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+Project Gutenberg's Stage-coach and Tavern Days, by Alice Morse Earle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Stage-coach and Tavern Days
+
+Author: Alice Morse Earle
+
+Release Date: August 30, 2011 [EBook #37272]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STAGE-COACH AND TAVERN DAYS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Stage-coach and Tavern Days
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Travel in the South in the Thirties. _Frontispiece._]
+
+
+
+
+  STAGE-COACH AND TAVERN DAYS
+
+
+  By ALICE MORSE EARLE
+
+  Author of _Home Life in Colonial Days_, _Child Life in
+  Colonial Days_, and other Social and Domestic
+  Histories of Colonial Times
+
+
+    "_Long ago, at the end of the route,
+  The stage pulled up, and the folks stepped out.
+  They have all passed under the tavern door--
+  The youth and his bride and the gray three-score.
+  Their eyes were weary with dust and gleam,
+  The day had gone like an empty dream.
+  Soft may they slumber, and trouble no more
+  For their eager journey, its jolt and roar,
+      In the old coach over the mountain._"
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+  THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
+  LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
+  1900
+
+  _All rights reserved_
+
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1900,
+  BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
+
+
+  _Norwood Press
+  J. S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith
+  Norwood, Mass., U.S.A._
+
+
+
+
+_TO MY HUSBAND HENRY EARLE_
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+  Chapter                                           Page
+
+      I. The Puritan Ordinary                          1
+
+     II. Old-time Taverns                             30
+
+    III. The Tavern Landlord                          62
+
+     IV. Tavern Fare and Tavern Ways                  76
+
+      V. Kill-devil and its Affines                  100
+
+     VI. Small Drink                                 121
+
+    VII. Signs and Symbols                           138
+
+   VIII. The Tavern in War                           170
+
+     IX. The Tavern Panorama                         194
+
+      X. From Path to Turnpike                       223
+
+     XI. Packhorse and Conestoga Wagon               241
+
+    XII. Early Stage-coaches and Other Vehicles      253
+
+   XIII. Two Stage Veterans of Massachusetts         291
+
+    XIV. A Staging Centre                            308
+
+     XV. The Stage-driver                            320
+
+    XVI. The Romance of the Road                     340
+
+   XVII. The Pains of Stage-coach Travel             361
+
+  XVIII. Knights of the Road                         373
+
+    XIX. Tavern Ghosts                               409
+
+
+
+
+List of Illustrations
+
+
+  Travel in the South in the Thirties. From painting
+  by Edward Lamson Henry, N.A.                          _Frontispiece_
+
+                                                                  Page
+
+  Ordinary at Duxbury, Mass.                                         3
+
+  Taproom Furnishings of an Old Ordinary. Owned by Miss
+  Elizabeth Nicholson, Providence, R. I.                             7
+
+  Oldest House in Easton, Mass.; once an Ordinary                   10
+
+  Leather Black-jack                                                14
+
+  Tavern Bill against East Church, Salem, Mass. Owned by
+  Essex Institute                                                   16
+
+  Taproom of Wayside Inn, Sudbury, Mass.                            19
+
+  Buckman Tavern, 1690, Lexington, Mass.                            23
+
+  Hound-handle Tavern Pitcher                                       26
+
+  Sign-board of Hayden Tavern, Essex, Conn. Owned by
+  Connecticut Historical Society                                    28
+
+  Indian Queen Tavern, Bladensburg, Md. From painting by
+  Edward Lamson Henry, N.A.                                _facing_ 32
+
+  Old Road House, Md.                                               34
+
+  Plate, City Hotel, N. Y., Staffordshire Ware                      38
+
+  Cato's House, N. Y. From an old print                             41
+
+  Washington Tavern, Westfield, Mass.                               43
+
+  Door Latch, Washington Tavern, Westfield, Mass.                   45
+
+  Wadsworth Inn, Hartford, Conn. Photographed by Mr. George
+  C. Atwell, Hartford, Conn.                                        47
+
+  Taproom, Wadsworth Inn, Hartford, Conn.                           51
+
+  Fountain Inn, Medford, Mass.                                      54
+
+  Sign-board of N. Mowry's Inn, Lime Rock, R. I. Owned by
+  Miss Elizabeth Nicholson, Providence, R. I.                       57
+
+  Pine-tree Tavern and Eagle Tavern, East Poultney, Vt.             59
+
+  Sign-board of Washington Hotel, Salem, Mass. Owned by
+  Essex Institute                                                   63
+
+  Sign-board of Hays' Tavern, West Brattleboro, Vt.                 65
+
+  Cooper Tavern, Arlington, Mass.                                   68
+
+  Travellers' Rest, Shelbyville, Ky., 1783                          71
+
+  Miller's Tavern, Lancaster, Penn.                                 73
+
+  Ellery Tavern, front, Gloucester, Mass.                           79
+
+  Ellery Tavern, lean-to, Gloucester, Mass.                         83
+
+  Bill of Cromwell's Head Tavern, Boston, Mass. Owned
+  by Mrs. H. M. Hunt, Kingston, R. I.                      _facing_ 86
+
+  Bill of Fare of City Hotel, Hartford, Conn. Owned by
+  Mr. George F. Ives, Danbury, Conn.                                89
+
+  Platter, Mendenhall Ferry and Tavern, Schuylkill River,
+  Penn. Owned by Miss Frances C. Morse, Worcester, Mass.            93
+
+  Collin's Tavern, Naugatuck, Conn. Photographed by Mr.
+  George C. Atwell, Hartford, Conn.                                 97
+
+  Old Rum Bottles                                                  102
+
+  Burgoyne Tavern, Westfield, Mass.                                106
+
+  Tavern Pitcher, Happy Farmer, Crouch Ware                        109
+
+  Flip Glasses, Loggerhead and Toddy Stick. Owned by
+  Pocumtuck Valley Historical Association                          110
+
+  Porcelain Monteith Bowl, 1700                                    115
+
+  Punch Bowl, bearing Insignia of Order of the Cincinnati,
+  Chinese Ware                                                     117
+
+  Sign-board of Amherst Hotel, Amherst, Mass. From History
+  of Amherst                                                       123
+
+  Eagle Tavern and Sign-board, Newton, N. H.                       126
+
+  Cider Pitcher and Cups, Copper Lustre Ware                       129
+
+  Parsons' Tavern, Springfield, Mass.                              131
+
+  Toby Fillpots, Staffordshire Ware. Owned by Miss Frances
+  C. Morse, Worcester, Mass.                                       134
+
+  Flip Glasses and Nutmeg Holders. Owned by Miss Frances
+  C. Morse, Worcester, Mass.                                       136
+
+  Sign-board, Stratton Tavern, Northfield Farms, Mass. Owned
+  by Pocumtuck Valley Historical Association                       140
+
+  Sign-board, Three Crowns Tavern, Salisbury, Lancaster
+  County, Penn. Painted by Benjamin West                           143
+
+  Browne's Hall, Danvers, Mass.                                    145
+
+  Hat Tavern and Sign-board, Leacock Township, Lancaster
+  County, Penn. Sign-board painted by Benjamin West                147
+
+  Sign-board, Bissell's Tavern, East Windsor, Conn. Owned
+  by Miss Emma B. King, Indianapolis, Ind.                         151
+
+  Sign-board, Reverse Side, Bissell's Tavern, East Windsor,
+  Conn. Owned by Miss Emma B. King, Indianapolis, Ind.             153
+
+  Sign-board of William Pitt Tavern, Lancaster, Penn.              156
+
+  Sign-board, Doolittle Tavern                                     158
+
+  Sign-board, "A Man loaded with Mischief," London, Eng.
+  Painted by Hogarth                                      _facing_ 160
+
+  Sign-board of Walker's Tavern, Charlestown, N. H. Owned
+  by Worcester Society of Antiquity                                162
+
+  Drawing for Ames Sign-board, Dedham, Mass.                       165
+
+  Buck Horn Tavern, N. Y., 1812. From an old print                 168
+
+  Old North Bridge, Concord, Mass.                        _facing_ 172
+
+  Boston Liberty Tree and Tavern. From an old print                174
+
+  Stavers Inn, Portsmouth, N. H.                                   176
+
+  Handbill of Wolfe Tavern, Newburyport, Mass.            _facing_ 178
+
+  Sign-board of Wolfe Tavern, Newburyport, Mass.                   180
+
+  Hancock Tavern, Boston, Mass.                                    182
+
+  Sam Fraunces. From original drawing. Owned by Mrs. A.
+  Livingstone Mason, Newport, R. I.                                184
+
+  Green Dragon Tavern, Boston, Mass. From an old print             187
+
+  Conkey Tavern, Pelham, Mass. From History of Pelham     _facing_ 188
+
+  Sign-board of Conkey Tavern. From History of Pelham              190
+
+  Naval Pitcher, Liverpool Ware                                    192
+
+  Washington Tavern, North Wilbraham, Mass.                        196
+
+  Black Horse Tavern, Salem, Mass.                                 199
+
+  Sign-board, Stickney Tavern, Concord, N. H. Owned by New
+  Hampshire Historical Society                                     203
+
+  Sign-board of Keeler's Tavern, Ridgefield, Conn.                 205
+
+  Plate, Nahant Hotel, Staffordshire Ware                          206
+
+  Sign-board of Wolfe Tavern, Brooklyn, Conn. Owned by
+  Connecticut Historical Society                                   211
+
+  Postlethwaite's Tavern, Lancaster County, Penn.                  214
+
+  Sign-board of Pembroke Tavern, Plymouth Turnpike, Mass.
+  Owned by Bostonian Society                                       217
+
+  Map Pitcher, Liverpool Ware                                      220
+
+  Waiting at the Ferry. Painted by Edward Lamson Henry,
+  N.A.                                                    _facing_ 226
+
+  Old Chain Bridge, Newburyport, Mass.                    _facing_ 230
+
+  Bridge Toll-board. Owned by Mr. A. G. Richmond,
+  Canajoharie, N. Y.                                               233
+
+  Megunticook Turnpike                                             235
+
+  Advertisement of Mail-stage                                      236
+
+  Bridge Sign-board. Owned by Bucks County Historical
+  Society                                                          239
+
+  A Wayside Friend, North Conway, N. H. From photograph
+  by T. E. M. and G. H. White                             _facing_ 242
+
+  Conestoga Wagon. Photographed from an old wagon         _facing_ 246
+
+  Stage Wagons. From print in an old English story book            251
+
+  English Coach, 1747. From a painting by Hogarth                  254
+
+  Quicksilver Royal Mail, 1835, London, Eng. From an old
+  print                                                   _facing_ 256
+
+  "One Hoss Shay"                                         _facing_ 258
+
+  "Washington" Chariot. Owned by Misses Francis, Spring
+  Green Farm, Warwick, R. I.                                       259
+
+  Advertisement of Stage Lines. From first issue of New
+  York _Commercial Advertiser_, 1797                               261
+
+  Stage-coach of 1818. From an old print                           264
+
+  Stage-coach of 1828. From an old print                           265
+
+  Concord Coach, built in 1863. Owned by "Buffalo Bill"            266
+
+  Concord Coach at Toll-gate. From photograph owned by
+  Major Lewis Downing, Jr., Concord, N. H.                _facing_ 268
+
+  Advertisement of Pioneer Line Stage-coaches                      278
+
+  The Omnibus "Accommodation" between Springfield and
+  Chicopee Falls, 1843                                             273
+
+  Notice of Post-rider, 1799                                       276
+
+  Old Mail-coach and Sign-board, Barre, Mass., 1840                280
+
+  Pitcher, Quincy Railway, Staffordshire Ware                      284
+
+  Veazie Railway, Bangor, Me. From an old print                    286
+
+  The Arrival of the Train. From a painting by Edward
+  Lamson Henry, N.A.                                      _facing_ 288
+
+  Uncle Ame Morris's Oxen serving as Locomotive. From
+  an old print                                                     289
+
+  Pease Tavern, Shrewsbury, Mass.                                  292
+
+  Old Arcade, Shrewsbury, Mass.                                    294
+
+  Harrington Tavern, Shrewsbury, Mass.                             299
+
+  Balch Tavern, Shrewsbury, Mass.                                  301
+
+  Advertisement of Ginery Twichell's Stage Lines. Owned
+  by American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass.       _facing_ 304
+
+  Ginery Twichell's Ride. From drawing owned by Mr.
+  Frederick A. Currier, Fitchburg, Mass.                           306
+
+  Sign-board of Tarleton Inn, Piermont, Cohos Turnpike,
+  N. H. Owned by Mr. Amos Tarleton, Haverhill, N. H.               310
+
+  Sign-board, Reverse, of Tarleton Inn, Piermont, N. H.
+  Owned by Mr. Amos Tarleton, Haverhill, N. H.                     312
+
+  Bliss's Tavern, Haverhill, N. H.                                 314
+
+  Old Sleigh with Double Dashboard                                 316
+
+  Old Passenger Pung                                               318
+
+  Relay House, Dorchester, Mass.                                   321
+
+  The Relay. From painting by Edward Lamson Henry, N.A.   _facing_ 324
+
+  View of Middletown, Conn. From an old print                      327
+
+  Deerhide and Pigskin Trunks                                      331
+
+  Old Carpet Bag. Owned by Mrs. Voice Adams Beecher,
+  Brooklyn, N. Y.                                                  333
+
+  Sign-board of David Reed's Tavern, Bedford, Mass. Owned
+  by Concord Antiquarian Society                                   337
+
+  Midsummer along the Pike                                _facing_ 344
+
+  A Vista of White Birches                                         346
+
+  The Hollyhock's Promise                                          348
+
+  The Cool Depths of the Pine Woods. From photograph by
+  T. E. M. and G. H. White                                _facing_ 348
+
+  Taylor's Tavern, 1777, Danbury, Conn.                            350
+
+  M. M. Taylor's Milestone, Danbury, Conn.                         351
+
+  Peleg Arnold's Milestone, Woonsocket, R. I. From
+  photograph by Mr. Edward Field, Providence, R. I.                352
+
+  The Watering Trough                                              355
+
+  Topsfield Bridge, 1760. Ipswich River, Mass.                     357
+
+  The Shadowy Water under the Arches. From photograph
+  by T. E. M. and G. H. White                             _facing_ 358
+
+  Winter Stage, Dalton, Mass.                             _facing_ 362
+
+  Winter Stage, Chepachet. From photograph by Mr. Edward
+  Field, Providence, R. I.                                         364
+
+  Advertisements of Carriages and Wagons. From
+  Connecticut _Journal_, July 3, 1815                     _facing_ 368
+
+  A Wet Start at Daybreak. From a painting by Edward
+  Lamson Henry, N.A.                                      _facing_ 370
+
+  The Wayside Inn, Sudbury, Mass.                         _facing_ 372
+
+  Sign-board, Perkins Inn, Hopkinton, N. H. Owned by
+  Mr. E. R. Guerin, Hopkinton, N. H.                               375
+
+  Russel Tavern, Arlington, Mass.                                  379
+
+  Sign-board of Gifford's Tavern, Barrington, R. I. Owned
+  by Mrs. Gifford, Bristol, R. I.                                  381
+
+  Sign-board of Wells Tavern, Greenfield Meadows, Mass.
+  Owned by Pocumtuck Valley Historical Association                 382
+
+  Mattapan Tavern, Relay House                                     389
+
+  Wilde Tavern, Milton, Mass., 1770                                391
+
+  Ashburnham Thief Detecting Society. Handbill Heading             393
+
+  Sign-board of Humphrey Williams Tavern, Centrebrook,
+  Conn. Owned by Mr. George F. Ives, Danbury, Conn.                396
+
+  Sign-board, Reverse, of Humphrey Williams Tavern,
+  Centrebrook, Conn. Owned by Mr. George F. Ives,
+  Danbury, Conn.                                                   400
+
+  Poor Tavern and Sign-board, Newburyport, Mass.                   405
+
+  Monroe Tavern, Lexington, Mass.                         _facing_ 406
+
+  Sign-board, Dewey Tavern                                         411
+
+  Sign-board, Cutter's Tavern, Jaffray, N. H. Owned by
+  Mrs. Anna Cutter Roberts, Roxbury, Mass.                         412
+
+  Banjo Clock, with Painting of Pahquoique House on Glass
+  Door. Owned by Mr. George F. Ives, Danbury, Conn.                414
+
+  Wright Tavern, Concord, Mass.                                    417
+
+  Sign-board of Moses Hill's Inn, Douglas, Mass.                   419
+
+  Sign-board of John Nash's Tavern, Amherst, Mass. From
+  History of Amherst                                               421
+
+  Montague City Tavern                                             425
+
+  Old Abbey, Bloomingdale Road, New York                           428
+
+  After the Shower. From painting by Edward Lamson
+  Henry, N. A.                                            _facing_ 430
+
+  Tavern Pitcher, Apotheosis of Washington. Liverpool Ware         430
+
+  Sign-board of Grosvenor Inn, Pomfret, Conn.                      432
+
+  The Parting of the Ways, Dublin, N. H.                  _facing_ 434
+
+
+
+
+Stage-coach and Tavern Days
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE PURITAN ORDINARY
+
+
+In reverent and affectionate retrospective view of the influences and
+conditions which had power and made mark upon the settlement of New
+England, we are apt to affirm with earnest sentiment that religion was the
+one force, the one aim, the one thought, of the lives of our forbears. It
+was indeed an ever present thought and influence in their lives; but they
+possessed another trait which is as evident in their records as their
+piety, and which adds an element of human interest to their story which
+their stern Puritanism never could have done; with them their
+neighborliness, was as ever present and as sincere as their godliness.
+Hence the establishment of an hostelry,--an ordinary it was usually
+called,--for the entertainment of travellers and for the mutual comfort of
+the settlers, was scarcely second to their providing a gathering-place for
+the church.
+
+The General Court of Massachusetts at an early date took decisive measures
+with regard to houses of common entertainment. No one was permitted to
+keep without license "a common victuallyng house," under a penalty of
+twenty shillings a week. Soon the power of granting licenses was
+transferred to the County Courts, as the constant increase in the number
+of ordinaries made too constant detailed work for so important a body as
+the General Court.
+
+Consideration for the welfare of travellers, and a desire to regulate the
+sale of intoxicating liquors, seemed to the magistrates important enough
+reasons not only to counsel but to enforce the opening of some kind of a
+public house in each community, and in 1656 the General Court of
+Massachusetts made towns liable to a fine for not sustaining an ordinary.
+Towns were fined and admonished for not conforming to this law; Concord,
+Massachusetts, was one of the number. The Colonial Records of Connecticut,
+in 1644, ordered "one sufficient inhabitant" in each town to keep an
+ordinary, since "strangers were straitened" for want of entertainment. A
+frequent and natural choice of location for establishing an ordinary was
+at a ferry. Tristram Coffyn kept both ferry and ordinary at Newbury,
+Massachusetts; there was an ordinary at Beverly Ferry, known until 1819 as
+the "Old Ferry Tavern."
+
+Great inducements were offered to persons to keep an ordinary; sometimes
+land was granted them, or pasturage for their cattle, or exemption from
+church rates and school taxes. In 1682, Hugh March, of Newbury,
+Massachusetts, petitioned for a renewal of his license to keep an
+ordinary, saying thus: "The town of Newbury, some years since, were
+destitute of an ordinary, and could not persuade any person to keep it.
+For want of an ordinary they were twice fined by the county, and would
+have been a third time had I not undertaken it." In 1668 the town had
+persuaded one Captain White to "undertake an ordinary" on high moral
+grounds; and it is painful to record that, though he did so unwillingly,
+he found the occupation so profitable that he finally got into disgrace
+through it.
+
+
+[Illustration: Ordinary at Duxbury, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+The early taverns were not opened wholly for the convenience of
+travellers; they were for the comfort of the townspeople, for the
+interchange of news and opinions, the sale of solacing liquors, and the
+incidental sociability; in fact, the importance of the tavern to its local
+neighbors was far greater than to travellers. There were many restrictions
+upon the entertainment of unknown strangers. The landlord had to give the
+name of all such strangers to the selectmen, who could, if they deemed
+them detrimental or likely to become a charge upon the community, warn
+them out of the town. The old town records are full of such warnings, some
+of them most amusing. Nor could the landlord "knowingly harbor in house,
+barn, or stable, any rogues, vagabonds, thieves, sturdy beggars,
+masterless men or women." Our ancestors were kindly neighbors to godly
+folk, but sternly intolerant of wrong-doers, or even of those suspected of
+wrong.
+
+We cannot wonder that citizens did not seek to become ordinary-keepers
+when we learn how they were hampered, or how the magistrates tried to
+hamper them. They were at one time not to be permitted to sell "sack or
+strong waters," nor have any dancing or singing within their walls. No
+games could be played in their precincts. They were even hindered in the
+selling of cakes and buns. Innholders and victuallers were prohibited the
+brewing of beer, but that soon had to be revoked. The price and quality of
+beer was constantly being established by law and as constantly changed. In
+1634 the Court set the price of a single meal at sixpence, and not above a
+penny for an ale-quart of beer out of meal time. Then, a little later, the
+landlords were forbidden to change more than twelve pence for a meal; and
+they were ordered to furnish meals to "pore people," as simply as called
+for.
+
+One Richard Cluffe, in an utterance which sounds like the voice of
+Shakespeare's clown, exclaimed at a mean meal served to him, "What! shall
+I pay twelve pence for the fragments which the grand jury roages have
+left?" The majesty of the law could not thus be attacked in Massachusetts
+in the year 1640. Three pounds six shillings and eight pence did Cluffe
+pay for his rash and angry words--truly a costly dinner.
+
+The ordinary called The Anchor, at Lynn, was kept by one Joseph Armitage.
+Being a halfway house between Boston and Salem, the magistrates made it
+their stopping-place on their various trips from court to court. The
+accounts of this ordinary are still preserved. Governor Endicott's bills
+for "vitals, beare, and logen," for "bear and caeks," were paid by the
+Auditor. Governor Bradstreet had "beare and wyne." The succeeding landlord
+of this ordinary was described by John Dunton in 1686 as a hearty,
+talkative, fine old gentleman, one of Oliver Cromwell's soldiers. Dunton
+had at The Anchor a good fowl and a bottle of sack, instead of the beer
+and cakes of the abstemious Puritan governor.
+
+The "Sports of the Innyard" were sternly frowned upon by Puritan
+magistrates. Among the games which were named as forbidden in the
+ordinaries were "carding," dicing, tally, bowls, billiards, slidegroat,
+shuffle-board, quoits, loggets, ninepins. After a time shuffle-board and
+bowls were tolerated in private houses, though not deemed reputable at the
+ordinary.
+
+The Puritan ordinary saw some wedding scenes, and apparently some
+tentatively gay scenes, since in 1631 the magistrates of Massachusetts
+Bay, in "consequence of some miscarriages at weddings" which had been
+held in an ordinary, passed a law prohibiting dancing on such occasions in
+public houses.
+
+Lord Ley lodged at the Boston ordinary in 1637; and when Governor Winthrop
+urged him to come to his home from the inn, his lordship declined, saying
+that the house where he was staying was so well ordered that he could be
+as private there as elsewhere.
+
+In the towns a night-watch was soon instituted, and the instructions given
+by the Boston magistrates smack strongly of Dogberry's famous charge.
+Their number each night was eight; they were "to walk two by two together,
+a youth joined to an older and more sober person." Lights had to be
+out,--or hidden,--especially in the ordinaries. "If they see lights, to
+inquire if there be warrantable cause; and if they hear any noise or
+disorder, wisely to demand the reason; if they are dancing and singing
+vainly, to admonish them to cease; if they do not discontinue after
+moderate admonition, then the constable to take their names and acquaint
+the authorities therewith. If they find young men and maidens, not of
+known fidelity, walking after ten o'clock, modestly to demand the cause,
+and if they appear ill-minded, to watch them narrowly, command them to go
+to their lodgings, and if they refuse then to secure them till morning."
+In 1663 Josselyn found that young sparks walking with their sweet-hearts,
+or "Marmalet-Madams" as he called them, had to go home at nine o'clock.
+
+Constant and strenuous efforts were made from earliest days to prevent
+drunkenness and all tavern disorders. As early as 1637 complaints had been
+made that "much drunkenness, waste of the good creatures of God, mispense
+of time, and other disorders" had taken place at the ordinaries. Frequent
+laws were made about selling liquor to the "devilish bloudy salvages," and
+many were the arrests and fines and punishments therefor.
+
+
+[Illustration: Taproom Furnishings of an Old Ordinary.]
+
+
+Landlords were forbidden by the Court in 1645 "to suffer anyone to be
+drunk or drink excessively, or continue tippling above the space of half
+an hour in any of their said houses under penalty of 5_s._ for every such
+offence suffered; and every person found drunk in the said houses or
+elsewhere shall forfeit 10_s._; and for every excessive drinking he shall
+forfeit 3_s._ 4_d._; for sitting idle and continuing drinking above half
+an hour, 2_s._ 6_d._; and it is declared to be excessive drinking of wine
+when above half a pint of wine is allowed at one time to one person to
+drink: provided that it shall be lawful for any strangers, or lodgers, or
+any person or persons, in an orderly way to continue in such houses of
+common entertainment during meal times or upon lawful business, what time
+their occasions shall require."
+
+Drunkards were severely punished by being thrust into the bilboes, set in
+the stocks, and whipped. In 1632 one "James Woodward shalbe sett in the
+bilbowes for being drunke at New-Towne." Robert Wright was fined twenty
+shillings and ordered to sit in the stocks an hour for being "twice
+distempered in drink." On September 3, 1633, in Boston:--
+
+    "Robert Coles was fyned ten shillings and enjoynd to stand with a
+    white sheet of paper on his back, whereon Drunkard shalbe written in
+    great lres, and to stand therewith soe long as the Court find meet,
+    for abusing himself shamefully with drinke."
+
+This did not reform Robert Coles, for a year later his badge of disgrace
+was made permanent:--
+
+    "Robert Coles for drunkenness by him committed at Rocksbury shalbe
+    disfranchizd, weare about his neck, and so to hang upon his outwd
+    garment a D. made of redd cloth & sett upon white: to continyu this
+    for a yeare, & not to have it off any time hee comes among company,
+    Vnder the penalty of xl _s._ for the first offence, and 5 £ for the
+    second, and afterward to be punished by the Court as they think meet:
+    also _hee is to wear the D outwards_."
+
+It might be inferred from the clause I have italicized that the Puritan
+drunkard was not without guile, and that some had worn the scarlet letter
+and hidden it from public view as skilfully as the moral brand is often
+hidden from public knowledge to-day. Women, also, were punished severely
+for "intemperate drinking from one ordinary to another," but such examples
+were rare.
+
+Lists of names of common drunkards were given to landlords in some towns
+(among them New Castle, New Hampshire), and landlords were warned not to
+sell liquor to them. Licenses were removed and fines imposed on those who
+did not heed the warning.
+
+The tithing-man, that amusing but most bumptious public functionary of
+colonial times, was at first the official appointed to spy specially upon
+the ordinaries. He inspected these houses, made complaint of any disorders
+he discovered, and gave in to the constable the names of idle drinkers and
+gamers. He warned the keepers of public houses to sell no more liquor to
+any whom he fancied had been tippling too freely. John Josselyn, an
+English visitor in Boston in 1663, complained bitterly thus:--
+
+    "At houses of entertainment into which a stranger went, he was
+    presently followed by one appointed to that office, who would thrust
+    himself into the company uninvited, and if he called for more drink
+    than the officer thought in his judgement he could soberly bear away,
+    he would presently countermand it, and appoint the proportion, beyond
+    which he could not get one drop."
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Tavern at Easton, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+Now that certainly was trying. Nor could it have been agreeable to
+would-be cheerful frequenters of Greyhound Tavern, in Roxbury, to have
+godly Parson Danforth, when he saw from his study windows any neighbors or
+strangers lingering within the tavern doors, come sallying forth from his
+house across the way, and walk sternly into their company, and, as he
+said, "chide them away." Patient must have been the Greyhound's landlord
+to have stood such pious meddling and hindrance to trade.
+
+Governor Winthrop gives an account of the exploits of a Boston constable
+in 1644, which shows the restraint held over a lodger in a Boston ordinary
+at that date.
+
+    "There fell out a troublesome business in Boston. An English sailor
+    happened to be drunk and was carried to his lodging; and the
+    Constable (a Godly man and much zealous against such disorders)
+    hearing of it, found him out, being upon his bed asleep; so he awaked
+    him, and led him to the stocks, no magistrate being at home. He being
+    left in the stocks, some one of La Tours French gentlemen visitors in
+    Boston lifted up the stocks and let him out. The Constable hearing of
+    it, went to the Frenchman (being then gone and quiet) and would needs
+    carry _him_ to the stocks. The Frenchman offered to yield himself to
+    go to prison but the Constable, not understanding his language,
+    pressed him to go to the stocks. The Frenchman resisted and drew his
+    sword. With that company came in and disarmed him, and carried him by
+    force to the stocks, but soon after the Constable took him out and
+    carried him to prison."
+
+Winthrop gravely enumerates the faults of the constable, such as his
+"transgressing the bounds of his office, the fruits of ignorant and
+misguided zeal, not putting a hook on the stocks," etc., and the matter
+bade fair to assume some gravity, since it was deemed in France "most
+ignominious to be laid in the stocks." Yet Winthrop took care not to
+rebuke the Constable in public lest he "discourage and discountenance an
+honest officer."
+
+It has been said that the homely injunction "to mind your own business"
+was the most difficult lesson New Englanders ever had to learn, and that
+even now it has been acquired and practised in the cities only, not in the
+country.
+
+Administration of government in those days certainly consisted much of
+meddlesome interference in the private affairs of daily life. Experience
+has since taught that the free-will of the citizen is the best regulator
+in such matters.
+
+It is one of the curiosities of old-time legislation that the use of
+tobacco was in earliest colonial days plainly regarded by the magistrates
+and elders as far more sinful, degrading, and harmful than indulgence in
+intoxicating liquors. Both the use and the planting of it were forbidden,
+the latter being permitted in small quantities "for meere necessitie, for
+phisick, for preservaceon of the health, and that the same be taken
+privately by auncient men." Landlords were ordered not to "suffer any
+tobacco to be taken into their houses" on penalty of a fine to the
+"victualler," and another to "the party that takes it." The "Creature
+called Tobacko" seemed to have an immortal life. The laws were constantly
+altered and were enforced, still tobacco was grown and was smoked. Soon it
+was forbidden to "take tobacco in any wine or common victual house, except
+in a private room there, so as the master of said house nor any guest
+there shall take offense thereat; which, if any do, the said person shall
+forbear upon pain of two shillings sixpence for every such offense." No
+one could take tobacco "publicquely" nor in his own house or anywhere else
+before strangers. Two men were forbidden to smoke together. Windsor
+required a physician's certificate ere it could be used. No one could
+smoke within two miles of the meeting-house on the Sabbath day. There were
+wicked backsliders who were caught smoking around the corner of the
+meeting-house, and others on the street, and they were fined, and set in
+the stocks, and in cages. Until within a few years there were New England
+towns where tobacco-smoking was prohibited on the streets, and innocent
+cigar-loving travellers were astounded at being requested to cease
+smoking. Mr. Drake wrote in 1886 that he knew men, then living, who had
+had to plead guilty or not guilty in a Boston police court for smoking in
+the streets of Boston. In Connecticut in early days a great indulgence was
+permitted to travellers--a man could smoke once during a journey of ten
+miles.
+
+The relationship of tavern and meeting-house in New England did not end
+with their simultaneous establishment; they continued the most friendly
+neighbors. And so long as a public house was commonly known as an
+ordinary, those who were high in church counsels looked sharply to the
+control of these houses of sojourn. The minister and tithing-man were
+aided in their spying and their chiding by deacons, elders, and church
+members.
+
+Usually the ordinary and the meeting-house were close companions. Licenses
+to keep houses of entertainment were granted with the condition that the
+tavern must be near the meeting-house--a keen contrast to our present laws
+prohibiting the sale of liquor within a certain distance of any church. A
+Boston ordinary-keeper, in 1651, was granted permission to keep a house of
+common entertainment "provided hee keepe it neare the new meeting-house."
+
+
+[Illustration: Leather Black-jack.]
+
+
+Those who know of the old-time meeting-house can fully comprehend the
+desire of the colonists to have a tavern near at hand, especially during
+the winter services. Through autumn rains, and winter frosts and snows,
+and fierce northwesters, the poorly-built meeting-house stood unheated,
+growing more damp, more icy, more deadly, with each succeeding week. Women
+cowered, shivering, half-frozen, over the feeble heat of a metal
+foot-stove as the long sermon dragged on and the few coals became ashes.
+Men stamped their feet and swung their arms in the vain attempt to warm
+the blood. Gladly and eagerly did all troop from the gloomy meeting-house
+to the cheerful tavern to thaw out before the afternoon service, and to
+warm up before the ride or walk home in the late afternoon. It was a
+scandal in many a town that godly church-members partook too freely of
+tavern cheer at the nooning; the only wonder is that the entire
+congregation did not succumb in a body to the potent flip and toddy of the
+tavern-keeper.
+
+In midsummer the hot sun beat down on the meeting-house roof, and the
+burning rays poured in the unshaded windows. The taproom of the tavern and
+the green trees in its dooryard offered a pleasant shade to tired
+church-goers, and its well-sweep afforded a grateful drink to those who
+turned not to the taproom.
+
+There are ever backsliders in all church communities; many walked into the
+ordinary door instead of up the church "alley." The chimney seat of the
+inn was more comfortable than the narrow seat of the "pue." The General
+Court of Massachusetts passed a law requiring all innkeepers within a mile
+of any meeting-house, to clear their houses "during the hours of the
+exercise." "Thus," Mr. Field says wittily, "the townsmen were frozen out
+of the tavern to be frozen in the meeting-house."
+
+Our ancestors had no reverence for a church save as a literal
+meeting-house, and it was not unusual to transform the house of God into a
+tavern. The Great House at Charlestown, Massachusetts, the official
+residence of Governor Winthrop, became a meeting-house in 1633, and then a
+tavern, the Three Cranes, kept by Robert Leary and his descendants for
+many years. It was destroyed in June, 1775, in the burning of the town. In
+this Great House, destined to become a tavern, lived Governor Winthrop
+when he announced his famous discountenance of health-drinking at the
+tables and in public places. This first of all temperance pledges in New
+England is recorded in his Diary in his own language, which was as
+temperate as his intent:--
+
+    "The Governor, upon consideration of the inconveniences which had
+    grown in England by drinking one to another, restrained it at his own
+    table, and wished others to do the like; so it grew, little by little,
+    into disuse."
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Frequently religious services were held in the spacious rooms of the
+tavern, until a meeting-house was built; as in the town of Fitchburg,
+Massachusetts, and in Providence, Rhode Island, where Roger Williams
+preached. Many of the Puritan ordinaries were thus used.
+
+Ecclesiastical affairs were managed at the ordinary, among them that most
+ticklish and difficult of all adjustments and allotments, namely, seating
+the meeting. The "Elders, Deacons, and Selectmen" of Cambridge were made a
+"constant and settled power for regulating the seating of persons in the
+meeting-house." They were ordered to meet at the ordinary, and such orders
+and appointments as this were made:--
+
+    "Brother Richard Jackson's wife to sit where Sister Kempster was wont
+    to sit. Ester Sparhawke to sit in the place where Mrs. Upham is
+    removed from. Mr. Day to sit the second seat from the table. Ensign
+    Samuel Greene to sit at the Table. Goody Gates to sit at the end of
+    the Deacon's seat. Goody Wines to sit in the Gallery."
+
+It needed much consultation and thought to "seat the meeting." We can
+imagine the deacons loosening their tongues over the tavern flip and
+punch, and arguing confidentially over the standing, the wealth, and
+temper of the various parties to be seated.
+
+There were in Boston at different times several ordinaries and taverns
+known as the King's Arms. One of the earliest ones stood at the head of
+Dock Square. In 1651 one Hugh Gunnison, vintner, and his wife, sold this
+house, known by the sign of the King's Arms, with its furniture and
+appurtenances, for the sum of £600 sterling, a goodly sum for the day. An
+inventory of the "p'ticular goods and household stuffe" still exists, and
+is of much interest not only as indicating the furnishings of a house of
+that character in that colony at that date, but showing also the naming of
+the chambers, as in the English inns of Shakespeare's day.
+
+    "In the chamber called the Exchange one halfe bedstead with blew
+    pillows, one livery Cupbord coloured blue, one long table, benches,
+    two formes and one carved chaire.
+
+    "In the Kitchen three formes dressers shelves.
+
+    "In the Larder one square Table banisters dressers & shelves round.
+
+    "In the Hall, three Small Roomes with tables and benches in them, one
+    table about six foote long in the Hall and one bench.
+
+    "In the low parlor one bedstead one table and benches two formes, one
+    small frame of a form and shelves, one Closet with shelves.
+
+    "In the room Vnder the closet one child's bedsted.
+
+    "In the Chamber called London, one bedsted two benches.
+
+    "In the Chamber over London one bedsted one crosse table one forme one
+    bench.
+
+    "In the Closet next the Exchange, shelves.
+
+    "In the barr by the hall, three shelves, the frame of a low stoole.
+
+    "In the vpper p'lor one bedsted two chaires one table one forme bench
+    and shelves.
+
+    "In the Nursery one Crosse Table with shelvs.
+
+    "In the Court Chamber one Long table three formes one livery cupbord,
+    & benches.
+
+    "In the closet within the Court chamber one bedsted and shelvs.
+
+    "In the Starr chamber one long table, one bedsted, one livery Cupbord
+    one chaire three formes with benches.
+
+    "In the Garret over the Court chamber one bedsted one table two
+    formes.
+
+    "In the garret over the closet in the Court chamber one bedsted one
+    smale forme.
+
+    "In the foure garrett chambers over the Starr chamber three bedsteds
+    four tables with benches.
+
+    "In the brewhouse one Cop', twoe fatts, one vnder back, one vpper
+    back, one kneading trough one dresser one brake.
+
+    "In the stable one Racke & manger.
+
+    "In the yarde one pumpe, pipes to convey the water to the brew house,
+    fyve hogg styes, one house of office.
+
+    "The signes of the Kinges Armes and signe posts."
+
+This was certainly a large house and amply furnished. It contained
+thirteen bedsteads and a vast number of tables, forms, benches, shelves,
+and cupboards.
+
+The rooms of the Blue Anchor, another Boston ordinary, also bore names:
+the Rose and Sun Low room, the Cross Keys, the Green Dragon, the Anchor
+and Castle.
+
+We can form, from the items of this inventory, a very good and detailed
+picture of the interior of a Boston ordinary at that date. But it must not
+be imagined that there were at the time of this sale many colonial
+ordinaries as amply furnished as the King's Arms. The accommodations in
+the public houses of small towns, indeed perhaps everywhere in New England
+save in Boston and Salem, were very primitive. The ordinary was doubtless
+as well furnished as the private homes of its neighbors, and that was very
+simple of fashion, while the fare was scant of variety.
+
+
+[Illustration: Taproom of Wayside Inn.]
+
+
+We know that even the early ordinaries had sign-boards.
+
+The ordinary-keeper had his license granted with the proviso that "there
+be sett up some inoffensive sign obvious for direction to
+strangers"--this in Salem in 1645. In 1655 the Rhode Island courts ordered
+that all persons appointed to keep an ordinary should "cause to be sett
+out a convenient Signe at ye most perspicuous place of ye said house,
+thereby to give notice to strangers yt it is a house of public
+entertainment, and this to be done with all convenient speed."
+
+Women kept ordinaries and taverns from early days. Widows abounded, for
+the life of the male colonists was hard, exposure was great, and many died
+in middle age. War also had many victims. Tavern-keeping was the resort of
+widows of small means then, just as the "taking of boarders" is to-day.
+Women were skilled in business affairs and competent; many licenses were
+granted to them to keep victualling-houses, to draw wine, and make and
+sell beer. In 1684 the wife of one Nicholas Howard was licensed "to
+entertain Lodgers in the absence of her husband"; while other women were
+permitted to sell food and drink but could not entertain lodgers because
+their husbands were absent from home, thus drawing nice distinctions. A
+Salem dame in 1645 could keep an ordinary if she provided a "godly man" to
+manage her business. Some women became renowned as good innkeepers, and
+they were everywhere encouraged in the calling.
+
+The colonists did not have to complain long, nor to pine long for lack of
+ordinaries. In 1675 Cotton Mather said every other house in Boston was an
+ale-house.
+
+One of the first serious protests against the increase of ordinaries and
+ale-houses in the colonies, and appreciation of their pernicious effects,
+came from Nathaniel Saltonstall of Haverhill, Massachusetts. He was a
+magistrate, and an officer in the militia. He was appointed one of the
+judges in the Salem witchcraft trials; but in this latter capacity he
+refused to serve, which may be taken as a proof of his advanced thought.
+He was said to be "a man of superior powers of mind and rare talents." In
+December, 1696, he sent a letter to the Salem Court which ran thus:--
+
+    "MUCH HON'D GENTLEMEN:
+
+    "I allways thought it great prudence and Christianity in our former
+    leaders and rulers, by their laws to state the number of publique
+    houses in towns and for regulation of such houses, as were of
+    necessity, thereby to prevent all sorts, almost, of wickednesses which
+    daily grow in upon us like a flood. But alas! I see not but that now
+    the case is over, and such (as to some places I may term them)
+    pest-houses and places of enticement (tho not so intended by the
+    Justices) the sin are multiplied. It is multiplied too openly, that
+    the cause of it may be, the price of retailers' fees, etc. I pray what
+    need of six retailers in Salisbury, and of more than one in Haverhill,
+    and some other towns where the people, when taxes and rates for the
+    country and ministers are collecting, with open mouths complain of
+    povertie and being hardly dealt with, and yet I am fully informed, can
+    spend much time, and spend their estates at such blind holes, as are
+    clandestinely and unjustly petitioned for; and more threaten to get
+    licenses, chiefly by repairing to a remote court, where they are not
+    known or suspected, but pass for current, and thereby the towns are
+    abused, and the youth get evil habits; and men sent out on country
+    service at such places waste much of their time, yet expect pay for
+    it, in most pernicious loytering and what, and sometimes by foolish if
+    not pot-valiant firing and shooting off guns, not for the destruction
+    of enemies, but to the wonderful disturbance and affrightment of the
+    inhabitants, which is not the service a scout is allowed and
+    maintained for.
+
+    "Please to see what good is done by giving a license to Robert
+    Hastings, in such a by-place about three miles from the publique house
+    in town. The man himself I am sure has no cause, nor do I believe the
+    town and travellers if they are sober men, will ever give the court
+    thanks for the first grant to him, or the further renewal thereof.
+
+    "But now the bravado is made, what is done is not enough; we must have
+    a third tippling house at Peter Patey's about midway between the other
+    two, which they boast as cock-sure of, and have it is thought laid in,
+    for this very end, an unaccountable store of cyder, rum, molasses, and
+    what not. It is well if this stock be not now spent on, in procuring
+    subscriptions for to obtain the villain's license, which I fear,
+    knowing the man, we may be bold to say, wickedness will be practiced
+    and without control.... I have done my part in court, as to what I
+    heard of, to prevent such confiding licenses to persons unknown....
+
+    "I am now God's prisoner and cant come abroad, and have waited long to
+    speak of those, and others, but as yet cant meet with an opportunity.
+    You have nothing here of personal animosity of mine against any man,
+    but zeal and faithfulness to my country and town, and to the young and
+    rising generation that they be not too much at liberty to live and do
+    as they list. Accept of the good intentions of, gentlemen, your humble
+    servant,
+
+    "N. SALTONSTALL."
+
+There is a sturdy ring about this letter, a freedom from cant and
+conventional religious expressions, that serve to paint clearly the
+character of the writer, and show us by one of those side-glimpses, which,
+as Ruskin says, often afford more light than a full stare, the sort of man
+that built up New England in the beginning, on its solid and noble
+foundations.
+
+
+[Illustration: Buckman Tavern, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1690.]
+
+
+In spite of the forebodings of Saltonstall and other Christian gentlemen,
+the flood of wickedness and disorder which he predicted was slow in its
+approach. The orderly ways and close restrictions and surveillance of the
+Puritan ordinary lasted until long after public houses were called
+taverns.
+
+In the latter quarter of the seventeenth century and the first of the
+eighteenth a nearly continual diary was kept by a resident of Boston,
+Judge Samuel Sewall, who might be called Boston's first citizen. He was
+rich, he was good, he was intelligent, and some portions of his diary are
+of great value for the light they throw on contemporary customs and
+events. He has been called a Puritan Pepys; but in one respect he is
+markedly unlike Pepys, who gave us ample record of London taverns, and of
+tavern life in his day. It is doubtful that Sewall knew much about tavern
+life in Boston; for his private life was a great contrast to that of our
+gay Pepys. Judge Sewall was a home-body, tenderly careful of his
+children--he had fourteen; a "loving servant" to his wives--he had three;
+especially devoted to his mother-in-law--he had but one, the richest woman
+in Boston; kind to his neighbors, poor as well as rich; attentive to his
+friends in sickness, and thoughtful of them in death; zealous in religious
+duties both in the church and the family; public-spirited and upright in
+his service to his town and state, from his high office as judge, down to
+fulfilling petty duties such as serving on the watch. He had little time
+for tavern life, and little inclination to it; and he condemned men who
+"kept ordinaries and sold rum." He was a shining example of the
+"New-English men," whose fast-thinning ranks he so sadly deplored, and
+whose virtues he extolled. He occasionally refers in his diary to
+ordinaries. Sometimes he soberly drank healths and grace-cups within
+Boston and Cambridge tavern walls with the honored Deputies, at the
+installation of a new Governor, on the King's Coronation Day, or a Royal
+Birthday. Sometimes we read of his pleasuring trips with his wife to the
+Greyhound Tavern in Roxbury, his gala dinner of boiled pork and roast
+fowls, and his riding home at curfew in "brave moonshine." That clear June
+moonlight shining down through the centuries does not display to us any
+very gay figures, any very jolly riders. We can see the Judge in rich but
+sad-colored attire, with his wife on a pillion behind him, soberly jogging
+home, doubtless singing psalms as they went through the short stretches of
+Roxbury woods; for he sang psalms everywhere apparently, when he was
+permitted to do so. This is as might be expected of a man who on another
+pleasure jaunt with his wife left her eating cherries in the orchard,
+while he, like any other Puritan, "sweetened his mouth with a bit of
+Calvin," that is, he sat indoors and read _Calvin on Psalms_.
+
+
+[Illustration: Hound-handle Tavern Pitcher.]
+
+
+At this time--in the year 1714--Boston had a population approaching ten
+thousand. It had thirty-four ordinary- or inn-holders, of whom twelve were
+women; four common victuallers, of whom one was a woman; forty-one
+retailers of liquor, of whom seventeen were women, and a few cider
+sellers. There were, therefore, ample places in which liquor could be
+bought; but Sewall's entire diary gives proof of the orderliness of life
+in Boston. There are not half a dozen entries which give any records or
+show any evidence of tavern disorders. In 1708 an inquiry was made by the
+magistrates "as to debaucheries at the Exchange," and as a result one
+young man was fined five shillings for cursing, ten shillings for throwing
+a beer-pot and scale-box at the maid, and twenty shillings for lying--that
+was all. The longest entry is on the Queen's birthday in 1714:--
+
+    "My neighbor Colson knocks at my door about nine P.M., or past, to
+    tell of disorders at the ordinary at the South End, kept by Mr.
+    Wallace. He desired me that I would accompany Mr. Bromfield and
+    Constable Howell hither. It was 35 minutes past nine before Mr.
+    Bromfield came, then we went, took Æneas Salter with us. Found much
+    company. They refused to go away. Said was there to drink the Queen's
+    health and had many other healths to drink. Called for more drink and
+    drank to me: I took notice of the affront, to them. Said they must and
+    would stay upon that solemn occasion. Mr. Netmaker drank the Queen's
+    health to me. I told him I drank none; on that he ceased. Mr. Brinley
+    put on his hat to affront me. I made him take it off. I threatened to
+    send some of them to prison. They said they could but pay their fine
+    and doing that might stay. I told them if they had not a care they
+    would be guilty of a riot. Mr. Bromfield spake of raising a number of
+    men to quell them, and was in some heat ready to run into the street.
+    But I did not like that. Not having pen and ink I went to take their
+    names with my pencil and not knowing how to spell their names they
+    themselves of their own accord writ them. At last I addressed myself
+    to Mr. Banister. I told him he had been longest an inhabitant and
+    freeholder and I expected he would set a good example by departing
+    thence. Upon this he invited them to his own house, and away they
+    went. And we after them went away. I went directly home and found it
+    25 minutes past ten at night when I entered my own house."
+
+No greater tribute to orderly Boston could be given than this record of
+rare disturbance. Even in that day, half after nine was not a late hour,
+and it took the Judge but an hour to walk from his house and back and
+disperse these soberly rioting young men, whom we can picture, solemnly
+writing down their own names with the Judge's pencil for him to bring them
+up in the morning. The next day they were each fined five shillings. Some
+paid, some appealed and gave bonds. Mr. Netmaker was Secretary to the
+Commander of her Majesty's forces, and he had to pay five shillings for
+cursing. They also attempted to make him give bonds to keep the peace, but
+at this he and his friends lost patience and refused. Judges Sewall and
+Bromfield promptly sent him to jail. It is not surprising to know that
+the Governor released him, though under strenuous protest from the two
+magistrates, who had, they contended, simply executed the laws.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Hayden Tavern, Essex, Connecticut.]
+
+
+Judge Sewall records one scene, a typically Puritanical one, and worthy of
+a Puritan tithing-man. It took place at the Castle Inn where he went with
+some other good Bostonians to shut off a "vain show."
+
+    "Treat with Brother Wing (the landlord) about his Setting a Room in
+    his House for a Man to shew Tricks in. He saith, seeing 'tis offensive
+    he will remedy it. It seems the Room is fitted with Seats. I read what
+    Dr. Ames saith of Callings, and spake as I could from this Principle,
+    that the Man's Practice was unlawfull, and therefore Capt. Wing could
+    not lawfully give him an accommodation for it. Sung the 90 Ps from the
+    12 v to the end. Broke up."
+
+There is a suggestion of sober farce in this picture of those pious
+gentlemen reading and expounding a sermon, whipping out their psalm books,
+and singing a psalm to poor hospitable Landlord Wing in the parlor or
+taproom of his own house.
+
+Naturally the Puritan planters, and all "true New-English men" like
+Sewall, did not care to have the ordinaries of their quiet towns made into
+places of gay resort, of what they called "the shewing of vain shews."
+They deemed those hostelries places of hospitable convenience, not of
+lively entertainment. A contemporary poet, Quarles, thus compares human
+life to a stay at an inn:--
+
+  "Our life is nothing but a winter's day,
+  Some only break their fast and so away;
+  Others stay dinner and depart full fed;
+  The deepest age but sups and goes to bed.
+  He's most in debt who lingers out the day,
+  Who dies betimes, has less and less to pay."
+
+This somewhat melancholy view, both of life and of a public house,
+lingered long in the colonies, for nearly a century; we might say, with
+the life of the ordinary. When taverns came, their guests thought very
+little of dying, and paid very much attention to living.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+OLD-TIME TAVERNS
+
+
+By the close of the seventeenth century the word ordinary was passing into
+disuse in America; public houses had multiplied vastly and had become
+taverns, though a few old-fashioned folk--in letters, and doubtless in
+conversation--still called them ordinaries--Judge Sewall was one. The word
+inn, universal in English speech, was little heard here, and tavern was
+universally adopted. Though to-day somewhat shadowed by a formless
+reputation of being frequently applied to hostelries of vulgar resort and
+coarse fare and ways, the word tavern is nevertheless a good one, resonant
+of sound and accurate of application, since to this present time in the
+commonwealth of Massachusetts and in other states such large and sumptuous
+caravansaries as the Touraine and the Somerset Hotel of Boston are in the
+eye and tongue of the law simply taverns, and their proprietors
+inn-holders or tavern-keepers.
+
+In the Middle colonies ordinaries and inns were just as quickly opened,
+just as important, just as frequent, as in New England; but in the
+Southern colonies, the modes of settlement were so different, there were
+so few towns and villages, that hospitality to the traveller was shown at
+each plantation, every man's home was an inn; every planter was a
+landlord.
+
+In general no charge was made for the entertainment of the chance visitor
+whose stay was deemed a pleasure in the secluded life of the Virginia
+tobacco planter. Indeed, unless a distinct contract had been made in
+advance and terms stated, the host could not demand pay from a guest, no
+matter how long the visitor remained. Rates of prices were set for the
+first Virginian ordinaries; previous to 1639 six pounds of tobacco were
+paid for a dinner, or about eighteen pence in coin; but as food soon grew
+more abundant, the price was reduced to twelve pence, and it was enjoined
+that the food must be wholesome and plentiful. Then the charges grew
+exorbitant,--twenty pounds of tobacco for a meal for a master, fifteen for
+a servant. Throughout the country the prices wavered up and down, but were
+never low. There were apparently two causes for this: the fact that
+ordinary-keepers captured so few guests, and also that the tobacco leaf
+varied and depreciated in value.
+
+By 1668 so many small tippling-houses and petty ordinaries existed in the
+colony of Virginia that laws were passed restricting the number in each
+county to one at the court-house, and possibly one at a wharf or ferry.
+Then the magistrates tried to limit the drinks sold in these houses to
+beer and cider; and private individuals were warned not to sell "any sort
+of drink or liquor whatsoever, by retail under any color, pretence,
+delusion, or subtle evasion whatsoever." Those conditions did not last
+long. Soon the Virginia ordinaries had plentiful domestic and imported
+liquors, and at very low prices. Mr. Bruce says that "Madeira, Canary,
+Malaga, and Fayal wines were probably much more abundant in the Colony
+than in England at this time, and were drunk by classes which in the
+mother country were content with strong and small-beer."
+
+But the ordinaries did scant business as lodging-places. Governor Harvey
+complained that he could with as much justice be called the host as the
+Governor of Virginia, from the great number of persons entertained by him.
+This condition of affairs continued outside the cities till well into this
+century. In the large towns, however, comfortable taverns were everywhere
+established; and they were, as in the Northern colonies, the gathering
+places of many serious and many frivolous assemblages. The best of our
+American taverns were found in Southern cities; Baltimore had the Fountain
+Inn built around a courtyard like an old English inn, and furnished very
+handsomely.
+
+Few of these ancient taverns still remain. The old Indian Queen Tavern is
+still standing at Bladensburg, Maryland. Its picture is given opposite
+page 33. This view is from a painting by Mr. Edward Lamson Henry. It shows
+also an old stage-wagon such as was used in the eighteenth century,
+starting out from the tavern door. Mr. Henry has made a most exhaustive
+study of old-time modes of travel, as well as a fine collection of old
+vehicles, harnesses, costumes, etc. The copies of his paintings, which I
+am honored by using in this book, are in every detail authoritative and
+invaluable records of the olden time.
+
+
+[Illustration: Indian Queen Tavern, Bladensburg, Maryland.]
+
+
+With the establishment of turnpikes, road houses multiplied, and for a
+time prospered. But their day was short; a typical Maryland road house is
+shown on page 34, far gone in a decrepit and ugly old age.
+
+The history of Pennsylvania shows that its taverns were great in number
+and good in quality, especially soon after the Revolution. This would be
+the natural accompaniment of the excellent roads throughout the state.
+Philadelphia had an extraordinary number of public houses, and many were
+needed; for the city had a vast number of visitors, and a great current of
+immigration poured into that port. In the chapter on Signs and Symbols,
+many names and descriptions are given of old Philadelphia taverns.
+
+The first Dutch directors-general of New Netherland entertained infrequent
+travellers and traders at their own homes, and were probably very glad to
+have these visitors. But trade was rapidly increasing, and
+Director-General Kieft, "in order to accommodate the English, from whom he
+suffered great annoyance, built a fine inn of stone." The chronicler De
+Vries had often dined in Kieft's house, and he says dryly of the building
+of this inn, "It happened well for the travellers."
+
+The Stadt Harberg, or City Tavern, was built in where now stand the
+warehouses, 71 and 73 Pearl Street. It was ordained that a well and
+brew-house might be erected at the rear of the inn; right was given to
+retail the East India Company's wine and brandy; and some dull records
+exist of the use of the building as an inn. It had a career afterward of
+years of use and honor as the Stadt Huys, or City Hall; I have told its
+story at length in a paper in the _Half-Moon Series_ on Historic New York.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Maryland Road House.]
+
+
+The building was certainly not needed as a tavern, for in 1648 one-fourth
+of the buildings in New Amsterdam had been turned into tap-houses for the
+sale of beer, brandy, and tobacco. Governor Stuyvesant placed some
+restraint on these tapsters; they had to receive unanimous consent of the
+Council to set up the business; they could not sell to Indians.
+"Unreasonable night-tippling," that is, drinking after the curfew bell at
+nine o'clock, and "intemperate drinking on the Sabbath," that is, drinking
+by any one not a boarder before three o'clock on the Sabbath (when church
+services were ended), were heavily fined. Untimely "sitting of clubs" was
+also prohibited. These laws were evaded with as much ease as the Raines
+Law provisions of later years in the same neighborhood.
+
+In 1664 the red cross of St. George floated over the city; the English
+were in power; the city of New Amsterdam was now New York. The same tavern
+laws as under the Dutch obtained, however, till 1748, and under the
+English, taverns multiplied as fast as under Dutch rule. They had good old
+English names on their sign-boards: the Thistle and Crown, the Rose and
+Thistle, the Duke of Cumberland, the Bunch of Grapes, St. George and the
+Dragon, Dog's Head in the Porridge Pot, the Fighting Cocks, the White
+Lion, the King's Head.
+
+On the Boreel Building on Broadway is a bronze commemorative tablet,
+placed there in 1890 by the Holland Society.
+
+The site of this building has indeed a history of note. In 1754 Edward
+Willet opened there a tavern under the sign of the Province Arms; and many
+a distinguished traveller was destined to be entertained for many a year
+at this Province Arms and its successors. It had been the home residence
+of the De Lanceys, built about 1700 by the father of Lieutenant-Governor
+James De Lancey, and was deemed a noble mansion. The Province Arms began
+its career with two very brilliant public dinners: one to the new English
+Governor, Sir Charles Hardy; the other upon the laying of the corner-stone
+of King's College. A grand function this was, and the Province Arms had
+full share of honor. All the guests, from Governor to students, assembled
+at the tavern, and proceeded to the college grounds; they laid the stone
+and returned to Landlord Willet's, where, says the chronicle, "the usual
+loyal healths were drunk, and Prosperity to the College; and the whole was
+conducted with the utmost Decency and Propriety."
+
+In 1763 the Province Arms had a new landlord, George Burns, late of the
+King's Head in the Whitehall, and ere that of the Cart and Horse. His
+advertisements show his pretensions to good housekeeping, and his house
+was chosen for a lottery-drawing of much importance--one for the building
+of the lighthouse at Sandy Hook. This lottery was for six thousand pounds,
+and lighthouse and lottery were special pets of Cadwallader Colden, then
+President of his Majesty's Council. Lotteries were usually drawn at City
+Hall, but just at that time repairs were being made upon that building, so
+Mr. Burns's long room saw this important event. The lighthouse was built.
+_The New York Magazine_ for 1790 has a picture and description of it. It
+is there gravely stated that the light could be seen at a distance of ten
+leagues, that is, thirty miles. As the present light at Sandy Hook is
+officially registered to be seen at fifteen miles' distance, the marvel
+of our ancestors must have shone with "a light that never was on land or
+sea."
+
+Troublous times were now approaching. George Burns's long room held many
+famous gatherings anent the Stamp Act--at the first the famous
+Non-Importation Agreement was signed by two hundred stout-hearted New York
+merchants. Sons of Liberty drank and toasted and schemed within the walls
+of the Province Arms. Concerts and duels alternated with suppers and
+society meetings; dancing committees and governors of the college poured
+in and out of the Province Arms. In 1792 Peter De Lancey sold it to the
+Tontine Association; the fine old mansion was torn down, and the City
+Hotel sprang up in its place.
+
+The City Hotel filled the entire front of the block on Broadway between
+Thomas and Cedar streets. Travellers said it had no equal in the United
+States, but it was unpretentious in exterior, as may be seen through the
+picture on the old blue and white plate (shown on page 38) which gives the
+front view of the hotel with a man sawing wood on Broadway, this in about
+1824. It was simply yet durably furnished, and substantial comfort was
+found within. Though the dining room was simply a spacious, scrupulously
+neat apartment, the waiters were numerous and well-trained. There was a
+"lady's dining room" in which dances, lectures, and concerts were given.
+The proprietors were two old bachelors, Jennings and Willard. It was
+reported and believed that Willard never went to bed. He was never known
+to be away from his post, and with ease and good nature performed his
+parts of host, clerk, bookkeeper, and cashier. When Billy Niblo opened an
+uptown coffee-house and garden, it was deemed a matter of courtesy that
+Willard should attend the housewarming. When the hour of starting arrived,
+it was found that Willard had not for years owned a hat. Two streets away
+from the City Hall would have been to him a strange city, in which he
+could be lost. Jennings was purveyor and attended to all matters of the
+dining room, as well as relations with the external world. Both hosts had
+the perfect memory of faces, names, and details, which often is an
+accompaniment of the successful landlord. These two men were types of the
+old-fashioned Boniface.
+
+
+[Illustration: City Hotel.]
+
+
+In the early half of the eighteenth century the genteel New York tavern
+was that of Robert Todd, vintner. It was in Smith (now William) Street
+between Pine and Cedar, near the Old Dutch Church. The house was known by
+the sign of the Black Horse. Concerts, dinners, receptions, and balls took
+place within its elegant walls. On the evening of January 19, 1736, a ball
+was therein given in honor of the Prince of Wales's birthday. The healths
+of the Royal Family, the Governor, and Council had been pledged loyally
+and often at the fort through the day, and "the very great appearance of
+ladies and gentlemen and an elegant entertainment" at the ball fitly ended
+the celebration. The ladies were said to be "magnificent." The ball opened
+with French dances and then proceeded to country dances, "upon which Mrs.
+Morris led up to two new country dances made upon the occasion, the first
+of which was called the Prince of Wales, the second the Princess of
+Saxe-Gotha."
+
+The Black Horse was noted for its Todd drinks, mainly composed of choice
+West India rum; and by tradition it is gravely asserted that from these
+delectable beverages was derived the old drinking term "toddy." (Truth
+compels the accompanying note that the word "toddy," like many of our
+drinking names and the drinks themselves, came from India, and the word is
+found in a geographical description of India written in 1671, before
+Robert Todd was born, or the Black Horse Tavern thought of.)
+
+When Robert of toddy fame died, after nine years of successful
+hospitality, his widow Margaret reigned in his stead. She had a turn for
+trade, and advertised for sale, at wholesale, fine wines and playing
+cards, at reasonable rates. In 1750 the Boston Post made this tavern its
+headquarters, but its glory of popularity was waning and soon was wholly
+gone.
+
+At the junction of 51st and 52d streets with the post-road stood Cato's
+Road House, built in 1712. Cato was a negro slave who had so mastered
+various specialties in cooking that he was able to earn enough money to
+buy his freedom from his South Carolina master. He kept this inn for
+forty-eight years. Those who tasted his okra soup, his terrapin, fried
+chicken, curried oysters, roast duck, or drank his New York brandy-punch,
+his Virginia egg-nogg, or South Carolina milk-punch, wondered how any one
+who owned him ever could sell him even to himself. Alongside his road
+house he built a ballroom which would let thirty couple swing widely in
+energetic reels and quadrilles. When Christmas sleighing set in, the
+Knickerbocker braves and belles drove out there to dance; and there was
+_always_ sleighing at Christmas in old New York--all octogenarians will
+tell you so. Cato's egg-nogg was mixed in single relays by the barrelful.
+He knew precisely the mystic time when the separated white and yolk was
+beaten enough, he knew the exact modicum of sugar, he could count with
+precision the grains of nutmeg that should fleck the compound, he could
+top to exactness the white egg foam. A picture of this old road house,
+taken from a print, is here given. It seems but a shabby building to have
+held so many gay scenes.
+
+
+[Illustration: Cato's House.]
+
+
+The better class of old-time taverns always had a parlor. This was used as
+a sitting room for women travellers, or might be hired for the exclusive
+use of some wealthy person or family. It was not so jovial a room as the
+taproom, though in winter a glowing fire in the open fireplace gave to the
+formal furnishings that look of good cheer and warmth and welcome which is
+ever present, even in the meanest apartment, when from the great logs the
+flames shot up and "the old rude-furnished room burst flower-like into
+rosy bloom." We are more comfortable now, with our modern ways of
+house-heating, but our rooms do not look as warm as when we had open
+fires. In the summer time the fireplace still was an object of interest. A
+poet writes:--
+
+  "'Tis summer now; instead of blinking flames
+  Sweet-smelling ferns are hanging o'er the grate.
+            With curious eyes I pore
+  Upon the mantel-piece with precious wares,
+  Glazed Scripture prints in black lugubrious frames,
+            Filled with old Bible lore;
+  The whale is casting Jonah on the shore:
+  Pharaoh is drowning in the curling wave.
+  And to Elijah sitting at his cave
+  The hospitable ravens fly in pairs
+  Celestial food within their horny beaks."
+
+The walls of one tavern parlor which I have seen were painted with scenes
+from a tropical forest. On either side of the fireplace sprang a tall palm
+tree. Coiled serpents, crouching tigers, monkeys, a white elephant, and
+every form of vivid-colored bird and insect crowded each other on the
+walls of this Vermont tavern. On the parlor of the Washington Tavern at
+Westfield, Massachusetts, is a fine wallpaper with scenes of a fox-chase.
+This tavern is shown on the opposite page; also on page 45 one of the fine
+hand-wrought iron door-latches used on its doors. These were made in
+England a century and a half ago.
+
+
+[Illustration: Washington Tavern, Westfield, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+The taproom was usually the largest room of the tavern. It had universally
+a great fireplace, a bare, sanded floor, and ample seats and chairs.
+Usually there was a tall, rather rude writing-desk, at which a traveller
+might write a letter, or sign a contract, and where the landlord made out
+his bills and kept his books. The bar was the most interesting furnishing
+of this room. It was commonly made with a sort of portcullis grate, which
+could be closed if necessary. But few of these bars remain; nearly all
+have been removed, even if the tavern still stands. The taproom of the
+Wayside Inn at Sudbury, Massachusetts, is shown on page 19. It is a
+typical example of a room such as existed in hundreds of taverns a century
+ago. Another taproom may still be seen in the Wadsworth Inn. This
+well-built, fine old house, shown on page 47, is a good specimen of the
+better class of old taverns. It is three miles from Hartford, Connecticut,
+on the old Albany turnpike. It was one of twenty-one taverns within a
+distance of twenty miles on that pike. It was not a staging inn for every
+passing coach, but enjoyed an aristocratic patronage. The property has
+been in the same family for five generations, but the present building was
+erected by Elisha Wadsworth in 1828. It is not as old as the member of the
+Wadsworth family who now lives in it, Miss Lucy Wadsworth, born in 1801.
+Its old taproom is shown on page 51. This tavern was a public house till
+the year 1862.
+
+Some of the furnishings of the taproom of the old Mowry Inn still are
+owned by Landlord Mowry's descendants, and a group of them is shown on
+page 7. Two heavy glass beakers brought from Holland, decorated with
+vitrifiable colors like the Bristol glass, are unusual pieces. The wooden
+tankard, certainly two centuries old, has the curious ancient lid hinge.
+The Bellarmine jug was brought to America filled with fine old gin from
+Holland by Mayor Willet, the first Mayor of New York City. The bowl is one
+of the old Indian knot bowls. It has been broken and neatly repaired by
+sewing the cracks together with waxed thread. The sign-board of this old
+inn is shown on page 57. The house stood on the post-road between
+Woonsocket and Providence, in a little village known as Lime Rock. As it
+was a relay house for coaches, it had an importance beyond the size of the
+settlement around it.
+
+Sometimes the taproom was decorated with broad hints to dilatory
+customers. Such verses as this were hung over the bar:--
+
+  "I've trusted many to my sorrow.
+  Pay to-day. I'll trust to-morrow."
+
+Another ran:--
+
+  "My liquor's good, my measure just;
+  But, honest Sirs, I will not trust."
+
+Another showed a dead cat with this motto:--
+
+  "Care killed this Cat.
+  Trust kills the Landlord."
+
+Still another:--
+
+  "If Trust,
+  I must,
+  My ale,
+  Will pale."
+
+
+[Illustration: Door-latch of Washington Tavern.]
+
+
+The old Phillips farm-house at Wickford, Rhode Island, was at one time
+used as a tavern. It has a splendid chimney over twenty feet square. So
+much room does this occupy that there is no central staircase, and little
+winding stairs ascend at three corners of the house. On each chimney-piece
+are hooks to hang firearms, and at one side curious little drawers are set
+for pipes and tobacco. I have seen these tobacco drawers in several old
+taverns. In some Dutch houses in New York these tobacco shelves are found
+in an unusual and seemingly ill-chosen place, namely, in the entry over
+the front door; and a narrow flight of three or four steps leads up to
+them. Hanging on a nail alongside the tobacco drawer or shelf would
+usually be seen a pipe-tongs--or smoking tongs. They were slender little
+tongs, usually of iron or steel; with them the smoker lifted a coal from
+the fireplace to light his pipe. Sometimes the handle of the tongs had one
+end elongated, knobbed, and ingeniously bent S-shaped into convenient form
+to press down the tobacco into the bowl of the pipe. Other old-time
+pipe-tongs were in the form of a lazy-tongs. A companion of the pipe-tongs
+on the mantel was what was known as a comfortier; a little brazier of
+metal in which small coals could be handed about for pipe lighting. An
+unusual luxury was a comfortier of silver, which were found among the
+wealthy Dutch settlers.
+
+Two old taverns of East Poultney, Vermont, are shown on page 59. Both
+sheltered Horace Greeley in his sojourn there. The upper house, the Pine
+Tree, is a "sun-line" house, facing due north, with its ends pointing east
+and west. Throughout a century the other house, the Eagle Tavern, has
+never lost its calling; now it is the only place in the village where the
+tourist may find shelter for the night unless he takes advantage of the
+kindness of some good-hearted housekeeper.
+
+The main portion of the Eagle Tavern of Newton, New Hampshire, is still
+standing and is shown with its sign-board on page 126. It was the "halfway
+house" on the much-travelled stage-road between Haverhill, Massachusetts,
+and Exeter, New Hampshire. The house was kept by Eliphalet Bartlett in
+Revolutionary times as account-books show, though the sign-board bears the
+date 1798. The tavern originally had two long wings, in one of which was
+kept a country store. Five generations of Bartletts were born in it before
+it was sold to the present owners. The sign-board displays on one side the
+eagle which confers the name; on the other, what was termed in old
+descriptions a punch-bowl, but which is evidently a disjointed teapot.
+
+
+[Illustration: Wadsworth Inn, Hartford, Connecticut.]
+
+
+About the time when settlements in the New World had begun to assume the
+appearance of towns, and some attempt at closely following English modes
+of life became apparent, there were springing up in London at every street
+corner coffee-houses, which flourished through the times of Dryden,
+Johnson, and Goldsmith, till the close of the eighteenth century. Tea and
+coffee came into public use in close companionship. The virtues of the
+Turkish beverage were first introduced to Londoners by a retired Turkey
+merchant named Daniel Edwards, and his Greek servant, Pasque Rosser. The
+latter opened the first coffee-house in London in 1652. The first
+advertisement of this first coffee venture is preserved in the British
+Museum.
+
+The English of a certain class were always ready to turn an evil eye on
+all new drinks, and coffee had to take its share of abuse. It was called
+"syrup of soot," and "essence of old shoes," etc.; and the keeper of the
+Rainbow Coffee-house was punished as a nuisance "for making and selling of
+a drink called coffee whereby in making the same he annoyeth his
+neighbours by evil smells." Soon, however, the smell of coffee was not
+deemed evil, but became beloved; and every profession, trade, class, and
+party had its coffee-house. The parsons met at one, "cits" at another;
+soldiers did not drink coffee with lawyers, nor gamesters with
+politicians. A penny was paid at the bar at entering, which covered
+newspaper and lights; twopence paid for a dish of coffee. Coffee-houses
+sprang up everywhere in America as in London. In 1752 in New York the New
+or Royal Exchange was held to be so laudable an undertaking that £100 was
+voted toward its construction by the Common Council. It was built like the
+English exchanges, raised on brick arches, and was opened as a coffee-room
+in 1754. The name of the Merchant's Coffee-house--on the southeast corner
+of Wall and Water streets--appears in every old newspaper. It was a centre
+of trade. Ships, cargoes, lands, houses, negroes, and varied merchandise
+were "vendued" at this coffee-house. It also served as an insurance
+office. Alexander Macraby wrote in 1768 in New York:--
+
+    "They have a vile practice here, which is peculiar to this city; I
+    mean that of playing back-gammon (a noise I detest) which is going
+    forward in the public coffee-houses from morning till night,
+    frequently ten or a dozen tables at a time."
+
+From this it will be seen that the English sin of gaming with cards did
+not exist in New York coffee-houses.
+
+The London Coffee-house was famous in the history of Philadelphia. On
+April 15, 1754, the printer, Bradford, put a notice in his journal for
+subscribers to the coffee-house to meet at the court-house on the 19th to
+choose trustees. Bradford applied for a license to the Governor and
+Council thus:--
+
+    "Having been advised to keep a Coffee-House for the benefit of
+    merchants and traders, and as some people may be desirous at times to
+    be furnished with other liquors besides coffee, your petitioner
+    apprehends that it is necessary to have the government license."
+
+The coffee-house was duly opened; Bradford's account for opening day was
+£9 6_s._ The trustees also lent him £259 of the £350 of subscriptions,
+and this coffee-house became a factor in American history. The building,
+erected about 1702, stood on the corner of Front and Market streets, on
+land which had been given by Penn to his daughter Letitia. Bradford was a
+grandson of the first printer Bradford, and father of the Attorney-General
+of the United States under Washington. His standing at once gave the house
+prestige and much custom. Westcott says "it was the headquarters of life
+and action, the pulsating heart of excitement, enterprise, and
+patriotism." Soldiers and merchants here met; slaves here were sold;
+strangers resorted for news; captains sold cargoes; sheriffs held
+"vandues."
+
+The Exchange Coffee-house of Boston was one of the most remarkable of all
+these houses. It was a mammoth affair for its day, being seven stories in
+height. It was completed in 1808, having been nearly three years in
+building, and having cost half a million dollars. The principal floor was
+an exchange. It ruined many of the workmen who helped to build it. During
+the glorious days of stage-coach travel, its successor, built after it was
+burnt in 1818, had a brilliant career as a staging tavern, for it had over
+two hundred bedrooms, and was in the centre of the city. At this
+Coffee-house Exchange was kept a register of marine news, arrivals,
+departures, etc., and many distinguished naval officers were registered
+there. At a sumptuous dinner given to President Monroe, who had rooms
+there, in July, 1817, there were present Commodores Bainbridge, Hull, and
+Perry; ex-President John Adams; Generals Swift, Dearborn, Cobb, and
+Humphreys; Judges Story, Parker, Davis, Adams, and Jackson; Governor
+Brooks, Governor Phillips, and many other distinguished men.
+
+
+[Illustration: Taproom of Wadsworth Inn.]
+
+
+It would be a curious and entertaining study to trace the evolution of our
+great hotels, from the cheerful taverns and country inns, beloved of all
+travellers, to more pretentious road houses, to coffee-houses, then to
+great crowded hotels. We could see the growth of these vast hotels,
+especially those of summer resorts, and also their decay. In many
+fashionable watering-places great hotels have been torn down within a few
+years to furnish space for lawns and grounds around a splendid private
+residence. Many others are deserted and closed, some flourish in
+exceptional localities which are in isolated or remote parts of the
+country, such as southern Florida, the Virginia mountains, etc.; many have
+been forced to build so-called cottages where families can have a little
+retirement and privacy between meals, which are still eaten in a vast
+common dining room. But the average American of means in the Northern
+states, whose parents never left the city till after the 4th of July, and
+then spent a few weeks in the middle of the summer in a big hotel at
+Saratoga, or Niagara Falls, or Far Rockaway, or in the White Mountains,
+now spends as many months in his own country home. A few extraordinary
+exceptions in hotel life in America remain prosperous, however, the chief
+examples on our Eastern coast being at Atlantic City and Old Point
+Comfort.
+
+The study of tavern history often brings to light much evidence of sad
+domestic changes. Many a cherished and beautiful home, rich in annals of
+family prosperity and private hospitality, ended its days as a tavern.
+Many a stately building of historic note was turned into an inn in its
+later career. The Indian Queen in Philadelphia had been at various times
+the home of Sir Richard Penn, the headquarters of General Howe and of
+General Benedict, the home of Robert Morris and Presidents Washington and
+Adams. Benjamin Franklin's home became a tavern; so also did the splendid
+Bingham mansion, which was built in 1790 by the richest man of his day.
+Governor Lloyd's house became the Cross Trees Inn. Boston mansions had the
+same fate. That historic building--the Province House--served its term as
+a tavern.
+
+Sometimes an old-time tavern had a special petty charm of its own, some
+peculiarity of furnishing or fare. One of these was the Fountain Inn of
+Medford, Massachusetts. It was built in 1725 and soon became vastly
+frequented. No town could afford a better site for inns than Medford. All
+the land travel to Boston from Maine, eastern New Hampshire, and
+northeastern Massachusetts poured along the main road through Medford,
+which was just distant enough from Boston centre to insure the halting and
+patronage of every passer-by. The Fountain Inn bustled with constant
+customers, and I can well believe that all wanderers gladly stopped to
+board and bait at this hospitable tavern. For I know nothing more
+attractive, "under the notion of an inn," than this old tavern must have
+been, especially through the long summer months. It was a road house and
+stood close to the country road, so was never quiet; yet it afforded
+nevertheless a charming and restful retreat for weary and heated
+wanderers. For on either side of the front dooryard grew vast
+low-spreading trees, and in their heavy branches platforms were built and
+little bridges connected tree to tree, and both to the house. Perhaps the
+happy memories of hours and days of my childhood spent in a like tree nest
+built in an old apple tree, endow these tree rooms of the Fountain Inn
+with charms which cannot be equally endorsed and appreciated by all who
+read of them; but to me they form an ideal traveller's joy. To sit there
+through the long afternoon or in the early twilight, cool and half remote
+among the tree branches, drinking a dish of tea; watching horsemen and
+cartmen and sturdy pedestrians come and go, and the dashing mail-coach
+rattle up, a flash of color and noise and life, and pour out its motley
+passengers, and speedily roll away with renewed patrons and splendor--why,
+it was like a scene in a light opera.
+
+
+[Illustration: Fountain Inn.]
+
+
+The tree abodes and the bridges fell slowly in pieces, and one great tree
+died; but its companion lived till 1879, when it, too, was cut down and
+the bald old commonplace building crowded on the dusty street stood bare
+and ugly, without a vestige or suggestion of past glory around it. Now
+that, too, is gone, and only the picture on the opposite page, of the
+tavern in its dying poverty, remains to show what was once the scene of so
+much bustle and good cheer.
+
+The State House Inn of Philadelphia was built in 1693, and was long known
+as Clark's Inn. It was a poor little building which stood in a yard, not
+green with grass, but white with oysters and clam shells. Its proximity to
+the State House gave it the custom of the members and hangers-on of the
+colonial assemblies. William Penn often smoked his pipe on its porch.
+Clark had a sign-board, the Coach and Horses, and he had something else
+which was as common perhaps in Philadelphia as tavern sign-boards, namely,
+turnspit dogs--little patient creatures, long-bodied and crook-legged,
+whose lives were spent in the exquisite tantalization of helping to cook
+the meat, whose appetizing odors of roasting they sniffed for hours
+without any realization of tasting at the end of their labors.
+
+Dr. Caius, founder of the college at Cambridge, England, that bears his
+name, is the earliest English writer upon the dog, and he tells thus of
+turnspits: "Certain dogs in kitchen service excellent. When meat is to be
+roasted they go into a wheel, where, turning about with the weight of
+their bodies they so diligently look to their business that no drudge or
+scullion can do the feat more cunningly." The Philadelphia landlord says
+in his advertisement of dogs for sale, "No clock or jack so cunningly."
+The summary and inhuman mode of teaching these turnspits their humble
+duties is described in a book of anecdotes published at Newcastle-on-Tyne
+in 1809. The dog was put in the wheel. A burning coal was placed with him.
+If he stopped, his legs were burned. That was all. He soon learned his
+lesson. It was hard work, for often the great piece of beef was twice the
+weight of the dog, and took at least three long hours' roasting. I am glad
+to know that these hard-working turn-broches usually grew shrewd with age;
+learned to vanish at the approach of the cook or the appearance of the
+wheel. At one old-time tavern in New York little brown Jesse listened
+daily at the kitchen doorstep while the orders were detailed to the
+kitchen maids, and he could never be found till nightfall on roast-meat
+days; nay, more, he, as was the custom of dogs in that day, went with his
+mistress to meeting and lay at her feet in the pew. And when the parson
+one Sunday chose to read and expound from the first chapter of Ezekiel,
+Jesse fled with silent step and slunken tail and drooping ears at the
+unpleasant verse, "And when the living creatures went, the wheels went by
+them; and when the living creatures were lifted up from the earth, the
+wheels were lifted up." Naturally Jesse never suspected that these
+Biblical wheels were only parts of innocent allegorical chariots, but
+deemed them instead a very untimely and unkind reminder on a day of rest
+of his own hated turnspit wheel.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of N. Mowry's Inn.]
+
+
+One of the sweetest of all tales of an inn is that begun by Professor
+Reichel and ended by Mr. John W. Jordan of the Historical Society of
+Pennsylvania; it is called "A Red Rose from the Olden Time." It is a story
+of _Der neue Gasthof_ or "The Tavern behind Nazareth," as it was modestly
+called, the tavern of the Moravian settlement at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
+It was a substantial building, "quartered, brick-nogged, and snugly
+weatherboarded, with a yard looking North and a Garden looking South." In
+1754, under the regency of its first ruler, one Schaub, the cooper, and
+Divert Mary, his faithful wife, it bore a sign-board charged with a
+full-blown rose, and was ever after known as the Rose. This was not
+because the walls were coated with Spanish red; this rose bloomed with a
+life derived from sentiment and history, for it was built on land released
+by William Penn on an annual payment as rental of ONE RED ROSE.
+
+There is something most restful and beautiful in the story of this old
+inn. Perhaps part of the hidden charm comes from the Biblical names of the
+towns. For, without our direct consciousness, there is ever something
+impressive in Biblical association; there is a magical power in Biblical
+comparison, a tenderness in the use of Biblical words and terms which we
+feel without actively noting. So this Red Rose of Nazareth seems built on
+the road to Paradise. An inventory was made of the homely contents of the
+Rose in 1765, when a new landlord entered therein; and they smack of the
+world, the flesh, and the devil. Ample store was there of rum, both of New
+England and the West Indies, of Lisbon wine, of cider and madigolum, which
+may have been metheglin. Punch-bowls, tumblers, decanters, funnels, black
+bottles, and nutmeg-graters and nutmegs also. Feather-beds and pillows
+were there in abundance, and blankets and coverlets, much pewter and
+little china, ample kitchen supplies of all sorts. In war and peace its
+record was of interest, and its solid walls stood still colored a deep red
+till our own day.
+
+
+[Illustration: Pine-tree Tavern and Eagle Tavern.]
+
+
+The night-watch went his rounds in many of our colonial towns, and called
+the hour and the weather. Stumbling along with his long staff and his dim
+horn-lantern, he formed no very formidable figure either to affright
+marauders or warn honest citizens that they tarried too long in the
+taproom. But his voice gave a certain sense of protection to all who
+chanced to wake in the night, a knowledge that a friend was near. All who
+dwelt in the old towns of Bethlehem and Nazareth in Pennsylvania could
+listen and be truly cheered by the sound of the beautiful verses written
+for the night watchman by Count Zinzendorf. In winter the watchman began
+his rounds at eight o'clock, in summer at nine. No scenes of brawling or
+tippling could have prevailed at the Rose Inn when these words of peace
+and piety rang out:--
+
+  Eight o'clock:
+    The clock is eight! To Bethlehem all is told,
+    How Noah and his seven were saved of old.
+
+  Nine o'clock:
+    Hear, Brethren, hear! The hour of nine is come;
+    Keep pure each heart and chasten every home.
+
+  Ten o'clock:
+    Hear, Brethren, hear! Now ten the hour-hand shows;
+    They only rest who long for night's repose.
+
+  Eleven o'clock:
+    The clock's eleven! And ye have heard it all,
+    How in that hour the mighty God did call.
+
+  Twelve o'clock:
+    It's midnight now! And at that hour ye know
+    With lamps to meet the bridegroom we must go.
+
+  One o'clock:
+    The hour is one! Through darkness steals the day.
+    Shines in your hearts the morning star's first ray?
+
+  Two o'clock:
+    The clock is two! Who comes to meet the day,
+    And to the Lord of Days his homage pay?
+
+  Three o'clock:
+    The clock is three! The three in one above
+    Let body, soul, and spirit truly love.
+
+  Four o'clock:
+    The clock is four! Where'er on earth are three,
+    The Lord has promised He the fourth will be.
+
+  Five o'clock:
+    The clock is five! While five away were sent,
+    Five other virgins to the marriage went.
+
+  Six o'clock:
+    The clock is six! And from the watch I'm free,
+    And every one may his own watchman be.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE TAVERN LANDLORD
+
+
+The landlord of colonial days may not have been the greatest man in town,
+but he was certainly the best-known, often the most popular, and ever the
+most picturesque and cheerful figure. Travellers did not fail to note him
+and his virtues in their accounts of their sojourns. In 1686 a gossiping
+London bookseller and author, named John Dunton, made a cheerful visit to
+Boston. He did not omit to pay tribute in his story of colonial life to
+colonial landlords. He thus pictures George Monk, the landlord of the Blue
+Anchor of Boston:--
+
+    "A person so remarkable that, had I not been acquainted with him, it
+    would be a hard matter to make any New England man believe I had been
+    in Boston; for there was no one house in all the town more noted, or
+    where a man might meet with better accommodation. Besides, he was a
+    brisk and jolly man, whose conversation was coveted by all his guests
+    as the life and spirit of the company."
+
+This picture of an old-time publican seems more suited to English
+atmosphere than to the stern air of New England Puritanism.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Washington Hotel.]
+
+
+Grave and respectable citizens were chosen to keep the early ordinaries
+and sell liquor. The first "house of intertainment" at Cambridge,
+Massachusetts, was kept by a deacon of the church, afterward Steward of
+Harvard College. The first license in that town to sell wine and strong
+water was to Nicholas Danforth, a selectman, and Representative to the
+General Court. In the Plymouth Colony Mr. William Collier and Mr. Constant
+Southworth, one of the honored Deputies, sold wine to their neighbors.
+These sober and discreet citizens were men of ample means, who took the
+duty of wine-selling to aid the colony rather than their own incomes.
+
+The first ordinary in the town of Duxbury was kept by one Francis Sprague,
+said by a local chronicler to be of "ardent temperament." His license was
+granted October 1, 1638, "to keep a victualling on Duxburrow side." His
+ardent temperament shaped him into a somewhat gay reveller, and his
+license was withdrawn. It was regranted and again recalled in 1666. His
+son succeeded him, another jovial fellow. Duxbury folk were circumspect
+and sober, and desired innkeepers of cooler blood. Mr. Seabury, one of the
+tavern inspectors, was granted in 1678 "to sell liquors unto such
+sober-minded neighbours as hee shall thinke meet; soe as hee sell not
+lesse than the quantie of a gallon att a tyme to one pson, and not in
+smaller quantities by retaile to the occationing of drunkeness."
+
+The license to sell liquor and keep a tavern explained clearly the
+limitations placed on a tavern-keeper. The one given the Andover landlord
+in 1692 ran thus:--
+
+    "The Condition of this Obligation is sent. That Whereas the above said
+    William Chandler is admitted and allowed by their Majesties' Justices
+    at a General Sessions of the Peace to keep a common Home of
+    Entertainment and to use common selling of Ale, Beer, Syder, etc.,
+    till the General Session of Peace next, in the now-Dwelling house of
+    said Chandler in Andover, commonly known by the sign of the Horse Shoe
+    and no other, if therefore the said William Chandler, during the time
+    of keeping a Publick House shall not permit, suffer, or have any
+    playing at Dice, Cards, Tables, Quoits, Loggets, Bowls, Ninepins,
+    Billiards, or any other unlawful Game or Games in his House, yard,
+    Garden, or Backside, nor shall suffer to be or remain in his House any
+    person or persons not being of his own family upon Saturday nights
+    after it is Dark, nor any time on the Sabbath Day or Evening after the
+    Sabbath, nor shall suffer any person to lodge or stay in his House
+    above one Day or Night, but such whose Name and Surname he shall
+    deliver to some one of the Selectmen or Constables or some one of the
+    Officers of the Town, unless they be such as he very well knoweth, and
+    will answer for his or their forthcoming: nor shall sell any Wine or
+    Liquors to any Indians or Negroes nor suffer any apprentices or
+    servants or any other persons to remain in his house tippling or
+    drinking after nine of the Clock in the night time; nor buy or take to
+    Pawn any stolen goods, nor willingly Harbor in his said House, Barn,
+    Stable, or Otherwhere any Rogues, Vagabonds, Thieves, nor other
+    notorious offenders whatsoever, nor shall suffer any person or persons
+    to sell or utter any ale, beer, syder, etc., by Deputation or by
+    colour of this License, and also keep the true assize and measure in
+    his Pots, Bread and otherwise in uttering of ale, beer, syder, rum,
+    wine, &c., and the same sell by sealed measure. And in his said house
+    shall and do use and maintain good order and Rule: Then this present
+    Obligation to be either void, or else to stand in full Force, Power,
+    and Virtue."
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Hays' Tavern.]
+
+
+Dr. Dwight in his Travels said that Englishmen often laughed at the fact
+that inns in New England were kept by men of consequence. He says:--
+
+    "Our ancestors considered the inn a place where corruption might
+    naturally arise and easily spread; also as a place where travellers
+    must trust themselves, their horses, baggage, and money, and where
+    women must not be subjected to disagreeable experiences. To provide
+    for safety and comfort and against danger and mischief they took
+    particular pains in their laws to prevent inns from being kept by
+    unprincipled or worthless men. Every innkeeper in Connecticut must be
+    recommended by the selectmen and civil authorities, constables and
+    grand jurors of the town in which he resides, and then licensed at the
+    discretion of the Court of Common Pleas. It was substantially the same
+    in Massachusetts and New Hampshire."
+
+Lieutenant Francis Hall, travelling through America in 1817, wrote:--
+
+    "The innkeepers of America are in most villages what we call vulgarly,
+    topping men--field officers of militia, with good farms attached to
+    their taverns, so that they are apt to think what, perhaps, in a newly
+    settled country is not very wide of the truth, that travellers rather
+    receive than confer a favour by being accommodated at their houses.
+    The daughters of the host officiate at tea and breakfast and generally
+    wait at dinner."
+
+An English traveller who visited this country shortly after the Revolution
+speaks in no uncertain terms of "the uncomplying temper of the landlords
+of the country inns in America." Another adds this testimony:--
+
+    "They will not bear the treatment we too often give ours at home. They
+    feel themselves in some degree independent of travellers, as all of
+    them have other occupations to follow; nor will they put themselves
+    into a bustle on your account; but with good language, they are very
+    civil, and will accommodate you as well as they can."
+
+Brissot comprehended the reason for this appearance of independence; he
+wrote in 1788:--
+
+    "You will not go into one without meeting neatness, decency, and
+    dignity. The table is served by a maiden well-dressed and pretty; by a
+    pleasant mother whose age has not effaced the agreeableness of her
+    features; and by men _who have that air of respectability which is
+    inspired by the idea of equality_, and are not ignoble and base like
+    the greater part of our own tavern-keepers."
