia ordered (1624-25) all +dwellings and plantations to be palisaded in, that is, to be enclosed by +"Park-pales," as the English called them. Ordinarily walls about seven +and a half feet high were tall enough for protection from sudden attack. +Even churches were palisaded in, as for example, the first church on the +Eastern shore. In the 1630s one Stephen Charleton threatened to kick the +Reverend Cotton over the paled fence—the "Pallyzados"—around that +sacred edifice.</p> + +<p>The second medieval method is <i>puncheoning</i>. It seems that the English +made puncheons or "quarters" pretty much like the Indians, that is, they +fashioned upright timbers or posts, set apart in the ground so that the +space between them was the same as the thickness of the timber or post. +Then they filled the interstices with "wattle-and-daub," a basketwork of +branches, twigs, and roots, coated on both sides with loam and lime, +mixed with straw. Back home in England, this filling of the spaces was +named "post and pan." On James River there is record of the Berkeley +settlement of 1619 having most of the dwellings built of "punches" set +in the earth and with boards for the roofs. Other huts were flimsy +shelters merely "covered with boards," so that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> one spark could easily +set them off. But when the English employed thin turf or sod for their +roofs, the structures were safer from fire.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-039.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>In connection with this wattling and daubing of Virginia buildings, the +two early churches on Eastern Shore are believed to have been puncheoned +edifices. The second church (c. 1638), near Fishing Creek was described +as "of insignificant dimensions" and constructed of two materials: +"roughly riled logs"—that is, vertical timbers, since log cabins as we +know them were virtually unknown in the English colonies before 1660; +and "wattles." A reference to "daubing" the first church (c. 1623), on +King's Creek, leads us to believe that it also was built on "punches" +and was woven with wattles.</p> + +<p>Now, about the third construction type, the <i>cruck</i>. No one has seen +today an original cruck building in this country, but early Virginia +possessed hundreds and perhaps thousands of cruck fabrics. Like the +palisade and puncheon methods, the cruck was medieval down to its very +core. In describing the James Fort church of 1607, Captain John Smith +stated it was set upon "crotchets," covered with rafters, rushes, and +earth. When he spoke of crotchet, he probably meant cruck, of which it +was a later derivative. At all events, a building set on crucks means +that it is supported or hung upon pairs of curved or bent tree trunks +placed together in the shape of a Gothic pointed arch and spaced one +"bay" apart. It was the custom in medieval England to erect buildings in +bays for the sake of convenience. A bay was the standard unit of length, +generally sixteen feet, although it could vary. A four-bay cruck church +on Jamestown Island means<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> that there were five pairs of bent trees, or +crucks, in total length some sixty-four feet, arranged in the following +manner:<strong> : : : : :</strong> Then, upon the crucks were hung the side walls and the +roof.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-040a.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p>Yet in this era of Virginia history before the +"Mayflower" landed in New England, the most common of all the medieval +types of construction is <i>timber-framing</i>. A building which was +timber-framed was a substantial one, comprising a framework of posts set +<i>far</i> apart, of diagonal braces, and of studs, sills, plates, and +girts—the ensemble fastened together securely with tongues and grooves +and wooden pegs. It was the custom to cut and adz the timbers so that +they would fit together neatly; and in order to do that, Roman numerals +were cut into each timber to identify it. In that way the whole +framework could be assembled properly and efficiently—the first +pre-fabricated house in Virginia. So good were these timber-framed +structures that the English in the Old Dominion called them "fair +houses" and "English houses." In 1611 James City boasted of two fair +rows of dwellings, all of framed timber, two storeys and garret, or +corn-loft, high. At Berkeley, in 1619 there were two timber-framed +habitations, and at the City of Henrico in 1611 three streets of well +framed houses.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-040b.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>The timber-framed dwelling is the most commonly erected today in this +country, although builders and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> carpenters no longer bother to number or +to peg together the timbers.</p> + +<p>In this Cottage Period about which we have been reading the general +manner of framing structures was to either cover the framework or make +"half-timber work." In the former method, weatherboarding (clapboards), +or shingle tiles or slate nailed to weatherboards, covered up the posts +and studs. In the latter method, the filling between the studding would +be left exposed to the elements. And this filling could take a variety +of forms: plaster; "wattle-and-daub"; brick "nogging," with the bricks +laid horizontally, in herring-bone, or helter-skelter; or mud and straw.</p> + +<p>Contrary to popular opinion, there were undoubtedly <i>brick</i> buildings in +Virginia in the first thirteen years. It was at Jamestown in 1607 that +President Wingfield visited "ould Short, the bricklayer." What do you +suppose Short did in those early years of the Colony? He manufactured +brick for chimneys, walks, walls, terraces, floors, kilns, and +buildings—<i>brick</i> buildings. Now brick for an edifice, usually laid in +English bond, where the courses are alternately headers and stretchers, +is still another English medieval method of construction, which became +popular in Virginia. We know, for instance, that there were in 1611, in +addition to the well-framed dwellings already cited at City of Henrico, +some "competent and decent houses, the first storie all of brick." These +were not purely brick structures but only part brick, which we have +called buildings of "half-and-half work." The downstairs was brick, the +upstairs timber-framed—another English medieval type.</p> + +<p>Further, during the Cottage Period and for many a year afterward, the +wooden chimney was the common method of smoke outlet. Strachey mentioned +at James City not only the wattled buildings, but the "wide and large +Country chimnies"—in other words, the wood or "Welsh" chimney, a +medieval construction which dates back in English history to the +eleventh century and before. Ordinarily the fire had its smoke and +sparks sucked up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> a large wattle-and-daubed or lath-and-plastered hood +resting on the garret floor, thence up a wood flue and out the stack, +which might have been a barrel or wood box or some such contraption. At +other times the whole chimney and fireplace were placed on the exterior, +the better to protect against fire; and the boards were lined with crude +lath and clay daubing. Still another kind of chimney was the "catted" +chimney, made of "cats" or rolled-up strips of clay mixed with straw, +and placed closely together within a framework of wooden posts and +rails. But you have to see these wooden chimneys to know how they +actually appeared.</p> + +<p class="center">* * * * *</p> + +<p>The story of this thirteen year period from 1607 to 1620 should not be +concluded without mention of the influence of Indian building methods +upon the English settlers. In 1608, after the great smoke of the fire +had blown away from James City, the colonists under the direction of +Captain Newport roofed some of their new homes with the bark of trees, +which was cooler than their usual roofing clapboards or wooden shingles. +Also they adorned their new rooms with mats woven into delicate colors +and designs by the Indians.</p> + +<p>Thatch for roofs did not go out of style altogether in favor of bark, +because as late as 1638 there is record of a "thatcht" dwelling on the +Eastern Shore of Virginia.</p> + +<p>Plowden noted the construction in 1650 in some of our East Coast +settlements of "arbour" houses, of poles and bark boards; and some of +these <i>English</i> arbor buildings were undoubtedly built in Jamestown and +the other major settlements in earliest Virginia.</p> + +<p>While the white man sometimes copied the Indian in his construction, it +is significant that when the colonists landed in 1607, the Indian, for +his part, was already employing several types of English medieval +construction, which he had invented and acquired<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> independently of +European contact. Although we have already cited most of these types, we +list them again, in order to give the Indian credit, where credit is +due: palisaded walls with moats, and pale fencing; puncheoning with +wattles; central hearths with roof louvres for smoke; thatched roofs; +and timber-framing with wattle-and-daub panels. How can anyone belittle +the technical accomplishments of the Indian by calling him "savage," +when in at least five building methods he equalled the white man +bringing the English Medieval Style to these shores? Our English +ancestors <i>originally</i> lived in smoky buildings with the central open +hearth in the middle of the great room; in seventeenth-century Virginia +the Indian did likewise. The difference was in timing.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="big">ii. <span class="smcap">The Country House</span></span></p> + +<p>In the seventeenth century, the English rural homestead was usually +placed along the great Bay, the Chesapeake, or upon one of its tidewater +tributaries. Back of such a seat, or on either side of it, there +stretched the outhouses, generally arranged in rows or around +courtyards. The water served as the principal highway, and the +plantation depended upon it. Certain Indian paths, it is true, were +turned into narrow lanes for carts, in order to reach the interior, like +the oldest "road" in Virginia, which, as we have seen, extended from +Jamestown to Middle Plantation, now Williamsburg.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-043.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<div class="figright"><img src="images/illus-044.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p>The variety and number of properties which the prosperous land-owners +possessed is revealing, by giving us a glimpse of the economic and +architectural life of the times. Besides the mansion-house there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> were +offices, kitchens and bake houses, slave quarters, school houses, +dairies, barns, stables, granaries, smoke houses, spring houses, and +dovecots.</p> + +<p>There were servants' dwellings, spinning houses, smithies, tan houses, +bin houses, well houses, hogsties, cornhouses, and guest houses. For the +gardens, sometimes called "hortyards," there were summerhouses, +greenhouses, and arbors. Then there were bloomeries and ironworks, +wharves for landing goods, called "bridges," warehouses, windmills, +watermills, sawmills, glassworks, silkhouses, brick and pottery kilns, +lime kilns, saltworks, and blockhouses.</p> + +<p>For all intents and purposes such grandiose estates were +self-sustaining. Those goods not produced in Virginia came generally +from England and were usually landed upon the wharf in front of the +plantation-dwelling. That the kitchen outhouse was frequently placed at +a distance from the dining room was primarily due not to class or color +distinction, but to the medieval custom of carrying food across the +service courtyard.</p> + +<p>Very often throughout the seventeenth century, especially on the Eastern +Shore of Virginia, the kitchen building was tied to the main abode by a +colonnade—a passage with columns—or by a curtain—a covered +passageway.</p> + +<p>That these edifices in their wooden parts were painted, when the owner +could afford paint, is proven by the record of importations of large +quantities of color pigments and oils to make paint. Many of us today +think that the early Virginia building was white, but colors like gray and tan were common. When the owner could +not bear the expense of painting, he left his house bare or "whited" it +with good white lime—that is, used whitewash.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_A" id="Page_A">[A]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-045.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p class="caption"> SOME OCCUPANTS OF 17TH-CENTURY VIRGINIA HOMES ATE FROM +BOWLS LIKE THIS ONE, FROM JAMESTOWN<br/> + +A scraffito or scratched slipware bowl with one handle. Height 3<sup>5</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub>", +dia. 8<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>". <i>Photo, author.</i> (See page <a href="#Page_21">21</a>)</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_B" id="Page_B">[B]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-047.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">A MEDIEVAL "PYRAMID" CHIMNEY IN VIRGINIA<br/> + +So large is the fireplace of this one-bay dwelling that you can burn an +eight-foot log within it. Great "weatherings" taper the chimney towards +the stack, which is freestanding as protection against fire. Note +medieval "black-diapered" brick pattern in gable. <i>Photo, author.</i> (See page <a href="#Page_22">22</a>)</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_C" id="Page_C">[C]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-048.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">REMNANTS OF A MEDIEVAL VIRGINIA STOREHOUSE<br/> + +The foundation of the "Bin House," Jamestown, excavated by the National +Park Service. The two brick bins have concave floors below the original +main floor level. <i>Photo, author.</i> (See page <a href="#Page_36">36</a>)</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_D" id="Page_D">[D]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-049.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">A TYPE OF MEDIEVAL CORNICE IN VIRGINIA<br/> + +Unlike the later box cornice, to which we are accustomed, the cornice of +this dwelling of about 1670 has exposed and rounded beam ends, which are +pegged to a tilted plate, on which the rafters rest. Note corbel of +overlapping bricks which stops cornice. <i>Photo, author.</i> (See page <a href="#Page_57">37</a>)</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_E" id="Page_E">[E]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-050.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">A MEDIEVAL "HALL-AND-PARLOR" HOUSE IN JAMES CITY COUNTY<br/> + +The "Warburton House" or "Pinewoods" of about 1680 has segmental-arched +openings, "T"-chimneys, and chimney caps with mouse-tooth brickwork, a +decoration which seems to have come into fashion about that time. A rear +wing has disappeared. <i>Photo, author.</i> (See page <a href="#Page_40">40</a>)</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_F" id="Page_F">[F]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-051.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">"SWEET HALL," A MEDIEVAL "T"-PLAN HOME IN VIRGINIA<br/> + +This old seat of the Claibornes in King William County, dating from +about 1695, has very tall "T"-stacks, with "weatherings" or slopes above +the ridge, and with heavy, ornate caps. The dormers and porches are +later. <i>Photo, author.