+
+Captain Basil Hall, a much-quoted English traveller who came to America in
+1827, designated a Salem landlord as the person who most pleased him in
+his extended visit. Sad to say he gives neither the name of the tavern nor
+the host who was "so devoid of prejudice, so willing to take all matters
+on their favourable side, so well informed about everything in his own and
+other countries, so ready to impart his knowledge to others; had such
+mirthfulness of fancy, such genuine heartiness of good-humour," etc.
+
+
+[Illustration: Cooper Tavern.]
+
+
+In 1828 a series of very instructive and entertaining letters on the
+United States was published under the title, _Notions of the Americans_.
+They are accredited to James Fenimore Cooper, and were addressed to
+various foreigners of distinction. The travels took place in 1824, at the
+same time as the visit of Lafayette, and frequently in his company.
+Naturally inns, hotels, and modes of travel receive much attention. He
+speaks thus lucidly and pleasantly of the landlords:--
+
+    "The innkeeper of Old England and the innkeeper of New England form
+    the very extremes of their class. The former is obsequious to the
+    rich; the other unmoved and often apparently cold. The first seems to
+    calculate at a glance the amount of profit you are likely to leave
+    behind you, while his opposite appears to calculate only in what
+    manner he can most contribute to your comfort without materially
+    impairing his own.... He is often a magistrate, the chief of a
+    battalion of militia or even a member of a state legislature. He is
+    almost always a man of character, for it is difficult for any other to
+    obtain a license to exercise the calling."
+
+John Adams thus described the host and hostess of the Ipswich Inn:--
+
+    "Landlord and landlady are some of the grandest people alive, landlady
+    is the great-granddaughter of Governor Endicott and has all the
+    notions of high family that you find in the Winslows, Hutchinsons,
+    Quincys, Saltonstalls, Chandlers, Otises, Learneds, and as you might
+    find with more propriety in the Winthrops. As to landlord, he is as
+    happy and as big, as proud, as conceited, as any nobleman in England,
+    always calm and good-natured and lazy, but the contemplation of his
+    farm and his sons, his house and pasture and cows, his sound judgment
+    as he thinks, and his great holiness as well as that of his wife, keep
+    him as erect in his thoughts as a noble or a prince."
+
+The curiosity and inquisitiveness of many landlords was a standing jest.
+
+"I have heard Dr. Franklin relate with great pleasantry," said one of his
+friends, "that in travelling when he was young, the first step he took for
+his tranquillity and to obtain immediate attention at the inns, was to
+anticipate inquiry by saying, 'My name is Benjamin Franklin. I was born in
+Boston. I am a printer by profession, am travelling to Philadelphia, shall
+have to return at such a time, and have no news. Now, what can you give
+me for dinner?'"
+
+The landlord was usually a politician, sometimes a rank demagogue. He
+often held public office, was selectman, road commissioner, tax assessor,
+tax collector, constable, or town moderator; occasionally he performed all
+these duties. John Adams wrote bitterly that at public houses men sat
+drinking heavily while "plotting with the landlord to get him at the next
+town-meeting an election either for selectman or representative."
+
+They were most frequently soldiers, either officers in the militia or
+brave fighters who had served in the army. It was a favorite calling for
+Revolutionary soldiers who lived till times of peace. They were usually
+cheerful men; a gloomy landlord made customers disappear like flowers
+before a frost. And these cheery hosts were fond of practical jokes.
+
+One of the old hotels with the long piazza across the entire front was
+owned by a jesting landlord who never failed to spring an April-fool joke
+on his forgetful customers each year. The tavern had two doors, and every
+winter these were protected by portable storm porches the width of the
+door and about four feet deep. On the first day of April the landlord
+moved the porches a few feet down the piazza, so they opened upon the
+blank wall of the house. The house and piazza sat at such an angle with
+the walk from the street that the uncovered front doors were not visible
+to the visitor, so the delusion was complete. Grocerymen, butchers,
+bakers, travellers, even the tavern servants, invariably fell into the
+trap, thrust open the door, which swung with a slam and left them facing
+the blank wall. Any tavern frequenter, caught early in the day, was always
+ready to tole in a group of victims. As they walked up the steps he would
+say, "Come, boys, let's all pile into the office in a bunch and holler,
+'Hullo, old Jed,' all together." All agreed and charged with a rush into
+the 4 x 6 storm box, while the plotter of the trick went in the real door
+and sat coolly sipping a rum punch as the confused and angry contingent
+came in with battered hats and bruised elbows, after its scuffle in the
+trap.
+
+
+[Illustration: Shelby's Traveller's Rest.]
+
+
+One landlord had the name of frequently tricking travellers who stopped
+for a single meal by having the driver call out "Stage is ready" before
+they could eat the dinner they had ordered and paid for. A Yankee
+passenger disregarded this hasty summons and leisurely ate his dinner
+while the stage drove off without him. He finished the roast and called at
+last for a bowl of bread and milk to top off with as dessert. Not a spoon
+could be found for this dish, though plenty of silver spoons had been on
+the table when the stage stopped. To the distracted landlord the Yankee
+drawled out, "Do you think them passengers was going away without
+something for their money? I could p'int out the man that took them
+spoons." A stable boy on a fleet horse was promptly despatched after the
+stage, and overtook it two miles down the road. A low-spoken explanation
+and request to the driver caused him to turn quickly around and drive back
+to the tavern door with all the angry protesting passengers. The excited
+landlord called out to the Yankee as the coach stopped, "You just p'int
+out the man that took them spoons."--"Sartainly, Squire," said he, as he
+climbed into the coach, "I'll p'int him out. I took 'em myself. You'll
+find 'em all in the big coffee pot on the table. Hurry up, driver, I've
+had my dinner. All aboard."
+
+Grant Thorburn quaintly tells of this custom at another tavern:--
+
+    "At Providence coaches were ready: on flew through the dust and sweat
+    of the day like Jehus. At the tavern dinner was ready, but there was
+    no contract for time to eat; after grace from Dr. Cox (too long for
+    the occasion) we begun to eat. Scarcely had I swallowed half my first
+    course when in came driver hallowing "All ready." I thought there was
+    a stable-yard understanding between him and the landlord, for while we
+    were brushing the dust from our clothes, mustering and saying grace,
+    he was eating and drinking as fast as he could, and I did not observe
+    that he paid anything. We arrived at the Eagle Tavern (Boston) about
+    sundown; the ladies' hats and frocks which had shewed colours enough
+    to have decked fifteen rainbows were now one, viz.: ashes on ashes and
+    dust on dust."
+
+The graceless modern reader might suspect that the "stable-yard
+understanding" included the parson.
+
+
+[Illustration: Miller's Tavern.]
+
+
+A very amusing and original landlord was "Devil" Dave Miller, of the old
+General Washington Tavern which stood on East King Street, Lancaster,
+Pennsylvania. He was very stout and was generally seen in public
+bestriding an unusually small horse, which he would ride into his barroom
+to get a drink for both. When he wished to dismount, he rode to the
+doorway and hung on the frame of the door with his hands. The horse would
+walk from under him and go unguided to the stable. An old print of this
+tavern marked D. Miller's Hotel, is shown on page 73. The various vehicles
+standing in front of the hotel are interesting in shape,--old chaises,
+chairs, and a coach.
+
+An old landlord named Ramsay had a spacious and popular inn on a
+much-travelled turnpike road, and was the proprietor of a prosperous line
+of stage-coaches. He waxed rich, but though looked up to by all in the
+community, plainly showed by the precarious condition of his health in his
+advancing years that he partook too freely of his own "pure old rye." His
+family and friends, though thoroughly alarmed, did not dare to caution the
+high-spirited old gentleman against this over-indulgence; and the family
+doctor was deputed to deal with the squire in the most delicate and
+tactful manner possible. The doctor determined to employ a parable, as did
+Nathan to David, and felt confident of success; and to deliver his
+metaphorical dose he entered the taproom and cheerfully engaged the squire
+in conversation upon an ever favorite topic, the stage-coach. He finally
+ran on to know how long a well-built coach would last on the road, and
+then said: "Now, Squire, if you had a fine well-built old coach that had
+done good service, but showed age by being a little shackling, being
+sprung a little, having the seams open, would you hitch it up with young
+horses and put it on a rough road, or would you favor it with steady old
+stagers and the smoothest road you could find?"--"Well, Doctor," answered
+the squire, "if I had such a coach as that _I would soak it_." And that
+seemed to bring the doctor's parable to a somewhat sudden and unprofitable
+ending.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+TAVERN FARE AND TAVERN WAYS
+
+
+In the year 1704 a Boston widow named Sarah Knights journeyed "by post,"
+that is, went on horseback, in the company of the government postman, from
+Boston to New York, and returned a few months later. She kept a journal of
+her trip, and as she was a shrewd woman with a sharp eye and sharper
+tongue, her record is of interest. She stopped at the various hostelries
+on the route, some of which were well-established taverns, others
+miserable makeshifts; and she gives us some glimpses of rather rude fare.
+On the first night of her journey she rode late to "overtake the post,"
+and this is the account of her reception at her first lodging-place:--
+
+    "My guide dismounted and very complasently shewed the door signing to
+    me to Go in, which I Gladly did. But had not gone many steps into the
+    room ere I was interrogated by a young Lady with these or words to
+    this purpose, viz., Law for mee--what in the world brings you here
+    this time-a-night? I never see a Woman on the Rode so Late in all my
+    Varsall Life! Who are you? Where are you goeing? Im scar'd out of my
+    witts.... She then turned agen to mee and fell anew into her silly
+    questions without asking mee to sit down. I told her she treated me
+    very Rudely and I did not think it my duty to answer her unmannerly
+    questions. But to get ridd of them I told her I come there to have the
+    Posts company with me to morrow on my journey."
+
+She thus describes one stopping-place:--
+
+    "I pray'd her to show me where I must lodge. Shee conducted mee to a
+    parlour in a little back Lento, which was almost filled with the
+    bedstead, which was so high that I was forced to climb on a chair to
+    gitt up to ye wretched bed that lay on it, on which having Strecht my
+    tired Limbs and lay'd my Head on a Sad-coloured pillow, I began to
+    think on the transactions of ye past day."
+
+At another place she complained that the dinner had been boiled in the
+dye-kettle, that the black slaves ate at the table with their master, "and
+into the dish goes the black hoof as freely as the white hand...." Again
+she says:--
+
+    "We would have eat a morsell, but the Pumpkin and Indian-mixt Bread
+    had such an aspect, and the Bare-legg'd Punch so awkerd or rather
+    awfull a sound that we left both."
+
+At Rye, New York, she lodged at an ordinary kept by a Frenchman. She thus
+writes:--
+
+    "Being very hungry I desired a Fricassee which the landlord
+    undertaking managed so contrary to my notion of Cookery that I
+    hastened to Bed superless. Being shew'd the way up a pair of Stairs
+    which had such a narrow passage that I had almost stopt by the Bulk of
+    my Body; But arriving at my Apartment found it to be a little Lento
+    Chamber furnisht among other Rubbish with a High Bedd and a Low one, a
+    Long Table, a Bench and a Bottomless Chair. Little Miss went to
+    scratch up my Kennell whch Russelled as if shee'd bin in the Barn
+    among the Husks and supose such was the contents of the
+    Tickin--nevertheless being exceedingly weary down I laid my poor
+    Carkes never more tired and found my Covering as scanty as my bed was
+    hard. Anon I heard another Russelling noise in the room--called to
+    know the matter--Little Miss said she was making a bed for the men;
+    who when they were in Bed complain'd their Leggs lay out of it by
+    reason of its shortness--my poor bones complained bitterly not being
+    used to such Lodgings, and so did the man who was with us; and poor I
+    made but one Grone which was from the time I went to bed to the time I
+    riss which was about three in the morning Setting up by the fire till
+    light."
+
+Manners were rude enough at many country taverns until well into the
+century. There could be no putting on of airs, no exclusiveness. All
+travellers sat at the same table. Many of the rooms were double-bedded,
+and four who were strangers to each other often slept in each other's
+company.
+
+An English officer wrote of this custom in America:--
+
+    "The general custom of having two or three beds in a room to be sure
+    is very disagreeable; it arises from the great increase of travelling
+    within the last few years, and the smallness of their houses, which
+    were not built for houses of entertainment."
+
+Mr. Twining said that after you were asleep the landlord entered, candle
+in hand, and escorted a stranger to your side, and he calmly shared the
+bed till morning. Thurlow Weed said that any one who objected to a
+stranger as a bedfellow was regarded as obnoxious and as unreasonably
+fastidious. Still Captain Basil Hall declared that even at remote taverns
+his family had exclusive apartments; while in crowded inns it was never
+even suggested to him that other travellers should share his quarters.
+
+
+[Illustration: Ellery Tavern.]
+
+
+Many old tavern account-books and bills exist to show us the price of
+tavern fare at various dates.
+
+Mr. Field gives a bill of board at the Bowen Inn at Barrington, Rhode
+Island. John Tripp and his wife put up at the inn on the 11th of May,
+1776.
+
+                                                    _s._ _d._
+
+  "To 1 Dinner                                            9
+   To Bread and Cheese                                    7
+   To breakfast & dinner                             1    3
+   To 1 Bowl Toddy                                        9
+   To Lodging you and wife                                6
+   To 1-1/2 Bowl Toddy                               1    1-1/2
+   To 1/2 Mug Cyder                                       1-1/2
+   To lodge self and wife                                 6
+   To 1 Gill Brandy                                       5-1/2
+   To breakfast                                           9-1/2
+   Mug Cyder                                              1-1/2
+   To 1/2 bowl Toddy                                      4-1/2
+   Dinner                                                 8
+   To 15 Lb Tobacco at 6_d._                         7    6
+   To 1/4 Bowl Toddy                                      4-1/2
+   To 1/2 Mug Cyder                                       1-1/2
+   To Supper                                              6"
+
+I suppose the quarter bowls of toddy were for Madam Tripp.
+
+The house known for many years as the Ellery Tavern is still standing in
+Gloucester, Massachusetts, and is a very good example of the overhanging
+second story, as is shown in the front view of it given on page 79; and
+also of the lean-to, or sloping-roofed ell, which is shown by the picture
+on page 83 of the rear of the house. This house was built by Parson White
+in 1707, and afterward kept as a tavern by James Stevens till 1740; then
+it came into the hands of Landlord Ellery. As in scores of other taverns
+in other towns, the selectmen of the town held their meetings within its
+doors. There were five selectmen in 1744, and their annual salary for
+transacting the town's business was five dollars apiece. The tavern
+charges, however, for their entertainment amounted to £30, old tenor. It
+is not surprising, therefore, to read in the town records of the following
+year that the citizens voted the selectmen a salary of £5, old tenor,
+apiece, and "to find themselves." Nevertheless, in 1749, there was another
+bill from the Ellery Tavern of £78, old tenor, for the selectmen who had
+been sworn in the year previously and thus welcomed, "Expense for
+selectmen and Licker, £3. 18_s._" The Ellery Tavern has seen many another
+meeting of good cheer since those days.
+
+The selectmen of the town of Cambridge, Massachusetts, met at the Blue
+Anchor Tavern, which was established as an ordinary as early as 1652.
+Their bill for 1769 runs thus:--
+
+    "The Selectmen of the Town of Cambridge to Ebenezer Bradish, Dr. 1769:
+
+        March, To dinners and drink                     £0. 17. 8
+        April, To flip and punch                             2.
+        May, To wine and eating                              6. 8
+        May, To dinners, drink and suppers                  18.
+        May, To flip and cheese                              1. 8
+        May, To wine and flip                                4.
+        June, To punch                                       2. 8
+        July, To punch and eating                            4.
+        August, To punch and cheese                          3. 7
+        October, To punch and flip                           4. 8
+        October, To dinners and drink                       13. 8
+          Sundries                                          12.
+                                                          --------
+                                                        £4. 10. 7"
+
+"Ordination Day" was almost as great a day for the tavern as for the
+meeting-house. The visiting ministers who came to assist at the religious
+service of ordination of a new minister were usually entertained at the
+tavern. Often a specially good beer was brewed called "ordination beer,"
+and in Connecticut an "ordination ball" was given at the tavern--this with
+the sanction of the parsons. The bills for entertaining the visitors, for
+the dinner and lodging at the local taverns, are in many cases preserved.
+One of the most characteristic was at a Hartford ordination. It runs:--
+
+                             £  _s._  _d._
+  "To keeping Ministers          2.    4
+   2 Mugs tody                   5.    10
+   5 Segars                      3
+   1 Pint Wine                         9
+   3 Lodgings                    9
+   3 Bitters                           9
+   3 Breakfasts                  3.    6
+  15 boles Punch             1. 10
+  24 dinners                 1. 16
+  11 bottles wine                3.    6
+   5 Mugs flip                   5.  10
+   5 Boles Punch                 6
+   3 Boles Tody                  3.  6"
+
+The bill is endorsed with unconscious humor, "This all paid for except the
+Ministers Rum."
+
+
+[Illustration: Lean-to of Ellery Tavern.]
+
+
+The book already referred to, called _Notions of the Americans_, tells of
+taverns during the triumphal tour of Lafayette in 1824. The author writes
+thus of the stage-house, or tavern, on the regular stage line. He said he
+stopped at fifty such, some not quite so good and some better than the one
+he chooses to describe, namely, Bispham's at Trenton, New Jersey.
+
+    "We were received by the landlord with perfect civility, but without
+    the slightest shade of obsequiousness. The deportment of the innkeeper
+    was manly, courteous, and even kind; but there was that in his air
+    which sufficiently proved that both parties were expected to manifest
+    the same qualities. We were asked if we all formed one party, or
+    whether the gentlemen who alighted from stage number one wished to be
+    by themselves. We were shown into a neat well-furnished little
+    parlour, where our supper made its appearance in the course of twenty
+    minutes. The table contained many little delicacies, such as game,
+    oysters, and choice fish, and several things were named to us as at
+    hand if needed. The tea was excellent, the coffee as usual indifferent
+    enough. The papers of New York and Philadelphia were brought at our
+    request, and we sat with our two candles before a cheerful fire
+    reading them as long as we pleased. Our bed-chambers were spacious,
+    well-furnished, and as neat as possible; the beds as good as one
+    usually finds them out of France. Now for these accommodations, which
+    were just as good with one solitary exception (sanitary) as you would
+    meet in the better order of English provincial inns, and much better
+    in the quality and abundance of the food, we paid the sum of 4_s._
+    6_d._ each."
+
+A copy is given opposite page 86 of a bill of the "O. Cromwell's Head
+Tavern" of Boston, which was made from a plate engraved by Paul Revere.
+This tavern was kept for over half a century by members of the Brackett
+family. It was distinctly the tavern of the gentry, and many a
+distinguished guest had "board, lodging, and eating" within its walls, as
+well as the wine, punch, porter, and liquor named on the bill. It will be
+noted that the ancient measure--a pottle--is here used. Twenty years
+before the Revolutionary War, and just after the crushing defeat of the
+British general, Braddock, in what was then the West, an intelligent young
+Virginian named George Washington, said to be a good engineer and soldier,
+lodged at the Cromwell's Head Tavern, while he conferred with Governor
+Shirley, the great war Governor of the day, on military affairs and
+projects. When this same Virginian soldier entered Boston at the head of
+a victorious army, he quartered his troops in Governor Shirley's mansion
+and grounds.
+
+The sign-board of this tavern bore a portrait of the Lord Protector, and
+it is said it was hung so low that all who passed under it had to make a
+necessary reverence.
+
+While British martial law prevailed in Boston, the grim head of Cromwell
+became distasteful to Tories, who turned one side rather than walk under
+the shadow of the sign-board, and at last Landlord Brackett had to take
+down and hide the obnoxious symbol.
+
+The English traveller Melish was loud in his praise of the taverns
+throughout New York State as early as 1806. He noted at Little Falls, then
+in the backwoods, and two hundred miles from New York, that on the
+breakfast table were "table-cloth, tea tray, tea-pots, milk-pot, bowls,
+cups, sugar-tongs, teaspoons, casters, plates, knives, forks, tea, sugar,
+cream, bread, butter, steak, eggs, cheese, potatoes, beets, salt, vinegar,
+pepper," and all for twenty-five cents. He said Johnstown had but sixty
+houses, of which nine were taverns.
+
+Another English traveller told of the fare in American hotels in 1807.
+While in Albany at "Gregory's," which he said was equal to many of the
+London hotels, he wrote:--
+
+    "It is the custom in all American taverns, from the highest to the
+    lowest, to have a sort of public table at which the inmates of the
+    house and travellers dine together at a certain hour. It is also
+    frequented by many single gentlemen belonging to the town. At
+    Gregory's upwards of thirty sat down to dinner, though there were not
+    more than a dozen who resided in the house. A stranger is thus soon
+    introduced to an acquaintance with the people, and if he is travelling
+    alone he will find at these tables some relief from the ennui of his
+    situation. At the better sort of American taverns very excellent
+    dinners are provided, consisting of almost everything in season. The
+    hour is from two to three o'clock, and there are three meals in the
+    day. They breakfast at eight o'clock upon rump steaks, fish, eggs, and
+    a variety of cakes with tea or coffee. The last meal is at seven in
+    the evening, and consists of as substantial fare as the breakfast,
+    with the addition of cold fowl, ham, &c. The price of boarding at
+    these houses is from a dollar and a half to two dollars per day.
+    Brandy, hollands, and other spirits are allowed at dinner, but every
+    other liquor is paid for extra. English breakfasts and teas, generally
+    speaking, are meagre repasts compared with those of America, and as
+    far as I observed the people live with respect to eating in a much
+    more luxurious manner than we do. Many private families live in the
+    same style as at these houses; and have as great variety. Formerly
+    pies, puddings, and cyder used to grace the breakfast table, but now
+    they are discarded from the genteeler houses, and are found only in
+    the small taverns and farm-houses in the country."
+
+In spite of the vast number of inns in Philadelphia, another English
+gentleman bore testimony in 1823 that he deemed the city ill-provided with
+hostelries. This gentleman "put up" at the Mansion House, which was the
+splendid Bingham Mansion on Third Street. He wrote:--
+
+    "The tavern-keepers will not receive you on any other terms except
+    boarded at so much a day or week; you cannot have your meals by
+    yourself, or at your own hours. This custom of boarding I disliked
+    very much. The terms are, however, very moderate, only ten dollars per
+    week. The table is always spread with the greatest profusion and
+    variety, even at breakfast, supper, and tea; all of which meals indeed
+    were it not for the absence of wine and soup, might be called so many
+    dinners."
+
+
+[Illustration: Bill of Cromwell's Head Tavern.]
+
+
+There lies before me a collection of twoscore old hotel bills of fare
+about a half century old. They are of dates when stage-coaching had
+reached its highest point of perfection, and the coaching tavern its
+glory. There were railroads,--comparatively few lines, however,--but they
+had not destroyed the constant use of coaches.
+
+These hotels were the best of their kind in the country, such as the
+United States Hotel of Philadelphia, Foley's National Hotel of Norfolk,
+Virginia, Union Place Hotel and New York Hotel of New York, Union Hotel of
+Richmond, Virginia, American House of Springfield, Massachusetts, Dorsey's
+Exchange Hotel and Barnum's City Hotel of Baltimore, Maryland, the Troy
+House, the Tremont House of Boston, Massachusetts, etc. At this time all
+have become hotels and houses, not a tavern nor an inn is among them.
+
+The menus are printed on long narrow slips of poor paper, not on
+cardboard; often the names of many of the dishes are written in. They show
+much excellence and variety in quality, and abundant quantity; they are, I
+think, as good as hotels of similar size would offer to-day. There are
+more boiled meats proportionately than would be served now, and fewer
+desserts. Here is what the American House of Springfield had for its
+guests on October 2, 1851: Mock-turtle soup; boiled blue-fish with oyster
+sauce; boiled chickens with oyster sauce; boiled mutton with caper sauce;
+boiled tongue, ham, corned beef and cabbage; boiled chickens with pork;
+roast beef, lamb, chickens, veal, pork, and turkey; roast partridge;
+fricasseed chicken, oyster patties, chicken pie, boiled rice, macaroni;
+apple, squash, mince, custard, and peach pies; boiled custard; blanc
+mange, tapioca pudding, peaches, nuts, and raisins. Vegetables were not
+named; doubtless every autumnal vegetable was served.
+
+At the Union Place Hotel in 1850 the vegetables were mashed potatoes,
+Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, boiled rice, onions, tomatoes, squash,
+cauliflower, turnips, and spinach. At the United States Hotel in
+Philadelphia the variety was still greater, and there were twelve entrées.
+The Southern hotels offered nine entrées, and egg-plant appears among the
+vegetables. The wine lists are ample; those of 1840 might be of to-day,
+that is, in regard to familiar names; but the prices were different.
+Mumm's champagne was two dollars and a half a quart; Ruinard and Cliquot
+two dollars; the best Sauterne a dollar a quart; Rudesheimer 1811, and
+Hockheimer, two dollars; clarets were higher priced, and Burgundies.
+Madeiras were many in number, and high priced; Constantia (twenty years in
+glass) and Diploma (forty years in wood) were six dollars a bottle. At
+Barnum's Hotel there were Madeiras at ten dollars a bottle, sherries at
+five, hock at six; this hotel offered thirty choice Madeiras--and these
+dinners were served at two o'clock. Corkage was a dollar.
+
+
+[Illustration: Bill of Fare of City Hotel.]
+
+
+Certain taverns were noted for certain fare, for choice modes of cooking
+special delicacies. One was resorted to for boiled trout, another for
+planked shad. Travellers rode miles out of their way to have at a certain
+hostelry calves-head soup, a most elaborate and tedious dish if properly
+prepared, and a costly one, with its profuse wine, but as appetizing and
+rich as it is difficult of making. More humble taverns with simpler
+materials but good cooks had wonderful johnny-cakes, delightful waffles,
+or even specially good mush and milk. Certain localities afforded certain
+delicacies; salmon in one river town, and choice oysters. One landlord
+raised and killed his own mutton; another prided himself on ducks. Another
+cured his own hams. An old Dutch tavern was noted for rolliches and
+head-cheese.
+
+During the eighteenth century turtle-feasts were eagerly attended--or
+turtle-frolics as they were called. A travelling clergyman named Burnaby
+wrote in 1759:--
+
+    "There are several taverns pleasantly situated upon East River, near
+    New York, where it is common to have these turtle-feasts. These happen
+    once or twice a week. Thirty or forty gentlemen and ladies meet and
+    dine together, drink tea in the afternoon, fish, and amuse themselves
+    till evening, and then return home in Italian chaises, a gentleman and
+    lady in each chaise. On the way there is a bridge, about three miles
+    distant from New York, which you always pass over as you return,
+    called the Kissing Bridge, where it is part of the etiquette to salute
+    the lady who has put herself under your protection."
+
+Every sea-captain who sailed to the West Indies was expected to bring home
+a turtle on the return voyage for a feast to his expectant friends. A
+turtle was deemed an elegant gift; usually a keg of limes accompanied the
+turtle, for lime-juice was deemed the best of all "sourings" for punch. In
+Newport a Guinea Coast negro named Cuffy Cockroach, the slave of Mr.
+Jahleel Brenton, was deemed the prince of turtle cooks. He was lent far
+and wide for these turtle-feasts, and was hired out at taverns.
+
+Near Philadelphia catfish suppers were popular. Mendenhall Ferry Tavern
+was on the Schuylkill River about two miles below the Falls. It was
+opposite a ford which landed on the east side, and from which a lane ran
+up to the Ridge Turnpike. This lane still remains between the North and
+South Laurel Hill cemeteries, just above the city of Philadelphia.
+Previous to the Revolution the ferry was known as Garrigue's Ferry. A
+cable was stretched across the stream; by it a flatboat with burdens was
+drawn from side to side. The tavern was the most popular catfish-supper
+tavern on the river drive. Waffles were served with the catfish. A large
+Staffordshireware platter, printed in clear, dark, beautiful blue, made by
+the English potter, Stubbs, shows this ferry and tavern, with its broad
+piazza, and the river with its row of poplar trees. It is shown on page
+93. Burnaby enjoyed the catfish-suppers as much as the turtle-feasts, but
+I doubt if there was a Kissing Bridge in Philadelphia.
+
+Many were the good reasons that could be given to explain and justify
+attendance at an old-time tavern; one was the fact that often the only
+newspaper that came to town was kept therein. This dingy tavern sheet
+often saw hard usage, for when it went its rounds some could scarce read
+it, some but pretend to read it. One old fellow in Newburyport opened it
+wide, gazed at it with interest, and cried out to his neighbor in much
+excitement: "Bad news. Terrible gales, terrible gales, ships all bottom
+side up," as indeed they were, in his way of holding the news sheet.
+
+The extent and purposes to which the tavern sheet might be applied can be
+guessed from the notice written over the mantel-shelf of one taproom,
+"Gentlemen learning to spell are requested to use last week's newsletter."
+
+The old taverns saw many rough jokes. Often there was a tavern butt on
+whom all played practical jokes. These often ended in a rough fight. The
+old Collin's Tavern shown on page 97 was in coaching days a famous tavern
+in Naugatuck on the road between New Haven and Litchfield. One of the
+hostlers at this tavern, a burly negro, was the butt of all the tavern
+hangers-on, and a great source of amusement to travellers. His chief
+accomplishment was "bunting." He bragged that he could with a single bunt
+break down a door, overturn a carriage, or fell a horse. One night a group
+of jokers promised to give him all the cheeses he could bunt through. He
+bunted holes through three cheeses on the tavern porch, and then was
+offered a grindstone, which he did not perceive either by his sense of
+sight or feeling to be a stone until his alarmed tormentors forced him to
+desist for fear he might kill himself.
+
+A picturesque and grotesque element of tavern life was found in those last
+leaves on the tree, the few of Indian blood who lingered after the tribes
+were scattered and nearly all were dead. These tawnies could not be made
+as useful in the tavern yard as the shiftless and shifting negro element
+that also drifted to the tavern, for the Eastern Indian never loved a
+horse as did the negro, and seldom became handy in the care of horses.
+These waifs of either race, and half-breeds of both races, circled around
+the tavern chiefly because a few stray pennies might be earned there, and
+also because within the tavern were plentiful supplies of cider and rum.
+
+
+[Illustration: Mendenhall Ferry Platter.]
+
+
+Almost every community had two or three of these semi-civilized Indian
+residents, who performed some duties sometimes, but who often in the
+summer, seized with the spirit of their fathers or the influence of their
+early lives, wandered off for weeks and months, sometimes selling brooms
+and baskets, sometimes reseating chairs, oftener working not, simply
+tramping trustfully, sure of food whenever they asked for it. It is
+curious to note how industrious, orderly Quaker and Puritan housewives
+tolerated the laziness, offensiveness, and excesses of these
+half-barbarians. Their uncouthness was endured when they were in health,
+and when they fell sick they were cared for with somewhat the same charity
+and forbearance that would be shown a naughty, unruly child.
+
+Often the landlady of the tavern or the mistress of the farm-house,
+bustling into her kitchen in the gray dawn, would find a sodden Indian
+sleeping on the floor by the fireplace, sometimes a squaw and pappoose by
+his side. If the kitchen door had no latch-string out, the Indian would
+crawl into the hay in the barn; but wherever he slept, he always found his
+way to the kitchen in good time for an ample breakfast.
+
+Indian women often proved better helpers than the men. One Deb Browner
+lived a severely respectable life all winter, ever ready to help in the
+kitchen of the tavern if teamsters demanded meals; always on hand to help
+dip candles in early winter, and make soap in early spring; and her strong
+arms never tired. But when early autumn tinted the trees, and on came the
+hunting season, she tore off her respectable calico gown and apron, kicked
+off her shoes and stockings, and with black hair hanging wild, donned
+moccasins and blanket, and literally fled to the woods for a breath of
+life, for freedom. She took her flitting unseen in the night, but twice
+was she noted many miles away by folk who knew her, tramping steadily
+northward, bearing by a metomp of bark around her forehead a heavy burden
+in a blanket.
+
+One Sabbath morning in May a travelling teamster saw her in her
+ultra-civilized state on her way home from meeting, crowned, not only with
+a discreet bonnet, but with a long green veil hanging down her back. She
+was entering the tavern door to know whether they wished her to attack the
+big spring washing and bleaching the following day. "Hello, Teppamoy!" he
+said, staring at her, "how came you here and in them clothes?" Scowling
+fiercely, she walked on in haughty silence, while the baffled teamster
+told a group of tavern loafers that he had been a lumberman, and some
+years there came to the camp in Maine a wild old squaw named Teppamoy who
+raised the devil generally, but the constable had never caught her, and
+that she "looked enough like that Mis' Browner to be her sister."
+
+Another half-breed Indian, old Tuggie Bannocks, lived in old Narragansett.
+She was as much negro as Indian and was reputed to be a witch; she
+certainly had some unusual peculiarities, the most marked being a full set
+of double teeth all the way round, and an absolute refusal ever to sit on
+a chair, sofa, stool, or anything that was intended to be sat upon. She
+would sit on a table, or a churn, or a cradle-head, or squat on the floor;
+or she would pull a drawer out of a high chest and recline on the edge of
+that. It was firmly believed that in her own home she hung by her heels on
+the oaken chair rail which ran around the room. She lived in the only
+roofed portion of an old tumble-down house that had been at one time a
+tavern, and she bragged that she could "raise" every one who had ever
+stopped at that house as a guest, and often did so for company. Oh! what a
+throng of shadows, some fair of face, some dark of life, would have filled
+the dingy tavern at her command! I have told some incidents of her life in
+my _Old Narragansett_, so will no longer keep her dusky presence here.
+
+Other Indian "walk-abouts," as tramps were called, lived in the vicinity
+of Malden, Massachusetts; old "Moll Grush," who fiercely resented her
+nickname; Deb Saco the fortune-teller, whose "counterfeit presentment" can
+be seen in the East Indian Museum at Salem; Squaw Shiner, who died from
+being blown off a bridge in a gale, and who was said to be "a faithful
+friend, a sharp enemy, a judge of herbs, a weaver of baskets, and a lover
+of rum."
+
+Another familiar and marked character was Sarah Boston. I have taken the
+incidents of her life from _The Hundredth Town_, where it is told so
+graphically. She lived on Keith Hill in Grafton, Massachusetts, an early
+"praying town" of the Indians. A worn hearthstone and doorstone,
+surrounded now by green grass and shadowed by dying lilacs, still show the
+exact spot where once stood her humble walls, where once "her garden
+smiled."
+
+
+[Illustration: Collin's Tavern.]
+
+
+The last of the Hassanamiscoes (a noble tribe of the Nipmuck race, first
+led to Christ in 1654 by that gentle man John Eliot, the Apostle to the
+Indians), she showed in her giant stature, her powerful frame, her vast
+muscular power, no evidence of a debilitated race or of enfeebled
+vitality. It is said she weighed over three hundred pounds. Her father was
+Boston Phillips, also told of in story and tradition for his curious ways
+and doings. Sarah dressed in short skirts, a man's boots and hat, a heavy
+spencer (which was a man's wear in those days); and, like a true Indian,
+always wore a blanket over her shoulders in winter. She was mahogany-red
+of color, with coarse black hair, high cheek-bones, and all the
+characteristic features of her race. Her great strength and endurance made
+her the most desired farm-hand in the township to be employed in haying
+time, in wall-building, or in any heavy farm work. Her fill of cider was
+often her only pay for some powerful feat of strength, such as
+stone-lifting or stump-pulling. At her leisure times in winter she made
+and peddled baskets in true Indian fashion, and told improbable and
+baseless fortunes, and she begged cider at the tavern, and drank cider
+everywhere. "The more I drink the drier I am," was a favorite expression
+of hers. Her insolence and power of abuse made her dreaded for domestic
+service, though she freely entered every home, and sat smoking and
+glowering for hours in the chimney corner of the tavern; but in those days
+of few house-servants and scant "help," she often had to be endured that
+she might assist the tired farm wife or landlady.
+
+A touch of grim humor is found in this tale of her--the more humorous
+because, in spite of Apostle Eliot and her Christian forbears, she was
+really a most godless old heathen. She tended with care her little garden,
+whose chief ornament was a fine cherry tree bearing luscious blackhearts,
+while her fellow-townsmen had only sour Morellos growing in their yards.
+Each year the sons of her white neighbors, unrestrained by her threats and
+entreaties, stripped her tree of its toothsome and beautiful crop before
+Sarah Boston could gather it. One year the tree hung heavy with a
+specially full crop; the boys watched eagerly and expectantly the glow
+deepening on each branch, through tinted red to dark wine color, when one
+morning the sound of a resounding axe was heard in Sarah's garden, and a
+passer-by found her with powerful blows cutting down the heavily laden
+tree. "Why, Sarah," he asked in surprise, "why are you cutting down your
+splendid great cherry tree?"--"It shades the house," she growled; "I can't
+see to read my Bible."
+
+A party of rollicking Yankee blades, bold with tavern liquor, pounded one
+night on the wooden gate of the old Grafton burying-ground, and called out
+in profane and drunken jest, "Arise, ye dead, the judgment day is come."
+Suddenly from one of the old graves loomed up in the dark the gigantic
+form of Sarah Boston, answering in loud voice, "Yes, Lord, I am coming."
+Nearly paralyzed with fright, the drunken fellows fled, stumbling with
+dismay before this terrifying and unrecognized apparition.
+
+Mrs. Forbes ends the story of Sarah Boston with a beautiful thought. The
+old squaw now lies at rest in the same old shadowy burial place--no longer
+the jest and gibe of jeering boys, the despised and drunken outcast.
+Majestic with the calm dignity of death, she peacefully sleeps by the side
+of her white neighbors. At the dawn of the last day may she once more
+arise, and again answer with clear voice, "Yes, Lord, I am coming."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+"KILL-DEVIL" AND ITS AFFINES
+
+
+Any account of old-time travel by stage-coach and lodging in old-time
+taverns would be incomplete without frequent reference to that universal
+accompaniment of travel and tavern sojourn, that most American of
+comforting stimulants--rum.
+
+The name is doubtless American. A manuscript description of Barbadoes,
+written twenty-five years after the English settlement of the island in
+1651, is thus quoted in _The Academy_: "The chief fudling they make in the
+island is Rumbullion, alias Kill-Divil, and this is made of sugar canes
+distilled, a hot, hellish, and terrible liquor." This is the
+earliest-known allusion to the liquor rum; the word is held by some
+antiquaries in what seems rather a strained explanation to be the gypsy
+rum, meaning potent, or mighty. The word rum was at a very early date
+adopted and used as English university slang. The oldest American
+reference to the word rum (meaning the liquor) which I have found is in
+the act of the General Court of Massachusetts in May, 1657, prohibiting
+the sale of strong liquors "whether knowne by the name of rumme, strong
+water, wine, brandy, etc., etc." The traveller Josselyn wrote of it,
+terming it that "cursed liquor rhum, rumbullion or kill-devil." English
+sailors still call their grog rumbowling. But the word rum in this word
+and in rumbooze and in rumfustian did not mean rum; it meant the gypsy
+adjective powerful. Rumbooze or rambooze, distinctly a gypsy word, and an
+English university drink also, is made of eggs, ale, wine, and sugar.
+Rumfustian was made of a quart of strong beer, a bottle of white wine or
+sherry, half a pint of gin, the yolks of twelve eggs, orange peel, nutmeg,
+spices, and sugar. Rum-barge is another mixed drink of gypsy name. It will
+be noted that none of these contains any rum.
+
+In some localities in America rum was called in early days
+Barbadoes-liquor, a very natural name, occasionally also Barbadoes-brandy.
+The Indians called it ocuby, or as it was spelled in the Norridgewock
+tongue, ah-coobee. Many of the early white settlers called it by the same
+name. Kill-devil was its most universal name, not only a slang name, but a
+trading-term used in bills of sale. A description of Surinam written in
+1651 says: "Rhum made from sugar-canes is called kill-devil in New
+England." At thus early a date had the manufacture of rum become
+associated with New England.
+
+The Dutch in New York called the liquor brandy-wine, and soon in that
+colony wherever strong waters were named in tavern lists, the liquor was
+neither aqua vitæ nor gin nor brandy, but New England rum.
+
+It soon was cheap enough. Rev. Increase Mather, the Puritan parson, wrote,
+in 1686: "It is an unhappy thing that in later years a Kind of Drink
+called Rum has been common among us. They that are poor and wicked, too,
+can for a penny make themselves drunk." From old account-books, bills of
+lading, grocers' bills, family expenses, etc., we have the price of rum at
+various dates, and find that his assertion was true.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Rum Bottles.]
+
+
+In 1673 Barbadoes rum was worth 6_s._ a gallon. In 1687 its price had
+vastly fallen, and New England rum sold for 1_s._ 6_d._ a gallon. In 1692
+2_s._ a gallon was the regular price. In 1711 the price was 3_s._ 3_d._ In
+1757, as currency grew valueless, it was 21_s._ a gallon. In 1783 only a
+little over a shilling; then it was but 8_d._ a quart. During this time
+the average cost of molasses in the West Indies was 12_d._ a gallon; so,
+though the distillery plant for its production was costly, it can be seen
+that the profits were great.
+
+Burke said about 1750: "The quantity of spirits which they distill in
+Boston from the molasses which they import is as surprising as the
+cheapness at which they sell it, which is under two shillings a gallon;
+but they are more famous for the quantity and cheapness than for the
+excellency of their rum." An English traveller named Bennet wrote at the
+same date of Boston society: "Madeira wine and rum punch are the liquors
+they drink in common." Baron Riedésel, who commanded the foreign troops in
+America during the Revolution, wrote of the New England inhabitants: "Most
+of the males have a strong passion for strong drink, especially rum."
+While President John Adams said caustically: "If the ancients drank wine
+as our people drink rum and cider, it is no wonder we hear of so many
+possessed with devils;" yet he himself, to the end of his life, always
+began the day with a tankard of hard cider before breakfast.
+
+The Dutch were too constant beer drinkers to become with speed great rum
+consumers, and they were too great lovers of gin and schnapps. But they
+deprecated the sharp and intolerant prohibition of the sale of rum to the
+Indians, saying: "To prohibit all strong liquor to them seems very hard
+and very Turkish. Rum doth as little hurt as the Frenchman's Brandie, and
+in the whole is much more wholesome." The English were fiercely abhorrent
+of intemperance among the Indians, and court records abound in laws
+restraining the sale of rum to the "bloudy salvages," of prosecutions and
+fines of white traders who violated these laws, and of constant and fierce
+punishment of the thirsty red men, who simply tried to gratify an appetite
+instilled in them by the English.
+
+William Penn wrote to the Earl of Sutherland in 1683: "Ye Dutch, Sweed,
+and English have by Brandy and Specially Rum, almost Debaucht ye Indians
+all. When Drunk ye most Wretched of Spectacles. They had been very
+Tractable but Rum is so dear to them."
+
+Rum formed the strong intoxicant of all popular tavern drinks; many are
+still mixed to-day. Toddy, sling, grog, are old-time concoctions.
+
+A writer for the first _Galaxy_ thus parodied the poem, _I knew by the
+smoke that so gracefully curled_:--
+
+  "I knew by the pole that's so gracefully crown'd
+    Beyond the old church, that a tavern was near,
+  And I said if there's black-strap on earth to be found,
+    A man who had credit might hope for it here."
+
+Josiah Quincy said that black-strap was a composition of which the secret,
+he fervently hoped, reposed with the lost arts. Its principal ingredients
+were rum and molasses, though there were other simples combined with it.
+He adds, "Of all the detestable American drinks on which our inventive
+genius has exercised itself, this black-strap was truly the most
+outrageous."
+
+Casks of it stood in every country store and tavern, a salted cod-fish
+hung alongside, slyly to tempt by thirst additional purchasers of
+black-strap. "Calibogus," or "bogus," was unsweetened rum and beer.
+
+Mimbo, sometimes abbreviated to mim, was a drink made of rum and
+loaf-sugar--and possibly water. The "Rates in Taverns" fixed in York
+County in Pennsylvania, in 1752, for "the protecting of travellers against
+the extortions of tavern-keepers," gives its price:--
+
+  "1 Quart Mimbo made best W. I. Rum and Loaf:       10_d._
+
+   1 Quart Mimbo, made of New England Rum and Loaf:   9_d._"
+
+Many years ago, one bitter winter day, there stepped down from a rocking
+mail-coach into the Washington Tavern in a Pennsylvania town, a dashing
+young man who swaggered up to the bar and bawled out for a drink of
+"Scotchem." The landlord was running here and there, talking to a score of
+people and doing a score of things at once, and he called to his son, a
+lubberly, countrified young fellow, to give the gentleman his Scotchem.
+The boy was but a learner in the taproom, but he was a lad of few words,
+so he hesitatingly mixed a glass of hot water and Scotch whiskey, which
+the traveller scarcely tasted ere he roared out: "Don't you know what
+Scotchem is? Apple-jack, and boiling water, and a good dash of ground
+mustard. Here's a shilling to pay for it." The boy stared at the
+uninviting recipe, but faithfully compounded it, when toot-toot sounded
+the horn--the coach waited for no man, certainly not for a man to sip a
+scalding drink--and such a drink, and off in a trice went full coach and
+empty traveller. The young tapster looked dubiously at the great mug of
+steaming drink; then he called to an old trapper, a town pauper, who,
+crippled with rheumatism, sat ever in the warm chimney corner of the
+taproom, telling stories of coons and catamounts and wolverines, and
+taking such stray drops of liquid comfort as old companions or new
+sympathizers might pityingly give him. "Here, Ezra," the boy said, "you
+take the gentleman's drink. It's paid for." Ezra was ever thirsty and
+never fastidious. He gulped down the Scotchem. "It's good," he swaggered
+bravely, with eyes streaming from the scalding mustard, "an' it's tasty,
+too, ef it does favor tomato ketchup."
+
+
+[Illustration: Burgoyne Tavern.]
+
+
+Forty years later an aged man was swung precariously out with a violent
+jerk from a rampant trolley car in front of the Washington Hotel. He
+wearily entered the gaudy office, and turned thence to the bar. The
+barkeeper, a keen-eyed, lean old fellow of inscrutable countenance,
+glanced sharply at him, pondered a moment, then opened a remote closet,
+drew forth from its recess an ancient and dusty demijohn of apple-jack,
+and with boiling water and a dash of mustard compounded a drink which he
+placed unasked before the traveller. "Here's your Scotchem," he said
+laconically. The surprised old man looked sharply around him. Outside the
+window, in the stable yard, a single blasted and scaling buttonwood tree
+alone remained of the stately green row whose mottled trunks and glossy
+leaves once bordered the avenue. The varying grades of city streets had
+entirely cut off the long porch beloved of old-time tavern loafers. The
+creaking sign-board had vanished. Within was no cheerful chimney corner
+and no welcoming blazing fire, but the old taproom still displayed its
+raftered ceiling. The ancient traveller solemnly drank his long-paid-for
+mug of Scotchem. "It's good," he said, "and tasty, if it does favor tomato
+ketchup."
+
+A ray of memory darted across the brain of the old barkeeper, and albeit
+he was not a member of the Society of Psychical Research and could not
+formulate his brain impressions, yet he pondered on the curious problem
+of thought transference, of forced sequence of ideas, of coincidences of
+mental action resulting from similar physical conditions and influences.
+
+Flip was a dearly loved drink of colonial times, far more popular in
+America than in England, much different in concoction in America than in
+England, and much superior in America--a truly American drink. As its
+chief ingredient is beer, it might be placed in the chapter on small
+drink, but the large amount consumed entitles it to a place with more
+rankly intoxicating liquors.
+
+The earliest date that I find flip named in New England is 1690. From that
+year till the middle of this century there never was a day, never a minute
+of the day, and scarce of the night, that some old Yankee flip drinker was
+not plunging in a loggerhead, or smacking his lips over a mug of creaming
+flip.
+
+In the _New England Almanac_ for 1704 we read under December:--
+
+  "The days are short, the weather's cold,
+  By tavern fires tales are told.
+  Some ask for dram when first come in,
+  Others with flip and bounce begin."
+
+American flip was made in a great pewter mug or earthen pitcher filled
+two-thirds full of strong beer; sweetened with sugar, molasses, or dried
+pumpkin, according to individual taste or capabilities; and flavored with
+"a dash"--about a gill--of New England rum. Into this mixture was thrust
+and stirred a red-hot loggerhead, made of iron and shaped like a poker,
+and the seething iron made the liquor foam and bubble and mantle high, and
+gave it the burnt, bitter taste so dearly loved. A famous tavern host of
+Canton, Massachusetts, had a special fancy in flip. He mixed together a
+pint of cream, four eggs, and four pounds of sugar, and kept this on hand.
+When a mug of flip was called for, he filled a quart mug two-thirds full
+of bitter beer, added four great spoonfuls of his creamy compound, a gill
+of rum, and thrust in the loggerhead. If a fresh egg were beaten into the
+mixture, the froth poured over the top of the mug, and the drink was
+called "bellows-top."
+
+
+[Illustration: Happy Farmer Pitcher.]
+
+
+Let me not fail to speak of the splendid glasses in which flip was often
+served--I mean the great glass tumblers without handles which, under the
+name of flip glasses, still are found in New England homes. They are vast
+drinking-vessels, sometimes holding three or four quarts apiece, and speak
+to us distinctly of the unlimited bibulous capacities of our ancestors.
+They are eagerly sought for by glass and china collectors, and are among
+the prettiest and most interesting of old-time relics.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Hancock Tavern.]
+
+
+English flip is not so simple nor so original nor so good a drink as
+American flip. It might be anything but flip, since it is compounded in a
+saucepan, and knows naught of the distinctive branding of flip, the
+seething loggerhead. If it contained no spirits, it was called "egg-hot."
+
+A rule for flip which seems to combine the good points of the American and
+English methods, uses ale instead of home-brewed. It may be given "in the
+words of the Publican who made it":--
+
+    "Keep grated Ginger and Nutmeg with a fine dried Lemon Peel rubbed
+    together in a Mortar. To make a quart of Flip: Put the Ale on the Fire
+    to warm, and beat up three or four Eggs with four ounces of moist
+    Sugar, a teaspoonful of grated Nutmeg or Ginger, and a Quartern of
+    good old Rum or Brandy. When the Ale is near to boil, put it into one
+    pitcher, and the Rum and Eggs, etc., into another: turn it from one
+    Pitcher to another till it is as smooth as cream. To heat plunge in
+    the red hot Loggerhead or Poker. This quantity is styled One Yard of
+    Flannel."
+
+A quartern is a quarter of a gill, which is about the "dash" of rum.
+
+No flip was more widely known and more respected than the famous brew of
+Abbott's Tavern at Holden, Massachusetts. This house, built in 1763, and
+kept by three generations of Abbotts, never wavered in the quality of its
+flip. It is said to have been famous from the Atlantic to the Pacific--and
+few stage-coaches or travellers ever passed that door without adding to
+its praises and thereafter spreading its reputation. It is sad to add that
+I don't know exactly how it was made. A bill still existing tells its
+price in Revolutionary days; other items show its relative valuation:--
+
+  "Mug New England Flip                   9_d._
+    "  West India    "                   11_d._
+  Lodging per night                       3_d._
+  Pot luck per meal                       8_d._
+  Boarding commons Men              4_s._ 8_d._
+     "        "    Weomen                 2_s._"
+
+This is the only tavern bill I have ever seen in which nice distinctions
+were made in boarding men and women. I am glad to know that the "weomen"
+traveller in those days had 2_s._ 8_d._ of daily advantage over the men.
+
+Other names for the hospital loggerhead were flip-dog and hottle. The
+loggerhead was as much a part of the chimney furniture of an old-time New
+England tavern and farm-house as the bellows or andirons. In all taverns
+and many hospitable homes it was constantly kept warm in the ashes, ready
+for speedy heating in a bed of hot coals, to burn a mug of fresh flip for
+every visitor or passer by. Cider could be used instead of beer, if beer
+could not be had. Some wise old flip tasters preferred cider to beer.
+Every tavern bill of the eighteenth century was punctuated with entries of
+flip. John Adams said if you spent the evening in a tavern, you found it
+full of people drinking drams of flip, carousing, and swearing. The old
+taprooms were certainly cheerful and inviting gathering-places; where mine
+host sat behind his cagelike counter surrounded by cans and bottles and
+glasses, jars of whole spices and whole loaves of sugar; where an
+inspiring row of barrels of New England rum, hard cider, and beer ranged
+in rivalry at an end of the room, and
+
+  "Where dozed a fire of beechen logs that bred
+  Strange fancies in its embers golden-red,
+  And nursed the loggerhead, whose hissing dip,
+  Timed by wise instinct, creamed the bowl of flip."
+
+
+[Illustration: Flip Glasses, Loggerhead, and Toddy Stick.]
+
+
+These fine lines of Lowell's seem to idealize the homely flip and the
+loggerhead as we love to idealize the customs of our forbears. Many a
+reader of them, inspired by the picture, has heated an iron poker or
+flip-dog and brewed and drunk a mug of flip. I did so not long ago, mixing
+carefully by a rule for flip recommended and recorded and used by General
+Putnam--Old Put--in the Revolution. I had the Revolutionary receipt and I
+had the Revolutionary loggerhead, and I had the old-time ingredients, but
+alas, I had neither the tastes nor the digestion of my Revolutionary
+sires, and the indescribable scorched and puckering bitterness of taste
+and pungency of smell of that rank compound which was flip, will serve for
+some time in my memory as an antidote for any overweening longing for the
+good old times.
+
+The toddy stick, beloved for the welcome ringing music it made on the
+sides of glass tumblers, was used to stir up toddy and other sweetened
+drinks.
+
+It was a stick six or eight inches long, with a knob at one end, or
+flattened out at the end so it would readily crush the loaf sugar used in
+the drink. The egg-nog stick was split at one end, and a cross-piece of
+wood was set firmly in. It was a crude egg-beater. Whirled rapidly around,
+while the upright stick was held firmly between the palms of the hands, it
+was a grateful, graceful, and inviting machine in the hands of skilful
+landlords of old.
+
+Another universal and potent colonial drink was punch. It came to the
+English colonies in America from the English colonies in India. To the
+Orientals we owe punch--as many other good things. The word is from the
+Hindustani _panch_, five, referring to the five ingredients then used in
+the drink, namely: tea, arrack, sugar, lemons, water.
+
+In 1675 one Tryer drank punch in India and, like the poor thing that he
+was, basely libelled it as an enervating liquor. The English took very
+quickly to the new drink, as they did to everything else in India, and
+soon the word appeared in English ballads, showing that punch was well
+known.
+
+Englishmen did not use without change the punch-bowls of India, but
+invented an exceptionally elegant form known by the name of Monteith. It
+was called after a man of fashion who was marked and remarkable for
+wearing a scalloped coat. In the _Art of Cookery_ we find reference to him
+and the Monteith punch bowl:--
+
+  "New things produce new words, and so Monteith
+  Has by one vessel saved himself from death."
+
+
+[Illustration: Porcelain Monteith.]
+
+
+Monteiths seem to have come into fashion about 1697. The rim was scalloped
+like its namesake's coat, or cut in battlements, thus forming
+indentations, in which a punch ladle and lemon strainer and tall
+wine-glasses were hung on their sides, the foot out. The rim was usually
+separate from the bowl, and was lifted off with the glasses and ladle and
+strainer, for the punch to be brewed in the bowl. When the punch was duly
+finished, the ornamental rim was replaced. A porcelain imitation of a
+Monteith is here shown, which was made in China for an American
+ship-owner, doubtless from a silver model.
+
+Punch became popular in New England just as it did in old England, in
+fact, wherever English-speaking sea rovers could tell of the new drink. In
+1682 John Winthrop wrote of the sale of a punch bowl in Boston, and in
+1686 John Dunton told of more than one noble bowl of punch in New England.
+
+Every buffet of people of good station in prosperous times soon had a
+punch bowl. Every dinner was prefaced by a bowl of punch passed from hand
+to hand, while the liquor was drunk from the bowl. Double and "thribble"
+bowls of punch were served in taverns; these held two and three quarts
+each.
+
+To show the amount of punch drunk at a minister's ordination in New
+England in 1785, I will state that the eighty people attending in the
+morning had thirty bowls of punch before going to meeting; and the
+sixty-eight who had dinner disposed of forty-four bowls of punch, eighteen
+bottles of wine, eight bowls of brandy, and a quantity of cherry rum.
+
+Punch was popular in Virginia, it was popular in New York, it was popular
+in Pennsylvania. William Black recorded in his diary in 1744 that in
+Philadelphia he was given cider and punch for lunch; rum and brandy before
+dinner; punch, Madeira, port, and sherry at dinner; punch and liqueurs
+with the ladies; and wine, spirit, and punch till bedtime; all in punch
+bowls big enough for a goose to swim in.
+
+In 1757 S. M. of Boston, who was doubtless Samuel Mather, the son of
+Cotton Mather, sent to Sir Harry Frankland, the hero of the New England
+romance of Agnes Surriage, a box of lemons with these lines:--
+
+  "You know from Eastern India came
+  The skill of making punch as did the name.
+  And as the name consists of letters five,
+  By five ingredients is it kept alive.
+  To purest water sugar must be joined,
+  With these the grateful acid is combined.
+  Some any sours they get contented use,
+  But men of taste do that from Tagus choose.
+  When now these three are mixed with care
+  Then added be of spirit a small share.
+  And that you may the drink quite perfect see,
+  Atop the musky nut must grated be."
+
+
+[Illustration: Cincinnati Punch Bowl.]
+
+
+From the accounts that have come down to us, the "spirits a small share"
+of the Puritan Mather's punch receipt was seldom adhered to in New England
+punches.
+
+The importation to England and America of lemons, oranges, and limes for
+use as punch "sowrings," as they were called, was an important part of the
+West Indian and Portuguese trade. The juices of lemons, oranges, limes,
+and pineapples were all used in punches, and were imported in demijohns
+and bottles. The appetizing advertisements of J. Crosby, a Boston fruit
+importer, are frequent for many years in New England newspapers. Here is
+one from the _Salem Gazette_ in 1741:--
+
+    "Extraordinary good and very fresh Orange juice which some of the very
+    best Punch Tasters prefer to Lemmon, at one dollar a gallon. Also very
+    good Lime Juice and Shrub to put into Punch at the Basket of Lemmons,
+    J. Crosby, Lemmon Trader."
+
+I don't know whether the punch tasters referred to were professional punch
+mixers or whether it was simply a term applied to persons of well-known
+experience and judgment in punch-drinking.
+
+In Salem, New Jersey, in 1729, tavern prices were regulated by the Court.
+They were thus:--
+
+  "A rub of punch made with double-refined sugar
+  and one and a half gills of rum                  9_d._
+
+  A rub of punch made with single refined sugar
+  and one and a half gills of rum                  8_d._
+
+  A rub made of Muscovado sugar and one and a
+  half gills of rum                                7_d._
+
+  A quart of flipp made with a pint of rum         9_d._
+
+  A pint of wine                              1_s._
+
+  A gill of rum                                    3_d._
+
+  A quart of strong beer                           4_d._
+
+  A gill of brandy or cordial                      6_d._
+
+  A quart of metheglin                             9_d._
+
+  A quart of cider royal                           8_d._
+
+  A quart of cider                                 4_d._"
+
+Punches were many of name, scores of different ones were given by drink
+compounders, both amateur and professional. Punches were named for
+persons, for places; for taverns and hosts; for bar-tenders and
+stage-coach drivers; for unusual ingredients or romantic incidents.
+Sometimes honor was conferred by naming the punch for the person;
+sometimes the punch was the only honor the original ever had. In these
+punches all kinds of flavoring and spices were used, and all the strong
+liquors of the world, all the spirits, wines, liqueurs, drops, distilled
+waters and essences--but seldom and scant malt liquors, if it were truly
+punch.
+
+With regard to the proper amounts of all these various fluids to be used
+in composition opinions always differed. Many advised a light hand with
+cordials, some disliked spices; others wished a plentiful amount of lemon
+juice, others wished tea. In respect of the proportions of two important
+and much-discussed ingredients, old-time landlords apparently heeded
+directions similar to those I once heard given impressively by an old
+Irish ecclesiastic of high office: "Shtop! shtop! ye are not commincin'
+right and in due ordher! Ye musthn't iver put your whiskey or rum foorst
+in your punch-bowl and thin add wather; for if ye do, ivery dhrop of
+wather ye put in is just cruel spoilin' of the punch; but--foorst--put
+some wather in the bowl--some, I say, since in conscience ye must--thin
+pour in the rum; and sure ye can aisily parcaive that ivery dhrop ye put
+in is afther makin' the punch betther and betther."
+
+Charles Lamb tells in his _Popular Fallacies_ of "Bully Dawson kicked by
+half the town and half the town kicked by Bully Dawson." This Bully Dawson
+was a famous punch brewer; his rule was precisely like that of a famous
+New England landlord, and is worth choosing among a score of rules:--
+
+    "The man who sees, does, or thinks of anything else while he is making
+    Punch may as well look for the Northwest Passage on Mutton Hill. A man
+    can never make good punch unless he is satisfied, nay positive, that
+    no man breathing can make better. I can and do make good Punch,
+    because I do nothing else, and this is my way of doing it. I retire to
+    a solitary corner with my ingredients ready sorted; they are as
+    follows, and I mix them in the order they are here written. Sugar,
+    twelve tolerable lumps; hot water, one pint; lemons, two, the juice
+    and peel; old Jamaica rum, two gills; brandy, one gill; porter or
+    stout, half a gill; arrack, a slight dash. I allow myself five minutes
+    to make a bowl in the foregoing proportions, carefully stirring the
+    mixture as I furnish the ingredients until it actually foams; and then
+    Kangaroos! how beautiful it is!"
+
+With this nectar and a toast we may fitly close this chapter. May the
+grass grow lightly o'er the grave of Bully Dawson, and weigh like lead on
+the half the town that kicked him!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+SMALL DRINK
+
+
+"Under this tearme of small-drink," wrote an old chronicler, "do I endow
+such drinks as are of comfort, to quench an honest thirst, not to heat the
+brain, as one man hath ale, another cider, another metheglin, and one
+sack." Under this title I also place such tavern and home drinks of
+colonial times as were not deemed vastly intoxicating; though New England
+cider might well be ranged very close to New England rum in intoxicating
+powers.
+
+The American colonists were not enthusiastic water drinkers, and they soon
+imported malt and established breweries to make the familiar ale and beer
+of old England. The Dutch patroons found brewing a profitable business in
+New York, and private families in all the colonies built home brew-houses
+and planted barley and hops.
+
+In Virginia a makeshift ale was made from maize as early as 1620. George
+Thorpe wrote that it was a good drink, much preferable to English beer.
+Governor Berkeley wrote of Virginians a century later:--
+
+    "Their small-drink is either wine or water, beer, milk and water, or
+    water alone. Their richer sort generally brew their small-beer with
+    malt, which they have from England, though barley grows there very
+    well; but for the want of convenience of malt-houses, the inhabitants
+    take no care to sow it. The poorer sort brew their beer with molasses
+    and bran; with Indian corn malted with drying in a stove: with
+    persimmons dried in a cake and baked; with potatoes with the green
+    stalks of Indian corn cut small and bruised, with pompions, with the
+    Jerusalem artichoke which some people plant purposely for that use,
+    but this is the least esteemed."
+
+Similar beers were made in New England. The court records are full of
+enactments to encourage beer-brewing. They had not learned that liberty to
+brew, when and as each citizen pleased, would prove the best stimulus.
+Much personal encouragement was also given. The President of Harvard
+College did not disdain to write to the court on behalf of "Sister
+Bradish," that she might be "encouraged and countenanced" in her baking of
+bread and brewing and selling of penny beer. And he adds in testimony that
+"such is her art, way, and skill that shee doth vend such comfortable
+penniworths for the relief of all that send unto her as elsewhere they can
+seldom meet with." College students were permitted to buy of her to a
+certain amount; and with the light of some contemporary evidence as to the
+quality of the college commons we can believe they needed very
+"comfortable penniworths."
+
+Some New England taverns were famous for their spruce, birch, and
+sassafras beer, boiled with scores of roots and herbs, with birch,
+spruce, or sassafras bark, with pumpkin and apple parings, with sweetening
+of molasses or maple syrup, or beet tops and other makeshifts. A colonial
+song writer boasted--
+
+  "Oh, we can make liquor to sweeten our lips
+  Of pumpkins, of parsnips, of walnut-tree chips."
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Amherst Hotel.]
+
+
+According to Diodorus Siculus, the ancient Britons drank on festive
+occasions liquors made from honey, apples, and barley, viz., mead, cider,
+and ale. The Celts drank mead and cider--natural drinks within the
+capabilities of manufacture by slightly civilized nations; for wild honey
+and wild apples could be found everywhere. Ale indicated agriculture and a
+more advanced civilization.
+
+Mead, or metheglin, of fermented honey, herbs, and water, has been made by
+every race and tribe on this globe, living where there was enough
+vegetation to cherish bees. It had been a universal drink in England, but
+was somewhat in disuse when this country was settled.
+
+Harrison wrote:--
+
+    "The Welsh make no less account of metheglin than the Greeks did of
+    their ambrosia or nectar, which for the pleasantness thereof was
+    supposed to be such as the gods themselves did delight in. There is a
+    kind of swishswash made also in Essex, and divers other places, with
+    honeycomb and water, which the homely country-wives putting some
+    pepper and a little other spice among, called mead: very good in mine
+    opinion for such as love to be loose-bodied at large, or a little
+    eased of the cough. Otherwise it differeth so much from true metheglin
+    as chalk from cheese; and one of the best things that I know belonging
+    thereto is, that they spend but little labour and less cost in making
+    of the same, and therefore no great loss if it were never occupied."
+
+Metheglin was one of the drinks of the American colonists. It was a
+favorite drink in Kentucky till well into this century. As early as 1633,
+the Piscataqua planters of New Hampshire, in their list of values which
+they set in furs,--the currency of the colony,--made "6 Gallon Mathaglin
+equal 2 Lb Beaver." In Virginia, whole plantations of honey locust were
+set out to supply metheglin. The long beans of the locust were ground and
+mixed with honey herbs and water, and fermented.
+
+In a letter written from Virginia in 1649, it is told of "an ancient
+planter of twenty-five years standing," that he had good store of bees and
+"made excellent good Matheglin, a pleasant and strong drink."
+
+Oldmixon, in _History of Carolina_ (1708), says, "the bees swarm there six
+or seven times a year, and the metheglin made there is as good as Malaga
+sack," which may be taken _cum grano salis_.
+
+In New England drinking habits soon underwent a marked and speedy change.
+English grains did not thrive well those first years of settlement, and
+were costly to import, so New Englanders soon drifted from beer-drinking
+to cider-drinking. The many apple orchards planted first by Endicott and
+Blackstone in Massachusetts, and Wolcott in Connecticut, and seen in a few
+decades on every prosperous and thrifty farm, soon gave forth their
+bountiful yield of juicy fruit. Perhaps this change in drinking habits was
+indirectly the result of the influence of the New England climate. Cider
+seemed more fitted for sharp New England air than ale. Cider was soon so
+cheap and plentiful throughout the colony that all could have their fill.
+Josselyn said in 1670: "I have had at the tap-houses of Boston an
+ale-quart of cider spiced and sweetened with sugar for a groat."
+
+
+[Illustration: Eagle Tavern and Sign-board, Newton, New Hampshire.]
+
+
+All the colonists drank cider, old and young, and in all
+places,--funerals, weddings, ordainings, vestry-meetings, church-raisings,
+etc. Infants in arms drank mulled hard cider at night, a beverage which
+would kill a modern babe. It was supplied to students at Harvard and Yale
+colleges at dinner and bever, being passed in two quart tankards from hand
+to hand down the commons table. Old men began the day with a quart or
+more of hard cider before breakfast. Delicate women drank hard cider. All
+laborers in the field drank it in great draughts that were often liberally
+fortified with drams of New England rum. The apple crop was so wholly
+devoted to the manufacture of cider that in the days of temperance reform
+at the beginning of this century, Washingtonian zealots cut down great
+orchards of full-bearing trees, not conceiving any adequate use of the
+fruit for any purpose save cider-making.
+
+A friend--envious and emulous of the detective work so minutely described
+by Conan Doyle--was driving last summer on an old New England road
+entirely unfamiliar to him. He suddenly turned to the stage-driver by his
+side and, pointing to a house alongside the road, said, "The man who lives
+there is a drunkard."--"Why, yes," answered the driver in surprise, "do
+you know him?"--"No," said the traveller, "I never saw him and don't know
+his name, but he's a drunkard and his father was before him, and his
+grandfather."--"It's true," answered the driver, with much astonishment;
+"how could you tell?"--"Well, there is a large orchard of very old apple
+trees round that house, while all his neighbors, even when the houses are
+old, have younger orchards. When the 'Washingtonian or Temperance
+Movement' reached this town, the owner of this place was too confirmed a
+drunkard to reform and cut down his apple trees as his neighbors did, and
+he kept on at his hard cider and cider brandy, and his son and grandson
+grew up to be drunkards after him." Later inquiry in the town proved the
+truth of the amateur detective's guesswork.
+
+Cider was tediously made at first by pounding the apples in wooden
+mortars; the pomace was afterward pressed in baskets. Then rude mills with
+a spring board and heavy maul crushed the apples in a hollowed log. Then
+presses for cider-making began to be set up about the year 1650.
+
+Apples were at that time six to eight shillings a bushel; cider 1_s._
+8_d._ a gallon--as high-priced as New England rum a century later.
+
+Connecticut cider soon became specially famous. Roger Williams in 1660
+says John Winthrop's loving letter to him was as grateful as "a cup of
+your Connecticut cider." By 1679 it was cheap enough, ten shillings a
+barrel; and in the year 1700, about seven shillings only. It had then
+replaced beer in nearly all localities in daily diet; yet at the
+Commencement dinner at Harvard in 1703, four barrels of beer were served
+and but one of cider, with eighteen gallons of wine.
+
+In 1721 one Massachusetts village of forty families made three thousand
+barrels of cider, and Judge Joseph Wilder of Lancaster, Massachusetts,
+made six hundred and sixteen barrels in the year 1728.
+
+Bennett, an English traveller, writing of Boston in the year 1740, says
+that "the generality of the people with their victuals" drank cider, which
+was plentiful and good at three shillings a barrel. It took a large amount
+of cider to supply a family when all drank, and drank freely. Ministers
+often stored forty barrels of cider for winter use.
+
+
+[Illustration: Cider Pitcher and Cups.]
+
+
+By the closing years of the seventeenth century nearly all Virginia
+plantations had an apple orchard. Colonel Fitzhugh had twenty-five hundred
+apple trees. So quickly did they mature, that six years after the scions
+were planted, they bore fruit. Many varieties were common, such as
+russets, costards, pippins, mains, marigolds, kings, and batchelors. So
+great was the demand for cider in the South that apple orchards were
+deemed the most desirable leasing property. Cider never reached a higher
+price, however, than two shillings and a half in Virginia during the
+seventeenth century. Thus it could be found in the house of every Maryland
+and Virginia planter. It was supplied to the local courts during their
+times of sitting. Many households used it in large quantity instead of
+beer or metheglin, storing many barrels for everyday use.
+
+At a very early date apple trees were set out in New York, and cultivated
+with much care and much success. Nowhere else in America, says Dankers,
+the Labadist traveller, had he seen such fine apples. The names of the
+Newton pippin, the Kingston spitzenburgh, the Poughkeepsie swaar apple,
+the red streak, guelderleng, and others of well-known quality, show New
+York's attention to apple-raising. Kalm, the Swedist naturalist, spoke of
+the splendid apple orchards which he saw throughout New York in 1749, and
+told of the use of the horse press in the Hudson Valley for making cider.
+Cider soon rivalled in domestic use in this province the beer of the
+Fatherland. It was constantly used during the winter season, and, diluted
+with water, sweetened and flavored with nutmeg, made a grateful summer
+drink. Combined with rum, it formed many of the most popular and
+intoxicating colonial drinks, of which "stone-wall" was the most potent.
+Cider-royal was made by boiling four barrels of cider into one barrel. P.
+T. Barnum said cider-spirits was called "gumption."
+
+A New Hampshire settler carried on his back for twenty miles to his home a
+load of young apple trees. They thrived and grew apace, and his first crop
+was eight bushels. From these, he proudly recounted, he made one barrel of
+cider, one barrel of water-cider, and "one barrel of charming good drink."
+Water-cider, or ciderkin, was a very weak, slightly cidery beverage, which
+was made by pouring water over the solid dregs left after the cider had
+been pressed from the pomace, and pressing it over again. It was deemed
+especially suitable for children to drink; sometimes a little molasses and
+ginger was added to it.
+
+A very mild tavern drink was beverige; its concoction varied in different
+localities. Sometimes beverige was water-cider or ciderkin; at other times
+cider, spices, and water. Water flavored with molasses and ginger was
+called beverige, and is a summer drink for New England country-folk
+to-day.
+
+
+[Illustration: Parson's Tavern.]
+
+
+John Hammond wrote of Virginia in 1656 in his _Leah and Rachel_:--
+
+    "Beare is indeed in some places constantly drunken, in other some
+    nothing but Water or Milk, and Water or Beverige; and that is where
+    the good-wives (if I may so call them) are negligent and idle; for it
+    is not want of Corn to make Malt with, for the Country affords enough,
+    but because they are slothful and careless; and I hope this Item will
+    shame them out of these humours; that they will be adjudged by their
+    drinke, what kind of Housewives they are."
+
+Vinegar and water--a drink of the ancient Roman soldiery--was also called
+beverige. Dr. Rush wrote a pamphlet recommending its use by harvest
+laborers.
+
+Switchel was a similar drink, strengthened with a dash of rum. Ebulum was
+the juice of elder and juniper berries, spiced and sweetened. Perry was
+made from pears, and peachy from peaches.
+
+A terrible drink is said to have been popular in Salem. It is difficult to
+decide which was worse, the drink or its name. It was sour household beer
+simmered in a kettle, sweetened with molasses, filled with crumbs of
+"ryneinjun" bread, and drunk piping hot; its name was
+whistle-belly-vengeance, or whip-belly-vengeance. This name was not a
+Yankee vulgarism, but a well-known old English term. Bickerdyke says small
+beer was rightly stigmatized by this name. Dean Swift in his _Polite
+Conversations_ gives this smart dialogue:--
+
+    "_Hostess_ (offering ale to Sir John Linger). I never taste
+    malt-liquor, but they say ours is well-hopp'd.
+
+    _Sir John._ Hopp'd! why if it had hopp'd a little further, it would
+    have hopp'd into the river.
+
+    _Hostess._ I was told ours was very strong.
+
+    _Sir John._ Yes! strong of the water. I believe the brewer forgot the
+    malt, or the river was too near him. Faith! it is more
+    whip-belly-vengeance; he that drinks most has the worst share."
+
+This would hardly seem a word for "polite conversation," though it was
+certainly a term in common use. Its vulgarity is in keen contrast to the
+name of another "small drink," a name which brings to the mental vision
+thoughts of the good cheer, the genial hospitality, the joy of living, of
+Elizabethan days. A black letter copy of the _Loyal Garland_, a collection
+of songs of the seventeenth century, thus names the drink in this gay
+song:--
+
+  "To the Tavern lets away!
+  There have I a Mistress got,
+  Cloystered in a Pottle Pot;
+  Plump and bounding, soft and fair,
+  Bucksome, sweet and debonair,
+  And they call her _Sack_, my Dear!"
+
+It is vain to enter here into a discussion of exactly what sack was, since
+so much has been written about it. The name was certainly applied to sweet
+wines from many places. A contemporary authority, Gervayse Markham, says
+in The _English Housewife_, "Your best Sackes are of Seres in Spain, your
+smaller of Galicia or Portugall: your strong Sackes are of the islands of
+the Canaries."
+
+Sack was, therefore, a special make of the strong, dry, sweet,
+light-colored wines of the sherry family, such as come from the South,
+from Portugal, Spain, and the Canary Islands. By the seventeenth century
+the name was applied to all sweet wines of this class, as distinguished
+from Rhenish wines on one hand and red wines on the other. Many do not
+wish to acknowledge that sack was sherry, but there was little distinction
+between them. Sherris-sack, named by Shakespeare, was practically also
+sherry.
+
+Sack was so cheap that it could be used by all classes. From an original
+license granted by Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1584, to one Bradshaw to keep a
+tavern we learn that sack was then worth two shillings a gallon.
+
+
+[Illustration: Toby Fillpots.]
+
+
+Perhaps the most famous use of sack was in the making of sack-posset, that
+drink of brides, of grooms, of wedding and christening parties. A rhymed
+rule for sack-posset found its way into many collections, and into English
+and American newspapers. It is said to have been written by Sir Fleetwood
+Fletcher. It was thus printed in the _New York Gazette_ of February 13,
+1744:--
+
+  "A Receipt for all young Ladies that are going to be Married.
+  To make a SACK-POSSET
+
+  From famed Barbadoes on the Western Main
+  Fetch sugar half a pound; fetch sack from Spain
+  A pint; and from the Eastern Indian Coast
+  Nutmeg, the glory of our Northern toast.
+  O'er flaming coals together let them heat
+  Till the all-conquering sack dissolves the sweet.
+  O'er such another fire set eggs, twice ten,
+  New born from crowing cock and speckled hen;
+  Stir them with steady hand, and conscience pricking
+  To see the untimely fate of twenty chicken.
+  From shining shelf take down your brazen skillet,
+  A quart of milk from gentle cow will fill it.
+  When boiled and cooked, put milk and sack to egg,
+  Unite them firmly like the triple League.
+  Then covered close, together let them dwell
+  Till Miss twice sings: _You must not kiss and tell_.
+  Each lad and lass snatch up their murdering spoon,
+  And fall on fiercely like a starved dragoon."
+
+Sack was drunk in America during the first half-century of colonial life.
+It was frequently imported to Virginia; and all the early instructions for
+the voyage cross-seas, such as Governor Winthrop's to his wife and those
+of the Plymouth Plantations, urge the shipping of sack for the sailors.
+Even in Judge Sewall's day, a century after the planting of Boston,
+sack-posset was drunk at Puritan weddings, but a psalm and a prayer made
+it properly solemn. Judge Sewall wrote of a Boston wedding:--
+
+    "There was a pretty deal of company present. Many young gentlemen and
+    young gentlewomen. Mr. Noyes made a speech, said love was the sugar
+    to sweeten every condition in the marriage state. After the
+    Sack-Posset sang 45th Psalm from 8th verse to end."
+
+
+[Illustration: Flip Glasses and Nutmeg Holders.]
+
+
+Canary soon displaced sack in popular affection, and many varieties of
+closely allied wines were imported. Sir Edmund Andros named in his excise
+list "Fayal wines, or any other wines of the Western Islands, Madeira,
+Malaga, Canary, Tent, and Alcant." Claret was not popular. The consumption
+of sweet wines was astonishing, and the quality was exceeding good. Spiced
+wines were much sold at taverns, sangaree and mulled wines. Brigham's
+Tavern at Westborough had a simple recipe for mulled wine: simply a quart
+of boiling hot Madeira, half a pint of boiling water, six eggs beaten to a
+froth, all sweetened and spiced. Nutmeg was the favorite flavoring, and
+nutmegs gilded and beribboned were an esteemed gift. The importation of
+them was in early days wholly controlled by the Dutch. High livers--_bon
+vivants_--carried nutmegs in their pockets, fashionable dames also. One
+of the prettiest trinkets of colonial times is the dainty nutmeg holder,
+of wrought silver or Battersea enamel, just large enough to hold a single
+nutmeg. The inside of the cover is pierced or corrugated to form a grater.
+The ones now before me, both a century and a half old, when opened exhale
+a strong aroma of nutmeg, though it is many a year since they have been
+used. With a nutmeg in a pocket holder, the exquisite traveller, whether
+man or woman, could be sure of a dainty spiced wine flavored to taste;
+"atop the musky nut could grated be," even in the most remote tavern, for
+wine was everywhere to be found, but nutmegs were a luxury. Negus, a washy
+warm wine-punch invented in Queen Anne's day by Colonel Negus, was also
+improved by a flavoring of nutmeg.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
+
+
+Before named streets with numbered houses came into existence, and when
+few persons could read, painted and carved sign-boards and figures were
+more useful than they are to-day; and not only innkeepers, but men of all
+trades and callings sought for signs that either for quaintness,
+appropriateness, or costliness would attract the eyes of customers and
+visitors, and fix in their memory the exact locality of the advertiser.
+Signs were painted and carved in wood; they were carved in stone; modelled
+in terra-cotta and plaster; painted on tiles; wrought of various metals;
+and even were made of animals' heads stuffed.
+
+As education progressed, signs were less needed, and when thoroughfares
+were named and sign-posts set up and houses numbered, the use of business
+signs vanished. They lingered sometimes on account of their humor,
+sometimes because they were a guarantee of an established business, but
+chiefly because people were used to them.
+
+The shops in Boston were known by sign-boards. In 1761 Daniel Parker,
+goldsmith, was at the Golden Ball, William Whitmore, grocer, at the Seven
+Stars, Susannah Foster was "next the Great Cross," and John Loring,
+chemist, at the Great Trees. One hatter had a "Hatt & Beaver," another a
+"Hatt & Helmit"; butter was sold at the "Blue Glove" and "Brazen Head";
+dry-goods at the "Sign of the Stays" and at the "Wheat Sheaf"; rum at the
+"Golden Keys"; pewter ware at the "Crown and Beehive"; knives at the "Sign
+of the Crown and Razor." John Crosby, for many years a noted lemon trader,
+had as a sign a basket of lemons. In front of a nautical instrument store
+on the corner of State and Broad streets, Boston, still stands a quaint
+wooden figure of an ancient naval officer resplendent in his blue coat,
+cocked hat, short breeches, stockings, and buckles, holding in his hand a
+quadrant. The old fellow has stood in this place, continually taking
+observations of the sun, for upwards of one hundred years. It will be seen
+that these signs were often incongruous and non-significant, both as to
+their relation to the business they indicated, and in the association of
+objects which they depicted.
+
+A rhyme printed in the _British Apollo_ in 1710 notes the curious
+combination of names on London sign-boards:--
+
+  "I'm amazed at the signs
+  As I pass through the town;
+  To see the odd mixture
+  A Magpie and Crown,
+  The Whale and the Crow,
+  The Razor and Hen,
+  The Leg and Seven Stars,
+  The Axe and the Bottle,
+  The Sun and the Lute,
+  The Eagle and Child,
+  The Shovel and Boot."
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Stratton Tavern.]
+
+
+Addison wrote nearly two centuries ago on the absurdity and incongruity of
+these sign-boards, in _The Spectator_ of April 2, 1710. He says,
+advocating a censorship of sign-boards:--
+
+    "Our streets are filled with blue boars, black swans, and red lions;
+    not to mention flying pigs, and hogs in armour, with many other
+    creatures more extraordinary than any in the deserts of Africa. My
+    first task therefore should be like that of Hercules, to clear the
+    city from monsters. In the second place I would forbid that creatures
+    of jarring and incongruous natures should be joined together in the
+    same sign; such as the bell and the neat's tongue; the dog and the
+    gridiron. The fox and goose may be supposed to have met, but what have
+    the fox and the seven stars to do together? And when did the lamb and
+    dolphin ever meet, except upon a sign-post? As for the cat and fiddle
+    there is a conceit in it, and therefore I do not intend that anything
+    I have said should affect it. I must, however, observe to you upon
+    this subject, that it is usual for a young tradesman, at his first
+    setting up, to add to his sign that of the master whom he has served;
+    as the husband, after marriage, gives a place to his mistress's arms
+    in his own coat. This I take to have given rise to many of those
+    absurdities which are committed over our heads; and as, I am informed,
+    first occasioned the three nuns and a hare, which we see so frequently
+    joined together."
+
+Many of the apparently meaningless names on tavern signs come through the
+familiar corruptions of generations of use, through alterations both by
+the dialect of speakers and by the successive mistakes of ignorant
+sign-painters. Thus "The Bag o' Nails," a favorite sign, was originally
+"The Bacchanalians." The familiar "Cat and Wheel" was the "Catherine
+Wheel," and still earlier "St. Catherine's Wheel," in allusion to the
+saint and her martyrdom. The "Goat and Compass" was the motto "God
+encompasseth us." "The Pig and Carrot" was the "Pique et Carreau" (the
+spade and diamond in playing cards). Addison thus explains the "Bell
+Savage," a common sign in England, usually portrayed by an Indian standing
+beside a bell. "I was formerly very much puzzled upon the conceit of it,
+till I accidentally fell into the reading of an old romance translated out
+of the French, which gives an account of a very beautiful woman who was
+found in a wilderness, and is called in French, La Belle Sauvage, and is
+everywhere translated by our countrymen the Bell Savage."
+
+"The Bull and Mouth" celebrates in corrupt wording the victory of Henry
+VIII. in "Boulougne Mouth" or Harbor. In London the Bull and Mouth Inn was
+a famous coach office, and the sign-board bore these lines:--
+
+  "Milo the Cretonian
+    An ox slew with his fist,
+  And ate it up at one meal,
+    Ye Gods! what a glorious twist."
+
+Twist was the old cant term for appetite.
+
+The universal use of sign-boards furnished employment to many painters of
+inferior rank, and occasionally even to great artists, who, either as a
+freak of genius, to win a wager, to crown a carouse, or perhaps to earn
+with ease a needed sum, painted a sign-board. At the head of this list is
+Hogarth. Richard Wilson painted "The Three Loggerheads" for an ale-house
+in North Wales. George Morland has several assigned to him: "The Goat in
+Boots," "The White Lion," "The Cricketers." Ibbetson paid his bill to
+Landlord Burkett after a sketching and fishing excursion by a sign with
+one pale and wan face and one equally rubicund. The accompanying lines
+read:--
+
+  "Thou mortal man that livest by bread,
+  What makes thy face to look so red?
+  Thou silly fop that looks so pale,
+  'Tis red with Tommy Burkett's ale."
+
+Gérôme, Cox, Harlow, and Millais swell the list of English sign-painters,
+while Holbein, Correggio, Watteau, Gerriault, and Horace Vernet make a
+noble company. The splendid "Young Bull" of Paul Potter, in the museum of
+The Hague, is said to have been painted for a butcher's sign.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Three Crowns Tavern.]
+
+
+Benjamin West painted many tavern signs in the vicinity of Philadelphia,
+among them in 1771 that of the Three Crowns, a noted hostelry that stood
+on the King's Highway in Salisbury Township, Lancaster County. This
+neighborhood was partly settled by English emigrants, and the old tavern
+was kept by a Tory of the deepest dye. The sign-board still bears the
+marks of the hostile bullets of the Continental Army, and the proprietor
+came near sharing the bullets with the sign. This Three Crowns was removed
+in 1816 to the Waterloo Tavern, kept by a relative of the old landlord.
+The Waterloo Tavern was originally the Bull's Head, and was kept by a
+Revolutionary officer. Both sides of the Three Crowns sign-board are shown
+on page 143. By tradition West also painted the sign-board of the old Hat
+Tavern shown on page 147. This was kept by Widow Caldwell in Leacock
+Township, Lancaster County, on the old Philadelphia road.
+
+The Bull's Head Inn of Philadelphia had a sign suited to its title; it was
+sold in the middle of this century to an Englishman as the work of
+Benjamin West. The inn stood in Strawberry Alley, and West once lived in
+the alley; and so also did Bernard Wilton, a painter and glazier, in the
+days when the inn was young and had no sign-board. And as the glazier sat
+one day in the taproom, a bull ran foaming into the yard and thrust his
+head with a roar in the tavern window. The glazier had a ready wit, and
+quoth he: "This means something. This bull thrust his head in as a sign,
+so it shall be the sign of the inn, and bring luck and custom forever." I
+think those were his words; at any rate, those were the deeds.
+
+West also painted the "Ale Bearers." One side had a man holding a glass of
+ale and looking through it. The other side showed two brewers' porters
+carrying an ale cask slung with case hooks on a pole--as was the way of
+ale porters at that day. It is said that West was offered five hundred
+dollars for a red lion sign-board he had painted in his youth. In the
+vicinity of Philadelphia several taverns claimed to have sign-boards
+painted by the Peales and by Gilbert Stuart, and an artist named Hicks is
+said to have contributed some wonderful specimens to this field of art.
+
+
+[Illustration: Browne's Hall, Danvers, Massachusetts, 1743.]
+
+
+General Wolfe was a favorite name and figure for pre-Revolutionary taverns
+and sign-boards. There was a Wolfe Tavern near Faneuil Hall in Boston; and
+the faded sign-board of the Wolfe Tavern of Brooklyn, Connecticut, is
+shown on page 211 as it swung when General Israel Putnam was the tavern
+landlord. These figures of the English officer were usually removed as
+obnoxious after the Declaration of Independence. But the Wolfe Tavern at
+Newburyport continued to swing the old sign "in the very centre of the
+place to be an insult to this truly republican town." This sign is shown
+in its spruce freshness on page 180. It is a great contrast to "Old Put's"
+Wolfe sign-board.
+
+A Philadelphia tavern with a clumsy name, though a significant one, was
+the Federal Convention of 1787 Inn. I cannot imagine any band of tavern
+tipplers or jovial roisterers ever meeting there, but it was doubtless
+used for political gatherings. It had a most pretentious sign painted by
+Matthew Pratt, a pupil of Benjamin West. It was said that his signs were
+painted in a style that should have given them place in a picture gallery,
+had it not been that the galleries of those days were few, and artists
+found their most lucrative employment in painting signs for taverns and
+stores. This inn kept first by a man named Hanna, then by George Poppal,
+was at 178 South Street, near Fifth Street. The sign was a painting of the
+National Convention which met May 14, 1787, in the State House or
+Independence Hall to frame the Constitution of the United States. George
+Washington was president, Mayor William Jackson was secretary. The
+convention met in the East Room, which was distinctly and correctly
+represented on the sign-board; its wainscoting, the Ionic pilasters
+supporting a full entablature beneath a coved ceiling, all were taken down
+by a "Commissioner of Repairs," and all now are happily reproduced and
+restored. On one side of the sign-board Washington was seen seated under
+the panel bearing the arms of Pennsylvania. The dignified Judge Wilson
+occupied the chair, and Franklin sat near. All the heads were portraits.
+On both sides of the sign-board were the lines:--
+
+  "These thirty-eight men together have agreed
+  That better times to us shall very soon succeed."
+
+Watson, writing in 1857, tells of the end of this historic sign-board:--
+
+    "This invaluable sign, which should have been copied by some eminent
+    artist and engraved for posterity, was bandied about like the Casa
+    Santa of Lorretto from post to pillar till it located at South Street
+    near the Old Theatre. The figures are now completely obliterated by a
+    heavy coat of brown paint on which is lettered Fed. Con. 1787."
+
+
+[Illustration: Hat Tavern and Sign-board.]
+
+
+This offence against historic decency can be added to the many other
+crimes against good taste which lie heavily on the account of the middle
+of the nineteenth century. The _fin du siècle_ has many evils which are
+daily rehearsed to us; but the middle of the century was an era of bad
+taste, dulness, affected and melancholic sentimentality and
+commonplaceness in dress, architecture, household furnishings,
+literature, society, and art--let us turn from it with haste. It is
+equalled only in some aspects by some of the decades of dulness in England
+in the reign of George III.
+
+Another sign-board painted by Woodside is described in Philadelphia
+newspapers of August, 1820:--
+
+    "UNION HOTEL
+
+    "Samuel E. Warwick respectfully informs his friends and the public
+    generally that he has opened a house of Entertainment at the northeast
+    corner of Seventh and Cedar Streets, and has copied for his sign Mr.
+    Binn's beautiful copperplate engraving of the Declaration of
+    Independence, by that justly celebrated artist, Mr. Woodside:--
+
+      "Whate'er may tend to soothe the soul below,
+      To dry the tear and blunt the shaft of woe,
+      To drown the ills that discompose the mind,
+      All those who drink at Warwick's Inn shall find."
+
+The Revolutionary War developed originality in American tavern signs. The
+"King's Arms," "King's Head," "St. George and the Dragon," and other
+British symbols gave place to rampant American eagles and portraits of
+George Washington. Every town had a Washington Tavern, with varied
+Washington sign-boards. That of the Washington Hotel at Salem,
+Massachusetts, is on page 63.
+
+The landlord of the Washington Inn at Holmesburg, Pennsylvania, one James
+Carson, issued this address in 1816:--
+
+    "Ye good and virtuous Americans--come! whether business or pleasure be
+    your object--call and be refreshed at the sign of Washington. Here
+    money and merit will secure you respect and honor, and a hearty
+    welcome to choice liquors and to sumptuous fare. Is it cold? You shall
+    find a comfortable fire. Is it warm? Sweet repose under a cool and
+    grassy shade. In short, every exertion shall be made to grace the sign
+    of the hero and statesman who was first in war, first in peace, and
+    first in the hearts of his countrymen."
+
+On Beach Street a tavern, with the name Washington Crossing the Delaware,
+had as a sign-board a copy of Sully's famous picture. This must have been
+a costly luxury. A similar one used as a bridge sign-board is on page 239.
+
+About 1840 one Washington Tavern in Philadelphia, on Second and Lombard
+streets, displayed a sign which was a novelty at that time. It was what
+was known as a "slat-sign"; perpendicular strips or slats were so set on
+the sign that one view or picture was shown upon taking a full front view,
+a second by looking at it from one side, a third from the other. The
+portrait of Washington and other appropriate pictures were thus shown.
+
+Other patriotic designs became common,--the Patriotic Brothers having a
+sign representing the Temple of Liberty with weapons of war. On the steps
+of the temple a soldier and sailor grasp hands, with the motto, "Where
+Liberty dwells, there is my country."
+
+A very interesting sign is in the possession of the Connecticut Historical
+Society. It is shown on page 28. This sign is unusual in that it is
+carved in good outline on one side with the British coat of arms, and on
+the other a full-rigged ship under full sail, flying the Union Jack. At
+the top on each side are the letters U. A. H., and 1766. It is enclosed in
+a heavy frame, with heavy hangers of iron keyed to suspend from a beam.
+
+The initials U. A. H. stand for Uriah and Ann Hayden, who kept the tavern
+for which this board was the sign. It stood near the river in Essex, then
+Pettspung Parish, in the town of Saybrook, Connecticut. The sign was
+relegated to a garret when the British lion and unicorn were in such
+disrepute in the new land of freedom, and, being forgotten, was thus
+preserved to our own day.
+
+An old sign shown on pages 151 and 153 swung for nearly a century by the
+roadside before a house called Bissell's Tavern, at Bissell's Ferry, East
+Windsor, Connecticut. Originally it bore an elaborate design of thirteen
+interlacing rings, each having in its centre the representation of some
+tree or plant peculiar to the state it designated. These interlacing links
+surrounded the profile portrait of George Washington. Above this was the
+legend, "The 13 United States." Beneath this, "Entertainment by David
+Bissell, A.D. 1777." Ten years later the words David Bissell were painted
+out and E. Wolcott substituted. The date 1787 was also placed in both
+upper corners of the board. In 1801 the sign and house came to Joseph
+Phelps. A new design was given: a copy of the first gold eagle of 1795,
+and on the other the reverse side of same coin and the name J. Phelps. In
+1816 J. Pelton bought the Ferry Tavern, and he painted out all of J.
+Phelps's name save the initials, which were his own. He hung the sign on
+the limb of a big elm tree over the Ferry road.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Bissell's Tavern.]
+
+
+Arad Stratton, who kept the old tavern at Northfield Farms, had a splendid
+eagle on his sign-board, which is shown on page 140. This tavern built in
+1724 was pulled down in 1820.
+
+William Pitt's face and figure frequently appeared on sign-boards. One is
+shown on page 156 which hung at the door of the Pitt Tavern in Lancaster,
+Pennsylvania. This tavern was kept from 1808 to 1838 by Landlord Henry
+Diffenbaugh. The sign-board was painted by an artist named Eicholtz, a
+pupil of Sully and of Gilbert Stuart, whose work he imitated and copied.
+
+A small, single-storied ancient tavern used to stand near the old Swedes'
+church. Over the door was a sign with an old hen with a brood of chickens;
+an eagle hovered over them with a crown in its beak; the inscription was:
+"May the Wings of Liberty cover the Chickens of Freedom, and pluck the
+Crown from the Enemy's Head." This was a high flight of fancy, and the Hen
+and Chickens was doubtless vastly admired in those days of high sentiment
+and patriotism after the Revolution.
+
+Lafayette and Franklin showed their fame in many a sign-board. When the
+sign of the Franklin Inn was set up in Philadelphia in 1774, it bore this
+couplet:--
+
+  "Come view your patriot father! and your friend,
+  And toast to Freedom and to slavery's end."
+
+John Hancock was another popular patriot seen on tavern signs. The
+sign-board which hung for many years before John Duggan's hostelry, the
+Hancock Tavern in Corn Court, is shown on page 110. This portrait crudely
+resembles one of Hancock, by Copley, and is said to have been painted by
+order of Hancock's admirer, Landlord Duggan. At Hancock's death it was
+draped with mourning emblems. It swung for many years over the narrow
+alley shown on page 182, till it blew down in a heavy wind and killed a
+citizen. Then it was nailed to the wall, and thereby injured. It was
+preserved in Lexington Memorial Hall, but has recently been returned to
+Boston.
+
+It was natural that horses, coaches, and sporting subjects should be
+favorites for tavern signs. A very spirited one is that of the Perkins
+Inn, at Hopkinton, New Hampshire, dated 1786, and showing horse, rider,
+and hounds. The Williams Tavern of Centrebrook, Connecticut, stood on the
+old Hartford and Saybrook turnpike. One side of its swinging sign
+displayed a coach and horses. It is shown on page 400. The other, on page
+396, portrays a well-fed gentleman seated at a well-spread table sedately
+drinking a glass of wine. Sign-boards with figures of horses were common,
+such as that of the Hays Tavern, page 65; of the Conkey Tavern, page 190;
+of Mowry's Inn, page 57; and of the Pembroke Tavern, page 217.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Bissell's Tavern.]
+
+
+Of course beasts and birds furnished many symbols for sign painters. On
+the site where the Northfield Seminary buildings now stand, stood until
+1880 the old Doolittle Tavern. It was on the main-travelled road from
+Connecticut through Massachusetts to southern New Hampshire and Vermont.
+Its sign-board, dated 1781, is on page 158. It bore a large rabbit and two
+miniature pine trees.
+
+Joseph Cutter, a Revolutionary soldier, kept an inn in Jaffray, New
+Hampshire, on the "Brattleboro' Pike" from Boston. His sign-board bore the
+figure of a demure fox. It is shown on page 412.
+
+Indian chiefs were a favorite subject for sign-boards; three are here
+shown, one on page 203, from the Stickney Tavern of Concord, New
+Hampshire; another on page 382, from the Wells Tavern at Greenfield
+Meadows, Massachusetts; a third on page 310, from the Tarleton Inn of
+Haverhill, New Hampshire.
+
+Two Beehive Taverns, one in Philadelphia, one in Frankford, each bore the
+sign-board a beehive with busy bees. The motto on the former, "By Industry
+We Thrive," was scarcely so appropriate as--
+
+  "Here in this hive we're all alive,
+    Good liquor makes us funny.
+  If you are dry, step in and try
+    The flavor of our honey."
+
+The sign-board of Walker's Tavern, a famous house of entertainment in
+Charlestown, New Hampshire, is shown on page 162. It bears a beehive and
+bees. This sign is now owned by the Worcester Society of Antiquity.
+
+The Washington Hotel, at the corner of Sixth and Carpenter streets, had
+several landlords, and in 1822 became the New Theatre Hotel. Woodside
+painted a handsome sign, bearing a portrait of the famous old actor and
+theatrical manager, William Warren, as Falstaff, with the inscription,
+"Shall I not take mine ease at my inn?" A writer in the _Despatch_ says
+the tavern did not prosper, though its rooms were let for meetings of
+clubs, societies, audits, and legal proceedings. It was leased by Warren
+himself in 1830, and still the tavern decayed. He left it and died, and
+the fine sign-board faded, and was succeeded by the plain lettering,
+Fallstaff Inn, and the appropriate motto, chosen by Warren, gave place to
+"Bring me a cup of sack, Hal." The place was a "horrible old rattletrap,"
+and was soon and deservedly demolished.
+
+The Raleigh Inn, in Third Street, showed the story of the servant throwing
+water over the nobleman at the sight of smoke issuing from his mouth. This
+was a favorite tale of the day, and the portrayal of it may be seen in
+many an old-time picture-book for children.
+
+On Thirteenth Street, near Locust, was a sign copied from a London one:--
+
+  "I William McDermott lives here,
+  I sells good porter, ale, and beer,
+  I've made my sign a little wider
+  To let you know I sell good cider."
+
+On the Germantown road the Woodman Tavern had a sign-board with a woodman,
+axe, and the following lines:--
+
+  "In Freedom's happy land
+    My task of duty done,
+  In Mirth's light-hearted band
+    Why not the lowly woodman one?"
+
+The Yellow Cottage was a well-known Philadelphia tavern, half citified,
+half countrified. Its sign read:--
+
+  "Rove not from sign to sign, but stop in here,
+  Where naught exceeds the prospect but the beer."
+
+These lines were a paraphrase of the witty and celebrated sign, said to
+have been written by Dean Swift for a barber who kept a public house:--
+
+  "Rove not from pole to pole, but stop in here,
+  Where naught excels the shaving but the beer."
+
+Sir Walter Scott, in his _Fortunes of Nigel_, gives this version as a
+chapter motto:--
+
+  "Rove not from pole to pole--the man lives here,
+  Whose razor's only equalled by his beer."
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of William Pitt Tavern.]
+
+
+Entering a large double gate, the passer-by who was seduced by this sign
+of the Yellow Cottage walked up a grand walk to this cottage, which was
+surrounded by a brick pavement about five feet wide which was closely
+bordered in front and sides by lilac bushes and some shrubs called
+"Washington's bowers." These concealed all the lower story on three sides
+except the front entrance. If you could pass the bar, you could go out the
+back entrance to a porch which extended across the back of the house. Here
+card-playing, dominos, etc., constantly went on; thence down a sloping
+field, at the end of the field, was an exit. On one side of this field
+was a stable, chicken-house, and pens which always held for view a fat hog
+or ox or some unusual natural object. Shooting parties were held here;
+quoit-playing, axe-throwing, weight-lifting, etc.; and it had also a
+charming view of the river.
+
+Biblical names were not common on tavern sign-boards. "Adam and Eveses
+Garden" in Philadelphia was not a Garden of Eden. This was and is a common
+title in England. Noah's Ark seems somewhat inappropriate. The Angel had
+originally a religious significance. The Bible and Peacock seems less
+appropriate than the Bible and Key, for divination by Bible and key has
+ever been as universal in America as in England.
+
+In Philadelphia, on Shippen Street, between Third and Fourth, was a tavern
+sign representing a sailor and a woman, separated by these two lines:--
+
+  "The sea-worn sailor here will find
+  The porter good, the treatment kind."
+
+No doubt thirsty tars found this sign most attractive; more so, I am sure,
+than the pretentious sign of Lebanon Tavern, corner of Tenth and South
+streets. This sign was painted by the artist Pratt. On one side was
+Neptune in his chariot, surrounded by Tritons; underneath the lines:--
+
+  "Neptune with his triumphant host
+  Commands the ocean to be silent,
+  Smooths the surface of its waters,
+  And universal calm succeeds."
+
+On the other side a marine view of ships, etc., with the lines:--
+
+  "Now calm at sea and peace on land
+  Have blest our Continental stores,
+  Our fleets are ready, at command,
+  To sway and curb contending powers."
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Doolittle Tavern.]
+
+
+As the sign purveyor dropped easily into verse, albeit of the blankest
+type, these lines surmounted the door:--
+
+  "Of the waters of Lebanon
+    Good cheer, good chocolate, and tea,
+  With kind entertainment
+    By John Kennedy."
+
+Chocolate and tea seem but dull bait to lure the sailor of that day. The
+Three Jolly Sailors showed their cheerful faces on a sign-board
+appropriately found on Water Street. One of the tars was busy strapping a
+block, and the legend below read:--
+
+  "Brother Sailor! please to stop
+  And lend a hand to strap this block;
+  For if you do not stop or call,
+  I cannot strap this block at all."
+
+In Castleford, England, the Three Jolly Sailors has a different rhyme:--
+
+  "Coil up your ropes and anchor here,
+  Till better weather does appear."
+
+In Boston the Ship in Distress was a copy of a famous sign-board which
+hung in Brighton, England, a century ago. Both had the appealing lines:--
+
+  "With sorrows I am compassed round,
+  Pray lend a hand, my ship's aground."
+
+Tippling-houses in both Philadelphia and Boston had a sign-board painted
+with a tree, a bird, a ship, and a can of beer, and these quaint lines, an
+excellent tavern rhyme:--
+
+  "This is the tree that never grew,
+  This is the bird that never flew,
+  This is the ship that never sailed,
+  This is the mug that never failed."
+
+Other Philadelphia sign-boards of especial allurement to sailors were "The
+Wounded Tar," "The Top-Gallant," "The Brig and Snow," "The Jolly Sailors,"
+"The Two Sloops," "The Boatswain and Call," and "The Dolphin." The
+sign-board of the Poore Tavern (page 405) shows a ship under full sail.
+
+In a small Philadelphia alley running from Spruce Street to Lock Street,
+was a sign-board lettered "A Man Full of Trouble." It bore also a picture
+of a man on whose arm a woman was leaning, and a monkey was perched on his
+shoulder, and a bird, apparently a parrot, stood on his hand. The woman
+carried a bandbox, on the top of which sat a cat. This sign has a long
+history. It was copied from the famous sign-board of an old ale-house
+still in Oxford Street, London; (it is here shown, opposite this page).
+It is said to have been painted by Hogarth; at any rate, it is valued
+enough to be specified in the lease of the premises as one of the
+fixtures. The name by which it is known in London is The Man Loaded with
+Mischief. The bird is a magpie, and the woman holds a glass of gin in her
+hand. In the background at one side is a pot-house, at the other a
+pawnbroker's shop. The engraving of this sign is signed "Drawn by
+Experience, Engraved by Sorrow," and the rhyme:--
+
+  "A monkey, a magpie, and a wife
+  Is the true emblem of strife."
+
+A similar sign is in Norwich, another in Blewbury, England. One inn is
+called The Mischief Inn, the other The Load of Mischief. Still another, at
+Cambridge, England, showed the man and woman fastened together with a
+chain and padlock. A kindred French sign-board is called _Le trio de
+Malice_ (the trio being a cat, woman, and monkey).
+
+An old Philadelphia tavern on Sixth Street, below Catherine Street, had
+the curious name, The Four Alls. The meaning was explained by the painting
+on the sign, which was a very large one. It represented a palace, on the
+steps of which stood a king, an officer in uniform, a clergyman in gown
+and bands, and a laborer in plain dress. The satirical inscription read:--
+
+  "1. King--I govern All.
+   2. General--I fight for All.
+   3. Minister--I pray for All.
+   4. Laborer--And I pay for All."
+
+
+[Illustration: A Man Loaded with Mischief.]
+
+
+This is an old historic sign, which may still be seen in the streets of
+Malta. In Holland, two hundred years ago, there were four figures,--a
+soldier, parson, lawyer, and farmer. The three said their "All" just as in
+the Philadelphia sign-board, but the farmer answered:--
+
+  "Of gy vecht, of gy bidt, of gy pleyt,
+  Ik bin de boer die de eyeren layt."
+
+"You may fight, you may pay, you may plead, but I am the farmer who lays
+the eggs,"--that is, finds the money for it all. Sometimes the English
+sign-painters changed the lettering to The Four Awls. There are several
+epigrams using the word "all"; one, an address to Janus I., is in the
+Ashmolean Mss. It begins:--
+
+  "The Lords craved all,
+  The Queen granted all,
+  The Ladies of Honour ruled all," etc.
+
+A famous old English sign was "The Man Making His Way Through the World."
+The design was a terrestrial globe with the head and shoulders of a naked
+man breaking out like a chick out of an egg-shell; his nakedness betokened
+extreme poverty. In Holland a similar sign reads, "Thus far have I got
+through the World." One in England shows the head coming out in Russia,
+while the feet stick out at South America. The man says, "Help me through
+this World." This sign is sometimes called the Struggling Man. It was
+displayed in front of a well-known Philadelphia inn, and also on one at
+the South End in Boston. The story was told by a Revolutionary officer
+that during that war a forlorn regiment of Continentals halted after a
+weary march from Providence, in front of the Boston tavern and the
+Struggling Man. The soldiers were broken with fatigue, covered with mud,
+and ravenous for food and drink. One glared angrily at the sign-board and
+at once roared out with derision: "'List, durn ye! 'List, and you'll get
+through this world fast enough!"
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Walker's Tavern.]
+
+
+Both in Philadelphia and Boston was found the sign known as the Good
+Woman, the Quiet Woman, or the Silent Woman, which was a woman without a
+head. The sign, originally intended to refer to some saint who had met
+death by losing her head, was naturally too tempting and apparent a joke
+to be overlooked. New Chelmsford in England had until recently a
+sign-board with the Good Woman on one side and King Henry VIII. on the
+other. In this case the Good Woman may have been Anne Boleyn.
+
+A popular Philadelphia inn was the one which bore the sign of the "Golden
+Lion," standing on its hind legs. Lions fell into disrepute at the time of
+the Revolution, and the gallant animal that was a lion in its youth became
+the Yellow Cat in middle and old age. It was a vastly popular cat,
+however, vending beer and porter of highest repute. It was kept in ancient
+fashion unchanged until its antiquity made it an object alike of dignity
+and interest--in fact, until our own day. With its worn and sanded floor,
+tables unpainted, and snowy with daily scrubbing; with tallow candles when
+gas lighted every "saloon" in the city; with the old-time bar fenced up to
+the ceiling with rails, it had an old age as golden as its youth. Susan,
+an ancient maiden of prehistoric age, fetched up the beer in old pewter
+mugs on a pewter platter, and presented a pretzel with each mug.
+
+The great variety of tavern-signs in Philadelphia was noted even by
+Englishmen, who were certainly acquainted with variety and number at home.
+The Englishman Palmer wrote during his visit in 1818:--
+
+    "We observed several curious tavern signs in Philadelphia and on the
+    roadside, among others Noah's Ark; a variety of Apostles; Bunyan's
+    Pilgrim; a cock on a lion's back, crowing, with Liberty issuing from
+    his beak; naval engagements in which the British are in a desperate
+    situation; the most common signs are eagles, heads of public
+    characters, Indian Kings, &c."
+
+There had been so many sign-boards used by business firms in Philadelphia,
+that they had been declared public nuisances, and in 1770 all sign-boards,
+save those of innkeepers, had been ordered to be taken down and removed.
+
+From a famous old hostelry in Dedham, swung from the years 1658 to 1730
+the sign-board of Lieutenant Joshua Fisher, surveyor, apothecary,
+innholder, and officer of "ye trayne band," and his son and successor,
+Captain Fisher--also Joshua. About 1735 one of the latter's daughters
+married Dr. Nathaniel Ames, who had already started that remarkable series
+of annual publications, familiar now to antiquaries, and once to all New
+England householders, as _Ames' Almanack_. The first of these interesting
+almanacs had appeared in 1726, when Ames was only seventeen years old, but
+he was assisted by his astronomer father. After the death successively of
+his wife and infant child, the doctor entered into a famous lawsuit with
+the family of his sisters-in-law for the tenure of the land and inn; and
+the turning-point of the suit hung upon the settlement of the term "next
+of kin."
+
+By ancient common law and English law real property never ascended, that
+is, was never inherited by a father or mother from a child; but in absence
+of husband, wife, or lineal descendant passed on to the "next of kin,"
+which might be a distant cousin. By general interpretation the Province
+Laws substituted the so-called civilian method of counting kinship, by
+which the father could inherit.
+
+Twice defeated in the courts, Dr. Ames boldly pushed his case in 1748
+before the "Superior Court of Judicature, etc., of the Province of
+Massachusetts Bay," himself preparing unaided both case and argument, and
+he triumphed. By the Province Laws he was given full possession of the
+property inherited by his infant child from the mother--thus the inn
+became Ames Tavern.
+
+
+[Illustration: Drawing for Ames' Sign-board.]
+
+
+Nervous in temperament, excited by his victory, indignant at the injustice
+and loss to which he had been subjected; he was loudly intolerant of the
+law's delay, and especially of the failure of Chief Justice Dudley and his
+associate Lynde, to unite with the three other judges, Saltonstall,
+Sewall, and Cushing, in the verdict; and in anger and derision he had
+painted for him and his tavern a new and famous sign, and he hung it in
+front of the tavern in caricature of the court.
+
+The sign is gone long ago; but in that entertaining book, _The Almanacks
+of Nathaniel Ames 1726-1775_, the author, Sam Briggs, gives an
+illustration of the painting from a drawing found among Dr. Ames' papers
+after his death, a copy of which is shown on the foregoing page. On the
+original sketch these words are written:--
+
+    "Sir:--I wish could have some talk on y{e} above subject, being the
+    bearer waits for an answer shal only observe M{r} Greenwood thinks
+    y{t} can not be done under £40 Old Tenor."
+
+This was a good price to pay to lampoon the court, for the sign
+represented the whole court sitting in state in big wigs with an open book
+before them entitled _Province Laws_. The dissenting judges, Dudley and
+Lynde, were painted with their backs turned to the book. The court,
+hearing of the offending sign-board, sent the sheriff from Boston to bring
+it before them. Dr. Ames was in Boston at the time, heard of the order,
+rode with speed to Dedham in advance of the sheriff, removed the sign, and
+it is said had allowance of time sufficient to put up a board for the
+reception of the officer with this legend, "A wicked and adulterous
+generation seeketh after a sign, but there shall no sign be given it."
+
+The old road house, after this episode in its history, became more famous
+than ever before; and The Almanac was a convenient method of its
+advertisement, as it was of its distance from other taverns. In the issue
+of 1751 is this notice:--
+
+    "ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+    "These are to signify to all Persons that travel the great Post-Road
+    South West from Boston That I keep a house of Public Entertainment
+    Eleven Miles from Boston at the sign of the Sun. If they want
+    Refreshment and see Cause to be my Guests, they shall be well
+    entertained at a reasonable rate.
+
+    N. AMES."
+
+Here lived the almanac-maker for fifteen years; here were born by a second
+wife his famous sons, Dr. Nathaniel Ames and Hon. Fisher Ames. Here in
+1774 his successor in matrimony and tavern-keeping, one Richard Woodward,
+kept open house in September, 1774, for the famous Suffolk Convention,
+where was chosen the committee that drafted the first resolutions in favor
+of trying the issue with Great Britain with the sword. My
+great-grandfather was a member of this convention at Ames Tavern, and it
+has always seemed to me that this was the birthplace of the War for
+Independence. During the Revolution, as in the French and Indian War, the
+tavern doors swung open with constant excitement and interest. Washington,
+Lafayette, Hancock, Adams, and scores of other patriots sat and drank
+within its walls. It stood through another war, that of 1812, and in 1817
+its historic walls were levelled in the dust.
+
+The tavern sign-board was not necessarily or universally one of the
+elaborate emblems I have described. Often it was only a board painted
+legibly with the tavern name. It might be attached to a wooden arm
+projecting from the tavern or a post; it might be hung from a near-by
+tree. Often a wrought-iron arm, shaped like a fire crane, held the
+sign-board. The ponderous wooden sign of the Barre Hotel hung from a
+substantial frame erected on the green in front of the tavern. Two upright
+poles about twenty feet long were set five feet apart, with a weather-vane
+on top of each pole. A bar stretched from pole to pole and held the
+sign-board. A drawing of it from an old print is shown on page 280.
+
+
+[Illustration: Buckhorn Tavern.]
+
+
+Rarely signs were hung from a beam stretched across the road on upright
+posts. It is said there are twenty-five such still remaining and now in
+use in England. A friend saw one at the village of Barley in Herts, the
+Fox and Hounds. The figures were cut out of plank and nailed to the
+cross-beam, the fox escaping into the thatch of the inn with hound in
+full cry and huntsmen following. Silhouetted against the sky, it showed
+well its inequality of outline. A similar sign of a livery stable in
+Baltimore shows a row of galloping horses.
+
+Sometimes animals' heads or skins were nailed on a board and used as a
+sign. Ox horns and deer horns were set over the door. The Buck Horn Tavern
+with its pair of branching buck horns is shown on the opposite page. This
+tavern stood on Broadway and Twenty-second Street, New York.
+
+The proverb "Good wine needs no bush" refers to the ancient sign for a
+tavern, a green bush set on a pole or nailed to the tavern door. This was
+obsolete, even in colonial days; but in Western mining camps and towns in
+modern days this emblem has been used to point out the barroom or grocery
+whiskey barrel. The name "Green Bush" was never a favorite in America.
+There was a Green Bush Tavern in Barrington, Rhode Island, with a
+sign-board painted with a green tree.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE TAVERN IN WAR
+
+
+The tavern has ever played an important part in social, political, and
+military life, has helped to make history. From the earliest days when men
+gathered to talk over the terrors of Indian warfare; through the renewal
+of these fears in the French and Indian War; before and after the glories
+of Louisburg; and through all the anxious but steadfast years preceding
+and during the Revolution, these gatherings were held in the ordinaries or
+taverns. What a scene took place in the Brookfield tavern, the town being
+then called Quawbaug! The only ordinary, that of Goodman Ayers, was a
+garrison house as well as tavern, and the sturdy landlord was commander of
+the train-band. When the outbreak called King Philip's War took place,
+things looked black for Quawbaug. Hostile and treacherous Indians set upon
+the little frontier settlement, and the frightened families retreated from
+their scarcely cleared farms to the tavern. Many of the men were killed
+and wounded at the beginning of the fray, but there were eighty-two
+persons, men, women, and children, shut up within the tavern walls, and
+soon there were four more, for two women gave birth to twins. The
+Indians, "like so many wild bulls," says a witness, shot into the house,
+piled up hay and wood against the walls, and set it on fire. But the men
+sallied out and quenched the flames. The next night the savages renewed
+their attack.
+
+    "They used several stratagems to fire us, namely, by wild-fire on
+    cotton and linen rags with brimstone in them, which rags they tied to
+    the piles of their arrows sharp for the purpose and shot them to the
+    roof of our house after they had set them on fire, which would have
+    much endangered in the burning thereof, had we not used means by
+    cutting holes through the roof and otherwise to beat the said arrows
+    down, and God being pleased to prosper our endeavours therein."
+
+Again they piled hay and flax against the house and fired it; again the
+brave Englishmen went forth and put out the flames. Then the wily Indians
+loaded a cart with inflammable material and thrust it down the hill to the
+tavern. But the Lord sent a rain for the salvation of His people, and when
+all were exhausted with the smoke, the August heat, the fumes of
+brimstone, and the burning powder, relief came in a body of men from
+Groton and one brought by a brave young man who had made his way by
+stealth from the besieged tavern to Boston. Many of the old garrison
+houses of New England had, as taverns, a peaceful end of their days.
+
+A centre of events, a centre of alarms, the tavern in many a large city
+saw the most thrilling acts in our Revolutionary struggle which took place
+off the battlefields. The tavern was the rendezvous for patriotic bands
+who listened to the stirring words of American rebels, and mixed dark
+treason to King George with every bowl of punch they drank. The story of
+our War for Independence could not be dissociated from the old taverns,
+they are a part of our national history; and those which still stand are
+among our most interesting Revolutionary relics.
+
+John Adams left us a good contemporaneous picture of the first notes of
+dissatisfaction such as were heard in every tavern, in every town, in the
+years which were leading up to the Revolution. He wrote:--
+
+    "Within the course of the year, before the meeting of Congress in
+    1774, on a journey to some of our circuit courts in Massachusetts, I
+    stopped one night at a tavern in Shrewsbury about forty miles from
+    Boston, and as I was cold and wet, I sat down at a good fire in the
+    bar-room to dry my great-coat and saddle-bags, till a fire could be
+    made in my chamber. There presently came in, one after another, half a
+    dozen, or half a score substantial yeomen of the neighborhood, who,
+    sitting down to the fire after lighting their pipes, began a lively
+    conversation on politics. As I believed I was unknown to all of them,
+    I sat in total silence to hear them. One said, 'The people of Boston
+    are distracted.' Another answered, 'No wonder the people of Boston are
+    distracted. Oppression will make wise men mad.' A third said, 'What
+    would you say if a fellow should come to your house and tell you he
+    was come to take a list of your cattle, that Parliament might tax you
+    for them at so much a head? And how should you feel if he was to go
+    and break open your barn or take down your oxen, cows, horses, and
+    sheep?' 'What should I say?' replied the first, 'I would knock him in
+    the head.' 'Well,' said a fourth, 'if Parliament can take away Mr.
+    Hancock's wharf and Mr. Rowe's wharf, they can take away your barn and
+    my house.' After much more reasoning in this style, a fifth, who had
+    as yet been silent, broke out: 'Well, it's high time for us to rebel;
+    we must rebel some time or other, and we had better rebel now than at
+    any time to come. If we put it off for ten or twenty years, and let
+    them go on as they have begun, they will get a strong party among us,
+    and plague us a great deal more than they can now.'"
+
+
+[Illustration: Old North Bridge, Concord, Mass.]
+
+
+These discussions soon brought decisions, and by 1768 the Sons of Liberty
+were organized and were holding their meetings, explaining conditions, and
+advocating union and action. They adopted the name given by Colonel Barré
+to the enemies of passive obedience in America. Soon scores of towns in
+the colonies had their liberty trees or liberty poles.
+
+These patriots grew amazingly bold in proclaiming their dissatisfaction
+with the Crown and their allegiance to their new nation. The landlord of
+the tavern at York, Maine, speedily set up a sign-board bearing a portrait
+of Pitt and the words, "Entertainment for the Sons of Liberty." Young
+women formed into companies called Daughters of Liberty, pledged to wear
+homespun and drink no tea. I have told the story of feminine revolt at
+length in my book _Colonial Dames and Goodwives_. John Adams glowed with
+enthusiasm when he heard two Worcester girls sing the "New Liberty Song,"
+in a Worcester tavern. In 1768 a Liberty Tree was dedicated in
+Providence, Rhode Island. It was a vast elm which stood in the dooryard of
+the Olney Tavern on Constitution Hill. On a platform built in its branches
+about twenty feet from the ground, stood the orator of the day, and in an
+eloquent discourse dedicated the tree to the cause of Liberty. In the
+trying years that followed, the wise fathers and young enthusiasts of
+Providence gathered under its branches for counsel. The most famous of
+these trees of patriotism was the Liberty Tree of Boston. It stood near a
+tavern of the same name at the junction of Essex and Washington streets,
+then known as Hanover Square. The name was given in 1765 at a patriotic
+celebration in honor of the expected repeal of the Stamp Act. Even before
+that time effigies of Lord Oliver and a boot for Lord Bute, placards and
+mottoes had hung from its branches. A metal plate was soon attached to it,
+bearing this legend, "This tree was planted in 1646 and pruned by order of
+the Sons of Liberty February 14, 1766." Under the tree and at the tavern
+met all patriot bands, until the tree was cut down by the roistering
+British soldiers and supplied them with fourteen cords of firewood. The
+tavern stood till 1833. A picture of the Boston Liberty Tree and Tavern of
+the same name is shown on the opposite page. It is from an old drawing.
+
+
+[Illustration: Boston Liberty Tree and Tavern.]
+
+
+The fourteenth of August, 1769, was a merry day in Boston and vicinity.
+The Sons of Liberty, after assembling at the Liberty Tree in Boston, all
+adjourned for dinner at the Liberty Tree Tavern, or Robinson's Tavern in
+Dorchester. Tables were spread in an adjoining field under a tent, and
+over three hundred people sat down to an abundant feast, which included
+three barbecued pigs. Speeches and songs inspired and livened the diners.
+The last toast given was, "Strong halters, firm blocks, and sharp axes to
+all such as deserve them." At five o'clock the Boston Sons, headed by John
+Hancock in his chariot, started for home. Although fourteen toasts were
+given in Boston and forty-five in Dorchester, John Adams says in his Diary
+that "to the honor of the Sons I did not see one person intoxicated or
+near it."
+
+
+[Illustration: Stavers Inn.]
+
+
+The tavern in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, known by the sign of Earl of
+Halifax, was regarded by Portsmouth patriots as a hotbed of Tories. It
+had always been the resort of Government officials; and in 1775, the
+meeting of these laced and ruffled gentlemen became most obnoxious to the
+Sons of Liberty, and soon a mob gathered in front of the tavern, and the
+irate landlord heard the blows of an axe cutting down his Earl of Halifax
+sign-post. Seizing an axe he thrust it into the hands of one of his
+powerful negro slaves, telling him to go and threaten the chopper of the
+sign-post. Excited by the riotous scene, the black man, without a word, at
+once dealt a powerful blow upon the head of a man named Noble, who was
+wielding the encroaching axe. Noble lived forty years after this blow, but
+never had his reason. This terrible assault of course enraged the mob, and
+a general assault was made on the tavern; windows and doors were broken;
+Landlord Stavers fled on horseback, and the terrified black man was found
+in a cistern in the tavern cellar, up to his chin in water. When Stavers
+returned, he was seized by the Committee of Safety and thrust into Exeter
+jail. He took the oath of allegiance and returned to his battered house.
+He would not reglaze the broken windows, but boarded them up, and it is
+said that many a distinguished group of officers feasted in rooms without
+a pane of glass in the windows.
+
+Popular opinion was against the Earl of Halifax, however, and when the old
+sign-board was touched up, the name of William Pitt, the friend of
+America, appeared on the sign.
+
+The portion of the old Earl of Halifax or Stavers Inn which is still
+standing is shown in its forlorn old age on the opposite page.
+
+Mr. George Davenport, of Boston, a lineal descendant of old William
+Davenport, owns one of the most interesting tavern bills I have ever seen.
+It is of the old Wolfe Tavern at Newburyport. To those who can read
+between the lines it reveals means and methods which were calculated to
+arouse enthusiasm and create public sentiment during the exciting days of
+the Stamp Act. The bill and its items read thus:--
+
+    "Dr. Messrs. Joseph Stanwood & Others of the Town of Newburyport for
+    Sunday expences at My House on Thirsday, Septr. 26th, A.D. 1765. At
+    the Grate Uneasiness and Tumult on Occasion of the Stamp Act.
+
+      To William Davenport                             Old Tenor
+      To 3 Double Bowls punch by Capt. Robud's Order   £3,  7, 6
+      To 7 Double Bowls of punch                        7,  7, 6
+      To Double Bowl of Egg Toddy                          14
+      To Double Punch 22/6 Single bowl 11/3             1, 13, 9
+      To Double Bowl Punch 22/6 Double bowl toddy 12/   1, 14, 6
+      To Bowl Punch 11/3 Bowl Toddy 6/                     17, 3
+      To Double Bowl Toddy 12/ bowl punch 11/3          1,  3, 3
+      To Double Bowl punch 22/6 Nip Toddy 3/            1,  5, 6
+      To Mug Flip 5/ To a Thrible Bowl Punch 33/9       1, 18, 9
+      To Double Bowl Punch 22/6 To a Thrible Bowl
+          Ditto 33/9                                    2, 16, 3
+      To Double Bowl Punch 22/6                         1,  2, 6
+      To a Double Bowl Punch 22/6                       1,  2, 6
+      To Thrible Bowl Punch 33/9 Double Bowl Ditto
+          22/6                                          2, 16, 3
+      To Double Bowl Punch 22/6 Bowl Ditto 11/3         1, 13, 9
+      To Double Bowl Punch 22/6 To Double Ditto
+          22/6 Bowl                                     2,  5
+      To 6 Lemons 15/ To Bowl of Punch 11/3             1,  6, 3
+      To 2 Double Bowls Punch                           2,  5
+      To Double Bowle Punch 22/6 bowl Punch 11/3        1, 13, 9
+      To 2 Double Bowles punch 1/5 To bowl punch 11/3   2, 16, 3
+      To bowl Punch 11/3 To bowl punch 11/3             1,  2, 6
+      To the Suppers which were cooked Hot              2,  5
+      To 8 Double Bowles Punch after Supper             9
+      To Double Bowl Toddy 12/ Bowl Punch 11/3          1,  2, 6
+      To Bowl Egg Toddy 7/                                  7
+      To 6 pintes and 1/2 of Spirits @ 10/ per pint     3,  5
+      To a Breakfast of Coffee for Sd Company           2,  5
+                                                     -----------
+                                                       59, 17, 3
+                                       Lawful Money     7, 19, 7-1/2
+
+      Newbury Port 28 Sept. 1765.
+            Errors excepted William Davenport."
+
+
+[Illustration: Handbill of Wolfe Tavern.]
+
+
+There was also a credit account of eleven pounds received in various sums
+from Captain Robud, Richard Farrow, and one Celeby.
+
+It is impossible to do more than to name, almost at haphazard, a few of
+the taverns that had some share in scenes of Revolutionary struggle. Many
+served as court-rooms when court-martials were held; others were seized
+for military prisons; others were fired upon; others served as barracks;
+some as officers' headquarters; others held secret meetings of patriots;
+many were used as hospitals.
+
+Many an old tavern is still standing which saw these scenes in the
+Revolutionary War. A splendid group of these hale and hearty old veterans
+is found in the rural towns near Boston. At the Wright Tavern, in Concord
+(shown on page 417), lodged Major Pitcairn, the British commander, and in
+the parlor on the morning before the battle of Concord, he stirred his
+glass of brandy with his bloody finger, saying he would thus stir the
+rebel's blood before night. The Monroe Tavern, of Lexington (facing page
+406), was the headquarters of Lord Percy on the famous 19th of April,
+1775. The Buckman Tavern, of the same town (page 23), was the rallying
+place of the Minute Men on April 18th, and contains many a bullet hole
+made by the shots of British soldiers. The Cooper Tavern (page 68) and the
+Russel Tavern (page 379), both of Arlington, were also scenes of activity
+and participation in the war. The Wayside Inn of Sudbury (page 372) and
+the Black Horse Tavern of Winchester were the scenes of the reassembling
+of the soldiers after the battle of Lexington.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Wolfe Tavern.]
+
+
+On the south side of Faneuil Hall Square in Boston, a narrow passageway
+leads into the gloomy recesses of a yard or court of irregular shape; this
+is Corn Court, and in the middle of this court stands, overshadowed by
+tall modern neighbors, the oldest inn in Boston. It has been raised and
+added to, and disfigured with vast painted signs, and hideous fire
+escapes, but within still retains its taproom and ancient appearance. As
+early as 1634, Samuel Cole had an ordinary on this spot, and in 1636,
+Governor Vane entertained there Miantonomah and his twenty warriors. This
+building, built nearly two centuries ago, was given the name of Hancock in
+1780, when he became governor. In 1794, Talleyrand was a guest at this old
+hostelry, and Louis Philippe in 1797. Washington, Franklin, and scores of
+other patriots have tarried within its walls; and in its taproom were held
+meetings of the historic Boston Tea-party.
+
+The Green Dragon Inn was one of the most famous of historic taverns. A
+representation of it from an old print is shown on page 187. The metal
+dragon which gave the name projected from the wall on an iron rod.
+
+Warren was the first Grand Master of the first Grand Lodge of Masons that
+held its meetings at this inn; and other patriots came to the inn to
+confer with him on the troublous times. The inn was a famous resort for
+the sturdy mechanics of the North End. Paul Revere wrote:--
+
+    "In the fall of 1774 and winter of 1775, I was one of upwards of
+    thirty men, chiefly mechanics, who formed ourselves with a Committee
+    for the purpose of watching the movements of the British soldiers and
+    gaining every intelligence of the movements of the Tories. We held our
+    meetings at the Green Dragon Tavern. This committee were astonished to
+    find all their secrets known to General Gage, although every time they
+    met every member swore not to reveal their transactions even to
+    Hancock, Adams, Otis, Warren or Church."
+
+The latter, Dr. Church, proved to be the traitor. The mass meeting of
+these mechanics and their friends held in this inn when the question of
+the adoption of the Federal Constitution was being considered was deemed
+by Samuel Adams one of the most important factors of its acceptance.
+Daniel Webster styled the Green Dragon the Headquarters of the Revolution.
+During the war it was used as a hospital.
+
+
+[Illustration: Hancock Tavern.]
+
+
+It is pleasant to note how many old taverns in New England, though no
+longer public hostelries, still are occupied by descendants of the
+original owners. Such is the home of Hon. John Winn in Burlington,
+Massachusetts. It stands on the road to Lowell by way of Woburn, about
+eleven miles out of Boston. The house was used at the time of the battle
+of Bunker Hill as a storage-place for the valuables of Boston and
+Charlestown families. The present home of the Winns was built in 1734
+upon the exact site of the house built in 1640 by the first Edward Winn,
+the emigrant. In it the first white child was born in the town of Woburn,
+December 5, 1641.
+
+The tavern was kept in Revolutionary days by Lieutenant Joseph Winn, who
+marched off to join the Lexington farmers on April 19, 1775, at two
+o'clock in the morning, when the alarm came "to every Middlesex village
+and farm" to gather against the redcoats. He came home late that night,
+and fought again at Bunker Hill.
+
+The tavern sign bore the coat of arms of the Winns; it was--not to use
+strict heraldic terms--three spread eagles on a shield. As it was not
+painted with any too strict obedience to the rules of heraldry or art, nor
+was it hung in a community that had any very profound knowledge or
+reverence on either subject, the three noble birds soon received a
+comparatively degraded title, and the sign-board and tavern were known as
+the Three Broiled Chickens.
+
+A building in New York which was owned by the De Lanceys before it became
+a public house is still standing on the southeast corner of Broad and
+Pearl streets; its name is well known to-day, Fraunces' Tavern. This name
+came from the stewardship of Samuel Fraunces, "Black Sam," a soldier of
+the American Revolution. The tavern originally bore a sign with the device
+of the head of Queen Charlotte, and was known as the Queen's Head, but in
+Revolutionary times Black Sam was a patriot, and in his house were held
+many patriotic and public meetings. The most famous of these meetings,
+one which has given the name of Washington's Headquarters to the tavern,
+was held in the Long Room on December 4, 1783: whereat Washington sadly
+bade farewell to his fellow-officers who had fought with him in the War
+for Independence. In this room, ten days previously, had been celebrated
+the evacuation of the city of New York by the British, by a dinner given
+to General Washington by Governor Clinton, at which the significant
+thirteen toasts were drunk to the new nation. Black Sam was a public
+benefactor as well as a patriot. He established a course of lectures on
+natural philosophy, and opened an exhibition of wax figures, seventy in
+all, for the amusement of New Yorkers. His story, and that of the tavern
+bearing his name, have been told at length many times in print.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sam Fraunces.]
+
+
+Another interesting Revolutionary inn in New York was the Golden Hill Inn.
+The general estimate of the date of its building is 1694; then 122 William
+Street was a golden grainfield, on one corner of the Damon Farm. After
+three-quarters of a century of good hospitality it was chosen as the
+headquarters of the Sons of Liberty in New York, and within its walls
+gathered the committee in 1769, to protest against Lieutenant-governor
+Colden's dictum that the colonists must pay for supplies for the British
+soldiers. The result was a call for a meeting of the citizens and the
+governor's angry offer of a reward for knowledge of the place of meeting.
+The cutting down of the liberty pole on the night of January 17, 1770, and
+the seizure of four red-coats by the patriots ended in a fight in the inn
+garden and the death of one patriot. A century of stirring life followed
+until 1896, when the old tavern sadly closed its doors under the pressure
+of the Raines Law.
+
+The Keeler Tavern was a famous hostelry for travellers between New York
+and Boston. Its old sign-board is shown on page 205. During the
+Revolution, landlord Keeler was well known to be a patriot, and was
+suspected of manufacturing cartridges in his tavern. The British poured a
+special fire upon the building, and one cannon ball lodged in a timber on
+the north side of the house still is to be seen by drawing aside the
+shingle that usually conceals it. A companion cannon ball whistled so
+close to a man who was climbing the stairs of the house that he tumbled
+down backward screaming, "I'm a dead man," until his friends with
+difficulty silenced him, and assured him he was living. A son of the
+landlord, Jeremiah Keeler, enlisted in the Continental army when but
+seventeen; he became a sergeant, and was the first man to scale the
+English breastworks at Yorktown. He was presented with a sword by his
+commanding officer, Lafayette, and it is still preserved.
+
+When Lafayette made his triumphal progress through the United States in
+1824, he visited Ridgefield and the tavern to see Jeremiah Keeler, and a
+big ball was given in the tavern in his honor. Jerome Bonaparte and his
+beautiful Baltimore bride stopped there in 1804. Oliver Wolcott and
+Timothy Pickering were other sojourners under its roof. Peter Parley gave
+to the Keeler Tavern the palm for good cooking.
+
+The old Conkey Tavern at Prescott, Massachusetts, saw the gathering of a
+very futile but picturesque windstorm of Revolutionary grievance. It was
+built in 1758 by William Conkey, on a lovely but lonely valley midway
+between the east and west hills of Pelham. The Swift River running through
+this valley was made the boundary in the town division in 1822, which made
+eastern Pelham into Prescott. Captain Daniel Shays, the leader of Shays'
+Rebellion, lived half a mile from the tavern on the Centre Range Road. In
+the cheerful rooms of this tavern, Shays, aided by the well-stocked
+tavern-bar, incited the debt-burdened farmers to rebel against their state
+government. Here he drilled his "flood-wood," and from hence he led them
+forth to Springfield, and on January 25, 1787, was promptly repulsed by
+the state militia under General Lincoln. Eleven hundred men trooped back
+to Pelham, and after four days of what must have proved scant and cold
+fare in those barren winter hilltops, again sallied out to Petersham. Here
+he was again routed by Lincoln, who, with his men, had marched thirty
+miles without halt, from eight o'clock at night to nine the following
+morning through a blinding, northeast New England snowstorm. A hundred and
+fifty of Shays' men were captured, but their valiant and wordy leader
+escaped.
+
+
+[Illustration: Green Dragon Tavern.]
+
+
+When the photograph (shown opposite page 188) was taken, in 1883, the old
+timbers within the house were sound and firm, and the beams overhead still
+bore the marks of the muskets of Shays' impatient men. It was a
+characteristic "deserted home" of New England.
+
+Nothing could more fully picture Whittier's lines:--
+
+  "Against the wooded hills it stands,
+    Ghost of a dead house; staring through
+  Its broken lights on wasted lands
+    Where old-time harvests grew.
+
+  "Unploughed, unsown, by scythe unshorn,
+    The poor forsaken farm-fields lie,
+  Once rich and rife with golden corn
+    And pale-green breadths of rye.
+
+  "So sad, so drear; it seems almost
+    Some haunting Presence makes its sign,
+  That down some shadowy lane some ghost
+    Might drive his spectral kine."
+
+Since then the old tavern has fallen down, a sad ruin, like many another
+on New England hills, in a country as wild and lonely, probably far
+lonelier, than in the days of the Revolution and Shays' Rebellion. The
+sign-board (page 190) is still preserved.
+
+Eighteenth-century taverns had a special function which had a bearing on
+their war relations; they were "improved" as recruiting offices. During
+the years 1742 to 1748, and from 1756 to 1763, while England was at war
+with France, the "listing" was brisk. Here is a typical advertisement
+dated 1759:--
+
+    "All able-bodied fit Men that have an Inclination to serve his Majesty
+    King George the Second, in the First Independent Company of Rangers,
+    now in the Province of _Nova Scotia_ commanded by _Joseph Gorham,
+    Esq._; shall, on enlisting, receive good Pay and Cloathing, a large
+    Bounty, with a Crown to drink the King's Health. And by repairing to
+    the Sign of the Bear in King-Street, _Boston_, and to Mr.
+    _Cornelius Crocker_, Innholder in _Barnstable_, may hear the
+    particular Encouragement, and many Advantages accruing to a Soldier,
+    in the Course of the Duty of that Company, too long to insert here;
+    and further may depend on being discharged at the expiration of the
+    Time entertain'd for, and to have every other Encouragement punctually
+    compli'd with."
+
+
+[Illustration: Conkey Tavern.]
+
+
+In the "French War of 1744," the Governor of Jamaica sent his "leftenants"
+to Philadelphia to fill up his regiments. It was worth "listing" at the
+Widow Roberts' Coffee-house in those days, when every "sojer" got six
+shillings a week extra, and his family carried free to Antigua if he
+wished it, and land to settle on in that glorious country when war was
+over. Brisk and cheerful was the enrolment, and I trust all lived happy
+ever after in the tropic land, so far away in miles and environment from
+the Quaker town of their youth.
+
+It was pleasant work, also, for "gentlemen sailors" in 1744. The colonies
+whisked out on the high seas that year a hundred and thirteen full-manned
+privateers. Wealthy merchants gathered around the inn tables to join
+fortunes in these ventures; plans were quickly matured; and the articles
+of agreement signed by these rich ship-owners were quickly followed by
+articles of agreement to be signed by the seamen. Oh, what prizes these
+cruisers brought into port! There are no items in the newspapers of that
+day under the head of Philadelphia and New York news save lists of prizes.
+When these half-pirates came in, cannon were fired, the whole town turned
+out, and the taverns were filled with rejoicings. The names of the ships
+and their captains were household words. The captured cargoes were carried
+ashore; inventories were posted in the taprooms, and often the goods were
+sold within the welcoming tavern doors.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Conkey Tavern.]
+
+
+It has been said that taverns bearing names of ships, maritime phrases,
+and seafaring titles were usually chosen as shipping offices for the
+enlistment of privateersmen and marines on men-of-war. It is more probable
+that the most popular tavern in any locality frequented by sailors and
+seamen was the one chosen, whatever its name. In the _Boston Post Boy_ of
+June, 1762, is the following notice:--
+
+    "NOW BOUND ON A CRUIZE OF SIX MONTHS
+
+    Against His Majesties enemies, The Brigantine _Tartar_, a Prime Sailor
+    mounting Fourteen Six Pounders, Twenty Culverines, and will carry One
+    Hundred and Twenty Men. Commanded by William Augustus Peck. All
+
+    GENTLEMEN SEAMEN
+
+    and able bodied Landsmen who have a mind to make their Fortunes, and
+    are inclined to take a Cruize in this said Vessel, by applying at this
+    King's Head Tavern at the North End, may view the Articles which are
+    more advantageous to the Ship's Company than were ever before offered
+    in this Place."
+
+To those who know the condition of Jack Tar aboard ship a century ago, and
+the attitude which Captain Peck doubtless assumed to his seamen the moment
+the _Tartar_ was started on this "Cruize," there is a sarcastic pleasantry
+in the term Gentlemen Seamen used by him in common with other captains
+ashore, that might be swallowed in a taproom with bowls of grog and flip,
+but would never go down smoothly on shipboard.
+
+Gentlemen sailors were frequently impressed in a very different manner.
+The press-gang was one of the peculiar institutions of Great Britain, and
+its aggressive outrages formed one of the causes of "Madison's War," as
+old people liked to term the War of 1812. The _Virginia Gazette_ of the
+first of October, 1767, tells of a far different scene from that indicated
+by the plausible words of Captain Peck; one in which a Norfolk tavern took
+a part:--
+
+    "It appears that Captain Morgan of the Hornet, Sloop of War, concerted
+    a bloody riotous Plan, to impress Seamen, at Norfolk, Virginia, for
+    which Purpose his Tender was equipped with Guns and Men, and under
+    cover of the Night, said Morgan landed at a public wharff, having
+    first made proper Dispositions either for an Attack or Retreat; then
+    went to a Tavern, and took a chearful Glass, after which they went to
+    work and took every Person they met with and knock'd all down that
+    resisted; and dragg'd them on board the Tender but the Town soon took
+    the Alarm, and being headed by Paul Loyal, Esq., a Magistrate, they
+    endeavor'd to convince Captain Morgan of his Error; but being deaf to
+    all they said he ordered the People in the Tender to fire on the
+    Inhabitants, but they refused to obey their Commander's orders and he
+    was soon oblig'd to fly, leaving some of his Hornets behind, who were
+    sent to Gaol."
+
+
+[Illustration: Naval Pitcher.]
+
+
+It is astonishing to read of such ruffianly kidnappings under the
+protection of the British Government, and to know that seamen and sailors
+who had been so treated would assist in such outrages on others. It is
+only one of the many proofs that we meet everywhere in history of the
+thick-skinned indifference and cruelty of nearly all of the human race a
+century ago.
+
+It was far worse in these matters in England than in the colonies. Mr.
+Ashton tells us that in one night over two thousand one hundred men were
+pressed in London alone. Riot and bloodshed accompanied those infamous
+raids; sometimes a whole town turned out to resist the officers and ship's
+men.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE TAVERN PANORAMA
+
+
+We have to-day scores of places of amusement, and means of amusement,
+where in earlier days all diversions centred at the tavern. The furnishing
+of food and shelter to travellers and to horses, and of liquid comfort to
+neighbors, was not the only function of the tavern, nor the meeting for
+cheerful interchange of news and sentiment. Whatever there was of novelty
+in entertainment or instruction, was delivered at the tavern, and it
+served as the gathering place for folk on scores of duties or pleasures
+bent. There was in fact a constant panorama passing within the walls and
+before the doors of an old tavern, not only in the shape of distinguished,
+picturesque, and unwonted guests, but through the variety of uses to which
+the tavern was put. It would be impossible to enumerate them all. Many of
+the chapters of this book indicate some of them. We can simply glance at a
+few more of the most common and of the most interesting ones.
+
+Though guests of colonial days are often named as having visited the old
+taverns which still linger intact, the names of importance which are most
+frequently heard are those of Revolutionary heroes and visitors, those of
+Franklin, Washington, and Lafayette being most proudly enumerated.
+Franklin was a great local traveller. His post-office affairs took him
+frequently along the road. He was fond of visiting, and people were
+naturally fond of having him visit them. He was such a welcome guest that
+he need not have entered a tavern from Maine to Georgia. Washington made
+several trips through the states, one of much ceremony. He gives the names
+of the taverns at which he stopped.
+
+I have been in tavern-rooms honored a century ago by the sleeping presence
+of Washington, but I have never slept in them. I would rather look at them
+than sleep in them; and I have moralized over the simplicity and lack of
+luxury which was the best that the tavern could offer, even to that great
+man.
+
+Lafayette was made welcome in many private houses in his tour in 1824, but
+he also was a tavern guest. His journal is preserved in Paris,
+untranslated. In it he tells of seeing the well-known Landing of Lafayette
+plates and dishes for the first time at a tavern in a small town in
+western New York.
+
+All the statesmen of the South stopped at taverns on the old National
+road: Harrison, Houston, Taylor, Polk, and Allen. Homespun Davy Crockett,
+popular General Jackson, stately Henry Clay, furnished a show for the
+country by-standers to gape at. In the Northern states Daniel Webster was
+the god whose coming was adored. A halo of glory shed by his presence
+still hangs round many a tavern room, and well it may, for he was a giant
+among men.
+
+
+[Illustration: Washington Tavern, North Wilbraham, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+To show the variety of the tavern panorama let me quote what Edwin
+Lasseter Bynner wrote of the inns of Boston:--
+
+    "They were the centres of so much of its life and affairs, the resort
+    at once of judge and jury, of the clergy and the laity, of the
+    politician and the merchant; where the selectmen came to talk over the
+    affairs of the town, and higher officials to discuss the higher
+    interests of the province; where royal governors and distinguished
+    strangers were entertained alike with the humblest wayfarer and the
+    meanest citizen; where were held the carousals of roistering red-coat
+    officers, and the midnight plottings of muttering stern-lipped
+    patriots; where, in fine, the swaggering ensign of the royal army,
+    the frowning Puritan, the obnoxious Quaker, the Huguenot refugee, and
+    the savage Indian chief from the neighboring forest might perchance
+    jostle each other in the common taproom."
+
+Naturally the tavern proved the exhibition place and temporary
+lodging-place of all secular shows which could not be housed in the
+meeting-house. It contained the second assembly room in size, and often
+the only other large room in town save that devoted to religious
+gatherings. Hence, when in Salem in 1781 "the Sentimentalists and all
+Volontiers who are pleased to encourage the extensive Propogation of
+Polite Literature" were invited to attend a book auction by a "Provedore
+and Professor of Auctioneering," this sale of books was held at Mr.
+Goodhue's tavern. At the American Coffee-house in Boston the firm that
+vendued books within doors also sold jackasses on the street.
+
+"Monstrous Sights" found at the tavern a congenial temporary home, where
+discussion of their appearance was held before the tavern bar, while the
+tavern barn restrained and confined the monster if he chanced to be a wild
+beast. A moose, a walrus, a camel, a lion, a leopard, appeared in
+succession in Salem taverns, chiefly at the Black Horse. Then came a
+wonder of natural history, a Pygarg, said to be from Russia. We have a
+description of it: it had "the likeness of a camel, bear, mule, goat, and
+common bullock"; it is spoken of in the book of Deuteronomy, Chapter XIV.
+I am not sure that we would recognize our native American moose if he were
+not called by name, in the creature advertised as having "a face like a
+mouse, ears like an ass, neck and back like a camel, hind-parts like a
+horse, tail like a rabbit, and feet like a heifer." Cassowaries, learned
+pigs, learned horses, and rabbits were shown for petty sums. Deformed
+beasts and persons were exhibited. Pictures, "prospects," statues,
+elaborate clocks, moving puppets, and many mechanical contrivances could
+be viewed in the tavern parlor.
+
+"Electrical machines" were the wonder of their day. Solemn professors and
+gay "fakirs" exhibited them from tavern to tavern. The first
+lightning-rods also made a great show. Shortly after the invention of
+balloons, came their advent as popular shows in many towns. They often
+ascended from the green in front of the tavern. They bore many pompous
+names,--"Archimedial Phaetons," "Vertical Aerial Coaches," "Patent
+Foederal Balloons." The public was assured that "persons of timid nature"
+would find nothing to terrify them in the ascent. They were not only
+recommended as engines of amusement and wonder, but were urged upon
+"Invaletudinarians" as hygienic factors, in that they caused in the ascent
+the "sudden revulsion of the blood and humours" of aeronautic travellers.
+
+The Bunch of Grapes housed Mr. Douglas when he delivered his famous
+lecture on "Heads, Coats of Arms, Wigs, Ladies' Head Dresses," etc.; it
+was an office for John Hurd, an early insurance broker, chiefly for marine
+risks. Nearly all the first insurance offices were in taverns.
+
+
+[Illustration: Black Horse Tavern, Salem, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+One intelligent chronicler relates:--
+
+    "The taverns of Boston were the original business Exchanges; they
+    combined the Counting House, the Exchange-office, the Reading-room,
+    and the Bank: each represented a locality. To the Lamb Tavern, called
+    by the sailors 'sheep's baby,' people went 'to see a man from
+    Dedham'--it was the resort of all from Norfolk County. The old Eastern
+    Stage House in Ann Street was frequented by 'down Easters,' captains
+    of vessels, formerly from the Penobscot and Kennebec; there were to be
+    seen groups of sturdy men seated round an enormous fire-place,
+    chalking down the price of bark and lumber, and shippers bringing in a
+    vagrant tarpaulin to 'sign the articles.' To the Exchange Coffee-House
+    resorted the nabobs of Essex County; here those aristocratic eastern
+    towns, Newburyport and Portsmouth, were represented by ship owners and
+    ship builders, merchants of the first class."
+
+The first attempt at the production of plays in New England was a signal
+for prompt and vital opposition. Little plays called drolls were exhibited
+in the taverns and coffee-houses; such plays as _Pickle Herring_, _Taylor
+riding to Brentford_, _Harlequin and Scaramouch_. About 1750 two young
+English strollers produced what must have been a mightily bald rendering
+of _Otway's Orphans_ in a Boston coffee-house; this was a step too far in
+frivolity, and stern Boston magistrates took rigid care there were no more
+similar offences. Many ingenious ruses were invented and presented to the
+public to avoid the hated term and conceal the hated fact of play acting.
+"Histrionic academies" were a sneaking introduction of plays. In 1762 a
+clever but sanctimonious manager succeeded in crowding his company and his
+play into a Newport tavern. Here is his truckling play-bill:--
+
+    "KINGS ARMS TAVERN NEWPORT RHODE ISLAND
+
+    On Monday, June 10th, at the Public Room of the Above Inn will be
+    delivered a series of
+
+    Moral Dialogues
+
+    _In Five Parts_
+
+    Depicting the evil effects of jealousy and other bad passions and
+    Proving that happiness can only spring from the pursuit of Virtue.
+
+    MR. DOUGLASS--Will represent a noble magnanimous Moor called Othello,
+    who loves a young lady named Desdemona, and, after he marries her,
+    harbours (as in too many cases) the dreadful passion of jealousy.
+
+        _Of jealousy, our being's bane
+        Mark the small cause and the most dreadful pain._
+
+    MR. ALLYN--Will depict the character of a specious villain, in the
+    regiment of Othello, who is so base as to hate his commander on mere
+    suspicion and to impose on his best friend. Of such characters, it is
+    to be feared, there are thousands in the world, and the one in
+    question may present to us a salutary warning.
+
+        _The man that wrongs his master and his friend
+        What can he come to but a shameful end?_
+
+    MR. HALLAM--Will delineate a young and thoughtless officer who is
+    traduced by Mr. Allyn and, getting drunk, loses his situation and his
+    general's esteem. All young men whatsoever take example from Cassio.
+
+        _The ill effects of drinking would you see?
+        Be warned and fly from evil company._
+
+    MR. MORRIS--Will represent an old gentleman, the father of Desdemona,
+    who is not cruel or covetous, but is foolish enough to dislike the
+    noble Moor, his son-in-law, because his face is not white, forgetting
+    that we all spring from one root. Such prejudices are very numerous
+    and very wrong.
+
+        _Fathers beware what sense and love ye lack!
+        'Tis crime, not colour, that makes the being black._
+
+    MR. QUELCH--Will depict a fool who wishes to become a knave, and,
+    trusting to one, gets killed by one. Such is the friendship of rogues!
+    Take heed!
+
+        _Where fools would become, how often you'll
+        Perceive the knave not wiser than the fool._
+
+    MRS. MORRIS--Will represent a young and virtuous wife, who being
+    wrongfully suspected, gets smothered (in an adjoining room) by her
+    husband.
+
+        _Reader, attend, and ere thou goest hence
+        Let fall a tear to helpless innocence._
+
+    MRS. DOUGLASS--Will be her faithful attendant who will hold out a good
+    example to all servants male and female, and to all people in
+    subjection.
+
+        _Obedience and gratitude
+        Are things as rare as they are good._
+
+    Various other Dialogues, too numerous to mention here, will be
+    delivered at night, all adapted to the mind and manners. The whole
+    will be repeated on Wednesday and on Saturday. Tickets, six shillings
+    each, to be had within. Commencement at 7. Conclusion at half-past
+    ten: in order that every Spectator may go home at a sober hour and
+    reflect upon what he has seen, before he retired to rest.
+
+        God save the King
+        Long may he sway.
+        East, north, and south
+        And fair America."
+
+We can see the little public room of the tavern with its rows of chairs
+and benches at one end and the group of starveling actors at the other,
+who never played a greater farce than when they set up as being solely
+ministers of piety and virtue.
+
+"Consorts" of music were given in the taverns, and, most exciting of all,
+lotteries were drawn there. This licensed and highly approved form of
+gambling had the sanction of the law and the participation of every
+community. Churches had lotteries "for promoting public worship and the
+advancement of religion." Colleges and schools thus increased their
+endowments. Towns and states raised money to pay the public debt by means
+of lotteries.
+
+
+[Illustration: Stickney Tavern.]
+
+
+It was asserted that "the interests of literature and learning were
+supported, the arts and sciences were encouraged, religion was extended,
+the wastes of war were repaired, inundation prevented, travel increased,
+and the burthen of taxes lessened by lotteries." Many private lotteries
+were drawn at the taverns, which were thronged at that time with excited
+ticket-owners.
+
+Lodges of Freemasons in America, following the custom which prevailed in
+England, met at the taverns. In Philadelphia they met at Peg Mullen's
+Beefsteak House. The lodges were often known by the names of the taverns
+at which the meetings were held. One Boston lodge met at the Royal
+Exchange Tavern, and hence was known by its name. That hostelry was,
+however, so popular with the visiting public that sometimes the brethren
+had to suspend their meetings for want of room. In December, 1749, the
+Masons of Boston celebrated the feast of St. John, and appeared in
+procession on the streets. This excited the greatest curiosity and
+ridicule. Joseph Green wrote a poem in which the chief object of his wit
+was Luke Vardy, the keeper of the Royal Exchange:--
+
+  "Where's honest Luke, that cook from London?
+  For without Luke the Lodge is undone.
+  'Twas he who oft dispell'd their sadness,
+  And filled the _Brethren's_ hearts with gladness.
+  _Luke_ in return is made a brother
+  As good and true as any other.
+  And still, though broke with age and wine,
+  Preserves the _token_ and the _sign_."
+
+Massachusetts Grand Lodge organized at Green Dragon, and the first lodge
+of all, St. John's Lodge, met in 1733 at the Bunch of Grapes in King (now
+State) Street. One of the three bunches of grapes that formed the original
+tavern sign still hangs in front of the lodge room of St. John's Lodge in
+Masonic Temple, Boston. This tavern had an early and lasting reputation as
+"the best punch-house in Boston." In Revolutionary days it became the
+headquarters of High Whigs, and a scarlet coat was an inflammatory signal
+in that taproom. The "Whig Tavern" was a proper centre for popular
+gatherings after the evacuation of Boston; General Stark's victory at
+Bennington was celebrated there "to high taste," says a participant. The
+firing of cannon, discharge of rockets, playing of fifes and drums, made
+satisfactory noise. The gentlemen had ample liquor within doors, and two
+barrels of grog were distributed to outsiders on the streets--all "with
+the greatest propriety." When General Stark arrived, a few weeks later,
+there was equal rejoicing. The glories of the entertainment of Washington
+and a series of gallant soldiers and distinguished travellers do not,
+perhaps, reflect the honor upon the old tavern that comes from its having
+been the scene of a most significant fact in our history. It was the
+gathering place and place of organization of the Ohio Company--the first
+concerted movement of New England toward the Great West.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Keeler's Tavern.]
+
+
+The famous Craft's Tavern in the little town of Walpole, New Hampshire,
+kept by Major Asa Bullard, was the gathering place in 1796 of one of the
+most brilliant groups of writers ever engaged in a literary undertaking in
+this country. It was called the Literary Club of Walpole, and is a
+landmark in the literary life of New England. In this rustic New Hampshire
+tavern this Club might repeat Beaumont's lines to Jonson beginning:--
+
+              "What things have we seen
+  Done at the Mermaid, heard words that have been
+  So nimble, and so full of subtle flame."
+
+
+[Illustration: Plate, Nahant Hotel.]
+
+
+The head of this Yankee collection of wits was the Lay Preacher, Joseph
+Dennie, who, at the death of the novelist, Charles Brockden Brown, was the
+only man in the United States who made a profession of literature. He was
+born in Boston, studied law in Charlestown, New Hampshire, then an
+important and bustling town, went to Walpole, and became conductor of the
+_New Hampshire Journal and Farmer's Museum_. For this newspaper and in
+this Craft's Tavern he wrote his famous _Lay Sermons_ which were read from
+Maine to Georgia. In the talented tavern circle was Royall Tyler, author
+of the play _The Contrast_ and the novel _The Algerine Captive_. He became
+Chief Justice of Vermont. Another contributor was David Everett, author of
+the well-known juvenile spouting-piece, beginning:--
+
+  "You'd scarce expect one of my age
+  To speak in public on the stage."
+
+Still another, Thomas G. Fessenden, wrote _Terrible Tractoration_. It was
+a day of pseudonyms; Fessenden wrote as Simon Spunky and Christopher
+Caustic; Everett called himself Peter Peveril; Isaac Story was Peter
+Quinn; Dennie was Oliver Old-school; Tyler was Colon and Spondee.
+
+A day of great sport at the tavern was when there was a turkey-shoot;
+these often took place on Thanksgiving Day. Notices such as this were
+frequently found in the autumnal newspapers:--
+
+    "SHARP-SHOOTING.
+
+    "Thos. D. Ponsland informs his Friends and the Friends of _Sport_ that
+    he will on Friday, 7th day of December next, set up for SHOOTING a
+    number of
+
+    FINE FAT TURKEYS
+
+    and invites all _Gunners_ and others who would wish to recreate
+    themselves to call on the day after Thanksgiving at the Old Bakers'
+    Tavern, Upp. Parish Beverly, where every accommodation would be
+    afforded."
+
+In the _Boston Evening Post_ of January 11, 1773, notice was given that "a
+Bear and Number of Turkeys" would be set up as a mark at the Punch Bowl
+Tavern in Brookline.
+
+Captain Basil Hall, travelling in America in 1827, was much surprised at
+the account of one of these turkey-shoots, which he thus fully
+describes:--
+
+    "At a country inn bearing the English name of Andover, close to the
+    Indian river Shawsheen, I observed the following printed bill stuck up
+    in the bar.
+
+    SPORTSMEN ATTEND
+
+    300 FOWLS
+
+    will be set up for the sportsmen at the Subscriber's Hotel in
+    Tewksbury, on Friday the 12 October, inst. at 8 A.M.
+
+    Gentlemen of Tewksbury, Lowell and vicinity are invited to attend.
+
+    WILLIAM HARDY.
+
+    "This placard was utterly unintelligible to me; and the Landlord
+    laughed at my curiosity but good humouredly enlightened my ignorance
+    by explaining that these shooting matches were so common in America,
+    that he had no doubt I would fall in with them often. I regretted very
+    much having passed one day too late for this transatlantic battle. It
+    appears that these birds were literally barn door fowls, placed at
+    certain distances, and fired at by any one who chooses to pay the
+    allotted sum for a shot. If he kills the bird, he is allowed to carry
+    it off; otherwise, like a true sportsman, he has the amusement for
+    his money. Cocks and hens being small birds, are placed at the
+    distance of 165 feet; and for every shot with ball the sportsman has
+    to pay four cents. Turkeys are placed at twice the distance, or 110
+    yards, if a common musket be used; but at 165 yards if the weapon be a
+    rifle. In both those cases the price per shot is from six to ten
+    cents."
+
+There were other sports offered at the taverns, as shown by an
+advertisement in the _Essex Register_ of June, 1806:--
+
+    "SPORTSMEN ATTEND.
+
+    The Gentlemen _Sportsmen_ of this town and Vicinity are informed that
+    a Grand Combat will take place between the URUS ZEBU and Spanish BULL
+    on 4th of July if fair weather. If not the next fair day at the HALF
+    WAY HOUSE on the _Salem Turnpike_. No danger need be apprehended
+    during the performance, as the Circus is very convenient. After the
+    performance there will be a Grand FOX CHASE on the Marshes near the
+    Circus to start precisely at 6 o'clock."
+
+A woman tavern-keeper on Boston Neck, Sally Barton, of the George, also
+had bull-baiting as one of the attractions of her home. In 1763, the
+keeper of the DeLancey Arms in New York had a bull-baiting. The English
+officers stationed in America brought over this fashion. In the year 1774,
+there was a bull-baiting held every day for many months on what is now a
+quiet street near my home. Landlord Loosely,--most appropriately
+named,--of the King's Head Tavern, took charge of these bull-baitings and
+advertised for good active bulls and strong dogs. One advertisement, in
+rhyme, begins:--
+
+  "This notice gives to all who covet
+  Baiting the bull, and dearly love it."
+
+Fox-hunting, too, was beloved of the British visitors, and of Southern
+planters as well. The Middle and Southern states saw frequent meets of
+mounted gentlemen with hounds, usually at the tavern, to which they
+returned after the day's run to end with suitable jollity.
+
+The old English "drift of the forest" became in America a wolf-rout or
+wolf-drive. Then circles of men and boys were formed to drive in toward
+the centre of the ring and kill squirrels and hares which pestered the
+farmers. Then came shooting matches in which every living wild creature
+was a prey. The extent to which these devastating hunting parties could be
+carried is shown by an article in a Bedford County (Pennsylvania)
+newspaper. On Friday, December 4, 1818, about seven hundred men from
+neighboring townships formed such a party. The signal was first given on
+French Town Mountain, and the circle of forty miles of horn blowing to
+horn was completed in fifteen minutes. The hunters progressed to a centre
+in Wysox township, using guns as long as they could with safety, then
+bayonets, clubs, poles, pitchforks, etc. Five bears, nine wolves, and
+fourteen foxes were killed, and three hundred deer--it makes one's heart
+ache. It was estimated that more than double the number escaped. The
+expedition closed with great mirth at the tavern.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Wolfe Tavern, Brooklyn, Connecticut.]
+
+
+I find through many legal reports and accounts of trials and arrests, that
+upper rooms in the taverns were frequently used as lockups or temporary
+jails. Mr. S. L. Frey, of Palatine Bridge, in his charming account of
+olden days in that town, tells an amusing episode of tavern life connected
+with this custom. Near the village schoolhouse lived a man named Fisk--a
+quiet citizen, friendly to the boys, but given, however, to frequent
+disappearances, and a profound reticence as to his means of livelihood
+which was naturally a distinct grievance and indeed an injustice to every
+respectably inquisitive neighbor. The boys noted that he was a great lover
+of horses, and seemed to have a constant succession of new ones in his
+stable, and that these newcomers vanished in as silent and unaccountable a
+manner as they had arrived.
+
+One morning the scholars were excited and delighted to learn that the
+band of horse thieves that had for years ravaged the valley had at last
+been ferreted out, the two leaders captured and safely lodged during the
+night in the village jail, namely, a doubly locked and outside bolted room
+in Uncle Jesse Vincent's tavern. And the climax of all the excitement and
+pleasure was the fact that Neighbor Fisk was the leader of the gang.
+
+Court was called in the tavern parlor at noon. The sheriff and his
+officers, lawyers from neighboring towns, all importance and pomposity,
+all the men and all the boys from miles around were waiting eagerly to see
+once more the mysterious Fisk, when a loud shout came from the men who had
+gone to lead forth the prisoners that both had escaped. Of course they
+had! An open window, a leanto roof, a trellis and a high fence,--no decent
+prisoner could help escaping.
+
+But they had been startled in their plans, and hurried while exchanging
+clothes, and it was plain from the garments left behind that one man had
+vanished clad only in his shirt, stockings, and shoes. The dire confusion
+of the first mortifying discovery soon changed to organized plans of
+pursuit, and the chase turned to a great piece of woodland behind the
+tavern. Oak and hickory with undergrowth of witchhazel--a prime place for
+partridges and gray squirrels--led back from the river to the hills and a
+deep gorge filled with solemn pines and hemlocks.
+
+The rampant boys were snubbed early in the day by the sheriff and told to
+keep back; and one tall boy--"mad" at the insult--conceived the plan of
+personating the thief. He was a famous runner, the best in the school. He
+hid his coat in a hollow log, pulled his shirt over his trousers, Chinaman
+fashion, worked his way around on the edge of the hunting party, and was
+soon "discovered" by his boy friends, whose shouts of "Stop thief!" "Here
+he is!" brought the whole army of searchers after him. Oh! what a hunt
+followed. All were on foot, for no horses could pass through the heavy
+undergrowth; the white flag of the pursued fluttered in and out far in
+front into the swamp, under the bushes. Talk of hare and hounds! no game
+was ever run like that. The fleet young horse thief in front easily
+distanced the puffing sheriffs in the rear, and at last the pursuit was
+given over. Fisk escaped, thanks to his friends the boys, but the story of
+the wrath that was visited on the conspirators when their fun was
+discovered the next day at the tavern is "another story."
+
+Sittings of courts were often held in the public room of taverns, not only
+in small towns where assembly rooms were few, but in large cities. From
+the settlement of Philadelphia till 1759, justices of peace heard and
+decided causes in the public inns of Philadelphia, and the Common Council
+had frequent sittings there. In Boston the courts were held in suburban
+taverns when the smallpox scourged the town. In Postlethwaite's Tavern
+(shown on page 214) the first courts of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania,
+were held in 1729, and propositions were made to make it the county seat;
+but the present site of the city of Lancaster was finally chosen, though
+Landlord Postlethwaite made strenuous endeavors to retain his tavern as a
+centre.
+
+
+[Illustration: Postlethwaite's Tavern, 1729.]
+
+
+Our ancestors found in criminals and all the accompaniments of crime their
+chief source of diversion. They did not believe in lonely captivity but in
+public obloquy for criminals. The only exciting and stirring emotions
+which entered their lives came through the recounting of crimes and
+offences, and the sight of the punishment of these crimes and offences;
+rising of course to the highest point of excitement in witnessing the
+public executions of criminals. The bilboes were the first engine of
+punishment in Boston, and were used until 1639, and perhaps much later.
+The drinkers of a cup of sack at the Boston ordinary had much diversion in
+seeing James Woodward, who had had too much sack at the Cambridge
+ordinary, "laid by the heels" on the ground with a great bar of iron
+fastened and locked to his legs with sliding shackles and a bolt. Still
+more satisfaction had all honest Puritans when Thomas Morton, of
+Merrymount, that amusing old debauchee and roisterer, was "clapt into the
+bilbowes," where "the harmless salvages" gathered around and stared at him
+like "poor silly lambes."
+
+The stocks soon superseded the bilboes and were near neighbors and
+amusement purveyors to the tavern. Towns were forced by law to set up
+"good sufficient stocks." Warwick, Rhode Island, ordered that "John Lowe
+should erect the public stocks and whipping-post near David Arnold's
+Tavern, and procure iron and timber for the same." The stocks were simple
+to make; a heavy timber or plank had on the upper edge two half-circle
+holes which met two similar notches or holes in a movable upper timber.
+When this was in place these notches formed round holes to enclose the
+legs of the prisoner, who could then be locked in.
+
+The whipping-post, a good sound British institution, was promptly set up
+in every town, and the sound of the cat often entered the tavern windows.
+I can imagine all the young folk thronging to witness the whipping of some
+ardent young swain who had dared to make love to some fair damsel without
+the consent of her parents. There was no room for the escape of any man
+who thus "inveagled" a girl; the New Haven colony specified that any
+tempting without the parents' sanction could not be done by "speech,
+writing, message, company-keeping, unnecessary familiarity, disorderly
+night meetings, sinful dalliance, gifts, or (as a wholesale blow to
+lovers' inventions) in any other way."
+
+But sly Puritan maids found that even the "any other way" of Puritan
+law-makers could be circumvented. Jacob Murline, in Hartford, on May-day
+in 1660, without asking any permission of Goodman Tuttle, had some very
+boisterous love-making with Sarah Tuttle, his daughter. It began by
+Jacob's seizing Sarah's gloves and demanding the mediæval forfeit--a kiss.
+"Whereupon," writes the scandalized Puritan chronicler, "they sat down
+together, his arm being about her, and her arm upon his shoulder or about
+his neck, and hee kissed her and shee kissed him, or they kissed one
+another, continuing in this posture about half an hour." The angry father,
+on hearing of this, haled Jacob into court and sued him for damages in
+"inveagling" his daughter's affections. There were plenty of witnesses of
+the kissing, and Jacob seemed doomed to heavy fines and the
+cat-o'-nine-tails, when crafty Sarah informed the Court that Jacob did not
+inveigle her, that she wished him to kiss her--in fact, that she enticed
+him. The baffled Court therefore had to fine Sarah, and of course Sarah's
+father had to pay the fine; but the magistrate called her justly a "Bould
+Virgin," and lectured her severely. To all this she gave the demure answer
+"that she hoped God would help her to Carry it Better for time to come,"
+which would seem to be somewhat superfluous, since she had, without any
+help, seemed to do about as well for herself as any girl could wish to
+under the circumstances.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Pembroke Tavern.]
+
+
+For some years the Quakers never were absent from the whipping-post. They
+were trying enough, preaching everywhere, and on all occasions, yet never
+willing to keep silent when the Puritan preacher held forth; not willing,
+even, to keep away from the Puritan meeting. They interrupted these
+meetings in most offensive ways, and were promptly whipped. One poor
+Quakeress, Lydia Wardwell, "a young tender chaste person," but almost
+demented with religious excitement, was taken forcibly from the Ipswich
+meeting-house and "tyed to the fence-post of the Tavern," and then sorely
+lashed.
+
+The pillory sometimes took the place of the stocks. In enduring this
+punishment the culprit stood on a sort of bench, and his head and hands
+were confined in holes cut in a hinged or divisible board. Lecture day was
+often chosen as the day of punishment; as Hawthorne said, "it was a day of
+public shame, the day on which transgressors received their reward of
+ignominy." Thus Nicholas Olmstead, sentenced to the pillory in Hartford
+"next Lecture day," was "sett on a lytle before the beginning and to stay
+on a lytle after the end." In Maryland offenders were "nayled by both
+eares to the Pillory, 3 Nailes in each Eare, and the Nailes to be slit
+out." Samuel Breck says that in 1771, in Boston, men and women were
+constantly seen pilloried, exposed to insults and jeers, and pelted with
+filth and garbage.
+
+The 18th of September, 1755, was a great day in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+A negro woman named Phyllis was then and there burned to death--in
+punishment for her share in the murder of her master. The diary of a
+Boston gentleman still exists which shows us how he passed the day;
+cheerfully drinking punch from tavern to tavern, and cheerfully watching
+the hanging of the man-murderer and the burning of the woman. The day's
+record ends: "Went home, went to bed and slept and woke up very finely
+refreshed." Criminals were preached at in public, read their dying
+confessions in public, were carted through the streets in open tumbrils,
+and were hanged in public. On all those occasions the taverns flowed with
+good cheer and merry meetings, for people came for many miles to witness
+the interesting sight, and many were the happy reunions of friends.
+
+Another bustling busy day at the tavern was when "vandues" were held
+within its walls. Due notice of these "vandues" had been given by posters
+displayed in the tavern and village store, and occasionally by scant
+newspaper advertisements. These auction sales were rarely of mixed
+merchandise, but were of some special goods, such as India cotton stuffs,
+foreign books, or boots and shoes. Criminals and paupers were also sold
+for terms of service; usually the former were some of the varied tribe of
+sneak-thieves which wandered through the country. In one case the human
+"lot" offered for sale was a "prygman"--he had, like Autolycus, stolen the
+bleaching linen from the grass and hedges.
+
+Another was an habitual fruit and vegetable thief (and he must have been
+an extraordinary one to have been noted in a country where fruit and
+vegetables on every farm were so freely shared with all passers-by).
+Another, an Indian, stole from the lobster and eel pots of his honest
+white neighbors. A sheep thief, sold at public auction in Clifford's
+Tavern in Dunbarton, New Hampshire, took part in an interesting prologue,
+as well as in the main performance, in the shape of a whipping of thirteen
+stripes administered to him by the vigorous sheriff. Nevertheless, he
+found a purchaser, who took his subdued and sore servant home to his farm
+and set him to breaking and hatchelling flax. The convict fell to work as
+cheerfully and assiduously as any honest laborer, but when he had cleaned
+as much flax as he could carry, he added an unexpected epilogue to this
+New England comedy by departing with his dressed flax for parts unknown;
+thus proving that he laughs best who laughs last. Though it would seem
+that the selectmen of the town, who had been amply paid "damages and
+costs" through his sale, and who had also effectually banished a rogue
+from their township, might join with him in a mirthful chorus.
+
+
+[Illustration: Map Pitcher.]
+
+
+The sale of paupers at the tavern was much more frequent than of
+criminals. It was an exhibition of curious contrasts: the prosperous and
+thirsty townsmen drinking at the tavern bar, and the forlorn group of
+homeless, friendless creatures, usually young children and aged folk,
+waiting to be sold to the lowest bidder for a term of feeble service and
+meagre keep. The children were known after the sale as "bound boys" and
+"bound girls," and much sympathy has been expended in modern books over
+the hardness of their lives, and many pathetic stories written of them.
+This method was, however, as good a solution of the problem of infant
+pauperism as we have yet discovered. The children were removed from
+vicious associations in almshouses, and isolated in homes where they had
+to work just as the daughters and sons of the household worked. In many
+cases they entered childless homes, and grew to be the prop and happiness
+of their adopted parents, and the heirs of their little savings. The
+auction at the tavern was frankly brutal, but the end accomplished was so
+satisfactory that the custom has within a few years been resumed by the
+more advanced and thoughtful guardians of paupers in many New England
+towns. As for the auction sale of aged and infirm paupers, it is not
+wholly a thing of the past. In Lackawanna township in Pike County,
+Pennsylvania, paupers still are sold to the lowest bidder. A year ago, in
+1899, at Rowland Station in that township the signs were posted, "A Woman
+for Sale," and as of old the "vandue" was held at a tavern, one called
+Rutan's Hotel. The bar-room was crowded, and Mrs. Elmira Quick,
+seventy-seven years old, was put up "to be sold to the lowest bidder for
+keep for a year." The bidding was spirited and ran quickly down from four
+dollars a week. A backwoodsman had just offered to take her for a dollar
+and a half a week, when Mrs. Quick firmly bid a dollar and a quarter. The
+Overseer of the Poor hesitated, but Mrs. Quick stated she could maintain
+herself on that amount--sixteen cents a day--and no one made an offer to
+take her for less; so he was forced to conclude the bargain and draw up
+the sale-papers. Let me add that this woman has three sons and a daughter
+living--and these are our good _new_ times.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+FROM PATH TO TURNPIKE
+
+
+The first roads in New England are called in the early court-records
+"trodden paths." They were narrow worn lines, scarce two feet wide,
+lightly trodden over pine needles and fallen leaves among the tree trunks
+by the soft moccasined foot of the tawny savages as they walked silently
+in Indian file through the forests. These paths were soon deepened and
+worn bare by the heavy hobnailed shoes of the white settlers, others were
+formed by the slow tread of domestic cattle, the best of all path makers,
+as they wound around the hillsides to pasture or drinking place. Then a
+scarcely broader bridle-path for horses, perhaps with blazed trees as
+guide-posts, widened slowly to travelled roads and uneven cart-ways. These
+roads followed and still wind to-day in the very lines of the foot-path
+and the cattle-track.
+
+The early colonists walked as did their predecessors, the Indians, on
+their own stout legs, when they travelled by land. We find even the
+governors of the colonies walking off sturdily into the forests; crossing
+the rivers and brooks on fallen trees; and sometimes being carried across
+"pick-a-back" by vigorous Indian guides. We have one record of Governor
+Winthrop in that dependent and rather un-governor-like attitude, and it is
+well to think of this picture of him as affording a glimpse of one of the
+human sides of his life, to balance the prevailing Chinese worship and
+idealization of him and our other ancestors.
+
+The earliest trail or path was the old Plymouth or Coast Path, which
+connected the capitols of two colonies, Boston and Plymouth. It ran
+through old Braintree, and its permanence was established by an action of
+the General Court in 1639. The Old Connecticut Path started from
+Cambridge, ran through Marlborough, Grafton, Oxford, and on to Springfield
+and Albany. The New Connecticut Path or Road started also from Cambridge,
+thence to Grafton, then to Worcester, Brookfield, and on to Albany. The
+Providence Path ran through Narragansett and Providence Plantations. The
+Nipmuck Trail was made from Norwich. The "Kennebunk Road by the Sea" was
+ordered by the Massachusetts Commissioners in 1653, sufficient highway
+"between towns and towns for horse and foot." Kittery and York were
+enjoined to "make straight and convenient way along East for Man and
+Horse."
+
+The most famous of all these paths was the one known as the Bay Path. It
+was in existence in 1673, and doubtless before. It left the Old
+Connecticut Path at Wayland, Massachusetts, and ran through Marlborough to
+Worcester, then to Oxford, Charlton, and Brookfield, where jutted off the
+Hadley Path, to Ware, Belchertown, and Hadley, while the Bay Path
+rejoined the Old Connecticut Path and thus on to Springfield. Holland
+wrote of the Bay Path in his novel of that title:--
+
+    "It was marked by trees a portion of the distance and by slight
+    clearings of brush and thicket for the remainder. No stream was
+    bridged, no hill was graded, and no marsh drained. The path led
+    through woods which bore the mark of centuries, over barren hills
+    which had been licked by the Indian hounds of fire, and along the
+    banks of streams that the seine had never dragged. A powerful interest
+    was attached to the Bay Path. It was the channel through which laws
+    were communicated, through which flowed news from distant friends, and
+    through which came long, loving letters and messages. That rough
+    thread of soil, chipped by the blades of a hundred streams, was a
+    trail that radiated at each terminus into a thousand fibres of love,
+    and interest, and hope, and memory. Every rod had been prayed over by
+    friends on the journey and friends at home."
+
+Born in a home almost by the wayside of the old Bay Path, I feel deeply
+the inexplicable charm which attaches itself to these old paths or trails.
+I have ridden hundreds of miles on these various Indian paths, and I ever
+love to trace the roadway where it is now the broad, travelled road, and
+where it turns aside in an overgrown and narrow lane which is to-day
+almost as neglected and wild as the old path. There still seems to cling
+to it something of the human interest ever found in a foot-path, the
+intangible attraction which makes even the simplest foot-path across a
+pasture, or up a wooded hill, full of charm, of suggestion, of sentiment.
+
+It is interesting to see how quickly the colonists acquired horses. Before
+John Winthrop died Massachusetts had a cavalry corps. Restrictive measures
+were enjoined by the magistrates to improve the breed and limit the number
+of horses. These horses were poor and scrubby and small, but before 1635 a
+cargo of Flemish draft horses was imported. A characteristic American
+breed, the Narragansett Pacers, was reared in Rhode Island. They were
+famous saddle-horses, giving ease of motion to the rider, being
+sure-footed and most tough and enduring. For a century they were raised in
+large numbers and sold at good prices, but became little valued after
+trotting-horses were bred and folk drove instead of riding horseback. I
+saw the last of the Narragansett Pacers. She died about twenty years ago;
+of an ugly sorrel color, with broad back and short legs and a curious
+rocking pace, she seemed almost a caricature of a horse, but was,
+nevertheless, a source of inordinate pride to her owner.
+
+Women rode with as much ease and frequency as men. Young girls rode on
+side saddles for long journeys. Older women rode behind men on pillions,
+which were padded cushions which had a sort of platform stirrup. An
+excellent representation of a pillion is here given in Mr. Henry's
+charming picture, "Waiting at the Ferry," as well as of an old-time gig
+used at the end of the eighteenth and in the early part of the nineteenth
+century.
+
+
+[Illustration: Waiting for the Ferry.]
+
+
+Horseflesh was so plentiful that "no one walked save a vagabond or a
+fool." Doubtless our national characteristic of never walking a step when
+we can ride dates from the days "when we lived under the King." Driving
+alone, that is, a man or woman driving for pleasure alone, without a
+driver or post-boy, is an American fashion. It was carried back to Europe
+by both the French and English officers who were here in Revolutionary
+times. The custom was noted with approval by the French in their various
+books and letters on this country. They also, La Rochefoucauld among them,
+praised our roads.
+
+Mr. Ernst, an authority upon transportation and postal matters, believes
+that our roads in the northern provinces, on the whole, were excellent. He
+says that the actual cost of the roads as contained in Massachusetts
+records proves that the notion that our New England roads were wretched is
+not founded on fact. He notes our great use of pleasure carriages as a
+proof of good roads; in 1753 Massachusetts had about seven such carriages
+to every thousand persons. The English carriages were very heavy. In
+America we adopted the light-weight continental carriages--because our
+roads were good.
+
+The corduroy road was one of the common road improvements made to render
+the roads passable by carts and stage-wagons. Marshy places and
+chuck-holes were filled up with saplings and logs from the crowded
+forests, and whole roads were made of logs which were cut in lengths about
+ten or twelve feet long, and laid close to each other across the road.
+Many corduroy roads still remain, and some are veritable antiques; in
+Canada they still are built. A few years ago I rode many miles over one in
+a miner's springless cart over the mountains of the Alexandrite range in
+upper Canada, and I deem it the most trying ordeal I ever experienced.
+
+As soon as there were roads, there were ferries and bridges. Out from
+Boston to the main were ferries in 1639 to Chelsea and Charlestown. There
+was a "cart-bridge" built by Boston and Roxbury over Muddy River in 1633.