</i> (See page <a href="#Page_41">41</a>)</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_G" id="Page_G">[G]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-052.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">CLAY ROOFING PANTILES FROM THE FIRST STATE HOUSE, JAMESTOWN<br/> + +The left-hand tile, nearly complete, has a "nob" at one end to catch on +the roof strips. It was pieced together by Mr. John T. Zaharov, and is +the <i>first</i> pantile ever found in the United States. The paper arrow at +right marks cemented overlap. <i>Photo, author.</i> (See page <a href="#Page_48">48</a>)</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_H" id="Page_H">[H]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-053.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">ONE OF THE MOST HISTORIC SITES IN THE UNITED STATES<br/> + +Much of our knowledge of 17th-century Virginia life and art comes from +Jamestown foundations. This interesting "complex" of ruins reveals +William Sherwood's house cellar of c. 1677-80, and in the immediate +foreground, a fireplace hearth of the "Governor's House," probably built +in the 1620s, and occupied by Sir George Yeardley. <i>Photo, author.</i> (see +page <a href="#Page_49">49</a>)</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_I" id="Page_I">[I]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-054.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">A JAMESTOWN LATTICE CASEMENT AS IT CAME FROM THE GROUND<br/> + +This medieval window, with the diamond panes or "quarrels" knocked out, +came from the "Double House on the Land of Thomas Hampton," and is drawn +restored in <i>Jamestown and St. Mary</i>'s. Note pane of glass standing upon +a Dutch brick. <i>Photo, author.</i> (See page <a href="#Page_67">67</a>)</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_J" id="Page_J">[J]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-055a.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">TWO UNUSUAL JAMESTOWN STRAP-HINGES<br/> + +The right-hand hinge, broken, probably came from a wagon-box or chest. +(See page <a href="#Page_68">68</a>)</p> + +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-055b.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="caption">A BRASS SWORD HANDLE FROM THE JAMESTOWN MUD<br/> + +Found in three pieces with the blade missing, this cavalier's sword is +ornamented with <i>putti</i> and other decorations. <i>Photos, author.</i> +<i>Courtesy, Antiques Magazine.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-057.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>The most significant aspect of the medieval rural abode in Virginia was +its regular course of development from the simple, one-room-and-garret +cottage—what an English bishop in 1610 called a "silly cote," a hut of +"one bay's breath"—to the stately and elegant Georgian mansion of the +eighteenth century. Even so, it may not be unequivocally declared that +all the simple dwellings were constructed first and all the complex ones +later. At the same time, we find that often the homes with more than two +downstairs rooms and a central passageway were constructed in late +seventeenth-century times. Further, the country lodging for the most +part was only one-storey-and-loft high. The full two-storey domicile was +the exception.</p> + + + +<p>The elementary hut of one bay, such as we have noted as having been +prevalent in the Cottage Period of the first thirteen years, was the +earliest type of substantial house-form in the Old Dominion; it had a +"hall," which was the "Great Room"—not a passage,—a dining room, and a +kitchen, all rolled into one. The garret with sloping ceilings, perhaps +reached by a stepladder or narrow, winding, "break-your-neck" staircase, +was usually a cold, unheated, cramped space for sleeping.</p> + +<p>One of these small, fractional-bay dwellings stood (1660) in Northampton +County, and was ten feet from end to end. It served as the first +meeting-place of the Quakers or Friends on the Eastern Shore, and was +later used as a "wheat house."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p> + +<p>A better known one-bay domicile was Richard May's, built about 1661 in +Jamestown, and pictured in a crude sort of way in the Ambler +Manuscripts: a flush chimney at one gable and a front with central door +flanked on each side by a window. Excavations by the National Park +Service at the site of May's revealed that the house had a chimney at +the opposite end—a feature which must of necessity have marked an +addition.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-058.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><strong>PLAN OF A HOUSE-FOUNDATION ON THE LAND OF ISAAC WATSON AT JAMESTOWN.<br/> +Showing the distribution of important hardware, and a reconstruction of +the house. <i>Courtesy Antiques Magazine.</i></strong></p></div> +<p> </p> +<p>One of the few known ruins of a one-bay dwelling was excavated at +Jamestown under this writer's direction and was designated as the +timber-framed "House on Isaac Watson's Land," built possibly as early as +1644. Before its destruction, it comprised one "hall," twenty feet by +twenty, with a great projecting fireplace at one gable big enough for an +eight-foot log to burn. The chimney<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> must have been what we call a +"pyramid," and it was flanked on either side by small "outshuts," which +were probably "ingle recesses" or "chimney-pents." Inside, there was a +Dutch oven at one side of the fireplace and a setting for a brewing +copper next to it. This was no pauper's hovel, for the casements were +leaded, and the hardware included fancy wrought-iron hinges, including +the fairly-rare "Cock's Head" hinge.</p> + +<p>Another structure of this type is here illustrated under the caption, +"Medieval One-Bay House" (c. 1670) in Virginia. Without including its +tremendous "pyramid" chimney, the dwelling measures twenty-and-a-half +feet long and sixteen wide. The chimney end is wholly brick, and the +other three sides clapboarded. The one downstairs room, the "Great +Hall," has exposed posts, beams, and wall plates, with chamfers +terminating in crude "lamb's tongues." In a corner opposite the +fireplace there was a stepladder or very steep staircase, only +twenty-seven inches wide. Upstairs there was one sleeping room with two +tiny, lie-on-your-stomach windows—almost peep-holes—to give air and +light. There were no dormers, and the long cedar shingles were pegged to +thin oaken strips across the rafters. Even the floor beams were pegged +to the rafters so that the roof on a stormy night would not part company +with the "Great Hall."</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-059.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>When the planter or tradesman became a little wealthier, or his family +became larger, it was a simple matter to add a "parlor" to one end of +the homestead, thus making the second stage of development, the +"hall-and-parlor" dwelling. There was a regular "school" of building of +such habitations in seventeenth-century<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> Virginia. In such examples the +parlor was smaller than the "Hall" or "Great Room." Sometimes, of +course, the early settler commenced with a "hall-and-parlor" residence +built all at once.</p> + +<p>The foremost example of this type in the Old Dominion is the "Adam +Thoroughgood House" (c. 1640), Princess Anne County, a brick +storey-and-garret dwelling, with a flush chimney at one gable and a +"pyramid" at the other. The chimney-stacks are "T"s, meaning that they +are designed in that shape in plan to reveal multiple flues. The +brickwork is English bond, and the windows, before alterations, were +leaded casements. The doors, too, were battened, or built up with +boards. All the openings have segmental arches, and high up on the brick +gables are lines of glazed header bricks parallel to the rakes.</p> + +<p>Of the same ilk is another brick lodging, the "Wishart House" (c. 1680) +in Norfolk, which has two pyramid, "T"-chimneys, and a cornice +terminated by little corbels of overlapping brick—a common medieval +feature. Other extant examples are "Sweet Hall" (c. 1695) and "Warburton +House" (c. 1680), both of which had a projecting addition at the rear. +In fact the records are full of "hall-and-parlor" houses which may have +been destroyed, such as Sam Wools' plantation (1638) on Eastern Shore, +twenty-five feet long and sixteen wide—a standard size. There was "one +partition in it," and it had only one chimney and only one wing, a +buttery. The kitchen, it seems, was not mentioned, but it probably was +an outhouse.</p> + +<p>It was a natural step to the third development, the "central-passage" +type, a group of buildings named by this writer for the purpose of +convenience. A "screen" or wooden partition was added to the end of the +"Hall" or Great Room in order to make a passage from front to back in +the center of the edifice. In that way the living space, the "Hall," was +made more private than when it served as a passageway. At any rate, the +brick "Keeling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> House" (c. 1700), Princess Anne County, is a good +specimen. A later, or "Hangover" phase of the central-passage type is +"Smith's Fort Plantation," generally known as the "Rolfe House," Surry +County, which has been continuously and erroneously dated 1652, but +which really belongs to the first half of the eighteenth century.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-061.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>The last or culminating development in the rural dwelling was the +changing of a "hall-and-parlor" habitation, or one of "central-passage" +variety, into a "cross-house." The cross was formed by adding an +enclosed porch, usually with a "porch chamber" above it, on the front +façade, and a wing, like a stair tower, to the rear. However, a +"T"-shaped domicile, with no back wing, is also classified as a +"cross-house." An old record tells of one Southey Littleton, of +Accomack, who had a porch and porch chamber on the front of his +dwelling—in other words, a cross-house. Of the extant or partially +extant examples in Virginia are "Bacon's Castle" (c. 1650), Surry +County; "Malvern Hill" (c. 1662), Henrico County; and "Christ's Cross" +(c. 1690) and "Foster's Castle," (c. 1685) both in New Kent. They make a +veritable school of building which once must have flourished the length +and breadth of tidewater Virginia. With its noted "Bond Castle," +Maryland, too, had a school of cross-houses.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-062.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<div class="figright"><img src="images/illus-063a.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>Of the Virginia examples, "Bacon's Castle," two-storeys-and-garret high, +with basement, was built by one Arthur Allen, and was named for the +rebel, Nathaniel Bacon, who in 1676 ordered his men to capture the +dwelling. "Castle" meant "fort." Its cross-plan incorporated a porch, +porch chamber, and stair tower. A<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> low, wooden, curtain and kitchen +extension, which is believed to have been seventeenth century in date, +formerly stood off the gable on the "Hall" side—an arrangement +indicating that the Great Room perhaps also served as a dining room. The +curtain was the buttery, or bottlery.</p> + +<p>But the most distinguishing feature of "Bacon's Castle" is the Jacobean +"curvilinear" gable at each end. These gables possess round +members—"cuspings"—and steps, built pretty much the same way in which +they were made in England and the Low Countries. The chimney stacks are +Tudor, three in number, set diagonally on their bases at each gable. +Because of the way these chimneys look in plan, we call them "diamond +stacks."</p> + +<p>Also Jacobean are the crude brick pediment over the main entrance, now +much changed, and the brick borders surrounding the windows—called +"enframements." And of course, the windows formerly held leaded +casements, with mullions and transom bars.</p> + +<p>Two important features of another of the cross-houses mentioned belong +to "Christ's Cross," called for short, "Criss Cross." This writer can +remember when there was hardly a person who knew of the existence of +this place, and where it was located. The double door opening out into +the enclosed porch from the "Hall" we have denoted as the "finest Tudor +door in all Virginia"—because of its panel design and Gothic mouldings; +and the post in the "Hall" has probably the finest Jacobean carved +capital in the United States. The capital is in truth a <i>folk</i> Jacobean +carving, a grotesque, comprising a raised heart-shaped shield with +crudely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> chiselled volutes upon it, and an "echinus" or cushion, and an +"abacus" or block above it. It reminds one of the ancient Greek Ionic +wooden capitals in Athens, Asia Minor, or elsewhere, which possessed +rough or incipient volutes.</p> + + +<div class="figright"><img src="images/illus-064.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>Study of the cross-house in Virginia needs an essay to itself. We have +tried here to give some of the highlights of this last development of +the rural dwelling, which is outstandingly medieval in design and +construction—with a bit here and there of Jacobean trimming.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-063b.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>Branching off the main stream of country house development are +exceptions and special cases, such as "The Green Spring" mansion (c. +1646), Sir William Berkeley's home near Jamestown. Sometimes it is +mistakenly called the first large country house in America, but it may +not lay claim to that status since the earlier "Governor's Castle" in +Maryland had a larger area. However that may be, "The Green Spring" for +its time was baronial. It seems to have been a "double-parlor" +dwelling—an English derivative, where the "Hall" stood between two +parlors. When the recently-revealed watercolor of this mansion-house by +Benjamin Henry Latrobe is published, its features, like the roof +"shingled" with dormers and the front porch of "clumsy Jacobean +brickwork" may be more fully described.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>In the recent excavations at "The Green Spring" were found the brick +footings of a <i>pre</i>-Berkeley building. We know that it antedated Sir +William's great pile because part of it was covered by Sir William's +structure. Our floor plan, based on Kocher, Waterman, and Dimmick, shows +a very unusual room arrangement for seventeenth-century Virginia. It +looks very much like an "E"-plan of the Elizabethan Style of +architecture. And at the rear were "cells" or "outshuts." With grains of +allowance, the sketch of the entrance front is conjectural, but probably +has enough of the truth about it to reveal the unique character of the +edifice.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="big">iii. <span class="smcap">The Town Dwelling</span></span></p> + +<p>Because Virginians in founding their towns wished to crowd their houses +in rows along their streets, the city abode is substantially different +in type from the rural one. Many of our city developers today are +building squeezed-up row houses, in order to make as much money as +possible, where the front foot is valued in dollars. But, for all that, +the Jamestown developers were doing the very same thing, building +sardine-packed row dwellings—only the payment was in English currency.