+There was a "foot-bridge" also at Scituate, and at Ipswich in 1635. In
+1634 a "horse-bridge" was built at Neponset, and others soon followed.
+These had a railing on one side only. It was a great step when the "Bay"
+granted fifty pounds to Lynn for a cart-bridge where there had been only a
+ferry. After King Philip's War, cart-bridges multiplied; there was one in
+Scituate, one in Bristol, one in Cambridge.
+
+These early bridges of provincial days were but insecure makeshifts in
+many cases, miserable floating bridges being common across the wide
+rivers. In England bridges were poor also. We were to be early in fine
+bridge-building, and to excel in it as we have to this day. We were also
+in advance of the mother country in laying macadamized roads, in the use
+of mail-coaches, in modes of steam travel by water, just as we were in
+using flintlock firearms, and other advanced means of warfare.
+
+The Charles River between Boston and Charlestown was about as wide at the
+point where the old ferry crossed as was the Thames at London Bridge, and
+Americans were emulative of that structure. Much talking and planning was
+done, but no bridge was built across the Charles till after the
+Revolution. Then Lemuel Cox, a Medford shipwright, planned and built a
+successful bridge in 1786. It was the longest bridge in the world, and
+deemed a triumph of engineering. The following year he built the Malden
+Bridge, then the fine Essex Bridge at Salem. In 1770 Cox went to Ireland
+and built a bridge nine hundred feet long over the deep Foyle at
+Londonderry, Ireland. This was another American victory, for the great
+English engineer, Milne, had pronounced the deed impossible. This bridge
+was of American oak and pine, and was built by Maine lumbermen and
+carpenters.
+
+According to the universal "Gust of the Age"--as Dr. Prince said--the aid
+of the Muses was called in to celebrate the opening of the Charlestown
+Bridge. This took place on the anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill,
+and a vast feast was given. Broadsides were distributed bearing "poems" as
+long as the bridge. Here are a few specimen verses:--
+
+  "I sing the day in which the BRIDGE
+    Is finished and done.
+  Boston and Charlestown lads rejoice
+    And fire your cannon guns.
+
+  "The BRIDGE is finished now I say
+    Each other bridge outvies
+  For London Bridge compared with ours
+    Appears in dim disguise.
+
+  "Now Boston Charlestown nobly join
+    And roast a fatted Ox
+  On noted Bunker Hill combine
+    To toast our Patriot Cox.
+
+  "May North and South and Charlestown all
+    Agree with one consent
+  To love each one like Indian's rum
+    On publick good be bent."
+
+A perfect epidemic of bridge-building broke out all over the states. In
+our pride we wished to exhibit our superiority over the English
+everywhere. Throughout Maryland, Pennsylvania, and upper Virginia, fine
+wooden and stone bridges were built. On all the turnpikes the bridges
+equalled the roads. Many of those bridges still are in use. The oldest
+suspension bridge in America, the "chain-bridge" at Newburyport,
+Massachusetts, is still standing. A picture of it here is shown. It is a
+graceful bridge, and its lovely surroundings add to its charm.
+
+The traveller Melish noted specially, in 1812, the fine Trenton Bridge,
+"very elegant, nine hundred and seventy feet long, with two carriage
+ways"; the West Boston Bridge "three thousand feet long, with a causeway
+three thousand more"; the Schuylkill Bridge, which cost over two hundred
+thousand dollars.
+
+So bad was the state of English roads at the end of the eighteenth century
+that it took two days' and three nights' incessant travel to get from
+Manchester to Glasgow. The crossroads were worse. In many cases when
+mail-coaches had been granted, the roads were too poor to receive them.
+The ruts, or rather trenches, were up to the axletrees. When a mail-coach
+was put on the Holyhead Road in 1808, twenty-two townships were indicted
+for having their roads in a dangerous condition. This road had vast
+sums spent upon it; in the six years succeeding 1825 it had £83,700 for
+"improvements," and repairs were paid by the tolls. Its condition now is
+very mean, grass-grown in places, and in ill-repair.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Chain bridge, Newburyport, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+The system of road-making known as macadamizing received its name from Mr.
+Loudon McAdam, who came to England from America in 1783 at a time when
+many new roads were being made in Scotland. These roads he studied and in
+1816 became road surveyor in Bristol, where he was able to carry his
+principles into practice. The leading feature of his system was setting a
+limit in size and weight to the stones to be used on the roads, the weight
+limit being six ounces; also to prohibit any mixture of clay, earth, or
+chalk with the stone. Similar roads had been made in Pennsylvania long
+before they were laid in England, and had been tested; and without doubt
+McAdam simply followed methods he had seen successfully used in America.
+Among others the Salem and Boston Turnpike, the Essex Turnpike (between
+Salem and Andover), and the Newburyport Turnpike, all macadamized roads,
+were in successful operation before Telford and McAdam had perfected their
+systems.
+
+McAdam's son, Sir James McAdam, was General Superintendent of Metropolitan
+Roads in England when, as he expressed it, "the calamity of railways fell
+upon us." This "calamity" brought these results: coaches ran less
+frequently, and all horse-carriage decreased, toll receipts diminished,
+many turnpike roads became bankrupt and passed into possession of towns
+and parishes, and are kept in scarcely passable repair. Many English
+macadamized roads are only kept in order in half, while the other part of
+the road bears weeds and grass.
+
+The first American turnpike was not in Pennsylvania, as is usually stated,
+but in Virginia. It connected Alexandria (then supposed to be the rising
+metropolis) with "Sniggers and Vesta's Gaps"--that is, the lower
+Shenandoah. This turnpike was started in 1785-86, and Thomas Jefferson
+pronounced it a success. In 1787 the Grand Jury of Baltimore reported the
+state of the country roads as a public grievance, and the Frederick,
+Reisterstown, and York roads were laid out anew by the county as turnpikes
+with toll-gates. In 1804 these roads were granted to corporate companies.
+Others soon followed, till all the main roads through Maryland were
+turnpikes.
+
+The most important early turnpike was the one known as the National Road
+because it was made by the national government. It extended at first from
+Cumberland to Wheeling, and was afterward carried farther. When first
+opened it was a hundred and thirty miles long, and cost one and
+three-quarters millions of dollars. Proposed in Congress in 1797, an act
+providing for its construction was passed nine years later, and the first
+mail-coach carrying the United States mail travelled over it in August,
+1818. It was a splendid road, sixty feet wide, of stone broken to pass
+through a three-inch ring, then covered with gravel and rolled down with
+an iron roller. One who saw the constructive work on it wrote:--
+
+    "That great contractor, Mordecai Cochran, with his immortal Irish
+    brigade--a thousand strong, with their carts, wheelbarrows, picks,
+    shovels, and blasting-tools, graded the commons and climbed the
+    mountain side, leaving behind them a roadway good enough for an
+    emperor."
+
+
+[Illustration: Bridge Toll-board.]
+
+
+Over this National Road journeyed many congressmen to and from Washington;
+and the mail contractors, anxious to make a good impression on these
+senators and representatives, and thus gain fresh privileges and large
+appropriations, ever kept up a splendid stage line. It was on this line
+that the phrase "chalking his hat"--or the free pass system--originated.
+Mr. Reeside, the agent of the road, occasionally tendered a free ride to
+some member of Congress, and devised a hieroglyphic which he marked in
+chalk on the representative's hat, in order that none of his drivers
+should be imposed upon by forged passes.
+
+The intent was to extend this road to St. Louis. From Cumberland to
+Baltimore the cost of construction fell on certain banks in Maryland,
+which were rechartered on condition that they completed the road. Instead
+of being a burden to them, it became a lucrative property, yielding twenty
+per cent profit for many years. Not only was this road excellently
+macadamized, but stone bridges were built for it over rivers and creeks;
+the distances were indexed by iron mileposts, and the toll-houses were
+supplied with strong iron gates.
+
+On other turnpikes throughout the country Irish laborers were employed to
+dig the earth and break the stone. Until this time Irish immigration had
+been slight in this country, and in many small communities where the new
+turnpikes passed the first Irish immigrants were stared at as curiosities.
+
+The story of the old Mohawk Turnpike is one of deep interest. After the
+Revolution a great movement of removal to the West swept through New
+England; in the winter of 1795, in three days twelve hundred sleighs
+passed through Albany bearing sturdy New England people as settlers to the
+Genesee Valley. Others came on horseback, prospecting,--farmers with
+well-filled saddle bags and pocketbooks. Among those thrifty New
+Englanders were two young men named Whetmore and Norton, from Litchfield,
+Connecticut, who noted the bad roads over which all this travel passed;
+and being surveyors, they planned and eventually carried out a turnpike.
+The first charter, granted in 1797, was for the sixteen miles between
+Albany and Schenectady. When that was finished, in 1800, the turnpike
+from Schenectady to Utica, sixty-eight miles long, was begun. The public
+readily subscribed to build these roads; the flow of settlers increased;
+the price of land advanced; everywhere activity prevailed. The turnpike
+was filled with great trading wagons; there was a tavern at every mile on
+the road; fifty-two within fifty miles of Albany, but there were not
+taverns enough to meet the demand caused by the great travel. Eighty or
+one hundred horses would sometimes be stabled at a single tavern. All
+teamsters desired stable-room for their horses; but so crowded were the
+tavern sheds that many carried sheets of oilcloth to spread over their
+horses at night in case they could not find shelter.
+
+
+[Illustration: Megunticook Turnpike.]
+
+
+Common wagons with narrow tires cut grooves in the macadamized road; so
+the Turnpike Company passed free all wagons with tires six inches broad or
+wider.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+These helped to roll down the road, and by law were not required to turn
+aside on the road save for wagons with like width of tire.
+
+The New York turnpikes were traversed by a steady procession of these
+great wagons, marked often in great lettering with the magic words which
+were in those days equivalent to Eldorado or Golconda--namely, "Ohio," or
+"Genesee Valley." Freight rates from Albany to Utica were a dollar for a
+hundred and twelve pounds.
+
+In 1793 the old horse-path from Albany over the mountains to the
+Connecticut River was made wide enough for the passage of a coach.
+Westward from Albany a coach ran to Whitestone, Oneida County. In 1783 the
+first regular mail was delivered at Schenectady, nearly a century after
+its settlement. Soon the "mail-stages" ran as far as Whitestone. An
+advertisement of one of these clumsy old mail-stages is here shown. We
+need not wonder at the misspelling in this advertisement of the name of
+the town, for in 1792 the Postmaster-general advertised for contracts to
+carry the mail from "Connojorharrie to Kanandarqua."
+
+There were twelve gates on the "pike" between Utica and Schenectady; at
+Schenectady, Crane's Village, Caughnawaga (now Fonda), Schenck's Hollow,
+east of Wagner's Hollow road, Garoga Creek, St. Johnsville, East Creek
+Bridge, Fink's Ferry, Herkimer, Sterling, Utica. These gates did not swing
+on hinges, but were portcullises; a custom in other countries referred to
+in the beautiful passage in the Psalms, "Lift up your heads, O ye gates,"
+etc.
+
+On every toll-gate was a board with the rates of toll painted thereon. Mr.
+Rufus A. Grider gives the list of rates on the Schenectady and Utica
+Turnpike, a distance of sixty-eight miles. They seem to me exceedingly
+high.
+
+                                           Cents
+  "Sheep, per score                            8
+  Hogs, per score                              8
+  Cattle, per score                           18
+  Horses, per score                           18
+  Mules, per score                            18
+  Horse and Rider                              5
+  Tied horses, each                            5
+  Sulkies                                     12-1/2
+  Chairs                                      12-1/2
+  Chariots                                    25
+  Coaches                                     25
+  Coachers                                    25
+  Phaetons                                    25
+  Two horse Stages                            12-1/2
+  Four horse Stages                           18-1/2
+  One horse Wagons                             9
+  Two horse Wagons                            12-1/2
+  Three horse Wagons                          15-1/2
+  Four horse Wagons tires under six inches    75
+  Five horse Wagons   "     "    "     "      87-1/2
+  Six horse Wagons    "     "    "     "    1.00
+  One horse cart                               6
+  Two ox cart                                  6
+  Three ox cart                                8
+  Four ox cart                                10
+  Six ox cart                                 14
+  One horse sleigh                             6
+  Two horse or ox sleigh                       6
+  Three horse or ox sleigh                     8
+  Four horse or ox sleigh                     10
+  Five horse or ox sleigh                     12
+  Six horse or ox sleigh                      14"
+
+The toll-board which hung for many years on a bridge over the Susquehanna
+River at Sidney, New York, is shown on page 233.
+
+Sometimes sign-boards were hung on bridges. One is shown on page 239 which
+hung for many years on the wooden bridge at Washington's Crossing at
+Taylorsville, Pennsylvania, on the Bucks County side. It was painted by
+Benjamin Hicks, of Newtown, a copy of Trumbull's picture of Washington
+crossing the Delaware. It was thrown in the garret of a store at
+Taylorsville, and rescued by Mr. Mercer for the Bucks County Historical
+Society.
+
+
+[Illustration: Bridge Sign-board.]
+
+
+The turnpike charters and toll-rates have revealed one thing to us, that
+all single-horse carriages were two-wheeled, such as the sulky, chair,
+chaise; while four-wheeled carriages always had at least two horses.
+
+Citizens and travellers deeply resented these tolls, and ofttimes rose up
+against the payment. A toll-keeper in Pelham, Massachusetts, awoke one
+morning to find his gate gone. A scrawled bit of paper read:--
+
+  "The man who stopped the boy when going to the mill,
+  Will find his gate at the bottom of the hill."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+PACKHORSE AND CONESTOGA WAGON
+
+
+Our predecessors, the North American Indians, had no horses. An early
+explorer of Virginia said that if the country had horses and kine and were
+peopled with English, no realm in Christendom could be compared with it.
+The crude means of overland transportation common to all savages, the
+carrying of burdens on the back by various strappings, was the only mode
+known.
+
+Travel by land in the colonies was for many years very limited in amount,
+and equally hazardous and inconvenient. Travel by boat was so greatly
+preferred that most of the settlements continued to be made on the banks
+of rivers and along the sea-coast. Even perilous canoes were preferable to
+the miseries of land travel.
+
+We were slow in abandoning our water travel and water transportation.
+Water lines controlled in the East till 1800, in the West till 1860, and
+have now great revival.
+
+Transportation was wholly done by water. When horses multiplied,
+merchandise was drawn short distances in the winter time on crude sledges.
+Packhorses were in common use in England and on the Continent, and the
+scrubby, enduring horses raised here soon were used as packhorses. Their
+use lingered long over the Alleghany Mountains, as it did on the mountains
+of the Pacific coast; in fact the advance guard of inland commerce in
+America has always employed packhorses.
+
+The first appearance of the Conestoga wagon in history (though the wagons
+were not then called by that name) was in 1755, when General Braddock set
+out on his ill-fated expedition to western Pennsylvania. There led thither
+no wagon-road, simply an Indian trail for packhorses. Braddock insisted
+strenuously to the Pennsylvania Assembly upon obtaining their assistance
+in widening the trail to a wagon-road, and also to secure one hundred and
+fifty wagons for the army. The cutting of the road was done, but when
+returns were made to Braddock at Frederick, Maryland, only twenty-five
+wagons could be obtained. Franklin said it was a pity the troops had not
+been landed in Philadelphia, since every farmer in the country thereabouts
+had a wagon. At Braddock's earnest solicitation, Franklin issued an
+ingenious and characteristic advertisement for one hundred and fifty
+four-horse wagons, and fifteen hundred saddle- or packhorses, for the use
+of this army. The value of transportation facilities at the time is proved
+by Franklin's terms of payment, namely: fifteen shillings a day for each
+wagon with four horses and driver, and two shillings a day for horse with
+saddle or pack. Franklin agreed that the owners should be fairly
+compensated for the loss of these wagons and horses if they were not
+returned, and was eventually nearly ruined by this stipulation. For the
+battle at Braddock's Field was disastrous to the English, and the claims
+of the farmers against Franklin amounted to twenty thousand pounds. Upon
+his appeal these claims were paid by the Government under order of General
+Shirley. Franklin gathered these wagons and horses in York and Lancaster
+counties, Pennsylvania, and I doubt if York and Lancaster, England, would
+have been as good fields at that date.
+
+
+[Illustration: A Wayside Friend.]
+
+
+Braddock's trail became the famous route for crossing the Alleghany
+Mountains for the principal pioneers who settled southwestern Pennsylvania
+and western Virginia, and all their effects were carried to their new
+homes on packhorses. The only wealth acquired in the wilds by these
+pioneers was peltry and furs, and each autumn a caravan of packhorses was
+sent over the mountains bearing the accumulated spoils of the
+neighborhood, under the charge of a master driver and three or four
+assistants. The horses were fitted with pack-saddles, to the hinder part
+of which was fastened a pair of hobbles made of hickory withes; and a
+collar with a bell was on each horse's neck. The horses' feed of shelled
+corn was carried in bags destined to be filled with alum salt for the
+return trip; and on the journey down, part of this feed was deposited for
+the use of the return caravan. Large wallets filled with bread, jerked
+bear's meat, ham, and cheese furnished food for the drivers. At night the
+horses were hobbled and turned out into the woods or pasture, and the
+bells which had been muffled in the daytime were unfastened, to serve as
+a guide to the drivers in the morning. The furs were carried to and
+exchanged first at Baltimore as a market; later the carriers went only to
+Frederick; then to Hagerstown, Oldtown, and finally to Fort Cumberland.
+Iron and steel in various forms, and salt, were the things most eagerly
+desired by the settlers. Each horse could carry two bushels of alum salt,
+each bushel weighing eighty-four pounds. Not a heavy load, but the horses
+were scantily fed. Sometimes an iron pot or kettle was tied on either side
+on top of the salt-bag.
+
+Ginseng, bears' grease, and snakeroot were at a later date collected and
+added to the furs and hides. The horses marched in single file on a road
+scarce two feet wide; the foremost horse was led by the master of the
+caravan, and each successive horse was tethered to the pack-saddle of the
+one in front. Other men or boys watched the packs and urged on laggard
+horses.
+
+I do not know the exact mode of lading these packhorses. An English
+gentlewoman named Celia Fiennes rode on horseback on a side-saddle over
+many portions of England in the year 1695. She thus describes the
+packhorses she saw in Devon and Cornwall:--
+
+    "Thus harvest is bringing in, on horse backe, with sort of crookes of
+    wood like yokes on either side; two or three on a side stands up in
+    which they stow ye corne, and so tie it with cords; but they cannot so
+    equally poise it but ye going of ye horse is like to cast it down
+    sometimes on ye one side sometimes on ye other, for they load them
+    from ye neck to ye taile, and pretty high, and are forced to support
+    it with their hands so to a horse they have two people women as well
+    as men."
+
+At a later date this packhorse system became that of common carriers. Five
+hundred horses at a time, after the Revolution, could be seen winding over
+the mountains. At Lancaster, Harrisburg, Shippensburg, Bedford, Fort Pitt,
+and other towns were regular packhorse companies. One public carrier at
+Harris Ferry in 1772 had over two hundred horses and mules. When the road
+was widened and wagons were introduced, the packhorse drivers considered
+it an invasion of their rights and fiercely opposed it.
+
+It is interesting to note that the trail of the Indians and the
+horse-track of these men skilled only in woodcraft were the ones followed
+in later years by trained engineers in laying out the turnpikes and
+railroads.
+
+We are prone to pride ourselves in America on many things which we had no
+part in producing, on some which are in no way distinctive, and on a few
+which are not in the highest sense to our credit. Of the Conestoga wagon
+as a perfect vehicle of transportation and as an important historical
+factor we can honorably and rightfully be proud. It was a truly American
+product evolved and multiplied to fit, perfectly, existing conditions. Its
+day of usefulness is past, few ancient specimens exist; and little remains
+to remind us of it; the derivative word stogey, meaning hard, enduring,
+tough, is a legacy. Stogeys--shoes--are tough, coarse, leather footwear;
+and the stogey cigar was a great, heavy, coarse cigar, originally, it is
+said, a foot long, made to fit the enduring nerves and appetite of the
+Conestoga teamsters.
+
+This splendid wagon was developed in Pennsylvania by topographical
+conditions, by the soft soil, by trade requirements, and by native wit. It
+was the highest type of a commodious freight-carrier by horse power that
+this or any country has ever known; it was called the Conestoga wagon from
+the vicinity in which they were first in common use.
+
+These wagons had a boat-shaped body with curved canoe-shaped bottom which
+fitted them specially for mountain use; for in them freight remained
+firmly in place at whatever angle the body might be. This wagon body was
+painted blue or slate-color and had bright vermilion red sideboards. The
+rear end could be lifted from its sockets; on it hung the feed-trough for
+the horses. On one side of the body was a small tool-chest with a slanting
+lid. This held hammer, wrench, hatchet, pincers, and other simple tools.
+Under the rear axletree were suspended a tar-bucket and water-pail.
+
+In the interesting and extensive museum of old-time articles of domestic
+use gathered intelligently by the Historical Society of Bucks County,
+Pennsylvania, are preserved some of the wagon grease-pots or _Tar-lodel_,
+which formed part of the furniture of the Conestoga wagon. A tree section
+about a foot long and six inches in diameter was bored and scraped out to
+make a pot. The outer upper rim was circumscribed with a groove, and
+fitted with leather thongs, by which it was hung to the axle of the
+wagon. Filled with grease and tar it was ever ready for use. Often a
+leather _Tar-lodel_ took the place of this wooden grease-pot. The wheels
+had broad tires, sometimes nearly a foot broad. The wagon bodies were
+arched over with six or eight bows, of which the middle ones were the
+lowest. These were covered with a strong, pure-white hempen cover corded
+down strongly at the sides and ends. These wagons could be loaded up to
+the top of the bows and carried four to six tons each,--about a ton's
+weight to each horse.
+
+
+[Illustration: Conestoga Wagon.]
+
+
+Sleek, powerful horses of the Conestoga breed were used by prosperous
+teamsters. These horses, usually from four to seven in number, were often
+carefully matched, all dapple-gray or all bay. From Baltimore ran wagons
+with twelve horses. They were so intelligent, so well cared for, so
+perfectly broken, that they seemed to take pleasure in their work. The
+heavy, broad harnesses were costly, of the best leather, trimmed with
+brass plates; often each horse had a housing of deerskin or bearskin edged
+with scarlet fringe, while the headstall was gay with ribbons and ivory
+rings, and colored worsted rosettes.
+
+Bell-teams were common; an iron or brass arch was fastened upon the hames,
+and collar and bells were suspended from it. Each horse save the
+saddle-horse had a full set of musical bells tied with gay ribbons; among
+these were the curious old ear-bells. In England these ear-bells dangled
+two on each side on a strap which passed over the horse's head behind the
+ears and buckled into the cheeks of the headstall. On the forehead stood
+up from this strap a stiff tuft or brush (a Russian cockade) of colored
+horsehair fixed in a brass socket. Even the reins were of high colors,
+scarlet and orange and green. The driver walking alongside, or seated
+astride the saddle-horse, governed the perfectly broken and intelligent
+creatures with a precision and ease that was beautiful to see. A curious
+adjustable seat called a lazy-board was sometimes hung at the side of the
+wagon, and afforded a precarious resting place.
+
+These teamsters carried a whip, long and light, which, like everything
+used by them, was of the finest and best materials. It had a fine
+squirrel-skin or silk "cracker." This whip was carried under the arm, and
+the Conestoga horses were guided more by the crack than by the blow.
+
+All chronicles agree that a fully equipped Conestoga wagon in the days
+when those wagons were in their prime was a truly pleasing sight, giving
+one that sense of satisfaction which ever comes from the regard of any
+object, especially a piece of mechanism, which is perfectly fitted for the
+object it is designed to attain. An American poet writes of them:--
+
+      "The old road blossoms with romance
+  Of covered vehicles of every grade
+  From ox-cart of most primitive design
+  To Conestoga wagons with their fine
+  Deep-dusted, six-horse teams in heavy gear,
+  High hames and chiming bells--to childish ear
+  And eye entrancing as the glittering train
+  Of some sun-smitten pageant of old Spain."
+
+The number of these wagons was vast. At one time over three thousand ran
+constantly back and forward between Philadelphia and other Pennsylvania
+towns. Sometimes a hundred would follow in close row; "the leaders of one
+wagon with their noses in the trough of the wagon ahead." These "Regulars"
+with fully equipped Conestoga wagons made freighting their constant and
+only business. Farmers and teamsters who made occasional trips, chiefly
+during the farmers' dull season--the winter--were called "Militia."
+
+A local poet wrote of them:--
+
+  "Militia-men drove narrow treads,
+  Four horses and plain red Dutch beds,
+    And always carried grub and feed."
+
+"Grub," food for the driver, and feed for the horses was seldom carried by
+the Regulars; but the horses when unharnessed always fed from the long
+troughs which were hitched to the wagon pole.
+
+All these teamsters carried their own blankets, and many carried also a
+narrow mattress about two feet wide which they slept upon. This was
+strapped in a roll in the morning and put into the wagon. Often the
+teamsters slept on the barroom floor around the fireplace, feet to the
+fire. Some taverns had bunks with wooden covers around the sides of the
+room. The teamster spread his lunch on the top or cover of his bunk; when
+he had finished he could lift the lid, and he had a coffinlike box to
+sleep in--but this was an unusual luxury. McGowan's Tavern was a favorite
+stopping place. The barroom had a double chimney and fire-places; fifteen
+feet of blazing hearth meant comfort, and allured all teamsters. The blood
+of battle stained the walls and ceiling, which the landlord never removed
+to show that he "meant business."
+
+The Conestoga wagons were in constant use in times of war as well as in
+peace. They were not only furnished to Braddock's army, as has been told,
+but to the Continental army in the War of the Revolution. President Reed
+of Pennsylvania wrote to General Washington in 1780 that "the army had
+been chiefly supplied with horses and waggons from this state
+(Pennsylvania) during the war," and it was also declared that half the
+supplies furnished the army came from the same state. Reed deplored the
+fact that a further demand for over one thousand teams was to be made on
+them, and said the state could not stand it.
+
+During the War of 1812 these wagons transported arms, ammunition, and
+supplies to the army on the frontier. Long lines of these teams could be
+seen carrying solace and reënforcements to the soldiers.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE STAGE WAGGON.
+
+While the old waggoner is stopping to drink, poor Jack the soldier is
+bidding his wife good bye.--She has come a long way with her children to
+see him once more: and now is going home again in the waggon. She does not
+know whether she shall ever see him again.--Jack was obliged to leave his
+country life, and his good master, and his plough and his comfortable
+cottage, and his poor wife and little ones to go and be a soldier, and
+learn to fight, because _other people_ would quarrel.]
+
+
+In England a huge, clumsy wagon was used for common carrier and passenger
+transportation, until our own day. It was inferior to the Conestoga wagon
+in detail and equipments. Illustrations from an old print in a child's
+story-book are given of these wagons on page 251. Their most marked
+characteristic was the width of wheel tire. From the middle colonies the
+Conestoga wagon found its way to every colony and every settlement; nor
+did its life end in the Eastern states or with the establishment of
+railroads. Renamed the "prairie schooner," it carried civilization and
+emigration across the continent to the Golden Gate. Till our own day the
+white tilts could be seen slowly travelling westward. The bleaching bones
+of these wagons may be still seen in our far West, and are as distinct
+relics of that old pioneer Western life as are the bones of the buffalo. A
+few wagons still remain in Pennsylvania, in Lancaster County; the one
+painted by Hovenden in "Westward Ho" is in the collection of the Bucks
+County Historical Society. One toiled slowly and painfully, in the year
+1899, up the green hillsides of Vermont, bearing two or three old people
+and a few shattered household gods--the relics, human and material, of a
+family that had "gone West" many years ago.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+EARLY STAGE-COACHES AND OTHER VEHICLES
+
+
+The story of the stage-coach begins at a much later date than that of the
+tavern; but the two allies reached the height of their glory together. No
+more prosperous calling ever existed than that of landlord of an old-time
+stage-tavern; no greater symbol of good cheer could be afforded. Though a
+popular historical novel by one of our popular writers shows us the
+heroine in a year of the seventeenth century conveyed away from her New
+England home in a well-equipped stage-coach, there were no stage-coaches
+at that date in New England, nor were they overfrequent in Old England.
+
+Stow says, in his _Survey of London_ (1633): "Of old time, Coaches were
+not known in this Island but Chariots or Whirlicotes." The whirlicote is
+described as a cot or bed on wheels, a sort of wheeled litter, and was
+used as early as the time of Richard II. The first coach made in England
+by Walter Rippen was for the Earl of Rutland, in 1555. The queen had one
+the next year, and Queen Elizabeth a state coach eight years later from
+the same maker. That splendid association--"The Company of Coach and
+Harness Makers," was founded by Charles II. in May, 1667.
+
+
+[Illustration: English Coach, 1747.]
+
+
+Venomous diatribes were set in print against coaches, as is usual with all
+innovations, useful and otherwise. Of them the assertions of Taylor the
+"Water Poet" are good examples. He said that coaches dammed the streets,
+and aided purse-cutting; that butchers could not pass with their cattle;
+that market-folk were hindered in bringing victuals to town; that carts
+and carriers were stopped; that milkmaids were flung in the dirt; that
+people were "crowded and shrowded up against stalls and stoops"--still
+coaches continued to be built.
+
+The early English stage-coaches were clumsy machines. One of the year 1747
+is shown on the opposite page. With no windows, no seats or railing on
+top, and an uncomfortable basket rumble behind, they seem crude and
+inconvenient enough when compared with the dashing mail-coaches which were
+evolved a century later, and were such a favorite subject with English
+painters, engravers, and lithographers for many years. Those pictures
+expressed, as Dickens said, "past coachfulness: pictures of colored prints
+of coaches starting, arriving, changing horses, coaches in the sunshine,
+coaches in the snow, coaches in the wind, coaches in the mist and rain,
+coaches in all circumstances compatible with their triumph and victory,
+but never in the act of breaking down or overturning."
+
+A copy of one of those prints of an English mail-coach, in the height of
+its career, is shown opposite page 256.
+
+Stage-wagons were used throughout England as a means of cheaper
+conveyance. They were intolerably slow and equally clumsy. On page 251 a
+leaf from an old-time English story-book shows two of these lumbering
+vehicles, which ill compare with the English mail-coaches.
+
+Coaching days in England have had ample and entertaining record in
+instructive and reminiscent books, such as: _Brighton and its Coaches_, by
+William C. A. Blew, 1894; _The Brighton Road_, _etc._, by Charles G.
+Harper, 1892; _Old Coaching Days_, by Stanley Harris, 1882; _Annals of the
+Road_, by Captain Malet, 1876; _Down the Road_, _etc._, by C. T. S. Birch
+Reynardson, 1875; _Coaching Days and Coaching Ways_, by W. Outram Tristam,
+1888.
+
+We have no similar anecdotic and personal records of American coaching
+life, though we have the two fine books of modern coaching ways entitled
+_Driving for Pleasure_, by Francis T. Underhill, and _A Manual of
+Coaching_, by Fairman Rogers, both most interesting and valuable.
+
+We began early in our history to have coaches. Even Governor Bradstreet in
+his day rode in a hackney coach. John Winthrop, of Connecticut, had a
+private coach in 1685; Sir Edmund Andros had one in Boston in 1687. At the
+funeral of the lieutenant-governor in 1732 in Boston there were plenty of
+coaches, though there were few in New York; the provincial governors
+usually had one. Watson, in his _Annals of Philadelphia_, gives a list of
+all private citizens who kept carriages in that city in 1761--there were
+but thirty-eight. There were three coaches, two landaus, eighteen
+chariots, and fifteen chairs. Eleven years later only eighty-four
+Philadelphians had private carriages. In 1794, when the city had a
+population of about fifty thousand, eight hundred and forty-seven
+carriage-owners appear: among them were found thirty-three coaches and one
+hundred and fifty-seven coachees.
+
+The testimony of the traveller Bennet, who was in Boston in 1740, is most
+explicit on the subject of travel and transportation in that city and
+vicinity:--
+
+    "There are several families in Boston that keep a coach and a pair of
+    horses, and some few drive with four horses; but for chaises and
+    saddle-horses, considering the bulk of the place, they outdo London.
+    They have some nimble, lively horses for the coach, but not any of
+    that beautiful black breed so common in London. Their saddle-horses
+    all pace naturally, and are generally counted sure-footed; but they
+    are not kept in that fine order as in England. The common
+    draught-horses used in carts about the town are very small and poor,
+    and seldom have their fill of anything but labor. The country carts
+    and wagons are generally drawn by oxen, from two to six according to
+    the distance, or the burden they are laden with."
+
+
+[Illustration: Quicksilver Royal Mail, 1835.]
+
+
+The traveller Weld thus described the peculiarly American carriage called
+a "coachee":--
+
+    "The body of it is rather longer than a coach, but of the same shape.
+    In the front it is left quite open down to the bottom, and the driver
+    sits on a bench under the roof of the carriage. There are two seats in
+    it for passengers, who sit in it with their faces to the horses. The
+    roof is supported by small props which are placed at the corners. On
+    each side of the door, above the panels, it is quite open; and, to
+    guard against bad weather, there are curtains which let down from the
+    roof and fasten to buttons on the outside. The light wagons are in the
+    same construction, and are calculated to hold from four to twelve
+    people. The wagon has no doors, but the passengers scramble in the
+    best way they can over the seat of the driver. The wagons are used
+    universally for stage-coaches."
+
+A vehicle often mentioned by Judge Sewall and contemporary writers is a
+calash. It was a clumsy thing, an open seat set on a low and heavy pair of
+wheels. A curricle had two horses, a chaise one; both had what were called
+whip springs behind and elbow springs in front. A whisky was a light body
+fixed in shafts which were connected with long horizontal springs by
+scroll irons. A French traveller tells of riding around Boston in a
+whisky. The chair so often named in letters, wills, etc., was not a
+sedan-chair, but was much like a chaise without a top.
+
+The French chaise was introduced here by the Huguenots before the year
+1700. The Yankee "shay" is simply the fancied singular number of the
+French chaise. We improved upon the French vehicle, and finally replaced
+it by our characteristic carriage, the buggy.
+
+Chariots were a distinctly aristocratic vehicle, used as in England by
+persons of wealth, and deemed a great luxury. One was advertised in Boston
+in 1743 as "a very handsome chariot, fit for town or country, lined with
+red coffy, handsomely carved and painted, with a whole front glass, the
+seat-cloth embroided with silver, and a silk fringe round the seat." It
+was offered for sale by John Lucas, a Boston coach-builder, and had
+doubtless been built by him.
+
+The ancient chariot shown on page 259, formerly belonging to John Brown,
+the founder of Brown University, is preserved at the old Occupasnetuxet
+homestead in Warwick, Rhode Island, securely stored in one of the carriage
+houses on the estate, a highly prized relic of days long ago. In this
+ancient vehicle General Washington rode from place to place when he made
+his visit to Rhode Island in August, 1790, escorted by John Brown, the
+ancestor of its present owners.
+
+
+[Illustration: "One Hoss Shay."]
+
+
+The body of this old chariot is suspended on heavy thorough-braces
+attached to heavy iron holders as large as a man's wrist, the forward ones
+so curved as to allow the forward wheels to pass under them, in order that
+the chariot may be turned within a short compass. It has but one seat for
+passengers, which will accommodate two persons; and an elevated seat for
+the driver, which is separate from the main body. The wheels are heavy,
+the hind ones twice the height of the forward ones, the tires of which are
+attached to the felloes in several distinct pieces.
+
+
+[Illustration: Washington Chariot.]
+
+
+It is easy to picture the importance attached to buying or owning a
+wheeled vehicle in a community which rode chiefly on horseback.
+Contemporary evidence of this is often found, such as these entries in the
+diary of Rev. Joseph Emerson of Malden. In the winter of 1735 he writes:--
+
+    "Some talk about my buying a Shay. How much reason have I to watch and
+    pray and strive against inordinate Affection for the Things of the
+    World."
+
+A week later, however, he proudly recalls the buying of the "Shay" for £27
+10_s._, which must have made a decided hole in his year's salary. His
+delight in his purchase and possession is somewhat marred by noting that
+his parishioners smile as he is drawn past them in his magnificence; it is
+also decidedly taken down by the vehicle being violently overturned,
+though his wife and he were uninjured. It cost a pretty penny, moreover,
+to get it repaired. He scarce gets the beloved but sighed-over "Shay" home
+when he thus notes:--
+
+    "Went to the beach with 3 of the Children in my Shay. The beast being
+    frighted when we all were out of the shay, overturned and broke it. I
+    desire--I hope I desire it--that the Lord would teach me suitably to
+    repent this Providence, to make suitable remarks on it, and to be
+    suitably affected with it. Have I done well to get me a Shay? Have I
+    not been too fond & too proud of this convenience? Should I not be
+    more in my study and less fond of driving? Do I not withold more than
+    is meet from charity? &c."
+
+Shortly afterward, as the "beast" continued to be "frighted," he sold his
+horse and shay to a fellow-preacher, Rev. Mr. Smith, who--I doubt
+not--went through the same elations, depressions, frightings, and
+self-scourgings in which the Puritan spirit and horseman's pride so
+strongly clashed.
+
+On May 13, 1718, Jonathan Wardwell's stage-coach left Jonathan Wardwell's
+Orange Tree in Boston and ran to Rhode Island--that is, the island proper.
+At any rate, it was advertised in Boston newspapers as starting at that
+date. In 1721 there was a road-wagon over the same route. In 1737 two
+imported stage-coaches were advertised for this road, and doubtless many
+travellers used these coaches, which connected with the boats for New
+York.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The early coaching conveyances were named. In 1767 it was a "stage-chaise"
+that ran between Salem and Boston, while a "stage-coach" and "stage-wagon"
+were on other short routes out of Boston. In 1772 a "stage-chariot" was on
+the road between Boston and Marblehead. "Flying Mail-Stages" came later,
+and in 1773 Thomas Beals ran "Mail Stage Carriages between Boston and
+Providence." In England there were "Flying-Machines" and "Flying-Waggons."
+An old English road-bill dated 1774 ends with this sentence, "The Rumsey
+Machine, through Winchester, hung on Steel Springs begins flying on the
+3rd of April from London to Poole in One Day." On the Paulus Hook route to
+Philadelphia in 1772 the proprietor announced a vehicle "in imitation of a
+coach"--and perhaps that is all that any of these carriages could be
+rightfully called.
+
+One of the clearest pictures which has come down to us of travelling in
+the early years of our national existence is found in the pages relating
+the travels of a young Englishman named Thomas Twining, in the United
+States in the year 1795. He journeyed by "stage-waggon" from Philadelphia,
+through Chester and Wilmington, to Baltimore, then to Washington, then
+back to Philadelphia.
+
+He fully describes the stage-wagon in which he made these journeys:--
+
+    "The vehicle was a long car with four benches. Three of these in the
+    interior held nine passengers. A tenth passenger was seated by the
+    side of the driver on the front bench. A light roof was supported by
+    eight slender pillars, four on each side. Three large leather curtains
+    suspended to the roof, one at each side and the third behind, were
+    rolled up or lowered at the pleasure of the passengers. There was no
+    place nor space for luggage, each person being expected to stow his
+    things as he could under his seat or legs. The entrance was in front
+    over the driver's bench. Of course the three passengers on the back
+    seat were obliged to crawl across all the other benches to get to
+    their places. There were no _backs_ to the benches to support and
+    relieve us during a rough and fatiguing journey over a newly and
+    ill-made road."
+
+Mr. Jansen, who resided in America from 1793 to 1806, wrote a book
+entitled _The Stranger in America_. In it he described the coach between
+Philadelphia and New York with some distinctness:--
+
+    "The vehicle, the American stage-coach, which is of like construction
+    throughout the country, is calculated to hold twelve persons, who sit
+    on benches placed across with their faces toward the horses. The front
+    seat holds three, one of whom is the driver. As there are no doors at
+    the sides, the passengers get in over the front wheels. The first get
+    seats behind the rest, the most esteemed seat because you can rest
+    your shaken frame against the back part of the wagon. Women are
+    generally indulged with it; and it is laughable to see them crawling
+    to this seat. If they have to be late they have to straddle over the
+    men seated further in front."
+
+It will be readily seen that the description of this coach is precisely
+like that given by Weld in his _Travels_, and like the picture of it in
+the latter book. An excellent representation of this stage-wagon is given
+in Mr. Edward Lamson Henry's picture of the Indian Queen Tavern at
+Blattensburg, Maryland, a copy of which is shown facing page 33. Cruder
+ones may be seen in the various advertisements of eighteenth-century stage
+lines.
+
+The coach-body of the year 1818 had an egg-shaped body and was suspended
+on thick leather straps, called thorough-braces, which gave the vehicle a
+comparatively easy motion. After being worn these frequently broke, and
+one side of the coach would settle. The patient travellers then alighted,
+took a rail from an adjoining fence, righted up the body of the coach, and
+went on slowly to the next village for repairs.
+
+This coach had a foot-board for the driver's feet, and a trunk-rack bolted
+to the axletrees. One is here shown, and an old cut on page 273. A few
+still exist and are in use.
+
+
+[Illustration: Stage-coach of 1818.]
+
+
+Ten years later the fashion of coaches had changed, and of boats, as shown
+by the cut on the opposite page. This view is at the first lock on Erie
+Canal above Albany.
+
+All the various forms of coaches were superseded and made obsolete by the
+incomparable Concord coach, first built in Concord, New Hampshire, in
+1827.
+
+The story of the Concord coach is one of profound interest, and should be
+given in detail. It has justly been pronounced the only perfect passenger
+vehicle for travelling that has ever been built. To every state and
+territory in the Union, to every country in the world where there are
+roads on which such a coach could run, have these Concord coaches been
+sent. In spite of steam and electric cars they still are manufactured in
+large numbers, and are still of constant use. There is really very little
+difference between the older Concord coaches, such as the one used by
+Buffalo Bill, shown on page 266, and one of the stanch, well-equipped
+modern ones used in mountain travel, such as is shown facing page 268.
+
+
+[Illustration: Stage-coach of 1828.]
+
+
+The word stage-coach was originally applied to a coach which ran from
+station to station over a number of stages of the road, usually with fresh
+horses for each stage. It was not used to designate a coach which ran only
+a short distance. Mr. Fairman Rogers notes as an example of the curious
+changes of language the custom in New York of calling a short-route
+omnibus a stage. We all recall the tottering Broadway stages; we still
+have the Fifth Avenue stages with us. This debased use of the word is not
+an Americanism, nor is it modern. Swift speaks of riding in the six-penny
+stage; and Cowper has a similar usage. The word drag, originally applied
+to a public road-coach, now is used for a coach for private driving. The
+incorrect American use of the word tally-ho, as a general name for a coach
+and four, dates from 1876, when Colonel Delancey Kane first ran his
+road-coach from the Brunswick Hotel in New York to Pelham. It chanced to
+be named Tally-ho after English coaches of that name, and the word was
+adopted from the individual to a class. Barge, as applied to a long
+omnibus, is apparently a modern Americanism. I heard it first about ten
+years ago. Alighting from the cars, travel-tired and dusty, at a New
+England coast town one July afternoon, we asked the distance to a certain
+hotel; and we were told it was four miles, and we could go either by sloop
+or barge, and that "the barge got there first." We gladly welcomed the
+possibility of closing our journey with a short, refreshing water trip,
+but decided that the sloop might be delayed by adverse winds, and we would
+trust to the barge, which we inferred was propelled by steam. On stating
+our preference for the barge we were waved into a long, heavy omnibus
+harnessed with a "spike" team of three jaded horses that soon stumbled
+along the dry road, choking us with the dust of their slow progress. After
+riding nearly half an hour we called out despondingly to the driver, "When
+do we reach the wharf?" "We ain't goin' to the wharf," he drawled. "Where
+do we take the barge then, and when?" "You're a-ridin' in the barge now,"
+he answered, and thus we added another example to our philological
+studies.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Concord Coach.]
+
+
+Our first conveyance of goods and persons was by water, and the word
+transportation was one of our sea terms applied to inland traffic. Mr.
+Ernst has pointed out that many sea terms besides the word barge have
+received a land use. "The conductor shouts his marine 'All aboard,' and
+railroad men tell of 'shipping' points that have nothing to do with
+navigation. We ship by rail, and out West they used to have 'prairie
+schooners.' Of late we go by 'trolley,' and that word is borrowed from the
+sailors. Our locomotives have a 'pilot' each, and even 'freight' has a
+marine origin."
+
+The first line of stages established between New York and Philadelphia
+made the trip in about three days. The stage was simply a Jersey wagon
+without springs. The quaint advertisement of the route appeared in the
+_Weekly Mercury_ of March 8, 1759:--
+
+    "Philadelphia Stage Waggon and New York Stage Boat perform their
+    stages twice a week. John Butler with his waggon sets out on Monday
+    from his house at the sign of the 'Death of the Fox' in Strawberry
+    Alley, and drives the same day to Trenton Ferry, where Francis Holman
+    meets him, and the passengers and goods being shifted into the waggon
+    of Isaac Fitzrandolph, he takes them to the New Blazing Star to Jacob
+    Fitzrandolph's the same day, where Rubin Fitzrandolph, with a boat
+    well suited will receive them and take them to New York that night:
+    John Butler, returning to Philadelphia on Tuesday with the passengers
+    and goods delivered to him by Francis Holman, will set out again for
+    Trenton Ferry on Thursday, and Francis Holman, &c., will carry his
+    passengers and goods with the same expedition as above to New York."
+
+The driver of this flying machine, old Butler, was an aged huntsman who
+kept a kennel of hounds till foxes were shy of Philadelphia streets, when
+his old sporting companions thus made a place for him.
+
+With such a magnificent road as the National Road, it was natural there
+should be splendid coaching upon it. At one time there were four lines of
+stage-coaches on the Cumberland Road: the National Line, Pioneer, Good
+Intent, and June Bug. Curiously enough, no one can find out, no one is
+left to tell, why or wherefore the latter absurd and undignified name was
+given. An advertisement of the "Pioneer Fast Stage Line" is given on page
+270. Relays of horses were made every ten or twelve miles. It was
+bragged that horses were changed ere the coach stopped rocking. No heavy
+luggage was taken, and at its prime but nine passengers to a coach. These
+were on what was called Troy coaches. The Troy coach was preceded by a
+heavy coach built at Cumberland, and carrying sixteen persons, and a
+lighter egg-shaped vehicle made at Trenton; and it was succeeded by the
+famous Concord coach. Often fourteen coaches started off together loaded
+with passengers. The mail-coach had a horn; it left Wheeling at six in the
+morning, and twenty-four hours later dashed into Cumberland, one hundred
+and thirty-two miles away. The mail was very heavy. Sometimes it took
+three to four coaches to transport it; there often would be fourteen
+lock-bags and seventy-two canvas sacks.
+
+
+[Illustration: Concord Coach at Toll Gate.]
+
+
+The drivers had vast rivalry. Here, as elsewhere all over the country, the
+test of their mettle was the delivery of the President's message. There
+was powerful reason for this rivalry; the letting of mail contracts hinged
+on the speed of this special delivery. Dan Gordon claimed he carried the
+message thirty-two miles in two hours and twenty minutes, changing teams
+three times. Dan Noble professed to have driven from Wheeling to
+Hagerstown, one hundred and eighty-five miles, in fifteen hours and a
+half.
+
+The rivalry of drivers and coach-owners extended to passengers, who became
+violent partisans of the road on which they travelled, and a threatening
+exhibition of bowie knives and pistols was often made. When the Baltimore
+and Ohio Railroad was completed to Wheeling, these stage-coaches had
+their deathblow.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The expense of travelling in 1812 between Philadelphia and Pittsburg, a
+distance of two hundred and ninety-seven miles, was twenty dollars by
+stage with way-expenses of seven dollars, and it took six days. The
+expense by wagon was five dollars a hundred weight for persons and
+property, and the way-expenses were twelve dollars, for it took twenty
+days.
+
+In England, in the prime days of coaching, rates were fourpence or
+fivepence a mile inside, and twopence or threepence outside. The highest
+fares were of course on the mail-coaches and fast day-coaches; the lower
+rates were on the heavy night-coaches.
+
+At an early date there were good lines of conveyance between Boston and
+Providence, and from Providence to other towns. The early editions of old
+almanacs tell of these coaching routes. _The New England Almanack_ for
+1765 gave two routes to Hartford, the distances being given from tavern to
+tavern. _The New England Town & County Almanack_ for 1769 announced a
+coach between Providence and Norwich, "a day's journey only," and two
+coaches a week between Providence and Boston, also performing this journey
+in a day. In 1793, Israel Hatch announced daily stages between the two
+towns; he had "six good coaches and experienced drivers," and the fare was
+but a dollar. He closed his notice, "He is also determined, at the
+expiration of the present contract for carrying the mail from Providence
+to Boston, to carry it gratis, which will undoubtedly prevent any further
+under-biddings of the Envious."
+
+"The Envious" was probably Thomas Beal, whose rival carriages were
+pronounced "genteel and easy." His price was nine shillings "and less if
+any other person will carry them for that sum." When passenger steamboats
+were put on the route between Providence and New York these lines of
+coaches became truly important. Often twenty full coach-loads were carried
+each way each day. The editor of the _Providence Gazette_ wrote with
+pride, "We were rattled from Providence to Boston in four hours and fifty
+minutes--if any one wants to go faster he may send to Kentucky and charter
+a streak of lightning." But with speed came increased fares--three dollars
+a trip. This exorbitant sum soon produced a rival cheaper line--at two
+dollars and a half a ticket. The others then lowered to two dollars, and
+the two lines alternated in reduction till the conquered old line
+announced it would carry the first booked applicants for nothing. The new
+stage line then advertised that they would carry patrons free of expense,
+and furnish a dinner at the end of the journey. The old line was rich and
+added a bottle of wine to a like offer.
+
+Mr. Shaffer, a fashionable teacher of dancing and deportment in Boston, an
+arbiter in social life, and man about town, had a gay ride on Monday to
+Providence, a good dinner, and the promised bottle of wine. On Tuesday he
+rode more gayly back to Boston, had his dinner and wine, and on Wednesday
+started to Providence again. With a crowd of gay young sparks this frolic
+continued till Saturday, when the rival coach lines compromised and signed
+a contract to charge thereafter two dollars a trip.
+
+
+[Illustration: New Omnibus "Accommodation."]
+
+
+In 1818 all the lines in eastern Massachusetts and New Hampshire, and
+others in Maine and Rhode Island, were formed into a syndicate, the
+Eastern Stage Company; and it had an unusual career. The capital stock
+consisted of four hundred and twenty-five shares at a hundred dollars
+each. Curiously enough, the contracts and agreements signed at the time of
+the union do not ever mention its object; it might be a sewing-machine
+company, or an oil or ice trust. It had at once an enormous business, for
+it was born great. The profits were likewise enormous; the directors'
+meetings were symposiums of satisfaction, and stockholders gloated over
+their incomes. In 1829 there were seventy-seven stage-coach lines from
+Boston; the fare to Albany (about two hundred miles) was six dollars, and
+eight dollars and seventy-five cents by the "Mail Line." The fare to
+Worcester was two dollars; to Portland, eight dollars; to Providence, two
+dollars and a half. In 1832 there were one hundred and six coach lines
+from Boston. The _Boston Traveller_ was started as a stage-coach paper in
+1825, whence its name. Time-tables and stage-lists were issued by Badger
+and Porter from 1825 to 1836. After twelve years, the Eastern Stage
+Company was incorporated in New Hampshire, but even then luck was turning.
+There was no one shrewd enough to heed the warning which might have been
+heard through the land, "Look out for the engine," and soon the assets of
+the stage company were as dust and ashes; everything was sold out at vast
+loss, and in 1838--merely a score of years, not even "come of age"--the
+Eastern Stage Company ceased to exist. On its prosperous routes, during
+the first ten years, myriads of taverns had sprung up; vast brick stables
+had been built for the hundreds of horses, scores of blacksmiths' forges
+had been set up, and some of these shops were very large. These buildings
+were closed as suddenly as they were built, and rotted unused.
+
+This period of the brilliant existence of the Eastern Stage Company was
+also the date of the coaching age of England, given by Stanley Harris as
+from 1820 to 1840. The year 1836, which saw the publication of _Pickwick_,
+wherein is so fine a picture of old coaching days, was the culminating
+point of the mail-coach system. Just as it was perfected it was rendered
+useless by the railroad.
+
+In the earliest colonial days, before the official appointment of any
+regular post-rider, letters were carried along the coast or to the few
+inland towns by chance travellers or by butchers who made frequent trips
+to buy and sell cattle. John Winthrop, of New London, sent letters by
+these butcher carriers.
+
+In 1672 "Indian posts" carried the Albany winter mail. With a
+retrospective shiver we read a notice of 1730 that "whoever inclines to
+perform the foot-post to Albany this winter may make application to the
+Post-Master." Lonely must have been his solitary journey up the solemn
+river, skating along under old Cro' Nest.
+
+The first regular mounted post from New York to Boston started January 1,
+1673. He had two "port-mantles" which were crammed with letters, "small
+portable goods and divers bags." It was enjoined that he must be active,
+stout, indefatigable, and honest. He changed horses at Hartford. He was
+ordered to keep an eye out for the best roads, best ways through forests,
+for ferries, fords, etc., to watch keenly for all fugitive servants and
+deserters, and to be kind to all persons travelling in his company. During
+the month that he was gone the mail was collected in a box in the office
+of the Colonial Secretary. The arrivals and departure of these posts were
+very irregular. In 1704 we read, "Our Philadelphia post (to New York) is a
+week behind, and not yet com'd in."
+
+In unusual or violent weather the slowness of mail carriage was appalling.
+Salem and Portsmouth are about forty miles apart. In March, 1716, the
+"post" took nine days for one trip between the two towns and eight days
+the other. He was on snowshoes, and he reported drifts from six to
+fourteen feet deep; but even so, four to five miles a day was rather
+minute progress.
+
+It is pleasant to read in the _Winthrop Letters_ and other correspondence
+of colonial days of "journeys with the Post." Madam Knight rode with him,
+as did many another fair traveller with his successors at later dates. A
+fragment of a journal of a young college graduate, written in 1790, tells
+of "over-taking the Post, who rode with six Dames, neither young nor fair,
+from Hartford to Boston." He tells that the patient Squire of Dames was
+rather surly when joked about his harem. Mrs. Quincy tells of travelling,
+when she was a little girl, with the Post, who occupied his monotonous
+hours by stocking-knitting.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The post-riders, whose advertisements (one of which is here shown) can be
+found in many old-time newspapers, were private carriers. They "Resolv'd
+to ride Post for the good of the Publick," etc. They were burdened by law
+with restrictions, which they calmly evaded, for they materially
+decreased the government revenue in sealed mail-matter, though they were
+supposed to be merchandise carriers only.
+
+In 1773, Hugh Finlay was made postal surveyor by the British government of
+the mail service from Quebec, Canada, to St. Augustine, Florida. He made a
+very unfavorable report of postal conditions. He declared that postmasters
+often had no offices, that tavern taprooms and family rooms in private
+houses were used as gathering places for the mail. Letters were thrown
+carelessly on an open table or tavern bar, for all comers to pull over
+till the owners called; and fresh letters were irregularly forwarded. The
+postmaster's salary was paid according to the number of letters he
+handled, and of course the private conveyance of letters sadly diminished
+his income. Private mail-carriage was forbidden by law, but the very
+government post-riders were the chief offenders. Persons were allowed to
+carry merchandise at their own rates for their own profit, so post-riders,
+wagon-drivers, butchers, ship captains, or any one could carry large
+sealed letters, provided they were tied to any bundle or box. Sham bundles
+of paper or straw, weighing little, were thus used as kite-tails to the
+letters. The government post-rider between Newport and Boston took
+twenty-six hours to go eighty miles, carried all way-letters to his own
+profit, and bought and sold on commission. If he had been complained of,
+the informer was in danger of tarring and feathering. It was deemed all a
+part of the revolt of the provinces against "slavery and oppression." The
+rider between Saybrook and New York had been in his calling forty-six
+years. He carried on a money exchange to his own profit, and pocketed all
+way-postage. He superintended the return of horses for travellers; and
+Finlay says he was coolly waiting, when he saw him, for a yoke of oxen
+that he was going to transfer for a customer. No wonder the mails were
+slow and uncertain.
+
+In 1788 it took four days for mail to go from New York to Boston--in
+winter much longer. George Washington died on the 14th of December, 1799.
+As an event of universal interest throughout the nation, the news was
+doubtless conveyed with all speed possible by fleetest messenger. The
+knowledge of this national loss was not known in Boston till December 24.
+Two years later there was a state election in Massachusetts of most
+profound interest, when party feeling ran high. It took a month, however,
+to get in all the election returns, even in a single state.
+
+The first advertisement or bill of the first coaching line between Boston
+and Portsmouth reads thus:--
+
+    "_For the Encouragement of Trade from Portsmouth to Boston._
+
+    "A LARGE STAGE CHAIR,
+
+    "With two horses well equipped, will be ready by Monday the 20th inst.
+    to start out from _Mr. Stavers_, Inn-holder at the sign of the _Earl
+    of Halifax_, in this town for Boston, to perform once a week; to lodge
+    at Ipswich the same night; from thence through Medford to Charlestown
+    Ferry; to tarry at Charlestown till Thursday morning, so as to return
+    to this town next day: to set out again the Monday following: It will
+    be contrived to carry four persons besides the driver. In case only
+    two persons go, they may be accommodated to carry things of bulk and
+    value to make a third or fourth person. The Price will be _Thirteen
+    Shillings_ and _Six Pence_ sterling for each person from hence to
+    Boston, and at the same rate of conveyance back again; though under no
+    obligation to return in the same week in the same manner.
+
+    "Those who would not be disappointed must enter their names at _Mr.
+    Stavers'_ on Saturdays, any time before nine in the evening, and pay
+    one half at entrance, the remainder at the end of the journey. Any
+    gentleman may have business transacted at Newbury or Boston with
+    fidelity and despatch on reasonable terms.
+
+    "As gentlemen and ladies are often at a loss for good accommodations
+    for travelling from hence, and can't return in less than three weeks
+    or a month, it is hoped that this undertaking will meet with suitable
+    encouragement, as they will be wholly freed from the care and charge
+    of keeping chairs and horses, or returning them before they had
+    Finished their business.
+
+    "Portsmouth, April, 1761."
+
+A picture and account of the Stavers Inn are given on page 176.
+
+These stages ran throughout the winter, except in bad weather, and the
+fare was then three dollars a trip. This winter trip was often a hard one.
+We read at one time of the ferries being so frozen over that travellers
+had to make a hundred-mile circuit round by Cambridge. This line of stages
+prospered; and two years later "The Portsmouth Flying Stage-coach," which
+held six "insides," ran with four or six horses. The fare was the same.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Coach and Sign-board, Barre, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+On this Stavers line were placed the first mail-coaches under the English
+crown. When Finlay (the post-office surveyor just referred to) examined
+the mail-service in the year 1773, he found these mail-coaches running
+between Boston and Portsmouth. Mr. Ernst says, "The Stavers mail-coach was
+stunning, used six horses in bad weather, and never was late." These
+coaches were built by Paddock, the Boston coach-builder and Tory. Stavers
+also was a Tory, and during the Revolution both fled to England, and may
+have carried the notion of the mail-coach across the sea. At any rate the
+first English mail-coach was not put on the road till 1784; it ran between
+Bristol and London. It was started by a theatrical manager named Palmer,
+office work or coaching. The service was very imperfect and far from
+speedy.
+
+Herbert Joyce, historian of the British post-office, says, "In 1813 there
+was not a single town in the British kingdom at the post-office of which
+absolutely certain information could have been obtained as to the charge
+to which a letter addressed to any other town would be subject." The
+charge was regulated by the distance; but distances seemed movable, and
+the letter-sender was wholly at the mercy of the postmaster. The
+government of the United States early saw the injustice of doubt in these
+matters, and Congress ordered a careful topographical survey, in 1811-12,
+of the post-road from Passamaquoddy to St. Mary's, and also established
+our peerless corps of topographical engineers. Foreigners were much
+impressed with the value of this survey, and an old handkerchief, printed
+in 1815 by R. Gillespie, at "Anderston Printfield near Glasgow," proves
+that the practical effects of the survey were known in England before the
+English people had a similar service.
+
+This handkerchief gives an interesting statement of postal rates and
+routes at the beginning of this century. Around the edge is a floral
+border, with the arms of the United States, the front and reverse of the
+dollar of 1815, a quartette of ships of war, and portraits of Washington,
+Adams, Jefferson, and "Maddison" intertwined.
+
+Its title is "A Geographical View of All the Post Towns in the United
+States of America and Their Distance from Each Other According to the
+Establishment of the Postmaster General in the Year 1815." By an
+ingenious arrangement of the towns on the main coast line and those on the
+cross post-roads, the distance from one of these points to any other could
+easily be ascertained. The "main line of post towns" extended "from
+Passamaquoddy in the District of Maine to Sunbury in the State of
+Georgia."
+
+The object in publishing such a table as this was to make a durable record
+by which it was possible for the people to compute easily and with a handy
+helper what the cost of postage on letters would be. The following "rates
+of postage" are given on the old handkerchief:--
+
+    "Single Letter conveyed by land for any distance not exceeding 10
+    miles, 6 cents.
+
+      Over 10, not exceeding 60 miles, 8 cents.
+        "  60   "     "      100    "  10 "
+        " 100   "     "      150    "  12 "
+        " 150   "     "      200    "  15 "
+        " 200   "     "      250    "  17 "
+        " 250   "     "      350    "  20 "
+        " 350   "     "      450    "  22 "
+      For 450                       "  25 ""
+
+Double letters are charged double; and triple letters, three times these
+rates, and a packet weighing one ounce avoirdupois at the rate of four
+single letters.
+
+Let us compare conditions in these matters in America with those in
+Scotland. While England had, in the first half of the eighteenth century,
+coaches in enough number that country folk knew what they looked like,
+Scotland was barren not only of coaches but of carriages. In 1720 there
+were no chariots or chaises north of the Tay. Not till 1749 was there a
+coach between Edinburgh and Glasgow; this journey of forty-six miles
+could, by the end of the century, be done in twelve hours. In 1754 there
+was once a month a coach from Edinburgh to London; it took twelve to
+sixteen days to accomplish this journey, and was so perilous that
+travellers made their wills before setting out. There were few carts and
+no such splendid wagons as our Conestogas. Cadgers carried creels of goods
+on horseback; and sledges, or creels borne on the backs of women, were the
+means of transportation in northern Scotland until the end of the
+eighteenth century. These sledges had tumbling wheels of solid wood a foot
+and a half in diameter, revolving with the wooden axletree, and held
+little more than a wheelbarrow.
+
+Scotch inns were as bad as the roads; "mean hovels with dirty rooms, dirty
+food, dirty attendants." Servants without shoes or stockings, greasy
+tables with no cloths, butter thick with cows' hairs, no knives and forks,
+a single drinking-cup for all at the table, filthy smells and sights, were
+universal; and this when English inns were the pleasantest places on
+earth.
+
+Mail-carriage was even worse than personal transportation; hence
+letter-writing was not popular. In 1746 the London mail-bag once carried
+but a single letter from Edinburgh. So little attention was paid to the
+post that as late as 1728 the letters were sometimes not taken from the
+mail bag, and were brought back to their original starting place. Scotland
+was in a miserable state of isolation and gloom until the Turnpike Road
+Act was passed; the building of good roads made a complete revolution of
+all economic conditions there, as it has everywhere.
+
+
+[Illustration: Quincy Railway Pitcher.]
+
+
+The first railway in America was the Quincy Railroad, or the "Experiment"
+Railroad, built to carry stones to Bunker Hill Monument. A tavern-pitcher,
+commemorative of this Quincy road, is shown here. Two views of the
+Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, printed on plates and platters in rich dark
+blue, are familiar to china collectors. One shows a stationary engine at
+the top of a hill with a number of little freight cars at a very singular
+angle going down a steep grade. The other displays a primitive locomotive
+with coachlike passenger cars.
+
+All the first rail-cars were run by horse-power.
+
+Peter Parley's _First Book on History_ says, in the chapter on Maryland:--
+
+    "The people are building what is called a railroad. This consists of
+    iron bars laid down along the ground and made fast, so that carriages
+    with small wheels may run upon them with facility. In this way one
+    horse will be able to draw as much as ten horses on a common road. A
+    part of the railroad is already done, and if you choose to take a ride
+    upon it you can do so. You enter a car something like a stage, and
+    then you will be drawn along by two horses at a speed of twelve miles
+    per hour."
+
+The horse-car system, in its perfection, did not prevail until many years
+after the establishment of steam cars. It is curious to note how suddenly,
+in our own day, the horse cars were banished by cars run by electricity;
+as speedily as were stage-coaches cast aside by steam. A short time ago a
+little child of eight years came running to me in much excitement over an
+unusual sight she had seen in a visit to a small town--"a trolley car
+dragged by horses."
+
+Many strange plans were advanced for the new railways. I have seen a
+wood-cut of a railway-coach rigged with masts and sails gayly running on a
+track. I don't know whether the inventor of this wind-car ever rigged his
+car-boat and tried to run it. Another much-derided suggestion was that the
+motive power should be a long rope or chain, and the notion was scorned,
+but we have lived to see many successful lines of cars run by cable.
+
+Kites and balloons also were seriously suggested as motive powers. It was
+believed that in a short time any person would be permitted to run his own
+private car or carriage over the tracks, by paying toll, as a coach did on
+a turnpike.
+
+The body of the stage-coach furnished the model for the first passenger
+cars on the railway. A copy is here given of an old print of a train on
+the Veazie Railroad, which began to run from Bangor, Maine, in 1836. The
+road had two locomotives of Stevenson's make from England. They had no
+cabs when they arrived here, but rude ones were attached. They burned
+wood. The cars were also English; a box resembling a stage-coach was
+placed on a rude platform. Each coach carried eight people. The passengers
+entered the side. The train ran about twelve miles in forty minutes. The
+rails, like those of other railroads at the time, were of strap-iron
+spiked down. These spikes soon rattled loose, so each engine carried a man
+with a sledge hammer, who watched the track, and when he spied a spike
+sticking up he would reach down and drive it home. These "snake heads," as
+the rolled-up ends of the strap-iron were called, sometimes were forced up
+through the cars and did great damage. "Snake heads" were as common in
+railway travel as snags in the river in early steamboating.
+
+
+[Illustration: Veazie Railway.]
+
+
+The Boston and Lowell, Boston and Providence, and Boston and Worcester
+railroads were all opened in 1835. The locomotive used on the Boston and
+Worcester road was called the Meteor. The cars were coach-shaped and ran
+on single trucks. The freight cars were short vans or wagon-bodies covered
+with canvas like a Conestoga wagon. A picturesque view of an old railway
+train is given opposite page 288 in the picture painted by Mr. Edward
+Lamson Henry, called "The Arrival of the Train." It shows a train at a way
+station between Harrisburg and Lancaster, in the year 1839, and a
+comparison between the coaches on the track and the coach and horses
+waiting near by will show that the same model served for both.
+
+Accidents were many on these early roads; some were fatal, some were
+ridiculous. The clumsy locomotive often broke down, and horses and oxen
+had to be impressed to drag the cars to the nearest station and repair
+shop. An old print showing "Uncle Ame Morris's" oxen serving as a
+locomotive on a railroad near Danbury, Connecticut, is given on page 289.
+Coaching accidents had seldom been fatal, and ancient citizens were
+appalled at the deaths on the rail. Never was the cry of "the good old
+times" so loudly heard as in the early days of the railroad. Especially
+were the injuries by escaping steam and by communicated fire deemed
+horrible and unbearable. An old-school blood thus summarized all these
+sentiments: "You got upset in a coach--and there you were! You get upset
+in a rail-car--and, damme, where are you?"
+
+The roadbed of the track was laid thus, as shown in the words of a State
+Report made to the Massachusetts Legislature on January 16, 1829:--
+
+    "A continuous stone wall, laid so deep in the ground as not to be
+    moved by the effects of the frost; and surmounted by a rail of split
+    granite about a foot in thickness and depth, with a bar of iron on top
+    of it of sufficient thickness for the carriage wheels to run."
+
+My father, who rode on one of these rock-bedded railways, told me that the
+jarring was inexpressibly tiring and even distressing. They were in use
+but a short time. But the cars had no springs, and the jarring continued
+to some degree. It produced headaches and an incessant itching of the
+skin. The primitive brake-power was a hand or foot brake, and a car
+stopped with a jolting which was almost as severe as the shock felt to-day
+in a collision. A more primitive brake-power was in vogue on the Newcastle
+and Frenchtown Railroad, where the engineer would open his safety valve at
+each station and several strong negroes would seize the end of the train
+and hold it back while the station agent thrust sticks of wood through the
+wheel-spokes. Crooked roads were favored, so the engineer and conductor
+could "look back and see if the train was all right." These were easily
+managed with the short coach-like railway carriages.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Arrival of the Train.]
+
+
+It would be impossible to repeat all the objections against the
+establishment of the railroads, besides the loss of life. These objections
+far outnumbered those made against coaches centuries previous. The
+farmers would be ruined. Horses would have to be killed because wholly
+useless. There would therefore be no market for oats or hay. Hens would
+not lay eggs on account of the noise. It would cause insanity. There would
+be constant fires from the sparks from the engine. It was declared that no
+car could ever advance against the wind. The _Boston Courier_ of June 27,
+1827, said in an editorial:--
+
+    "The project of a railroad from Boston to Albany is impracticable, as
+    every one knows who knows the simplest rule of arithmetic, and the
+    expense would be little less than the market value of the whole
+    territory of Massachusetts; and which, if practicable, every person of
+    common sense knows would be as useless as a railroad from Boston to
+    the moon."
+
+
+[Illustration: Uncle Ame Morris' Oxen serving as a Locomotive.]
+
+
+Captain Basil Hall rode by stage-coach in 1829 over the present route of
+the Boston and Albany Railroad. He described the hills, ravines, and
+rivers, and said, "Those Yankees talk of constructing a railroad over this
+route; as a practical engineer, I pronounce it simply impossible."
+
+All the sentimental objections of all the sentimental objectors may be
+summed up in the words of the best beloved of all coachmen, Tony Weller:--
+
+    "I consider that the rail is unconstitutional, and a inwader o'
+    privileges. As to the comfort--as an old coachman I may say it--veres
+    the comfort o' sitting in a harm-chair, a lookin' at brick walls, and
+    heaps o' mud, never comin' to a public 'ouse, never seein' a glass o'
+    ale, never goin' thro' a pike, never meetin' a change o' no kind
+    (hosses or otherwise) but always comin' to a place ven you comes to
+    vun at all, the werry picter o' the last! As to the honor and dignity
+    o' travellin', vere can that be vithout a coachman, and vats the rail
+    to sich coachmen as is sometimes forced to go by it, but a outrage and
+    a insult! And as to the ingen, a nasty, wheezin', creakin', gaspin',
+    puffin', bustin' monster always out o' breath, with a shiny green and
+    gold back like a onpleasant beetle; as to the ingen as is alvays a
+    pourin' out red-hot coals at night and black smoke in the day, the
+    sensiblest thing it does, in my opinion, is ven there's somethin' in
+    the vay, and it sets up that 'ere frightful scream vich seems to say,
+    'now 'eres two hundred and forty passengers in the werry greatest
+    extremity o' danger, and 'eres their two hundred and forty screams in
+    vun!'"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+TWO STAGE VETERANS OF MASSACHUSETTS
+
+
+There still stands in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, at the junction of the
+Westborough road with the old "King's Highway," a weatherbeaten but
+dignified house, the Pease Tavern; it is shown on page 292. This house was
+for many years a popular resort for the teamsters and travellers who
+passed back and forth on what was then an important road. Behind the house
+was originally a large shed with roof and open sides for the protection
+from rain or snow of the great numbers of loaded wagons. In another
+covered shed at the side of the house were chairs and tables for the
+teamsters and shelves for any baggage they took from their wagons. This
+shed for the accommodation of the teamsters would indicate to me that they
+were not so unreservedly welcome at this tavern as at many others on the
+route. Miss Ward, in her entertaining book, _Old Times in Shrewsbury_,
+says that under this shed, in the side boards of the house, slight holes
+were cut one above the other to a window in the second story. These holes
+were large enough to hold on by, and to admit the toe of a man's boot; by
+dexterous use of hands and feet the teamsters were expected to climb up
+the outside wall to the window, and thus reach their sleeping apartments
+without passing through the hall and interior of the house. This was, it
+was asserted, for the convenience both of the family and the travellers.
+In the Wayside Inn at Sudbury a small special staircase winding in the
+corner of the taproom led to the four "drivers' bedrooms" above. One of
+the upper rooms in the Pease Tavern was a dancing hall. Across this hall
+from wall to wall was a swing partition which could be hooked up to the
+ceiling when a dance was given, but at other times divided the hall into
+two large bedrooms. This was a common appurtenance of the old-time tavern.
+
+
+[Illustration: Pease Tavern.]
+
+
+Major John Farrar, an officer in the Revolution, first kept this
+Shrewsbury inn, and greatly rejoiced when Washington visited it in his
+triumphal journey through the country. His successor as landlord, Levi
+Pease, was a man of note in the history of travel and transportation
+systems in Massachusetts. He was a Shrewsbury blacksmith who served
+through the entire Revolutionary War in a special function--which might be
+entitled a confidential transportation agent: he transferred important
+papers, carried special news, purchased horses and stores, foraged for the
+army, and enjoyed the full confidence of the leaders, especially of
+Lafayette. In 1783, when peace was established, he planned to establish a
+line of stages between Boston and Hartford, and thus turn his knowledge of
+roads and transportation to account. Wholly without funds, he found no one
+ready to embark in the daring project and work with him, save one young
+stage-driver, Reuben Sykes or Sikes, who braved parental opposition, as
+well as universal discouragement, and started with a stage-wagon from
+Hartford to Boston at the same hour that Captain Pease set out from Boston
+to Hartford. Each made the allotted trip in four days. The fare was ten
+dollars a trip. Empty stages were soon succeeded by prosperous trips, and
+in two years the penniless stage agent owned the Boston Inn opposite the
+Common, in Boston, on the spot where St. Paul's Church now stands. The
+line was soon extended to New York.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Arcade, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+Josiah Quincy gives a far from alluring picture of Pease's coaches in the
+earliest days:--
+
+    "I set out from Boston in the line of stages lately established by an
+    enterprising Yankee, Pease by name, which at that day was considered a
+    method of transportation of wonderful expedition. The journey to New
+    York took up a week. The carriages were old and shackling, and much of
+    the harness made of ropes. One pair of horses carried the stage
+    eighteen miles. We generally reached our resting place for the night,
+    if no accident intervened, at ten o'clock, and after a frugal supper
+    went to bed with a notice that we should be called at three the next
+    morning, which generally proved to be half-past two. Then, whether it
+    snowed or rained, the traveller must rise and make ready by the help
+    of a horn-lantern and a farthing candle, and proceed on his way over
+    bad roads, sometimes with a driver showing no doubtful symptoms of
+    drunkenness, which good-hearted passengers never fail to improve at
+    every stopping place by urging upon him another glass of toddy. Thus
+    we travelled, eighteen miles a stage, sometimes obliged to get out and
+    help the coachman lift the coach out of a quagmire or rut, and arrived
+    at New York after a week's hard travelling, wondering at the ease as
+    well as expedition of our journey."
+
+It should be added to this tale that young Quincy was in love, and on his
+way to see his sweetheart, which may have added to his impatience.
+
+This condition of affairs was not permitted to remain long. Captain Pease
+bought better horses and more comfortable wagons, and he persuaded
+townships to repair the roads; and he thus advertised in the
+_Massachusetts Spy_, or the _Worcester Gazette_, under date of January 5,
+1786:--
+
+    "Stages from Portsmouth in New Hampshire, to Savannah in Georgia.
+
+    "There is now a line of Stages established from New Hampshire to
+    Georgia, which go and return regularly, and carry the several Mails,
+    by order and permission of Congress.
+
+    "The stages from Boston to Hartford in Connecticut, set out, during
+    the winter season, from the house of Levi Pease, at the Sign of the
+    New York Stage, opposite the Mall, in Boston, every _Monday_ and
+    _Thursday_ morning, precisely at five o'clock, go as far as
+    _Worcester_ on the evenings of those days, and on the days following
+    proceed to _Palmer_, and on the third day reach _Hartford_; the first
+    Stage reaches the city of _New York_ on Saturday evening, and the
+    other on the Wednesday evening following.
+
+    "The stages from _New York_ for _Boston_, set out on the same days,
+    and reach _Hartford_ at the same time as the Boston Stages.
+
+    "The stages from _Boston_ exchange passengers with the stages from
+    _Hartford_ at _Spencer_, and the Hartford Stages exchange with those
+    from _New York_ at _Hartford_. Passengers are again exchanged at
+    _Stratford Ferry_, and not again until their arrival at _New York_.
+
+    "By the present regulation of the stages, it is certainly the most
+    convenient and expeditious way of travelling that can possibly be had
+    in America, and in order to make it the cheapest, the proprietors of
+    the stages have lowered their price from four pence to three pence a
+    mile, with liberty to passengers to carry fourteen pounds baggage.
+
+    "In the summer season the stages are to run with the mail three times
+    in a week instead of twice in the winter, by which means those who
+    take passage at Boston in the stage which sets off on Monday morning,
+    may arrive at New York on the Thursday evening following, and all the
+    mails during that season are to be but four days going from Boston to
+    New York, and so from New York to Boston.
+
+    "Those who intend taking passage in the stages must leave their names
+    and baggage the evening preceding the morning that the stages set off,
+    at the several places where the stages put up, and pay one-half of
+    their passage to the place where the first exchange of passengers is
+    made, if bound so far, and if not, one-half of their passage so far as
+    they are bound.
+
+    "N. B. Way passengers will be accommodated when the stages are not
+    full, at the same rate, viz. three pence only per mile.
+
+    "Said PEASE keeps good lodging, &c. for gentlemen travellers, and
+    stabling for horses.
+
+    "BOSTON, Jan. 2nd, 1786."
+
+Pease obtained the first Government contract within the new United States
+for carrying the mails; and the first mail in this new service passed
+through Worcester on the 7th of January, 1786--such changes had three
+short years brought.
+
+All was not ease for him even then; he still drove the stage, and endured
+heat and cold; and when New England snowstorms could not be overcome by
+the mail-coach, like many another of his drivers, he shouldered the
+mail-bag and carried the mail on snowshoes to Boston town. He died in
+1824, after having received from the Government the first charter granted
+in Massachusetts for a turnpike. It was laid out in 1808 from Boston
+through South Shrewsbury to Worcester, nearly parallel to the old road. It
+transformed travel in that vicinity and, indeed, served to alter all town
+relations and conditions. This grant and his many incessant efforts to
+establish turnpikes conferred on Levi Pease the title of the "Father of
+the Turnpike."
+
+Many other charters were soon granted, and the state was covered with a
+network of turnpikes which were in general thronged with vehicles and
+livestock, and were therefore vastly profitable. From the prospectus of
+the Sixth Massachusetts Turnpike Company, incorporated in 1799 to build a
+road from Amherst to a point near Shrewsbury, we learn that the turnpike
+from Northampton to Pittsfield paid twelve per cent dividend.
+
+On these great, bustling, living thoroughfares a sad change has fallen. In
+Bedford, Raystown, Somerset, Greensbury, in scores of towns, weeds and
+grass grow in the ruts of the turnpike. The taverns are silent; some are
+turned into comfortless farm-houses, others are closed and unoccupied, sad
+and deserted widows of the old "pikes," far gone in melancholy decline.
+
+Many of the methods familiar to us in railroad service to-day were
+invented by Pease, and were crudely in practice by him. He introduced the
+general ticket office in 1795, and no railroad office to-day sells tickets
+to all the points served by Pease. His stage office was in State Street,
+Boston. He evolved what we now term the "limited" and "accommodation"
+service of railroads; in fact, the term "limited" originated with
+mail-coaches limiting passengers to a specific number. Pease's fast mail
+line took but four passengers in each coach, and ran to New York three
+times a week with the mails. The slower line charging lower prices ran the
+other days of the week and took all applicants, putting on extra coaches
+if required. This service began in 1793. Tolls were commuted on
+Massachusetts turnpikes before 1800, so that condition of railroad travel
+is a century old.
+
+Not far from this Pease Tavern is a sulphur spring which has some
+medicinal repute, and which attracted visitors. To reach it at one time
+you passed close to the house of the Indian, Old Brazil, and his wife
+Nancy, and this was always a ticklish experience. Miss Ward tells their
+blood-curdling story. His real name was the gentle title Basil, but he had
+been a pirate on the high seas, and Brazil was more appropriate. He and
+his wife thriftily ran their little farm and industriously wove charming
+baskets and peddled them around the neighboring towns. These last leaves
+on the tree were, for all the perceptions of Shrewsbury folk, peaceful
+creatures as they were honest; but when Brazil had been treated to a good
+mug of hard cider at tavern or farm-house (and no one would fail thus to
+treat him) he told of his past life with such fierce voice and horrid
+gesture as made him equally a delight and a terror to the children and to
+many older folk as well.
+
+
+[Illustration: Harrington Tavern, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+He had been a bloodthirsty villain; scores, perhaps hundreds, of helpless
+souls on captured craft had perished at his gory hands. He detailed to the
+gaping loungers at the tavern with a realism worthy a modern novelist how
+he split the heads of his victims open with his broadaxe--exactly in the
+middle--"one half would fall on one shoulder, tother half on tother
+shoulder! ugh! ugh!" and with another pull of cider, husband and wife
+trotted contentedly home. About 1850 they died as they had lived,
+close--and loving--companions. As a fitting testimonial to the pirate's
+end, the village boys put a charge of gunpowder in the brick oven of the
+peaceful little kitchen and blew the pirate's house in fragments.
+
+At a time when he could not afford to pay high Boston rents, Pease made
+Shrewsbury his headquarters. This may account for the large number of old
+taverns in the town, several of which are portrayed in these pages,--the
+Old Arcade on page 294, Harrington's Tavern on page 299, Balch Tavern on
+page 301.
+
+The Exchange Hotel, still standing and still in use as a public house, was
+the stage office for Pease's stage line in Worcester. This interesting old
+landmark, built in 1784, was owned by Colonel Reuben Sykes, the partner of
+Pease; and other coach lines than theirs centred at the Exchange, and made
+it gay with arrival and departure. As the United States Arms, Sykes's
+Coffee-house, Sykes's Stage-house, Thomas Exchange Coffee-house, and
+Thomas Temperance Exchange in the days of the Washingtonian movement, this
+hotel has had an interesting existence. President Washington in 1789
+"stopped at the United States Arms where he took breakfast, and then
+proceeded on his journey. To gratify the inhabitants he politely passed
+through town on horseback. He was dressed in a brown suit, and pleasure
+glowed in every countenance as he came along." Lafayette was also a guest;
+and through its situation opposite the Worcester court-houses on Court
+Hill the tavern has seen within its walls a vast succession of men noted
+in law and in lawsuits.
+
+
+[Illustration: Balch Tavern, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+From 1830 to 1846 a brilliant comet flashed its way through the
+stage-driving world of New England; it was Hon. Ginery Twichell, who was
+successively and successfully post-rider, stage-driver, stage proprietor,
+most noted express rider of his times, railroad superintendent, president
+of the Boston and Worcester Railroad, and member of Congress. Some thirty
+years ago or more a small child sat in the "operating room" of a
+photographer's gallery in Worcester. Her feet and hands were laboriously
+placed in a tentatively graceful attitude and the back of her head firmly
+fastened in that iron "branks-without-a-gag" fixture which then prevailed
+in photographers' rooms and may still, for all that I know. A sudden
+dashing inroad from an adjoining room of the photographer's assistant with
+the loud and excited exclamation, "Ginery's coming, Ginery's coming," led
+to the immediate and unceremonious unveiling of the artist from the heavy
+black cloth that had enveloped his head while he was peeping wisely
+through the instrument at his juvenile sitter, and to his violent exit; he
+was followed with equal haste and lack of explanation by my own attendant.
+Thus basely deserted I sat for some minutes wondering what a Ginery could
+be, for there was to me a sort of menagerie-circus-like ring in the word,
+and I deemed it some strange wild beast like the Pygarg once exhibited at
+the old Salem Tavern. At last, though fully convinced that my moving would
+break the camera, I boldly disengaged myself from the claws of the branks,
+ran to a front window, and hung peering out at the Ginery over the heads
+of the other occupants of the gallery, who regarded with eager delight no
+wild or strange beast, but a great stage-coach with six horses which stood
+reeking, foaming, pawing, in front of the Baystate House across the
+street. A dignified and self-contained old man, ruddy of face, and dressed
+in a heavy greatcoat and tall silk hat, sat erect on the coachman's seat,
+reins well in hand--and suddenly Ginery and his six horses were off with
+rattle of wheels and blowing of horn and cheers of the crowd; but not
+before there was imprinted forever in unfading colors on my young brain a
+clear picture of the dashing coaching life of olden days. It was an
+anniversary of some memorable event, and the member of Congress celebrated
+it by once more driving over his old-time coaching route to meet the
+cheers and admiration of all beholders.
+
+The predecessor of Baystate House, the old Central Hotel, was the
+headquarters of Twichell's stage line during the sixteen years of his
+connection with it. It was built in 1722, and rooms in it served various
+purposes besides those of good cheer--one being used as a county jail.
+
+I do not doubt that the coach which I saw was the one thus referred to in
+the _Boston Traveller_ of June 1, 1867, as Mr. Twichell occasionally drove
+it until the year of his death:--
+
+    "The venerable coach built by Moses T. Breck of Worcester, and used 30
+    years ago in the heart of the Commonwealth by Hon. Ginery Twichell for
+    special occasions before railroads were fairly in vogue, passed
+    through our Boston streets on Friday. The vehicle was of a most
+    substantial pattern; no repairs have been needed through all these
+    years except an occasional coat of varnish and new upholstering. In
+    1840, by request of the citizens of the town of Barre, seats were
+    added on the top of the vehicle, so that a party of 32 persons could
+    be accommodated (12 inside and 20 outside). The largest load ever
+    carried by the ponderous carriage was a party of (62) sixty-two young
+    ladies of Worcester who, uniformly dressed, were driven on a
+    blackberry excursion to the suburbs by Mr. Twichell himself, eight
+    matched horses being required on the occasion. During the exciting
+    Presidential Campaign of 1840, the staunch vehicle was used for
+    conveying the sovereigns to and from political gatherings in the town
+    surrounding old Quinsigamond."
+
+There is still living in Boston, at an advanced age, but of vigorous
+mental powers, Mr. Henry S. Miner, the last stage-driver of Ginery
+Twichell's stage-route, perhaps the last person living who was connected
+with it. He has scores of tales of stage-coach days which he has capacity
+to frame in interesting language. I am indebted to him for many letters
+full of information and interest. He says:
+
+    "Ginery Twichell was a shrewd, quiet, persevering man of but few
+    words, and those to the point; his voice was clear and low, never
+    raised to horses or men. Affable, sociable, he was a man that would
+    make friends and hold them. He was smooth-shaven and red-faced, but
+    strictly temperate. He had one habit of rubbing his hands rapidly when
+    in earnest conversation. He had but a common school education and
+    might be called a self-made man. Before through railroads were
+    completed, Mr. Twichell collected the November election votes on
+    horseback, from Greenfield to Worcester, 54 miles, covering the
+    distance in four and one-half hours. He had relays of horses and men
+    every 6 to 10 miles. As the work always came in the night, he was many
+    times thrown by his horse stumbling, but always came out all right. At
+    one time he slept in his clothes with buckskin underwear, at the
+    American House in Worcester, in wait for despatches from English
+    steamers. He had men and horses on the road to Norwich for one week
+    waiting also. When the dispatches arrived he mounted his horse and
+    started for Norwich; he met the boat, and the despatches were in New
+    York hours ahead of any other line. I am the only one of his
+    drivers living, and one hostler is living."
+
+
+[Illustration: Advertisement of Twichell's Stage Line.]
+
+
+A friend who remembers riding with Twichell eulogizes him in the warmest
+terms for his accommodating spirit and happy faculty of making all his
+passengers as comfortable as possible. He had an inexhaustible fund of
+racy anecdotes which he would tell so well that it was a perfect treat to
+ride upon the box with him. He was a general favorite, especially with the
+country folks, and the boys and girls on the road, and with these he
+always had a joke to crack whenever it came his way to do so, to the
+infinite amusement of the travellers whom he had in charge. He carried
+many small and valuable parcels, and executed commissions for the people
+like an expressman. After a period of self-denial in early life,
+throughout which he had saved his liberal earnings carefully, he was
+enabled to purchase from Mr. Stockwell the stage and two horses which he
+drove between Athol and Barre. About 1837 he started with Mr. Burt and Mr.
+Billings a stage line from Brattleboro to Worcester.
+
+
+[Illustration: Ginery Twichell's Ride.]
+
+
+In 1843 he was engaged in driving a stage of his own between Barre and
+Worcester. Not long afterwards he was sole owner of a line from
+Greenfield, Massachusetts, to Brattleboro, Vermont. The Postmaster-general
+about this time advertised for mail contracts, and Ginery Twichell went to
+Washington. It was supposed by the owners of the other lines, who knew he
+had gone thither, that he would not undertake to execute more than one
+contract, but his own private views, it appears, were somewhat broader,
+for he contracted with the Government to carry the mails upon a number of
+routes, greatly to the astonishment of others in the business; and what
+was better still, he accomplished what he had undertaken very
+satisfactorily to the Postmaster-general, and came to be regarded as a
+sort of Napoleon among mail contractors. He became the owner of a large
+number of fine stages and horses. He ran a line from Worcester to
+Northfield, sixty miles, three times a week; from Worcester to Winchester,
+fifty-five miles, daily; from Worcester to Keene, fifty-four miles, three
+times a week; to Templeton twenty-five miles, daily; from Templeton to
+Greenfield, forty-eight miles, daily; from Barre to Worcester, forty-four
+miles, daily. In all this was two hundred and eighty-six miles of
+stage-route, and it took a hundred and fifty-six horses to do the work.
+
+The picture shown on page 306 is from a lithograph published in 1850,
+entitled,--
+
+"The Unrivaled Express Rider, Ginery Twichell, who rode from Worcester to
+Hartford, a distance of Sixty miles in Three hours and Twenty minutes
+through a deep snow, January 23, 1846."
+
+It commemorates an exploit of his which was much talked of at the time it
+took place.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+A STAGING CENTRE
+
+
+The story of the tavern and stage life of the town of Haverhill, New
+Hampshire, may be told as an example of that aspect and era of social
+history, as developed in a country town. It shows the power the
+stage-coach was in bringing civilization and prosperity to remote parts of
+the states, what an illumination, what an education.
+
+Haverhill is on the Connecticut River somewhat more than halfway up the
+western boundary line of the state of New Hampshire, at the head of the
+Cohos valley. It is a beautiful fertile tract of land which had been
+cleared and cultivated by the Indians before the coming of the white man.
+It is lovely and picturesque with its broad intervales, splendid
+mountains, and peaceful river winding in the sweeps and reaches of the
+Oxbow; so lovely that Longfellow declared Haverhill the most beautiful
+spot he ever had seen. The town has but little colonial history. It had no
+white settlers till 1761; but the first who did take up land and build
+there were, as was the case with nearly all New Hampshire towns, men of
+unusual force of character and energy of purpose; by Revolutionary times
+the town was well established, and its situation and resources made it
+the authorized place of rendezvous for the troops destined for Canada. At
+the end of the war, when the danger of Indian invasion lessened, the town
+grew rapidly, but there were still only bridle-paths blazed through the
+woods by which to connect with the world, and until this century its only
+roads were the river road, the Coventry Road over Morse Hill, and the old
+Road from Plymouth, New Hampshire.