</p> + +<p>Inside James Fort that first year the settlers erected streets of +"settled" houses, which, because of the small space available within the +palisade, must have been of necessity row homes. The current oil +painting of James Fort in the Jamestown Museum is all very fine, being +based largely on a plan and descrip<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>tion of the first settlement by the +writer; but it has one great error: the houses are not contiguous to one +another, as they were forced to be within the cramped space of the +triangular palisade. Four years later, the settlement had two fair rows +of timber-framed houses, two storeys and garret high. Even storehouses +at Jamestown were constructed in rows. In 1614 there were erected in +that settlement three large, substantial storehouses, joined together in +length about one hundred and twenty feet, and extending in breadth forty +feet.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-065.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>What appears from a drawing in the Ambler Manuscripts to be an early +example of a row dwelling is the "Governor's House" or the "Country +House,"—the word, country, meaning not countryside, but Colony or +Province. This edifice was situated at Jamestown, but it was outside the +triangular Fort and upon the so-called "fourth ridge," the highest +ground near that fortification. The house was erected some time between +the arrival in Virginia of Sir George Yeardley in 1619 and the year +1660. The probable date lies somewhere in the 1620s. The manuscript +drawing is crudely drawn and badly torn, but it does indicate a +one-and-a-half storey domicile with three chimneys, one in the center +and one at each end—making what seems to be a <i>double</i> house—a duplex. +Excavations of the fragmentary brick remains of the "Governor's House" +revealed that it was a brick edifice fifty-three feet long and twenty +wide, with a little frame wing at the rear. Unfortunately no trace +remained of the central chimney; but at any rate the diggings +established that the eastern half had a cellar, while the western +section did not—another indication of the double house.</p> + +<p>There is an interesting story about the "Governor's House."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> Those who +disagree with the Gregory-Forman theory of the site of James Fort of +1607 being at or near the point below Orchard Run, Jamestown Island, not +a half mile up river near the Brick Church, must explain away the +conversation recorded in the archives of Virginia for the night of June +23, 1624, at the "Governor's House," Jamestown. Briefly, there were two +"fellows" who lurked on that evening under the walls of this building, +trying to get inside. They were seen and hailed by sentries on the walls +of James Fort. One of the men at the Fort shouted at the two fellows: +"Que Vulla?"—evidently stock military vulgar Latin for <i>Quae Vultis</i>?, +"What do you want?" To which question the two fellows at the "Governor's +House" replied that they could not get in because the door was locked. +It is obvious that the Fort lay near the Governor's House and not half a +mile away.</p> +<p> </p> +<p class="caption">MAP OF THE "NEW TOWNE" AT JAMES CITY.<br/> +Illustrating buildings mentioned in the text, and based on a map in the writer's +<i>Jamestown and St. Mary's</i></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-066.jpg" alt="" /></div> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>At least by 1623, it was the desire of the Virginia Company of London to +build towns in Virginia which would possess a convenient and suitable +number of houses, constructed together of brick and encircled by a +battlemented brick wall. Exactly in the same way Cecilius Calvert, Lord +Baltimore, commanded the first Maryland settlers to lay out row houses +in their first settlement.</p> + +<p>And also, Jamestown excavations have borne out the fact that the typical +city building was usually a row affair. The few rural homes within the +city limits may not be classified as "town" houses. There are at least +five groups of row houses known at Jamestown, and there are even stock +sizes for such groups. Twenty feet by forty, measured on the inside of +the walls, were the most common dimensions—an inheritance from British +medieval building laws.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-067.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-068.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>Perhaps the foremost of the James City row buildings is the group of +three brick edifices which comprised the "First State House" in +Virginia. The three cellars, their long walls being party walls, were +excavated under the direction of this writer and of a colleague. The +structure was originally two storeys and garret high. The down-river, or +eastern section, and the central portion, were erected about 1635 by +Governor John Harvey and were used as the capitol building of the Colony +from 1641 for fifteen years. The up-river section was built before 1655 +by Sir William Berkeley. But by 1670 the whole pile, with its three +front gables facing the James River, had gone up in flames.</p> + +<p>The unit floor plan of the "First State House" comprised a +"hall-and-parlor" dwelling with back-to-back fireplaces and a very +narrow passageway running the length of the building at one side. Now +that arrangement formed pretty much the stock plan of the city house in +seventeenth-century London, as our researches have disclosed. That the +"First State House" was Tudor in appearance is evidenced by the great +wealth of medieval wrought-iron hardware found in the ruins: such items +as Cock's Head hinges, leaded lattice casements, and great rim locks +with eight-inch keys. The roof once carried the medieval "pantile," +which is an "S"-shaped clay tile about thirteen inches long, with a nob +at one end to catch on to the roofing strips.</p> + +<p>Another row example with gables facing the street lay about a thousand +feet north of the Brick Church at Jamestown. It comprised two brick +buildings with their long sides being party walls; and we have named +them the "Double House on the land of Thomas Hampton." Each basement is +approximately sixteen feet by twenty-four in size—another stock +configuration—which came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> about as the result of the Virginia Act of +1639. This duplex contained beautiful Delft tiles in the fireplaces, +representing figures of Dutchmen at sport and at play.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-069.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>Not all row dwellings had gables across the front; some buildings were +joined end to end, their gables party walls. The most important example +of such at Jamestown is what we have called the "Country-Ludwell-State +House" block of five buildings, situated up river a short distance from +the Brick Church. Four of these were private homes, and the fifth was +the "Third State House." They were all set up as a result of the Act of +1662 calling for thirty-two brick (row) dwellings, arranged in a square +or other form which the Governor should decide. Each dwelling was to be +twenty feet by forty on the inside, eighteen feet from floor to eaves, +fifteen feet from eaves to ridge measured vertically, and to have a +slate or tile roof. Of these four habitations, the two nearest the river +had floor plans similar to that of the "First State House," already +described, except that the gables adjoined one another.</p> + +<p>To delve a little further into the subject of this interesting block, we +may note that the other two houses were of the same size as the pair +nearer the water, but that they had "flush" chimneys abutting the party +walls instead of "central" chimneys with back-to-back fireplaces. These +two were also marked by three enclosed porches on their front façades. +All four dwellings had "cell" or "aisle" additions at the rear.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>Another row house at James City is what we have called the "Double House +back of John White's Land," where half the building possessed a large, +brick-vaulted, wine cellar, with hundreds of bottles kept within it—a +feature indicating a tavern. Let no one think they did not drink at +Jamestown: the whole settlement was permeated with taverns and +ale-houses.</p> + +<p>One of the most recent finds at Jamestown is a triplet or "triplex" row, +lying some four hundred feet northeast of the Brick Church. The three +dwellings faced south, and each measured twenty by fifty-two feet within +the walls. There was the customary back-to-back fireplace on the north +wall of each unit; but the easternmost house had an exterior fireplace +at its east gable-end, and a square porch room on the south.</p> + +<p>As new discoveries are made in this first capital of Virginia, it +becomes clearer year by year that the city was full of row buildings, +trying to emulate Oxford or Chipping Camden or even the great London +herself.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="big">iv. <span class="smcap">Churches, Chapels, and Glebes</span></span></p> + +<p>The medieval Virginia church of the seventeenth century was generally a +crossroads shrine set down in or near the middle of a group of +plantations. Towns, like James City, also had their own churches, +situated on the main thoroughfares. When roads were too bad for +traversing, or distances were too great, parishioners built sometimes +small fanes called "chapels of ease," nearer their homes than the main +parish churches.</p> + +<p>The starting point for the Virginia church is at Jamestown, a place +which can count five churches, and perhaps more. For brevity we list +them:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">1. The "cruck" church of 1607, the first substantial church, which, +according to Smith, was covered by rushes, boards, and earth.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">2. The timber-framed church of 1610, of Lord Delaware,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> sixty feet +by twenty-four in size, where took place in 1614 the marriage of the +Indian princess, Pocahontas, and John Rolfe. This edifice had +casements on hinges and, at the west end, two bells.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">3. Argall's frame church of 1617, fifty feet by twenty, which by +1623 may have been the structure possessing a latticed gallery for +ladies, and which needed repairs in 1624.</p> + +<p>In connection with this 1617 church, may we digress a moment to mention +some contemporary churches outside Jamestown? We have already cited the +puncheoned church (c. 1623) on the Eastern Shore. Then there was the +Elizabeth City church of 1624, timber-framed, laid upon cobblestone +footings, and paved with square tiles; and the wood Hog Island Church of +1628, which measured on the inside twenty by forty feet and which +probably had a small tower at the west end. That must have been a tower, +because it was not the custom to place a porch at the west end in +seventeenth-century Virginia—at least, as far as present research has +disclosed. The tower was eight feet wide, but projected only three feet +out—big enough, perhaps, to support two or three bells.</p> + +<p>To continue the chronology of the Jamestown churches:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">4. A wood church, spoken of as "new" in 1636, located next the +Reverend Hampton's land, and of which he was the minister. The +brick-and-cobblestone footings inside the Brick Church of 1647 at +Jamestown may very well have belonged to this "new" wooden church; +but they never belonged to Argall's Church, which was located within +James Fort, situated half a mile down the James River, near Orchard +Run, Jamestown Island.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">5. The Brick Church of 1647, of which the original bell tower and +foundation are extant.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-072.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>The tower of this Brick Church at Jamestown is of fine old "English" +bonded brickwork, with a belt course of Flemish bond. It was built +separate from the main body of the church, but was connected to it at +the jambs and tops of the interconnecting doorways—as the floor plan +shows. The great walls of the belfry are three feet thick, and the roof +was probably battlemented or crenellated.</p> + +<p>The main entrance doorway in the tower has a plain, round-headed brick +arch, the earliest form of brick church door in the Old Dominion.</p> + +<p>In 1907 the main body of the church was reconstructed for the +Tercentenary Celebration. It is a single nave and possesses some +interesting medieval features: buttresses; pointed and mullioned +windows; gables of crow-steps or "tabled offsets"; and a raised tile +chancel floor.</p> + +<p>The stepped gables were modelled upon those of "St. Luke's Church," +often called the "Old Brick Church," Isle of Wight County, Virginia. We +are fortunate in having in this country such an excellently-preserved +medieval church as "St. Luke's." For years its date was considered +"1632"; but the authorities, G. C. Mason and T. T. Waterman, in recent +years have assigned to this pile the dates respectively of "1677 or +before" and "1682."</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-073.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>Unlike the belfry of the Brick Jamestown Church, the tower<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> of old "St. +Luke's" is incorporated into the west gable-end of the building. It, +too, probably had a battlemented top, which has now been changed. That +the Jamestown belfry is a good deal older than the one at "St. Luke's" +is proven by the simplicity of design of the former in contradistinction +to the sophisticated appearance of the latter. The "St. Luke's" tower +possesses Jacobean brick quoins, a feature imitating corner stones, and +an "embryo" or much simplified, triangular pediment, of Jacobean +derivation, over the circular-headed doorway.</p> + +<p>The buttresses, the crow-stepped gables, the pointed windows at "St. +Luke's" are all original medieval features. In fact the great east +window of the chancel, made up of eight main lights separated by +foliated tracery, is English Gothic, of the style known as "Decorated" +or "Geometric," which flourished between 1307 and 1377 in England. A +source for this east window is the chancel traceried window at Liscomb +Park Chapel (c. 1350), Soulbury, England.</p> + +<p>From the foregoing it is obvious that the main body of the "St. Luke's" +church preceded the Tudor Style and is "Decorated" Gothic. The tower has +Jacobean trimmings. At the same time it is erroneous to call this church +"Gothic Colonial." What a mixture! In style it is English Gothic, that +is, Gothic of England. It is as much Gothic as "Westminster Abbey" or +"Wells" or "Yorkminster." What a multitude of errors is covered by that +word "Colonial."</p> + +<p>Recent research done at "St. Luke's" has uncovered the original, +chamfered, timbered trusses and horizontal tie-beams, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> were +exposed in the nave; traces of the original gallery at the tower end of +the nave which appears to have had balusters of oak; the old wineglass +pulpit; and the enclosed porch or vestibule in the first storey of the +tower.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-074.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>Let not the reader think that most Virginia churches in the seventeenth +century had towers. Such buildings were usually simple rectangles, +occasionally with a porch attached to the long side on the south, in the +approved English parish church manner.</p> + +<p>Giving an idea how an early church was constructed is revealed in the +building specifications of the "Second Hungars Church" (1680), in +Northampton County—an edifice which was contemporaneous with old "St. +Luke's." Specifications can be pretty dry reading, but this one had a +humorous touch or two. It appears that the church wardens contracted +with the builder to put up a timber-framed parish church forty feet by +twenty, with wall plates ten feet high. Wall plates, by the way, are +timbers upon which rafters rest. Of "substantial substance," the framing +was to be oak, and the foundation to be locust blocks of wood. The walls +and roof were to have planks or clapboards. It is interesting that the +upper edge of the roof planks were to be let, or set, into the rafters +for strength and tightness. The inside of the church was also to be +planked in order to seal off the walls of the "Old Church,"—the "First +Hungars Church,"—which seems to have been incorporated, at least in +part, in the second shrine. The planks covered the barrel vault, which +was called "Arches," situated beneath the roof. Nails, planks, and food +were to be furnished to the builder.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>One of the excellent contract provisions was that the contractor was to +take over no additional work elsewhere, or to leave the works, except +upon some great occasion, for a week or two at the most. Upon completion +of the job he was to receive ten thousand pounds of tobacco and to have +the help of a hand able to work an axe for the space of a month.</p> + +<p>The foremost example of Jacobean Style in early ecclesiastical work was +the "Second Bruton Church," Middle Plantation, now Williamsburg. It was +completed in 1683—that is, soon after "St. Luke's,"—and has been +completely demolished. Excavations of its brick foundations revealed +that it possessed buttresses on its long sides and at the back. The +inside measurements were sixty feet by twenty-four. The main west +door—there was no tower—and the chancel door on the side were to be, +with minor variations, the sizes of the doors of the Brick Church of +1647 at Jamestown. An old drawing shows that the "Second Bruton Parish +Church" had curvilinear gables of the type found at "Bacon's Castle," +and the western rose window was flanked by scrolls which were probably +formed of hand-cut brick. Both of these features are Jacobean.</p> + +<p>Another early doorway, which is plain, round-headed, and of rubbed +brick, stands at the "Merchant's Hope Church," Prince George County, and +in style it seems to bolster the theory that at least a portion of the +existing shrine is of the seventeenth century.</p> + +<p>Some believe that brick "Pungoteague Church" on Eastern Shore, +originally erected on a cross plan, with a mansard roof, was +seventeenth-century in date, but it is the part of wisdom to accept G. +C. Mason's belief for valid reasons that the pile was constructed as +late as 1738.</p> + +<p>That some of these parish churches in Virginia had interiors which were +richly furnished is evident from the description of the builder's work +on one of them, the frame "Poplar Spring Church," (1677), Gloucester +County. Father Time has unfortunately done away with this shrine, but we +do know that its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> walls and ceiling were lathed and plastered, and that +the chancel, fifteen feet long, was to be divided from the nave by a +wooden <i>rood screen</i>—a "Screen to be run Crosse the church," and to +have "ballisters."</p> + +<p>In the medieval English church the rood screen is the name given to the +chancel or choir screen when it supported the "rood," a large cross. It +was customary to build such a screen in three parts: a base comprising +panelled walls as high as the pews, a middle section with a row of wood +balusters set closely together, and a top part of pierced woodwork—that +is, traceried work—and heavy cornice.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-074.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>At "Poplar Spring Church" there were double pews built on each side of +the chancel abutting the rood screen. Also set against the rood screen +was another double pew, this one between the pulpit in the nave and the +screen. The rest of the pews in the church, on both sides of the aisle, +were double and had panelled backs. The pulpit itself was hexagonal and +a three-decker affair. There was a six-foot space permitted for the +reading desk, set eighteen inches above the floor, and for the passage +into the pulpit. Half way up were the minister's pew and desk. The +church was also the proud possessor of a flowered, crimson, velvet +pulpit cloth, a silver communion service, and a drawing of cherubim, +presumably upon the altarpiece.</p> + +<p>Although it was customary to place wainscoted pews within the chancel, +the "Second Lynnhaven Church," of 1692, Princess Anne County, had also +in the chancel several benches, which were used by the parish poor.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>That all seventeenth-century churches in the Old Dominion were not of +brick or wood is shown by the "Second York Church" (1697), now Grace +Church, Yorktown, which was constructed of native marl.</p> + +<p>The Transitional Style of architecture, which, as we have seen, greatly +influenced rural dwellings from about 1680 to about 1730, is marked in +the Virginia church chiefly by the doorway designs. The earliest motif +of a brick doorway is that plain, round-arched one on the entrance to +the Jamestown Brick Church belfry. By 1700, brick doorways were becoming +transitional: a good example is that at "Ware Church" (perhaps 1715), +Gloucester County, which is flanked by brick pilasters and an arch +bounded by a shallow hood—the whole made up of rubbed or gauged brick.</p> + +<p>One of the most curious doorways of transitional vintage is the main +south entrance to "Yeocomico Church" (1706), Westmoreland County. The +door head consists of three brick arches in relief with stucco tympanums +or fillings. Of the three, the top arch rests upon the other two—much +in the manner that small arches cluster inside a large arch in some +English Gothic doorways. But the "Yeocomico" door has the flavor of +transitional experimentation.</p> + +<p>Apropos of this same "Yeocomico" church, the door itself is a heavy +battened door which is Tudor, and which is believed to have been taken +from an earlier church (1653) on the same site. At all events, the long +vertical panels on the exterior of the door are reminiscent of those at +"Christ's Cross," New Kent County, already described. But the +"Yeocomico" entrance has an additional medieval feature: a small door or +"wicket" within the big door—a feature common to buildings of the +Middle Ages abroad.</p> + +<p>Most early Virginia churches possessed parsonages, usually on the glebe +land and therefore known as "glebes." We have already cited, as an +example of the Transition, the "Abingdon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> Glebe House" (c. 1700), +Gloucester County, erected with balancing pavilion wings. Another +interesting glebe was specified in 1635 for erection on Old Plantation +Creek in Northampton County. Such a building appears to have been of the +"hall-and-parlor" variety with a chimney at each end and with a study +"outshut" and a buttery "outshut" off each chimney. On the front was an +"entry," the familiar little enclosed square porch, and at the rear were +a "Kitchinge" and a "Chamber." In size this parsonage was to be forty +feet by eighteen, and there were nine feet to the "wall plates," upon +which the rafters rested. One could almost make an accurate restoration +drawing of this glebe house from the description. But it must have been +typical of the minister's house of that day, and the building of a +"study" perhaps indicated that religion was then based on learning.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="big">v. <span class="smcap">State Houses and Other Public Buildings</span></span></p> + +<p>From the records we may learn of many kinds of public buildings, even +though their actual remains have disappeared above ground. We know, for +instance, of the Tavern or Ale-house (1660) of Thomas Woodhouse at +Jamestown, where at one time were made the laws of Virginia. We are +cognizant of the Eastern Shore tavern of 1697 where John Cole was +licensed to keep an "ordinary" and to retail liquors near the Court +House. We have heard of the "quartering house" of 1670 in Accomack +County, which was a kind of tourist home for one-night stop-overs. We +learn that there were many courthouses in seventeenth-century Virginia, +like that of 1690 in Northampton County, which is sketchily described as +having one exterior chimney and as being twenty-five feet long. Jails +there were, too, like the Westover Prison and Stocks of 1643, which were +probably constructed by Theoderick Bland. In Accomack there stood in +1674 a "logg'd" prison, fifteen feet by ten. At Westover, it may be +noted, was also a "Brew house."</p> + +<p>Also from the records we find mention of the Salt Works of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> 1676 owned +by Daniel and Anne Jenifer and of Darby's Grist Mill of 1668, both in +Accomack County; and of the Windmill of 1642 constructed jointly by John +Williams and Obedience Robins, "chirugion," in Northampton County.</p> + +<p>The Glass House or Factory of 1608 near Jamestown is one building which +we do know something about, because of excavations by the National Park +Service. It had originally a dirt floor about fifty feet by +thirty-seven—a large area. Upon this floor were built three crude stone +furnaces and a pot kiln. There was probably an open-walled timber +structure with a pitched roof over the large floor and with louvres for +the thick smoke to escape through the roof. There is not the slightest +evidence for the use of crucks in the present off-site reconstruction of +this great pile.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-079.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p class="caption">THE COUNTRY-LUDWELL-THIRD STATE HOUSE BLOCK<br/> +Author's reconstruction from +<i>Jamestown and St. Mary's</i> showing four residences and the first +American state house to be built specifically as a State House or +Capitol.</p> + +<p>When we take up the subject of State Houses, we have an excellent +example in the "Third State House" at Jamestown,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> which, as heretofore +noted, formed part of the "Country-Ludwell-State House" block of five +buildings a little up river from the Brick Church of 1647. Only the +foundations of the "Third State House" remain, but from them and from +the references in the Virginia records we know pretty much how the +edifice looked originally. And it is noted as the first structure in the +United States erected as a legislative seat.</p> + +<p>Built about 1662 and burned in 1676, the "Third State House" was a +medieval cross-house possessing close analogies to "Bacon's Castle" in +the general neighborhood, and it rose two full storeys and garret high. +There was no basement. The main façade, facing the south and the main +body of Jamestown, had a porch and porch chamber, and at the back was a +tower which held the stairway—an area which in that day was known as a +"Stair Case." In size, the stair tower was about the same as that of the +"Brick State House of 1676" in St. Mary's City, Maryland, a +cross-building which postdated the Virginia structure by only about +thirteen years.</p> + +<p>The interior of the "Third State House" must have been impressive. +Downstairs were a spacious waiting room and a Court House Room, in which +the Governor and his Council met and in which at times Provincial Courts +were held. Upstairs were another waiting room and the Assembly Hall or +House of Burgesses. The little porch chamber on the second floor was +used by His Majesty's Secretary of Virginia, until he was ordered to +work in the eastern garret.</p> + +<p>The four great rooms in this pile—two down and two up—had huge +fireplaces on their long sides. The downstairs fireplaces could burn +nine-foot logs. All the ceilings had girders and joists exposed.</p> + +<p>After the conflagration of 1676 set by Nathaniel Bacon, the building was +rebuilt (1685) on the same site, probably using what brick walls were +still standing, to become the "Fourth State House." It is believed that +in the rebuilding there was not much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> change in the design. But it was +only natural that some of the rooms should have new uses, so that we +find that the lower waiting room was fitted into a Secretary's Office by +placing a strong partition under the "second girder" and, because of +dampness, by raising the floor two feet up from the ground. To keep +persons from breaking in to steal the record books of the Colony in the +small storage room next to the Secretary's Office, the windows were +barred with iron and had board shutters half an inch thick, with +cross-bars.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-081.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>Virginia may well be proud of the design of this "Third State House" at +Jamestown, which has recently been the subject of a special restoration +study for the Commonwealth by this writer. That legislative seat, built +nearly three hundred years ago, was dignified, handsome, impressive, and +in fine scale. Through its portals passed in those days the chief +figures of the Dominion. Its mullioned and diamond-pane windows, its +pantile roof, and its porch and porch chamber gave the fabric a strong +medieval flavor.</p> + +<p>It is unfortunate that the "Fourth State House" burned on October 31, +1698, through an accident. What kind of an accident the records do not +state. Was it a faulty flue, an overturned sconce, or carelessness in +lighting a tobacco pipe? We shall probably never know. But the very next +year the early capital, Jamestown, which had flourished for ninety-two +years, was abandoned in favor of Middle Plantation, "nigh his Majesties +Royall Colledg of William and Mary."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>Three years before the destruction by fire of the "Fourth State House," +the foundation of the "Sir Christopher Wren Building" of William and +Mary College was laid down (1695). The shape of the great structure was +to have been a quadrangle in the best English tradition of the Middle +Ages. Colleges in Britain, as early as the 1200s, were in their general +equipment much like monastic establishments, grouped about an arcaded +cloister, and were halls of residence for communities of teachers and +students.</p> + +<p>But in Williamsburg the Wren Building was slow to get started, and has +in truth never been completed in the form of a rectangle. By 1705, the +year of the first fire, only the front façade and half of the north side +had been completed. Consequently, for all intents and purposes, the +edifice is an eighteenth-century structure, in spite of its earlier +foundation, and belongs more to Classic Williamsburg than to the former +era. In more than one respect it paved the way for the Virginia +Georgian.</p> + +<p>For all that, the style of the original building may be said to be +Transitional, with Georgian details, like modillions in the cornice. The +main façade, one hundred and thirty-six feet long, is distinguished by a +"break-front" or projecting bay on the center, crowned by a steeply +pitched gable—the motif being repeated on the courtyard side. According +to an old drawing of 1702 the entrance façade had in the center two +balconies, one above the other, over the great, arched, front doorway. +The hipped main roof is crowned by a "tower" or cupola.