+
+But the day of the turnpike and vast changes was dawning. In 1805, in this
+town, still poor and struggling, were men who contributed their share to
+the building of the old Cohos Turnpike from Plymouth through Warren to
+Haverhill. The old post-rider, faithful John Balch, who had carried on
+foot and on horseback the scant letters throughout the dangerous days of
+the Revolution, was succeeded by Colonel Silas May in a Dutch wagon,
+carrying packages and the mail. As he drove into town blowing his horn he
+inaugurated a change for Haverhill that was indeed a new life. By 1814 a
+permanent stage line was established between Concord and Haverhill through
+Plymouth; and the first coach came down the long hill on its first trip,
+with loud and constant blasts of the horn, with a linchpin gone, but wheel
+safely in place clean up to the tavern door, thanks to Silas May's skilful
+driving. A leading spirit in obtaining the turnpike charter and one of the
+proprietors of the first stage line was Colonel William Tarleton (or
+Tarlton), then a dashing young fellow of great elegance of manners; he
+kept the Tarleton Tavern on Tarleton Lake on the Pike till his death.
+Every stage and team that went down or up the Pike stopped there to water
+the horses, with water in which was thrown salt; and every passenger had
+at least a hot drink. His hostelry was famous for two generations, and all
+the while there swung in the breezes that swept over Tarleton Lake the old
+sign-board which is shown here. It is an oaken board on which is painted
+on one side an Indian and the name William Tarlton and date, 1774; on the
+other a symbol of Plenty. It is owned by his grandson, Amos Tarleton, of
+Haverhill, to whose cordial interest and intelligent help I owe much of
+this story of Haverhill's coaching days.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Tarleton Inn.]
+
+
+The turnpike line from Concord to Haverhill was scarcely under way when a
+rival line was started which came through Hanover, and connected with the
+stage line to New York. Others followed with surprising quickness; the
+chief were lines to Boston, New York, and Stanstead, Canada; lesser lines
+of coaches ran to the White Mountains, to Montpelier, Vermont, to
+Chelsea, Vermont, and elsewhere. The reason for this sudden growth of
+Haverhill was found in its position with regard to the neighboring
+country; the topography of upper New England made it a proper and natural
+travel centre.
+
+As many coaches came into Haverhill every night and started out early the
+next morning, as many passengers changed coaches there, it can be readily
+seen that the need of taverns was great, and a number at once were opened.
+Often a hundred and fifty travellers were set down daily in Haverhill. The
+Bliss Tavern was one of the first to be built and is still standing, a
+dignified and comfortable mansion, as may be seen from its picture on page
+314. Its landlord, Joseph Bliss, was a man of influence in the town, and
+held several important offices; his house was the headquarters where the
+judges of the court and the lawyers stopped when court was held; for
+Haverhill was a shire town, a county seat, from 1773. At some of the
+courts of the General Sessions of the Peace as many as twenty-two justices
+were present; and court terms were longer then than now, so justices,
+lawyers, clients, sheriffs, deputies, jurors, and witnesses came and
+remained in town till their law business was settled. Sometimes the
+taverns were crowded for weeks. The court and bar had a special dining
+room and table at Bliss's Tavern, to which no layman, however high in
+social standing, was admitted. On Sundays all went to the old
+meeting-house at Piermont, where there was a "Judges' Pew." Sometimes
+executions took place in town--a grand day for the taverns. When one
+Burnham was hanged there in 1805, ten thousand people witnessed the sight.
+Old and young, mothers with babes, lads and lasses, even confirmed
+invalids thronged to this great occasion.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Tarlton Inn.]
+
+
+Besides the court and its following, and the pampered travellers in
+stage-coaches, Haverhill taverns had by 1825 other classes of customers.
+Backward and forward from upper New Hampshire and Vermont to Boston,
+Portsmouth, and Salem, rolled the great covered wagons with teams of six
+or eight horses bearing the products of the soil and forest to the towns
+and the products of the whole earth in return. These wagons, which were
+the Conestoga wagons of Pennsylvania, made little appearance in New
+England till this century; they were brought there by the War of 1812; but
+they had there their day of glory and usefulness as elsewhere throughout
+our whole northern continent.
+
+The two-wheeled cart of the earliest colonists, clumsily built and
+wasteful of power, was used long in New England for overland
+transportation; though the chief transfer of merchandise was in the winter
+by "sledding." There seems to have always been plentiful snow and good
+sledding every year in every part of New England in olden times, though it
+is far from being so to-day. The farmer, at that season of the year, had
+little else to do, and the ancient paths were soon made smooth by many
+sleighs and sleds.
+
+Mr. Henry S. Miner gives me a very interesting account of these freight
+wagons in New England as he remembers them in ante-railroad days. Though
+the traffic was small in amount compared with that of the present day, it
+was carried on in a way which gave a sense of great life and action on the
+road. As even little towns furnished freight for several teams, the
+aggregate was large, and as they neared Boston the number of teams on the
+highway seemed enormous. These passed through towns on the turnpike every
+day, Sundays included. No vocation called for sturdier or better men. The
+drivers were almost invariably large, hearty, healthy Yankees, of good
+sense and regular habits, though they were seldom total abstainers. They
+could not be drunkards, for their life was too vigorous; long whip in
+hand, they walked beside their teams. The whip was a sign of office,
+seldom applied to a horse. They had to be keen traders, good merchants, to
+sell advantageously the goods they carried to town and to choose wisely
+for return trips. Country merchants seldom went to the cities, but
+depended wholly on these teamsters for supplies.
+
+
+[Illustration: Bliss's Tavern.]
+
+
+The wagons were of monstrous size, broad and high. Each horse had a ton of
+freight. No one was a regular teamster who drove less than four horses.
+But there were other carriers. A three-horse team called a "spike," a
+two-horse team called a "podanger," and a single horse with cart called a
+"gimlet," were none of them in favor with tavern-keepers or other
+teamsters. Still, if the smaller teams got stuck in the mud or snow, the
+regulars would good-humoredly help them out. Whatever accident happened to
+a teamster or his wagon or horses, his fellow-craftsmen assisted him,
+while stage-drivers, drovers, or any other travelling citizens were never
+looked upon for help.
+
+An old man who drove one of these teams in his youth says:--
+
+    "When these large teams were hooked to the wagons, the starting word
+    was 'whoo-up'; and the horses would at once place themselves in
+    position. Then, 'Order, whope, _git_.' To turn to the left, 'Whoa,
+    whoa,' softly; to the right, 'Geer there.' For a full stop, 'Whoa
+    who-oof,' in louder voice, and all would come to a standstill. It was
+    a fine sight to see six or eight good horses spread out, marching
+    along in each other's steps, and see how quick they were to mind the
+    driver's voice. Good drivers always spoke to their teams in a low
+    voice, never shouted. The teamsters walked beside their teams, twenty
+    miles a day the average. The reins were done up on each horse's hames,
+    allowing them to spread apart with ease, a check-rein from the bit
+    over the hames to keep them where they belonged. You could never teach
+    a horse anything that wasn't checked up. The wagons weighed from
+    eighteen hundred to twenty-two hundred pounds. Some wagons had an
+    adjustable seat called a lazy-board."
+
+With winter snows the wagons were generally housed; hundreds, yes,
+thousands of sleighs, pods, and pungs took their place. The farmer no
+longer sent to town by wagon and teamster; he carried his farm produce to
+town himself, just as his grandfather had in the days of the cart and sled
+before the Revolution. Winter brought red-letter days to the New England
+farmer; summer and autumn were his time of increase, but winter was his
+time of trade and of glorious recreation.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Sleigh with Double Dashboard.]
+
+
+Friendly word was circulated from farm to farm, spread chiefly at the
+Sabbath nooning, that at stated date, at break of day the long ride to
+market would begin. Often twenty or thirty neighbors would start together
+on the road to town. The two-horse pung or single-horse pod, shod with
+steel shoes one inch thick, was closely packed with farm wealth--anything
+that a New England farm could produce that could be sold in a New England
+town. Frozen hogs, poultry, and venison; firkins of butter, casks of
+cheeses,--four to a cask,--bags of beans, peas, sheep-pelts, deer hides,
+skins of mink, fox, and fisher-cat that the boys had trapped, perhaps a
+splendid bearskin, nuts that the boys had gathered, shoe pegs that they
+had cut, yarn their sisters had spun, stockings and mittens they had
+knitted, homespun cloth and linen, a forest of splint brooms strapped on
+behind, birch brooms that the boys had whittled. So closely packed was the
+sleigh that the driver could not sit; he stood on a little semicircular
+step on the back of the sleigh, protected from the cutting mountain winds
+by the high sleigh back. At times he ran alongside to keep his blood
+briskly warm.
+
+To Troy and Portland went some winter commerce, but Boston, Portsmouth,
+and Salem took far the greatest amount. On the old Cohos Turnpike trains
+of these farm sleighs were often a half mile long. The tavern-keepers
+might well have grown rich, had all these winter travellers paid for board
+and lodging, but nearly all, even the wealthiest farmers, carried their
+own provender and food. Part of their oats and hay for their horses
+sometimes was deposited with honest tavern-keepers on the way down to be
+used on the way home; and there was also plenty of food to last through
+the journey: doughnuts, cooked sausages, roast pork, "rye and injun"
+bread, cheese, and a bountiful mass of bean porridge. This latter, made in
+a tub and frozen in a great mass, was hung by loops of twine by the side
+of the sleigh, and great chunks were chopped off from time to time. This
+itinerant picnic was called in some vicinities tuck-a-nuck, an Indian
+word; also mitchin. It was not carried from home because tavern-fare was
+expensive,--a "cold bite" was but twelve and a half cents, and a regular
+meal but twenty-five cents; but the tavern-keeper did not expect to serve
+meals to this class or to such a great number of travellers. His profits
+were made on liquor he sold and sleeping room he gave. The latter was
+often simple enough. Great fires were built in barroom and parlor; each
+driver spread out a blanket or fur robe, and with feet to the fire, the
+semicircle slept the sleep of the healthy and tired and cider-filled. Ten
+cents this lodging cost; but the sale of rum and cider, toddy and flip,
+brought in dimes and dollars to the tavern-keeper. Many a rough story was
+told or old joke laughed at before the circle was quiet; quarrels, too,
+took place among so many strong and independent men.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Passenger Pung.]
+
+
+It can readily be seen how important the tavern must have been in such a
+town as Haverhill, what a news centre, what an attraction, what an
+education. Newspapers were infrequent, but none were needed when newcomers
+from all points of the compass brought all there was to tell from
+everywhere. Mine host was the medium through which information was spread;
+he came into close contact with leaders in law, politics, and business,
+and dull he must have been if he did not profit in mental growth. But he
+could not be dull, he had to be companionable and intelligent; hence we
+find the tavern-keeper the leading man in town, prominent in affairs, and
+great in counsel, and it was to the stage-coach he owed much of his
+intelligence and influence.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+THE STAGE-DRIVER
+
+
+In a home-library in an old New England town there were for half a century
+two sets of books which seemed strangely alien to the other staid
+occupants of the bookshelves, which companions were chiefly rows of
+encyclopædias, Scott's novels, the _Spectator_ and _Tatler_, a large
+number of books of travel, and scores of biographies, autobiographies and
+memoirs of pious "gospellers," English and American, chiefly missionaries.
+These two special sets of books were large volumes, but were not placed
+primly and orderly with others of their own size; they were laid on their
+sides thrust high up among the smaller books on the upper shelves as if to
+escape notice under the frames of the glazed doors. They were strictly
+tabooed to all the younger members of the family, and were, indeed, well
+out of our reach; but Satan can find library steps for idle and very
+inquisitive little souls to climb, and we had read them eagerly before we
+were in our teens. One set was that inestimable and valuable work _London
+Labour and London Poor_, which was held to be highly improper reading for
+the young, but which I found very entertaining, as being of folk as
+remote from my life as if they were gnomes and elves. The other volumes
+were Pierce Egan's _Book of Sports_; and one, a prince of wicked books,
+entitled _Life in London: or the Day and Night Scenes of Jerry Hawthorne,
+Esq., and his elegant friend Corinthian Tom accompanied by Bob Logic, the
+Oxonian, in their Rambles and Sprees through the Metropolis_. This also
+was by Pierce Egan.
+
+
+[Illustration: Relay House.]
+
+
+That this latter most reprehensible book (from the standard of the Puritan
+household in which it was found) should have been preserved at all must
+have been, I think, from the fact that the illustrations were by
+Cruikshank, and delightful pictures they were. Though this book was so
+ill-regarded in New England, its career in England was a most brilliant
+one. It was the most popular work in British literature in the years 1820
+to 1850; in fact, to many Englishmen it was _the_ book, _the_ literature,
+of the period. One claim it has to the consideration of the reading public
+to-day: it is perhaps the best picture existing of Society, or, as it was
+termed in the words of the day, of "Life, Fashion, and Frolic," in the
+times of George IV. Thackeray tells, in his article on George Cruikshank,
+of the lingering fondness he had for this old book, but even when he wrote
+could find no copy either in the British Museum or in London circulating
+libraries. It was dramatized by several hands, and had long runs on the
+stage both in England and the United States; and I do not doubt wealthy
+young men in the large American cities tried to emulate the sports of the
+London Tom and Jerry. In the peculiar affectations of the bucks and bloods
+of that day, from the king down, shown in the love of all low sports, in
+association, even familiarity, with low sportsmen, and in the domination
+of the horse in sporting life, we see the reason for the high perfection
+and participation of the rich in coaching in England--a perfection which
+was aped in some respects in America. Coaching is less talked about than
+other sports by Jerry and the elegant Corinthian Tom (whose surname is
+never once given), probably because their dissipations and sprees were
+those of the city, not of turnpike roads and green lanes. But the life of
+the day, perhaps the idlest, most aimless era of fashion in English
+history, the life most thoroughly devoid of any spirituality or
+intellectuality, yet never exactly unintelligent and never dull, lives
+forever in Pierce Egan's pages; and lives for me with the intensity of
+reality from the eager imprinting on the fresh memory of a little child of
+unfamiliar scenes and incomprehensible words, knowledge even of whose
+existence was sternly forbidden.
+
+I obtained from these books a notion of an English coachman, as an
+idealized being, a combination of Phoebus Apollo, a Roman charioteer, and
+the Prince Regent. I fancied our American coach-drivers as glorious
+likewise, though with a lesser refulgence; and I distinctly recall my
+disappointment at the reality of the first coachman of my first coach-ride
+from Charlestown, New Hampshire. A man, even on a day of Indian Summer,
+all in hide and fur: moth-eaten fur gloves, worn fur cap with vast
+ear-flaps and visor, and half-bare buffalo-hide coat, and out of all these
+ancient skins but one visible feature, a great, shining, bulbous nose. But
+even the paling days of stage-coaches were then long past; and the ancient
+coachman had long been shorn of his glory. In the days of his prime he was
+a power in the land, though he was not like the English coachman.
+
+From Mr. Miner and others who remember the great days of stage-coach
+travel, I learn that our American drivers were a dignified and interesting
+class of men. Imposing in bearskin caps, in vast greatcoats, and with
+their teams covered with ivory rings, with fine horses and clean coaches,
+they and their surroundings were pleasant to the eyes. They acquired
+characteristic modes of speaking, of thinking. They were terse and
+sententious in expression, had what is termed horse sense. They had
+prudence and ability and sturdy intelligence. They carried from country to
+town, from house to house, news of the health of loved ones, or of
+sickness when weary nurses were too tired to write. A kindly driver would
+stop his horses or walk them past a lane corner where an anxious mother or
+sister waited, dreading; and passengers in the coach would hear him call
+out to her, "John's better, fever's all gone."
+
+They were character-readers, of man and horse alike. They had great
+influence in the community they called home, and their word was law. They
+were autocrats in their own special domain, and respected everywhere. No
+wonder they loved the life. Harrison Bryant, the veteran Yankee whip,
+inherited a fine farm in Athol. He at once gave up his hard life as a
+driver, bade good-by to the cold and exposure, the long hours of work, the
+many hardships, and settled down to an existence of sheltered prosperity.
+On the third day of his life on the farm he stood at the edge of a field
+as a stage passed on the road. The driver gave "the Happy Farmer" a salute
+and snapped his whip. The horses started ahead on the gallop, a passenger
+on top waved good-by to him; the coach bounded on and disappeared. Farmer
+Bryant walked sombrely across the field to his new home, packed his old
+carpet-bag, went to the stage-office in the next town, and two days later
+he swept down the same road on the same coach, snapping his whip, waving
+his hand, leaving the miles behind him. He was thus one week off the
+coach-box, and at the end of his long life had a well-established
+record of over one hundred and thirty-five thousand miles of stage
+driving, more than five times round the world.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Relay.]
+
+
+A letter written by an "old-timer" says:--
+
+    "I remember many of the old stage-drivers. What a line was the old
+    'accommodation' put on by Gen. Holman and others! What a prince of
+    drivers was Driver Day! Handsome, dressy, and a perfect lady's man!
+    How many ladies were attracted to a seat on the box beside him! Then
+    such a team, and with what grace they were guided! How many young men
+    envied his grace as a driver! So, also, what gentlemen were the
+    tavern-keepers of that day! They studied to please the public by their
+    manners, though behind the scenes some of them could spice their
+    conversation with big words."
+
+A very vivid description of the dress of the old stage-drivers of
+Haverhill and other New Hampshire towns was given me by Mr. Amos Tarleton,
+an old inhabitant of the town. He says:--
+
+    "The winter dress of these old drivers was nearly all alike. Their
+    clothing was of heavy homespun, calfskin boots, thick trousers tucked
+    inside the boots, and fur-lined overshoes over the boots. Over all
+    these were worn Canadian hand-knit stockings, very heavy and thick,
+    colored bright red, which came up nearly to the thighs, and still over
+    that a light leather shoe. Their coats were generally fur or buffalo
+    skin with fur caps with ear protectors, either fur or wool tippets.
+    Also a red silk sash that went round the body and tied on the left
+    side with a double bow with tassels."
+
+Can you not see one of those hairy old bears peering out of his furs, vain
+in scarlet sash and tassels, and with his vast feet planted on the
+dashboard? What were on his fore paws? double-pegged mittens, leather
+gauntlets, fur gloves, wristlets, and muffettees?
+
+Mr. Twining declared that the skill of American drivers equalled that of
+English coachmen, though they had little of the smart appearance of the
+latter, "neither having the hat worn on one side, nor greatcoat, nor
+boots, but wearing coarse blue jackets, worsted stockings, and thick
+shoes."
+
+A traveller calling himself a Citizen of the World, writing in 1829, noted
+with pleasure that the drivers on American coaches neither asked for nor
+took a fee, but simply wished the passengers a polite good morning. Other
+Englishmen greeted this fact with approval. Mr. Miner tells us "tipping"
+was unknown--which was so customary, indeed so imperative, in England.
+Sometimes travellers who went frequently over the same route would make a
+gift to the driver.
+
+The custom of "shouldering," which was for the coachman to take the fare
+of a way-passenger--one who did not register or start at the
+booking-office--and pocket it without making any return to the coach agent
+or proprietor, was universal in England. Some coach companies suffered
+much by it, and it was a tidy bit of profit to the unscrupulous coachman.
+Shouldering was common also in the new world, and called by the same name.
+There were no "spotters" on coaching lines as on street railways.
+
+As in every trade, profession, or calling, stage-coaching had a
+vocabulary--call it coaching slang if you will. Among English coachmen
+"skidding" was checking with a shoe or drag or "skid-pan" the wheels of
+the coach when going down hill, thus preventing them from revolving, and
+slackening the progress of the coach. "Fanning" the horses was, in
+coachman's tongue, whipping them; "towelling" was flogging them; and
+"chopping" the cruel practice of hitting the horse on the thigh with the
+whip. "Pointing" was hitting the wheeler with the point of the whip. A
+"draw" was a blow at the leader. If the thong of the whip lapped round any
+part of the harness, it was called "having a bite." "Throat-lashing" was
+another term.
+
+
+[Illustration: View of Middletown, Connecticut.]
+
+
+Another and expressive use of the word bite was to indicate a narrow strip
+of gravel or broken stone on the near side of a winding road on a steep
+hill. The additional friction on the wheel on one side made a natural drag
+or brake, while the wheels of the ascending coach did not touch it.
+
+The drivers on local lines grew to be on terms of most friendly intimacy
+with dwellers along the route. They bore messages, brought news, carried
+letters and packages, transacted exchange, and did all kinds of shopping
+at the citywards end of the route. An old coach-driver in Ayer,
+Massachusetts, told me with much pride that he always bought bonnets in
+Boston for all the women along his route who could not go to town; and
+that often in the spring the bandboxes were piled high on the top of his
+coach; that he never bought two alike, and that there wasn't another
+driver on the road that the women would trust to perform this important
+duty save himself.
+
+The great bell-crowned hat which the driver wore in summer on lines
+leaving Boston often was crammed with papers and valuables, and one of the
+rules of the Eastern Stage Company at one time was, "No driver shall carry
+anything except in his pocket." It is said many of the drivers grew bald
+from the constant weight on their heads.
+
+The constant imbibing of ale, brandy, and rum-and-milk by English coachmen
+at coaching inns was echoed in America by drivers at every tavern at which
+the stage-coach stopped. The driver was urged to drink by coach passengers
+who had far better have implored him not to drink. Many an old driver
+showed by the benignant purple glow of his nose that the importunities of
+the travellers had been duly silenced by more than ample hard cider, gin,
+and New England rum.
+
+A great day on the coaches was when schoolboys and college boys went home
+on their vacations. The tops of the coaches were filled with their square
+boxes, which packed like cord-wood. On these boxes and within the coach
+swarmed the boys, pea-shooters in hand. A favorite target was the
+pike-keeper at the toll-gate, and those who left the coach first fared
+worst. Our boys have but a feeble imitation of these good times when they
+riot into a railway car together for a few hours of hurried travel to
+their city homes.
+
+The stage-drivers were universally kind and careful of all children placed
+under their charge; even young children, boys and girls, were intrusted to
+their care.
+
+One old gentleman tells me that in the days of his youth he rode by
+stage-coach to and from school, and so strong was his longing for a
+seafaring life, with such a flavor of salt water and tar did he englamour
+every unusual event, that it was inevitable with the imaginativeness of a
+child he should compare this trip by stage to a sea voyage; the roads and
+fields he mentally termed the ocean, the driver was the captain, the
+inside of the coach the cabin, the top the deck, and so on. He was honored
+by having a seat with the driver; and as the day waned, and the ship came
+to anchor, and all disembarked for supper at a stage tavern, he was
+further honored by eating supper with the driver and being treated to a
+glass of toddy. After the coach was again under way the driver had some
+tardy compunctions that the toddy had been rather strong drink for a
+growing boy, and said plainly that he feared the young traveller felt the
+liquor and might tumble from his high seat. He was not reassured when the
+boy answered dreamily, "Never mind, I can swim." After glancing sharply at
+him, the driver stopped his horses, and ignominiously forced the boy to
+descend and make the rest of the journey inside the coach.
+
+Nothing is more marked than the changes in travelling-bags and trunks from
+those of stage-coach days. When our ancestors crossed the ocean they
+transported their belongings in wooden chests--common sea-chests and
+chests of carved wood. I have seen no mention of _trunks_ in any old
+colonial inventories, though trunks existed and are named by Shakespere.
+These old trunks were metal coffers, and usually small. When Judge Sewall
+went to England in 1690, he bought trunks for his little daughters--trunks
+of leather or hide with their initials studded in metal nails. This shape
+of trunk lasted till the days of the railroad. Nearly all old families
+have one or more of these old trunks in their garrets. They were stout
+enough of frame, and heavy enough of frame to have lasted in larger
+numbers, and for centuries, but their heavy deerskin or pigskin covering
+often grew sorely offensive through harboring moths; and as they held but
+little, and were very heavy, they were of no use for a modern wardrobe.
+Their long narrow forms, however, were seen laden on every stage-coach, in
+company with carpet bags and leather sacks, and the schoolboy who owned
+one was a proud fellow.
+
+An ancient travelling bag is shown on page 333. It is of a heavy woollen
+homespun stuff ribbed like corduroy, mounted with green leather bindings,
+straps, handles, etc. It is shaped like a mail-bag, and the straps laced
+through large eyelet holes. This bag is believed by its owners to have
+held the possessions of John Carver on the _Mayflower_.
+
+
+[Illustration: Deer's Hide and Pigskin Trunks.]
+
+
+Not only were stage-drivers respected by all persons in every community,
+but they had a high idea of their own dignity and of the importance of
+their calling. Little Jack Mendum, who drove the Salem mail-coach, did
+not deem it an exaggeration of his position when he roared out angrily in
+answer to a hungry passenger who kept urging him to drive faster, "When I
+drive this coach I am the whole United States of America."
+
+One coachman who drove from Boston to Hartford was deeply tanned by summer
+suns and winter winds, and his mates spoke to each other of him as Black
+Ben. An English traveller, bustling out of the coach office with
+importance, shouted out: "I and my people want to go with Black Ben; are
+you the coachman they call Black Ben?" "Blackguards call me Black Ben,"
+was the answer, "but gentlemen call me Mr. Jarvis."
+
+The list of the coach-drivers employed by the Eastern Stage Company still
+exists, and has been printed by Mr. Rantoul. From it we learn that
+coach-driving went by families--it was an hereditary calling. Many
+families had two sons in this work, there were four Potter brothers, three
+Ackermans, and three Annables, all coachmen. Their names were often
+curious, Moses Caney, John Foss, Perley Annable, Eppes Potter, Ben Savory,
+Fortune Tozzer.
+
+Mr. Miner writes thus of stage-terms and stage-horses:--
+
+    "Every horse had a name. It was 'Git up, Jo; gwan, boys or gals; you
+    are shirky, Bill; you want touching up, Ben; if you don't do better,
+    Ben, I'll swap you for a mule.' All kinds of expressions. Some drivers
+    would fret a team to death, while others would get over the road and
+    you would never hear hardly a loud word to the team. It was just as
+    drivers themselves were constituted. All kinds of horses were used in
+    a stage team, runaways, kickers, biters, and all kinds of tricksters.
+    If the owners could not manage them they went on stage teams, and did
+    good work, and never died. They were seldom sick, as they were
+    well-fed and groomed, and had quick time and short trips. We had some
+    fine teams of matched horses, especially on the Connecticut River
+    roads, which would have sold for seven hundred to a thousand dollars a
+    pair. The horses were usually what were termed native horses, large,
+    full of muscle and gimp, of English descent."
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Carpet Bag.]
+
+
+It was the testimony of John Lambert, an English gentleman who travelled
+here in the early years of this century, that the horses used on coaches
+in all settled parts of the United States were as good as English
+coach-horses.
+
+It serves to show with force the pride and vanity of coach owners and
+drivers to be told that on the Boston and Salem line the coachmen
+sometimes attached false sweeping tails to the horses, to dress them up as
+it were and put on a good appearance--this is ante- if not anti-docking
+days.
+
+Elaborate rules for coach-driving are given in old-time and modern manuals
+of coaching. Mr. Fairman Rogers's descriptions are the plainest. Mr.
+Miner tells very simply of the old modes of driving in his day:--
+
+    "On four-horse teams were four reins. The near wheel-horse rein came
+    under the little finger of left hand, the leader over the next finger.
+    The off wheel-horse rein over third finger, right hand, leader over
+    first finger. Six horses would require two more reins, and one more
+    finger on each hand. Some drivers would wear mittens, and have one
+    rein over and one under the fingers. These among good reinsmen were
+    called Dummies or old Farmers. The whip was carried in the right hand,
+    horizontally pointing to the left, toward the ground, not as pictured
+    at the present day. A good driver who was interested in his team
+    always sat up straight, and kept his reins and whip in a stylish
+    manner. He talked to his horses as he would to a person. Every horse
+    knew him; they knew him by his voice whether they were late for cars
+    or early, and just where to make up time if late. A driver of this
+    kind always had a good team, able to respond under all conditions."
+
+Even the whip of good drivers was of regulation size. The rule of
+perfection was that it should be five feet one and one-half inches from
+butt to holder and twelve feet five inches long from holder to end of
+point of lash--so it was an imposing machine.
+
+On summer routes in the mountains of New Hampshire the stage-driver
+lingered long. Over the backbone of Vermont he guides in our own day a few
+rusty coaches.
+
+Among the popular stage-drivers of the New Hampshire mountains before the
+advent of frequent railroads, were Charles Sanborn, of Pittsfield, who
+drove between Centre Harbor and West Ossipee; and H. P. Marden, who drove
+between Plymouth and the Profile House, White Mountains, during the summer
+months; and James F. Langdon, of Plymouth,--the three being among the last
+to give up the reins and the whip, when called to that far-away country
+"from whence no traveller returns." In 1861, Mr. Sanborn drove between
+Centre Harbor and North Conway, a distance of thirty-five miles. He drove
+over that route eleven years, at first requiring but forty horses, while
+in 1872 no less than one hundred and twenty were in constant use, besides
+a large number of coaches, wagons, and sleighs. On one of his round trips,
+Mr. Sanborn took three hundred and fifty dollars in passenger fares alone,
+while the express business was proportionately large. Of course all this
+seems small to those who know little of the days before railroads ran by
+every man's dooryard, but those who have "staged it" in the old times will
+understand what a busy time the driver on such a route must have had. Mr.
+Sanborn was over six feet in height and of Herculean frame, his broad
+shoulders and sturdy gait betokening a strength which gave his passengers
+the greatest confidence in his ability to carry them safely through any
+accident. He seldom lost his temper, even under the most trying
+circumstances, and was a jolly man withal. Major Lewis Downing of Concord
+tells me that on his route Sanborn had the good-will of every one, and in
+Pittsfield, where was his home, he was highly esteemed for his sterling
+character and strict integrity.
+
+In England the coachmen and coaches had an Annual Parade, a coaching-day,
+upon the Royal Birthday, when coach-horses, coachmen, and guards all were
+in gala attire. In America similar annual meetings were held in many
+vicinities. In Concord, New Hampshire, which was a great coaching centre,
+an annual coaching parade was given in the afternoon and a "Stagemen's
+Ball" in the evening. "Knights of the whip" from New Hampshire and
+neighboring states attended this festival. The ball was held in the
+celebrated Grecian Hall--celebrated for its spring floor--which was built
+over the open carriage-houses and woodsheds attached to the Eagle
+Coffee-house, called now the Eagle Hotel. This dancing hall, built in
+1827, took its name from the style of its architecture. At one end was a
+great painting of the battle of New Orleans, with Jackson on horseback. It
+was the rallying-point for all great occasions,--caucuses, conventions,
+concerts, even a six weeks' theatrical season.
+
+Political economists solve the problem of a sudden loss of one trade by
+saying that others can easily be found. But it is difficult for a man
+learned in one handicraft to become proficient in others; and it is most
+difficult for the old or even middle-aged to learn a new trade.
+
+No more melancholy example of an entire class of workmen deprived of work
+and subsistence through no fault of their own can be found than in these
+old coachmen, especially in England. Their work left them with astonishing
+rapidity, and they refused to realize the fact that their occupation was
+going out of existence, and that railroads would supersede coaches. In
+England the employment of the drivers of coaches on the railroads was
+almost unknown; they ended their days as humble workers in stables or as
+omnibus drivers, or, worse still, upon carts working on the road; sorry
+lives compared to the cheery work on a coach. A few took to farming, and
+made pretty poor work of it.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign of David Reed's Tavern.]
+
+
+In America, especially in New England if they were young and strong and
+quick-witted enough to read coming events and adjust themselves early in
+the day to altered conditions, they obtained positions on the railroads,
+as brakemen, conductors, ticket-sellers, express-agents, depot-masters,
+never as engineers--driving horses does not fit a man to drive an engine.
+Often these brakemen and conductors advanced in position as the railroads
+grew. It was not unusual a decade ago in the obituary notices of men who
+had acquired wealth through the railways, to read that these men had in
+early life been stage-drivers; but they were usually men who had amassed
+some capital before the era of the railroad, or very young stage-drivers
+when steam carriage came.
+
+Benjamin Pierce Cheney, one of the wealthiest men of Boston, an owner of
+vast railroad properties, founder of the rich Cheney Express Company,
+chief owner of the American Express Company, one of the Wells-Fargo
+Company, one of the builders of the Northern Pacific and other great
+Western railroads, began his business life a strong boy of seventeen
+driving the coach from Exeter, New Hampshire, to Nashua. For six years he
+drove fifty miles every day; then he became stage agent, and agent for the
+Lowell and Nashua Railroad, then railroad owner. Chester W. Chapin
+(afterwards president of the Boston and Albany Railroad) ran a stage line
+between Springfield and Hartford. The early members of the firm which
+formed Harnden's Express were nearly all connected with stage-coach lines.
+
+Certainly much consideration was shown the old employees of the stage
+roads.
+
+It was said by an old coachman of the Eastern Stage Company that all its
+men were given positions on the railroads if so desired; "All who wished
+had something to do," and facilities were given them also to benefit by
+the new railroads. For instance, after the steam cars were running between
+Salem and Boston the stage-drivers from Portsmouth and other towns were
+given free passes on the railroad. They could thus go to Boston and
+transact their old "errand-business," from which they had so much profit.
+The fast-growing express companies of Harnden and Adams also employed
+many of the old workers on the stage-coach lines. Some resisted the new
+mode of travel. Major Shaw of Salem threatened to ruin the railroad with a
+new opposition stage line, but Americans in general have been ever quicker
+to accept changes and innovations than the English. They were more
+"uptaking," as the Scotch say,--that is, quicker to perceive, accept, and
+adopt; we breathe in that trait with the air of the new world; so American
+coach employees accepted the railroad and profited by it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+THE ROMANCE OF THE ROAD
+
+
+The traveller in the old stage-coach was not tantalized by the fleeting
+half-glimpse of places which we gain in railroad travel to-day. He had
+ample time to view any unusual or beautiful spot as he passed, he had
+leisure to make inquiry did he so desire, he had also many minutes, nay
+hours, to hear any traveller's tale that could be told him by a
+fellow-journeyer or by the driver. This last-named companion, going over
+the stage road day after day, talking constantly, querying frequently,
+grew deeply versed in its lore, its history. He knew the gossip, too, of
+each house he passed, he knew the traditions and tales of each locality;
+hence in his company every mile of the road had some point of deep
+interest.
+
+Roger Mowry's Tavern was the first one established in the town of
+Providence. It escaped destruction in King Philip's War, when nearly all
+the town was burned, and stood till the present day. When a coach started
+out from that old tavern, it passed the burying ground and a dense growth
+of barberry bushes which grew along the roadside. There seems to have
+been, in many places, a suspicion of uncanny reputation connected with
+barberry bushes. In one spot a dense group of bushes was said to harbor a
+vast snake; in another it shaded an Indian's grave; a third concealed a
+ghost. The barberry was not a native of America; it is an immigrant, and
+has the further ill name of blasting any wheat near which it is planted.
+The grewsome growth of barberry bushes near Mowry's Tavern was the scene
+of the first serious crime of the settlement of Providence Plantations.
+The town carpenter, a thrifty and much respected young man named Clauson,
+much beloved by Roger Williams, was found dying one winter morning in 1660
+near "a clump of barberry bushes" at the parting of the paths "near Roger
+Mowry's Tavern." His head was cloven open with an axe, and the dying man
+accused a neighbor named Herndon of being the instigator of the crime; and
+with a spirit never learned from his old master, the gentle Williams, he
+left a terrible curse upon the children and children's children of John
+Herndon, that they should ever "be marked with split chins and be haunted
+by barberry bushes." An Indian named Wanmanitt was arrested for having
+done this terrible deed, and was locked up in the Mowry Tavern. He was
+probably executed for it, though the town records only contain a
+preliminary story of his trial. With bills for interpreters and for a boat
+and guard and powder and shot and liquor, all to go with the prisoner to
+Newport jail, the Indian murderer vanishes down the bay out of history.
+John Herndon lived on peacefully for many years, branded, doubtless, in
+the minds of many; but there is no record that the futile imprecation of
+the dying man ever was fulfilled.
+
+As the stage-coach runs along through old Narragansett, it comes to
+another scene of crime, of horrible crime and horrible punishment--that of
+hanging in chains. This demoralizing sight was almost unknown in America.
+You can scarcely read a tale, a history of old English life, without
+hearing of men "hanging in chains." That most popular of children's books,
+_The Fairchild Family_, has a typical English scene, wherein the solemn
+English father, in order to make his children love each other the more,
+takes them through a lonely wood to see the body of a man hanging in
+chains on a gibbet, a horrible and revolting sight. Travellers on the
+Portsmouth Road in England, after the year 1786, passed at Hind Head a
+gibbet with three men swinging in chains, three barbarous murderers of an
+unknown sailor--not a pleasant outlook for tired riders on the coach. By
+the old South Ferry in Narragansett, a man was murdered by a
+fellow-traveller. At the inn where they had rested the last night one of
+them spent on this earth, a woman had dressed his hair, and she noted a
+curious white lock which grew like our artist Whistler's in a thick head
+of black hair. On this single identification was built a chain of evidence
+which ended in that unusual and terrible sight in the new world, the body
+of a criminal hanging in chains. It swung there till the poor bones
+dropped to the earth, and finally the great chains rusted apart. Then
+schoolboys took the heavy links which had bound a sight they had not
+seen, and with equal bravado and apprehension cracked open their winter
+store of hickory nuts and butternuts with the last emblem of an obsolete
+law.
+
+Not far from this scene is a crossroads which could be viewed from the
+stage-coach, but I trust no traveller saw there the execution of a law as
+obsolete and as barbaric as hanging in chains.
+
+For on this crossroads took place several of those eccentric, ridiculous
+performances known as "shift-marriages." Any widow, about to be married
+again, could be free from all debts of her dead husband's contracting by
+being married at the crossroads, "clad only in her shift." Sometimes she
+was enjoined to cross the King's Highway four times thus scantily clad.
+
+George Hazard, Justice, made entry in the town book of South Kingston,
+Rhode Island, that Abigail Calverwell on the 22d of February, 1719, was
+taken in marriage "after she had gone four times across the highway in
+only her shift and hair low and no other clothing." Think of this poor
+creature, on this winter's night, going through such an ordeal. Another
+Narragansett widow, Jemima Hill, was married at midnight "where four roads
+meet," clad only in her shift. Another entry in a town record-book
+specifies that the bride had "no other clothing but shifting or smock."
+Let me hasten to add that these marriages were not peculiar to Rhode
+Island; they took place in many of the colonies, certainly in Pennsylvania
+and in all the New England states.
+
+As the old Narragansett coach sped on through Connecticut, it passed
+lonely spots which were noted for other sad tales and traditions, but
+were ever of keen interest to all passers-by. For at the crossroads "where
+four roads meet," were buried suicides, with a stake thrust through the
+heart. This was a cruel old English and Dutch law. We learn from Judge
+Sewall all of the public obloquy and hatred of a suicide in Massachusetts.
+One poor fellow found dead was buried in disgrace under a pile of stones
+at a Connecticut crossroads, but the brand of self-destruction was taken
+from him at a later date, when much evidence was secured that he was
+murdered.
+
+If our Narragansett coach went over the Ridge Hill, the driver surely
+pointed out the spot where a lover once hid his coach and horses till
+there rode up from a bridle-path near by the beauty of Narragansett,
+"Unhappy Hannah Robinson," who jumped from her horse into the coach and
+drove off headlong to Providence to be married. An elopement should end
+happily, but the adjective ever attached to her name tells the tale of
+disappointment, and it was not many years ere she was borne back, deserted
+and dying, lying on a horse-litter, to the spacious old home of her
+childhood, which is still standing. And one day down this road there came
+hotly lashing his horses a gay young fellow driving tandem a pair of
+Narragansett pacers, and he scarcely halted at the tavern as he asked for
+the home and whereabouts of the parson. But the tavern loungers peeped
+under the chariot-hood and saw a beautiful blushing girl, and they stared
+at a vast, yawning, empty portmanteau, strapped by a single handle to
+the chariot's back. And soon two angry young men, the bride's brothers,
+rode up after the elopers, who had been tracked by the articles of the
+bride's hastily gathered outfit which had been strewn from the open
+portmanteau along the road in the lovers' hasty flight. Who that rides on
+a railway car ever hears anything about elopements or such romances!
+Parson Flagg, of Chester, Vermont, made his home a sort of Yankee Gretna
+Green; the old stage-drivers could tell plenty of stories of elopers on
+saddle and pillion who rode to his door.
+
+
+[Illustration: Midsummer along the Pike.]
+
+
+The traveller by the coach learned constant lessons from that great
+teacher, Nature. Even if he were city bred he grew to know, as he saw
+them, the various duties of country life, the round of work on the farm,
+the succession of crops, the names of grains, and he knew each grain and
+grass when he saw it, which few of city life do now. He saw the timid
+flight of wild creatures, rabbits, woodchucks, squirrels, sometimes a wily
+fox. My father once, riding on a stage-coach in Vermont, chased down a
+mountain road a young deer that ran, bewildered, before its terrible
+pursuer. At night the traveller heard strange sounds, owls and a smothered
+snarl as the coach entered the woods--a catamount perhaps. He heard the
+singing birds of spring and noted the game-birds of autumn; and in winter
+they could watch the broad and beautiful flight of the crows, free in
+snowy woods and fields from the rivalry of all fellow feathered creatures.
+He saw the procession of wild flowers, though he, perhaps, did not
+consciously heed them, and he knew the trees by name. The stage-driver
+showed his passengers "the biggest ellum in the county," and "the best
+grove of sugar-maples in the state." He pointed out a lovely vista of
+white birches as "the purtiest grove o' birch on the road," and there was
+a dense grove of mulberry trees, the sole survivors of silk-worm culture
+in which were buried so many hours and years of hard labor, so much
+hard-earned capital, so many feverish hopes. And towering a giant among
+lesser brothers, a glorious pine tree still showing the mark of the broad
+arrow of the King, chosen to be a mast for his great ships, but living
+long after he was dead and his ships were sunken and rotten, living to be
+a king itself in a republican land.
+
+
+[Illustration: A Vista of White Birches.]
+
+
+The foot-farer, trudging along the outskirts of the village, is often shut
+out by close stone or board barriers from any sight of the flowering
+country gardens, the luxuriance of whose blossoming is promised by the
+heads of the tall hollyhocks that bend over and nod pleasantly to him; but
+the traveller on the coach could see into these old gardens, could feast
+his eyes on all the glorious tangle of larkspur and phlox, of tiger lilies
+and candytuft, of snowballs and lilacs, of marigolds and asters, each
+season outdoing the other in brilliant bloom.
+
+And what odors were wafted out from those gardens! What sweetness came
+from the lilacs and deutzias and syringas; from clove-pinks and spice bush
+and honeysuckles; how weird was the anise-like scent of the fraxinella or
+dittany; and how often all were stifled by the box, breathing, says
+Holmes, the fragrance of eternity! The great botanist Linnæus grouped the
+odors of plants and flowers into classes, of which three were pleasing
+perfumes. To these he gave the titles the aromatic, the fragrant, the
+ambrosial--our stage-coach traveller had them all three.
+
+From the fields came the scent of flowering buckwheat and mellifluous
+clover, and later of new-mown hay, sometimes varied by the tonic breath of
+the salt hay on the sea marshes. The orchards wafted the perfumes from
+apple blossoms, and from the pure blooms of cherry and plum and pear; in
+the woods the beautiful wild cherries equalled their domestic sisters.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Hollyhocks' Promise.]
+
+
+How sweet, how healthful, were the cool depths of the pine woods, how
+clean the hemlock, spruce, fir, pine, and juniper, and how sweet and
+balsamic their united perfume. And from the woods and roadsides such
+varied sweetness! The faint hint of perfume from the hidden arbutus in
+early spring, and the violet; the azalea truly ambrosial with its pure
+honey-smell; the intense cloying clethra with the strange odor of its
+bruised foliage; the meadowsweet; the strong perfume of the barberry; and
+freshest, purest, best of all, the bayberry throwing off balm from every
+leaf and berry. Even in the late autumn the scent of the dying brakes and
+ferns were as beloved by the country-lover as the fresh smell of the
+upturned earth in the spring after the farmer's plough, or the scent of
+burning brush.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Cool Depths of the Pine Woods.]
+
+
+Fruit odors came too to the happy traveller, the faint scent of
+strawberries, the wild strawberry the most spicy of all, and later of the
+dying strawberry leaves; even the strong and pungent onions are far from
+offensive in the open air; while the rich fruity smell of great heaps of
+ripe apples in the orchards is carried farther by the acid vapors from the
+cider mills, which tempt the driver to stop and let all taste new
+apple-juice.
+
+In the days of the stage-coach we had on our summer journeys all these
+delights, the scents of the wood, the field, the garden; we had the genial
+sunlight, the fresh air of mountain, plain, and sea; and all the wild and
+beautiful sights which made the proper time for travel--the summer--truly
+joyful. Now we may enjoy a place when we get there, but we have a poor
+substitute for the coach for the actual travelling--a dirty railway car
+heated almost to tinder by the sun, with close foul air (and the better
+the car the fouler and closer the air) filled, if we try to have fresh
+air, with black smoke and cinders; clattering and noisy ever, with
+occasional louder-shrieking whistles and bells, and sometimes a horrible
+tunnel--it has but one redeeming quality, its speed, for thereby the
+journey is shortened.
+
+
+[Illustration: Taylor's Tavern. 1777, Danbury, Connecticut.]
+
+
+Cheerful friends on the old roads were the milestones and guideposts.
+Milestones had an assured position in social life, a dignified standing.
+It would be told of a road as a great honor and distinction, and told
+fitly in capitalized sentences thus, "This Elegant road is fully Set with
+well-cut Milestones." A few of the old provincial milestones remain, and
+put us closely in touch with the past. In Governor Hutchinson's day
+milestones were set on all the post-roads throughout Massachusetts.
+Several of these are still standing; one is in Worcester, in the heart of
+the city, marked "42 Mls. to Boston, 50 Mls. to Springfield, 1771."
+Another is in Sutton. It is five feet high and nearly three feet wide. It
+is marked "48 mls. to Boston. B. W." The letters B. W. stand for
+Bartholomew Woodbury, a genial tavern-keeper of Sutton. It shows a custom
+which obtained at that date. It was deemed most advantageous to a tavern
+to have a milestone in front of it. Possibly the tale of the stone shown
+in its lettering urged wayworn travellers to halt and rest within the
+welcoming door. Bartholomew Woodbury's Tavern was a few rods from the spot
+marked for the stone, but the government permitted him to set this stone
+by his doorside, at his own expense, beside the great horse-block.
+Tavern-keeper and tavern are gone, and the old road sees few travellers.
+Occasionally some passer-by, inquisitive like myself of the presence of
+the old stone, will halt as did the traveller of old, and pull away the
+curtain of vines, and read the lettering of this gravestone of the old
+Woodbury Tavern.
+
+
+[Illustration: M. M. Taylor's Milestone.]
+
+
+Another landlord who appreciated that the milestone served as a magnet to
+draw customers to the tavern taproom was Landlord Taylor, who kept the old
+tavern known as "Taylor's," in Danbury, Connecticut. The house with the
+milestone is shown on page 350 and the milestone alone on page 351.
+
+
+[Illustration: Peleg Arnold's Milestone.]
+
+
+Judge Peleg Arnold was one of the most active patriots in northern Rhode
+Island during the Revolution; for many years he carried on a tavern at
+Union Village, a suburb of Woonsocket, and his house was noted for its
+excellence and hospitality. Not far from his tavern to the northward the
+"Great Road" from Smithfield into Mendon wound through woods and meadows
+and over the northern hills of Rhode Island.
+
+In 1666 this great road was a small foot-path through the woods, and was
+indicated by marked trees leading from cabin to cabin; but in 1733 it had
+taken upon itself the dignity of a cart-path and then became the subject
+of discussions on town-meeting days. Peleg Arnold had been one of the men
+to re-lay the old road, and it was near the northern boundary of his farm
+that he set up the old milestone shown here. For more than a hundred and
+twenty-five years this stone has served to brighten the hearts of
+travellers, for they have learned to know that this silent and inanimate
+guide can be relied upon as to distances with much more certainty than can
+the words of residents in the neighborhood.
+
+When Benjamin Franklin was Postmaster-general, he set an indelible
+postmark in many ways on the history of our country; and many mementos of
+him still exist. Among them are the old milestones set under his
+supervision. He transacted this apparently prosaic business with that
+picturesque originality which he brought to all his doings and which
+renders to every detail of his life an interest which cannot be exceeded
+and scarcely equalled by the events recorded of any other figure in
+history.
+
+He drove over the roads which were to be marked by milestones, seated in a
+comfortable chaise, of his own planning, and followed by a gang of men,
+and heavy carts laden with the milestones. Attached to the chaise was a
+machine of his invention which registered by the revolution of the wheels
+the number of miles the chaise passed over. At each mile he halted, and a
+stone was dropped which was afterward set. The King's Highway, the old
+Pequot Trail, was thus marked and set. A few of these milestones between
+Boston and Philadelphia are still standing, one in New London, another at
+Stratford, and are glanced at carelessly by the hundreds of thousands who
+glide swiftly past on wheels bearing more accurate cyclometers than that
+of Franklin.
+
+Guide-boards always stood at the crossings of all travelled roads; indeed,
+they stood where the roads were scarce more than lines among the grass and
+low shrubs. Since our day of many railroads, and above all, since the
+interlacing network of trolley lines has spread over all our Eastern lands
+where once the stage-coach ran, many guide-boards have disappeared and
+have not been replaced. You find them often at the angles of the road
+lying flat in grass and bushes; or standing split, one-sided, askew,
+pointing the road to the skies, or nowhere. When in trim and good repair
+in the days of their utility and helpfulness, they were friendly things,
+and the pointing hand gave them a half-human semblance of cheerful aid.
+Where the road led through woods or rarely frequented ways, they were
+friends indeed, for all ways looked alike, and one might readily go far
+astray. The mile of the guide-board was an elastic one, and sometimes a
+weary one.
+
+Guide-boards, even poor ones, are still most welcome. No one in the
+country ever has any correct estimate of distances; a distance "a little
+better than three miles" before you usually increases by an extraordinary
+law instead of decreases after you have driven nearly a mile to "about
+four mile." The next road-jogger says "nigh on to a mile"; and then you
+may be sure a few hundred feet farther on to jump back to a slow and wise
+rejoinder of the original distance, "hard on to four mile."
+
+
+[Illustration: The Watering Trough.]
+
+
+Another wayside friend of the traveller in coaching days was the watering
+trough. It was frequently a log of wood hollowed out, Indian fashion,
+like a dug-out, filled with the lavish bounty of untrammelled Nature by a
+cool pure rill from a hillside spring. One of these watering troughs is
+shown on this page. In the days of the glory of the stage-coach and
+turnpike, fine stone troughs chiselled like an Egyptian sarcophagus took
+the place of the log dug-out. They had their supply from a handled pump,
+which was a more prosaic vehicle than the pipe made of hollowed
+tree-trunks which brought the spring-water; but it had also a certain
+interest as the water spouted out in response to the vigorous pumping, and
+it has been immortalized by Hawthorne. Our artesian wells, and sunken
+pipes, and vast reservoir systems are infinitely better than the old-time
+modes of water supply, but we miss the pleasure that came from the sight
+of the water, whether it was borne to us on the picturesque well-sweep by
+wheel and bucket, or old chain pump; it was good to look at as well as to
+taste, and it refreshed man even to see cattle and horses drinking from
+the primitive trough.
+
+There is always something picturesque and pleasant in an old bridge, and
+of historic associations as well. The great logs such as form a wooden
+bridge over a narrow stream are the most natural waterspans, those of the
+primitive savages. By fallen tree-trunks placed or utilized by the
+Indians, the colonists first crossed the inland streams, adding parallel
+trunks as years passed on and helping hands multiplied; and finally
+placing heavy, flat cross-timbers and boards when hand-saws and sawmills
+shaped the forests' wealth for domestic use.
+
+The old arched stone bridges are ever a delight to the eye and the
+thoughtful mind. Look at the picture of the old Topsfield Bridge shown on
+the opposite page. It was built in 1760 over the Ipswich River. It shows
+the semicircle--simplest of all arched forms--which is happily within the
+compass and ever the selection of rustic builders. The shallow voussoirs
+speak of security and economy rather than of monumental effect; the
+irregular shape and size of the stones tell a similar tale, that there was
+ample and fitting material near by, in every field. The arched stone
+bridge is a primitive structure; the sort of construction that may be
+found in the so-called "Cyclopean" walls of earliest Greece; and this very
+simplicity is a distinct beauty, that, added to its fitness and
+durability, makes the bridge a thing of satisfaction.
+
+
+[Illustration: Topsfield Bridge.]
+
+
+How charming are the reflections in the stilly waters, the arch making the
+perfect circle, ever an attractive and symbolic form. How cool and
+beautiful is the shadowy water under these stone arches; but it cannot be
+reached by the rider in stage-coach or on horseback, as can the brook
+spanned by a wooden bridge. This has often a watering place which spreads
+out on one side of the road, a shoal pool of clear, crystal, dancing
+water. The bottom is cut with the ruts of travellers' wheels, but the
+water is pure and glistening; the pool is edged heavily with mint and
+thoroughwort and a tangle of greenery pierced with a few glorious scarlet
+spires of cardinal flowers, and some duller blooms. How boys love to wade
+in these pools, and dogs to swim in them, and horses to drink from them.
+The wooden bridge seems in midsummer a useless structure, fit only to
+serve as a trellis for clematis and sweet brier and many running vines,
+and to be screened with azalea, clethra, and elder, and scores of
+sweet-flowered shrubs that add their scent to the strong odor of mint that
+fills the air, as the sensitive leaves are bruised by careless contact.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Shadowy Water under the Arches.]
+
+
+There was a closeness of association in stage-coach travel which made
+fellow-passengers companionable. One would feel a decided intimacy with a
+fellow-sufferer who had risen several mornings in succession with you, at
+daybreak, and ridden all night, cheek by jowl. Even fellow-travellers on
+short trips entered into conversation, and the characteristic
+inquisitiveness was shown. Ralph Waldo Emerson took great delight in this
+experience of his in stage-coach travel. A sharp-featured, keen-eyed,
+elderly Yankee woman rode in a Vermont coach opposite a woman deeply
+veiled and garbed in mourning attire, and the older woman thus entered
+into conversation: "Have you lost friends?" "Yes," was the answer, "I
+have." "Was they near friends?" "Yes, they was." "How near was they?"
+"A husband and a brother." "Where did they die?" "Down in Mobile." "What
+did they die of?" "Yellow fever." "How long was they sick?" "Not very
+long." "Was they seafaring men?" "Yes, they was." "Did you save their
+chists?" "Yes, I did." "Was they hopefully pious?" "I hope so." "Well, _if
+you have got their chists_ (with emphasis) and they was hopefully pious,
+you've got much to be thankful for." Perhaps this conversation should be
+recorded in the succeeding chapter, but in truth the pleasures and pains
+of stage-coach travel ran so closely side by side that they can scarce be
+separated. Many pleasant intimacies and acquaintances were begun on the
+stage-coach; flirtations, even courtships, were carried on. One gentleman
+remembers that when he was a big schoolboy he rode on the coach from
+Pittsfield, New Hampshire, to Dover, and he cast sheep's-eyes at a pretty
+young woman who was a fellow-passenger. He had just gathered courage to
+address her with some bold, manly remark when the coach stopped and a
+middle-aged man of importance entered. Soon all other passengers got out
+and the three were left in the coach; and the Boy heard the Man recall
+himself to the Girl as having been her teacher when she was a child. He
+soon proceeded to make love to her, and made her a proposal of marriage,
+which she did not refuse, but asked a week's time to consider. "And during
+all this courting," said my informant, with indignant reminiscence after
+fifty years, "they paid no more attention to my presence than if I had
+been Pickwick's Fat Boy."
+
+The pleasures of coaching days have been written by many an English author
+in forcible and beautiful language. Thomas De Quincey sang in most glowing
+speech the glories of the English mail-coach. He says:--
+
+    "Modern modes of travelling cannot compare with the old mail-coach
+    system in grandeur and power. They boast of more velocity, not,
+    however, as a consciousness, but as a fact of our lifeless knowledge,
+    resting upon _alien_ evidence; as, for instance, because somebody
+    _says_ that we have gone fifty miles in the hour, though we are far
+    from feeling it as a personal experience; or upon the evidence of a
+    result, as that we actually find ourselves in York four hours after
+    leaving London. Apart from such an assertion, or such a result, I
+    myself am little aware of the pace. But seated on the old mail-coach
+    we needed no evidence out of ourselves to indicate the velocity....
+    The vital experiences of the glad animal sensibilities made doubts
+    impossible on the question of our speed. We heard our speed, we saw
+    it, we felt it a-thrilling; and this speed was not the product of
+    blind insensate energies that had no sympathy to give, but was
+    incarnated in the fiery eyeballs of the noblest among brutes, in his
+    dilated nostril, his spasmodic muscles and thunder-beating hoofs."
+
+Nothing more magnificent and inspiring could be written than his _Going
+Down with Victory_--the carrying the news of the victory at Waterloo on
+the mail-coach to English hamlets and towns; it is a gem of English
+literature.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+THE PAINS OF STAGE-COACH TRAVEL
+
+
+In describing the pleasures and pains, the delights and dangers, the
+virtues and vicissitudes of the travel of early days by stage-coach in
+America, I have chosen to employ largely the words and descriptions of
+contemporary travellers rather than any wording of my own, not only
+because any such description of mine would be simply a transcription of
+their facts, but because there is a sense of closeness of touch, a
+pleasant intimacy, and indeed a profound sympathy thereby established with
+those old travellers and modes of travel which cannot be obtained by
+modern wording; nor indeed can their descriptions and travellers' tales be
+improved. Careless or ignorant writers often portray early stage-coach
+travel in America in the same terms as would be used of similar travel in
+England, and as having the same accessories; it was in truth very
+different in nearly all of its conditions, as different as were the
+vehicles used in America.
+
+I do not believe that travellers in coaching days found much pleasure in
+long journeys by stage-coach. They doubtless enjoyed short trips, or
+possibly a day on a coach, as we do now, but serious travel was serious
+indeed. In winter it must have appeared a slow form of lingering death.
+
+Grant Thorburn, the New York seedsman, tells of the first journey he ever
+made by land. It was in the winter of 1831; he was then fifty-eight years
+old.
+
+    "We left Hoboken with about fifteen passengers closely packed in a
+    stage with wheels, and a very neat coach, and so foolish was I and
+    ignorant (never having travelled on land) I thought this same fine
+    close carriage would go through thick and thin with me all the way to
+    Albany: in two short hours my eyes were opened. We stopped in
+    Hackensack at a tavern grocery grogshop and post-office all under one
+    roof, for we carried Uncle Sam's letter bags, which was another
+    grievance, as we had to stop every few miles to change the mails. The
+    keeper of the office began to bluster and swear he had neither
+    carriages covered or uncovered to forward so many passengers. He said
+    the Jockey Club in New York took all the money and gave him all the
+    trouble. In short, says he, unless you remain here till four o'clock
+    P.M. you must go on with such conveyance as I can furnish. We applied
+    to our Hoboken driver. He said his orders were to drop us at
+    Hackensack and bring back the coaches; and sure enough he turned about
+    and back he went. I stepped into the barroom--a large place. In the
+    centre stood a large old-fashioned tin-plate stove, surrounded by
+    fifteen or twenty large lazy fellows. After waiting an hour we were
+    sent forward, viz. two in an open chair, four in an open wagon, and
+    the remainder, eight I think, in a common Jersey farming wagon, all
+    the machines being without covers. It now commenced raining, and by
+    the time we got to the next stage, we looked like moving pillars of
+    salt, our hats and coats being covered to the thickness of an eighth
+    of an inch with ice transparents. At the town of Goshen we changed
+    the mail, thawed our garments, and ate our dinner. As we got north the
+    sleighing got better, so we were accommodated with a covered box and
+    runners, but alas! it was like the man's lantern without a candle. The
+    cover was of white wood boards placed a quarter of an inch apart
+    without paint, leather, or canvas to protect them from the weather.
+
+    "We travelled all night. The rain and snow descending through the
+    roof, our hats were frozen to our capes, and our cloaks to one
+    another. In the morning we looked like some mountain of ice moving
+    down the Gulf Stream. I thought the machine used at the Dry Dock would
+    have been an excellent appendage to have lifted us bodily into the
+    breakfast room: and this is what the horse-flesh fraternity in New
+    York advertise as their _safe_, _cheap_, _comfortable_, and
+    expeditious winter establishment for Albany."
+
+
+[Illustration: Dalton Winter Stage.]
+
+
+This latter account is certainly a hard blow to the lover of the "good old
+times." Of tough fibre and of vast powers of endurance, both mental and
+physical, must have been our grandfathers who dared to travel overland in
+winter time. Coaches were often "snowed up" and had to be deserted by the
+passengers, who were rescued in old pods and pungs, such as are shown on
+pages 316 and 318, and the journey had to be continued in some of the
+awkward coach-bodies or "boobies" set on runners like those on pages 362
+and 364. Coaches were also overturned or blown off bridges by heavy winds.
+
+Somewhat varied was Captain Hall's experience on the trip from
+Fredericksburg to Richmond during the following January. The stage-coach
+was appointed to start at 2 A.M., but at the blank looks of the captain,
+the stage agent said, "Well, if it is so disagreeable to the ladies,
+suppose we make it five?" The fare was five dollars. It took seventeen
+hours to travel the sixty-six miles, and the coach stopped at ten taverns
+on the way. At each his fellow-passengers all got out and took a mint
+julep; perhaps he did likewise, which might account for the fact that he
+pronounced the trip a pleasant one, though it rained; "your feet get wet;
+your clothes become plastered with mud from the wheel; the trunks drink in
+half a gallon of water apiece; the gentlemen's boots and coats steamed in
+the confined air; the horses are draggled and chafed by the traces; the
+driver got his neckcloth saturated"--and yet, he adds, "the journey was
+performed pleasantly."
+
+
+[Illustration: Chepachet Winter Stage.]
+
+
+There were days in July, in midsummer, when in spite of the beauties of
+Nature, the journey by stage-coach on the unwatered roads was not a thing
+of pleasure. Whether on "inside" or "outside," the traveller could not
+escape the dust, nor could he escape the fervor of the July sun. And when
+the eye turned for relief to green pastures and roadsides, there was
+reflected back to him the heated gold of the sunlight, for the fields
+flamed with yellow and orange color. Sometimes accidents occurred. One may
+be described, using the contemporary account of it to show what danger was
+incurred and through what motive powers. In January, 1823, there was a
+sharp competition between the two stage lines running between Albany and
+New York, and apparently the stage-drivers on the rival lines could no
+more be kept from racing than the old-time steamboat captain. The accident
+was thus told in a newspaper of the day:--
+
+    "_To the Public_: The stage from New York to Albany was overset on the
+    Highlands, on Friday last, with six passengers on board; one of whom,
+    a gentleman from Vermont, had his collar-bone broken, and the others
+    were more or less injured, and all placed in the utmost jeopardy of
+    their lives and limbs by the outrageous conduct of the driver. In
+    descending a hill half a mile in length, an opposition stage being
+    ahead, the driver put his horses in full speed to pass the forward
+    stage, and in this situation the stage overset with a heavy crash
+    which nearly destroyed it, and placed the wounded passengers in a
+    dreadful dilemma, especially as the driver could not assist them, as
+    it required all his efforts to restrain the frighted horses from
+    dashing down the hill which must have destroyed them all. It was,
+    therefore, with the greatest difficulty, and by repeated efforts, the
+    wounded passengers extricated themselves from the wreck of the stage.
+    Such repeated wanton and wilful acts of drivers to gratify their
+    caprice, ambition, or passions, generally under the stimulus of ardent
+    spirits, calls aloud on the community to expose and punish these
+    shameful aggressions."
+
+It should be added, in truth, that accidents on stage-coaches were seldom
+with fatal results. Stage-coach travel was more disagreeable than deadly.
+A stage-coach driver who had driven three hundred days a year for
+thirty-five years, could boast that there had never been a serious
+accident while he was driving, and scarcely any injury had been received
+by any passenger.
+
+Before the days of the turnpike the miserable bridges, especially of the
+Southern colonies, added to the terrors of travel, though I have not
+learned of frequent accidents upon them. The poet Moore wrote in the year
+1800 of Virginia bridges:--
+
+  "Made of a few uneasy planks
+        In open ranks,
+  Over rivers of mud."
+
+Near Fayetteville, North Carolina, in 1812, a traveller by coach thus
+found the bridge:--
+
+    "Three large logs were stretched across the creek, called sleepers,
+    and these supported a number of misshapen pieces called rafters,
+    thrown on at random, without being fixed either by nails or pins.
+    They had been disturbed by a freshet, and the driver alighted to
+    adjust them. On entering the bridge, the fore wheels gathered the
+    rafters in a heap which stopped the progress of the coach. This was
+    just as the driver was whipping up the fore horses. They sprang
+    forward, and disengaging themselves with a jerk, by pulling out the
+    staple of the main singletree, they set off at full speed with the
+    singletree rattling at their heels."
+
+One horse was killed, the patient passengers alighted and pulled the coach
+free themselves. At the next creek the horses plunged in the water and
+swam across, while the passengers held up the mail-bags to keep them dry.
+Weld tells of similar bridges and experiences in 1795 in Virginia.
+
+Many of the bridges were rickety floating bridges. Mr. Twining experienced
+the sense of insecurity, the dread of sinking, which I have also felt in
+crossing a floating bridge in a heavy vehicle.
+
+Mr. Twining tells also of the constant necessity of trimming and balancing
+of the stage-wagon by all the passengers leaning to one side to prevent it
+from overturning in the deep ruts which abounded. Mr. Weld wrote that the
+driver "frequently called out, 'Now, gentlemen, to the right,' upon which
+all the passengers stretched their bodies halfway out of the carriage to
+balance on that side. 'Now, gentlemen, to the left,' and so on."
+
+One traveller tells of a facetious travelling companion,--
+
+    "'A son of Neptune and of Mars also,' and could adapt the technical
+    language of these professions to the different movements of the
+    stage. When the coach heeled to one side he would call out, 'To the
+    right and left and cover your flanks--Whiz!'--and when we passed a
+    stream or ford he would sing out, 'By the deep nine,' accompanied with
+    all the movements of heaving the lead. The day was clear, pleasant,
+    and healthy; and in this strain of merriment and good humor we
+    prosecuted our journey much to our satisfaction."
+
+Folk were easily amused in coaching days. One of the old stage-drivers
+tells the following incident of stage travel. He was driving from Dover,
+New Hampshire, to Haverhill, Massachusetts. During the spring months the
+roads were often in a bad condition, and six horses and sometimes ten were
+needed to draw the coach. In Epping, New Hampshire, was a particularly
+hard place, locally known as the "Soap mine." Through this mine of mud the
+driver hoped to guide his coach and six. But the coach was heavily loaded,
+and in spite of the efforts of the skilful driver the team was soon fast
+in the mud, the wheels settling to the hubs. All attempts of the horses to
+start the coach were in vain. The driver finally climbed down from his
+seat, opened the coach door and told the passengers the condition of
+things, and politely asked them to get out and thereby lighten the load.
+This they all positively refused to do; they had paid their fares and did
+not think it their duty to get out into the mud. The driver said, "Very
+well," quietly closed the door, and seated himself by the roadside. In a
+few minutes the passengers asked, "What are you doing there?" The
+driver calmly replied: "The horses cannot draw the load. There is only one
+thing I can do. I shall wait until the mud dries up."
+
+
+[Illustration: Advertisements from Connecticut Journal, July 3, 1815.]
+
+
+It is needless to say that they did not wait for the mud to dry.
+
+The state of the roads and the regard of some persons for stage-coach
+travelling is shown in a letter written early in this century by a mother
+to a girl of eighteen, visiting at Cambridge, and impatient to return
+home. As the roads were bad her father delayed his going for her. Her
+mother says:--
+
+    "Your papa would not trust your life in the stage. It is a very unsafe
+    and improper conveyance for young ladies. Many have been the
+    accidents, many the cripples made by accidents in those vehicles. As
+    soon as your papa can go, you may be sure he will go or send for you."
+
+There was one curious and most depressing, even appalling, condition of
+stage-coach travel. It seemed to matter little how long was your journey,
+nor where you were going, nor whence you started, your coach always
+started before daybreak. You had to rise in the dark, dress in the dark
+most feebly illumined, eat a hurriedly prepared breakfast in the dark, and
+start out in the blackness of night or the depressing chill of early
+morning. We read that the greatest number of deaths take place in the
+early morning, at daybreak, and it is not surprising, since it is the
+time, of all the hours of the day, when earth offers the least to the
+human soul to tempt it to remain here. It is no unusual thing to read in
+travellers' accounts of journeys by stage-coach, of riding ten miles on
+the coach, and then--breakfasting. We cannot wonder, therefore, at the
+records of incessant dram-drinking during coach travel which we always
+find in any minute accounts.
+
+An English eye-witness, Captain Basil Hall, thus described the beginning
+of a trip from Providence to Hartford in October, 1829:--
+
+    "The nominal hour of starting was five in the morning; but as
+    everything in America comes sooner than one expects, a great tall man
+    walked into the room at ten minutes before four o'clock to say it
+    wanted half an hour of five: and presently we heard the rumbling of
+    the stage coming to the door upwards of thirty minutes before the time
+    specified. Fortunately there were only five passengers, so we had
+    plenty of room; and as the morning was fine we might have enjoyed the
+    journey much, had we not been compelled to start so miserably early.
+    At the village of Windham we dined in a cheerful sunny parlour on a
+    neatly dressed repast excellent in every way, and with very pleasant
+    chatty company."
+
+So forehanded were American coach-agents and coach-drivers that such
+premature starts were not infrequent. Many a time an indignant passenger,
+on time, but left behind, was sent off after the coach in a chaise with a
+swift horse at full gallop.
+
+Josiah Quincy tells thus of a trip on the Lancaster road during the winter
+of 1826:--
+
+    "At three o'clock this morning the light of a candle under the door
+    and a rousing knock told me that it was time to depart, and shortly
+    after I left Philadelphia by the Lancaster stage, otherwise a vast
+    illimitable wagon, capable of holding some sixteen passengers with
+    decent comfort to themselves, and actually encumbered with some dozen
+    more. After riding till eight o'clock we reached the breakfast house,
+    where we partook of a good meal."
+
+
+[Illustration: "A Wet Start at Daybreak."]
+
+
+Longfellow wrote of his first acquaintance, in the year 1840, with the
+Wayside Inn, otherwise Howe's Tavern, at Sudbury, Massachusetts: "The
+stage left Boston about three o'clock in the morning, reaching the Sudbury
+Tavern for breakfast, a considerable portion of the route being travelled
+in total darkness, and without your having the least idea who your
+companion might be."
+
+Charles Sumner, writing in 1834 of a trip to Washington, says: "We started
+from Boston at half-past three Monday morning with twelve passengers and
+their full complement of baggage on board, and with six horses. The way
+was very dark, so that, though I rode with the driver, it was some time
+before I discovered we had six horses."
+
+The unfortunate soul who wished or was forced to travel from Boston to New
+York in 1802 was permitted a very decent start at ten in the morning. He
+arrived in Worcester at eight at night. Thereafter at Worcester, Hartford,
+and Stamford he had to start at three in the morning and ride till eight
+at night. We can imagine his condition when arriving in New York. The
+Lancaster and Leominster stages left Boston at sunrise. John Melish, the
+English traveller, in 1795, was called to start at two in the morning,
+when he set out from Boston to New York. Badger and Porter's Stage
+Register for 1829 gives the time of starting of the stage to Fitchburg as
+2 A.M.; the Albany stage was the same hour. The stage for Keene set out at
+4 A.M., and the one for Bennington at 2 A.M. The stage for Norwich,
+Connecticut, in 1833 started at 3 A.M. In 1842, the Albany coach left at 4
+A.M. When we remember the meagre "light of other days," the pale rays of a
+candle, usually a tallow one, the smoky flicker of a whale-oil lamp, the
+dingy shadow of an ancient lantern, we can fancy the gloom of that early
+morning departure; and when it was made in snow, or fog, or rain, there
+seemed but scant romance in travel by stage-coach. A fine picture by Mr.
+Edward Lamson Henry, "A Wet Start at Daybreak," is reproduced opposite
+page 370. It is interesting and picturesque--to look at; but it was not
+interesting to experience.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Wayside Inn.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+KNIGHTS OF THE ROAD
+
+
+It is impossible to read of the conditions of life on the public highway
+in England and not wonder at the safety and security with which all travel
+was carried on in the American colonies. In Great Britain shop-robbing,
+foot-padding, street assaults, and highway robberies were daily incidents.
+Stage-coach passengers were specially plundered. From end to end of
+England was heard the cry of "Stand and deliver." Day after day, for weeks
+together, the Hampstead, Islington, Dover, and Hackney coaches were
+stopped in broad daylight, and the passengers threatened and robbed. The
+mail from Bristol to London was robbed every week for five weeks. Scores
+of prisoners were taken, and scores more strung up on the gallows; many
+were shipped off to the Plantations because on hanging day at Tyburn,
+there was not room enough on the gallows for the convicted men. All
+classes turned outlaws. Well-to-do farmers and yeomen organized as
+highwaymen in the Western counties under the name of "the Blacks."
+Justices and landed gentry leagued with "the Owlers" to rob, to smuggle,
+and defraud the customs. Even Adam Smith confessed to a weakness for
+smuggling.
+
+Travellers journeyed with a prayer-book in one hand and a pistol in the
+other. Nothing of this was known in America. Citizens of the colonies
+travelled unhampered by either religion or fear. Men and women walked
+through our little city streets by night and day in safety. The footpads
+and highwaymen who were transported to this country either found new modes
+of crimes or ceased their evil deeds.
+
+Not only on convict ships came highwaymen to America. As redemptioners
+many rogues came hither, sure thus of passage across-seas and trusting to
+luck or craft to escape the succeeding years of bound labor. Among the
+honest men seized in English ports, kidnapped, and shipped to America were
+found some thieves and highwaymen, but all--whether "free-willers,"
+convicts, or "kids"--seemed to drop highway robbery in the new world. We
+were nigh to having one famous thief. Great Moll Cutpurse, had her
+resources been of lesser sort, had been landed in Virginia, for she was
+trapanned and put aboard ship, but escaped ere ship set sail. Perhaps
+'twould have been of small avail, for in Virginia, with its dearth of
+wives, even such a sturdy jade as Moll, "a very tomrig and rumpscuttle,"
+sure had found a husband and consequent domestic sobriety.
+
+There was one very good reason why there was little highway robbery in
+America. Early in our history men began to use drafts and bills of
+exchange, where the old world clung to cash. English travellers persisted
+in carrying gold and bank-notes, while we carried cheques and letters of
+credit. To this day the latter form of money-transfer is more common with
+Americans than with the English. Express messengers in the far West
+carrying gold did not have to wait long for a Jesse James. But our typical
+American scamp has ever been the tramp, formerly the vagabond, not the
+highwayman; though the horse thief kept him close companion.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Perkins Inn, Hopkinton, New Hampshire.]
+
+
+By this absence of the highwaymen, our story of the road has lost much of
+its picturesqueness and color. I have envied the English road-annalists
+their possession of these gay and dashing creatures. Their reckless
+buoyancy, their elegance, their gallantry, their humor, make me long to
+adopt them and set them on our staid New England roads or on Pennsylvania
+turnpikes. Dick Turpin, Claude Duval, Beau Brocade--how I should love to
+have them hold up Benjamin Franklin or John Adams!
+
+There was no lack of rogues in the colonies, but their roguery did not
+take the outlet of highway robbery. One Henry Tufts, a famous vagabond,
+has left an amusing and detailed history of his life and deeds. He stole
+scores of horses by sneaking methods, but never by open seizure on the
+road. He began his wrong-doing after the universal custom of all bad boys
+(but why be invidious?--of all good boys, too), by robbing orchards. He
+soon raised himself to be a leader in deviltry by the following manoeuvre.
+A group of bad boys were to have a stolen feast of bread and cucumbers;
+for the latter esteemed viand they raided a cucumber patch. As they seated
+themselves to gorge upon their ill-gotten fare, Henry Tufts raised a cry
+that the robbed cucumber farmer was upon them. All fled, but Tufts quickly
+returned and ate all the feast himself. He survived the cucumbers, but
+pretended to his confederates that he had been captured and had promised
+to work out the value of the spoils in a week's hard labor. This work
+sentence he persuaded them to share; he then farmed out the lot of young
+workmen at a profit, while they thought themselves nobly sharing his
+punishment. He lived to great old age, and, though at the last he "carried
+his dish pretty uprightly," it was by taking a hand at forgery and
+counterfeiting that he lived when burglary became arduous; his nature,
+though irretrievably bad, was never bold enough to venture his life by
+robbing on the highway.
+
+A very interesting thread of Tuft's story is his connection with the War
+of the Revolution; and it awakens deep compassion for Washington and his
+fellow-generals when we think how many such scamps and adventurers must
+have swarmed into the Federal army, to the disorder of the regiments and
+to their discredit and to the harassment alike of patriot officers and
+patriot soldiers. There were frequent aggressions at the hands of rogues
+in the Middle states, and they became known by the name of Skinners.
+Cooper's novel, _The Spy_, gives an account of these sneaking bands of
+sham patriots. Among those who allied themselves on the side of the King
+was a family of notorious scoundrels, five brothers named Doane.
+
+The story of the Doanes is both tragic and romantic. They were sons of
+respectable Quaker parents of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and during the
+Revolutionary War became celebrated for their evil deeds. They were all
+men of remarkable physical development, tall, strong, athletic, and all
+fine horsemen. Before the war they were of good reputation, and it is said
+proposed to remain neutral; but the Doanes were not permitted to take a
+middle course, and soon enrolled themselves as Tories, which at once
+engendered a bitter feeling between them and their Whig neighbors. They
+began their career of infamy by robbing and plundering in the
+neighborhood, gradually extending their field of operations into
+neighboring counties. Sabine's _Loyalists_ gives the names of three other
+Doanes--kinsmen who were allied with the five brothers in their evil
+deeds. Their place in historical books and history comes to them through
+their services to the British officers during the war. In a dingy
+chap-book entitled _Annals of the Revolution, or a History of the Doanes_,
+full credit is assigned to Moses Doane for giving information to General
+Howe, and planning with him the stratagem which led to the victories of
+the British on Long Island. The Edge Hill skirmish, laid out by Doane and
+agreed to by Howe and Lord Cornwallis, was to be an important move of the
+British. The move was lost by the prompt and brave action of Mrs. Lydia
+Darrach, who overheard the plot and carried news of it to Washington. In
+the terrible massacre at Wyoming the Doanes took prominent part. The close
+of the war seemed but to increase their career of crime. Each brother had
+a sled drawn by four horses. There was heavy snow and a long season of
+sleighing in 1782, and they fairly raided the entire state, robbing again
+and again on the highway. At last an act was passed by the General
+Assembly of Pennsylvania "to encourage the speedy apprehending and
+bringing to justice of divers Robbers, Burglars, and Felons," naming the
+Doanes, and offering a large reward for their capture and a gift of £150
+to any person injured in helping to arrest them, or £300 to the family of
+such a helper should he be killed while aiding the cause of justice.
+
+Joseph Doane was finally secured in prison. He broke jail, however, and
+escaped to New Jersey, where, like many another thief and rogue of his
+day, he found occupation as a school-teacher. He then fled to Canada, and
+died peacefully at an advanced age. Two brothers, Abraham and Mahlon, were
+hanged in Philadelphia. Moses, the leader of the outlaws, had the most
+tragic end. He was the most cruel and powerful of them all; of famous
+athletic powers, it was said he could run and jump over a Conestoga
+wagon. In the latter part of the summer of 1783, the Doanes went to the
+house of one Halsey who lived on Gallows Run, and asked for something to
+eat, and Halsey sent his son to a neighboring mill to get flour for them.
+The boy told that the Doanes were at his father's house, and the miller
+sent the word to a vendue in the neighborhood. A party of fourteen armed
+and mounted men promptly started to capture them. The house was
+surrounded. On approaching the men saw through the clinks of the logs the
+Doanes eating at table, with their guns standing near. William Hart opened
+the door and commanded them to surrender, but they seized their arms and
+fired. Hart seized Moses Doane, threw him down, and secured him. Then
+Robert Gibson rushed into the cabin and shot Doane in the breast, killing
+him instantly. Colonel Hart sent the body of the dead outlaw to his
+unhappy father, who was also tried for sheltering the robbers, and burnt
+in the hand and imprisoned.
+
+
+[Illustration: Russel Tavern, Arlington, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+The most noted scourge of the eighteenth century was Tom Bell. He was for
+years the torment of the Middle colonies, alike in country and in town. He
+was the despair of magistrates, the plague of sheriffs, the dread of
+householders, and the special pest of horse-owners. Meagre advertisements
+in the contemporary newspapers occasionally show his whereabouts and
+doings. This is from the _New York Weekly Post Boy_ of November 5, 1744:--
+
+    "The noted Tom Bell was last week seen by several who knew him walking
+    about this city with a large Patch on his face and wrapt up in a Great
+    Coat, and is supposed to be still lurking."
+
+Two years later, in April 14, 1746, we read:--
+
+    "Tuesday last the famous and Notorious Villain Tom Bell was
+    apprehended in this city and committed to Jail on Suspicion of selling
+    a Horse he had hired some time ago of an Inhabitant of Long Island.
+    His accuser 'tis said has sworn expressly to his Person,
+    notwithstanding which he asserts his Innocence with a most undaunted
+    Front and matchless Impudence. We hear his trial is to come off this
+    week."
+
+His most famous piece of deviltry was his impersonation of a pious parson
+in New Jersey. He preached with as much vigor as he stole, and his
+accidental resemblance to the minister increased his welcome and his scope
+for thieving. So convinced was the entire community that it was the real
+parson who robbed their houses and stole their horses, that on his return
+to his parish he was thrust into prison, and a clerical friend who
+protested against this indignity was set in a pillory in Trenton for false
+swearing. Still, Tom Bell was not a highwayman of the true English stamp;
+he more closely resembled a sneak thief.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Gifford's Tavern.]
+
+
+In the year 1741 the little child of Cornelius Cook, the blacksmith of
+Westborough, Massachusetts, and of his wife Eunice, lay very close to
+death. As was the custom of the day, the good old parson, Dr. Parkman, and
+his deacons prayed earnestly over the boy, that the Lord's will be done;
+but his mother in her distress pleaded thus: "Only spare his life, and I
+care not what he becomes." Tom Cook recovered, and as years passed on it
+became evident by his mischievous and evil deeds that he had entered into
+a compact with the devil, perhaps by his mother's agonized words, perhaps
+by his own pledge. The last year of this compact was at an end, and the
+devil appeared to claim his own as Tom was dressing for another day's
+mischief. Tom had all his wits about him, for he lived upon them. "Wait,
+wait, can't you," he answered the imperative call of his visitor, "till I
+get my galluses on?" The devil acquiesced to this last request, when Tom
+promptly threw the suspenders in the fire, and therefore could never put
+them on nor be required to answer the devil's demands.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Wells' Tavern.]
+
+
+Tom Cook became well known throughout Massachusetts, and indeed throughout
+New England, as a most extraordinary thief. His name appears in the
+records of scores of New England towns; he was called "the honest thief";
+and his own name for himself was "the leveller." He stole from the rich
+and well-to-do with the greatest boldness and dexterity, equalled by the
+kindness and delicacy of feeling shown in the bestowal of his booty upon
+the poor and needy. He stole the dinner from the wealthy farmer's kitchen
+and dropped it into the kettle or on the spit in a poor man's house. He
+stole meal and grain from passing wagons and gave it away before the
+drivers' eyes. A poor neighbor was ill, and her bed was poor. He went to a
+thrifty farm-house, selected the best feather bed in the house, tied it in
+a sheet, carried it downstairs and to the front door, and asked if he
+could leave his bundle there for a few days. The woman recognized him and
+forbade him to bring it within doors, and he went off with an easy
+conscience.
+
+In Dr. Parkman's diary, now in the library of the American Antiquarian
+Society at Worcester, under the date of August 27, 1779, is this entry:
+"The notorious Thom. Cook came in (he says) on Purpose to see me. I gave
+him w{t} admonition, Instruction, and Caution I could--I beseech God to
+give it force! He leaves me with fair Words--thankful and promising."
+There came a time when his crime of arson or burglary led to his trial,
+conviction, and sentence to death. He heard the awful words of the judge,
+"I therefore sentence you to be hanged by the neck till you are dead,
+dead, dead," and he called out cheerfully, "I shall not be there on that
+day, day, day." And when that day came, surely enough, his cell was empty.
+
+Tom Cook was most attractive in personal appearance; agile, well formed,
+well featured, with eyes of deepest blue, most piercing yet most kindly in
+expression. He was adored by children, and his pockets were ever filled
+with toys which he had stolen for their amusement. By older persons he was
+feared and disliked. He extorted from many wealthy farmers an annual toll,
+which exempted them from his depredations. One day a fire was seen rising
+from the chimney of a disused schoolhouse in Brookline, and Tom was caught
+within roasting a stolen goose, which he had taken from the wagon of a
+farmer on his way to market. The squire took him to the tavern, which was
+filled with farmers and carters, many of whom had been his victims. He
+was given his choice of trial and jail, or to run a gantlet of the men
+assembled. He chose the latter, and the long whips of the teamsters paid
+out many an old score of years' standing.
+
+A very amusing story of highway robbery is told of John Buckman of
+Buckman's Tavern, of Lexington, Massachusetts (which is shown on page 23).
+An old toper bought a bottle of rum, and the by-standers jokingly asked
+him what he would do if he were attacked on the road. He answered solemnly
+that he would rather give up his life than his rum. John Buckman slipped
+out of the room, took a brass candlestick that had a slide that could be
+snapped with a noise like the trigger of a pistol. He waylaid the
+rum-lover not far from the tavern, and terrified him so that he quickly
+gave up his beloved bottle. This was a famous joke when John told it in
+the tavern taproom, but John did not laugh the next day when he was
+arrested for highway robbery and fined fifty dollars.
+
+In the year 1818 there took place the nearest approach to a highway
+robbery on the English methods that had ever happened in America. It was
+the robbery of the mail-coach which ran between Baltimore and
+Philadelphia. The story is thus told by one of the victims:--
+
+    "HAVRE DE GRACE,
+    "Thursday morning, 4 o'clock.
+
+    "JOHN H. BARNEY, Esq.,
+
+    "_Sir_: I take the earliest opportunity to send you by an express an
+    account of what happened to the mail last evening. About 2 miles from
+    this place the driver of your mail wagon and myself were attacked by
+    three highwaymen, each armed with a double barrelled pistol and a
+    dirk. They had, previous to our arrival, built a rail fence across the
+    road, and immediately on our driving up they leaped from behind the
+    same, where they lay concealed, and presented their pistols,
+    threatening to blow our brains out if we made any resistance. We were
+    then carried some distance from the road into the woods; there they
+    tied the driver and myself to a tree and commenced searching the mail.
+    Every letter was opened and all the bank notes taken out; they showed
+    me a large bundle of bills, and I much fear the loss will be found
+    very great. They were from 11 until 3 o'clock busily employed in
+    opening the letters. After they had done this they tied us to the back
+    of the wagon, mounted three of the horses and galloped off towards
+    Baltimore. They were all white men--had their faces blackened, and
+    neither of them appeared more than 20. I have just arrived at this
+    place and have stated the facts to the deputy postmaster, who will use
+    every exertion to recover the letters that remain in the woods. They
+    did not take anything belonging to me, & appeared not to wish anything
+    but bank notes. They were all dressed in sailor's trowsers and round
+    jackets, & were about the middle size; two wearing hats & the other
+    having a silk handkerchief tied around his head.
+
+    "I am your obt. servt.
+    "THOS. W. LUDLOW.
+
+    "P. S. They called each other by their several names--Johnson, Gibson,
+    and Smith, but I expect they were fictitious."
+
+At that date and season of the year the "Eastern mail," on account of the
+heavy roads, was carried in a light carriage called a dearborn, with four
+horses. This Lieutenant Ludlow of the United States Navy obtained
+permission to accompany the driver in this mail-carriage. They left
+Baltimore at three o'clock and were held up at eleven. One robber desired
+to shoot Lieutenant Ludlow and the driver, but the others objected, and,
+on leaving, offered the driver ten dollars. They took no money from
+Ludlow, and though they looked at his handsome gold repeater to learn the
+time, they carefully returned it to his pocket. The very next day two men
+named Hare, known to be journeymen tailors of Baltimore, entered a
+clothing shop in that city, and made such a lavish display of money that
+they were promptly arrested, and over twenty thousand dollars in money and
+drafts was found upon them. They were puny fellows, Levi Hare being but
+twenty years old, and contemporary accounts say "one person of average
+strength could easily manage them both."
+
+The total amount of bills and drafts recovered amounted to ninety thousand
+dollars, and made the robbery the largest ever attempted. A few days later
+a third brother Hare was arrested, and thirteen hundred dollars was found
+in his house. The third robber proved to be John Alexander.
+
+A Baltimore newspaper dated May 18, gives an account of the sentence of
+the three men after their interesting trial:--
+
+    "On Thursday last John Alexander, Joseph T. Hare, and Lewis Hare were
+    brought before Court to receive sentence. Judge Duval presided--first
+    addressed Lewis Hare and sentenced him to ten years' imprisonment--J.
+    T. Hare and Alexander sentenced to death. As Jos. T. Hare was
+    proceeding from the Court House to prison accompanied by the
+    constable, they had to cross Jones' Falls, over which the trunk of a
+    tree was laid for foot passengers to walk on; when they arrived in the
+    middle of the creek Hare made an attempt to release his hands from his
+    irons, and to knock the constable into the creek; it proved fruitless,
+    but in the scuffle Hare tore off the lappelle of the constable's coat.
+    After he reached prison he made an attack on the turnkey and nearly
+    bit off his finger."
+
+I have seen an amusing old chap-book entitled _The Life of the Celebrated
+Mail Robber and Daring Highwayman Joseph Thompson Hare_, and it has a
+comical illustration of "The Scuffle between Hare and the Constable," in
+which the constable, much dressed up in tight trousers, tailed coat, and
+high silk hat, struggles feebly with the outlaw as they balance like
+acrobats on the narrow tree-trunk.
+
+The whole account of this mail robbery has a decidedly tame flavoring. The
+pale tailors, so easily overcoming a presumably brave naval officer and a
+government mail-carrier; the leisurely ransacking of the mail-bags; the
+speedy and easy arrest of the tailors and recovery of their booty, and the
+astonishing simplicity of transporting the scantily guarded felon across a
+creek on a fallen tree as though on a pleasant country ramble, all combine
+to render it far from being a tale of terror or wild excitement.
+
+The account of the death of the highwayman is thus told in the _Federal
+Republican and Baltimore Telegraph_ of September 11, 1818.
+
+    "THE EXECUTION.
+
+    "Agreeably to public notice, the awful sentence of death was yesterday
+    inflicted on J. Thompson Hare and John Alexander, in the presence of a
+    vast concourse assembled to witness the ignominious ceremony. Their
+    lives have expiated the crime for which they suffered. Justice has no
+    demands on them in the grave.
+
+    "The gallows was sufficiently elevated above the walls of the prison
+    to afford a distinct view of the unfortunate men to spectators at the
+    distance of several hundred yards.
+
+    "Hare has made a confession which is now hawking about town for sale.
+    In it he observes that, 'for the last fourteen years of my life I have
+    been a robber, and have robbed on a large scale, and been more
+    successful than any robber either in Europe or in this country that I
+    ever heard of.'"
+
+This lying dying boast of Hare fitly closes his evident failure as a
+highwayman.
+
+An account of a negro highwayman is given in the _Federal Republican and
+Baltimore Telegraph_ of September 11, 1818.
+
+
+[Illustration: Relay House, Mattapan Tavern.]