</p> + +<p>The arrangement of the main roof on the quadrangle side is unique: there +is on each side of the central gable a row of hipped roofs. In the early +days in Virginia there must have been many a building with a similar +row. It is possible that the "First State House" itself had three hips +contiguous to one another instead of the three gables which we have +drawn herein. At any rate, in order to see existing parallels one has to +visit the Bermudas, the Bahamas, or even Great Britain herself.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="huge">V</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="huge">THE RICH HERITAGE OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS</span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p>Although it is true that the vast majority of English buildings in +Virginia during the seventeenth century were simple and unadorned, +constructed by plain people, there was a large number of structures +which had ornate or costly details and exquisite furnishings. What is +known about these interesting features is still largely unknown to +Virginians, and it is the purpose of this chapter to make mention of +some of them.</p> + +<p>The richest details known to a seventeenth-century building in the Old +Dominion appear to have once upon a time decorated the ceiling of the +Great Hall of "William Sherwood's House," built about 1677-80 in +Jamestown. The dwelling was a small, brick, storey-and-garret residence +built on top of and across the foundation ruins of the old "Governor's +House," already described. Mr. Sherwood's Great Hall, seventeen feet by +sixteen in size, was rented in 1685 by the Government of Virginia and +used as a Council Room by His Majesty's Governor and Council.</p> + +<p>Now for the discovery. It was in the excavations of 1935 in Sherwood's +neat, brick basement, and in the area immediately surrounding that +cellar, that more than fifty thousand fragments of plaster were +retrieved. There are still some who do not believe that this plaster +work came from Sherwood's House; but like "Kilroy," this writer was +there and can vouch for its coming from Sherwood's. In fact we have +charts showing exactly where each important fragment of plaster was +found, and at what depth below the ground.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-084.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>At any rate, some of the plaster was colored or frescoed, and much of it +was moulded. There were two particular pieces of plaster with raised +letters upon them: on one the letters "VI,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> on the other the letter +"Y." What did they mean? This writer invited Mr. Singleton Moorehead, of +the Williamsburg Restoration, down to Jamestown Island to view the +letters, and he immediately identified them as belonging to the "Garter" +of the Royal Arms of Great Britain. In quoting what the Garter states, +we have underlined the Jamestown letters, thus: "HONI SOIT Q<span class="u">VI</span> MAL <span class="u">Y</span> +PENSE." Translated, the words mean, "Evil be to him who evil thinks." +There is no doubt that Mr. Moorehead was correct. The tail of the "Q" in +"Q<span class="u">VI</span>" showed plainly, and the blank space in front of the "<span class="u">Y</span>" indicated +that it was a letter by itself. But with the Garter in hand we could +identify the other important plaster finds—the masks, roses, leaves, +the lion, the hand-and-book, and the ribs, which ordinarily divide a +large plaster composition into separate panels—as part of the Royal +Coat of Arms.</p> + +<p>In England such a ceiling arrangement in plaster was called "pargetry" +and was a Tudor manner of decorating an important room. How appropriate +to find the Royal Arms of England in the room in Sherwood's which was +used by His Majesty's Governor and Council. That was one of the great +archaeological finds of America, and the translation of the inscription +one of the great interpretations.</p> + +<p>The important, widespread, and non-perishable building material of +tidewater was brick; and when we take up the subject of +seventeenth-century brickwork, we may still with justification hover +about the ruins of "William Sherwood's House" at Jamestown as a starting +point. It was there were found the largest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> and most varied collection +of rubbed or gauged brick in that capital city. By "gauging"—and we +have mentioned the term before in describing certain church +doorways,—we mean that the bricks have been cut and finished off by +rubbing upon a sandstone. In England by 1660, only about seventeen years +before Mr. Sherwood's home was erected, gauged bricks had become widely +popular. Such bricks were usually lighter in color than the +run-of-the-mill bricks, and were employed on cornices, belt or string +courses, quoins at the corners of buildings, and the heads and jambs of +openings. They dressed up an edifice in the eye of the +seventeenth-century beholder.</p> + +<p>Further, we know that in Britain one of the ways of decorating an +opening in a late medieval building was to put mouldings on jambs and +head of a doorway or of a window. Apropos of Sherwood's at Jamestown, +few of us, if any, know that his mansion possessed openings with <i>ovolo</i> +bricks—bricks rubbed and cut in an egg-shaped ornamental moulding.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus-085.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p>There seems little doubt that Virginians made bricks, even gauged +bricks, in their capital and did not bring them from England—popular +tradition to the contrary. Several brick kilns have been discovered at +Jamestown by the National Park Service. One was a well-preserved, square +brick kiln of about 1650, found with arched ovens and with some bricks +and tiles in place. The citizens of James City had no difficulty in +fabricating all the fancy and ornamental bricks or tiles which they +desired.</p> + +<p>Virginia brick of the seventeenth century was generally called English +brick or English <i>statute</i> brick, not because it was brought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> from +England—which it was not—but because its size was regulated by English +law. There was another kind of brick used at that time in Virginia, the +Dutch brick, made not by Hollanders but by Virginians and English, which +was a great deal smaller than the English brick. The Jamestown English +brick generally run 9" by 4¼" by 2¼" in size, but the Dutch brick, +yellow in color, average 6" by 2½" by 1½".</p> + +<p>In the realm of fireplaces, early Virginia had some ornate ones. Old +"Fairfield" (1692), Gloucester County, before its destruction, had a +mantelpiece of carved marble and some "linenfold" wainscoting. A +peculiarity of Gothic carved decoration, the linenfold design was +employed in oak panels in imitation of folded parchment or linen. +Sometimes in the Old Dominion a rich array of Dutch faïence tiles, five +inches square, decorated the sides of a fireplace, as in the "Double +House on the Land of the Reverend Hampton," already described. Those +tiles, called Dutch, but probably made in England in the Dutch manner, +have blue designs upon a milky white surface, and show human +figures—Dutchmen—throwing javelins, bowling, or playing games.</p> + +<p>In the field of wrought-iron work early Virginia was outstanding. Iron +was a common commodity, even as far back as 1610, when the Spanish spy, +Don Miguel, wrote from Jamestown to Spain that iron mines, and mines for +other metals, were being worked in Virginia. Then, in 1619, Sir Edwin +Sandys, Treasurer of the Virginia Company of London, sent one hundred +and fifty persons to Virginia to set up three iron works. Glassware, +too, was made as early as 1608, at the "Glass House" on Glass House +Point, near Jamestown, and was imported into England; but the fragile +nature of glass has caused it to endure less well than wrought-iron. +Probably much of the best quality ironwork was brought from England: we +have record, for instance, of Sir John Harvey in 1639 bringing with him +"iron wares to the value of upwards of £45."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>The wooden casement window, as well as that of wrought-iron, often gave +Virginians a chance to create beautiful and enriched designs. The little +metal casement taken from the ruin on the "John Washington Farm" of +about 1670 in Westmoreland County measures only 12¾" across and +18½" tall, yet it has a fairly ornate iron plate, punched and cut out +in an interesting design, over which is fastened a spring latch-bar, +also of a cut-out shape. A ring or pull through which a finger could be +slipped to twist a lever against the latch-bar to open the casement was +welded to the latch itself. When viewed from the interior of a room, the +ornamental fastener was especially effective silhouetted against the +light. There was no limit to the fanciful shapes and decorations of such +fasteners.</p> + +<p>The "First State House," which as we have already noted formed a group +of three row dwellings at Jamestown, had in its day probably as much +wealth of ornate ironwork as any other building in the Old Dominion. +From its ruins came a veritable mine of hardware of good quality, yet +rusted. A few specimens may be mentioned here: Cock's Head hinges—a +type of "H"-hinge with four heads, the pattern of which harks back to +Roman times; an ornamental cupboard latch-lock, made of wrought-iron and +steel, with a punched and lobed silhouette, a spring, a pull for +turning; and a bar delicately incised with diagonal grooves.</p> + +<p>Another bit of hardware from the "First State House" was a pair of +decorative cupboard latch-bars, with diagonal grooves, with +spear-and-ball terminations at one end and with "V"-shaped notches at +the other.</p> + +<p>An outstanding example of woodcarving is the folk Jacobean capital with +its heart shield and twin volutes at the dwelling, "Christ's Cross," in +New Kent. How many other wood sculptures of equal importance have been +lost in the almost clean sweep of seventeenth-century Virginia building?</p> + +<p>For all that, we know today that the Virginia domicile and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> edifice +sometimes possessed in its details and its decoration an elegance +scarcely yet realized in this country—an elegance for which it is +necessary to search England to find the proper sources and comparisons.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus-088.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p class="caption">MEDIEVAL DOOR AND FURNITURE HARDWARE FROM JAMESTOWN<br/> +Originally made for <i>Antiques Magazine</i>, this drawing shows a. +wrought-iron key; b. and i. Cock's Head hinges; c. door-pull escutcheon; +d. iron key; e. part of a strap-hinge; f. stock-lock main plate; g. +small brass cabinet hinge; h. brass keyhole escutcheon.</p> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="huge">VI</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="huge">EPILOGUE: WHAT HAPPENED TO THE SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY STYLES?</span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p>When over the fens and marshy slashes of Jamestown Island the eighteenth +century dawned in that year of 1700, there were two significant aspects +of Virginia architectural history which stand out clearly. Today the +first of these aspects is well known, but the second is known only to a +handful of persons. They are:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">1. The most important style of architecture of the eighteenth +century—the pseudo-classical Georgian—was about to make its entrée +upon the Virginia scene, with the building of the "Governor's +Palace," Williamsburg, begun in 1706.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">2. All the styles of architecture, both American Indian and English, +which flourished in the seventeenth century carried over—<i>hung +over</i>—into the eighteenth century, and even into the nineteenth +century.</p> + +<p>The Georgian Style, of course, was actually English Georgian—Georgian +of England—and in Virginia it prevailed from the 1710s to the 1780s—a +span of some seventy years. It ushered into the Old Dominion a rage for +ballrooms, such as that in the "Governor's Palace," theatres, tea +tables, and china. It marked the golden age of the great houses, like +"Marmion," "Stratford Hall," "Westover," and "Mt. Vernon."</p> + +<p>At the same time in Virginia there existed side by side with the +Georgian Style the following five styles of architecture, of which the +last four have been identified and named by this writer for convenience:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">1. The American Indian Style, which faded away probably in the first +quarter of the nineteenth century.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">2. The "Hangover" Medieval Style.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p> + +<p class="blockquot">3. The "Hangover" Jacobean Style.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">4. The Transitional Style, which, as we have seen, prevailed from +about 1680 to about 1730.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">5. The "Hangover" Transitional Style (after about 1730).</p> + +<p>In this way, like a mighty river the four main streams of Virginia +architecture in the seventeenth century—American Indian, Medieval, +Jacobean, and Transitional—flowed into the eighteenth, to be then +joined by the Georgian tributary.</p> + +<p>Furthermore, in the nineteenth century the men of tidewater Virginia who +put up the buildings in the false medieval style, the copybook, +birthday-cake Gothic known as the "Gothic Revival," were not aware of, +and took no cognizance of, the true medieval examples existing on their +very doorsteps—a "Thoroughgood House" here, a "St. Luke's Church" +there. That situation was one of the strange paradoxes of our +architectural history.</p> + +<p>A few of us in very recent years are just beginning to label those +English structures along tidewater which make up the bulk of Virginia +architecture in the seventeenth century by the correct name, +<i>Medieval</i>.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><span class="huge">SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY</span></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="hang">Ambler Manuscripts, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.</p> + +<p class="hang">"American Notes," C. E. Peterson, ed., <i>Journal of Society of +Architectural Historians</i>.</p> + +<p class="hang">Bruce, P. A., <i>Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century</i>. +N. Y. 1895. 2 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang">Bushnell, D. I., Jr., <i>Native Villages and Village Sites East of the +Mississippi</i>. Washington, D. C. 1919.</p> + +<p class="hang">Bushnell, D. I., Jr., <i>Virginia before Jamestown</i>. Washington, D. C. +1940.</p> + +<p class="hang">Caywood, L. R., <i>Excavations at Green Spring Plantation</i> (brochure). +Yorktown, Va. 1955.</p> + +<p class="hang">Forman, H. C., <i>The Architecture of the Old South</i>. Cambridge, Mass. +1948.</p> + +<p class="hang">Forman, H. C., "The Beginning of American Architecture," in <i>College Art +Journal</i>, vol. 6. no. 2. Winter, 1946.</p> + +<p class="hang">Forman, H. C., "The Bygone 'Subberbs of James Cittie,'" in <i>William and +Mary College Quarterly</i>, 2nd ser., vol. 20, no. 4. October, 1940.</p> + +<p class="hang">Forman. H. C., <i>Jamestown and St. Mary's: Buried Cities of Romance</i>. +Baltimore, 1938.</p> + +<p class="hang">Forman, H. C., "The Old Hardware of James Towne," in <i>Antiques +Magazine</i>, vol. 39, no. 1, January, 1941.</p> + +<p class="hang">Harrington, J. C., <i>Glassmaking at Jamestown</i>. Richmond, Va. 1952.</p> + +<p class="hang">Hatch, C. E., Jr., <i>The Oldest Legislative Assembly in America & its +First State House</i>. Washington, D. C. Revised, 1947.</p> + +<p class="hang">Historic American Buildings Survey. Library of Congress. Washington, D. +C.</p> + +<p class="hang">Gregory, G. C., "Jamestown—First Brick State House," in <i>Virginia +Magazine of History and Biography</i>, vol. 42, pp. 193-199. July 1935.</p> + +<p class="hang">Lewis, C. M., and Loomie, A. J., <i>The Spanish Jesuit Mission in +Virginia, 1570-1572</i>. Chapel Hill, N. C. 1955.</p> + +<p class="hang">Mason, G. C., <i>Colonial Churches of Tidewater Virginia</i>. Richmond, Va. +1945.</p> + +<p class="hang">Moorehead, S. P., "Christ's Cross," in <i>Virginia Magazine of History and +Biography</i>, vol. 43. January, 1935.</p> + +<p class="hang">Moorehead, S. P., "The Castle," in <i>Virginia Magazine of History and +Biography</i>, vol. 42. October, 1934.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p> + +<p class="hang">Stewart, T. D., "Excavating the Indian Village of Patawomeke," in +<i>Exploration and Field-Work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1938</i>. +Washington, D. C. 1939.</p> + +<p class="hang">Swem, E. G., <i>The Virginia Historical Index</i>. 2 volumes, Roanoke, Va. +1934-36.</p> + +<p class="hang">Waterman, T. T., <i>Domestic Colonial Architecture of Tidewater Virginia</i>. +N. Y. 1932.</p> + +<p class="hang">Whitelaw, R. T., <i>Virginia's Eastern Shore</i>. Richmond, Va. 1951. 2 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang">Yonge, S. H., <i>The Site of Old Jamestown, 1607-1698</i>. Richmond 1904.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="center"><span class="huge">INDEX</span></p> +<p> </p> +<p>Illustrations are lettered <a href="#Page_A">A</a>, <a href="#Page_B">B</a>, <a href="#Page_C">C</a>, <a href="#Page_D">D</a>, <a href="#Page_E">E</a>, <a href="#Page_F">F</a>, <a href="#Page_G">G</a>, <a href="#Page_H">H</a>, <a href="#Page_I">I</a>, and <a href="#Page_J">J</a>.</p> + + +<p> +Abingdon Glebe, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +Accohannocks, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /> +<br /> +Accomack Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Accowmacks, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /> +<br /> +Act of 1639, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of 1662, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Albemarle Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Alehouse, of Thomas Woodhouse, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Alford, John, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> +<br /> +Algonquian, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Allen, Arthur, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Ambler Manuscripts, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Anglo-Saxons, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> +<br /> +"Arches" (church), <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +Architectural details, heritage of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Architecture, American Indian, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dutch, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English styles of, in Va., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Georgian, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gothic Revival, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Hangover" Jacobean, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Hangover" Medieval, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Hangover" Transitional, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacobean, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">medieval, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Transitional, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> Indian Architecture, Medieval Style</span><br /> +<br /> +Arms, of Great Britain, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a><br /> +<br /> +Athens, Greece, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Ayres family, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Back Street, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Bacon, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Bacon's Castle, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Bagnio, Indian, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Baltimore, Lord, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +Bath houses, Indian, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Bathing, Indian, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Bay (unit), <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +Bedford Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Belmont, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Berkeley (plantation), <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> +<br /> +Berkeley, Sir William, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Bermudas, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +Bin House, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Bland, Theoderick, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Bond Castle (Md.), <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Bone-house, Indian, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Bowl, slipware, <a href="#Page_A">A</a><br /> +<br /> +Branding Iron, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Brick Church, Jamestown, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Brick construction, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Brick houses, half-and-half, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Bricklayer, first, in Va., <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Bricks, Dutch, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English statute, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ovolo, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Brickwork, black-diapered, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacobean, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mouse-tooth, <a href="#Page_E">E</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rubbed (gauged), <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">seventeenth-century, in Va., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Bridges (wharves), <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +Bridges, Indian, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Britain;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> England</span><br /> +<br /> +Brunswick Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> +<br /> +Bruton Church, Second, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Buildings, on a Virginia plantation, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">public, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Buttery (bottlery), <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Cairns, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Calvert, Cecilius, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +Camping stations, Indian, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Capitol, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Casement;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> Window</span><br /> +<br /> +"cats," <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +Ceiling, plastered, at Sherwood's, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Indians, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cell (aisle), <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Cellar, wine, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Ceremonial centers, Indian, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Chapels of ease, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Charleton, Stephen, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span><br /> +Chelsey, Richard, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Cherokees, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Chesapeake Bay, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Chew family, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a><br /> +<br /> +chimney, board, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"catted," <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pyramid, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">T-, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wooden (Welsh), <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Chimney-pent, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Chote (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Christ's Cross, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Church, Argall's, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Hog Island, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cruck, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">elements of medieval, in Va., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth City, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Hungars, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first, on Eastern Shore, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interiors, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord Delaware's, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Merchant's Hope, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">new in 1636, at Jamestown, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of 1607, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">palisaded, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poplar Spring, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Second Bruton, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Second Hungars, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Second Lynnhaven, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second, on Eastern Shore, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Second York, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">transitional, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ware, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yeocomico, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> Brick Church; St. Luke's Church.</span><br /> +<br /> +Claiborne, William, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Clapboards, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +Clough's tomb, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +Cock's Head hinge, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<br /> +Cole, John, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +College, William and Mary, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +Colonial style, a misnomer, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Colonnade, in Va., <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +Construction, English medieval, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +Cornice, medieval, in Va., <a href="#Page_D">D</a><br /> +<br /> +Corotoman, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Cottage Period, the, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> +<br /> +Cotton, Reverend, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Council Room, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Country house, development of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> Governor's House</span><br /> +<br /> +Country-Ludwell-State House block, Jamestown, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Court House, in Northampton Co., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Va., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Eastern Shore, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Room, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cross-house, the, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Crotchets;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> Cruck</span><br /> +<br /> +Cruck, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Curtain, the, in Va., <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Cuspings (gable), <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Dale, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Dancing Grounds, Indian, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Darby's Grist Mill, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Daubing;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> Wattles</span><br /> +<br /> +Decorated Style (window), <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Delaware, Lord, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Dome, gored, Indian, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Don Miguel (spy), <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Door, battened, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">earliest brick, in Va., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English Gothic, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">transitional church, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tudor, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wicket, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Double House, back of John White's Land, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on land of Reverend Thomas Hampton, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Duplex house, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Dutch brick, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">oven, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Dwelling, <i>see</i> House<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Early Cell type, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Eastern Shore, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Elizabeth (Queen), <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Elizabeth City, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Elizabethan Style of architecture, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> +<br /> +Empire, British, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +England, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +English arbor houses, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +English bond, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +English Gothic Style, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +English medieval construction, types of, employed by Indians, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +English statute bricks, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +English Tudor Style;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> Tudor Style</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Factory, Glass, of 1608, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfield, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Fences, Indian, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pale, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Park-pale," <a href="#Page_30">30</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fen's Point, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span><br /> +Finland, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Firebed, Indian, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Fireplace, back-to-back, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">diagonal, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hooded, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ornate, in Va., <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> +<br /> +First Hungars Church, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +First State House, Jamestown, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cellar plan of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fishing Creek, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +Flemish bond, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +Florida, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> +<br /> +Folsom points, in Va., <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort, at Dutch Gap, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Henrico, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Kent Island (Md.), <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Old