+
+
+In the early years of this century there existed in eastern Massachusetts
+an organized band of thieves. It is said they were but one link in a chain
+of evil night-workers which, with a home or shelter in every community,
+reached from Cape Hatteras to Canada. This band was well organized, well
+trained, and well housed; it had skilful means of concealing stolen goods
+in innocent-faced cottages, in barns of honest thrift, and in wells and
+haystacks in simple dooryards. One mild-manered and humble house had a
+deep cellar which could be entered by an ingeniously hidden broad-side
+door in a woodshed; into this cave a stolen horse and wagon or a pursued
+load of cribbed goods might be driven, be shut in, and leave no outward
+sign. Other houses had secret cellars, a deep and wide one beneath a
+shallow, innocuous storage place for domestic potato and apple bins, and
+honest cider barrels. In a house sheltering one of these subterranean
+mysteries, a hard-working young woman was laboriously and discreetly
+washing clothes when surprised by the sheriff and his aids, who wisely
+invaded but fruitlessly searched the house. Nothing save the simplest
+household belongings was found in that abode of domesticity; but in later
+years, after the gang was scattered, a trap-door and ladder were found
+leading to the sub-cellar, and with chagrin and mortification the sheriff
+remembered that the woman's washing tubs stood unharmed upon the trap-door
+during the fruitless search.
+
+An amusing battering ram was used by another woman of this gang on the
+sheriff who came to her house to arrest one of those thieves. The outlaw
+fled upstairs at the approach of the officer, but his retreat was noted,
+and the man of law attempted to follow and seize him. The wife of the
+thief--his congenial mate--opposed the passage of the sheriff, and when he
+attempted to push her one side and to crowd past her, she suddenly seized
+the crosspiece over the staircase, swung back by her hands and arms,
+planted both feet against the officer's chest, and knocked him down with
+such a sudden blow and consequent loss of wind, that the thief was far
+away ere the sheriff could move or breathe.
+
+The leader of this band of thieves was an ingenious and delightful
+scamp--one George White. He was hard to catch, and harder to keep than to
+catch. Handcuffs were to him but pleasing toys. His wrists were large, his
+hands small; and when the right moment came, the steel bracelets were
+quickly empty. Locks and bolts were as easily thrust aside and left far,
+far behind him as were the handcuffs. At last he was branded on his
+forehead H. T., which stands for horse thief; a mean trick of a stupid
+constable who had scant self-confidence or inventiveness. Curling
+lovelocks quickly grow, however, and are ill in no one's sight; indeed,
+they were in high fashion in similar circles in England at that time, when
+various letters of the alphabet might be seen on the cheeks and brow of
+many a gay traveller on the highway when the wind blew among the long
+locks.
+
+
+[Illustration: Wilde Tavern, 1770. Milton, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+Term after term in jail and prison were decreed to George White when luck
+turned against him. Yet still was he pardoned, as he deserved to be, for
+his decorous deportment when behind bars; and he had a habit of being
+taken out on a writ of _habeas corpus_ or to be transferred; but he never
+seemed to reach his journey's end, and soon he would appear on the road,
+stealing and roistering. The last word which came from him to New England
+was a letter from the Ohio Penitentiary, saying he was dying, and asking
+some of his kin to visit him. They did not go, he had fooled them too
+often. Perhaps they feared they might put new life into him. But the one
+time they were sure he lied he told the truth--and his varied career thus
+ended.
+
+Flying once along a Massachusetts highway on a stolen horse, George White
+was hotly pursued. At the first sharp turn in the road he dismounted in a
+flash, cut the horse a lash with his whip, altered the look of his garment
+with a turn of his hand, tore off his hat brim and thus had a jaunty cap,
+and started boldly back on foot. Meeting the sheriff and his men all in a
+heat, he fairly got under their horses' feet, and as they pulled up they
+bawled out to know whether he had seen a man riding fast on horseback.
+"Why, yes," he answered ingenuously, "I met a man riding as though the
+devil were after him." They found the horse in half an hour, but they
+never found George White.
+
+He once stole a tavern-keeper's horse, trimmed the mane, thinned out the
+tail, and dyed the horse's white feet. He led the renovated animal in to
+the bereft landlord, saying innocently that he had heard his horse was
+stolen, and thought he might want to buy another. He actually sold this
+horse back to his owner, but in a short time the horse's too evident
+familiarity with his wonted stable and yard and the fast-fading dye
+revealed the rascal's work. To another tavern-keeper he owed a bill for
+board and lodging, which, with the incongruity of ideals and morals which
+is often characteristic of great minds, he really wished to pay. The
+landlord had a fine black horse which he had displayed to his boarder
+with pride. This horse was kept temporarily in a distant pasture. White
+stole the horse one night, rode off a few miles, and sold it and was paid
+for it. He stole it again that night from the purchaser, sold it, and was
+paid. He stole it a third time and returned it to the pasture from whence
+it never had been missed. He then paid his board-bill as an honest man
+should.
+
+
+[Illustration: Ashburnham Thief Detecting Society.]
+
+
+These gangs of horse thieves became such pests, such scourges in the
+Northern states, that harassed citizens in many towns gathered into bands
+and associations for mutual protection and systematic detection of the
+miscreants. A handbill of the "Ashburnham Thief Detecting Society" had an
+engraved heading which is reproduced on this page, which showed a mounted
+thief riding across country with honest citizens in hot pursuit. The Thief
+Detecting Society of Hingham had, in 1847, eighty-seven members. It used a
+similar print for a heading for handbills, also one of a boy stealing
+apples--as a severe lesson to youth.
+
+In the year 1805 an abrupt and short but fierce attempt was made at
+highway robbery and burglary in Albany. The story as told in a chap-book
+is so simple, so antique, so soberly comic, that it might be three
+centuries old instead of scarce one. The illustrations, though of the date
+1836, are of the standard of art of the seventeenth century.
+
+It seems a piece of modern Philistinism to spoil the story--as I must--by
+condensation. The title of the book is _The Robber, or Pye and The
+Highwayman_, and the irony of giving Pye place before the highwayman or
+any place at all will be apparent by the story. In this tale two sturdy
+Albany dames shine as models of courage and fearlessness by the side of
+the terror-stricken burghers of the entire town, whose reputation to a man
+was only saved from the branding of utter and universal cowardice by the
+appearance and manly carriage and triumph at the end of the night's fray
+of old Winne the pennypost.
+
+There put up that year in December at an Albany tavern a young man who
+gave his name as Johnson; he was aristocratic in bearing and dress, dark
+of complexion, sombre of aspect, but courteous and pleasant, "with a
+daring but cultivated eye." When questioned of himself and his business,
+however, Johnson was silent and taciturn. His magnificent horse and pair
+of splendid pistols were noted by the solid Dutch burghers and sharp
+Yankee traders who smoked and drank beer within the tavern walls; and one
+wintry afternoon the stranger was seen carefully cleaning the pair of
+pistols.
+
+On that bitter night, a man--none other than our black-browed
+highwayman--rode clattering up to the toll-gate two miles below the town,
+and called out to open the gate; when the wife of the toll-keeper appeared
+to do that duty he jumped from his horse, rushed in toward the house,
+demanding in a terrible voice all the money in the toll till and chest.
+The woman was terrified at this demand, yet not so scared but she could at
+his first approach throw the fat bag with all the accumulation of toll
+money under the porch, and do it unseen by the highwayman; and she at once
+asserted tearfully, with the alacritous mendacity born of sharp terror
+(the account says with great earnestness and womanish simplicity), that
+her husband had gone to the agent in town with all the month's
+collections, leaving her but a few shillings for change, which she
+displayed in the gate-drawer for proof. Disgusted but credulous, the
+villain rode off with loud oaths, baffled in the simplest fashion by Dame
+Trusty No. 1.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Williams Tavern.]
+
+
+He then went to the tavern of John Pye, the wealthy landlord, on the West
+Troy road. He found the house locked peacefully for the night, but forced
+a window and entered. In the barroom and kitchen, the fire was carefully
+covered to keep till morning. Lighting his dark lantern with the coals, he
+then poured water on both fires and extinguished them, and I have puzzled
+long in my mind wondering why he dallied, risking detection by doing this.
+He then went to the room where Pye and his wife were peacefully reposing,
+and rudely awakened them. Mrs. Pye, promptly assuming the rôle she
+carried throughout, jumped from her bed and asked him what he wished. He
+answered, the chap-book says, "silently," "I deal with your husband,
+Madam, not with you"--and a more fatuous mistake never issued from lips of
+highwayman. To Pye he then said, "Your money or your life." Pye, heavy
+with sleep--and natural stupidity--seemed to fancy some trick was being
+played on him in mischief, and to the highwayman's demand for money
+answered, half alarmed, half peevish, "It's damned little money you'll get
+out of me, my lad, as the thing is but indifferently plenty with me." But
+he was roused at last by the fierceness of threats and gestures, and
+whimpered that his money was below; and the two proceeded downstairs to
+the taproom by the light of the robber's lantern. The moment they left the
+room, Mrs. Pye ran softly to a bedroom where slept two sojourners at the
+inn, wakened them with hurried words of the robber's visit and her beloved
+Pye's danger, and made appeals for help; and as an emphatic wakener
+pulled them out of bed upon the floor. Then she ran swiftly back to bed.
+
+In the meantime the terrified Pye recalled that his wife had the keys of
+the taproom till which held his money, and he and the highwayman returned
+to her bedroom and demanded them from her. "I'll give the keys to thee nor
+no man else," she stoutly answered. "Thee must, I tell thee," whined Pye,
+"or worse may happen." "Pye, I'll not give up my keys," still she cried,
+and seized a loaded gun by the bedside; for fierce answer the highwayman
+fired his pistol at Pye. With lamentable outcries Pye called out he was a
+dead man, and his arm fell to his side. His wife thrust the gun in his
+hands, shouting, "Fire, Pye, fire! he's feeling for another pistol." "I
+cannot," he quavered out, "I cannot hold the gun." She pushed it into his
+hands, held up his arm, aimed for him, and between them they pulled the
+trigger. In a second all was utter darkness and stillness: they had hit
+the highwayman. He pitched forward, fell on his lantern, put it out, and
+lay as one dead. Here was a situation for a good, thrifty, staid Albany
+vrouw, a dying husband on one side, a dead highwayman on the other, all in
+utter darkness. She ran for coals to the barroom and kitchen fires. Both
+were wet and black. She had no tinder box, coals must be brought from a
+neighbor's. She suddenly bethought of an unusual fire that had been
+lighted in the parlor the previous evening for customers, where still
+might be a live coal. This was her good fortune, and with lighted candle
+she proceeded to the scene of attack. Pye lay in a swoon on the bed, but
+by this time the highwayman had vanished; and safe and untouched under the
+bed were five hundred dollars in gold and five hundred more in bills,
+which, it is plain, Pye himself had wholly forgotten in his fright.
+
+In the meantime where were the two "knights of the bedchamber," as the
+chap-book calls them? Far more silently than the robber they feared had
+they slid downstairs, and away from the tavern into hiding, until the
+highwayman rode past them.
+
+They then tracked him by trails of blood, and soon saw him dismounted and
+rolling in the snow as if to quench the flow of blood. Though they knew he
+was terribly wounded and they were two to one, they stole past him at a
+safe distance in silence to the protection of the town, where they raised
+the cry of "A robber! Watch! Murder! Help! A band of highwaymen! Pye is
+dead!" Oh, how bravely they bawled and shouted! and soon a hue and cry was
+started from end to end of Albany town.
+
+With an extraordinary lack of shrewdness which seemed to characterize the
+whole of this episode of violence, and which proved Johnson no trained
+"swift-nick," as Charles II. called highwaymen, instead of making off to
+some of the smaller towns or into the country, he rode back to Albany; and
+soon the night-capped heads thrust from the little Dutch windows, and
+terrified men leaning out over the Dutch doors, and the few amazed groups
+in the streets saw a fleet horseman, hatless, with bloody handkerchief
+bound around his head, come galloping and thundering through Albany, down
+one street, then back again to the river. When he reached the quay, the
+horse fearlessly sprang without a moment's trembling a terrible leap,
+eight feet perpendicular, twenty feet lateral, out on the ice. All
+screamed out that horse and rider would go through the ice and perish. But
+the ice was strong, and soon horse and rider were out of sight; but
+mounted men were now following the distant sound of hoofs, and when the
+outlaw reached what he thought was the opposite shore, but what was really
+a marshy island, one bold pursuer rode up after him. The robber turned,
+fired at him at random, and the Albany brave fled in dismay back to his
+discreet neighbors.
+
+But honor and courage was now appearing across the ice in the figure of
+Captain Winne, the pennypost, who was heard to mutter excitedly in his
+semi-Dutch dialect: "Mine Cott! vat leeps das horse has mate! vull dwenty
+feet! Dunder and bliksem! he's der tuyfel for rooning!" Winne was an old
+Indian fighter, and soon he boldly grappled the highwayman, who drew a
+dagger on him. Winne knocked it from his hand. The highwayman grappled
+with him, wrenched away his club, and hit the pennypost a blow on his
+mouth which loosened all his front teeth (which, the chap-book says,
+"Winne afterwards took out at his leisure"). Winne then dallied no longer;
+he pulled down the handkerchief from the robber's forehead, twisted it
+around his neck, and choked him. In the morning twilight the great band of
+cautious Albanians gravely advanced, bound the highwayman securely, and
+carried him in triumph back to jail. He was placed in heavy irons, when he
+said, "Iron me as you will, you can hold me but a short time." All thought
+he meant to attempt an escape, but he spoke with fuller meaning; he felt
+himself mortally wounded. They put an iron belt around his waist and
+fastened it by a heavy chain to a staple in the floor. They placed great
+rings around his ankles, chained them to the floor, and then chained
+ankle-bands and belt together. They would have put an iron collar and
+chain on him also, but he said, "Gentlemen! have some mercy!" and a
+horrible wound at the base of the brain made them desist.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Williams Tavern.]
+
+
+Poor Mrs. Pye visited him, with much distress of spirit, and sympathized
+with him and grieved over him as he lay face downward on the stone floor.
+And it arouses a sense of amused indignation to know that he asked
+earnestly for Pye and expressed deep regret at having injured him--he
+wasn't badly hurt, anyway. Our heroine, Dame Pye, certainly deserved a
+better and braver husband, and it is pleasant to know that she outlived
+Pye and found, if not a more courageous mate, certainly a very fine young
+one--her bar-keeper, forty years younger than herself.
+
+The highwayman escaped the tree, for he died in jail. There is reason to
+believe he was a Southerner of good birth. The horse was so widely
+described and exploited that his story reached a Virginia gentleman, his
+real owner, from whom he had been stolen. The sagacious animal had been
+trained to follow a peculiar whistle, and to jump at anything. The
+gentleman proved his ownership and took the splendid animal-hero home.
+
+In the year 1821 a highwayman was executed in Massachusetts, Mike Martin,
+or Captain Lightfoot, who really was a very satisfactory outlaw, a real
+hightoby-crack, though he was only an imported one, not a native
+production. His life, as given by himself, is most entertaining. He had to
+his father a Kilkenny Irishman, who apprenticed the boy early in life to
+his uncle, a brewer. The brewer promptly beat him, he ran home, and got a
+bigger beating. In truth, he was a most beatable brat. When sixteen years
+old he joined the Ribbonmen, a political organization that committed many
+petty crimes and misdemeanors, besides regulating landlords. When his
+father found out the kind of company kept by the young rascal, he beat him
+again. Mike promptly took as a salve five guineas from his father's trunk,
+opening it with a master-key which had been kindly made for him by a
+Ribbonman, and which he was enjoined to keep constantly with him as a
+conveniency. He says, "I had always stolen in a small way." With his five
+guineas he ran away to Dublin, and pretended reformation and remorse so
+successfully to a cousin that the latter employed him in a distillery. In
+return he stole petty amounts continually from his cousin's money chest,
+by help of his master-key. Soon he was a settled outcast, and at this
+juncture met at an inn a fine, handsome clergyman, about forty years of
+age, over six feet tall, dark-eyed, of great muscle and strength; his name
+was John Doherty. In spite of his black clerical dress he seemed somewhat
+mysterious in character, and after pumping Martin he disclosed in turn
+that he was the famous highwayman, Captain Thunderbolt.
+
+He at once claimed Martin as one of the real sort, and they were talking
+over a union of forces and schemes when a party of dragoons came to the
+inn in pursuit of Thunderbolt. He escaped through a window, but in a
+week's time came back dressed as a Quaker and joined his companion, who at
+the age of twenty-one thus blossomed out as a real knight of the road, as
+Captain Lightfoot, with a pair of fine pistols and a splendid horse, "Down
+the Banks," to keep company with Thunderbolt's "Beefsteak." Thus equipped,
+these two gentlemen rode as gentlemen should, to the hunt. There, alone,
+to prove what he could do, Mike Martin robbed four huntsmen, and to his
+pride was mistaken by them for Thunderbolt himself. But the huntsmen soon
+had their turn; sheriffs and soldiers drove the two knights to the woods;
+and after weeks of uncomfortable hiding Mike Martin was properly penitent
+and longed for an honest man's seat in a tavern taproom. There is no
+retreat, however, in this career; the pair of robbers next entered a
+house, called all the people together, and robbed the entire trembling
+lot. Through Scotland and Ireland they rode till the highways got too hot
+for them, advertisements were everywhere, a hue and cry was out, and
+Thunderbolt fled to America.
+
+Mike Martin, terrified at the multiplying advertisements and rewards,
+disguised himself, and sailed for New York. Quarrels and mutiny on
+shipboard brought him ashore at Salem, where he worked for a time for Mr.
+Derby. He soon received a sum of money from his father's estate and set up
+as a brewer. But Salem Yankees were too sharp for the honest highwayman,
+and he lost it all and had to take again to the road. From Portsmouth to
+Canada,--from pedlers, from gentlemen,--on horseback, in chaises,--he ran
+his rig; finally, in spite of advertisements in newspapers and printed
+reports and handbills at every country inn, he worked his way back to New
+Hampshire; and on a moonlight night he found himself horseless in the
+bushes. Two men rode up, and one held back as Mike Martin stepped forth.
+"Who's that?" said the foremost man. "I'm the bold Doherty from Scotland,"
+said he, taking Thunderbolt's name and not in vain. "And what are you
+after?" said the shaking traveller. "Stop and I'll show you." Mike then
+presented his pistol and demanded of the gentleman his money or his life.
+Promptly money and papers were turned over. "Stand back by the fence,"
+said the highwayman. "Here, Jack, look after this fellow," he swaggered to
+make the traveller think he had an accomplice; and he mounted the fine
+horse and rode off. He robbed some one in some way every few miles on the
+road till he was back in Salem. There he promptly acquiesced to the
+decorous customs of the New England town, and went to a lecture; on his
+way home from his intellectual refreshment, he asked the time of a
+well-dressed man. "Can't you hear the clock strike?" was the surly answer.
+"I'll hear your watch strike or strike your head," was the surprising
+reply. Out came watch and money with the cowardly alacrity ever displayed
+at his demands. From thence to the Sun Tavern in Boston, where he learned
+of a grand party at Governor Brooks's at Medford. He said in his
+confession, "I thought there might be some fat ones there and decided to
+be of the company." After an evening of astonishing bravado and
+recklessness, displaying himself at taverns and on the road, he held up
+Major Bray and his wife on the Medford turnpike, near the Ten Mile Farm
+which once belonged to Governor Winthrop. The gentlefolk were in "a
+genteel horse and chaise." Madam Bray began to try to conceal her
+watch-chain, but Captain Lightfoot politely told her he never robbed
+ladies. Major Bray turned over his watch and pocketbook, but begged to
+keep his papers. Martin said later, "The circumstances as given by Major
+Bray at the trial were correct, only he forgot to state that he was much
+frightened and trembled like a leaf." After stopping other chaises, he
+took the surprisingly foolhardy step of going to the tavern at Medford,
+where he found already much excitement about the robbery of Major Bray,
+and met many suspicious glances. He rode off, and soon a crowd was after
+him crying, "Stop Thief."
+
+
+[Illustration: Poore Tavern and Sign-board.]
+
+
+In his mad flight his stirrup broke, he fell from his horse and dislocated
+his shoulder; thence through fields and marshes on foot till he dropped
+senseless from pain and fatigue. When he recovered, he tied his suspenders
+to a tree at one end and the other end to his wrist and pulled the
+shoulder into place. Then by day and night through farms and woods to
+Holliston. In the taproom of the tavern he called for brandy, but he saw
+such a good description of himself with a reward for his capture, while he
+was drinking off his glass, it took away his appetite for the dinner he
+had ordered.
+
+He was then tired of foot travel, and stole a horse and rode to
+Springfield. Here he put up at a tavern, where he slept so sound that he
+was only awakened by landlord, sheriff, and a score of helpers who had
+traced the horse to Springfield. Major Bray's robbery was unknown there,
+but he was tried for it, however, when it was found out, on October 21,
+and convicted and sentenced to death. He cheerfully announced that he
+should escape if he could, but he was put in heavy irons. When in jail at
+Lechmere Point he struck the turnkey, Mr. Coolidge, on the head with his
+severed chain. He pushed past the stunned keeper, thrust open the door,
+and ran for his life. He was captured in a cornfield and Coolidge was the
+man who grabbed him. It was found that he had filed through the chain with
+a case-knife, filled the cut with a paste of tallow and coal-dust, and
+though the link had been frequently examined the cut had never been noted.
+He declared he would have escaped, only the heavy chain and weight which
+he had worn had made him lose the full use of his legs, and he had to run
+with one end of the chain and a seventeen-pound weight in his hand.
+
+
+[Illustration: Monroe Tavern, Lexington, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+He was executed in December and behaved with great propriety and
+sobriety. He showed neither cant, levity, nor bravado. He prayed silently
+just before his death, professed penitence, and went to the gallows with
+composure. He arranged his dress and hair carefully before a glass, showed
+a kind disposition to all, and finally gave the signal himself for the
+drop. A tall and handsome scamp, with piercing blue eyes and fine
+complexion, his marked intelligence and sweetness of expression made him
+most attractive. His frame was perfect in symmetry, and he was wonderful
+in his strength and endurance--truly an ideal highwayman; it must have
+been a pleasure to meet him.
+
+Thus it is very evident that neither highway robbery nor highwaymen
+thrived in America. They mended their ways very promptly--and apparently
+they wanted to. A very striking example of this is in the American career
+of Captain Thunderbolt, the friend and teacher of Mike Martin. When he set
+foot on American soil, he tamely abandoned all his old picturesque wicked
+ways. He settled first in Dummerston, Vermont, where he taught school and
+passed his leisure hours in seclusion and study. He then set up as a
+physician, in Newfane, Vermont, calling himself Dr. Wilson, and he moved
+from thence to Brattleboro, where his house stood on the present site of
+the railroad station. He married the daughter of a prominent Brattleboro
+farmer, but was too stern and reserved to prove a good American husband.
+He lived to be about sixty-five years old, and had a good and lucrative
+professional practice.
+
+I know two authentic cases of highway robbery of stage-coaches in New
+England; one was from the driver, of a large sum of money which had been
+entrusted to him. It was his wife who stole it. She was not prosecuted,
+for she returned the money, and it was believed she would not have taken
+it from any one else. The other theft was that of a bonnet. Just as a
+stage was to start off from a tavern door, a woman jumped on the step,
+seized the bonnet of a woman passenger, tore it from her head, and made
+off with it before the outraged traveller's shrieks could reach the driver
+and stop the coach; and--as the chronicler solemnly recounted to me--the
+robber was never heard of more. These two highwaywomen have the honors of
+the road.
+
+It may be deemed somewhat grandiloquent to term to-day this theft of a
+bonnet "highway robbery"; but I can assure you a fine bonnet was a most
+respected belonging in olden times, and if of real Dunstable or fine
+Leghorn straw and trimmed with real ostrich plumes it might be also a
+costly belonging, and to steal it was no light matter--indeed it was a
+hanging matter. For in Boston, when John Hancock was governor, a woman was
+hanged for snatching a bonnet from another's head and running off with
+it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+TAVERN GHOSTS
+
+
+England was ever the birthplace and abiding-place of ghosts. Thoroughly
+respectable most of these old residents were, their manifestations being
+stereotyped with all the conventionalities of the spirit world. When the
+colonists came to the new world the friendly and familiar spectres did not
+desert their old companions, but emigrated also, and "sett down satysfyed"
+in enlarged log cabins, and houses built of American pine, just as the
+planters did; and in these humbler domiciles both classes of inhabitants
+were soon as much at home as they had been in oaken manor houses and stone
+castles in the "ould countrie."
+
+In New England the tavern was often the chosen place of abode and of
+visitation of spirits; like other travellers on life's weary round, these
+travellers on the round of the dead found their warmest welcome at an inn.
+Naturally new conditions developed new phenomena; the spirits of unhappy
+peasants, of cruel barons, of hated heirs at law, of lovelorn ladies,
+found novel companions, among whom the manitous and wraiths of the red men
+cut the strangest figure. The ghosts of pirates, too, were prime
+favorites in America, especially in seaboard towns, but were never such
+frequent visitors, nor on the whole such picturesque visitors, as were the
+spirits of Indians:--
+
+    "The ghosts that come to haunt us
+  From the kingdom of Ponemah,
+  From the land of the Hereafter."
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Dewey Tavern.]
+
+
+I have known a good many tavern ghosts of Indians--though their deeds as
+recounted are often far from being original or aboriginal. Reuben Jencks
+owned a tavern that had a very good Indian ghost. This ghost was not one
+of the inconsiderate kind that comes when you are awake, and half scares
+you to death; this noble red man stole in silently by night, so silently
+that the sleeper never awakened, and hence was never frightened, for
+nothing seems overstrange, uncanny, or impossible in a dream. Even when
+the Indian brandished his tomahawk and seized the visited one by the hair
+of the head, it never seemed to be anything more than might be expected,
+nor did he ever appear overfierce in his threats and gestures.
+Nevertheless in course of time his appearances gave a name to the
+apartment he visited; it came to be known as the Indian Chamber. And
+travelling chapmen, pedlers, or traders who had been over the route
+frequently, and had heard the tale at every trip, sometimes objected to
+sleeping in the room--not that they were afraid--but it was somewhat of a
+nuisance.
+
+It was not known that any Indian ever had received aught of injury at the
+hands of any at the Black Horse Tavern, save the derivative injury from
+too frequent and liberal draughts of hard cider, which was freely dealt
+out to every sorry brave who wandered there. There were some simpletons
+who said that the Indian's visits were to resent the injury done to
+another old inn, a rival down the road, named The Pine Tree, but which
+bore the figure of an Indian on its sign-board, and was oftener known as
+The Indian Tavern. This was nonsense. The Pine Tree had no visitors
+because it did not deserve them, had a vile table and a worse stable,
+while the Black Horse Tavern gave the best of the earth to its guests.
+
+Reuben Jencks had not been born in this tavern. He inherited it from an
+uncle, and he was already married and had a family of small children when
+the tavern came to him. Another baby was born soon after, and as the
+Indian Chamber was the largest in the house, Mrs. Jencks quietly disposed
+of the objections of timid and superstitious chapmen and pedlers by taking
+the room for her own sleeping apartment.
+
+It would seem to be a brave warrior, albeit a savage and a ghost, who
+would enter a room as densely populated as that of Mr. and Mrs. Jencks.
+There was for the repose of landlord and landlady a vast four-post
+bedstead with curtains, valance, and tester of white dimity; and under
+this high bed was thrust by day a low trundle bed. At night it was drawn
+out, and upon it slept the three little daughters of the Jencks family.
+Upon an old high-backed settle set on rockers slept Reuben Jencks, Jr.,
+the deposed king of the family. Adjustable bars slipped in the front of
+this settle made it a safe crib. This stood on one side of the fireplace,
+and the new baby reposed, when he slept at all, in a deeply hooded
+mahogany cradle. There was a great fire ever and cheerfully burning in the
+fireplace--and yet to this chamber of infantile innocence and comfort came
+the saturnine form of the Indian ghost.
+
+
+[Illustration: Cutter's Tavern Sign-board.]
+
+
+He was, in one sense, a thoroughly satisfactory apparition, being suitably
+clad in full trappings of war, buckskin and turkey feathers, bear's teeth
+and paint; he was none of those miserable half-breed travesties of Indians
+who sometimes still sneaked round to the tavern kitchen, clad in vile
+clothes of civilization, so greasy and worn and dirty that a blanket
+would have been as stately in comparison as a Roman toga; Indians devoid
+of bravery, dignity, and even of cunning, whose laziness, high
+cheek-bones, and hair coarse as a horse's tail, and their unvarying love
+of rum, were the only proofs of Indian blood; whose skin, even, had turned
+from copper tawny to dingy yellow.
+
+To Mrs. Jencks, reposing in state among her abundant goose feathers on the
+high bedstead, came one night the spectre in her dreams, pulled off her
+nightcap, seized her by her long hair, dragged her downstairs and out of
+doors, pointed fiercely to the roots of the great cedar at the gate,
+muttering all the while in broken English of avenging an insult to his
+race. As Mrs. Jencks awoke wholly uninjured, she merely laughed at her
+vision, saying that all the talk she had heard had made her dream it. But
+when she had dreamt it three times, three nights running, and the ghost
+kept speaking of an act of insult to him, that it must be avenged,
+removed, etc., and kept ever pointing to the base of the cedar tree, Ben
+Jencks insisted on digging for what he felt sure was hidden treasure. He
+and his menials dug deep and dug wide, and nearly killed the splendid old
+cedar, but found nothing. The next time the ghost appeared he dragged the
+astral body of Mrs. Jencks down to the other cedar tree on the right-hand
+side of the gateway. Ben Jencks dug again with the same result. Neither he
+nor the ghost was daunted, and a fine apple tree in the garden next the
+orchard was the next victim. It was a Sapson apple tree, the variety
+which all the children loved, and it ceased bearing for several years. As
+it wilted and pined after the rough spading at its roots, Mrs. Jencks
+doggedly vowed never to repeat any of the ghost's lies again.
+
+
+[Illustration: Clock with Painting of Pahquoique House.]
+
+
+We must not be too contemptuous of this unprincipled Indian spirit. He
+simply belonged to a class of ghosts of whom Andrew Lang says
+complainingly that they have a passion for pointing out places and saying
+treasures or skeletons are buried within; whereas it always proves that
+nothing of the sort is ever found. There are liars among the living as
+well as of the dead, and Mrs. Jencks's Indian never said it was a
+treasure--he only hinted darkly at the buried thing being associated with
+some degradation or insult to the Indian race. The treasure was all in Ben
+Jencks's brain--and the brains of his friends. Mrs. Jencks's silence to
+her husband did not prevent her however from having several treasure-hunts
+alone by herself, after the Indian's renewed visits and pointing finger,
+for he changed nothing in his programme save the spot he indicated. She
+spent an entire day pulling and poking among the attic rafters. She
+rolled out several empty cider barrels from a distant cellar corner, and
+even dug a hole there secretly. Her husband at last discovered her
+mysteriously poking a hole down a disused well, and promptly had the well
+cleaned out; but of course nothing was found save the usual well contents,
+and thus the years rolled on.
+
+One morning Lucy Jencks whimpered that the Indian had pulled her out of
+bed in the night and pointed out to her where to hunt. Lucy was nearly
+eleven years old; a clever, sharp, active little Yankee, who helped to
+shell peas and string beans and scour pewter, and who could knit famously
+and spin pretty well. This brought her naturally in the company of her
+elders, and she proved the influence of the ghost talk she had heard by
+repeating the Indian's words that "the derision of his ancient race, the
+degradation of his ancient customs, must be avenged." Derision and
+degradation are too big words for a little girl to use untutored, or for
+an Indian ghost either; and in truth they were not the precise words he
+had spoken at first. But Parson Pillsbury had been present at the digging
+under the Sapson apple tree, a piously sceptical but secretly interested
+spectator, and he had thus explained the somewhat broken "Injun-talk"
+which Mrs. Jencks reported. It proves the tractability and intelligence of
+this ghost of a heathen that he ever after used the words of the Puritan
+minister.
+
+The ghost pointed out to Lucy Jencks a very inaccessible spot to be
+searched. It was the farther end of a loft over a shed, and had to be
+entered by a short ladder from a leanto. This loft was packed solidly
+with the accumulated debris of three-quarters of a century, portions of
+farm tools, poor old furniture, boxes, barrels, every old stuff and piece
+that was too mean even for the main attic, in which were poor enough
+relics. It had never been searched or sorted out since Ben Jencks came to
+the tavern, and I doubt whether Mrs. Jencks would have listened to a
+ransacking then but for one circumstance, the Jencks family were going to
+leave the Black House Tavern--and they really ought to know exactly what
+was in it ere they sold it with its contents. They had not been driven
+from the family home by this Indian spirit of dreams, but by a more
+powerful spirit--that of emigration. Neighbors and friends in Rutland and
+Worcester were going to Ohio--that strange new territory, and they would
+go too. A single dead Indian, and such a liar, too, seemed of but little
+account when they thought of the infinite bands of very live Indians in
+their chosen home.
+
+
+[Illustration: Wright Tavern, Concord, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+Mrs. Jencks and Lucy climbed the ladder to the loft, opened the single
+shutter, and let in a narrow dancing ray of dusty sunlight on the crowded
+desolation within. Lucy pointed between bars and barrels and bags, with
+slender white finger, at a large and remote box which a slender, strong,
+copper-colored hand had pointed out to her in her dreams. Her mother
+sternly sent her below to do her stent at quilt-piecing, and she tearfully
+and unwillingly descended. It was nearly an hour ere the strong arms of
+Mrs. Jencks had dislodged and repacked the unutterable chaos to the extent
+of reaching the box. Clouds of dust dimmed the air. She untied and
+removed a rotten rope that bound the box, which even in the dim litter
+looked like the upper half of a coffin. Within lay something swathed in
+linen bands and strips of old flannel--newspapers were then too precious
+for wrappings. She struck it, and there came a faint rattle of metal. The
+thought came to her of the description of a mummy which she had read a few
+nights before in the almanac. She paused; then twisted in and among the
+boxes to the head of the ladder. She could hear the sound of Perseverance
+singing a hymn. Perseverance Abbott was the "help," the sister of a farmer
+neighbor, and she was baking "rye and Injun" bread for the teamsters who
+would stop there at nightfall. Mrs. Jencks called down, "Persy, come here
+a minute!" "I'll tell her to come," piped up the shrill voice of Lucy, who
+was hovering at the base of the ladder and evidently meant to be "in at
+the death." Perseverance appeared, floury and serene, at the foot of the
+ladder. "I'll come," she said, in answer to Mrs. Jencks's appeal for
+assistance, "because I know you're scairt, and I ain't a-goin' to see Ben
+Jencks a-huntin for them Indian bones again. I've been dyin', anyway, to
+clear this out ever since I come here, an' this'll be the beginnin'."
+"Persy," said Mrs. Jencks, hesitatingly, "it seems to be something dead."
+"Dead!" answered her hand-maid, "I'll bet it's dead after layin' here
+forty, perhaps a hundred year!" An atmosphere of good sense and
+fearlessness seemed to halo her about; still both women unwrapped the
+heavy thing, the mummy, with care. A bare shining scalp came first to
+view. "It's a wig-block," shouted Perseverance in a moment, "yes, and
+here's curling irons and wire wig-springs."
+
+It was "grandpa's wig-block," so Reuben Jencks said, when he saw it later;
+his grandfather had added to his duties of tavern-keeper, roadmaster,
+selectman, and deacon, that of wig-maker. And in that day, when all men of
+any station wore handsome flowing wigs, and all, even poor men, wore wigs
+of some kind, it was a calling of importance. Moreover, an Indian with a
+tomahawk cut but a sorry figure when he tried to scalp a man who wore a
+wig; it was a deriding insult to the warlike customs of the whole Indian
+race.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Moses Hill's Inn.]
+
+
+There is a fine old brick tavern still standing in a New England seaboard
+town, and now doing service as a rather disreputable road house. It is a
+building rigidly square, set due north, south, east, and west, with four
+long, narrow doors opening over broad door-stones to the four ends of the
+earth. A long tail of summer and winter kitchens, a wash-room, brew-house,
+smoke-house, wood-rooms, sheds, barns, piggeries, pigeon-houses,
+hen-houses, once stretched a hundred feet or more adown the road, part of
+which is now torn down. Each joint of the tail helped loyally in olden
+times to furnish good cheer to the traveller. The great square rooms of
+the main house are amply furnished; one was a taproom, and in each
+second-story room still are two double beds, save in the corner room next
+the kitchen tail of the house, where stands nailed firmly to the floor of
+the room a somewhat battered oaken table. A little open staircase in the
+corner of this room leads down to the working end of the house, and was
+used in olden days to carry supplies to the upper table from the lower
+kitchen.
+
+It has been many a year since good cheer was spread on that broad oaken
+board, though at one time it was the favorite dining place of a choice
+brotherhood of old salts, called the Mariners' Club, who gathered there
+when on shore to tell tales of wild privateering, and of sharp foreign
+trade, and to plan new and profitable ventures. Many of these Mariners'
+Clubs and Marine Societies existed in seaport towns at that golden time in
+New England's marine commercial history.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of John Nash's Tavern.]
+
+
+This room was the scene about seventy-five years ago of a somewhat unusual
+expression of feminine revolt--that is, both the expression and the revolt
+were unusual. One of the most constant frequenters of the tavern, the
+heaviest eater and deepest drinker, the greatest money-spender at these
+Mariners' dinners, was one Captain Sam Blood, who ran a large coasting
+brig, which made but short trips to Atlantic seaports. Thus he was ever
+on hand for tavern fun. He had a large and rather helpless family which he
+kept somewhat in retreat on a gloomy farm two miles inland; his mother old
+and feeble, yet ever hard-working; a large number of untidy children, and,
+worst of all, a sickly wife, a tall, gaunt woman who whined, and whined,
+and ever whined from her patch-covered couch, over the frequent desertions
+of her spouse to the tavern-table, and his wilful waste of money, while
+she could never leave the house. One night a specially good dinner was set
+in the Mariners' room, roast and boiled meats, pies and puddings, a grand
+array of full pitchers, decanters, and bottles; the assembled group of old
+salts were about to ascend from the taproom to seat themselves comfortably
+at the round table for solid work, when a terrible crash and scream were
+heard, each seeming louder than the other, and before the startled eyes of
+the landlord and his guests, as they rushed up and into the room, there
+were all the steaming dishes, all the streaming bottles, with table-cloth
+and plates in a disorderly hopeless wreck on the floor. "Who could have
+done it?" "There he goes," shouted one captain, as he ran to the window;
+and, surely enough, a slender man in nautical garb was seen striking out
+from under the sheltering walls of the ell-kitchens and sheds, and running
+desperately across the snowy fields. Full chase was given and the marauder
+finally captured; he was swung roughly around with oaths and blows, when
+sudden silence fell on all. It was Sam Blood's wife in Sam Blood's togs.
+"I'll settle for this dinner," said Sam Blood, blackly.
+
+On his next voyage Mrs. Blood sailed with the captain. With the usual
+ethical inconsistencies which prevail in small communities, Mrs. Sam Blood
+the despoiler attracted more attention and sympathy than Mrs. Sam Blood
+the poor, hard-working, sickly wife; it was the universal talk and
+decision of all the women in town that the captain's wife needed a change
+of scene; and she had to take it in that ironical form decreed to the
+wives of old-time ship-owners, in a voyage of uncertain length and certain
+discomfort on a sailing vessel, with no woman companion and the doubtful
+welcome of the male members of the crew. Off she went to Savannah. At that
+port she was no better, cried all the time (the first mate wrote home),
+and seemed little like the woman of spirit who had wrecked the Mariners'
+dinner. The captain decided to go with a cargo to South America to see how
+the tropics would serve the ailing woman. His old home crew shipped back
+to Boston, not caring for the trip far south, and a crew of creoles and
+negroes was taken on the supplemental trip.
+
+When Captain Blood and his schooner at last came into port at home, he
+landed with sombre countenance, a mourning widower, and soon was properly
+clad in trappings of woe. Mrs. Sam Blood was no more. Her husband stated
+briefly that she had died and was buried at sea off the island of Jamaica.
+A discreet and decent term of mourning passed, and Mrs. Blood, as is the
+way of the living--and of the dead--was quite forgotten. Once more the
+Mariners' Club was to have a dinner, and once more the table in the
+Mariners' room was spread with good cheer and ample drink. Captain Blood,
+in somewhat mitigated bereavement, was among the thronging guests who
+lingered over a final stomach-warmer at the bar. The landlord ran out of
+the room and roared down the main stairs that dinner was ready, and even
+as he spoke, crash! smash! came a din from the Mariners' room, and there
+was all the dinner and all the broken bottles with the table-cloth and the
+upset table on the floor. It was a very unpleasant reminder to Sam Blood
+of a very mortifying event, and his friends sympathized with him in
+silence. This time no miscreant could be found in house or on farm, but
+the landlord suspected a discharged and ugly servant, who might have run
+down the little corner staircase, as Mrs. Blood had before him.
+
+The ruined dinner was replaced by another a week later. The guests were
+gathered, the landlord was bearing a last roast pig aloft, when smash!
+crash! came again from the Mariners' room. Every one in the house rushed
+up in tremendous excitement: the table-cloth was off, table upset, bottles
+smashed. An ominous silence and a sense of the uncanny fell on all in the
+room; some glanced askance at Sam Blood. More than one sharp-eyed old salt
+noted that the great, hairy, tattooed hands of the widower shook
+amazingly, though his face was the calmest of all the bronzed,
+weather-beaten figure-heads staring around.
+
+_There has never been a meal served from that table since_, though many a
+meal has been spread on it. The landlord, a stubborn man of no nonsense
+and no whims, grimly nailed the legs of the table to the floor, and
+proceeded to set the succeeding dinner on the bare boards. It mattered
+not, cloth or no cloth, every dinner small or great was always wrecked.
+Watchers were set, enjoined not to take their eyes from the table, nor
+themselves from the room. Something always happened, an alarm of fire, a
+sudden call for help, an apparent summons from the landlord--this but for
+a single moment, but in that moment smash! crash! went the dinner.
+
+Captain Blood lived to a rather lonely and unpopular old age, for he was
+held responsible for the decay and dissolution of the Mariners' Club; and
+unjustly enough, for Neptune knows it was no wish of his. When occasional
+dinners and suppers were given by nautical men in wholly mundane rooms in
+other taverns, with no spiritual accompaniments,--that is, in the form of
+ghosts,--the captain was left out. Men did not hanker for the
+companionship of a man who left port with a wife and came home with a
+ghost. He has been dead for decades, and is anchored in the old Hill
+graveyard, where he sleeps the quiet sleep of the righteous; and the name
+and virtues of Elvira, his beloved wife, are amply recorded on his
+tombstone. But her ghost still walks, or at any rate still wrecks. I don't
+like ghosts, but I really should like to meet this lively and persistent
+Yankee wraith, clad in the meek and meagre drooping feminine attire which
+was the mode in the early part of this century, or perhaps tentatively
+mannish in peajacket and oilskins as in her day of riot of old. I really
+wish I could see the spry and spiteful spirit of Mrs. Sam Blood, with her
+expression of rampant victory as she twitches the table-cloth off, and
+wrecks the bottles, and says in triumphal finality, "I'll settle for this
+dinner"; thus gaining what is ever dear to a woman, even to the ghost of a
+woman--the last word.
+
+
+[Illustration: Montague City Tavern.]
+
+
+Late on a November night in the early part of this century the landlord
+and half a dozen teamsters sat drinking deep in the taproom of the Buxton
+Inn. These rough travellers had driven into the yard during the afternoon
+with their produce-laden wagons; for a heavy snow was falling, and it was
+impossible wheeling, doubtful even whether they could leave the inn in
+forty-eight hours--perhaps not for a week. Their board would not prove
+very costly, for they carried their own horse-provender, and much of their
+own food. Some paid for a bed, others slept free of charge round the fire;
+but all spent money for drink. It was a fierce storm and a great fall of
+snow for the month of the year--though November is none too mild any year
+in New England. Though this snow was too early by half to be seasonable,
+yet each teamster was roughly merry at the others' expense that he had not
+"come down" on runners.
+
+With dull days of inaction before them there was no need for early hours
+of sleep, so all talked loud and long and drank boisterously, when
+suddenly a series of heavy knocks was heard at the front door of the inn.
+Bang! bang! angrily pounded the iron knocker, and the landlord went slowly
+into the little front entry, fumbled heavily at the bolt, and at last
+threw open the door to a fine young spark who blustered in with a great
+bank of snow which fell in at his feet, and who was covered with rolls and
+drifts of snow, which he shook off debonairly on all around him,
+displaying at last a handsome suit of garments, gold-laced, and very fine
+to those country bumpkins, but which a "cit" would have noted were
+somewhat antiquated of cut and fashion.
+
+He at once indicated and proved his claim to being a gentleman by swearing
+roundly at the landlord, declaring that his horses and servant were housed
+ere he was, that they had driven round and found shelter in the barn
+before he could get into the front door. He could drink like a gentleman,
+too, this fine young fellow, and he entered at once into the drinking and
+singing and story-telling and laughing with as much zest as if he had been
+only a poor common country clown. At last all fell to casting dice. The
+stakes were low, but such as they were luck all went one way. After two
+hours' rounds the gentleman had all the half-dollars and shillings, all
+the pennies even, in his breeches pocket; and he laughed and sneered in
+hateful triumph. Sobered by his losses, which were small but his all, one
+teamster surlily said he was going to sleep, and another added, "'Tis high
+time." And indeed it was, for at that moment old Janet, the tavern
+housemaid, came in to begin her morning round of work, to pinch out the
+candles, take up part of the ashes from the chimney-hearth, fill the
+kitchen pots and kettles, gather in the empty bottles and glasses; and as
+she did so, albeit she was of vast age, she glanced with warm interest at
+the fine figure of fashion slapping his pockets, sneering, and drinking
+off his glass. "Why, master," she said, staring, "you do be the very cut
+of Sir Charles off our sign-board." "Let's see how he looks," swaggered
+the young blade; "where's a window whence we can peep at him?" All trooped
+to a nigh window in the tavern parlor to look at the portrait of Sir
+Charles Buxton on the swing-sign, but to no avail, for there was yet but
+scant light without, and they peered out only on thick snowdrifts on the
+window panes. But when they reëntered the kitchen, lo! their gay companion
+was gone. Gone where? Back on the sign-board, of course. All who heard the
+oft and ever repeated wonder-tale would have scoffed at the fuddled
+notions of a drunken group of stupid teamsters, but the dollars and
+shillings and pennies were gone too--the devil knows where; and who was to
+pay the score for the double bowl of punch and the half-dozen mugs of
+flip Sir Charles Buxton had ordered while the dicing was going on, and a
+large share of which he had drunk off with all the zest of flesh and
+blood? Besides, Janet had seen him, and Janet's eye for a young man could
+never be doubted.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Old Abbey, Bloomingdale Road, New York.]
+
+
+I spent one night a few summers ago in a tavern haunted by the ghost of a
+dead past. A sudden halt in our leisurely progress from town to town,
+caused by a small but unsurmountable accident to our road-wagon, found us
+in a little Massachusetts village of few houses. The blacksmith had gone
+to a neighboring village to spend the night. It was twilight, and we
+decided not to attempt to reach our intended place for sojourning, six
+miles distant. We asked of a passer-by which house was the tavern. "There
+isn't any," was the cheerful answer; "if you stay here over night you'll
+have to stay at the poorhouse." Now this was rather an unalluring
+alternative to any self-respecting citizen, but the night was coming on,
+and, after vainly searching for some resident who had ever had summer
+boarders, we determined to investigate the poorhouse. We found it the best
+house in the village. It was the almshouse, but it had been for half a
+century a tavern in reality, when the post-road lay through the town and
+travellers were more frequent than to-day. There was evidence of its
+tavern days in the old taproom, which had been converted into a
+store-room. The house with twenty acres of land had been bequeathed to the
+town by one of the old Bourne family that had lived in it so long. This
+last Bourne owner was a childless widower, a St. Louis man, who had been
+away from the home of his youth since early childhood and had little love
+of it from old associations.
+
+
+[Illustration: Tavern Pitcher. Apotheosis of Washington.]
+
+
+The poormaster and his wife we found to be tidy, respectable folk, even
+folk of a certain dignity, who owned the adjoining farm. Their own house
+had burned down. So for ten years they had run the poorhouse. It had not
+proved a very difficult task. Often there were no occupants; one year
+there were two Portuguese cranberry pickers, stricken with rheumatism from
+exposure in the cranberry bogs. Now both are married to American wives
+and own prosperous cranberry bogs of their own. The poorhouse had its
+usual quota on the night of our sojourn; we found two paupers living
+there.
+
+
+[Illustration: After the Shower.]
+
+
+There was not time to prepare an extra meal of extra quality for the
+travellers who came so suddenly for a night's shelter, but the good tea,
+plentiful milk, fine bread and butter, honey, hot griddle-cakes, and fried
+bacon bore testimony of ample fare and good housewifery. The two paupers
+sat at the table and ate with us--a silver-haired old man of exquisite
+cleanliness, and a grotesque little humpback. We noted that the old man
+was ever addressed by all who spoke to him as Mr. Bourne, and during his
+short absence from the room after supper the poor-mistress told us that
+the almshouse had been the home and this the farm of his grandfather. The
+supper was served in the great kitchen, and here we sat till a curfew bell
+rang from the little church belfry at nine o'clock.
+
+Considerable jealousy was shown by both paupers in their eager desire to
+talk with us, and we learned that the dwarf was regarded as a genius; he
+composed wonderful epitaphs, and had written poetry for the county
+newspaper. He could set type, and could thus earn his living, but was
+temporarily more feeble than usual, on account of a weight falling on his
+back; after a few months he would go to work again. He represented the
+brilliant and intellectual element of communal life, but was hopelessly
+plebeian; while Mr. Bourne stood for blood and breeding. This the dwarf
+Peter scorned, being a Socialist in his creed. A curious and touching
+atmosphere of simplicity and confidence filled the old kitchen. The farmer
+and his wife were deeply solicitous for the comfort and health of their
+two charges; and as I sat there, tired by my long drive, a little lonely
+from the strangeness of the surroundings, there was nevertheless a
+profound sense that this poorhouse was truly a home.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board Grosvenor Inn.]
+
+
+It was in the middle of this night that the experience came to me of the
+greatest sense of passive comfort that I have known--and think of the
+absurdity, in a poorhouse! We heard at midnight a light patter of quick
+rain, and soon soft footsteps entered and our window shutters were
+carefully closed. "It's me," said our landlady, ungrammatically and
+pleasantly. "I didn't mean to wake you, but I always go to Mr. Bourne's
+room when it rains to close his window for fear he'll take cold, so I
+looked at yours," and the old-time figure in petticoat, shawl, and ruffled
+nightcap withdrew as quietly as it had entered. Then came the hour of
+half-sleep, a true "dozy hour," as Thackeray said. In this poorhouse, with
+no book, no ready light, I fain must lie in silence, hence an hour such as
+has been told in perfection in a simple yet finished piece of descriptive
+English; let me give the classic prose of Sam Pepys--the words are
+his--but the happy hour was mine as well as his:--
+
+    "Rode easily to Welling, where we supped well, and had two beds in the
+    room, and so lay single, and still remember it that of all the nights
+    that I ever slept in my life I never did pass a night with more
+    epicurism of sleep; there being now and then a noise of people
+    stirring that wakened me, and then it was a very rainy night, and then
+    I was a little weary, that what between waking, and then sleeping
+    again one after another, I never had so much content in all my life."
+
+When we awoke the following morning Mr. Bourne was awaiting our coming
+with some eagerness. The dwarf was absent, and the old man apologized for
+one or two of Peter's remarks the night before which had seemed to him
+uncivil. These were, however, only some of Peter's mild bitternesses about
+division of property, the injustice of modern laws, the inequalities of
+taxation, etc., which had seemed harmless enough in the mouth of a pauper.
+
+While waiting the leisurely repairs of our vehicle at the hands of the
+captured blacksmith, I yielded to Mr. Bourne's eager invitation to come
+with him to see a piece of land he owned. "It's been in the family near
+two hundred years," he said proudly. "Peter says I ought to be ashamed to
+tell of my folks' grasping all them years God's gift of the soil that
+ought to be just as free as the ocean and the sky; but I'm glad I've got
+it. Peter's folks came from Middleboro way, and never did own no land nor
+nothin', and I've noticed it's them sort that's always maddest at folks as
+does have family things." After a few minutes of silence he added: "Peter
+can't help it. It's born in him to feel that way, just as it's born into
+me to feel proud of my property." We walked along the sandy road under the
+beautiful autumnal sky. A dense group of stunted cedars and one towering
+fir tree rose sombrely in a little enclosed corner below the church. "This
+is my property," said the old man, cheerfully, "and they're all Bournes
+and Swifts in it. There lies my great-grandfather, the old parson, under
+that flat stone come from England. Here is my mother. That slate headstone
+over there is for my brother lost at sea on one of his voyages. I am going
+to be put exactly here. Them four stones I put to mark it. And Peter
+hasn't any graveyard--don't even know where his father is buried--so he's
+going to lie over here in this corner. He's the only one as ain't a Swift
+or a Bourne, and it's a great honor to him. He's had to pay me for it,
+though; he's written me an epitaph, and it's a good one; it'll be the best
+one in the whole graveyard."
+
+
+[Illustration: The Parting of the Ways.]
+
+
+
+
+Index
+
+
+  Abbott's Tavern, 111-112.
+
+  Accidents on coaches, 365 _et seq._
+
+  "Accommodation," service in travel, 273, 298.
+
+  _Adam and Eveses Garden_, 157.
+
+  Adams, John, quoted, on landlord, 69;
+    on drinking habits, 103, 112;
+    on Revolutionary sentiments, 170-173, 175;
+    on Revolutionary song, 173.
+
+  Addison, quoted, 140-141.
+
+  Ah-coobee, 101.
+
+  Albany, N. Y., tavern at, 85-86;
+    foot post to, 275;
+    stage line at, 365-366;
+    highway robbery in, 394 _et seq._
+
+  Ale, use of, 123.
+
+  Alexander, John, highway robbery by, 384 _et seq._
+
+  Alexandria, Va., turnpike at, 232.
+
+  Alleghany Mountains, pack-horses on, 242.
+
+  Almshouse, ghost story of, 430 _et seq._
+
+  American House, Springfield, fare at, 88.
+
+  Ames, Nathaniel, tavern of, 164 _et seq._;
+    almanacks of, 164;
+    sign-board of, 165.
+
+  Amherst, Mass., sign-boards at, 123, 421.
+
+  Anchor Inn, 5.
+
+  Andover, Mass., tavern license in, 64-66.
+
+  Andros, Sir Edmund, wine list of, 136;
+    coach of, 256.
+
+  Angel Tavern, 157.
+
+  Animals, at taverns, 197-198.
+
+  Animals' heads, sign-boards of, 138.
+
+  Annals of the Revolution, 377.
+
+  Annual parade, 336.
+
+  Apples, in New England, 125;
+    in Virginia, 129;
+    in New York, 130;
+    names of, 130.
+
+  Arcade Tavern, 294.
+
+  Arlington, Mass., taverns at, 180.
+
+  Armitage, Joseph, ordinary-keeper, 5.
+
+  Arnold, David, tavern of, 215.
+
+  Arnold, Peleg, tavern of, 352;
+    roads of, 352;
+    milestone of, 352-353.
+
+  Artists, as sign-board painters, 142 _et seq._
+
+  Ashburnham Thief Detecting Society, handbill of, 393.
+
+  Ashton, John, cited, 193.
+
+  Auctions. _See_ Vendues.
+
+  Ayers, John, 170 _et seq._
+
+
+  Bacchanalians, 141.
+
+  Backgammon, at coffee-houses, 49.
+
+  Badger and Porter's Stage Lists, 273, 372.
+
+  Bag-o'-Nails, 141.
+
+  Balancing on stage-coach, 367-368.
+
+  Balch, John, post-rider, 309.
+
+  Balloons, at taverns, 198;
+    on railroads, 285.
+
+  Baltimore, Md., taverns in, 32;
+    wine prices at, 88-89;
+    turnpikes in, 232;
+    Conestoga wagons at, 247;
+    highway robbery in, 384 _et seq._
+
+  Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 284.
+
+  Bannocks, Tuggie, 95-96.
+
+  Bar, in taverns, 43.
+
+  Barbadoes, rum in, 100.
+
+  Barbadoes brandy, 101.
+
+  Barbadoes liquor, 101.
+
+  Barberries, superstitions about, 340-341.
+
+  Barge, use of word, 266-267.
+
+  Barnum, P. T., quoted, 130.
+
+  Barnum's Hotel, Baltimore, prices at, 88-89.
+
+  Barre, sign-board at, 168.
+
+  Barre, Colonel, 173.
+
+  Barre and Worcester Stage Line, 305.
+
+  Barrington, R I., prices at, 79-80.
+
+  Bartlett, Eliphalet, tavern of, 47.
+
+  Bay Path, 224-225.
+
+  Beakers, glass, 44.
+
+  Beal, Thomas, coach line of, 271-272.
+
+  Bear, as a mark, 208.
+
+  Beaumont, quoted, 207.
+
+  Beehive Tavern, 154.
+
+  Beer, brewing regulated by law, 4;
+    price established, 4;
+    in New York, 121;
+    in Virginia, 121-122.
+
+  Bell Savage, 141.
+
+  Bell teams, 247.
+
+  Bell, Tom, story of, 380-381.
+
+  Bellarmine jug, 44.
+
+  Bellows-top, 109.
+
+  Bells, on pack-horses, 243;
+    on Conestoga wagons, 247-248.
+
+  Bennett, quoted, 103, 128, 256-257.
+
+  Berkeley, Governor, quoted, 122.
+
+  Bethlehem, Penn., tavern at, 57 _et seq._
+
+  Beverige, 131-132.
+
+  Beverly, Mass., ordinary at, 2.
+
+  Bible and Key, 157.
+
+  Bible and Peacock, 157.
+
+  Biblical names, of towns, 58;
+    of taverns, 157.
+
+  Bickerdyke, quoted, 132.
+
+  Bilboes, 8, 215.
+
+  Billiards, forbidden, 5.
+
+  Bills of fare, 87-88.
+
+  Bingham house a tavern, 53.
+
+  Birch, beer of, 123;
+    vistas of, 346.
+
+  Bispham's Tavern, Trenton, 83-84.
+
+  Bissell's Tavern, 150-151.
+
+  "Bite," 327.
+
+  Black Ben, anecdote of, 332.
+
+  Black, William, quoted, 116.
+
+  Black Horse Tavern, Winchester, 180.
+
+  "Blacks," 373.
+
+  Black Horse Tavern, 39;
+    shows at, 197.
+
+  Black jacks, 14.
+
+  Black Sam. _See_ Samuel Fraunces.
+
+  Black strap, 104.
+
+  Bladensburgh, Md., tavern at, 32.
+
+  Bliss, Joseph, 311.
+
+  Bliss Tavern, Haverhill, N. H., 311, 314.
+
+  Blood, Sam, ghost story of, 420 _et seq._
+
+  Blue Anchor Tavern, Boston, names of chambers, 18;
+    landlord of, 62.
+
+  Blue Anchor Tavern, Cambridge, bills at, 81.
+
+  Bogus, 104.
+
+  Bonaparte, Jerome, 186.
+
+  Bonnets, bought by stage-drivers, 328;
+    highway robbery of, 408.
+
+  Book auctions, 197.
+
+  Boreel Building, 35.
+
+  Boston, ordinaries in, 6, 9, 10-11, 13, 17-19;
+    night watch in, 6;
+    smoking fined in, 13;
+    ale-houses in, 20;
+    liquor sellers in, 25;
+    disorder in, 26-27;
+    taverns in, 154;
+    oldest inn in, 180;
+    pillory in, 218;
+    bridges in, 228 _et seq._;
+    coaches in, 256 _et seq._;
+    stage-coach lines from, 271 _et seq._, 371 _et seq._
+
+  Boston, Sarah, 96-99.
+
+  Boston and Hartford Stage Line, 291 _et seq._
+
+  Boston and Lowell R. R., 287.
+
+  Boston and Providence R. R., 287.
+
+  Boston and Worcester R. R., first cars on, 287.
+
+  Boston _Courier_, objects to railroads, 289.
+
+  Boston Tea Party, 181.
+
+  Boston _Traveller_, 273.
+
+  Bound children, 221.
+
+  Bowen Inn, prices at, 79-80.
+
+  Bowls, forbidden, 5.
+
+  Box, fragrance of, 347.
+
+  Brackett, Landlord, 84-85.
+
+  Braddock, General, horses and wagons for, 242 _et seq._
+
+  Braddock's trail, 243.
+
+  Bradford, printer, of Philadelphia, 49-50.
+
+  Bradish, Sister, encouraged in brewing, 122.
+
+  Bradstreet, Simon, bills of, 5;
+    rides in coach, 256.
+
+  Brakes, early, 288.
+
+  Brandy-wine, 101.
+
+  Bray, Major, robbery of, 405 _et seq._
+
+  Brazil, story of, 298 _et seq._
+
+  Breck, Samuel, cited, 218.
+
+  Bridges, sign-boards on, 149;
+    of fallen trees, 223, 356;
+    building of, 228;
+    of stone, 356;
+    of wood, 357-358;
+    insecurity of, 366 _et seq._
+
+  Bridle-paths, 223.
+
+  Brissot, quoted, 67.
+
+  _British Apollo_, 139.
+
+  Brookfield, Mass., tavern at, 140;
+    war at, 170 _et seq._
+
+  Brookline, Mass., turkey-shoot in, 208;
+    tavern, anecdote of, 383-384.
+
+  Brown, John, chariot of, 258-259.
+
+  Browner, Deb., 94-95.
+
+  Bryant, Harrison, anecdote of, 324-325.
+
+  Buck Horn Tavern, 169.
+
+  Buckman Tavern, 23, 179-180, 384.
+
+  Bucks County Historical Society, Pennsylvania, 239, 252.
+
+  Buffalo Bill, coach of, 265.
+
+  Buggy, 258.
+
+  Bull and Mouth, 141-142.
+
+  Bull-baiting, 209.
+
+  Bully Dawson, punch recipe of, 119-120.
+
+  Bunch of Grapes, lecture at, 198, 204-205.
+
+  Bunting, 92.
+
+  Burke, Edmund, quoted, 103.
+
+  Burlington, Mass., tavern at, 182-183.
+
+  Burnaby, quoted, 90.
+
+  Burning at stake, 218-219.
+
+  Burns, George, 36.
+
+  Bush, as tavern-sign, 169.
+
+  Butchers, as letter-carriers, 274.
+
+  Butler, coach-driver, 268.
+
+  Buxton Inn, ghost story of, 426 _et seq._
+
+  Bynner, Edwin Lasseter, quoted, 196-197.
+
+
+  Cable cars, 285.
+
+  Calash, described, 257.
+
+  Calibogus, 104.
+
+  Calves' head soup, 89.
+
+  Cambridge, Mass., seating meeting at, 16-17;
+    first landlord at, 63;
+    first liquor license at, 63;
+    selectmen's bills at, 81;
+    negro burned in, 218-219.
+
+  Canajoharie, N. Y., stages at, 236;
+    spelling of name, 237.
+
+  Canary, use of, 32.
+
+  Canton, Mass., flip in, 109.
+
+  Captain Lightfoot, 402.
+
+  Captain Thunderbolt, 402-403, 407.
+
+  "Carding," forbidden, 5.
+
+  Carriages, for pleasure, 227;
+    in Philadelphia, 256.
+
+  Cars on railroads, 285 _et seq._
+
+  Carts, near Boston, 257;
+    in New England, 313.
+
+  Cart-bridges, 228.
+
+  Cartways, 222.
+
+  Castle Inn, scene at, 28-29.
+
+  Cat and Wheel, 141.
+
+  Catfish suppers, 90-91.
+
+  Catherine Wheel, 141.
+
+  Cato's House, 40-41.
+
+  Cattle tracks, 223.
+
+  Cavalry corps, in Massachusetts, 226.
+
+  Central Hotel, Worcester, 303.
+
+  Centrebrook, Conn., tavern at, 152-153.
+
+  Chain bridge, Newburyport, 230.
+
+  Chair, described, 258.
+
+  Chaise, described, 257-258;
+    French, 258.
+
+  Chalking his hat, 233.
+
+  Chapin, C. W., 338.
+
+  Chariots, 253, 258-259.
+
+  Charles River, bridge over, 228 _et seq._
+
+  Charlestown, Mass., great house at, 15.
+
+  Charlestown, N. H., tavern at, 154;
+    coachman at, 323.
+
+  Cheney, B. P., 338.
+
+  Chester, Vt., marriages at, 345.
+
+  "Chopping," 327.
+
+  Church, Dr., a traitor, 181.
+
+  Cider, use of, 103 _et seq._;
+    price of, 125, 128, 129;
+    manufacture of, 128.
+
+  Ciderkin, 130.
+
+  Cider-royal, 130.
+
+  City Hotel, Hartford, bill of fare, 89.
+
+  City Hotel, New York, 37 _et seq._
+
+  City Tavern, New York, 33 _et seq._
+
+  Claret, use of, 136.
+
+  Clark's Inn, Philadelphia, 55 _et seq._
+
+  Clawson, John, murder of, 341-342.
+
+  Clifford's Tavern, thief sold at, 219-220.
+
+  Clubs, in taverns, 35.
+
+  Cluffe, Richard, anecdote of, 4-5.
+
+  Coachee, described, 257.
+
+  Coaches, in England, 253-256;
+    objections to, 254;
+    books about, 255-256;
+    in America, 256 _et seq._;
+    in Scotland, 283.
+
+  Coachmen, in England, 323, 328, 336-337.
+
+  Coast Path, 224.
+
+  Cochran, Mordecai, 233.
+
+  Coffee, introduction of, 48;
+    abuse of, 48.
+
+  Coffee-houses, in London, 47-48;
+    in New York, 48-49;
+    in Philadelphia, 49-50;
+    in Boston, 50-51.
+
+  Coffyn, Tristram, keeps ordinary, 2.
+
+  Cohos Turnpike, 309.
+
+  Cohos Valley, 308.
+
+  Cole, Samuel, keeps ordinary, 180.
+
+  Coles, Robert, two sentences of, 8.
+
+  Collier, William, wine seller, 63.
+
+  Collin's Tavern, 92.
+
+  Comfortier, 46.
+
+  Commutation, in travel, 298.
+
+  Concerts, at taverns, 203.
+
+  Concord, Mass., lack of ordinary in, 2;
+    tavern at, 179.
+
+  Concord, N. H., coach-making in, 264-265;
+    stagemen's ball at, 336.
+
+  Conestoga wagons, first appearance in history, 242-243;
+    payment for use of, 242;
+    a pride, 245;
+    shape of, 246;
+    equipment of, 247-248;
+    number of, 249;
+    in Revolution, 250;
+    in War of 1812, 250;
+    in New England, 312 _et seq._
+
+  Conkey Tavern, 186-188.
+
+  Connecticut, laws in, 2;
+    apples in, 125.
+
+  Convicts sent to America, 374.
+
+  Cook, Tom, 381 _et seq._
+
+  Coolidge, turnkey, 406.
+
+  Cooper, James Fenimore, quoted, 68-69.
+
+  Cooper Tavern, 180.
+
+  Corduroy roads, 227-228.
+
+  Courts held in taverns, 213-214.
+
+  Cowper, quoted, 266.
+
+  Cox, Lemuel, bridges of, 229 _et seq._
+
+  Craft's Tavern, 205.
+
+  Creels, transportation by, 283.
+
+  Criminals, public punishment of, 214 _et seq._;
+    sale of, 219-220.
+
+  Cromwell's Head Tavern, 84-85.
+
+  Crosby, J., advertisement of, 117-118.
+
+  Curricle, described, 257-258.
+
+  Cutpurse, Moll, 374.
+
+  Cutter, Joseph, tavern of, 153.
+
+
+  Danbury, Conn., railroad incident at, 287.
+
+  Dancing, forbidden, 4, 6;
+    at New York ball, 39.
+
+  Danforth, Nicholas, sells wine, 63.
+
+  Danforth, Samuel, anecdote of, 10.
+
+  Dankers, quoted, 130.
+
+  Darrach, Mrs. Lydia, action of, 378.
+
+  Daughters of Liberty, 173.
+
+  Davenport, George, tavern bill of, 177-178.
+
+  Deer seen from coach, 345.
+
+  De Lanceys, house of, 35-36, 183-184.
+
+  De Lancey Arms, bull-baiting at, 209.
+
+  Dennie, Joseph, 206-207.
+
+  De Quincey, quoted, 360.
+
+  Dicing forbidden, 5.
+
+  Dickens, Charles, quoted, 255.
+
+  Distances, elastic, 354.
+
+  Doanes, story of, 377 _et seq._
+
+  Dogs, turnspits, 55-57.
+
+  Doherty, John, 402.
+
+  Doolittle Tavern, 153.
+
+  Door-latch, iron, 42.
+
+  Dorchester, Mass., tavern at, 175.
+
+  Drafts, in America, 374-375.
+
+  "Draw," 327.
+
+  Dress of stage-drivers, 325-326.
+
+  Drift of the forest, 210.
+
+  Drivers, rivalry of, 269;
+    of wagons in New England, 313.
+
+  Driving, rules for, 333-334.
+
+  Drunkenness, laws about, 7 _et seq._, 34-35;
+    of coachmen, 295, 328.
+
+  Dunbarton, N. H., 219-220.
+
+  Dunton, John, quoted on landlord, 5, 62;
+    on punch bowl, 116.
+
+  Dutch, drink of, 103.
+
+  Duxbury, Mass., ordinary at, 3, 64.
+
+  Dwight, Dr., quoted on landlords, 66.
+
+
+  Eagle Coffee-house, Concord, N. H., 336.
+
+  Eagle Tavern, East Poultney, Vt., 46.
+
+  Eagle Tavern, Newton, N. H., 46-47.
+
+  Ear-bells, 247.
+
+  Earl of Halifax Tavern, 175-177, 278.
+
+  Early start of stage-coaches, 294, 369 _et seq._
+
+  East Poultney, Vt., taverns at, 46.
+
+  East Windsor, Conn., tavern at, 150-153.
+
+  Eastern Stage Company, 273 _et seq._;
+    drivers of, 332, 338.
+
+  Eastern Stage House, 199.
+
+  Ebulum, 132.
+
+  Egan, Pierce, books of, 321-322.
+
+  Egg-hot, 111
+
+  Egg-nogg, Cato's, 41.
+
+  Egg-nogg stick, 114.
+
+  Eicholtz, sign-board by, 153.
+
+  Electrical machines, at taverns, 198.
+
+  Ellery Tavern, Gloucester, accounts at, 80-81.
+
+  Elopements, 344-345.
+
+  Emerson, Joseph, ownership of a "shay," 259-260.
+
+  Emerson, R. W., anecdote told by, 358-359.
+
+  Endicott, Governor, bills of, 5;
+    apples planted by, 125.
+
+  Enlisting, 188 _et seq._
+
+  Epping, N. H., anecdote of coaching at, 368-369.
+
+  Ernst, C. W., quoted, 227, 267, 280.
+
+  Essex Bridge, 229.
+
+  Essex Turnpike, 231.
+
+  Everett, David, 207.
+
+  Exchange Coffee-house, Boston, 50 _et seq._, 199.
+
+  Exchange Hotel, Worcester, 300.
+
+  Exchange Tavern, Boston, 45.
+
+  Execution Day, 217, 312.
+
+  Experiment railroad, 284.
+
+
+  Falstaff Inn, 155.
+
+  Farming, 327.
+
+  Farrar, Major John, keeps tavern, 293.
+
+  Father of the Turnpike, 297.
+
+  Fayal wine, use of, 32.
+
+  Fayetteville, N. C., bridge at, 366-367.
+
+  Federal Convention Inn, 145 _et seq._
+
+  Ferries, ordinaries at, 2;
+    establishment of, 228;
+    frozen in, 279.
+
+  Fessenden, T. G., 207.
+
+  Fiennes, Celia, quoted, 244-245.
+
+  Finlay, Hugh, quoted, 277-278.
+
+  Fireplaces, 41-42.
+
+  Fisher, Joshua, 164.
+
+  Fitchburg, Mass., tavern at, 16.
+
+  Fitzhugh, Colonel, apple trees of, 129.
+
+  Flagg, Parson, marriages of, 345.
+
+  Flip, description of, 108;
+    early note of, 108;
+    in Canton, Mass., 109;
+    in England, 110;
+    recipe for, 111;
+    price of, 112;
+    taste of, 113.
+
+  Flip dog, 112.
+
+  Flip glasses, 109-110.
+
+  Flip iron, 112.
+
+  Floating bridges, 228, 367.
+
+  Flowers, of gardens, 347;
+    of fields, 347;
+    of orchards, 348.
+
+  Flying machines, 261.
+
+  Flying Mail Stages, 261.
+
+  Flying wagons, 261.
+
+  Foot-bridges, 228.
+
+  Foot-paths, 223, 225.
+
+  Foot-port, 275.
+
+  Fountain Inn, Baltimore, Md., 32.
+
+  Fountain Inn, Medford, Mass., 53 _et seq._
+
+  Four Alls, 160-161.
+
+  Fox and Hounds, 168.
+
+  Fox-chase, 209, 210.
+
+  Franklin, Benjamin, home of, a tavern, 53;
+    quoted, 69-70;
+    on sign-board, 152;
+    at tavern, 195;
+    secures wagons for Braddock's Army, 242-243;
+    milestones of, 353;
+    cyclometer of, 353.
+
+  Franklin Inn, 159.
+
+  Fraunces, Samuel, 183-184.
+
+  Fraunces Tavern, 183-184.
+
+  Freemasons, at tavern, 180, 203 _et seq._
+
+  Freight cars, 287.
+
+  Frey, S. L., cited, 211.
+
+  Furs, 243.
+
+
+  Games, prohibited, 5.
+
+  Gardens, 347.
+
+  Garrigues Ferry, 91.
+
+  Gates on turnpikes, 237.
+
+  General Ticket Office, of Pease, 298.
+
+  Genessee Valley, 234.
+
+  Gentlemen sailors, 189 _et seq._
+
+  Germantown, Penn., 155.
+
+  Ghosts, in England, 409;
+    in taverns, 410;
+    of Indians, 410.
+
+  Gig, 226.
+
+  Gimlet team, 314.
+
+  Gin, use of, 103.
+
+  Gloucester, Mass., tavern bills at, 80-81.
+
+  Goat and Compass, 141.
+
+  _Going Down with Victory_, 360.
+
+  Golden Hill Inn, 184-185.
+
+  Golden Lion, 163.
+
+  Good Intent Coach Line, 268.
+
+  Good Woman, 162-163.
+
+  Grafton, Mass., Indians at, 96.
+
+  Grease-pot. _See_ Tar-lodel.
+
+  Green Bush, 169.
+
+  Green Dragon Inn, 180-181.
+
+  Greenfield, Mass., tavern at, 153.
+
+  Gregory's Tavern, Albany, 85-86.
+
+  Greyhound Tavern, 10, 24.
+
+  Grog, 104.
+
+  "Grub," 249.
+
+  Guide-boards, 354.
+
+  "Gumption," 130.
+
+
+  Hall, Basil, quoted, 67, 79, 208-209, 290, 370.
+
+  Hall, Francis, quoted on landlords, 66.
+
+  Hammond, John, quoted, 131-132.
+
+  Hancock, John, on sign-board, 152;
+    at Liberty Tavern, 175.
+
+  Hancock Tavern, 152.
+
+  Handkerchief with postal lists, 281 _et seq._
+
+  Hanging in chains, 342.
+
+  Hardy, Governor, dinner to, 36.
+
+  Hare Brothers, highway robbery by, 386 _et seq._
+
+  Harnesses of Conestoga wagons, 247.
+
+  Harrington Tavern, Shrewsbury, Mass., 299.
+
+  Hartford, Conn., tavern at, 43-44;
+    ordination bill at, 82.
+
+  Harvard College, cider at, 125;
+    Commencement at, 128;
+    love-making in, 216-217;
+    pillory in, 218.
+
+  Harvey, Governor, complaint of, 32.
+
+  Hat Tavern and Sign-board, 147.
+
+  Hatch, Israel, coach lines of, 271-272.
+
+  Haverhill, N. H., tavern and stage life in, 309-319.
+
+  Hawthorne, quoted, 218.
+
+  Hayden Tavern, sign-board of, 28, 150.
+
+  Hays' Tavern, Brattleboro, 65.
+
+  Hen and Chickens, 151-152.
+
+  Henry, Edward Lamson, collections of, 32-33.
+
+  Herndon, John, curse of, 341.
+
+  Hicks, sign-board by, 239.
+
+  Highwaymen, in England, 373, 375;
+    in America, 374 _et seq._
+
+  Highwaywomen, 408.
+
+  Hingham, Mass., Thief Detecting Society of, 393.
+
+  Histrionic academies, 200.
+
+  Hogarth, sign-board by, 160.
+
+  Holden, Mass., flip at, 111-112.
+
+  Holland, J. G., quoted, 225.
+
+  Holyhead Road, 230-231.
+
+  Horns as tavern-signs, 169.
+
+  Horse-bridges, 228.
+
+  Horse-cars, 285.
+
+  Horse-paths, 237.
+
+  Horse thief, 211 _et seq._
+
+  Horses as tavern-signs, 152;
+    rearing of, 226;
+    plenty of, 227;
+    of Conestoga breed, 247;
+    in Boston, 257;
+    on New England wagons, 315;
+    on stage-coaches, 332-333;
+    false tails on, 333.
+
+  Hotels, evolution of, 51-52.
+
+  Hottle, 112.
+
+  Hound-handle pitcher, 26.
+
+  Hundredth Town, 96.
+
+  Hutchinson, Governor, milestones set by, 350.
+
+
+  Ibbetson, sign-board by, 142.
+
+  Indian Queen Tavern, Bladensburg, 32.
+
+  Indian Queen Tavern, Philadelphia, 52-53.
+
+  Indians, sale of rum prohibited to, 7, 103;
+    leniency to, 92 _et seq._;
+    on sign-boards, 154;
+    attack on Brookfield, 170 _et seq._;
+    wars of, 170 _et seq._;
+    paths of, 223 _et seq._;
+    as mail-carriers, 274-275;
+    ghosts of, 410.
+
+  Inn, use of word, 30.
+
+  Insurance office in tavern, 198.
+
+  Inveigling of girls' affections, 216-217.
+
+  Ipswich, Mass., landlord at, 69;
+    shipping at, 217.
+
+  Ipswich River, bridge on, 358.
+
+  Irish workers on roads, 233-234.
+
+
+  Jackasses, sale of, 197.
+
+  Jacks. _See_ Black-jacks.
+
+  Jansen, quoted, 263.
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, quoted, 232.
+
+  Jencks, Reuben, tavern of, 410 _et seq._
+
+  Jencks Tavern, ghost story of, 410-419.
+
+  Johnstown, N. Y., tavern at, 85.
+
+  Jokes, of landlords, 70 _et seq._;
+    at taverns, 92.
+
+  Jordan, John V., account of The Rose Tavern, 57.
+
+  Josselyn, John, quoted, 69, 129.
+
+  Joyce, Herbert, quoted, 281.
+
+  June Bug, coach line, 268.
+
+
+  Kalm, quoted, 130.
+
+  Kennebunk Road by the Sea, 224.
+
+  Kentucky, metheglin in, 124.
+
+  "Kids," 374.
+
+  Kieft, Director, quoted, 33.
+
+  Kill devil, 100, 101.
+
+  King's Arms, Boston, inventory of, 17 _et seq._
+
+  King's Arms, Newport, play at, 200 _et seq._
+
+  King's College, services at, 36.
+
+  King's Head Tavern, Brooklyn, 209-210.
+
+  Kittery, Me., makes road, 224.
+
+  Knights, Sarah, quoted, 76 _et seq._;
+    journey of, 76.
+
+  Knot bowl, Indian, 44.
+
+
+  Lackawanna, pauper sold at, 221.
+
+  Lafayette, on sign-boards, 152;
+    at taverns, 186, 195, 301.
+
+  Lamb, Charles, quoted, 119.
+
+  Lamb Tavern, 199.
+
+  Lambert, John, quoted, 333.
+
+  Lancaster, Mass., cider at, 128.
+
+  Lancaster, Penn., taverns in, 143 _et seq._, 213-214;
+    sign-boards in, 143;
+    Conestoga wagons in, 243, 252;
+    pack-horses at, 245;
+    steam cars at, 287;
+    stage-coach at, 370-371.
+
+  Lang, Andrew, quoted, 414.
+
+  Langdon, J. F., 334.
+
+  La Rochefoucauld, cited, 227.
+
+  La Tour, indignity to his companion, 11.
+
+  Lay Preacher, 206-207.
+
+  Lebanon Tavern, 157.
+
+  Lecture Day, 218.
+
+  Lemons, sign of, 139.
+
+  Lemons, 117.
+
+  "Leveller," 382.
+
+  Lexington, Mass., taverns at, 179-180;
+    highway robbery at, 384.
+
+  Ley, Lord, at Boston ordinary, 6.
+
+  Liberty poles, 173.
+
+  Liberty trees, 173 _et seq._
+
+  License, of taverns, 64 _et seq._
+
+  _Life in London_, 321-322.
+
+  Lighthouse, Sandy Hook, 36-37.
+
+  Lime Rock, R. I., tavern at, 44.
+
+  "Limited" service, of travel, 298.
+
+  Linnæus, classification of, 347.
+
+  Literary Club of Walpole, 205-207.
+
+  Little Falls, N. Y., fare at, 85.
+
+  Lloyd, Governor, house a tavern, 53.
+
+  Locomotives, early, 284, 286.
+
+  Loggerhead, 108-109.
+
+  Loggets, forbidden, 5.
+
+  London Coffee-house, Philadelphia, 49.
+
+  Londonderry, Ireland, bridge at, 229.
+
+  _London Labour and London Poor_, 320.
+
+  Longfellow, quoted, 371.
+
+  Lottery, for Sandy Hook Lighthouse, 36;
+    at taverns, 203.
+
+  Louis Philippe, at tavern, 181.
+
+  Lowell, quoted, 113.
+
+  _Loyal Garland_, 133.
+
+  _Loyalists_, 377.
+
+  Lucas, John, chariot of, 258.
+
+  Ludlow, Lt., robbery of, 384 _et seq._
+
+
+  Macadamized roads, 231 _et seq._
+
+  Macraby, Alexander, quoted, 49.
+
+  Madeira, use of, 32, 103;
+    prices of, 88, 89.
+
+  Madigolum, 58.
+
+  Madison's War, 191.
+
+  Mail, transportation of, 269;
+    by butchers, 274;
+    by Indians, 275;
+    by post, 275;
+    irregularity of, 275;
+    conditions of service, 277-278;
+    in England, 281;
+    in Scotland, 283 _et seq._;
+    in United States, 297, 305.
+
+  Mail-coaches, on Holyhead Road, 230-231;
+    at Whitestown, N. Y., 236;
+    at Canajoharie, 237;
+    in England, 255, 280;
+    in America, 269, 280 _et seq._;
+    glories of, 360.
+
+  Mail Stage Carriages, 261.
+
+  Maize, beer from, 121, 122.
+
+  Malaga, use of, 30.
+
+  Malden Bridge, 229.
+
+  Man Full of Trouble, 159 _et seq._
+
+  Man Loaded with Mischief, 159 _et seq._
+
+  Man Making his Way through the World, 161-162.
+
+  Manners at taverns, 78.
+
+  Mansion House, Philadelphia, 86-87.
+
+  March, Hugh, keeps an ordinary, 2-3.
+
+  Marden, H. P., 335.
+
+  Mariners' Club, 420.
+
+  Market, winter ride to, 316-320.
+
+  Markham, Gervayse, 133.
+
+  Marlborough, Mass., 224.
+
+  "Marmalet-madams," 6.
+
+  Martin, Mike, career of, 401 _et seq._
+
+  Maryland, road house in, 33;
+    pillory in, 218;
+    turnpikes in, 232, 234;
+    railroads in, 284-285.
+
+  Massachusetts Grand Lodge, 204.
+
+  Mather, Cotton, quoted, 20.
+
+  Mather, Increase, quoted, 102.
+
+  Mather, Samuel, quoted, 117.
+
+  May, Silas, opens stage line, 309.
+
+  McAdam, James, 231.
+
+  McAdam, Loudon, 231.
+
+  McGowan's Tavern, 249-250.
+
+  Mead, use of, 123-124.
+
+  Meals, price of, 4;
+    at early taverns, 76-77, 317.
+
+  Medford, Mass., tavern at, 53 _et seq._
+
+  Meeting-house, relation to tavern, 13-14;
+    discomforts of, 14.
+
+  Melish, John, quoted, 85, 230, 371.
+
+  Mendenhall Ferry Tavern, 90-91.
+
+  Mendum, Jack, anecdote of, 331-332.
+
+  Merchants' Coffee-house, 49.
+
+  Metheglin, use of, 124-125;
+    price of, 124.
+
+  Mileposts, in Massachusetts, 350-351;
+    in Connecticut, 351-352;
+    in Rhode Island, 352.
+
+  Militia, 249.
+
+  Miller, "Devil" Dave, 73-74.
+
+  "Mimbo," 104.
+
+  Miner, H. S., quoted, 313, 332, 334.
+
+  "Mitchin," 317.
+
+  Mohawk Turnpike, 234 _et seq._
+
+  Molasses, rum from, 103;
+    beer from, 122.
+
+  Monk, George, 62.
+
+  Monroe Tavern, 179.
+
+  Monteith punch bowl, 115.
+
+  Moore, Thomas, quoted, 366.
+
+  Moose, exhibited, 197-198.
+
+  Morland, George, sign-board by, 142.
+
+  Morton, Thomas, punished in bilboes, 215.
+
+  Mowry, Roger, tavern of, 340.
+
+  Mowry's Inn, 44.
+
+  Mulberry trees, 346.
+
+  Mulled wine, recipe for, 136.
+
+  Murline, Jacob, love-making of, 216-217.
+
+
+  Nahant Hotel plate, 206.
+
+  Naming of chambers, 17-18.
+
+  Nangatuck, Conn., tavern at, 92.
+
+  Narragansett, travel in, 341, _et seq._;
+    murder in, 342;
+    shift marriages in, 343;
+    elopement in, 344-345;
+    burial of suicide in, 344.
+
+  Narragansett Pacers, 226.
+
+  National Line, 268.
+
+  National Road, travellers on, 195, 233;
+    construction of, 232 _et seq._;
+    coach lines on, 268 _et seq._
+
+  Negro highwayman, 388.
+
+  Negus, 137.
+
+  Neighborliness, of colonists, 1.
+
+  Newbury, Mass., ordinary at, 2.
+
+  Newburyport, Mass., tavern at, 145;
+    bill at, 177-178;
+    bridge at, 230.
+
+  Newburyport Turnpike, 231.
+
+  New Connecticut Path, 224.
+
+  New Exchange, N. Y., 48-49.
+
+  New Hampshire, stage-drivers in, 334-336.
+
+  _New Liberty Song_, 173.
+
+  New London, Conn., milestone at, 353.
+
+  New Netherland, taverns in, 33.
+
+  Newport, R. I., turtle-feast at, 90;
+    play at, 200 _et seq._
+
+  Newspapers, at taverns, 91-92.
+
+  New York, taverns in, 33 _et seq._, 90;
+    just from, 275.
+
+  Night-watch, rules in Boston, 6;
+    in Bethlehem, Penn., 58 _et seq._;
+    rhymes of, 60.
+
+  Ninepins, forbidden, 5.
+
+  Nipmuck Trail, 224.
+
+  Noah's Ark, 157.
+
+  Norfolk, Va., impressment in, 191-192.
+
+  _Notions of the Americans_, 68, 82-83.
+
+  Nutmeg-holders, 137.
+
+  Nutmegs, use of, 136-137.
+
+
+  "Ocuby," 101.
+
+  Ohio Company, organization of, 205.
+
+  Ohio, settlement of, 234 _et seq._;
+    emigration to, 416.
+
+  Old Connecticut Path, 224.
+
+  Oldmixon, quoted, 125.
+
+  Olmstead, Nicholas, in pillory, 218.
+
+  Olney Tavern, 174.
+
+  Omnibus, 273.
+
+  Ordinaries, use of word, 1, 30;
+    reasons for establishment of, 2;
+    inducements to keep, 2;
+    restrictions upon, 3-4, 7, 10-11.
+
+  Ordination ball, 82.
+
+  Ordination beer, 82.
+
+  Ordination Day, 82;
+    liquor at, 116.
+
+  "Owlers," 373.
+
+
+  Pack-horses, in England, 241, 244;
+    on Alleghany Mountains, 242-244;
+    common carriers, 245.
+
+  Paddock, coaches of, 280.
+
+  Palmer, starts mail-coaches, 280.
+
+  Parkman, Dr., diary of, 383.
+
+  Parley, Peter, quoted, 186, 284-285.
+
+  Parlor, of tavern, 41-42.
+
+  Patriot Brothers, sign-board, 149.
+
+  Paulus Hook, stage-coaches from, 262.
+
+  Paupers, sale of, 220-222.
+
+  Peachy, 132.
+
+  Pease, Levi, 293 _et seq._
+
+  Pease Tavern, 291 _et seq._
+
+  Peg Mullen's Beefsteak House, 203-204.
+
+  Pelham, Mass., tavern at, 186-188;
+    tolls at, 240.
+
+  Pembroke Tavern, sign-board of, 217.
+
+  Penn, Richard, home a tavern, 53.
+
+  Penn, William, quoted, 104.
+
+  Pepys, Samuel, quoted, 433.
+
+  Pequot Trail, milestone on, 353.
+
+  Perkins Inn, sign-board of, 152.
+
+  Perry, 132.
+
+  Persimmons, beer from, 122.
+
+  Phelps, Joseph, 150.
+
+  Philadelphia, Penn., taverns in, 33, 86-87;
+    as a port, 33;
+    sign-boards in, 163;
+    freemasons in, 203;
+    courts in, 213;
+    carriages in, 256;
+    lines of stages, 261, 267-268.
+
+  Phillips House, 45.
+
+  Pick-a-back, across rivers, 223-224.
+
+  Pig and Carrot, 141.
+
+  Pillion, 226.
+
+  Pillory, 218.
+
+  Pine trees of the King, 346.
+
+  Pine Tree Tavern, 46.
+
+  Pioneer Line, 268-270.
+
+  Pipe-tongs, 46.
+
+  Pitcairn, Major, anecdote of, 179.
+
+  Pitt, William, sign-board of, 151, 156, 173, 177.
+
+  Pitt Tavern, 151.
+
+  Plays, at taverns, 200 _et seq._
+
+  Plymouth, Mass., first wine sellers in, 63.
+
+  Plymouth Path, 224.
+
+  "Pod," 316.
+
+  "Podanger," 314.
+
+  "Pointing," 327.
+
+  Pompoins. _See_ Pumpkins.
+
+  Poore Tavern, 159.
+
+  Portsmouth, N. H., tavern at, 175-176;
+    stage line at, 278 _et seq._
+
+  Portsmouth Road, 342.
+
+  Post, riding with, 76;
+    by foot, 275-276;
+    duties of, 275;
+    in Haverhill, N. H., 309.
+
+  Postal rates, 282.
+
+  Postlethwaite's Tavern, 213-214.
+
+  Postmaster, salary of, 277.
+
+  Post-riders, 276-277.
+
+  Potatoes, beer from, 122.
+
+  Potter, Paul, sign-board by, 142-143.
+
+  Pottle, 84.
+
+  Prairie schooner, 252.
+
+  Pratt, Matthew, sign-board by, 146.
+
+  Prescott, Mass., tavern at, 186-188.
+
+  Press-gang, 191-192.
+
+  Prices of tavern fare, 4, 5, 31, 79-82, 84, 85, 88-89.
+
+  Products, of New England farm, 316-317.
+
+  Providence, R. I., first ordinary at, 16, 340;
+    Liberty Tree at, 174;
+    rival coach lines from, 271 _et seq._
+
+  Providence Path, 224.
+
+  Province Arms, New York, 35 _et seq._
+
+  Province House, Boston, a tavern, 53.
+
+  Prygman, 219.
+
+  Pseudonyms, 207.
+
+  Pumpkins, beer from, 122, 123.