Point Comfort, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the "Town," <a href="#Page_30">30;</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first, on Jamestown Island, <i>see</i> James Fort; Indian towns</span><br /> +<br /> +Foster's Castle, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Four Mile Tree (plantation), <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> +<br /> +Fourth State House, Jamestown, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +Fresco, at Jamestown, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Furnace, glass, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Furniture, Indian, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Gables, curvilinear, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crow-step, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Gallery, latticed, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Gardens, in Va., <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +Garret, the eastern, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Garter, plaster, at Jamestown, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Geometric Style (window), <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Georgia, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Georgian mansion, the, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> +<br /> +Georgian Style, in Va., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Glass House, of 1608, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Glass House Point, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Glassmaking, at Jamestown, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Glebes, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> Abingdon Glebe</span><br /> +<br /> +Gloucester Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Gothic arch, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +Gothic Revival, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Gothic Style of architecture, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> Medieval Style</span><br /> +<br /> +Governor, His Majesty's, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Governor's Castle (Md.), <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Governor's House, Jamestown, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">drawing of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Governor's Palace, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Great Plains, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Great Room;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> Hall</span><br /> +<br /> +"Greate Road, the," from Jamestown, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Green Spring, the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pre-Berkeley house at, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Gregory-Forman theory, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Guillotine window;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> Window</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Half-and-half work, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Half-timber work, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Hall (Great Hall, Great Room), <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Hall, Assembly, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Hall-and-parlor house, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Hampton (Va.), <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Hampton Court, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Hampton, Reverend Thomas, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Hardware, diagram of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distribution of, at Jamestown, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">drawing of door and furniture, from Jamestown, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">furniture, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Harmanson tract, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Harvey, Sir John, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Hearth, central, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Henrico, City of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Henrico Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Henry VIII, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Hog Island Church, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Hood, fireplace, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +"Hortyards," in Va., <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +House, ale, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arbor, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bath, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">beehive, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bin, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">brew, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cell, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"central-passage," <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">country, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cruck, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">double, in Va., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">double-parlor, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">earth, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"fair" or "English," <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first brick, in Va., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first pre-fabricated, in Va., <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"hall-and-parlor," <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hunting, Indian, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian "row," <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">May's, at Jamestown, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Burgesses, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">on land of Issac Watson, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on land of Thomas Hampton, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">medieval, one-bay, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">puncheoned, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pre-Berkeley, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"quartering," <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">row, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sherwood's, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the town, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">thatched, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">timber-framed, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">triplet, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">two rows of, at Jamestown, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">types of, in Va., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wheat, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> Cross house, Indian Architecture</span><br /> +<br /> +Hunting houses, Indian, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Huts, or booths, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Indian architecture, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">building methods on English, influence of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">council chamber, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">designs, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">houses, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hunting houses, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">landing, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plastered ceilings, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sculpture, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">towns, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribes, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> Mounds</span><br /> +<br /> +Ingle recess, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Ionic capital, at Athens, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Christ's Cross, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Iron, branding, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wrought-iron, in Va., <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Iroquoian, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Isle of Wight Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +Italy, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Jacobean capital, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enframements, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gable, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pediment, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoins, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">scrolls, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">style of architecture, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Jail, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> Prison</span><br /> +<br /> +James City;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> Jamestown</span><br /> +<br /> +James Fort, fire at, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">near Governor's House, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">painting of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plan of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shape of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">site of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></span><br /> +<br /> +James River, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Jamestown (James City), <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Jamestown Brick Church, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> Brick Church</span><br /> +<br /> +Jamestown Island, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Jamestown Museum, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> +<br /> +Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Jenifer, Daniel and Anne, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Jerkin (roof), <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Jesuits, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> +<br /> +Jones, Inigo, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Kecoughtan, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Keeling House, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Kiln, brick, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lime, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pottery, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></span><br /> +<br /> +King's Creek, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +King's House, Indian, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Kocher, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Lamb's tongue, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Lancaster Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Late Cell type, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Latrobe, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Linenfold, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Listening post, Indian, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Liscomb Park Chapel, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Littleton, Southey, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Log cabins, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +London, England, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unit floor plan in, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lunette window, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Malvern Hill, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Manahoac, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Marmion, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Maryland, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, G. C., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Massacre of 1622, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +May, Richard, house of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Mayflower, The</i>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> +<br /> +Medieval, Late;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> Tudor</span><br /> +<br /> +Medieval cottage in England, the, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Medieval Style of architecture, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Hangover," <a href="#Page_70">70</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Merchant's Hope Church, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Middle Plantation;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> Williamsburg</span><br /> +<br /> +Mill, Darby's Grist, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Mines, iron, in Va., <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span><br /> +Monocan, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Moorehead, S. P., <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Mortuary temples, Indian, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Mounds, burial, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">effigy, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">platform, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mt. Vernon, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +National Park Service, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +New England, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> +<br /> +New Kent Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +New Towne, at Jamestown, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Nogging, brick, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> +<br /> +Norfolk, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +North Carolina, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Northampton Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Nottaway town, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribe, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Old Brick Church;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> St. Luke's Church</span><br /> +<br /> +Old Plantation Creek, glebe at, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +One-bay dwelling, in Va., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Orange Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Orapaks (Va.), <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Orapaks Treasure House, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Orchard Run, Jamestown, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Ossuaries, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Outhouses, in Va., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Outshuts, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Ovens, Indian, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">English, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Oxford (England), <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Paint, in Va., <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +Painting of James Fort, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> +<br /> +Palaces, Indian, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Palisading (palisades), <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Palladio, Andrea, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +Pamunkey (Va.), <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian Reservation, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pantile, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_G">G</a><br /> +<br /> +Pargetry, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Pasbyhayes (suburb), <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Paski, town of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> +<br /> +Patawomeke (Potomac), village, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> +<br /> +Paths, Indian, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Peaks