+
+  Punch, use of, 103, 115, 116;
+    derivation of, 114;
+    recipe for, 116-117, 120;
+    price of, 118, 177;
+    names of, 118-119.
+
+  Punch bowls, 114 _et seq._
+
+  Punch Bowl Tavern, turkey-shoot at, 208.
+
+  Punch-tasters, 118.
+
+  "Pung," 316.
+
+  Punishments, 214 _et seq._
+
+  Putnam, Israel, a landlord, 145.
+
+  Pye, John, robbery of, 394 _et seq._
+
+  Pygarg, 197.
+
+
+  Quakers, whipped, 217.
+
+  Quarles, quoted, 29.
+
+  Quawbang, 170.
+
+  Queen's Birthday, celebration of, 26.
+
+  Queen's Head, 183.
+
+  Quick, Elmira, sold as pauper, 221-222.
+
+  Quincy, Eliza S., quoted, 276.
+
+  Quincy, Josiah, quoted, 104, 294-295, 370-371.
+
+  Quincy Railroad, 284.
+
+  Quoits, forbidden, 5.
+
+
+  Rabbit, on sign-board, 153.
+
+  Railroads, early, 284 _et seq._;
+    objections to, 288-290;
+    discomforts of, 349.
+
+  Rainbow Coffee-house, 48.
+
+  Raleigh Inn, 155.
+
+  Rambarge. _See_ Rumbarge.
+
+  Rambooze. _See_ Rumbooze.
+
+  Ramsey, landlord, 74-75.
+
+  Recruiting offices, taverns as, 188 _et seq._
+
+  Redemptioners, 374.
+
+  Red Rose of the Olden Time, 57 _et seq._
+
+  Reed, President, quoted, 250.
+
+  Regulars, 249.
+
+  Reins, on Conestoga wagons, 248;
+    on stage-coaches, 334.
+
+  Revere, Paul, engraving by, 84;
+    quoted, 181.
+
+  Rhymes, of taprooms, 45;
+    of night-watch, 60-61.
+
+  Ribbonmen, 401.
+
+  Riedesel, Baron, quoted, 103.
+
+  Road-bed of early railroads, 288.
+
+  Road house, 33.
+
+  Road wagon, 260.
+
+  Roads, earliest, 223;
+    quality of, 227;
+    in England, 230 _et seq._
+
+  Robinson, Hannah, elopement of, 344.
+
+  Robinson's Tavern, 175.
+
+  Rogers, Fairman, quoted, 265.
+
+  Rose Tavern, 57.
+
+  Royal Exchange Tavern, Boston, 204.
+
+  Rum, first use of word, 100;
+    derivation of word, 100;
+    varying prices, 102, 103;
+    in mixed drinks, 104 _et seq._
+
+  Rumbarge, 101.
+
+  Rumbooze, description of, 101.
+
+  Rum bottles, 102.
+
+  Rumbowling, 101.
+
+  Rumbullion, 100.
+
+  Rumfustian, description of, 101.
+
+  Russel Tavern, 180.
+
+  Rye, N. Y., ordinary at, 77.
+
+
+  Sack, selling prohibited, 4;
+    early mention of, 133 _et seq._;
+    application of name, 133;
+    price of, 134;
+    in America, 135 _et seq._
+
+  Sack-posset, use of, 134;
+    recipe for, 134-135.
+
+  Sail boats, on sign-boards, 159.
+
+  Sailors, on sign-boards, 158-159.
+
+  Salem, Mass., tavern bill of, 16;
+    sign-board in, 19-20;
+    woman keeps tavern in, 20;
+    animal shows at, 197.
+
+  Salem, N. J., tavern prices at, 118.
+
+  Salem and Boston Turnpike, 231.
+
+  Salt, on pack-horses, 244.
+
+  Saltonstall, Nathaniel, protest of, 21-22.
+
+  Sanborn, Charles, 334.
+
+  Sandy Hook Lighthouse, 36-37.
+
+  Sangaree, 134.
+
+  Sassafras, beer of, 123.
+
+  Scents, of woods, 348;
+    of gardens, 348-349;
+    of fields, 347-349;
+    of fruits, 349.
+
+  Schoolboys on coaches, 329-330.
+
+  Schuylkill Bridge, 230.
+
+  Scotchem, 105-108.
+
+  Seabury, liquor seller, 64.
+
+  Sea terms in land travel, 267.
+
+  Seating the meeting, 16-17.
+
+  Selectmen, bills of, 80-81.
+
+  Sewall, Samuel, Judge, compared with Pepys, 24;
+    character of, 24-25;
+    on a wedding, 135-136;
+    buys trunks, 330;
+    on suicide, 344.
+
+  Shad, planked, 89.
+
+  Shaffer, anecdote of, 272.
+
+  Shaw, Major, on railroads, 339.
+
+  "Shay," 258;
+    cost of, 259.
+
+  Shays's Rebellion, 186 _et seq._
+
+  Sherris-sack, 134.
+
+  Shift marriages, 343.
+
+  Ship in distress, 159.
+
+  Shouldering, 326.
+
+  Shows, in taverns, 28.
+
+  Shrewsbury, Mass., tavern talk at, 172;
+    taverns at, 291 _et seq._
+
+  Shuffle-board, forbidden, 5.
+
+  Sign-boards, in early ordinaries, 19-20;
+    use of, 138 _et seq._;
+    materials of, 138;
+    in business, 138-139;
+    incongruity of, 139 _et seq._;
+    on bridges, 238-239.
+
+  Sign-posts, established, 138.
+
+  Sikes. _See_ Sykes.
+
+  Silent Woman, 162.
+
+  Singing, forbidden, 4.
+
+  Skidding, 327.
+
+  Skinners, 377.
+
+  Slat sign, 149.
+
+  Sledding, 313.
+
+  Sledges, transportation by, 241, 283.
+
+  Sleeping accommodations, 77-79, 318.
+
+  Slide-groat, forbidden, 5.
+
+  Sling, 104.
+
+  Small drink, described, 121.
+
+  Smith, Adam, on smuggling, 373.
+
+  Smoking-tongs, 46.
+
+  Snake heads, 286.
+
+  Sniggers and Vesta's Gap, turnpike to, 232.
+
+  Snow-shoes, post on, 275;
+    mail carried on, 297.
+
+  Sons of Liberty, 37, 173.
+
+  South Kingston, R. I., shift manages at, 373.
+
+  Southworth, Constant, wine seller, 63.
+
+  Sowrings, 117-118.
+
+  _Spectator_, 140.
+
+  Spike team, 314.
+
+  Sports of the innyards, 5.
+
+  Sprague, Francis, ordinary-keeper, 64.
+
+  Springfield, Mass., fare at, 88.
+
+  Spruce, beer of, 122-123.
+
+  Stadt Harberg, 33.
+
+  Stage, use of word, 265-267.
+
+  Stage-chair, 278.
+
+  Stage-chaise, 261.
+
+  Stage-chariot, 261.
+
+  Stage-coaches, of year 1828, 218;
+    in England, 255, 274;
+    in Boston and Rhode Island, 260-261;
+    in Pennsylvania, 263;
+    of year 1818, 263-264;
+    application of word, 265;
+    in Pennsylvania, 268;
+    rates on, 270, 273;
+    rates in England, 271;
+    from Portsmouth, 278 _et seq._;
+    sights from, 345 _et seq._;
+    courtship on, 359-360.
+
+  Stage-drivers, 323;
+    characteristics of, 324 _et seq._;
+    dress of, 325-326;
+    shopping done by, 328;
+    drinking habits of, 328;
+    names of, 332;
+    on railroads, 387;
+    tales of, 341.
+
+  Stage-lists, 273.
+
+  Stage-men's Ball, 336.
+
+  Stage-wagons, in England, 251, 255;
+    out of Boston, 261;
+    in Pennsylvania, 262, 268.
+
+  Stamp Act, 37.
+
+  Stark, General, victory of, 205.
+
+  State House Inn, Philadelphia, 55.
+
+  Stavers Coaching Line, 278 _et seq._
+
+  Stavers Inn, 175-178, 278-279.
+
+  Stickney Tavern, sign-board of, 203.
+
+  St. John's Lodge, 204.
+
+  Stocks, use of, 8, 215.
+
+  "Stogies," 245-246.
+
+  Stone wall, 130.
+
+  Stow, quoted, 253.
+
+  Stratford, Conn., milestone at, 353.
+
+  Stratton, Arad, tavern of, 151.
+
+  Streets, naming of, 138.
+
+  Strong waters, selling prohibited, 4.
+
+  Struggling Man, 161-162.
+
+  Stuart, Gilbert, sign-board by, 145.
+
+  Stuyvesant, Governor, laws of, 34.
+
+  Sudbury, Mass., tavern at, 43, 180, 371.
+
+  Suicides, burial of, 344.
+
+  Sumner, Charles, quoted, 369.
+
+  Sun-line house, 46.
+
+  Suspension Bridge, 230.
+
+  Swift, Dean, quoted, 132, 266.
+
+  "Swiftnicks," 398.
+
+  Switchel, 132.
+
+  Sykes Coffee-house, 300.
+
+  Sykes, Reuben, 293 _et seq._, 300.
+
+
+  Talleyrand, at tavern, 181.
+
+  Tally, forbidden, 5.
+
+  Tally-ho, use of word, 266.
+
+  Tap-houses, New York, 34-35.
+
+  Taproom rhymes, 45.
+
+  Taprooms, 19, 42 _et seq._
+
+  Tar-bucket. _See_ Tar-lodel.
+
+  Tar-lodel, 246-247.
+
+  Tarleton Arms, 310.
+
+  Tarleton Inn, story of, 309-310;
+    sign-board of, 310, 312.
+
+  Tarleton, Wm., 309-310.
+
+  Tavern behind Nazareth, 57.
+
+  Taverns, use of word, 30;
+    in Southern colonies, 30 _et seq._;
+    establishment of laws about, 31, 34-35;
+    prices at, 31, 42, 118, 177-178;
+    names of rooms in, 17;
+    in New Netherlands, 33 _et seq._;
+    names of, 35;
+    as war rendezvous, 172;
+    as auction rooms, 197;
+    as business exchanges, 198;
+    as insurance offices, 198;
+    as jails, 212, 303;
+    on Albany Turnpike, 235;
+    in Scotland, 283.
+    Also see names of Towns and Ordinaries.
+
+  Taylor, M. M., milestone of, 351;
+    tavern of, 352.
+
+  Taylor, the Water Poet, quoted, 255.
+
+  Taylorsville, Penn., bridge sign-board at, 239.
+
+  Teamsters, 249.
+
+  Thackeray, W. M., cited, 322.
+
+  Thief Detecting Societies, 393.
+
+  Thieves, band of, 388 _et seq._
+
+  Thomas' Exchange Coffee-house, 300.
+
+  Thorburn, Grant, quoted, 72-73, 362-363.
+
+  Three Broiled Chickens, 183.
+
+  Three Crowns, Lancaster, Penn., 143-144.
+
+  Three Jolly Sailors, 158.
+
+  Three Loggerheads, 142.
+
+  Throat-lashing, 327.
+
+  Tipping, 326.
+
+  Tippling-houses, 31.
+
+  Tithing-man, duties of, 9.
+
+  Tobacco, restrictions on use of, 12-13;
+    as payment, 31;
+    drawers for, 45.
+
+  Toby Fillpots, 134.
+
+  Todd, Margaret, 40.
+
+  Todd, Robert, 39-40.
+
+  Toddy, derivation of word, 39-40;
+    made of rum, 104;
+    price of, 178.
+
+  Toddy-stick, description of, 114.
+
+  Toll-boards, 237, 238.
+
+  Toll-gates, on Mohawk Turnpike, 237.
+
+  Tolls, rates of 237-238;
+    commuted, 298.
+
+  Tontine Association, 37.
+
+  Topsfield Bridge, 356.
+
+  "Towelling," 327.
+
+  Transportation, by water, 241;
+    on horse-back, 241 _et seq._
+
+  Travelling-bags, 331.
+
+  Trenton, N. J., tavern fare at, 83, 84;
+    bridge at, 230.
+
+  Trout, boiled, 89.
+
+  Troy coaches, 269.
+
+  Trunks, old time, 330.
+
+  Tryer, on punch, 114.
+
+  "Tuck-a-nuck," 317.
+
+  Tufts, Henry, story of, 375 _et seq._
+
+  Turkey-shoot, 207-209.
+
+  Turnpikes, 231 _et seq._, 297 _et seq._;
+    in Scotland, 284, 297;
+    profits on, 297;
+    desertion of, 297.
+
+  Turnspit dogs, 55-56.
+
+  Turtle, as gifts, 90.
+
+  Turtle-feasts, 90.
+
+  Tuttle, Sarah, love-making of, 216-217.
+
+  Twining, Thomas, quoted, 263, 326, 367.
+
+  Twist, slang term, 142.
+
+  Twitchell, Ginery, career of, 301 _et seq._;
+    coach of, 303;
+    description of, 304;
+    makes election returns, 304;
+    obtains mail contracts, 305.
+
+  Tyler, Royall, 207.
+
+
+  Union Place Hotel, New York, fare at, 88.
+
+
+  Vardy, Luke, 204.
+
+  Veazie Road, 286.
+
+  Vendues, at coffee-houses, 49, 197;
+    at taverns, 219;
+    of thieves, 220;
+    of paupers, 221 _et seq._
+
+  Victuallyng-house, 2.
+
+  Virginia, ordinaries in, 30 _et seq._;
+    metheglin in, 125.
+
+
+  Wadsworth Inn, Springfield, 43-44.
+
+  Wagons, going to Ohio, 235 _et seq._;
+    in England, 250;
+    rates on, 271;
+    in New England, 312-315.
+
+  Walker's Tavern, 154, 162.
+
+  Wall decorations, 42.
+
+  Walnut tree chips, beer from, 123.
+
+  Walpole, N. H., literary life in, 205-207.
+
+  Wanmanitt, trial of, 341.
+
+  Wardwell, John, stage-coach line of, 260-261.
+
+  Wardwell, Lydia, whipped, 217.
+
+  Warning out of town, 4.
+
+  Warren, General, at tavern, 181.
+
+  Warwick, R. I., stocks at, 215;
+    chariot at, 258-259.
+
+  Washington bowers, 156.
+
+  Washington Crossing the Delaware, 149.
+
+  Washington, George, at Boston, 84;
+    farewell to army, 184;
+    at taverns, 195, 293, 300-301;
+    news of death, 278.
+
+  Washington Tavern, Lancaster, Penn., 73;
+    Philadelphia, Penn., 149, 154;
+    Westfield, Mass., 42;
+    Holmesburgh, Penn., 148-149;
+    Wilbraham, Mass., 196.
+
+  Washingtonian Reform, 127.
+
+  Watch. _See_ Night-watch.
+
+  Water, travel by, 241.
+
+  Water-cider, 130.
+
+  Watering-troughs, 354-356.
+
+  Waterloo Tavern, Lancaster, Penn., 143-144.
+
+  Watson, quoted, 147, 256.
+
+  Wayside Inn, 43, 180, 292, 371.
+
+  Webster, Daniel, cited, 182;
+    at taverns, 195-196.
+
+  Weddings, at ordinary, 5.
+
+  Weed, Thurlow, quoted, 79.
+
+  Weld, quoted, 257, 367.
+
+  Weller, Tony, quoted, 290.
+
+  Wells' Tavern, sign-board of, 382.
+
+  West, Benjamin, sign-boards by, 143 _et seq._
+
+  Westborough, Mass., tavern at, 136.
+
+  West Boston Bridge, 230.
+
+  Westfield, Mass., tavern at, 42.
+
+  Whig Tavern, 205.
+
+  Whip, of Conestoga teamsters, 248;
+    of stage-drivers, 334.
+
+  Whipping-post, 215-216.
+
+  Whirlicote, 253.
+
+  Whiskey, described, 258.
+
+  Whistle-belly-vengeance, 132.
+
+  White, Captain, keeps ordinary, 3.
+
+  White, George, exploits of, 390 _et seq._
+
+  Whitestown mail stages, 236.
+
+  Whittier, quoted, 188.
+
+  Wickford, R. I., tavern at, 45.
+
+  Wilder, Joseph, cider of, 128.
+
+  Willet, Edward, 35.
+
+  Williams, Roger, quoted, 128.
+
+  Williams Tavern, sign-board of, 152-153.
+
+  Wilson, Richard, sign-board by, 142.
+
+  Wines, in Virginia, 32;
+    prices of, 88-89.
+
+  Winn, John, home of, 182 _et seq._
+
+  Winn, Joseph, in Revolution, 183.
+
+  Winne, the penny-post, bravery of, 399-400.
+
+  Winter, coach travel in, 362 _et seq._
+
+  Winthrop, John, on a disturbance in Boston, 10-11;
+    on health-drinking, 15;
+    quoted, 115;
+    pick-a-back, 224.
+
+  Winthrop, John, Jr., owns a coach, 256;
+    sends letters, 274.
+
+  Wolcott, Governor, apples planted by, 125.
+
+  Wolcott, Oliver, at tavern, 186.
+
+  Wolfe, General, sign-board of, 145, 211.
+
+  Wolfe Tavern, Brooklyn, Conn., 145;
+    Boston, Mass., 145;
+    Newburyport, Mass., 145;
+    sign-board of, 211;
+    bill of, 177.
+
+  Wolf-rout, 210.
+
+  Women, as tavern-keepers, 20, 40;
+    burned at stake, 218;
+    on horse-back, 226;
+    in stage-coaches, 369;
+    as highway robbers, 408;
+    hanged in Boston, 408.
+
+  Woodbury, Bartholomew, 351.
+
+  Woodbury Tavern, milestone at, 351.
+
+  Woodman Tavern, 155.
+
+  Woodside, sign-boards by, 148.
+
+  Woodward, James, punished, 8, 215.
+
+  Worcester, Mass., singing at, 173;
+    milestone in, 350-351.
+
+  Wright, Robert, punished, 8.
+
+  Wright Tavern, 179.
+
+
+  Yale College, cider at, 126.
+
+  Yard of Flannel, 111.
+
+  Yellow Cat, 163.
+
+  Yellow Cottage, 155-157.
+
+  York, Me., sign-board at, 172;
+    road at, 224.
+
+  York County, Penn., tavern rates in, 105.
+
+
+  Zinzendorf, Count, night-watch rhymes of, 59 _et seq._
+
+
+
+
+HOME LIFE IN COLONIAL DAYS
+
+By ALICE MORSE EARLE
+
+Illustrated by photographs, gathered by the author, of real things, works,
+and happenings of the olden times
+
+  Crown 8vo.    Cloth.    Gilt top.    $2.50
+
+The Mail and Express:
+
+"The volume is unique; nothing quite like it has ever been attempted
+before. The result is a valuable as well as an entertaining work. It is
+full of information, much of it curious, and all of importance to one who
+desires to know how his forefathers lived."
+
+The Dial:
+
+"The work is mainly and essentially an antiquarian account of the tools,
+implements, and utensils, as well as the processes of colonial domestic
+industry; and it is full enough to serve as a moderate encyclopædia in
+that kind.... This useful and attractive book, with its profuse and
+interesting pictures, its fair typography, and its quaint binding,
+imitative of an old-time sampler, should prove a favorite."
+
+Education:
+
+"Mrs. Earle has made a very careful study of the details of domestic life
+from the earliest days of the settlement of the country. The book is
+sumptuously illustrated, and every famed article, such as the
+spinning-wheel, the foot-stone, the brass knocker on the door, and the
+old-time cider mill, is here presented to the eye, and faithfully pictured
+in words. The volume is a fascinating one, and the vast army of admirers
+and students of the olden days will be grateful to the author for
+gathering together and putting into permanent form so much accurate
+information concerning the homes of our ancestors."
+
+Literature:
+
+"Mrs. Earle's fidelity in study and her patient research are evident on
+every page of this charming book, and her pleasantly colloquial style is
+frequently assisted by very beautiful illustrations, both of the houses of
+the colonists, from the primitive cave dug-out of the hillside and made to
+answer for warmth and shelter, to the more comfortable log cabin, the
+farmstead with its adjacent buildings, and the stately mansion abiding to
+our own day."
+
+
+CHILD LIFE IN COLONIAL DAYS
+
+By ALICE MORSE EARLE
+
+_Profusely Illustrated_
+
+  Crown 8vo.    Cloth.    Gilt top.    $2.50
+
+Commercial Advertiser:
+
+"Once more Mrs. Earle has drawn on her apparently inexhaustible store of
+colonial lore, and has produced another interesting book of the olden
+days.... Mrs. Earle's interesting style, the accuracy of her statements,
+and the attractive illustrations she always supplies for her books make
+the volume one to be highly prized."
+
+Buffalo Express:
+
+"Mrs. Alice Morse Earle performs a real historical service, and writes an
+interesting book. It is not a compilation from, or condensation of,
+previous books, but the fruit of personal and original investigation into
+the conditions of life in the American colonies."
+
+American Hebrew:
+
+"Alice Morse Earle has written much to place us in intimate knowledge with
+the life of old America. The most charming volume of all, however, is her
+latest, 'Child Life in Colonial Days.'"
+
+
+  THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
+  66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
+
+Superscripted characters are indicated by {superscript}.
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Stage-coach And Tavern Days, by Alice Morse Earle.
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+
+Project Gutenberg's Stage-coach and Tavern Days, by Alice Morse Earle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Stage-coach and Tavern Days
+
+Author: Alice Morse Earle
+
+Release Date: August 30, 2011 [EBook #37272]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STAGE-COACH AND TAVERN DAYS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h1>Stage-coach and Tavern Days</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/logo.png" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 353px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/frontis.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Travel in the South in the Thirties.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 16em;"><i>Frontispiece.</i></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">STAGE-COACH AND<br />
+TAVERN DAYS</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">By ALICE MORSE EARLE</span></p>
+<p class="center">Author of <i>Home Life in Colonial Days</i>, <i>Child Life in<br />
+Colonial Days</i>, and other Social and Domestic<br />
+Histories of Colonial Times</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">&#8220;<i>Long ago, at the end of the route,</i></span><br />
+The stage pulled up, and the folks stepped out.<br />
+They have all passed under the tavern door&mdash;<br />
+The youth and his bride and the gray three-score.<br />
+Their eyes were weary with dust and gleam,<br />
+The day had gone like an empty dream.<br />
+Soft may they slumber, and trouble no more<br />
+For their eager journey, its jolt and roar,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>In the old coach over the mountain.</i>&#8221;</span></td></tr></table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">NEW YORK<br />
+THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br />
+LONDON: MACMILLAN &amp; CO., <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span><br />
+1900</p>
+<p class="center"><i>All rights reserved</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1900,<br />
+<span class="smcap">By</span> THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Norwood Press<br />
+J. S. Cushing &amp; Co.&mdash;Berwick &amp; Smith<br />
+Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><i>TO MY HUSBAND<br />HENRY EARLE</i></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td><small>Chapter</small></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><small>Page</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">I.</a></td>
+   <td>The Puritan Ordinary</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">II.</a></td>
+   <td>Old-time Taverns</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">III.</a></td>
+   <td>The Tavern Landlord</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">IV.</a></td>
+   <td>Tavern Fare and Tavern Ways</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">V.</a></td>
+   <td>Kill-devil and its Affines</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">VI.</a></td>
+   <td>Small Drink</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">VII.</a></td>
+   <td>Signs and Symbols</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">VIII.</a></td>
+   <td>The Tavern in War</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">IX.</a></td>
+   <td>The Tavern Panorama</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">X.</a></td>
+   <td>From Path to Turnpike</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">XI.</a></td>
+   <td>Packhorse and Conestoga Wagon</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">XII.</a></td>
+   <td>Early Stage-coaches and Other Vehicles</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">XIII.</a></td>
+   <td>Two Stage Veterans of Massachusetts</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">XIV.</a></td>
+   <td>A Staging Centre</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_308">308</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">XV.</a></td>
+   <td>The Stage-driver</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_320">320</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">XVI.</a></td>
+   <td>The Romance of the Road</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_340">340</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">XVII.</a></td>
+   <td>The Pains of Stage-coach Travel</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_361">361</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">XVIII.</a></td>
+   <td>Knights of the Road</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_373">373</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX">XIX.</a></td>
+   <td>Tavern Ghosts</td>
+   <td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+<h2>List of Illustrations</h2>
+
+<table width="65%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Travel in the South in the Thirties.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From painting by Edward Lamson Henry, N.A.</span></td>
+    <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#frontis"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Page</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ordinary at Duxbury, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Taproom Furnishings of an Old Ordinary.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Miss Elizabeth Nicholson, Providence, R. I.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oldest House in Easton, Mass.; once an Ordinary</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Leather Black-jack</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_13">14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tavern Bill against East Church, Salem, Mass.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Essex Institute</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Taproom of Wayside Inn, Sudbury, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Buckman Tavern, 1690, Lexington, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hound-handle Tavern Pitcher</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_25">26</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Hayden Tavern, Essex, Conn.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Connecticut Historical Society</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_27">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Indian Queen Tavern, Bladensburg, Md.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From painting by Edward Lamson Henry, N.A.</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_33">32</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old Road House, Md.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plate, City Hotel, N. Y., Staffordshire Ware</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cato&#8217;s House, N. Y. From an old print</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Washington Tavern, Westfield, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Door Latch, Washington Tavern, Westfield, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wadsworth Inn, Hartford, Conn.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Photographed by Mr. George C. Atwell, Hartford, Conn.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Taproom, Wadsworth Inn, Hartford, Conn.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fountain Inn, Medford, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_55">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span>Sign-board of N. Mowry&#8217;s Inn, Lime Rock, R. I.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Miss Elizabeth Nicholson, Providence, R. I.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pine-tree Tavern and Eagle Tavern, East Poultney, Vt.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Washington Hotel, Salem, Mass.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;"> Owned by Essex Institute</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Hays&#8217; Tavern, West Brattleboro, Vt.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_66">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cooper Tavern, Arlington, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Travellers&#8217; Rest, Shelbyville, Ky., 1783</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Miller&#8217;s Tavern, Lancaster, Penn.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ellery Tavern, front, Gloucester, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ellery Tavern, lean-to, Gloucester, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bill of Cromwell&#8217;s Head Tavern, Boston, Mass.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Mrs. H. M. Hunt, Kingston, R. I.</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_87">86</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bill of Fare of City Hotel, Hartford, Conn.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Mr. George F. Ives, Danbury, Conn.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Platter, Mendenhall Ferry and Tavern, Schuylkill River, Penn.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Miss Frances C. Morse, Worcester, Mass.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Collin&#8217;s Tavern, Naugatuck, Conn.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Photographed by Mr. George C. Atwell, Hartford, Conn.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old Rum Bottles</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Burgoyne Tavern, Westfield, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_107">106</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tavern Pitcher, Happy Farmer, Crouch Ware</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Flip Glasses, Loggerhead and Toddy Stick.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Pocumtuck Valley Historical Association</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_113">110</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Porcelain Monteith Bowl, 1700</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Punch Bowl, bearing Insignia of Order of the Cincinnati, Chinese Ware</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Amherst Hotel, Amherst, Mass.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From History of Amherst</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Eagle Tavern and Sign-board, Newton, N. H.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span>Cider Pitcher and Cups, Copper Lustre Ware</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Parsons&#8217; Tavern, Springfield, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Toby Fillpots, Staffordshire Ware.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Miss Frances C. Morse, Worcester, Mass.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Flip Glasses and Nutmeg Holders.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Miss Frances C. Morse, Worcester, Mass.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board, Stratton Tavern, Northfield Farms, Mass.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Pocumtuck Valley Historical Association</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board, Three Crowns Tavern, Salisbury, Lancaster County, Penn.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Painted by Benjamin West</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Browne&#8217;s Hall, Danvers, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hat Tavern and Sign-board, Leacock Township, Lancaster County, Penn.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sign-board painted by Benjamin West</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board, Bissell&#8217;s Tavern, East Windsor, Conn.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Miss Emma B. King, Indianapolis, Ind.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board, Reverse Side, Bissell&#8217;s Tavern, East Windsor, Conn.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Miss Emma B. King, Indianapolis, Ind.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of William Pitt Tavern, Lancaster, Penn.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board, Doolittle Tavern</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board, &#8220;A Man loaded with Mischief,&#8221; London, Eng.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Painted by Hogarth</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Walker&#8217;s Tavern, Charlestown, N. H.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Worcester Society of Antiquity</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Drawing for Ames Sign-board, Dedham, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Buck Horn Tavern, N. Y., 1812. From an old print</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old North Bridge, Concord, Mass.</td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_173">172</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Boston Liberty Tree and Tavern. From an old print</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_175">174</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stavers Inn, Portsmouth, N. H.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Handbill of Wolfe Tavern, Newburyport, Mass.</td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_179">178</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Wolfe Tavern, Newburyport, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span>Hancock Tavern, Boston, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sam Fraunces. From original drawing.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Mrs. A. Livingstone Mason, Newport, R. I.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Green Dragon Tavern, Boston, Mass.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From an old print</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Conkey Tavern, Pelham, Mass.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From History of Pelham</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_189">188</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Conkey Tavern.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From History of Pelham</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Naval Pitcher, Liverpool Ware</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Washington Tavern, North Wilbraham, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Black Horse Tavern, Salem, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board, Stickney Tavern, Concord, N. H.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by New Hampshire Historical Society</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Keeler&#8217;s Tavern, Ridgefield, Conn.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plate, Nahant Hotel, Staffordshire Ware</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_207">206</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Wolfe Tavern, Brooklyn, Conn.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Connecticut Historical Society</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Postlethwaite&#8217;s Tavern, Lancaster County, Penn.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Pembroke Tavern, Plymouth Turnpike, Mass.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Bostonian Society</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Map Pitcher, Liverpool Ware</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Waiting at the Ferry.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Painted by Edward Lamson Henry, N.A.</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_227">226</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old Chain Bridge, Newburyport, Mass.</td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_231">230</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bridge Toll-board.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Mr. A. G. Richmond, Canajoharie, N. Y.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Megunticook Turnpike</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Advertisement of Mail-stage</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bridge Sign-board.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Bucks County Historical Society</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>A Wayside Friend, North Conway, N. H.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From photograph by T. E. M. and G. H. White</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_243">242</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span>Conestoga Wagon.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Photographed from an old wagon</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_247">246</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stage Wagons.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From print in an old English story book</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>English Coach, 1747.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From a painting by Hogarth</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Quicksilver Royal Mail, 1835, London, Eng.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From an old print</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_257">256</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&#8220;One Hoss Shay&#8221;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&#8220;Washington&#8221; Chariot.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Misses Francis, Spring Green Farm, Warwick, R. I.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Advertisement of Stage Lines.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From first issue of New York <i>Commercial Advertiser</i>, 1797</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stage-coach of 1818.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From an old print</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stage-coach of 1828.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From an old print</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Concord Coach, built in 1863.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by &#8220;Buffalo Bill&#8221;</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_267">266</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Concord Coach at Toll-gate.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From photograph owned by Major Lewis Downing, Jr., Concord, N. H.</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_269">268</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Advertisement of Pioneer Line Stage-coaches</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Omnibus &#8220;Accommodation&#8221; between Springfield and Chicopee Falls, 1843</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_272">273</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notice of Post-rider, 1799</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_276">276</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old Mail-coach and Sign-board, Barre, Mass., 1840</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pitcher, Quincy Railway, Staffordshire Ware</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_284">284</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Veazie Railway, Bangor, Me. From an old print</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_286">286</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Arrival of the Train.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From a painting by Edward Lamson Henry, N.A.</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Uncle Ame Morris&#8217;s Oxen serving as Locomotive.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From an old print</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pease Tavern, Shrewsbury, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_293">292</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old Arcade, Shrewsbury, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Harrington Tavern, Shrewsbury, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Balch Tavern, Shrewsbury, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span>Advertisement of Ginery Twichell&#8217;s Stage Lines.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass.</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_305">304</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ginery Twichell&#8217;s Ride.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From drawing owned by Mr. Frederick A. Currier, Fitchburg, Mass.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_306">306</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Tarleton Inn, Piermont, Cohos Turnpike, N. H.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Mr. Amos Tarleton, Haverhill, N. H.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_310">310</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board, Reverse, of Tarleton Inn, Piermont, N. H.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Mr. Amos Tarleton, Haverhill, N. H.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_312">312</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bliss&#8217;s Tavern, Haverhill, N. H.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_314">314</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old Sleigh with Double Dashboard</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_316">316</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old Passenger Pung</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Relay House, Dorchester, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Relay.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From painting by Edward Lamson Henry, N.A.</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_325">324</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>View of Middletown, Conn. From an old print</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Deerhide and Pigskin Trunks</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old Carpet Bag.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Mrs. Voice Adams Beecher, Brooklyn, N. Y.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of David Reed&#8217;s Tavern, Bedford, Mass.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Concord Antiquarian Society</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Midsummer along the Pike</td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_345">344</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>A Vista of White Birches</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_347">346</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Hollyhock&#8217;s Promise</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_348">348</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Cool Depths of the Pine Woods.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From photograph by T. E. M. and G. H. White</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_348">348</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Taylor&#8217;s Tavern, 1777, Danbury, Conn.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_350">350</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>M. M. Taylor&#8217;s Milestone, Danbury, Conn.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_352">351</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Peleg Arnold&#8217;s Milestone, Woonsocket, R. I.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From photograph by Mr. Edward Field, Providence, R. I.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_352">352</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Watering Trough</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_355">355</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Topsfield Bridge, 1760. Ipswich River, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_357">357</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span>The Shadowy Water under the Arches.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From photograph by T. E. M. and G. H. White</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_358">358</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Winter Stage, Dalton, Mass.</td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_363">362</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Winter Stage, Chepachet.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From photograph by Mr. Edward Field, Providence, R. I.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_365">364</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Advertisements of Carriages and Wagons.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From Connecticut <i>Journal</i>, July 3, 1815</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_369">368</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>A Wet Start at Daybreak.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From a painting by Edward Lamson Henry, N.A.</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_371">370</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Wayside Inn, Sudbury, Mass.</td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_372">372</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board, Perkins Inn, Hopkinton, N. H.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Mr. E. R. Guerin, Hopkinton, N. H.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_375">375</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Russel Tavern, Arlington, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_380">379</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Gifford&#8217;s Tavern, Barrington, R. I.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Mrs. Gifford, Bristol, R. I.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_381">381</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Wells Tavern, Greenfield Meadows, Mass.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Pocumtuck Valley Historical Association</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_382">382</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mattapan Tavern, Relay House</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_388">389</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wilde Tavern, Milton, Mass., 1770</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_391">391</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ashburnham Thief Detecting Society. Handbill Heading</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_393">393</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Humphrey Williams Tavern, Centrebrook, Conn.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Mr. George F. Ives, Danbury, Conn.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_395">396</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board, Reverse, of Humphrey Williams Tavern, Centrebrook, Conn.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Mr. George F. Ives, Danbury, Conn.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_400">400</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Poor Tavern and Sign-board, Newburyport, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_405">405</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Monroe Tavern, Lexington, Mass.</td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_406">406</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board, Dewey Tavern</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_410">411</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board, Cutter&#8217;s Tavern, Jaffray, N. H.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Mrs. Anna Cutter Roberts, Roxbury, Mass.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_412">412</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span>Banjo Clock, with Painting of Pahquoique House on Glass Door.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Owned by Mr. George F. Ives, Danbury, Conn.</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_414">414</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wright Tavern, Concord, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Moses Hill&#8217;s Inn, Douglas, Mass.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_419">419</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of John Nash&#8217;s Tavern, Amherst, Mass.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From History of Amherst</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_420">421</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Montague City Tavern</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_426">425</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old Abbey, Bloomingdale Road, New York</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_429">428</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>After the Shower.<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">From painting by Edward Lamson Henry, N. A.</span></td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_431">430</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tavern Pitcher, Apotheosis of Washington. Liverpool Ware</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_430">430</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sign-board of Grosvenor Inn, Pomfret, Conn.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_432">432</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Parting of the Ways, Dublin, N. H.</td>
+    <td valign="bottom"><i>facing</i></td>
+    <td valign="bottom" align="right"><a href="#Page_434">434</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">Stage-coach and Tavern Days</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">THE PURITAN ORDINARY</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">In</span> reverent and affectionate retrospective view of the influences and
+conditions which had power and made mark upon the settlement of New
+England, we are apt to affirm with earnest sentiment that religion was the
+one force, the one aim, the one thought, of the lives of our forbears. It
+was indeed an ever present thought and influence in their lives; but they
+possessed another trait which is as evident in their records as their
+piety, and which adds an element of human interest to their story which
+their stern Puritanism never could have done; with them their
+neighborliness, was as ever present and as sincere as their godliness.
+Hence the establishment of an hostelry,&mdash;an ordinary it was usually
+called,&mdash;for the entertainment of travellers and for the mutual comfort of
+the settlers, was scarcely second to their providing a gathering-place for
+the church.</p>
+
+<p>The General Court of Massachusetts at an early date took decisive measures
+with regard to houses of common entertainment. No one was permitted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> to
+keep without license &#8220;a common victuallyng house,&#8221; under a penalty of
+twenty shillings a week. Soon the power of granting licenses was
+transferred to the County Courts, as the constant increase in the number
+of ordinaries made too constant detailed work for so important a body as
+the General Court.</p>
+
+<p>Consideration for the welfare of travellers, and a desire to regulate the
+sale of intoxicating liquors, seemed to the magistrates important enough
+reasons not only to counsel but to enforce the opening of some kind of a
+public house in each community, and in 1656 the General Court of
+Massachusetts made towns liable to a fine for not sustaining an ordinary.
+Towns were fined and admonished for not conforming to this law; Concord,
+Massachusetts, was one of the number. The Colonial Records of Connecticut,
+in 1644, ordered &#8220;one sufficient inhabitant&#8221; in each town to keep an
+ordinary, since &#8220;strangers were straitened&#8221; for want of entertainment. A
+frequent and natural choice of location for establishing an ordinary was
+at a ferry. Tristram Coffyn kept both ferry and ordinary at Newbury,
+Massachusetts; there was an ordinary at Beverly Ferry, known until 1819 as
+the &#8220;Old Ferry Tavern.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Great inducements were offered to persons to keep an ordinary; sometimes
+land was granted them, or pasturage for their cattle, or exemption from
+church rates and school taxes. In 1682, Hugh March, of Newbury,
+Massachusetts, petitioned for a renewal of his license to keep an
+ordinary, saying thus: &#8220;The town of Newbury, some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> years since, were
+destitute of an ordinary, and could not persuade any person to keep it.
+For want of an ordinary they were twice fined by the county, and would
+have been a third time had I not undertaken it.&#8221; In 1668 the town had
+persuaded one Captain White to &#8220;undertake an ordinary&#8221; on high moral
+grounds; and it is painful to record that, though he did so unwillingly,
+he found the occupation so profitable that he finally got into disgrace
+through it.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 318px;"><img src="images/fig_001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Ordinary at Duxbury, Massachusetts.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The early taverns were not opened wholly for the convenience of
+travellers; they were for the comfort of the townspeople, for the
+interchange of news and opinions, the sale of solacing liquors, and the
+incidental sociability; in fact, the importance of the tavern to its local
+neighbors was far greater than to travellers. There were many restrictions
+upon the entertainment of unknown strangers. The landlord had to give the
+name<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> of all such strangers to the selectmen, who could, if they deemed
+them detrimental or likely to become a charge upon the community, warn
+them out of the town. The old town records are full of such warnings, some
+of them most amusing. Nor could the landlord &#8220;knowingly harbor in house,
+barn, or stable, any rogues, vagabonds, thieves, sturdy beggars,
+masterless men or women.&#8221; Our ancestors were kindly neighbors to godly
+folk, but sternly intolerant of wrong-doers, or even of those suspected of
+wrong.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot wonder that citizens did not seek to become ordinary-keepers
+when we learn how they were hampered, or how the magistrates tried to
+hamper them. They were at one time not to be permitted to sell &#8220;sack or
+strong waters,&#8221; nor have any dancing or singing within their walls. No
+games could be played in their precincts. They were even hindered in the
+selling of cakes and buns. Innholders and victuallers were prohibited the
+brewing of beer, but that soon had to be revoked. The price and quality of
+beer was constantly being established by law and as constantly changed. In
+1634 the Court set the price of a single meal at sixpence, and not above a
+penny for an ale-quart of beer out of meal time. Then, a little later, the
+landlords were forbidden to change more than twelve pence for a meal; and
+they were ordered to furnish meals to &#8220;pore people,&#8221; as simply as called
+for.</p>
+
+<p>One Richard Cluffe, in an utterance which sounds like the voice of
+Shakespeare&#8217;s clown, exclaimed at a mean meal served to him, &#8220;What! shall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+I pay twelve pence for the fragments which the grand jury roages have
+left?&#8221; The majesty of the law could not thus be attacked in Massachusetts
+in the year 1640. Three pounds six shillings and eight pence did Cluffe
+pay for his rash and angry words&mdash;truly a costly dinner.</p>
+
+<p>The ordinary called The Anchor, at Lynn, was kept by one Joseph Armitage.
+Being a halfway house between Boston and Salem, the magistrates made it
+their stopping-place on their various trips from court to court. The
+accounts of this ordinary are still preserved. Governor Endicott&#8217;s bills
+for &#8220;vitals, beare, and logen,&#8221; for &#8220;bear and caeks,&#8221; were paid by the
+Auditor. Governor Bradstreet had &#8220;beare and wyne.&#8221; The succeeding landlord
+of this ordinary was described by John Dunton in 1686 as a hearty,
+talkative, fine old gentleman, one of Oliver Cromwell&#8217;s soldiers. Dunton
+had at The Anchor a good fowl and a bottle of sack, instead of the beer
+and cakes of the abstemious Puritan governor.</p>
+
+<p>The &#8220;Sports of the Innyard&#8221; were sternly frowned upon by Puritan
+magistrates. Among the games which were named as forbidden in the
+ordinaries were &#8220;carding,&#8221; dicing, tally, bowls, billiards, slidegroat,
+shuffle-board, quoits, loggets, ninepins. After a time shuffle-board and
+bowls were tolerated in private houses, though not deemed reputable at the
+ordinary.</p>
+
+<p>The Puritan ordinary saw some wedding scenes, and apparently some
+tentatively gay scenes, since in 1631 the magistrates of Massachusetts
+Bay, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> &#8220;consequence of some miscarriages at weddings&#8221; which had been
+held in an ordinary, passed a law prohibiting dancing on such occasions in
+public houses.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Ley lodged at the Boston ordinary in 1637; and when Governor Winthrop
+urged him to come to his home from the inn, his lordship declined, saying
+that the house where he was staying was so well ordered that he could be
+as private there as elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>In the towns a night-watch was soon instituted, and the instructions given
+by the Boston magistrates smack strongly of Dogberry&#8217;s famous charge.
+Their number each night was eight; they were &#8220;to walk two by two together,
+a youth joined to an older and more sober person.&#8221; Lights had to be
+out,&mdash;or hidden,&mdash;especially in the ordinaries. &#8220;If they see lights, to
+inquire if there be warrantable cause; and if they hear any noise or
+disorder, wisely to demand the reason; if they are dancing and singing
+vainly, to admonish them to cease; if they do not discontinue after
+moderate admonition, then the constable to take their names and acquaint
+the authorities therewith. If they find young men and maidens, not of
+known fidelity, walking after ten o&#8217;clock, modestly to demand the cause,
+and if they appear ill-minded, to watch them narrowly, command them to go
+to their lodgings, and if they refuse then to secure them till morning.&#8221;
+In 1663 Josselyn found that young sparks walking with their sweet-hearts,
+or &#8220;Marmalet-Madams&#8221; as he called them, had to go home at nine o&#8217;clock.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>Constant and strenuous efforts were made from earliest days to prevent
+drunkenness and all tavern disorders. As early as 1637 complaints had been
+made that &#8220;much drunkenness, waste of the good creatures of God, mispense
+of time, and other disorders&#8221; had taken place at the ordinaries. Frequent
+laws were made about selling liquor to the &#8220;devilish bloudy salvages,&#8221; and
+many were the arrests and fines and punishments therefor.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 266px;"><img src="images/fig_002.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Taproom Furnishings of an Old Ordinary.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Landlords were forbidden by the Court in 1645 &#8220;to suffer anyone to be
+drunk or drink excessively, or continue tippling above the space of half
+an hour in any of their said houses under penalty of 5<i>s.</i> for every such
+offence suffered; and every person found drunk in the said houses or
+elsewhere shall forfeit 10<i>s.</i>; and for every excessive drinking he shall
+forfeit 3<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i>; for sitting idle and continuing drinking above half
+an hour, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; and it is declared to be excessive drinking of wine
+when above<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> half a pint of wine is allowed at one time to one person to
+drink: provided that it shall be lawful for any strangers, or lodgers, or
+any person or persons, in an orderly way to continue in such houses of
+common entertainment during meal times or upon lawful business, what time
+their occasions shall require.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Drunkards were severely punished by being thrust into the bilboes, set in
+the stocks, and whipped. In 1632 one &#8220;James Woodward shalbe sett in the
+bilbowes for being drunke at New-Towne.&#8221; Robert Wright was fined twenty
+shillings and ordered to sit in the stocks an hour for being &#8220;twice
+distempered in drink.&#8221; On September 3, 1633, in Boston:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Robert Coles was fyned ten shillings and enjoynd to stand with a
+white sheet of paper on his back, whereon Drunkard shalbe written in
+great lres, and to stand therewith soe long as the Court find meet,
+for abusing himself shamefully with drinke.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This did not reform Robert Coles, for a year later his badge of disgrace
+was made permanent:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Robert Coles for drunkenness by him committed at Rocksbury shalbe
+disfranchizd, weare about his neck, and so to hang upon his outwd
+garment a D. made of redd cloth &amp; sett upon white: to continyu this
+for a yeare, &amp; not to have it off any time hee comes among company,
+Vnder the penalty of xl <i>s.</i> for the first offence, and 5 &pound; for the
+second, and afterward to be punished by the Court as they think meet:
+also <i>hee is to wear the D outwards</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>It might be inferred from the clause I have italicized that the Puritan
+drunkard was not without guile, and that some had worn the scarlet letter
+and hidden it from public view as skilfully as the moral brand is often
+hidden from public knowledge to-day. Women, also, were punished severely
+for &#8220;intemperate drinking from one ordinary to another,&#8221; but such examples
+were rare.</p>
+
+<p>Lists of names of common drunkards were given to landlords in some towns
+(among them New Castle, New Hampshire), and landlords were warned not to
+sell liquor to them. Licenses were removed and fines imposed on those who
+did not heed the warning.</p>
+
+<p>The tithing-man, that amusing but most bumptious public functionary of
+colonial times, was at first the official appointed to spy specially upon
+the ordinaries. He inspected these houses, made complaint of any disorders
+he discovered, and gave in to the constable the names of idle drinkers and
+gamers. He warned the keepers of public houses to sell no more liquor to
+any whom he fancied had been tippling too freely. John Josselyn, an
+English visitor in Boston in 1663, complained bitterly thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;At houses of entertainment into which a stranger went, he was
+presently followed by one appointed to that office, who would thrust
+himself into the company uninvited, and if he called for more drink
+than the officer thought in his judgement he could soberly bear away,
+he would presently countermand it, and appoint the proportion, beyond
+which he could not get one drop.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 357px;"><img src="images/fig_003.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Old Tavern at Easton, Massachusetts.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Now that certainly was trying. Nor could it have been agreeable to
+would-be cheerful frequenters of Greyhound Tavern, in Roxbury, to have
+godly Parson Danforth, when he saw from his study windows any neighbors or
+strangers lingering within the tavern doors, come sallying forth from his
+house across the way, and walk sternly into their company, and, as he
+said, &#8220;chide them away.&#8221; Patient must have been the Greyhound&#8217;s landlord
+to have stood such pious meddling and hindrance to trade.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Winthrop gives an account of the exploits of a Boston constable
+in 1644, which shows the restraint held over a lodger in a Boston ordinary
+at that date.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;There fell out a troublesome business in Boston. An English sailor
+happened to be drunk and was carried to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> his lodging; and the
+Constable (a Godly man and much zealous against such disorders)
+hearing of it, found him out, being upon his bed asleep; so he awaked
+him, and led him to the stocks, no magistrate being at home. He being
+left in the stocks, some one of La Tours French gentlemen visitors in
+Boston lifted up the stocks and let him out. The Constable hearing of
+it, went to the Frenchman (being then gone and quiet) and would needs
+carry <i>him</i> to the stocks. The Frenchman offered to yield himself to
+go to prison but the Constable, not understanding his language,
+pressed him to go to the stocks. The Frenchman resisted and drew his
+sword. With that company came in and disarmed him, and carried him by
+force to the stocks, but soon after the Constable took him out and
+carried him to prison.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Winthrop gravely enumerates the faults of the constable, such as his
+&#8220;transgressing the bounds of his office, the fruits of ignorant and
+misguided zeal, not putting a hook on the stocks,&#8221; etc., and the matter
+bade fair to assume some gravity, since it was deemed in France &#8220;most
+ignominious to be laid in the stocks.&#8221; Yet Winthrop took care not to
+rebuke the Constable in public lest he &#8220;discourage and discountenance an
+honest officer.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It has been said that the homely injunction &#8220;to mind your own business&#8221;
+was the most difficult lesson New Englanders ever had to learn, and that
+even now it has been acquired and practised in the cities only, not in the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>Administration of government in those days certainly consisted much of
+meddlesome interference in the private affairs of daily life. Experience
+has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> since taught that the free-will of the citizen is the best regulator
+in such matters.</p>
+
+<p>It is one of the curiosities of old-time legislation that the use of
+tobacco was in earliest colonial days plainly regarded by the magistrates
+and elders as far more sinful, degrading, and harmful than indulgence in
+intoxicating liquors. Both the use and the planting of it were forbidden,
+the latter being permitted in small quantities &#8220;for meere necessitie, for
+phisick, for preservaceon of the health, and that the same be taken
+privately by auncient men.&#8221; Landlords were ordered not to &#8220;suffer any
+tobacco to be taken into their houses&#8221; on penalty of a fine to the
+&#8220;victualler,&#8221; and another to &#8220;the party that takes it.&#8221; The &#8220;Creature
+called Tobacko&#8221; seemed to have an immortal life. The laws were constantly
+altered and were enforced, still tobacco was grown and was smoked. Soon it
+was forbidden to &#8220;take tobacco in any wine or common victual house, except
+in a private room there, so as the master of said house nor any guest
+there shall take offense thereat; which, if any do, the said person shall
+forbear upon pain of two shillings sixpence for every such offense.&#8221; No
+one could take tobacco &#8220;publicquely&#8221; nor in his own house or anywhere else
+before strangers. Two men were forbidden to smoke together. Windsor
+required a physician&#8217;s certificate ere it could be used. No one could
+smoke within two miles of the meeting-house on the Sabbath day. There were
+wicked backsliders who were caught smoking around the corner of the
+meeting-house, and others on the street, and they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> were fined, and set in
+the stocks, and in cages. Until within a few years there were New England
+towns where tobacco-smoking was prohibited on the streets, and innocent
+cigar-loving travellers were astounded at being requested to cease
+smoking. Mr. Drake wrote in 1886 that he knew men, then living, who had
+had to plead guilty or not guilty in a Boston police court for smoking in
+the streets of Boston. In Connecticut in early days a great indulgence was
+permitted to travellers&mdash;a man could smoke once during a journey of ten
+miles.</p>
+
+<p>The relationship of tavern and meeting-house in New England did not end
+with their simultaneous establishment; they continued the most friendly
+neighbors. And so long as a public house was commonly known as an
+ordinary, those who were high in church counsels looked sharply to the
+control of these houses of sojourn. The minister and tithing-man were
+aided in their spying and their chiding by deacons, elders, and church
+members.</p>
+
+<p>Usually the ordinary and the meeting-house were close companions. Licenses
+to keep houses of entertainment were granted with the condition that the
+tavern must be near the meeting-house&mdash;a keen contrast to our present laws
+prohibiting the sale of liquor within a certain distance of any church. A
+Boston ordinary-keeper, in 1651, was granted permission to keep a house of
+common entertainment &#8220;provided hee keepe it neare the new meeting-house.&#8221;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_004.jpg" alt="" /><br />Leather Black-jack.</div>
+
+<p>Those who know of the old-time meeting-house can fully comprehend the
+desire of the colonists to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> have a tavern near at hand, especially during
+the winter services. Through autumn rains, and winter frosts and snows,
+and fierce northwesters, the poorly-built meeting-house stood unheated,
+growing more damp, more icy, more deadly, with each succeeding week. Women
+cowered, shivering, half-frozen, over the feeble heat of a metal
+foot-stove as the long sermon dragged on and the few coals became ashes.
+Men stamped their feet and swung their arms in the vain attempt to warm
+the blood. Gladly and eagerly did all troop from the gloomy meeting-house
+to the cheerful tavern to thaw out before the afternoon service, and to
+warm up before the ride or walk home in the late afternoon. It was a
+scandal in many a town that godly church-members partook too freely of
+tavern cheer at the nooning; the only wonder is that the entire
+congregation did not succumb in a body to the potent flip and toddy of the
+tavern-keeper.</p>
+
+<p>In midsummer the hot sun beat down on the meeting-house roof, and the
+burning rays poured in the unshaded windows. The taproom of the tavern and
+the green trees in its dooryard offered <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>a pleasant shade to tired
+church-goers, and its well-sweep afforded a grateful drink to those who
+turned not to the taproom.</p>
+
+<p>There are ever backsliders in all church communities; many walked into the
+ordinary door instead of up the church &#8220;alley.&#8221; The chimney seat of the
+inn was more comfortable than the narrow seat of the &#8220;pue.&#8221; The General
+Court of Massachusetts passed a law requiring all innkeepers within a mile
+of any meeting-house, to clear their houses &#8220;during the hours of the
+exercise.&#8221; &#8220;Thus,&#8221; Mr. Field says wittily, &#8220;the townsmen were frozen out
+of the tavern to be frozen in the meeting-house.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Our ancestors had no reverence for a church save as a literal
+meeting-house, and it was not unusual to transform the house of God into a
+tavern. The Great House at Charlestown, Massachusetts, the official
+residence of Governor Winthrop, became a meeting-house in 1633, and then a
+tavern, the Three Cranes, kept by Robert Leary and his descendants for
+many years. It was destroyed in June, 1775, in the burning of the town. In
+this Great House, destined to become a tavern, lived Governor Winthrop
+when he announced his famous discountenance of health-drinking at the
+tables and in public places. This first of all temperance pledges in New
+England is recorded in his Diary in his own language, which was as
+temperate as his intent:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The Governor, upon consideration of the inconveniences which had
+grown in England by drinking one to another, restrained it at his own
+table, and wished others to do the like; so it grew, little by little,
+into disuse.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_005.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p>Frequently religious services were held in the spacious rooms of the
+tavern, until a meeting-house was built; as in the town of Fitchburg,
+Massachusetts, and in Providence, Rhode Island, where Roger Williams
+preached. Many of the Puritan ordinaries were thus used.</p>
+
+<p>Ecclesiastical affairs were managed at the ordinary, among them that most
+ticklish and difficult of all adjustments and allotments, namely, seating
+the meeting. The &#8220;Elders, Deacons, and Selectmen&#8221; of Cambridge were made a
+&#8220;constant and settled power for regulating the seating of persons in the
+meeting-house.&#8221; They were ordered to meet at the ordinary, and such orders
+and appointments as this were made:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Brother Richard Jackson&#8217;s wife to sit where Sister Kempster was wont
+to sit. Ester Sparhawke to sit in the place where Mrs. Upham is
+removed from. Mr. Day to sit the second seat from the table. Ensign
+Samuel Greene to sit at the Table. Goody Gates to sit at the end of
+the Deacon&#8217;s seat. Goody Wines to sit in the Gallery.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It needed much consultation and thought to &#8220;seat the meeting.&#8221; We can
+imagine the deacons loosening<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> their tongues over the tavern flip and
+punch, and arguing confidentially over the standing, the wealth, and
+temper of the various parties to be seated.</p>
+
+<p>There were in Boston at different times several ordinaries and taverns
+known as the King&#8217;s Arms. One of the earliest ones stood at the head of
+Dock Square. In 1651 one Hugh Gunnison, vintner, and his wife, sold this
+house, known by the sign of the King&#8217;s Arms, with its furniture and
+appurtenances, for the sum of &pound;600 sterling, a goodly sum for the day. An
+inventory of the &#8220;p&#8217;ticular goods and household stuffe&#8221; still exists, and
+is of much interest not only as indicating the furnishings of a house of
+that character in that colony at that date, but showing also the naming of
+the chambers, as in the English inns of Shakespeare&#8217;s day.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;In the chamber called the Exchange one halfe bedstead with blew
+pillows, one livery Cupbord coloured blue, one long table, benches,
+two formes and one carved chaire.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the Kitchen three formes dressers shelves.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the Larder one square Table banisters dressers &amp; shelves round.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the Hall, three Small Roomes with tables and benches in them, one
+table about six foote long in the Hall and one bench.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the low parlor one bedstead one table and benches two formes, one
+small frame of a form and shelves, one Closet with shelves.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the room Vnder the closet one child&#8217;s bedsted.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the Chamber called London, one bedsted two benches.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the Chamber over London one bedsted one crosse table one forme one bench.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>&#8220;In the Closet next the Exchange, shelves.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the barr by the hall, three shelves, the frame of a low stoole.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the vpper p&#8217;lor one bedsted two chaires one table one forme bench and shelves.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the Nursery one Crosse Table with shelvs.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the Court Chamber one Long table three formes one livery cupbord, &amp; benches.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the closet within the Court chamber one bedsted and shelvs.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the Starr chamber one long table, one bedsted, one livery Cupbord
+one chaire three formes with benches.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the Garret over the Court chamber one bedsted one table two formes.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the garret over the closet in the Court chamber one bedsted one smale forme.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the foure garrett chambers over the Starr chamber three bedsteds four tables with benches.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the brewhouse one Cop&#8217;, twoe fatts, one vnder back, one vpper
+back, one kneading trough one dresser one brake.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the stable one Racke &amp; manger.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the yarde one pumpe, pipes to convey the water to the brew house,
+fyve hogg styes, one house of office.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The signes of the Kinges Armes and signe posts.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>This was certainly a large house and amply furnished. It contained
+thirteen bedsteads and a vast number of tables, forms, benches, shelves,
+and cupboards.</p>
+
+<p>The rooms of the Blue Anchor, another Boston ordinary, also bore names:
+the Rose and Sun Low room, the Cross Keys, the Green Dragon, the Anchor
+and Castle.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>We can form, from the items of this inventory, a very good and detailed
+picture of the interior of a Boston ordinary at that date. But it must not
+be imagined that there were at the time of this sale many colonial
+ordinaries as amply furnished as the King&#8217;s Arms. The accommodations in
+the public houses of small towns, indeed perhaps everywhere in New England
+save in Boston and Salem, were very primitive. The ordinary was doubtless
+as well furnished as the private homes of its neighbors, and that was very
+simple of fashion, while the fare was scant of variety.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 394px;"><img src="images/fig_006.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Taproom of Wayside Inn.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>We know that even the early ordinaries had sign-boards.</p>
+
+<p>The ordinary-keeper had his license granted with the proviso that &#8220;there
+be sett up some inoffensive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> sign obvious for direction to
+strangers&#8221;&mdash;this in Salem in 1645. In 1655 the Rhode Island courts ordered
+that all persons appointed to keep an ordinary should &#8220;cause to be sett
+out a convenient Signe at ye most perspicuous place of ye said house,
+thereby to give notice to strangers yt it is a house of public
+entertainment, and this to be done with all convenient speed.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Women kept ordinaries and taverns from early days. Widows abounded, for
+the life of the male colonists was hard, exposure was great, and many died
+in middle age. War also had many victims. Tavern-keeping was the resort of
+widows of small means then, just as the &#8220;taking of boarders&#8221; is to-day.
+Women were skilled in business affairs and competent; many licenses were
+granted to them to keep victualling-houses, to draw wine, and make and
+sell beer. In 1684 the wife of one Nicholas Howard was licensed &#8220;to
+entertain Lodgers in the absence of her husband&#8221;; while other women were
+permitted to sell food and drink but could not entertain lodgers because
+their husbands were absent from home, thus drawing nice distinctions. A
+Salem dame in 1645 could keep an ordinary if she provided a &#8220;godly man&#8221; to
+manage her business. Some women became renowned as good innkeepers, and
+they were everywhere encouraged in the calling.</p>
+
+<p>The colonists did not have to complain long, nor to pine long for lack of
+ordinaries. In 1675 Cotton Mather said every other house in Boston was an
+ale-house.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first serious protests against the increase<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> of ordinaries and
+ale-houses in the colonies, and appreciation of their pernicious effects,
+came from Nathaniel Saltonstall of Haverhill, Massachusetts. He was a
+magistrate, and an officer in the militia. He was appointed one of the
+judges in the Salem witchcraft trials; but in this latter capacity he
+refused to serve, which may be taken as a proof of his advanced thought.
+He was said to be &#8220;a man of superior powers of mind and rare talents.&#8221; In
+December, 1696, he sent a letter to the Salem Court which ran thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;<span class="smcap">Much Hon&#8217;d Gentlemen</span>:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I allways thought it great prudence and Christianity in our former
+leaders and rulers, by their laws to state the number of publique
+houses in towns and for regulation of such houses, as were of
+necessity, thereby to prevent all sorts, almost, of wickednesses which
+daily grow in upon us like a flood. But alas! I see not but that now
+the case is over, and such (as to some places I may term them)
+pest-houses and places of enticement (tho not so intended by the
+Justices) the sin are multiplied. It is multiplied too openly, that
+the cause of it may be, the price of retailers&#8217; fees, etc. I pray what
+need of six retailers in Salisbury, and of more than one in Haverhill,
+and some other towns where the people, when taxes and rates for the
+country and ministers are collecting, with open mouths complain of
+povertie and being hardly dealt with, and yet I am fully informed, can
+spend much time, and spend their estates at such blind holes, as are
+clandestinely and unjustly petitioned for; and more threaten to get
+licenses, chiefly by repairing to a remote court, where they are not
+known or suspected, but pass for current, and thereby the towns are
+abused, and the youth get evil habits; and men sent out on country
+service<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> at such places waste much of their time, yet expect pay for
+it, in most pernicious loytering and what, and sometimes by foolish if
+not pot-valiant firing and shooting off guns, not for the destruction
+of enemies, but to the wonderful disturbance and affrightment of the
+inhabitants, which is not the service a scout is allowed and
+maintained for.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Please to see what good is done by giving a license to Robert
+Hastings, in such a by-place about three miles from the publique house
+in town. The man himself I am sure has no cause, nor do I believe the
+town and travellers if they are sober men, will ever give the court
+thanks for the first grant to him, or the further renewal thereof.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;But now the bravado is made, what is done is not enough; we must have
+a third tippling house at Peter Patey&#8217;s about midway between the other
+two, which they boast as cock-sure of, and have it is thought laid in,
+for this very end, an unaccountable store of cyder, rum, molasses, and
+what not. It is well if this stock be not now spent on, in procuring
+subscriptions for to obtain the villain&#8217;s license, which I fear,
+knowing the man, we may be bold to say, wickedness will be practiced
+and without control.... I have done my part in court, as to what I
+heard of, to prevent such confiding licenses to persons unknown....</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I am now God&#8217;s prisoner and cant come abroad, and have waited long to
+speak of those, and others, but as yet cant meet with an opportunity.
+You have nothing here of personal animosity of mine against any man,
+but zeal and faithfulness to my country and town, and to the young and
+rising generation that they be not too much at liberty to live and do
+as they list. Accept of the good intentions of, gentlemen, your humble
+servant,</p>
+
+<p class="right">&#8220;<span class="smcap">N. Saltonstall</span>.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>There is a sturdy ring about this letter, a freedom from cant and
+conventional religious expressions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> that serve to paint clearly the
+character of the writer, and show us by one of those side-glimpses, which,
+as Ruskin says, often afford more light than a full stare, the sort of man
+that built up New England in the beginning, on its solid and noble
+foundations.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 402px;"><img src="images/fig_007.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Buckman Tavern, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1690.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the forebodings of Saltonstall and other Christian gentlemen,
+the flood of wickedness and disorder which he predicted was slow in its
+approach. The orderly ways and close restrictions and surveillance of the
+Puritan ordinary lasted until long after public houses were called
+taverns.</p>
+
+<p>In the latter quarter of the seventeenth century and the first of the
+eighteenth a nearly continual diary was kept by a resident of Boston,
+Judge Samuel Sewall,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> who might be called Boston&#8217;s first citizen. He was
+rich, he was good, he was intelligent, and some portions of his diary are
+of great value for the light they throw on contemporary customs and
+events. He has been called a Puritan Pepys; but in one respect he is
+markedly unlike Pepys, who gave us ample record of London taverns, and of
+tavern life in his day. It is doubtful that Sewall knew much about tavern
+life in Boston; for his private life was a great contrast to that of our
+gay Pepys. Judge Sewall was a home-body, tenderly careful of his
+children&mdash;he had fourteen; a &#8220;loving servant&#8221; to his wives&mdash;he had three;
+especially devoted to his mother-in-law&mdash;he had but one, the richest woman
+in Boston; kind to his neighbors, poor as well as rich; attentive to his
+friends in sickness, and thoughtful of them in death; zealous in religious
+duties both in the church and the family; public-spirited and upright in
+his service to his town and state, from his high office as judge, down to
+fulfilling petty duties such as serving on the watch. He had little time
+for tavern life, and little inclination to it; and he condemned men who
+&#8220;kept ordinaries and sold rum.&#8221; He was a shining example of the
+&#8220;New-English men,&#8221; whose fast-thinning ranks he so sadly deplored, and
+whose virtues he extolled. He occasionally refers in his diary to
+ordinaries. Sometimes he soberly drank healths and grace-cups within
+Boston and Cambridge tavern walls with the honored Deputies, at the
+installation of a new Governor, on the King&#8217;s Coronation Day, or a Royal
+Birthday. Sometimes we read of his pleasuring trips with his wife to the
+Greyhound Tavern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> in Roxbury, his gala dinner of boiled pork and roast
+fowls, and his riding home at curfew in &#8220;brave moonshine.&#8221; That clear June
+moonlight shining down through the centuries does not display to us any
+very gay figures, any very jolly riders. We can see the Judge in rich but
+sad-colored attire, with his wife on a pillion behind him, soberly jogging
+home, doubtless singing psalms as they went through the short stretches of
+Roxbury woods; for he sang psalms everywhere apparently, when he was
+permitted to do so. This is as might be expected of a man who on another
+pleasure jaunt with his wife left her eating cherries in the orchard,
+while he, like any other Puritan, &#8220;sweetened his mouth with a bit of
+Calvin,&#8221; that is, he sat indoors and read <i>Calvin on Psalms</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_008.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Hound-handle Tavern Pitcher.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>At this time&mdash;in the year 1714&mdash;Boston had a population approaching ten
+thousand. It had thirty-four ordinary- or inn-holders, of whom twelve were
+women; four common victuallers, of whom one was a woman; forty-one
+retailers of liquor, of whom seventeen were women, and a few cider
+sellers. There were, therefore, ample places in which liquor could be
+bought; but Sewall&#8217;s entire diary gives proof of the orderliness of life
+in Boston. There are not half a dozen entries which give any records or
+show any evidence of tavern disorders. In 1708 an inquiry was made by the
+magistrates &#8220;as to debaucheries at the Exchange,&#8221; and as a result one
+young man was fined five shillings for cursing, ten shillings for throwing
+a beer-pot and scale-box at the maid, and twenty shillings for lying&mdash;that
+was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> all. The longest entry is on the Queen&#8217;s birthday in 1714:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;My neighbor Colson knocks at my door about nine <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span>, or past, to
+tell of disorders at the ordinary at the South End, kept by Mr.
+Wallace. He desired me that I would accompany Mr. Bromfield and
+Constable Howell hither. It was 35 minutes past nine before Mr.
+Bromfield came, then we went, took &AElig;neas Salter with us. Found much
+company. They refused to go away. Said was there to drink the Queen&#8217;s
+health and had many other healths to drink. Called for more drink and
+drank to me: I took notice of the affront, to them. Said they must and
+would stay upon that solemn occasion. Mr. Netmaker drank<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> the Queen&#8217;s
+health to me. I told him I drank none; on that he ceased. Mr. Brinley
+put on his hat to affront me. I made him take it off. I threatened to
+send some of them to prison. They said they could but pay their fine
+and doing that might stay. I told them if they had not a care they
+would be guilty of a riot. Mr. Bromfield spake of raising a number of
+men to quell them, and was in some heat ready to run into the street.
+But I did not like that. Not having pen and ink I went to take their
+names with my pencil and not knowing how to spell their names they
+themselves of their own accord writ them. At last I addressed myself
+to Mr. Banister. I told him he had been longest an inhabitant and
+freeholder and I expected he would set a good example by departing
+thence. Upon this he invited them to his own house, and away they
+went. And we after them went away. I went directly home and found it
+25 minutes past ten at night when I entered my own house.&#8221;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_009.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Hayden Tavern,<br />Essex, Connecticut.</div>
+
+<p>No greater tribute to orderly Boston could be given than this record of
+rare disturbance. Even in that day, half after nine was not a late hour,
+and it took the Judge but an hour to walk from his house and back and
+disperse these soberly rioting young men, whom we can picture, solemnly
+writing down their own names with the Judge&#8217;s pencil for him to bring them
+up in the morning. The next day they were each fined five shillings. Some
+paid, some appealed and gave bonds. Mr. Netmaker was Secretary to the
+Commander of her Majesty&#8217;s forces, and he had to pay five shillings for
+cursing. They also attempted to make him give bonds to keep the peace, but
+at this he and his friends lost patience and refused. Judges Sewall and
+Bromfield promptly sent him to jail.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> It is not surprising to know that
+the Governor released him, though under strenuous protest from the two
+magistrates, who had, they contended, simply executed the laws.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Sewall records one scene, a typically Puritanical one, and worthy of
+a Puritan tithing-man. It took place at the Castle Inn where he went with
+some other good Bostonians to shut off a &#8220;vain show.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Treat with Brother Wing (the landlord) about his Setting a Room in
+his House for a Man to shew Tricks in. He saith, seeing &#8217;tis offensive
+he will remedy it. It seems the Room is fitted with Seats. I read what
+Dr. Ames saith of Callings, and spake as I could from this Principle,
+that the Man&#8217;s Practice was unlawfull, and therefore Capt. Wing could
+not lawfully give him an accommodation for it. Sung the 90 Ps from the
+12 v to the end. Broke up.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There is a suggestion of sober farce in this picture of those pious
+gentlemen reading and expounding a sermon, whipping out their psalm books,
+and singing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> a psalm to poor hospitable Landlord Wing in the parlor or
+taproom of his own house.</p>
+
+<p>Naturally the Puritan planters, and all &#8220;true New-English men&#8221; like
+Sewall, did not care to have the ordinaries of their quiet towns made into
+places of gay resort, of what they called &#8220;the shewing of vain shews.&#8221;
+They deemed those hostelries places of hospitable convenience, not of
+lively entertainment. A contemporary poet, Quarles, thus compares human
+life to a stay at an inn:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Our life is nothing but a winter&#8217;s day,<br />
+Some only break their fast and so away;<br />
+Others stay dinner and depart full fed;<br />
+The deepest age but sups and goes to bed.<br />
+He&#8217;s most in debt who lingers out the day,<br />
+Who dies betimes, has less and less to pay.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This somewhat melancholy view, both of life and of a public house,
+lingered long in the colonies, for nearly a century; we might say, with
+the life of the ordinary. When taverns came, their guests thought very
+little of dying, and paid very much attention to living.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">OLD-TIME TAVERNS</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">By</span> the close of the seventeenth century the word ordinary was passing into
+disuse in America; public houses had multiplied vastly and had become
+taverns, though a few old-fashioned folk&mdash;in letters, and doubtless in
+conversation&mdash;still called them ordinaries&mdash;Judge Sewall was one. The word
+inn, universal in English speech, was little heard here, and tavern was
+universally adopted. Though to-day somewhat shadowed by a formless
+reputation of being frequently applied to hostelries of vulgar resort and
+coarse fare and ways, the word tavern is nevertheless a good one, resonant
+of sound and accurate of application, since to this present time in the
+commonwealth of Massachusetts and in other states such large and sumptuous
+caravansaries as the Touraine and the Somerset Hotel of Boston are in the
+eye and tongue of the law simply taverns, and their proprietors
+inn-holders or tavern-keepers.</p>
+
+<p>In the Middle colonies ordinaries and inns were just as quickly opened,
+just as important, just as frequent, as in New England; but in the
+Southern colonies, the modes of settlement were so different,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> there were
+so few towns and villages, that hospitality to the traveller was shown at
+each plantation, every man&#8217;s home was an inn; every planter was a
+landlord.</p>
+
+<p>In general no charge was made for the entertainment of the chance visitor
+whose stay was deemed a pleasure in the secluded life of the Virginia
+tobacco planter. Indeed, unless a distinct contract had been made in
+advance and terms stated, the host could not demand pay from a guest, no
+matter how long the visitor remained. Rates of prices were set for the
+first Virginian ordinaries; previous to 1639 six pounds of tobacco were
+paid for a dinner, or about eighteen pence in coin; but as food soon grew
+more abundant, the price was reduced to twelve pence, and it was enjoined
+that the food must be wholesome and plentiful. Then the charges grew
+exorbitant,&mdash;twenty pounds of tobacco for a meal for a master, fifteen for
+a servant. Throughout the country the prices wavered up and down, but were
+never low. There were apparently two causes for this: the fact that
+ordinary-keepers captured so few guests, and also that the tobacco leaf
+varied and depreciated in value.</p>
+
+<p>By 1668 so many small tippling-houses and petty ordinaries existed in the
+colony of Virginia that laws were passed restricting the number in each
+county to one at the court-house, and possibly one at a wharf or ferry.
+Then the magistrates tried to limit the drinks sold in these houses to
+beer and cider; and private individuals were warned not to sell &#8220;any sort
+of drink or liquor whatsoever, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> retail under any color, pretence,
+delusion, or subtle evasion whatsoever.&#8221; Those conditions did not last
+long. Soon the Virginia ordinaries had plentiful domestic and imported
+liquors, and at very low prices. Mr. Bruce says that &#8220;Madeira, Canary,
+Malaga, and Fayal wines were probably much more abundant in the Colony
+than in England at this time, and were drunk by classes which in the
+mother country were content with strong and small-beer.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>But the ordinaries did scant business as lodging-places. Governor Harvey
+complained that he could with as much justice be called the host as the
+Governor of Virginia, from the great number of persons entertained by him.
+This condition of affairs continued outside the cities till well into this
+century. In the large towns, however, comfortable taverns were everywhere
+established; and they were, as in the Northern colonies, the gathering
+places of many serious and many frivolous assemblages. The best of our
+American taverns were found in Southern cities; Baltimore had the Fountain
+Inn built around a courtyard like an old English inn, and furnished very
+handsomely.</p>
+
+<p>Few of these ancient taverns still remain. The old Indian Queen Tavern is
+still standing at Bladensburg, Maryland. Its picture is given opposite
+<a href="#Page_33">page 33</a>. This view is from a painting by Mr. Edward Lamson Henry. It shows
+also an old stage-wagon such as was used in the eighteenth century,
+starting out from the tavern door. Mr. Henry has made a most exhaustive
+study of old-time modes of travel, as well as a fine collection of old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+vehicles, harnesses, costumes, etc. The copies of his paintings, which I
+am honored by using in this book, are in every detail authoritative and
+invaluable records of the olden time.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 384px;"><img src="images/fig_010.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Indian Queen Tavern, Bladensburg, Maryland.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>With the establishment of turnpikes, road houses multiplied, and for a
+time prospered. But their day was short; a typical Maryland road house is
+shown on <a href="#Page_34">page 34</a>, far gone in a decrepit and ugly old age.</p>
+
+<p>The history of Pennsylvania shows that its taverns were great in number
+and good in quality, especially soon after the Revolution. This would be
+the natural accompaniment of the excellent roads throughout the state.
+Philadelphia had an extraordinary number of public houses, and many were
+needed; for the city had a vast number of visitors, and a great current of
+immigration poured into that port. In the chapter on Signs and Symbols,
+many names and descriptions are given of old Philadelphia taverns.</p>
+
+<p>The first Dutch directors-general of New Netherland entertained infrequent
+travellers and traders at their own homes, and were probably very glad to
+have these visitors. But trade was rapidly increasing, and
+Director-General Kieft, &#8220;in order to accommodate the English, from whom he
+suffered great annoyance, built a fine inn of stone.&#8221; The chronicler De
+Vries had often dined in Kieft&#8217;s house, and he says dryly of the building
+of this inn, &#8220;It happened well for the travellers.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Stadt Harberg, or City Tavern, was built in where now stand the
+warehouses, 71 and 73 Pearl Street. It was ordained that a well and
+brew-house<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> might be erected at the rear of the inn; right was given to
+retail the East India Company&#8217;s wine and brandy; and some dull records
+exist of the use of the building as an inn. It had a career afterward of
+years of use and honor as the Stadt Huys, or City Hall; I have told its
+story at length in a paper in the <i>Half-Moon Series</i> on Historic New York.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 436px;"><img src="images/fig_011.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Old Maryland Road House.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The building was certainly not needed as a tavern, for in 1648 one-fourth
+of the buildings in New Amsterdam had been turned into tap-houses for the
+sale of beer, brandy, and tobacco. Governor Stuyvesant placed some
+restraint on these tapsters; they had to receive unanimous consent of the
+Council to set up the business; they could not sell to Indians.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
+&#8220;Unreasonable night-tippling,&#8221; that is, drinking after the curfew bell at
+nine o&#8217;clock, and &#8220;intemperate drinking on the Sabbath,&#8221; that is, drinking
+by any one not a boarder before three o&#8217;clock on the Sabbath (when church
+services were ended), were heavily fined. Untimely &#8220;sitting of clubs&#8221; was
+also prohibited. These laws were evaded with as much ease as the Raines
+Law provisions of later years in the same neighborhood.</p>
+
+<p>In 1664 the red cross of St. George floated over the city; the English
+were in power; the city of New Amsterdam was now New York. The same tavern
+laws as under the Dutch obtained, however, till 1748, and under the
+English, taverns multiplied as fast as under Dutch rule. They had good old
+English names on their sign-boards: the Thistle and Crown, the Rose and
+Thistle, the Duke of Cumberland, the Bunch of Grapes, St. George and the
+Dragon, Dog&#8217;s Head in the Porridge Pot, the Fighting Cocks, the White
+Lion, the King&#8217;s Head.</p>
+
+<p>On the Boreel Building on Broadway is a bronze commemorative tablet,
+placed there in 1890 by the Holland Society.</p>
+
+<p>The site of this building has indeed a history of note. In 1754 Edward
+Willet opened there a tavern under the sign of the Province Arms; and many
+a distinguished traveller was destined to be entertained for many a year
+at this Province Arms and its successors. It had been the home residence
+of the De Lanceys, built about 1700 by the father of Lieutenant-Governor
+James De Lancey, and was deemed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> a noble mansion. The Province Arms began
+its career with two very brilliant public dinners: one to the new English
+Governor, Sir Charles Hardy; the other upon the laying of the corner-stone
+of King&#8217;s College. A grand function this was, and the Province Arms had
+full share of honor. All the guests, from Governor to students, assembled
+at the tavern, and proceeded to the college grounds; they laid the stone
+and returned to Landlord Willet&#8217;s, where, says the chronicle, &#8220;the usual
+loyal healths were drunk, and Prosperity to the College; and the whole was
+conducted with the utmost Decency and Propriety.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In 1763 the Province Arms had a new landlord, George Burns, late of the
+King&#8217;s Head in the Whitehall, and ere that of the Cart and Horse. His
+advertisements show his pretensions to good housekeeping, and his house
+was chosen for a lottery-drawing of much importance&mdash;one for the building
+of the lighthouse at Sandy Hook. This lottery was for six thousand pounds,
+and lighthouse and lottery were special pets of Cadwallader Colden, then
+President of his Majesty&#8217;s Council. Lotteries were usually drawn at City
+Hall, but just at that time repairs were being made upon that building, so
+Mr. Burns&#8217;s long room saw this important event. The lighthouse was built.
+<i>The New York Magazine</i> for 1790 has a picture and description of it. It
+is there gravely stated that the light could be seen at a distance of ten
+leagues, that is, thirty miles. As the present light at Sandy Hook is
+officially registered to be seen at fifteen miles&#8217; distance, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> marvel
+of our ancestors must have shone with &#8220;a light that never was on land or
+sea.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Troublous times were now approaching. George Burns&#8217;s long room held many
+famous gatherings anent the Stamp Act&mdash;at the first the famous
+Non-Importation Agreement was signed by two hundred stout-hearted New York
+merchants. Sons of Liberty drank and toasted and schemed within the walls
+of the Province Arms. Concerts and duels alternated with suppers and
+society meetings; dancing committees and governors of the college poured
+in and out of the Province Arms. In 1792 Peter De Lancey sold it to the
+Tontine Association; the fine old mansion was torn down, and the City
+Hotel sprang up in its place.</p>
+
+<p>The City Hotel filled the entire front of the block on Broadway between
+Thomas and Cedar streets. Travellers said it had no equal in the United
+States, but it was unpretentious in exterior, as may be seen through the
+picture on the old blue and white plate (shown on <a href="#Page_38">page 38</a>) which gives the
+front view of the hotel with a man sawing wood on Broadway, this in about
+1824. It was simply yet durably furnished, and substantial comfort was
+found within. Though the dining room was simply a spacious, scrupulously
+neat apartment, the waiters were numerous and well-trained. There was a
+&#8220;lady&#8217;s dining room&#8221; in which dances, lectures, and concerts were given.
+The proprietors were two old bachelors, Jennings and Willard. It was
+reported and believed that Willard never went to bed. He was never known
+to be away from his post, and with ease and good<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> nature performed his
+parts of host, clerk, bookkeeper, and cashier. When Billy Niblo opened an
+uptown coffee-house and garden, it was deemed a matter of courtesy that
+Willard should attend the housewarming. When the hour of starting arrived,
+it was found that Willard had not for years owned a hat. Two streets away
+from the City Hall would have been to him a strange city, in which he
+could be lost. Jennings was purveyor and attended to all matters of the
+dining room, as well as relations with the external world. Both hosts had
+the perfect memory of faces, names, and details, which often is an
+accompaniment of the successful landlord. These two men were types of the
+old-fashioned Boniface.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_012.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">City Hotel.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>In the early half of the eighteenth century the genteel New York tavern
+was that of Robert Todd, vintner. It was in Smith (now William) Street
+between Pine and Cedar, near the Old Dutch Church. The house was known by
+the sign of the Black Horse. Concerts, dinners, receptions, and balls took
+place within its elegant walls. On the evening of January 19, 1736, a ball
+was therein given in honor of the Prince of Wales&#8217;s birthday. The healths
+of the Royal Family, the Governor, and Council had been pledged loyally
+and often at the fort through the day, and &#8220;the very great appearance of
+ladies and gentlemen and an elegant entertainment&#8221; at the ball fitly ended
+the celebration. The ladies were said to be &#8220;magnificent.&#8221; The ball opened
+with French dances and then proceeded to country dances, &#8220;upon which Mrs.
+Morris led up to two new country dances made upon the occasion, the first
+of which was called the Prince of Wales, the second the Princess of
+Saxe-Gotha.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Black Horse was noted for its Todd drinks, mainly composed of choice
+West India rum; and by tradition it is gravely asserted that from these
+delectable beverages was derived the old drinking term &#8220;toddy.&#8221; (Truth
+compels the accompanying note that the word &#8220;toddy,&#8221; like many of our
+drinking names and the drinks themselves, came from India, and the word is
+found in a geographical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> description of India written in 1671, before
+Robert Todd was born, or the Black Horse Tavern thought of.)</p>
+
+<p>When Robert of toddy fame died, after nine years of successful
+hospitality, his widow Margaret reigned in his stead. She had a turn for
+trade, and advertised for sale, at wholesale, fine wines and playing
+cards, at reasonable rates. In 1750 the Boston Post made this tavern its
+headquarters, but its glory of popularity was waning and soon was wholly
+gone.</p>
+
+<p>At the junction of 51st and 52d streets with the post-road stood Cato&#8217;s
+Road House, built in 1712. Cato was a negro slave who had so mastered
+various specialties in cooking that he was able to earn enough money to
+buy his freedom from his South Carolina master. He kept this inn for
+forty-eight years. Those who tasted his okra soup, his terrapin, fried
+chicken, curried oysters, roast duck, or drank his New York brandy-punch,
+his Virginia egg-nogg, or South Carolina milk-punch, wondered how any one
+who owned him ever could sell him even to himself. Alongside his road
+house he built a ballroom which would let thirty couple swing widely in
+energetic reels and quadrilles. When Christmas sleighing set in, the
+Knickerbocker braves and belles drove out there to dance; and there was
+<i>always</i> sleighing at Christmas in old New York&mdash;all octogenarians will
+tell you so. Cato&#8217;s egg-nogg was mixed in single relays by the barrelful.
+He knew precisely the mystic time when the separated white and yolk was
+beaten enough, he knew the exact<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> modicum of sugar, he could count with
+precision the grains of nutmeg that should fleck the compound, he could
+top to exactness the white egg foam. A picture of this old road house,
+taken from a print, is here given. It seems but a shabby building to have
+held so many gay scenes.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 350px;"><img src="images/fig_013.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Cato&#8217;s House.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The better class of old-time taverns always had a parlor. This was used as
+a sitting room for women travellers, or might be hired for the exclusive
+use of some wealthy person or family. It was not so jovial a room as the
+taproom, though in winter a glowing fire in the open fireplace gave to the
+formal furnishings that look of good cheer and warmth and welcome which is
+ever present, even in the meanest apartment, when from the great logs the
+flames shot up and &#8220;the old rude-furnished room burst flower-like into
+rosy bloom.&#8221; We are more comfortable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> now, with our modern ways of
+house-heating, but our rooms do not look as warm as when we had open
+fires. In the summer time the fireplace still was an object of interest. A
+poet writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;&#8217;Tis summer now; instead of blinking flames<br />
+Sweet-smelling ferns are hanging o&#8217;er the grate.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">With curious eyes I pore</span><br />
+Upon the mantel-piece with precious wares,<br />
+Glazed Scripture prints in black lugubrious frames,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Filled with old Bible lore;</span><br />
+The whale is casting Jonah on the shore:<br />
+Pharaoh is drowning in the curling wave.<br />
+And to Elijah sitting at his cave<br />
+The hospitable ravens fly in pairs<br />
+Celestial food within their horny beaks.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The walls of one tavern parlor which I have seen were painted with scenes
+from a tropical forest. On either side of the fireplace sprang a tall palm
+tree. Coiled serpents, crouching tigers, monkeys, a white elephant, and
+every form of vivid-colored bird and insect crowded each other on the
+walls of this Vermont tavern. On the parlor of the Washington Tavern at
+Westfield, Massachusetts, is a fine wallpaper with scenes of a fox-chase.
+This tavern is shown on the opposite page; also on <a href="#Page_45">page 45</a> one of the fine
+hand-wrought iron door-latches used on its doors. These were made in
+England a century and a half ago.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 412px;"><img src="images/fig_014.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Washington Tavern, Westfield, Massachusetts.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The taproom was usually the largest room of the tavern. It had universally
+a great fireplace, a bare, sanded floor, and ample seats and chairs.
+Usually there was a tall, rather rude writing-desk, at which a traveller
+might write a letter, or sign a contract, and where the landlord made out
+his bills and kept his books. The bar was the most interesting furnishing
+of this room. It was commonly made with a sort of portcullis grate, which
+could be closed if necessary. But few of these bars remain; nearly all
+have been removed, even if the tavern still stands. The taproom of the
+Wayside Inn at Sudbury, Massachusetts, is shown on <a href="#Page_19">page 19</a>. It is a
+typical example of a room such as existed in hundreds of taverns a century
+ago. Another taproom may still be seen in the Wadsworth Inn. This
+well-built, fine old house, shown on <a href="#Page_47">page 47</a>, is a good specimen of the
+better class of old taverns. It is three miles from Hartford, Connecticut,
+on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> the old Albany turnpike. It was one of twenty-one taverns within a
+distance of twenty miles on that pike. It was not a staging inn for every
+passing coach, but enjoyed an aristocratic patronage. The property has
+been in the same family for five generations, but the present building was
+erected by Elisha Wadsworth in 1828. It is not as old as the member of the
+Wadsworth family who now lives in it, Miss Lucy Wadsworth, born in 1801.
+Its old taproom is shown on <a href="#Page_51">page 51</a>. This tavern was a public house till
+the year 1862.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the furnishings of the taproom of the old Mowry Inn still are
+owned by Landlord Mowry&#8217;s descendants, and a group of them is shown on
+<a href="#Page_7">page 7</a>. Two heavy glass beakers brought from Holland, decorated with
+vitrifiable colors like the Bristol glass, are unusual pieces. The wooden
+tankard, certainly two centuries old, has the curious ancient lid hinge.