of Otter, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Piedmont, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Pilgrim Fathers, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +"Pinewoods," <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_E">E</a><br /> +<br /> +Plan, unit floor, in Va., <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Plantation, the, in Va., <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Plaster, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Sherwood's, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Plowden, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +Plymouth Rock, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Pocahontas, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Poplar Spring Church, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Porch chamber, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Porch, enclosed, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Portan (Powhatan) Bay, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Post and pan (wattle-and-daub), <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Pottery, Indian, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> +<br /> +Pottery kiln, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> Kiln</span><br /> +<br /> +Powhatan, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederacy, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Prince George Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Princess Anne Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Prison, log, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> Jail</span><br /> +<br /> +Pulpit, hexagonal, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wineglass, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Puncheoning, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Puncheons (quarters, punches), <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Pungoteague (brick) Church, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Quacasum House, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Quadrangle, the medieval, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +Quakers, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> +<br /> +Queen Anne, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Queen Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Raleigh, Sir Walter, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Rapidan River, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Renaissance architecture, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Renaissance, Early, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">High, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Restoration, Williamsburg, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Richardson House, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Richmond (Va.), <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Rivanna River, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Road, "Greate," <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Roanoke Fort (N. C.), <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Robins, Obedience, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Rogers, Will, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Rolfe, John, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span><br /> +Roman numerals, on timbers, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> +<br /> +Roofs, bark, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">board, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">catslide, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gambrel, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hinged, of Indians, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hip, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mansard, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pantile, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"pyramid," <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shingle tile, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"shingled" with dormers, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">slate, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sod, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">thatched, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wooden shingle, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Room, Court House, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">waiting, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Row houses, in London, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Jamestown, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Salt Works, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Sandys, Sir Edwin, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Sapponey (Va.), <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> +<br /> +Scaffolding, Indian, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Screen, rood, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hall, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sculpture, Indian, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">folk, at Christ's Cross, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Second Bruton Church, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Second Hungars Church, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +Second Lynnhaven Church, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Second York Church, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +Secretary of Va., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Secretary's Office, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Shenandoah River, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Sherwood's House, Jamestown, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_H">H</a><br /> +<br /> +Short, bricklayer in 1607, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Shutters, bark, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">board, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Siouan, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Sioux Indians, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Skipwith family, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, Capt. John, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith's Fort Plantation (Rolfe House), <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Soulbury (England), <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Southampton Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> +<br /> +Spain, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Spanish architecture, in Va., <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> +<br /> +Spanish settlement in Va., <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> +<br /> +Specifications, for church, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +St. Augustine (Fla.), <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> +<br /> +St. Luke's Church (Old Brick Church), <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +St. Mary's City (Md.), <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Stack, freestanding, <a href="#Page_B">B</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">diamond, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Stafford Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> +<br /> +Stair Case, the, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Stair tower, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Stairs, open-well, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">winding, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></span><br /> +<br /> +State House, First, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fourth, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Third, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></span><br /> +<br /> +State House, Brick, of 1676 (Md.), <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Storehouses, in Va., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> Bin House</span><br /> +<br /> +Strachey, William, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Stratford Hall, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Style, medieval, naming of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Styles, architectural;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> Architecture</span><br /> +<br /> +Surry Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Sweating house, Indian, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> Bath houses</span><br /> +<br /> +Sweet Hall, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_F">F</a><br /> +<br /> +Sword, from Jamestown, <a href="#Page_J">J</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Tavern, of John Cole, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>also see</i> Alehouse</span><br /> +<br /> +Temples, Indian, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Tennessee, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Tercentenary, Jamestown, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +Third State House, Jamestown, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Thoroughgood House, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Tiles, Delft, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">faïence, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shingle, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">square paving, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> Pantiles</span><br /> +<br /> +Timber-framing, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">diagram of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Tombs, in Jamestown Brick Church, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +Towers, church, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Towles Point, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Town House, of Cherokees, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Town houses, in Va., <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">stock sizes of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Towns, Indian, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Virginia, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Transitional, "Hangover," <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span><br /> +Transitional Style of architecture, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +Treasure House, at Orapaks, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Treasure houses, Indian, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Triplet house ("triplex"), <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Tudor Chimney stacks, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +Tudor Style of architecture, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Turnpikes (gates), <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Vann House (Ga.), <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Vaults, Indian, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roman, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Vernacular, the English, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Virginia Company of London, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Virginia Medieval architecture, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Walls, battlemented, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">palisaded, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">puncheoned, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">timber-framed, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wattled, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> House</span><br /> +<br /> +Warburton House (Pinewoods), <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_E">E</a><br /> +<br /> +Ware Church, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +Washington Farm, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Waterman, Thomas T., <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +Watson, Isaac, house on land of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Wattle-and-daub (wattling), <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +West Point (Va.), <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> +<br /> +Westminster Abbey, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Westmoreland Co. (Va.), <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Westover Prison, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Wharves, Indian, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">called "bridges," <a href="#Page_36">36</a></span><br /> +<br /> +White Hall (London), <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +White, John, house back of land of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Wigwam;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see</i> House</span><br /> +<br /> +William and Mary College, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +Williams, John, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Williamsburg (Va.), <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Williamsburg Restoration, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Windmill, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Window, barred, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">casement, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_I">I</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"guillotine" or sash, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lie-on-your-stomach, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lunette, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">paper, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pointed, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rose, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">traceried, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shutter, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sliding-panel, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Windsor Castle, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Wingfield, President, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Wishart House, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Woodhouse, Thomas, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Woods, Sam, plantation, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Wren Building, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Yeardley, Sir George, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Yeocomico Church, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +York River, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Yorkminster, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Yorktown, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Zaharov, John T., <a href="#Page_G">G</a><br /> +</p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="center"><span class="huge">TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:</span></p> + + +<p>Punctuation has been corrected without note.</p> + +<p>Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original.</p> + +<p>Obvious typographical errors have been corrected as follows:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Page 12: labyrinthin changed to labyrinthine</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Page 55: orginally changed to originally</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Page 69: ever changed to even</span></p> + +<p>Extensive research did not reveal that the copyright on this book was renewed.</p> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Virginia Architecture in the +Seventeenth Century, by Henry Chandlee Forman + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VIRGINIA ARCHITECTURE IN 17TH CENTURY *** + +***** This file should be named 37288-h.htm or 37288-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/2/8/37288/ + +Produced by Mark C. 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