+The Bellarmine jug was brought to America filled with fine old gin from
+Holland by Mayor Willet, the first Mayor of New York City. The bowl is one
+of the old Indian knot bowls. It has been broken and neatly repaired by
+sewing the cracks together with waxed thread. The sign-board of this old
+inn is shown on <a href="#Page_57">page 57</a>. The house stood on the post-road between
+Woonsocket and Providence, in a little village known as Lime Rock. As it
+was a relay house for coaches, it had an importance beyond the size of the
+settlement around it.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the taproom was decorated with broad hints to dilatory
+customers. Such verses as this were hung over the bar:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+&#8220;I&#8217;ve trusted many to my sorrow.<br />
+Pay to-day. I&#8217;ll trust to-morrow.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Another ran:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;My liquor&#8217;s good, my measure just;<br />
+But, honest Sirs, I will not trust.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Another showed a dead cat with this motto:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Care killed this Cat.<br />
+Trust kills the Landlord.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Still another:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;If Trust,<br />
+I must,<br />
+My ale,<br />
+Will pale.&#8221;</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_015.jpg" alt="" /><br />Door-latch of<br />Washington Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>The old Phillips farm-house at Wickford, Rhode Island, was at one time
+used as a tavern. It has a splendid chimney over twenty feet square. So
+much room does this occupy that there is no central staircase, and little
+winding stairs ascend at three corners of the house. On each chimney-piece
+are hooks to hang firearms, and at one side curious little drawers are set
+for pipes and tobacco. I have seen these tobacco drawers in several old
+taverns. In some Dutch houses in New York these tobacco shelves are found
+in an unusual and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>seemingly ill-chosen place, namely, in the entry over
+the front door; and a narrow flight of three or four steps leads up to
+them. Hanging on a nail alongside the tobacco drawer or shelf would
+usually be seen a pipe-tongs&mdash;or smoking tongs. They were slender little
+tongs, usually of iron or steel; with them the smoker lifted a coal from
+the fireplace to light his pipe. Sometimes the handle of the tongs had one
+end elongated, knobbed, and ingeniously bent S-shaped into convenient form
+to press down the tobacco into the bowl of the pipe. Other old-time
+pipe-tongs were in the form of a lazy-tongs. A companion of the pipe-tongs
+on the mantel was what was known as a comfortier; a little brazier of
+metal in which small coals could be handed about for pipe lighting. An
+unusual luxury was a comfortier of silver, which were found among the
+wealthy Dutch settlers.</p>
+
+<p>Two old taverns of East Poultney, Vermont, are shown on <a href="#Page_59">page 59</a>. Both
+sheltered Horace Greeley in his sojourn there. The upper house, the Pine
+Tree, is a &#8220;sun-line&#8221; house, facing due north, with its ends pointing east
+and west. Throughout a century the other house, the Eagle Tavern, has
+never lost its calling; now it is the only place in the village where the
+tourist may find shelter for the night unless he takes advantage of the
+kindness of some good-hearted housekeeper.</p>
+
+<p>The main portion of the Eagle Tavern of Newton, New Hampshire, is still
+standing and is shown with its sign-board on <a href="#Page_126">page 126</a>. It was the &#8220;halfway
+house&#8221; on the much-travelled stage-road between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> Haverhill, Massachusetts,
+and Exeter, New Hampshire. The house was kept by Eliphalet Bartlett in
+Revolutionary times as account-books show, though the sign-board bears the
+date 1798. The tavern originally had two long wings, in one of which was
+kept a country store. Five generations of Bartletts were born in it before
+it was sold to the present owners. The sign-board displays on one side the
+eagle which confers the name; on the other, what was termed in old
+descriptions a punch-bowl, but which is evidently a disjointed teapot.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 379px;"><img src="images/fig_016.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Wadsworth Inn, Hartford, Connecticut.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>About the time when settlements in the New World had begun to assume the
+appearance of towns, and some attempt at closely following English modes
+of life became apparent, there were springing up in London at every street
+corner coffee-houses, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> flourished through the times of Dryden,
+Johnson, and Goldsmith, till the close of the eighteenth century. Tea and
+coffee came into public use in close companionship. The virtues of the
+Turkish beverage were first introduced to Londoners by a retired Turkey
+merchant named Daniel Edwards, and his Greek servant, Pasque Rosser. The
+latter opened the first coffee-house in London in 1652. The first
+advertisement of this first coffee venture is preserved in the British
+Museum.</p>
+
+<p>The English of a certain class were always ready to turn an evil eye on
+all new drinks, and coffee had to take its share of abuse. It was called
+&#8220;syrup of soot,&#8221; and &#8220;essence of old shoes,&#8221; etc.; and the keeper of the
+Rainbow Coffee-house was punished as a nuisance &#8220;for making and selling of
+a drink called coffee whereby in making the same he annoyeth his
+neighbours by evil smells.&#8221; Soon, however, the smell of coffee was not
+deemed evil, but became beloved; and every profession, trade, class, and
+party had its coffee-house. The parsons met at one, &#8220;cits&#8221; at another;
+soldiers did not drink coffee with lawyers, nor gamesters with
+politicians. A penny was paid at the bar at entering, which covered
+newspaper and lights; twopence paid for a dish of coffee. Coffee-houses
+sprang up everywhere in America as in London. In 1752 in New York the New
+or Royal Exchange was held to be so laudable an undertaking that &pound;100 was
+voted toward its construction by the Common Council. It was built like the
+English exchanges, raised on brick arches, and was opened as a coffee-room
+in 1754. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> name of the Merchant&#8217;s Coffee-house&mdash;on the southeast corner
+of Wall and Water streets&mdash;appears in every old newspaper. It was a centre
+of trade. Ships, cargoes, lands, houses, negroes, and varied merchandise
+were &#8220;vendued&#8221; at this coffee-house. It also served as an insurance
+office. Alexander Macraby wrote in 1768 in New York:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;They have a vile practice here, which is peculiar to this city; I
+mean that of playing back-gammon (a noise I detest) which is going
+forward in the public coffee-houses from morning till night,
+frequently ten or a dozen tables at a time.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>From this it will be seen that the English sin of gaming with cards did
+not exist in New York coffee-houses.</p>
+
+<p>The London Coffee-house was famous in the history of Philadelphia. On
+April 15, 1754, the printer, Bradford, put a notice in his journal for
+subscribers to the coffee-house to meet at the court-house on the 19th to
+choose trustees. Bradford applied for a license to the Governor and
+Council thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Having been advised to keep a Coffee-House for the benefit of
+merchants and traders, and as some people may be desirous at times to
+be furnished with other liquors besides coffee, your petitioner
+apprehends that it is necessary to have the government license.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The coffee-house was duly opened; Bradford&#8217;s account for opening day was
+&pound;9 6<i>s.</i> The trustees also lent him &pound;259 of the &pound;350 of subscriptions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+and this coffee-house became a factor in American history. The building,
+erected about 1702, stood on the corner of Front and Market streets, on
+land which had been given by Penn to his daughter Letitia. Bradford was a
+grandson of the first printer Bradford, and father of the Attorney-General
+of the United States under Washington. His standing at once gave the house
+prestige and much custom. Westcott says &#8220;it was the headquarters of life
+and action, the pulsating heart of excitement, enterprise, and
+patriotism.&#8221; Soldiers and merchants here met; slaves here were sold;
+strangers resorted for news; captains sold cargoes; sheriffs held
+&#8220;vandues.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Exchange Coffee-house of Boston was one of the most remarkable of all
+these houses. It was a mammoth affair for its day, being seven stories in
+height. It was completed in 1808, having been nearly three years in
+building, and having cost half a million dollars. The principal floor was
+an exchange. It ruined many of the workmen who helped to build it. During
+the glorious days of stage-coach travel, its successor, built after it was
+burnt in 1818, had a brilliant career as a staging tavern, for it had over
+two hundred bedrooms, and was in the centre of the city. At this
+Coffee-house Exchange was kept a register of marine news, arrivals,
+departures, etc., and many distinguished naval officers were registered
+there. At a sumptuous dinner given to President Monroe, who had rooms
+there, in July, 1817, there were present Commodores Bainbridge, Hull, and
+Perry; ex-President<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> John Adams; Generals Swift, Dearborn, Cobb, and
+Humphreys; Judges Story, Parker, Davis, Adams, and Jackson; Governor
+Brooks, Governor Phillips, and many other distinguished men.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 445px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_017.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Taproom of Wadsworth Inn.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>It would be a curious and entertaining study to trace the evolution of our
+great hotels, from the cheerful taverns and country inns, beloved of all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+travellers, to more pretentious road houses, to coffee-houses, then to
+great crowded hotels. We could see the growth of these vast hotels,
+especially those of summer resorts, and also their decay. In many
+fashionable watering-places great hotels have been torn down within a few
+years to furnish space for lawns and grounds around a splendid private
+residence. Many others are deserted and closed, some flourish in
+exceptional localities which are in isolated or remote parts of the
+country, such as southern Florida, the Virginia mountains, etc.; many have
+been forced to build so-called cottages where families can have a little
+retirement and privacy between meals, which are still eaten in a vast
+common dining room. But the average American of means in the Northern
+states, whose parents never left the city till after the 4th of July, and
+then spent a few weeks in the middle of the summer in a big hotel at
+Saratoga, or Niagara Falls, or Far Rockaway, or in the White Mountains,
+now spends as many months in his own country home. A few extraordinary
+exceptions in hotel life in America remain prosperous, however, the chief
+examples on our Eastern coast being at Atlantic City and Old Point
+Comfort.</p>
+
+<p>The study of tavern history often brings to light much evidence of sad
+domestic changes. Many a cherished and beautiful home, rich in annals of
+family prosperity and private hospitality, ended its days as a tavern.
+Many a stately building of historic note was turned into an inn in its
+later career. The Indian Queen in Philadelphia had been at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> various times
+the home of Sir Richard Penn, the headquarters of General Howe and of
+General Benedict, the home of Robert Morris and Presidents Washington and
+Adams. Benjamin Franklin&#8217;s home became a tavern; so also did the splendid
+Bingham mansion, which was built in 1790 by the richest man of his day.
+Governor Lloyd&#8217;s house became the Cross Trees Inn. Boston mansions had the
+same fate. That historic building&mdash;the Province House&mdash;served its term as
+a tavern.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes an old-time tavern had a special petty charm of its own, some
+peculiarity of furnishing or fare. One of these was the Fountain Inn of
+Medford, Massachusetts. It was built in 1725 and soon became vastly
+frequented. No town could afford a better site for inns than Medford. All
+the land travel to Boston from Maine, eastern New Hampshire, and
+northeastern Massachusetts poured along the main road through Medford,
+which was just distant enough from Boston centre to insure the halting and
+patronage of every passer-by. The Fountain Inn bustled with constant
+customers, and I can well believe that all wanderers gladly stopped to
+board and bait at this hospitable tavern. For I know nothing more
+attractive, &#8220;under the notion of an inn,&#8221; than this old tavern must have
+been, especially through the long summer months. It was a road house and
+stood close to the country road, so was never quiet; yet it afforded
+nevertheless a charming and restful retreat for weary and heated
+wanderers. For on either side of the front dooryard grew vast
+low-spreading trees, and in their heavy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> branches platforms were built and
+little bridges connected tree to tree, and both to the house. Perhaps the
+happy memories of hours and days of my childhood spent in a like tree nest
+built in an old apple tree, endow these tree rooms of the Fountain Inn
+with charms which cannot be equally endorsed and appreciated by all who
+read of them; but to me they form an ideal traveller&#8217;s joy. To sit there
+through the long afternoon or in the early twilight, cool and half remote
+among the tree branches, drinking a dish of tea; watching horsemen and
+cartmen and sturdy pedestrians come and go, and the dashing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> mail-coach
+rattle up, a flash of color and noise and life, and pour out its motley
+passengers, and speedily roll away with renewed patrons and splendor&mdash;why,
+it was like a scene in a light opera.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 550px; height: 449px;"><img src="images/fig_018.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Fountain Inn.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The tree abodes and the bridges fell slowly in pieces, and one great tree
+died; but its companion lived till 1879, when it, too, was cut down and
+the bald old commonplace building crowded on the dusty street stood bare
+and ugly, without a vestige or suggestion of past glory around it. Now
+that, too, is gone, and only the picture on the opposite page, of the
+tavern in its dying poverty, remains to show what was once the scene of so
+much bustle and good cheer.</p>
+
+<p>The State House Inn of Philadelphia was built in 1693, and was long known
+as Clark&#8217;s Inn. It was a poor little building which stood in a yard, not
+green with grass, but white with oysters and clam shells. Its proximity to
+the State House gave it the custom of the members and hangers-on of the
+colonial assemblies. William Penn often smoked his pipe on its porch.
+Clark had a sign-board, the Coach and Horses, and he had something else
+which was as common perhaps in Philadelphia as tavern sign-boards, namely,
+turnspit dogs&mdash;little patient creatures, long-bodied and crook-legged,
+whose lives were spent in the exquisite tantalization of helping to cook
+the meat, whose appetizing odors of roasting they sniffed for hours
+without any realization of tasting at the end of their labors.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Caius, founder of the college at Cambridge, England, that bears his
+name, is the earliest English<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> writer upon the dog, and he tells thus of
+turnspits: &#8220;Certain dogs in kitchen service excellent. When meat is to be
+roasted they go into a wheel, where, turning about with the weight of
+their bodies they so diligently look to their business that no drudge or
+scullion can do the feat more cunningly.&#8221; The Philadelphia landlord says
+in his advertisement of dogs for sale, &#8220;No clock or jack so cunningly.&#8221;
+The summary and inhuman mode of teaching these turnspits their humble
+duties is described in a book of anecdotes published at Newcastle-on-Tyne
+in 1809. The dog was put in the wheel. A burning coal was placed with him.
+If he stopped, his legs were burned. That was all. He soon learned his
+lesson. It was hard work, for often the great piece of beef was twice the
+weight of the dog, and took at least three long hours&#8217; roasting. I am glad
+to know that these hard-working turn-broches usually grew shrewd with age;
+learned to vanish at the approach of the cook or the appearance of the
+wheel. At one old-time tavern in New York little brown Jesse listened
+daily at the kitchen doorstep while the orders were detailed to the
+kitchen maids, and he could never be found till nightfall on roast-meat
+days; nay, more, he, as was the custom of dogs in that day, went with his
+mistress to meeting and lay at her feet in the pew. And when the parson
+one Sunday chose to read and expound from the first chapter of Ezekiel,
+Jesse fled with silent step and slunken tail and drooping ears at the
+unpleasant verse, &#8220;And when the living creatures went, the wheels went by
+them; and when the living creatures<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> were lifted up from the earth, the
+wheels were lifted up.&#8221; Naturally Jesse never suspected that these
+Biblical wheels were only parts of innocent allegorical chariots, but
+deemed them instead a very untimely and unkind reminder on a day of rest
+of his own hated turnspit wheel.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_019.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of N. Mowry&#8217;s Inn.</div>
+
+<p>One of the sweetest of all tales of an inn is that begun by Professor
+Reichel and ended by Mr. John W. Jordan of the Historical Society of
+Pennsylvania; it is called &#8220;A Red Rose from the Olden Time.&#8221; It is a story
+of <i>Der neue Gasthof</i> or &#8220;The Tavern behind Nazareth,&#8221; as it was modestly
+called, the tavern of the Moravian settlement at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
+It was a substantial building, &#8220;quartered, brick-nogged, and snugly
+weatherboarded, with a yard looking North and a Garden looking South.&#8221; In
+1754, under the regency of its first ruler, one Schaub, the cooper, and
+Divert Mary, his faithful wife, it bore a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>sign-board charged with a
+full-blown rose, and was ever after known as the Rose. This was not
+because the walls were coated with Spanish red; this rose bloomed with a
+life derived from sentiment and history, for it was built on land released
+by William Penn on an annual payment as rental of <span class="smcaplc">ONE RED ROSE</span>.</p>
+
+<p>There is something most restful and beautiful in the story of this old
+inn. Perhaps part of the hidden charm comes from the Biblical names of the
+towns. For, without our direct consciousness, there is ever something
+impressive in Biblical association; there is a magical power in Biblical
+comparison, a tenderness in the use of Biblical words and terms which we
+feel without actively noting. So this Red Rose of Nazareth seems built on
+the road to Paradise. An inventory was made of the homely contents of the
+Rose in 1765, when a new landlord entered therein; and they smack of the
+world, the flesh, and the devil. Ample store was there of rum, both of New
+England and the West Indies, of Lisbon wine, of cider and madigolum, which
+may have been metheglin. Punch-bowls, tumblers, decanters, funnels, black
+bottles, and nutmeg-graters and nutmegs also. Feather-beds and pillows
+were there in abundance, and blankets and coverlets, much pewter and
+little china, ample kitchen supplies of all sorts. In war and peace its
+record was of interest, and its solid walls stood still colored a deep red
+till our own day.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_020.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Pine-tree Tavern and Eagle Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The night-watch went his rounds in many of our colonial towns, and called
+the hour and the weather. Stumbling along with his long staff and his dim
+horn-lantern, he formed no very formidable figure either to affright
+marauders or warn honest citizens that they tarried too long in the
+taproom. But his voice gave a certain sense of protection to all who
+chanced to wake in the night, a knowledge that a friend was near. All who
+dwelt in the old towns of Bethlehem and Nazareth in Pennsylvania could
+listen and be truly cheered by the sound of the beautiful verses written
+for the night watchman by Count Zinzendorf. In winter the watchman began
+his rounds at eight o&#8217;clock, in summer at nine. No scenes of brawling or
+tippling could have prevailed at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> Rose Inn when these words of peace
+and piety rang out:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Eight o&#8217;clock:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The clock is eight! To Bethlehem all is told,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How Noah and his seven were saved of old.</span><br />
+<br />
+Nine o&#8217;clock:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hear, Brethren, hear! The hour of nine is come;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keep pure each heart and chasten every home.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ten o&#8217;clock:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hear, Brethren, hear! Now ten the hour-hand shows;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">They only rest who long for night&#8217;s repose.</span><br />
+<br />
+Eleven o&#8217;clock:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The clock&#8217;s eleven! And ye have heard it all,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How in that hour the mighty God did call.</span><br />
+<br />
+Twelve o&#8217;clock:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">It&#8217;s midnight now! And at that hour ye know</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With lamps to meet the bridegroom we must go.</span><br />
+<br />
+One o&#8217;clock:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The hour is one! Through darkness steals the day.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shines in your hearts the morning star&#8217;s first ray?</span><br />
+<br />
+Two o&#8217;clock:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The clock is two! Who comes to meet the day,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And to the Lord of Days his homage pay?</span><br />
+<br />
+Three o&#8217;clock:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The clock is three! The three in one above</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Let body, soul, and spirit truly love.</span><br />
+<br />
+Four o&#8217;clock:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The clock is four! Where&#8217;er on earth are three,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Lord has promised He the fourth will be.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span><br />
+Five o&#8217;clock:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The clock is five! While five away were sent,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Five other virgins to the marriage went.</span><br />
+<br />
+Six o&#8217;clock:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The clock is six! And from the watch I&#8217;m free,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And every one may his own watchman be.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">THE TAVERN LANDLORD</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> landlord of colonial days may not have been the greatest man in town,
+but he was certainly the best-known, often the most popular, and ever the
+most picturesque and cheerful figure. Travellers did not fail to note him
+and his virtues in their accounts of their sojourns. In 1686 a gossiping
+London bookseller and author, named John Dunton, made a cheerful visit to
+Boston. He did not omit to pay tribute in his story of colonial life to
+colonial landlords. He thus pictures George Monk, the landlord of the Blue
+Anchor of Boston:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;A person so remarkable that, had I not been acquainted with him, it
+would be a hard matter to make any New England man believe I had been
+in Boston; for there was no one house in all the town more noted, or
+where a man might meet with better accommodation. Besides, he was a
+brisk and jolly man, whose conversation was coveted by all his guests
+as the life and spirit of the company.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>This picture of an old-time publican seems more suited to English
+atmosphere than to the stern air of New England Puritanism.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_021.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Washington Hotel.</div>
+
+<p>Grave and respectable citizens were chosen to keep the early ordinaries
+and sell liquor. The first &#8220;house of intertainment&#8221; at Cambridge,
+Massachusetts, was kept by a deacon of the church, afterward Steward of
+Harvard College. The first license in that town to sell wine and strong
+water was to Nicholas Danforth, a selectman, and Representative to the
+General Court. In the Plymouth Colony Mr. William Collier and Mr. Constant
+Southworth, one of the honored Deputies, sold wine to their neighbors.
+These sober and discreet citizens<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> were men of ample means, who took the
+duty of wine-selling to aid the colony rather than their own incomes.</p>
+
+<p>The first ordinary in the town of Duxbury was kept by one Francis Sprague,
+said by a local chronicler to be of &#8220;ardent temperament.&#8221; His license was
+granted October 1, 1638, &#8220;to keep a victualling on Duxburrow side.&#8221; His
+ardent temperament shaped him into a somewhat gay reveller, and his
+license was withdrawn. It was regranted and again recalled in 1666. His
+son succeeded him, another jovial fellow. Duxbury folk were circumspect
+and sober, and desired innkeepers of cooler blood. Mr. Seabury, one of the
+tavern inspectors, was granted in 1678 &#8220;to sell liquors unto such
+sober-minded neighbours as hee shall thinke meet; soe as hee sell not
+lesse than the quantie of a gallon att a tyme to one pson, and not in
+smaller quantities by retaile to the occationing of drunkeness.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The license to sell liquor and keep a tavern explained clearly the
+limitations placed on a tavern-keeper. The one given the Andover landlord
+in 1692 ran thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The Condition of this Obligation is sent. That Whereas the above said
+William Chandler is admitted and allowed by their Majesties&#8217; Justices
+at a General Sessions of the Peace to keep a common Home of
+Entertainment and to use common selling of Ale, Beer, Syder, etc.,
+till the General Session of Peace next, in the now-Dwelling house of
+said Chandler in Andover, commonly known by the sign of the Horse Shoe
+and no other, if therefore the said William Chandler, during the time
+of keeping a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>Publick House shall not permit, suffer, or have any
+playing at Dice, Cards, Tables, Quoits, Loggets, Bowls, Ninepins,
+Billiards, or any other unlawful Game or Games in his House, yard,
+Garden, or Backside, nor shall suffer to be or remain in his House any
+person or persons not being of his own family upon Saturday nights
+after it is Dark, nor any time on the Sabbath Day or Evening after the
+Sabbath, nor shall suffer any person to lodge or stay in his House
+above one Day or Night, but such whose Name and Surname he shall
+deliver to some one of the Selectmen or Constables or some one of the
+Officers of the Town, unless they be such as he very well knoweth, and
+will answer for his or their forthcoming: nor shall sell any Wine or
+Liquors to any Indians or Negroes nor suffer any apprentices or
+servants or any other persons to remain in his house tippling or
+drinking after nine of the Clock in the night time; nor buy or take to
+Pawn any stolen goods, nor willingly Harbor in his said House, Barn,
+Stable, or Otherwhere any Rogues, Vagabonds, Thieves, nor other
+notorious offenders whatsoever, nor shall suffer any person or persons
+to sell or utter any ale, beer, syder, etc., by Deputation or by
+colour of this License, and also keep the true assize and measure in
+his Pots, Bread and otherwise in uttering of ale, beer, syder, rum,
+wine, &amp;c., and the same sell by sealed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> measure. And in his said house
+shall and do use and maintain good order and Rule: Then this present
+Obligation to be either void, or else to stand in full Force, Power,
+and Virtue.&#8221;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_022.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Hays&#8217; Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>Dr. Dwight in his Travels said that Englishmen often laughed at the fact
+that inns in New England were kept by men of consequence. He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Our ancestors considered the inn a place where corruption might
+naturally arise and easily spread; also as a place where travellers
+must trust themselves, their horses, baggage, and money, and where
+women must not be subjected to disagreeable experiences. To provide
+for safety and comfort and against danger and mischief they took
+particular pains in their laws to prevent inns from being kept by
+unprincipled or worthless men. Every innkeeper in Connecticut must be
+recommended by the selectmen and civil authorities, constables and
+grand jurors of the town in which he resides, and then licensed at the
+discretion of the Court of Common Pleas. It was substantially the same
+in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Francis Hall, travelling through America in 1817, wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;The innkeepers of America are in most villages what we call vulgarly,
+topping men&mdash;field officers of militia, with good farms attached to
+their taverns, so that they are apt to think what, perhaps, in a newly
+settled country is not very wide of the truth, that travellers rather
+receive than confer a favour by being accommodated at their houses.
+The daughters of the host officiate at tea and breakfast and generally
+wait at dinner.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>An English traveller who visited this country shortly after the Revolution
+speaks in no uncertain terms of &#8220;the uncomplying temper of the landlords
+of the country inns in America.&#8221; Another adds this testimony:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;They will not bear the treatment we too often give ours at home. They
+feel themselves in some degree independent of travellers, as all of
+them have other occupations to follow; nor will they put themselves
+into a bustle on your account; but with good language, they are very
+civil, and will accommodate you as well as they can.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Brissot comprehended the reason for this appearance of independence; he
+wrote in 1788:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;You will not go into one without meeting neatness, decency, and
+dignity. The table is served by a maiden well-dressed and pretty; by a
+pleasant mother whose age has not effaced the agreeableness of her
+features; and by men <i>who have that air of respectability which is
+inspired by the idea of equality</i>, and are not ignoble and base like
+the greater part of our own tavern-keepers.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Captain Basil Hall, a much-quoted English traveller who came to America in
+1827, designated a Salem landlord as the person who most pleased him in
+his extended visit. Sad to say he gives neither the name of the tavern nor
+the host who was &#8220;so devoid of prejudice, so willing to take all matters
+on their favourable side, so well informed about everything in his own and
+other countries, so ready to impart his knowledge to others; had such
+mirthfulness of fancy, such genuine heartiness of good-humour,&#8221; etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 412px;"><img src="images/fig_023.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"> Cooper Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In 1828 a series of very instructive and entertaining letters on the
+United States was published under the title, <i>Notions of the Americans</i>.
+They are accredited to James Fenimore Cooper, and were addressed to
+various foreigners of distinction. The travels took place in 1824, at the
+same time as the visit of Lafayette, and frequently in his company.
+Naturally inns, hotels, and modes of travel receive much attention. He
+speaks thus lucidly and pleasantly of the landlords:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The innkeeper of Old England and the innkeeper of New England form
+the very extremes of their class. The former is obsequious to the
+rich; the other unmoved and often apparently cold. The first seems to
+calculate at a glance the amount of profit you are likely to leave
+behind<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> you, while his opposite appears to calculate only in what
+manner he can most contribute to your comfort without materially
+impairing his own.... He is often a magistrate, the chief of a
+battalion of militia or even a member of a state legislature. He is
+almost always a man of character, for it is difficult for any other to
+obtain a license to exercise the calling.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>John Adams thus described the host and hostess of the Ipswich Inn:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Landlord and landlady are some of the grandest people alive, landlady
+is the great-granddaughter of Governor Endicott and has all the
+notions of high family that you find in the Winslows, Hutchinsons,
+Quincys, Saltonstalls, Chandlers, Otises, Learneds, and as you might
+find with more propriety in the Winthrops. As to landlord, he is as
+happy and as big, as proud, as conceited, as any nobleman in England,
+always calm and good-natured and lazy, but the contemplation of his
+farm and his sons, his house and pasture and cows, his sound judgment
+as he thinks, and his great holiness as well as that of his wife, keep
+him as erect in his thoughts as a noble or a prince.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The curiosity and inquisitiveness of many landlords was a standing jest.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I have heard Dr. Franklin relate with great pleasantry,&#8221; said one of his
+friends, &#8220;that in travelling when he was young, the first step he took for
+his tranquillity and to obtain immediate attention at the inns, was to
+anticipate inquiry by saying, &#8216;My name is Benjamin Franklin. I was born in
+Boston. I am a printer by profession, am travelling to Philadelphia, shall
+have to return at such a time, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> have no news. Now, what can you give
+me for dinner?&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The landlord was usually a politician, sometimes a rank demagogue. He
+often held public office, was selectman, road commissioner, tax assessor,
+tax collector, constable, or town moderator; occasionally he performed all
+these duties. John Adams wrote bitterly that at public houses men sat
+drinking heavily while &#8220;plotting with the landlord to get him at the next
+town-meeting an election either for selectman or representative.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>They were most frequently soldiers, either officers in the militia or
+brave fighters who had served in the army. It was a favorite calling for
+Revolutionary soldiers who lived till times of peace. They were usually
+cheerful men; a gloomy landlord made customers disappear like flowers
+before a frost. And these cheery hosts were fond of practical jokes.</p>
+
+<p>One of the old hotels with the long piazza across the entire front was
+owned by a jesting landlord who never failed to spring an April-fool joke
+on his forgetful customers each year. The tavern had two doors, and every
+winter these were protected by portable storm porches the width of the
+door and about four feet deep. On the first day of April the landlord
+moved the porches a few feet down the piazza, so they opened upon the
+blank wall of the house. The house and piazza sat at such an angle with
+the walk from the street that the uncovered front doors were not visible
+to the visitor, so the delusion was complete. Grocerymen, butchers,
+bakers, travellers, even the tavern servants,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> invariably fell into the
+trap, thrust open the door, which swung with a slam and left them facing
+the blank wall. Any tavern frequenter, caught early in the day, was always
+ready to tole in a group of victims. As they walked up the steps he would
+say, &#8220;Come, boys, let&#8217;s all pile into the office in a bunch and holler,
+&#8216;Hullo, old Jed,&#8217; all together.&#8221; All agreed and charged with a rush into
+the 4 x 6 storm box, while the plotter of the trick went in the real door
+and sat coolly sipping a rum punch as the confused and angry contingent
+came in with battered hats and bruised elbows, after its scuffle in the
+trap.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 340px;"><img src="images/fig_024.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Shelby&#8217;s Traveller&#8217;s Rest.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>One landlord had the name of frequently tricking travellers who stopped
+for a single meal by having the driver call out &#8220;Stage is ready&#8221; before
+they could eat the dinner they had ordered and paid for. A Yankee
+passenger disregarded this hasty <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>summons and leisurely ate his dinner
+while the stage drove off without him. He finished the roast and called at
+last for a bowl of bread and milk to top off with as dessert. Not a spoon
+could be found for this dish, though plenty of silver spoons had been on
+the table when the stage stopped. To the distracted landlord the Yankee
+drawled out, &#8220;Do you think them passengers was going away without
+something for their money? I could p&#8217;int out the man that took them
+spoons.&#8221; A stable boy on a fleet horse was promptly despatched after the
+stage, and overtook it two miles down the road. A low-spoken explanation
+and request to the driver caused him to turn quickly around and drive back
+to the tavern door with all the angry protesting passengers. The excited
+landlord called out to the Yankee as the coach stopped, &#8220;You just p&#8217;int
+out the man that took them spoons.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Sartainly, Squire,&#8221; said he, as he
+climbed into the coach, &#8220;I&#8217;ll p&#8217;int him out. I took &#8217;em myself. You&#8217;ll
+find &#8217;em all in the big coffee pot on the table. Hurry up, driver, I&#8217;ve
+had my dinner. All aboard.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Grant Thorburn quaintly tells of this custom at another tavern:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;At Providence coaches were ready: on flew through the dust and sweat
+of the day like Jehus. At the tavern dinner was ready, but there was
+no contract for time to eat; after grace from Dr. Cox (too long for
+the occasion) we begun to eat. Scarcely had I swallowed half my first
+course when in came driver hallowing &#8220;All ready.&#8221; I thought there was
+a stable-yard understanding between him and the landlord, for while we
+were brushing the dust<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> from our clothes, mustering and saying grace,
+he was eating and drinking as fast as he could, and I did not observe
+that he paid anything. We arrived at the Eagle Tavern (Boston) about
+sundown; the ladies&#8217; hats and frocks which had shewed colours enough
+to have decked fifteen rainbows were now one, viz.: ashes on ashes and
+dust on dust.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The graceless modern reader might suspect that the &#8220;stable-yard
+understanding&#8221; included the parson.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 389px;"><img src="images/fig_025.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Miller&#8217;s Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>A very amusing and original landlord was &#8220;Devil&#8221; Dave Miller, of the old
+General Washington Tavern which stood on East King Street, Lancaster,
+Pennsylvania. He was very stout and was generally seen in public
+bestriding an unusually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> small horse, which he would ride into his barroom
+to get a drink for both. When he wished to dismount, he rode to the
+doorway and hung on the frame of the door with his hands. The horse would
+walk from under him and go unguided to the stable. An old print of this
+tavern marked D. Miller&#8217;s Hotel, is shown on <a href="#Page_73">page 73</a>. The various vehicles
+standing in front of the hotel are interesting in shape,&mdash;old chaises,
+chairs, and a coach.</p>
+
+<p>An old landlord named Ramsay had a spacious and popular inn on a
+much-travelled turnpike road, and was the proprietor of a prosperous line
+of stage-coaches. He waxed rich, but though looked up to by all in the
+community, plainly showed by the precarious condition of his health in his
+advancing years that he partook too freely of his own &#8220;pure old rye.&#8221; His
+family and friends, though thoroughly alarmed, did not dare to caution the
+high-spirited old gentleman against this over-indulgence; and the family
+doctor was deputed to deal with the squire in the most delicate and
+tactful manner possible. The doctor determined to employ a parable, as did
+Nathan to David, and felt confident of success; and to deliver his
+metaphorical dose he entered the taproom and cheerfully engaged the squire
+in conversation upon an ever favorite topic, the stage-coach. He finally
+ran on to know how long a well-built coach would last on the road, and
+then said: &#8220;Now, Squire, if you had a fine well-built old coach that had
+done good service, but showed age by being a little shackling, being
+sprung a little, having the seams open, would you hitch it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> up with young
+horses and put it on a rough road, or would you favor it with steady old
+stagers and the smoothest road you could find?&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Well, Doctor,&#8221; answered
+the squire, &#8220;if I had such a coach as that <i>I would soak it</i>.&#8221; And that
+seemed to bring the doctor&#8217;s parable to a somewhat sudden and unprofitable
+ending.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">TAVERN FARE AND TAVERN WAYS</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">In</span> the year 1704 a Boston widow named Sarah Knights journeyed &#8220;by post,&#8221;
+that is, went on horseback, in the company of the government postman, from
+Boston to New York, and returned a few months later. She kept a journal of
+her trip, and as she was a shrewd woman with a sharp eye and sharper
+tongue, her record is of interest. She stopped at the various hostelries
+on the route, some of which were well-established taverns, others
+miserable makeshifts; and she gives us some glimpses of rather rude fare.
+On the first night of her journey she rode late to &#8220;overtake the post,&#8221;
+and this is the account of her reception at her first lodging-place:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;My guide dismounted and very complasently shewed the door signing to
+me to Go in, which I Gladly did. But had not gone many steps into the
+room ere I was interrogated by a young Lady with these or words to
+this purpose, viz., Law for mee&mdash;what in the world brings you here
+this time-a-night? I never see a Woman on the Rode so Late in all my
+Varsall Life! Who are you? Where are you goeing? Im scar&#8217;d out of my
+witts.... She then turned agen to mee and fell anew into her silly
+questions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> without asking mee to sit down. I told her she treated me
+very Rudely and I did not think it my duty to answer her unmannerly
+questions. But to get ridd of them I told her I come there to have the
+Posts company with me to morrow on my journey.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>She thus describes one stopping-place:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;I pray&#8217;d her to show me where I must lodge. Shee conducted mee to a
+parlour in a little back Lento, which was almost filled with the
+bedstead, which was so high that I was forced to climb on a chair to
+gitt up to ye wretched bed that lay on it, on which having Strecht my
+tired Limbs and lay&#8217;d my Head on a Sad-coloured pillow, I began to
+think on the transactions of ye past day.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At another place she complained that the dinner had been boiled in the
+dye-kettle, that the black slaves ate at the table with their master, &#8220;and
+into the dish goes the black hoof as freely as the white hand....&#8221; Again
+she says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;We would have eat a morsell, but the Pumpkin and Indian-mixt Bread
+had such an aspect, and the Bare-legg&#8217;d Punch so awkerd or rather
+awfull a sound that we left both.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At Rye, New York, she lodged at an ordinary kept by a Frenchman. She thus
+writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Being very hungry I desired a Fricassee which the landlord
+undertaking managed so contrary to my notion of Cookery that I
+hastened to Bed superless. Being shew&#8217;d the way up a pair of Stairs
+which had such a narrow passage that I had almost stopt by the Bulk of
+my Body; But arriving at my Apartment found it to be a little Lento<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+Chamber furnisht among other Rubbish with a High Bedd and a Low one, a
+Long Table, a Bench and a Bottomless Chair. Little Miss went to
+scratch up my Kennell whch Russelled as if shee&#8217;d bin in the Barn
+among the Husks and supose such was the contents of the
+Tickin&mdash;nevertheless being exceedingly weary down I laid my poor
+Carkes never more tired and found my Covering as scanty as my bed was
+hard. Anon I heard another Russelling noise in the room&mdash;called to
+know the matter&mdash;Little Miss said she was making a bed for the men;
+who when they were in Bed complain&#8217;d their Leggs lay out of it by
+reason of its shortness&mdash;my poor bones complained bitterly not being
+used to such Lodgings, and so did the man who was with us; and poor I
+made but one Grone which was from the time I went to bed to the time I
+riss which was about three in the morning Setting up by the fire till
+light.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Manners were rude enough at many country taverns until well into the
+century. There could be no putting on of airs, no exclusiveness. All
+travellers sat at the same table. Many of the rooms were double-bedded,
+and four who were strangers to each other often slept in each other&#8217;s
+company.</p>
+
+<p>An English officer wrote of this custom in America:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The general custom of having two or three beds in a room to be sure
+is very disagreeable; it arises from the great increase of travelling
+within the last few years, and the smallness of their houses, which
+were not built for houses of entertainment.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Twining said that after you were asleep the landlord entered, candle
+in hand, and escorted a stranger to your side, and he calmly shared the
+bed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> till morning. Thurlow Weed said that any one who objected to a
+stranger as a bedfellow was regarded as obnoxious and as unreasonably
+fastidious. Still Captain Basil Hall declared that even at remote taverns
+his family had exclusive apartments; while in crowded inns it was never
+even suggested to him that other travellers should share his quarters.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 416px;"><img src="images/fig_026.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Ellery Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Many old tavern account-books and bills exist to show us the price of
+tavern fare at various dates.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Field gives a bill of board at the Bowen Inn at Barrington, Rhode
+Island. John Tripp and his wife put up at the inn on the 11th of May, 1776.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center"><i>s.</i></td>
+    <td align="center"><i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&#8220;To 1 Dinner</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">To Bread and Cheese</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">To breakfast &amp; dinner</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1</td>
+    <td align="center">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">To 1 Bowl Toddy</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">To Lodging you and wife</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">To 1&#189; Bowl Toddy</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .8em;">1&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">To &#189; Mug Cyder</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">1&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">To lodge self and wife</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">To 1 Gill Brandy</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">5&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">To breakfast</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">9&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Mug Cyder</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">1&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">To &#189; bowl Toddy</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">4&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Dinner</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">To 15 Lb Tobacco at 6<i>d.</i></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">7</td>
+    <td align="center">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">To &#188; Bowl Toddy</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">4&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">To &#189; Mug Cyder</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">1&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">To Supper</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .3em;">6&#8221;</span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p>I suppose the quarter bowls of toddy were for Madam Tripp.</p>
+
+<p>The house known for many years as the Ellery Tavern is still standing in
+Gloucester, Massachusetts, and is a very good example of the overhanging
+second story, as is shown in the front view of it given on <a href="#Page_79">page 79</a>; and
+also of the lean-to, or sloping-roofed ell, which is shown by the picture
+on <a href="#Page_83">page 83</a> of the rear of the house. This house was built by Parson White
+in 1707, and afterward kept as a tavern by James Stevens till 1740; then
+it came into the hands of Landlord Ellery. As in scores of other taverns
+in other towns, the selectmen of the town held their meetings within its
+doors. There were five selectmen in 1744, and their annual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> salary for
+transacting the town&#8217;s business was five dollars apiece. The tavern
+charges, however, for their entertainment amounted to &pound;30, old tenor. It
+is not surprising, therefore, to read in the town records of the following
+year that the citizens voted the selectmen a salary of &pound;5, old tenor,
+apiece, and &#8220;to find themselves.&#8221; Nevertheless, in 1749, there was another
+bill from the Ellery Tavern of &pound;78, old tenor, for the selectmen who had
+been sworn in the year previously and thus welcomed, &#8220;Expense for
+selectmen and Licker, &pound;3. 18<i>s.</i>&#8221; The Ellery Tavern has seen many another
+meeting of good cheer since those days.</p>
+
+<p>The selectmen of the town of Cambridge, Massachusetts, met at the Blue
+Anchor Tavern, which was established as an ordinary as early as 1652.
+Their bill for 1769 runs thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;The Selectmen of the Town of Cambridge to Ebenezer Bradish, Dr. 1769:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>March, To dinners and drink</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">&pound;0.</td>
+    <td align="center">17.</td>
+    <td align="center">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>April, To flip and punch</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>May, To wine and eating</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">6.</span></td>
+    <td align="center">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>May, To dinners, drink and suppers</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">18.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>May, To flip and cheese</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1.</span></td>
+    <td align="center">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>May, To wine and flip</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>June, To punch</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2.</span></td>
+    <td align="center">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>July, To punch and eating</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>August, To punch and cheese</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3.</span></td>
+    <td align="center">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>October, To punch and flip</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4.</span></td>
+    <td align="center">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>October, To dinners and drink</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">13.</td>
+    <td align="center">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sundries</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">12.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td colspan="4" align="center">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">&pound;4.</td>
+    <td align="center">10.</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .3em;">7&#8221;</span></td></tr></table>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>&#8220;Ordination Day&#8221; was almost as great a day for the tavern as for the
+meeting-house. The visiting ministers who came to assist at the religious
+service of ordination of a new minister were usually entertained at the
+tavern. Often a specially good beer was brewed called &#8220;ordination beer,&#8221;
+and in Connecticut an &#8220;ordination ball&#8221; was given at the tavern&mdash;this with
+the sanction of the parsons. The bills for entertaining the visitors, for
+the dinner and lodging at the local taverns, are in many cases preserved.
+One of the most characteristic was at a Hartford ordination. It runs:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">&pound;</td>
+    <td align="center"><i>s.</i></td>
+    <td align="center"><i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&#8220;To keeping Ministers</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2.</span></td>
+    <td align="center">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2 Mugs tody</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5.</span></td>
+    <td align="center">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5 Segars</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1 Pint Wine</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3 Lodgings</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">9</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3 Bitters</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3 Breakfasts</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3.</span></td>
+    <td align="center">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">15 boles Punch</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1.</td>
+    <td align="center">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">24 dinners</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1.</td>
+    <td align="center">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">11 bottles wine</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3.</span></td>
+    <td align="center">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5 Mugs flip</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5.</span></td>
+    <td align="center">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5 Boles Punch</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">6</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3 Boles Tody</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3.</span></td>
+    <td align="center">6&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The bill is endorsed with unconscious humor, &#8220;This all paid for except the
+Ministers Rum.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 414px;"><img src="images/fig_027.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Lean-to of Ellery Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The book already referred to, called <i>Notions of the Americans</i>, tells of
+taverns during the triumphal tour of Lafayette in 1824. The author writes
+thus of the stage-house, or tavern, on the regular stage line. He said he
+stopped at fifty such, some not quite so good and some better than the one
+he chooses to describe, namely, Bispham&#8217;s at Trenton, New Jersey.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;We were received by the landlord with perfect civility, but without
+the slightest shade of obsequiousness. The deportment of the innkeeper
+was manly, courteous, and even kind; but there was that in his air
+which sufficiently proved that both parties were expected to manifest
+the same qualities. We were asked if we all formed one party, or
+whether the gentlemen who alighted from stage number one wished to be
+by themselves. We were shown into a neat well-furnished little
+parlour, where our supper made its appearance in the course of twenty
+minutes. The table contained many little delicacies, such as game,
+oysters,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> and choice fish, and several things were named to us as at
+hand if needed. The tea was excellent, the coffee as usual indifferent
+enough. The papers of New York and Philadelphia were brought at our
+request, and we sat with our two candles before a cheerful fire
+reading them as long as we pleased. Our bed-chambers were spacious,
+well-furnished, and as neat as possible; the beds as good as one
+usually finds them out of France. Now for these accommodations, which
+were just as good with one solitary exception (sanitary) as you would
+meet in the better order of English provincial inns, and much better
+in the quality and abundance of the food, we paid the sum of 4<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i> each.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>A copy is given opposite <a href="#Page_87">page 86</a> of a bill of the &#8220;O. Cromwell&#8217;s Head
+Tavern&#8221; of Boston, which was made from a plate engraved by Paul Revere.
+This tavern was kept for over half a century by members of the Brackett
+family. It was distinctly the tavern of the gentry, and many a
+distinguished guest had &#8220;board, lodging, and eating&#8221; within its walls, as
+well as the wine, punch, porter, and liquor named on the bill. It will be
+noted that the ancient measure&mdash;a pottle&mdash;is here used. Twenty years
+before the Revolutionary War, and just after the crushing defeat of the
+British general, Braddock, in what was then the West, an intelligent young
+Virginian named George Washington, said to be a good engineer and soldier,
+lodged at the Cromwell&#8217;s Head Tavern, while he conferred with Governor
+Shirley, the great war Governor of the day, on military affairs and
+projects. When this same Virginian soldier entered Boston at the head<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> of
+a victorious army, he quartered his troops in Governor Shirley&#8217;s mansion
+and grounds.</p>
+
+<p>The sign-board of this tavern bore a portrait of the Lord Protector, and
+it is said it was hung so low that all who passed under it had to make a
+necessary reverence.</p>
+
+<p>While British martial law prevailed in Boston, the grim head of Cromwell
+became distasteful to Tories, who turned one side rather than walk under
+the shadow of the sign-board, and at last Landlord Brackett had to take
+down and hide the obnoxious symbol.</p>
+
+<p>The English traveller Melish was loud in his praise of the taverns
+throughout New York State as early as 1806. He noted at Little Falls, then
+in the backwoods, and two hundred miles from New York, that on the
+breakfast table were &#8220;table-cloth, tea tray, tea-pots, milk-pot, bowls,
+cups, sugar-tongs, teaspoons, casters, plates, knives, forks, tea, sugar,
+cream, bread, butter, steak, eggs, cheese, potatoes, beets, salt, vinegar,
+pepper,&#8221; and all for twenty-five cents. He said Johnstown had but sixty
+houses, of which nine were taverns.</p>
+
+<p>Another English traveller told of the fare in American hotels in 1807.
+While in Albany at &#8220;Gregory&#8217;s,&#8221; which he said was equal to many of the
+London hotels, he wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;It is the custom in all American taverns, from the highest to the
+lowest, to have a sort of public table at which the inmates of the
+house and travellers dine together at a certain hour. It is also
+frequented by many single gentlemen belonging to the town. At
+Gregory&#8217;s upwards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> of thirty sat down to dinner, though there were not
+more than a dozen who resided in the house. A stranger is thus soon
+introduced to an acquaintance with the people, and if he is travelling
+alone he will find at these tables some relief from the ennui of his
+situation. At the better sort of American taverns very excellent
+dinners are provided, consisting of almost everything in season. The
+hour is from two to three o&#8217;clock, and there are three meals in the
+day. They breakfast at eight o&#8217;clock upon rump steaks, fish, eggs, and
+a variety of cakes with tea or coffee. The last meal is at seven in
+the evening, and consists of as substantial fare as the breakfast,
+with the addition of cold fowl, ham, &amp;c. The price of boarding at
+these houses is from a dollar and a half to two dollars per day.
+Brandy, hollands, and other spirits are allowed at dinner, but every
+other liquor is paid for extra. English breakfasts and teas, generally
+speaking, are meagre repasts compared with those of America, and as
+far as I observed the people live with respect to eating in a much
+more luxurious manner than we do. Many private families live in the
+same style as at these houses; and have as great variety. Formerly
+pies, puddings, and cyder used to grace the breakfast table, but now
+they are discarded from the genteeler houses, and are found only in
+the small taverns and farm-houses in the country.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the vast number of inns in Philadelphia, another English
+gentleman bore testimony in 1823 that he deemed the city ill-provided with
+hostelries. This gentleman &#8220;put up&#8221; at the Mansion House, which was the
+splendid Bingham Mansion on Third Street. He wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The tavern-keepers will not receive you on any other terms except
+boarded at so much a day or week; you cannot<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> have your meals by
+yourself, or at your own hours. This custom of boarding I disliked
+very much. The terms are, however, very moderate, only ten dollars per
+week. The table is always spread with the greatest profusion and
+variety, even at breakfast, supper, and tea; all of which meals indeed
+were it not for the absence of wine and soup, might be called so many
+dinners.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_028.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Bill of Cromwell&#8217;s Head Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>There lies before me a collection of twoscore old hotel bills of fare
+about a half century old. They are of dates when stage-coaching had
+reached its highest point of perfection, and the coaching tavern its
+glory. There were railroads,&mdash;comparatively few lines, however,&mdash;but they
+had not destroyed the constant use of coaches.</p>
+
+<p>These hotels were the best of their kind in the country, such as the
+United States Hotel of Philadelphia, Foley&#8217;s National Hotel of Norfolk,
+Virginia, Union Place Hotel and New York Hotel of New York, Union Hotel of
+Richmond, Virginia, American House of Springfield, Massachusetts, Dorsey&#8217;s
+Exchange Hotel and Barnum&#8217;s City Hotel of Baltimore, Maryland, the Troy
+House, the Tremont House of Boston, Massachusetts, etc. At this time all
+have become hotels and houses, not a tavern nor an inn is among them.</p>
+
+<p>The menus are printed on long narrow slips of poor paper, not on
+cardboard; often the names of many of the dishes are written in. They show
+much excellence and variety in quality, and abundant quantity; they are, I
+think, as good as hotels of similar size would offer to-day. There are
+more boiled meats proportionately than would be served<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> now, and fewer
+desserts. Here is what the American House of Springfield had for its
+guests on October 2, 1851: Mock-turtle soup; boiled blue-fish with oyster
+sauce; boiled chickens with oyster sauce; boiled mutton with caper sauce;
+boiled tongue, ham, corned beef and cabbage; boiled chickens with pork;
+roast beef, lamb, chickens, veal, pork, and turkey; roast partridge;
+fricasseed chicken, oyster patties, chicken pie, boiled rice, macaroni;
+apple, squash, mince, custard, and peach pies; boiled custard; blanc
+mange, tapioca pudding, peaches, nuts, and raisins. Vegetables were not
+named; doubtless every autumnal vegetable was served.</p>
+
+<p>At the Union Place Hotel in 1850 the vegetables were mashed potatoes,
+Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, boiled rice, onions, tomatoes, squash,
+cauliflower, turnips, and spinach. At the United States Hotel in
+Philadelphia the variety was still greater, and there were twelve entr&eacute;es.
+The Southern hotels offered nine entr&eacute;es, and egg-plant appears among the
+vegetables. The wine lists are ample; those of 1840 might be of to-day,
+that is, in regard to familiar names; but the prices were different.
+Mumm&#8217;s champagne was two dollars and a half a quart; Ruinard and Cliquot
+two dollars; the best Sauterne a dollar a quart; Rudesheimer 1811, and
+Hockheimer, two dollars; clarets were higher priced, and Burgundies.
+Madeiras were many in number, and high priced; Constantia (twenty years in
+glass) and Diploma (forty years in wood) were six dollars a bottle. At
+Barnum&#8217;s Hotel there were Madeiras at ten dollars a bottle, sherries at
+five, hock at six;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> this hotel offered thirty choice Madeiras&mdash;and these
+dinners were served at two o&#8217;clock. Corkage was a dollar.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_029tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/fig_029.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a><br />
+Bill of Fare<br />of City Hotel.</div>
+
+<p>Certain taverns were noted for certain fare, for choice modes of cooking
+special delicacies. One was resorted to for boiled trout, another for
+planked shad. Travellers rode miles out of their way to have at a certain
+hostelry calves-head soup, a most elaborate and tedious dish if properly
+prepared, and a costly one, with its profuse wine, but as appetizing and
+rich as it is difficult of making. More humble taverns with simpler
+materials but good cooks had wonderful johnny-cakes, delightful waffles,
+or even specially good mush and milk. Certain localities afforded certain
+delicacies; salmon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> in one river town, and choice oysters. One landlord
+raised and killed his own mutton; another prided himself on ducks. Another
+cured his own hams. An old Dutch tavern was noted for rolliches and
+head-cheese.</p>
+
+<p>During the eighteenth century turtle-feasts were eagerly attended&mdash;or
+turtle-frolics as they were called. A travelling clergyman named Burnaby
+wrote in 1759:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;There are several taverns pleasantly situated upon East River, near
+New York, where it is common to have these turtle-feasts. These happen
+once or twice a week. Thirty or forty gentlemen and ladies meet and
+dine together, drink tea in the afternoon, fish, and amuse themselves
+till evening, and then return home in Italian chaises, a gentleman and
+lady in each chaise. On the way there is a bridge, about three miles
+distant from New York, which you always pass over as you return,
+called the Kissing Bridge, where it is part of the etiquette to salute
+the lady who has put herself under your protection.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Every sea-captain who sailed to the West Indies was expected to bring home
+a turtle on the return voyage for a feast to his expectant friends. A
+turtle was deemed an elegant gift; usually a keg of limes accompanied the
+turtle, for lime-juice was deemed the best of all &#8220;sourings&#8221; for punch. In
+Newport a Guinea Coast negro named Cuffy Cockroach, the slave of Mr.
+Jahleel Brenton, was deemed the prince of turtle cooks. He was lent far
+and wide for these turtle-feasts, and was hired out at taverns.</p>
+
+<p>Near Philadelphia catfish suppers were popular. Mendenhall Ferry Tavern
+was on the Schuylkill<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> River about two miles below the Falls. It was
+opposite a ford which landed on the east side, and from which a lane ran
+up to the Ridge Turnpike. This lane still remains between the North and
+South Laurel Hill cemeteries, just above the city of Philadelphia.
+Previous to the Revolution the ferry was known as Garrigue&#8217;s Ferry. A
+cable was stretched across the stream; by it a flatboat with burdens was
+drawn from side to side. The tavern was the most popular catfish-supper
+tavern on the river drive. Waffles were served with the catfish. A large
+Staffordshireware platter, printed in clear, dark, beautiful blue, made by
+the English potter, Stubbs, shows this ferry and tavern, with its broad
+piazza, and the river with its row of poplar trees. It is shown on <a href="#Page_93">page
+93</a>. Burnaby enjoyed the catfish-suppers as much as the turtle-feasts, but
+I doubt if there was a Kissing Bridge in Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Many were the good reasons that could be given to explain and justify
+attendance at an old-time tavern; one was the fact that often the only
+newspaper that came to town was kept therein. This dingy tavern sheet
+often saw hard usage, for when it went its rounds some could scarce read
+it, some but pretend to read it. One old fellow in Newburyport opened it
+wide, gazed at it with interest, and cried out to his neighbor in much
+excitement: &#8220;Bad news. Terrible gales, terrible gales, ships all bottom
+side up,&#8221; as indeed they were, in his way of holding the news sheet.</p>
+
+<p>The extent and purposes to which the tavern sheet might be applied can be
+guessed from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> notice written over the mantel-shelf of one taproom,
+&#8220;Gentlemen learning to spell are requested to use last week&#8217;s newsletter.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The old taverns saw many rough jokes. Often there was a tavern butt on
+whom all played practical jokes. These often ended in a rough fight. The
+old Collin&#8217;s Tavern shown on <a href="#Page_97">page 97</a> was in coaching days a famous tavern
+in Naugatuck on the road between New Haven and Litchfield. One of the
+hostlers at this tavern, a burly negro, was the butt of all the tavern
+hangers-on, and a great source of amusement to travellers. His chief
+accomplishment was &#8220;bunting.&#8221; He bragged that he could with a single bunt
+break down a door, overturn a carriage, or fell a horse. One night a group
+of jokers promised to give him all the cheeses he could bunt through. He
+bunted holes through three cheeses on the tavern porch, and then was
+offered a grindstone, which he did not perceive either by his sense of
+sight or feeling to be a stone until his alarmed tormentors forced him to
+desist for fear he might kill himself.</p>
+
+<p>A picturesque and grotesque element of tavern life was found in those last
+leaves on the tree, the few of Indian blood who lingered after the tribes
+were scattered and nearly all were dead. These tawnies could not be made
+as useful in the tavern yard as the shiftless and shifting negro element
+that also drifted to the tavern, for the Eastern Indian never loved a
+horse as did the negro, and seldom became handy in the care of horses.
+These waifs of either race, and half-breeds of both races, circled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> around
+the tavern chiefly because a few stray pennies might be earned there, and
+also because within the tavern were plentiful supplies of cider and rum.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_030.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Mendenhall Ferry Platter.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Almost every community had two or three of these semi-civilized Indian
+residents, who performed some duties sometimes, but who often in the
+summer, seized with the spirit of their fathers or the influence of their
+early lives, wandered off for weeks and months, sometimes selling brooms
+and baskets, sometimes reseating chairs, oftener working not, simply
+tramping trustfully, sure of food whenever they asked for it. It is
+curious to note how industrious, orderly Quaker and Puritan housewives<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
+tolerated the laziness, offensiveness, and excesses of these
+half-barbarians. Their uncouthness was endured when they were in health,
+and when they fell sick they were cared for with somewhat the same charity
+and forbearance that would be shown a naughty, unruly child.</p>
+
+<p>Often the landlady of the tavern or the mistress of the farm-house,
+bustling into her kitchen in the gray dawn, would find a sodden Indian
+sleeping on the floor by the fireplace, sometimes a squaw and pappoose by
+his side. If the kitchen door had no latch-string out, the Indian would
+crawl into the hay in the barn; but wherever he slept, he always found his
+way to the kitchen in good time for an ample breakfast.</p>
+
+<p>Indian women often proved better helpers than the men. One Deb Browner
+lived a severely respectable life all winter, ever ready to help in the
+kitchen of the tavern if teamsters demanded meals; always on hand to help
+dip candles in early winter, and make soap in early spring; and her strong
+arms never tired. But when early autumn tinted the trees, and on came the
+hunting season, she tore off her respectable calico gown and apron, kicked
+off her shoes and stockings, and with black hair hanging wild, donned
+moccasins and blanket, and literally fled to the woods for a breath of
+life, for freedom. She took her flitting unseen in the night, but twice
+was she noted many miles away by folk who knew her, tramping steadily
+northward, bearing by a metomp of bark around her forehead a heavy burden
+in a blanket.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>One Sabbath morning in May a travelling teamster saw her in her
+ultra-civilized state on her way home from meeting, crowned, not only with
+a discreet bonnet, but with a long green veil hanging down her back. She
+was entering the tavern door to know whether they wished her to attack the
+big spring washing and bleaching the following day. &#8220;Hello, Teppamoy!&#8221; he
+said, staring at her, &#8220;how came you here and in them clothes?&#8221; Scowling
+fiercely, she walked on in haughty silence, while the baffled teamster
+told a group of tavern loafers that he had been a lumberman, and some
+years there came to the camp in Maine a wild old squaw named Teppamoy who
+raised the devil generally, but the constable had never caught her, and
+that she &#8220;looked enough like that Mis&#8217; Browner to be her sister.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Another half-breed Indian, old Tuggie Bannocks, lived in old Narragansett.
+She was as much negro as Indian and was reputed to be a witch; she
+certainly had some unusual peculiarities, the most marked being a full set
+of double teeth all the way round, and an absolute refusal ever to sit on
+a chair, sofa, stool, or anything that was intended to be sat upon. She
+would sit on a table, or a churn, or a cradle-head, or squat on the floor;
+or she would pull a drawer out of a high chest and recline on the edge of
+that. It was firmly believed that in her own home she hung by her heels on
+the oaken chair rail which ran around the room. She lived in the only
+roofed portion of an old tumble-down house that had been at one time a
+tavern, and she bragged that she could &#8220;raise&#8221; every one who had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> ever
+stopped at that house as a guest, and often did so for company. Oh! what a
+throng of shadows, some fair of face, some dark of life, would have filled
+the dingy tavern at her command! I have told some incidents of her life in
+my <i>Old Narragansett</i>, so will no longer keep her dusky presence here.</p>
+
+<p>Other Indian &#8220;walk-abouts,&#8221; as tramps were called, lived in the vicinity
+of Malden, Massachusetts; old &#8220;Moll Grush,&#8221; who fiercely resented her
+nickname; Deb Saco the fortune-teller, whose &#8220;counterfeit presentment&#8221; can
+be seen in the East Indian Museum at Salem; Squaw Shiner, who died from
+being blown off a bridge in a gale, and who was said to be &#8220;a faithful
+friend, a sharp enemy, a judge of herbs, a weaver of baskets, and a lover
+of rum.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Another familiar and marked character was Sarah Boston. I have taken the
+incidents of her life from <i>The Hundredth Town</i>, where it is told so
+graphically. She lived on Keith Hill in Grafton, Massachusetts, an early
+&#8220;praying town&#8221; of the Indians. A worn hearthstone and doorstone,
+surrounded now by green grass and shadowed by dying lilacs, still show the
+exact spot where once stood her humble walls, where once &#8220;her garden
+smiled.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 396px;"><img src="images/fig_031.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Collin&#8217;s Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The last of the Hassanamiscoes (a noble tribe of the Nipmuck race, first
+led to Christ in 1654 by that gentle man John Eliot, the Apostle to the
+Indians), she showed in her giant stature, her powerful frame, her vast
+muscular power, no evidence of a debilitated race or of enfeebled
+vitality. It is said she weighed over three hundred pounds. Her father was
+Boston Phillips, also told of in story and tradition for his curious ways
+and doings. Sarah dressed in short skirts, a man&#8217;s boots and hat, a heavy
+spencer (which was a man&#8217;s wear in those days); and, like a true Indian,
+always wore a blanket over her shoulders in winter. She was mahogany-red
+of color, with coarse black hair, high cheek-bones, and all the
+characteristic features of her race. Her great strength and endurance made
+her the most desired farm-hand in the township to be employed in haying
+time, in wall-building, or in any heavy farm work. Her fill of cider was
+often her only pay for some powerful feat of strength, such as
+stone-lifting or stump-pulling. At her leisure times in winter she made
+and peddled baskets in true Indian fashion, and told<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> improbable and
+baseless fortunes, and she begged cider at the tavern, and drank cider
+everywhere. &#8220;The more I drink the drier I am,&#8221; was a favorite expression
+of hers. Her insolence and power of abuse made her dreaded for domestic
+service, though she freely entered every home, and sat smoking and
+glowering for hours in the chimney corner of the tavern; but in those days
+of few house-servants and scant &#8220;help,&#8221; she often had to be endured that
+she might assist the tired farm wife or landlady.</p>
+
+<p>A touch of grim humor is found in this tale of her&mdash;the more humorous
+because, in spite of Apostle Eliot and her Christian forbears, she was
+really a most godless old heathen. She tended with care her little garden,
+whose chief ornament was a fine cherry tree bearing luscious blackhearts,
+while her fellow-townsmen had only sour Morellos growing in their yards.
+Each year the sons of her white neighbors, unrestrained by her threats and
+entreaties, stripped her tree of its toothsome and beautiful crop before
+Sarah Boston could gather it. One year the tree hung heavy with a
+specially full crop; the boys watched eagerly and expectantly the glow
+deepening on each branch, through tinted red to dark wine color, when one
+morning the sound of a resounding axe was heard in Sarah&#8217;s garden, and a
+passer-by found her with powerful blows cutting down the heavily laden
+tree. &#8220;Why, Sarah,&#8221; he asked in surprise, &#8220;why are you cutting down your
+splendid great cherry tree?&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;It shades the house,&#8221; she growled; &#8220;I can&#8217;t
+see to read my Bible.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>A party of rollicking Yankee blades, bold with tavern liquor, pounded one
+night on the wooden gate of the old Grafton burying-ground, and called out
+in profane and drunken jest, &#8220;Arise, ye dead, the judgment day is come.&#8221;
+Suddenly from one of the old graves loomed up in the dark the gigantic
+form of Sarah Boston, answering in loud voice, &#8220;Yes, Lord, I am coming.&#8221;
+Nearly paralyzed with fright, the drunken fellows fled, stumbling with
+dismay before this terrifying and unrecognized apparition.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Forbes ends the story of Sarah Boston with a beautiful thought. The
+old squaw now lies at rest in the same old shadowy burial place&mdash;no longer
+the jest and gibe of jeering boys, the despised and drunken outcast.
+Majestic with the calm dignity of death, she peacefully sleeps by the side
+of her white neighbors. At the dawn of the last day may she once more
+arise, and again answer with clear voice, &#8220;Yes, Lord, I am coming.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">&#8220;KILL-DEVIL&#8221; AND ITS AFFINES</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">Any</span> account of old-time travel by stage-coach and lodging in old-time
+taverns would be incomplete without frequent reference to that universal
+accompaniment of travel and tavern sojourn, that most American of
+comforting stimulants&mdash;rum.</p>
+
+<p>The name is doubtless American. A manuscript description of Barbadoes,
+written twenty-five years after the English settlement of the island in
+1651, is thus quoted in <i>The Academy</i>: &#8220;The chief fudling they make in the
+island is Rumbullion, alias Kill-Divil, and this is made of sugar canes
+distilled, a hot, hellish, and terrible liquor.&#8221; This is the
+earliest-known allusion to the liquor rum; the word is held by some
+antiquaries in what seems rather a strained explanation to be the gypsy
+rum, meaning potent, or mighty. The word rum was at a very early date
+adopted and used as English university slang. The oldest American
+reference to the word rum (meaning the liquor) which I have found is in
+the act of the General Court of Massachusetts in May, 1657, prohibiting
+the sale of strong liquors &#8220;whether knowne by the name of rumme,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> strong
+water, wine, brandy, etc., etc.&#8221; The traveller Josselyn wrote of it,
+terming it that &#8220;cursed liquor rhum, rumbullion or kill-devil.&#8221; English
+sailors still call their grog rumbowling. But the word rum in this word
+and in rumbooze and in rumfustian did not mean rum; it meant the gypsy
+adjective powerful. Rumbooze or rambooze, distinctly a gypsy word, and an
+English university drink also, is made of eggs, ale, wine, and sugar.
+Rumfustian was made of a quart of strong beer, a bottle of white wine or
+sherry, half a pint of gin, the yolks of twelve eggs, orange peel, nutmeg,
+spices, and sugar. Rum-barge is another mixed drink of gypsy name. It will
+be noted that none of these contains any rum.</p>
+
+<p>In some localities in America rum was called in early days
+Barbadoes-liquor, a very natural name, occasionally also Barbadoes-brandy.
+The Indians called it ocuby, or as it was spelled in the Norridgewock
+tongue, ah-coobee. Many of the early white settlers called it by the same
+name. Kill-devil was its most universal name, not only a slang name, but a
+trading-term used in bills of sale. A description of Surinam written in
+1651 says: &#8220;Rhum made from sugar-canes is called kill-devil in New
+England.&#8221; At thus early a date had the manufacture of rum become
+associated with New England.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch in New York called the liquor brandy-wine, and soon in that
+colony wherever strong waters were named in tavern lists, the liquor was
+neither aqua vit&aelig; nor gin nor brandy, but New England rum.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>It soon was cheap enough. Rev. Increase Mather, the Puritan parson, wrote,
+in 1686: &#8220;It is an unhappy thing that in later years a Kind of Drink
+called Rum has been common among us. They that are poor and wicked, too,
+can for a penny make themselves drunk.&#8221; From old account-books, bills of
+lading, grocers&#8217; bills, family expenses, etc., we have the price of rum at
+various dates, and find that his assertion was true.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 325px;"><img src="images/fig_032.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Old Rum Bottles.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In 1673 Barbadoes rum was worth 6<i>s.</i> a gallon. In 1687 its price had
+vastly fallen, and New England rum sold for 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> a gallon. In 1692
+2<i>s.</i> a gallon was the regular price. In 1711 the price was 3<i>s.</i> 3<i>d.</i> In
+1757, as currency grew valueless, it was 21<i>s.</i> a gallon. In 1783 only a
+little over a shilling; then it was but 8<i>d.</i> a quart. During this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> time
+the average cost of molasses in the West Indies was 12<i>d.</i> a gallon; so,
+though the distillery plant for its production was costly, it can be seen
+that the profits were great.</p>
+
+<p>Burke said about 1750: &#8220;The quantity of spirits which they distill in
+Boston from the molasses which they import is as surprising as the
+cheapness at which they sell it, which is under two shillings a gallon;
+but they are more famous for the quantity and cheapness than for the
+excellency of their rum.&#8221; An English traveller named Bennet wrote at the
+same date of Boston society: &#8220;Madeira wine and rum punch are the liquors
+they drink in common.&#8221; Baron Ried&eacute;sel, who commanded the foreign troops in
+America during the Revolution, wrote of the New England inhabitants: &#8220;Most
+of the males have a strong passion for strong drink, especially rum.&#8221;
+While President John Adams said caustically: &#8220;If the ancients drank wine
+as our people drink rum and cider, it is no wonder we hear of so many
+possessed with devils;&#8221; yet he himself, to the end of his life, always
+began the day with a tankard of hard cider before breakfast.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch were too constant beer drinkers to become with speed great rum
+consumers, and they were too great lovers of gin and schnapps. But they
+deprecated the sharp and intolerant prohibition of the sale of rum to the
+Indians, saying: &#8220;To prohibit all strong liquor to them seems very hard
+and very Turkish. Rum doth as little hurt as the Frenchman&#8217;s Brandie, and
+in the whole is much more wholesome.&#8221; The English were fiercely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> abhorrent
+of intemperance among the Indians, and court records abound in laws
+restraining the sale of rum to the &#8220;bloudy salvages,&#8221; of prosecutions and
+fines of white traders who violated these laws, and of constant and fierce
+punishment of the thirsty red men, who simply tried to gratify an appetite
+instilled in them by the English.</p>
+
+<p>William Penn wrote to the Earl of Sutherland in 1683: &#8220;Ye Dutch, Sweed,
+and English have by Brandy and Specially Rum, almost Debaucht ye Indians
+all. When Drunk ye most Wretched of Spectacles. They had been very
+Tractable but Rum is so dear to them.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Rum formed the strong intoxicant of all popular tavern drinks; many are
+still mixed to-day. Toddy, sling, grog, are old-time concoctions.</p>
+
+<p>A writer for the first <i>Galaxy</i> thus parodied the poem, <i>I knew by the
+smoke that so gracefully curled</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;I knew by the pole that&#8217;s so gracefully crown&#8217;d<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beyond the old church, that a tavern was near,</span><br />
+And I said if there&#8217;s black-strap on earth to be found,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A man who had credit might hope for it here.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>Josiah Quincy said that black-strap was a composition of which the secret,
+he fervently hoped, reposed with the lost arts. Its principal ingredients
+were rum and molasses, though there were other simples combined with it.
+He adds, &#8220;Of all the detestable American drinks on which our inventive
+genius has exercised itself, this black-strap was truly the most
+outrageous.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Casks of it stood in every country store and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> tavern, a salted cod-fish
+hung alongside, slyly to tempt by thirst additional purchasers of
+black-strap. &#8220;Calibogus,&#8221; or &#8220;bogus,&#8221; was unsweetened rum and beer.</p>
+
+<p>Mimbo, sometimes abbreviated to mim, was a drink made of rum and
+loaf-sugar&mdash;and possibly water. The &#8220;Rates in Taverns&#8221; fixed in York
+County in Pennsylvania, in 1752, for &#8220;the protecting of travellers against
+the extortions of tavern-keepers,&#8221; gives its price:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;1 Quart Mimbo made best W. I. Rum and Loaf:</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>10<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1 Quart Mimbo, made of New England Rum and Loaf:</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">9<i>d.</i>&#8221;</span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Many years ago, one bitter winter day, there stepped down from a rocking
+mail-coach into the Washington Tavern in a Pennsylvania town, a dashing
+young man who swaggered up to the bar and bawled out for a drink of
+&#8220;Scotchem.&#8221; The landlord was running here and there, talking to a score of
+people and doing a score of things at once, and he called to his son, a
+lubberly, countrified young fellow, to give the gentleman his Scotchem.
+The boy was but a learner in the taproom, but he was a lad of few words,
+so he hesitatingly mixed a glass of hot water and Scotch whiskey, which
+the traveller scarcely tasted ere he roared out: &#8220;Don&#8217;t you know what
+Scotchem is? Apple-jack, and boiling water, and a good dash of ground
+mustard. Here&#8217;s a shilling to pay for it.&#8221; The boy stared at the
+uninviting recipe, but faithfully compounded it,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> when toot-toot sounded
+the horn&mdash;the coach waited for no man, certainly not for a man to sip a
+scalding drink&mdash;and such a drink, and off in a trice went full coach and
+empty traveller. The young tapster looked dubiously at the great mug of
+steaming drink; then he called to an old trapper, a town pauper, who,
+crippled with rheumatism, sat ever in the warm chimney corner of the
+taproom, telling stories of coons and catamounts and wolverines, and
+taking such stray drops of liquid comfort as old companions or new
+sympathizers might pityingly give him. &#8220;Here, Ezra,&#8221; the boy said, &#8220;you
+take the gentleman&#8217;s drink. It&#8217;s paid for.&#8221; Ezra was ever thirsty and
+never fastidious. He gulped down<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> the Scotchem. &#8220;It&#8217;s good,&#8221; he swaggered
+bravely, with eyes streaming from the scalding mustard, &#8220;an&#8217; it&#8217;s tasty,
+too, ef it does favor tomato ketchup.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 441px;"><img src="images/fig_033.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Burgoyne Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Forty years later an aged man was swung precariously out with a violent
+jerk from a rampant trolley car in front of the Washington Hotel. He
+wearily entered the gaudy office, and turned thence to the bar. The
+barkeeper, a keen-eyed, lean old fellow of inscrutable countenance,
+glanced sharply at him, pondered a moment, then opened a remote closet,
+drew forth from its recess an ancient and dusty demijohn of apple-jack,
+and with boiling water and a dash of mustard compounded a drink which he
+placed unasked before the traveller. &#8220;Here&#8217;s your Scotchem,&#8221; he said
+laconically. The surprised old man looked sharply around him. Outside the
+window, in the stable yard, a single blasted and scaling buttonwood tree
+alone remained of the stately green row whose mottled trunks and glossy
+leaves once bordered the avenue. The varying grades of city streets had
+entirely cut off the long porch beloved of old-time tavern loafers. The
+creaking sign-board had vanished. Within was no cheerful chimney corner
+and no welcoming blazing fire, but the old taproom still displayed its
+raftered ceiling. The ancient traveller solemnly drank his long-paid-for
+mug of Scotchem. &#8220;It&#8217;s good,&#8221; he said, &#8220;and tasty, if it does favor tomato
+ketchup.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A ray of memory darted across the brain of the old barkeeper, and albeit
+he was not a member of the Society of Psychical Research and could not
+formulate his brain impressions, yet he pondered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> on the curious problem
+of thought transference, of forced sequence of ideas, of coincidences of
+mental action resulting from similar physical conditions and influences.</p>
+
+<p>Flip was a dearly loved drink of colonial times, far more popular in
+America than in England, much different in concoction in America than in
+England, and much superior in America&mdash;a truly American drink. As its
+chief ingredient is beer, it might be placed in the chapter on small
+drink, but the large amount consumed entitles it to a place with more
+rankly intoxicating liquors.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest date that I find flip named in New England is 1690. From that
+year till the middle of this century there never was a day, never a minute
+of the day, and scarce of the night, that some old Yankee flip drinker was
+not plunging in a loggerhead, or smacking his lips over a mug of creaming
+flip.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>New England Almanac</i> for 1704 we read under December:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;The days are short, the weather&#8217;s cold,<br />
+By tavern fires tales are told.<br />
+Some ask for dram when first come in,<br />
+Others with flip and bounce begin.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>American flip was made in a great pewter mug or earthen pitcher filled
+two-thirds full of strong beer; sweetened with sugar, molasses, or dried
+pumpkin, according to individual taste or capabilities; and flavored with
+&#8220;a dash&#8221;&mdash;about a gill&mdash;of New England rum. Into this mixture was thrust
+and stirred a red-hot loggerhead, made of iron and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> shaped like a poker,
+and the seething iron made the liquor foam and bubble and mantle high, and
+gave it the burnt, bitter taste so dearly loved. A famous tavern host of
+Canton, Massachusetts, had a special fancy in flip. He mixed together a
+pint of cream, four eggs, and four pounds of sugar, and kept this on hand.
+When a mug of flip was called for, he filled a quart mug two-thirds full
+of bitter beer, added four great spoonfuls of his creamy compound, a gill
+of rum, and thrust in the loggerhead. If a fresh egg were beaten into the
+mixture, the froth poured over the top of the mug, and the drink was
+called &#8220;bellows-top.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_034.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Happy Farmer Pitcher.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Let me not fail to speak of the splendid glasses in which flip was often
+served&mdash;I mean the great glass tumblers without handles which, under the
+name of flip glasses, still are found in New England homes. They are vast
+drinking-vessels, sometimes holding three or four quarts apiece, and speak
+to us distinctly of the unlimited bibulous capacities of our ancestors.
+They are eagerly sought for by glass<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> and china collectors, and are among
+the prettiest and most interesting of old-time relics.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 383px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_035.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Sign-board of Hancock Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>English flip is not so simple nor so original nor so good a drink as
+American flip. It might be anything but flip, since it is compounded in a
+saucepan, and knows naught of the distinctive branding<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> of flip, the
+seething loggerhead. If it contained no spirits, it was called &#8220;egg-hot.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A rule for flip which seems to combine the good points of the American and
+English methods, uses ale instead of home-brewed. It may be given &#8220;in the
+words of the Publican who made it&#8221;:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Keep grated Ginger and Nutmeg with a fine dried Lemon Peel rubbed
+together in a Mortar. To make a quart of Flip: Put the Ale on the Fire
+to warm, and beat up three or four Eggs with four ounces of moist
+Sugar, a teaspoonful of grated Nutmeg or Ginger, and a Quartern of
+good old Rum or Brandy. When the Ale is near to boil, put it into one
+pitcher, and the Rum and Eggs, etc., into another: turn it from one
+Pitcher to another till it is as smooth as cream. To heat plunge in
+the red hot Loggerhead or Poker. This quantity is styled One Yard of
+Flannel.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A quartern is a quarter of a gill, which is about the &#8220;dash&#8221; of rum.</p>
+
+<p>No flip was more widely known and more respected than the famous brew of
+Abbott&#8217;s Tavern at Holden, Massachusetts. This house, built in 1763, and
+kept by three generations of Abbotts, never wavered in the quality of its
+flip. It is said to have been famous from the Atlantic to the Pacific&mdash;and
+few stage-coaches or travellers ever passed that door without adding to
+its praises and thereafter spreading its reputation. It is sad to add that
+I don&#8217;t know exactly how it was made. A bill still existing tells its
+price in Revolutionary days; other items show its relative valuation:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;Mug New England Flip</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">9<i>d.</i></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.3em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">West India</span><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">11<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lodging per night</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3<i>d.</i></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pot luck per meal</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">8<i>d.</i></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Boarding commons Men</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">4<i>s.</i></td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">8<i>d.</i></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Weomen</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">2<i>s.</i>&#8221;</span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p>This is the only tavern bill I have ever seen in which nice distinctions
+were made in boarding men and women. I am glad to know that the &#8220;weomen&#8221;
+traveller in those days had 2<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i> of daily advantage over the men.</p>
+
+<p>Other names for the hospital loggerhead were flip-dog and hottle. The
+loggerhead was as much a part of the chimney furniture of an old-time New
+England tavern and farm-house as the bellows or andirons. In all taverns
+and many hospitable homes it was constantly kept warm in the ashes, ready
+for speedy heating in a bed of hot coals, to burn a mug of fresh flip for
+every visitor or passer by. Cider could be used instead of beer, if beer
+could not be had. Some wise old flip tasters preferred cider to beer.
+Every tavern bill of the eighteenth century was punctuated with entries of
+flip. John Adams said if you spent the evening in a tavern, you found it
+full of people drinking drams of flip, carousing, and swearing. The old
+taprooms were certainly cheerful and inviting gathering-places; where mine
+host sat behind his cagelike counter surrounded by cans and bottles and
+glasses, jars of whole spices and whole loaves of sugar; where an
+inspiring row of barrels of New England rum, hard cider, and beer ranged
+in rivalry at an end of the room, and</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>
+&#8220;Where dozed a fire of beechen logs that bred<br />
+Strange fancies in its embers golden-red,<br />
+And nursed the loggerhead, whose hissing dip,<br />
+Timed by wise instinct, creamed the bowl of flip.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 353px;"><img src="images/fig_036.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Flip Glasses, Loggerhead, and Toddy Stick.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>These fine lines of Lowell&#8217;s seem to idealize the homely flip and the
+loggerhead as we love to idealize the customs of our forbears. Many a
+reader of them, inspired by the picture, has heated an iron poker or
+flip-dog and brewed and drunk a mug of flip. I did so not long ago, mixing
+carefully by a rule for flip recommended and recorded and used by General
+Putnam&mdash;Old Put&mdash;in the Revolution. I had the Revolutionary receipt and I
+had the Revolutionary loggerhead, and I had the old-time ingredients, but
+alas, I had neither the tastes nor the digestion of my Revolutionary
+sires, and the indescribable scorched and puckering bitterness<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> of taste
+and pungency of smell of that rank compound which was flip, will serve for
+some time in my memory as an antidote for any overweening longing for the
+good old times.</p>
+
+<p>The toddy stick, beloved for the welcome ringing music it made on the
+sides of glass tumblers, was used to stir up toddy and other sweetened
+drinks.</p>
+
+<p>It was a stick six or eight inches long, with a knob at one end, or
+flattened out at the end so it would readily crush the loaf sugar used in
+the drink. The egg-nog stick was split at one end, and a cross-piece of
+wood was set firmly in. It was a crude egg-beater. Whirled rapidly around,
+while the upright stick was held firmly between the palms of the hands, it
+was a grateful, graceful, and inviting machine in the hands of skilful
+landlords of old.</p>
+
+<p>Another universal and potent colonial drink was punch. It came to the
+English colonies in America from the English colonies in India. To the
+Orientals we owe punch&mdash;as many other good things. The word is from the
+Hindustani <i>panch</i>, five, referring to the five ingredients then used in
+the drink, namely: tea, arrack, sugar, lemons, water.</p>
+
+<p>In 1675 one Tryer drank punch in India and, like the poor thing that he
+was, basely libelled it as an enervating liquor. The English took very
+quickly to the new drink, as they did to everything else in India, and
+soon the word appeared in English ballads, showing that punch was well
+known.</p>
+
+<p>Englishmen did not use without change the punch-bowls of India, but
+invented an exceptionally elegant form known by the name of Monteith. It
+was called<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> after a man of fashion who was marked and remarkable for
+wearing a scalloped coat. In the <i>Art of Cookery</i> we find reference to him
+and the Monteith punch bowl:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;New things produce new words, and so Monteith<br />
+Has by one vessel saved himself from death.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Monteiths seem to have come into fashion about 1697. The rim was scalloped
+like its namesake&#8217;s coat, or cut in battlements, thus forming
+indentations, in which a punch ladle and lemon strainer and tall
+wine-glasses were hung on their sides, the foot out. The rim was usually
+separate from the bowl, and was lifted off with the glasses and ladle and
+strainer, for the punch to be brewed in the bowl. When the punch was duly
+finished, the ornamental rim was replaced. A porcelain imitation of a
+Monteith is here shown, which was made in China for an American
+ship-owner, doubtless from a silver model.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_037.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Porcelain Monteith.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Punch became popular in New England just as it did in old England, in
+fact, wherever English-speaking sea rovers could tell of the new drink. In
+1682 John Winthrop wrote of the sale of a punch bowl<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> in Boston, and in
+1686 John Dunton told of more than one noble bowl of punch in New England.</p>
+
+<p>Every buffet of people of good station in prosperous times soon had a
+punch bowl. Every dinner was prefaced by a bowl of punch passed from hand
+to hand, while the liquor was drunk from the bowl. Double and &#8220;thribble&#8221;
+bowls of punch were served in taverns; these held two and three quarts
+each.</p>
+
+<p>To show the amount of punch drunk at a minister&#8217;s ordination in New
+England in 1785, I will state that the eighty people attending in the
+morning had thirty bowls of punch before going to meeting; and the
+sixty-eight who had dinner disposed of forty-four bowls of punch, eighteen
+bottles of wine, eight bowls of brandy, and a quantity of cherry rum.</p>
+
+<p>Punch was popular in Virginia, it was popular in New York, it was popular
+in Pennsylvania. William Black recorded in his diary in 1744 that in
+Philadelphia he was given cider and punch for lunch; rum and brandy before
+dinner; punch, Madeira, port, and sherry at dinner; punch and liqueurs
+with the ladies; and wine, spirit, and punch till bedtime; all in punch
+bowls big enough for a goose to swim in.</p>
+
+<p>In 1757 S. M. of Boston, who was doubtless Samuel Mather, the son of
+Cotton Mather, sent to Sir Harry Frankland, the hero of the New England
+romance of Agnes Surriage, a box of lemons with these lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;You know from Eastern India came<br />
+The skill of making punch as did the name.<br />
+And as the name consists of letters five,<br />
+By five ingredients is it kept alive.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>To purest water sugar must be joined,<br />
+With these the grateful acid is combined.<br />
+Some any sours they get contented use,<br />
+But men of taste do that from Tagus choose.<br />
+When now these three are mixed with care<br />
+Then added be of spirit a small share.<br />
+And that you may the drink quite perfect see,<br />
+Atop the musky nut must grated be.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_038.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Cincinnati Punch Bowl.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>From the accounts that have come down to us, the &#8220;spirits a small share&#8221;
+of the Puritan Mather&#8217;s punch receipt was seldom adhered to in New England
+punches.</p>
+
+<p>The importation to England and America of lemons, oranges, and limes for
+use as punch &#8220;sowrings,&#8221; as they were called, was an important part of the
+West Indian and Portuguese trade. The juices of lemons, oranges, limes,
+and pineapples were all used in punches, and were imported in demijohns
+and bottles. The appetizing advertisements of J. Crosby, a Boston fruit
+importer, are frequent for many years in New England newspapers. Here is
+one from the <i>Salem Gazette</i> in 1741:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>&#8220;Extraordinary good and
+very fresh Orange juice which some of the very best Punch Tasters prefer to Lemmon, at one dollar a gallon. Also very
+good Lime Juice and Shrub to put into Punch at the Basket of Lemmons, J. Crosby, Lemmon Trader.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I don&#8217;t know whether the punch tasters referred to were professional punch
+mixers or whether it was simply a term applied to persons of well-known
+experience and judgment in punch-drinking.</p>
+
+<p>In Salem, New Jersey, in 1729, tavern prices were regulated by the Court.
+They were thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;A rub of punch made with double-refined sugar and one and a half gills of rum</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">9<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">A rub of punch made with single refined sugar and one and a half gills of rum</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">8<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">A rub made of Muscovado sugar and one and a half gills of rum</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">7<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">A quart of flipp made with a pint of rum</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">9<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">A pint of wine</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1<i>s.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">A gill of rum</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">3<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">A quart of strong beer</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">4<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">A gill of brandy or cordial</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">6<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">A quart of metheglin</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">9<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">A quart of cider royal</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">8<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">A quart of cider</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .3em;">4<i>d.</i>&#8221;</span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Punches were many of name, scores of different ones were given by drink
+compounders, both amateur and professional. Punches were named for
+persons, for places; for taverns and hosts; for bar-tenders and
+stage-coach drivers; for unusual ingredients or romantic incidents.
+Sometimes honor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> was conferred by naming the punch for the person;
+sometimes the punch was the only honor the original ever had. In these
+punches all kinds of flavoring and spices were used, and all the strong
+liquors of the world, all the spirits, wines, liqueurs, drops, distilled
+waters and essences&mdash;but seldom and scant malt liquors, if it were truly
+punch.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the proper amounts of all these various fluids to be used
+in composition opinions always differed. Many advised a light hand with
+cordials, some disliked spices; others wished a plentiful amount of lemon
+juice, others wished tea. In respect of the proportions of two important
+and much-discussed ingredients, old-time landlords apparently heeded
+directions similar to those I once heard given impressively by an old
+Irish ecclesiastic of high office: &#8220;Shtop! shtop! ye are not commincin&#8217;
+right and in due ordher! Ye musthn&#8217;t iver put your whiskey or rum foorst
+in your punch-bowl and thin add wather; for if ye do, ivery dhrop of
+wather ye put in is just cruel spoilin&#8217; of the punch; but&mdash;foorst&mdash;put
+some wather in the bowl&mdash;some, I say, since in conscience ye must&mdash;thin
+pour in the rum; and sure ye can aisily parcaive that ivery dhrop ye put
+in is afther makin&#8217; the punch betther and betther.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Charles Lamb tells in his <i>Popular Fallacies</i> of &#8220;Bully Dawson kicked by
+half the town and half the town kicked by Bully Dawson.&#8221; This Bully Dawson
+was a famous punch brewer; his rule was precisely like that of a famous
+New England landlord, and is worth choosing among a score of rules:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>&#8220;The man who sees, does, or thinks of anything else while he is making
+Punch may as well look for the Northwest Passage on Mutton Hill. A man
+can never make good punch unless he is satisfied, nay positive, that
+no man breathing can make better. I can and do make good Punch,
+because I do nothing else, and this is my way of doing it. I retire to
+a solitary corner with my ingredients ready sorted; they are as
+follows, and I mix them in the order they are here written. Sugar,
+twelve tolerable lumps; hot water, one pint; lemons, two, the juice
+and peel; old Jamaica rum, two gills; brandy, one gill; porter or
+stout, half a gill; arrack, a slight dash. I allow myself five minutes
+to make a bowl in the foregoing proportions, carefully stirring the
+mixture as I furnish the ingredients until it actually foams; and then
+Kangaroos! how beautiful it is!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>With this nectar and a toast we may fitly close this chapter. May the
+grass grow lightly o&#8217;er the grave of Bully Dawson, and weigh like lead on
+the half the town that kicked him!</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">SMALL DRINK</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">&#8220;Under</span> this tearme of small-drink,&#8221; wrote an old chronicler, &#8220;do I endow
+such drinks as are of comfort, to quench an honest thirst, not to heat the
+brain, as one man hath ale, another cider, another metheglin, and one
+sack.&#8221; Under this title I also place such tavern and home drinks of
+colonial times as were not deemed vastly intoxicating; though New England
+cider might well be ranged very close to New England rum in intoxicating
+powers.</p>
+
+<p>The American colonists were not enthusiastic water drinkers, and they soon
+imported malt and established breweries to make the familiar ale and beer
+of old England. The Dutch patroons found brewing a profitable business in
+New York, and private families in all the colonies built home brew-houses
+and planted barley and hops.</p>
+
+<p>In Virginia a makeshift ale was made from maize as early as 1620. George
+Thorpe wrote that it was a good drink, much preferable to English beer.
+Governor Berkeley wrote of Virginians a century later:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>&#8220;Their small-drink is either
+wine or water, beer, milk and water, or water alone. Their richer sort generally brew their small-beer with
+malt, which they have from England, though barley grows there very
+well; but for the want of convenience of malt-houses, the inhabitants
+take no care to sow it. The poorer sort brew their beer with molasses
+and bran; with Indian corn malted with drying in a stove: with
+persimmons dried in a cake and baked; with potatoes with the green
+stalks of Indian corn cut small and bruised, with pompions, with the
+Jerusalem artichoke which some people plant purposely for that use,
+but this is the least esteemed.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Similar beers were made in New England. The court records are full of
+enactments to encourage beer-brewing. They had not learned that liberty to
+brew, when and as each citizen pleased, would prove the best stimulus.
+Much personal encouragement was also given. The President of Harvard
+College did not disdain to write to the court on behalf of &#8220;Sister
+Bradish,&#8221; that she might be &#8220;encouraged and countenanced&#8221; in her baking of
+bread and brewing and selling of penny beer. And he adds in testimony that
+&#8220;such is her art, way, and skill that shee doth vend such comfortable
+penniworths for the relief of all that send unto her as elsewhere they can
+seldom meet with.&#8221; College students were permitted to buy of her to a
+certain amount; and with the light of some contemporary evidence as to the
+quality of the college commons we can believe they needed very
+&#8220;comfortable penniworths.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Some New England taverns were famous for their spruce, birch, and
+sassafras beer, boiled with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> scores of roots and herbs, with birch,
+spruce, or sassafras bark, with pumpkin and apple parings, with sweetening
+of molasses or maple syrup, or beet tops and other makeshifts. A colonial
+song writer boasted&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Oh, we can make liquor to sweeten our lips<br />
+Of pumpkins, of parsnips, of walnut-tree chips.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 388px;"><img src="images/fig_039.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Sign-board of Amherst Hotel.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>According to Diodorus Siculus, the ancient Britons drank on festive
+occasions liquors made from honey, apples, and barley, viz., mead, cider,
+and ale. The Celts drank mead and cider&mdash;natural drinks within the
+capabilities of manufacture by slightly civilized nations; for wild honey
+and wild apples could be found everywhere. Ale indicated agriculture and a
+more advanced civilization.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>Mead, or metheglin, of fermented honey, herbs, and water, has been made by
+every race and tribe on this globe, living where there was enough
+vegetation to cherish bees. It had been a universal drink in England, but
+was somewhat in disuse when this country was settled.</p>
+
+<p>Harrison wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The Welsh make no less account of metheglin than the Greeks did of
+their ambrosia or nectar, which for the pleasantness thereof was
+supposed to be such as the gods themselves did delight in. There is a
+kind of swishswash made also in Essex, and divers other places, with
+honeycomb and water, which the homely country-wives putting some
+pepper and a little other spice among, called mead: very good in mine
+opinion for such as love to be loose-bodied at large, or a little
+eased of the cough. Otherwise it differeth so much from true metheglin
+as chalk from cheese; and one of the best things that I know belonging
+thereto is, that they spend but little labour and less cost in making
+of the same, and therefore no great loss if it were never occupied.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Metheglin was one of the drinks of the American colonists. It was a
+favorite drink in Kentucky till well into this century. As early as 1633,
+the Piscataqua planters of New Hampshire, in their list of values which
+they set in furs,&mdash;the currency of the colony,&mdash;made &#8220;6 Gallon Mathaglin
+equal 2 Lb Beaver.&#8221; In Virginia, whole plantations of honey locust were
+set out to supply metheglin. The long beans of the locust were ground and
+mixed with honey herbs and water, and fermented.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>In a letter written from Virginia in 1649, it is told of &#8220;an ancient
+planter of twenty-five years standing,&#8221; that he had good store of bees and
+&#8220;made excellent good Matheglin, a pleasant and strong drink.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Oldmixon, in <i>History of Carolina</i> (1708), says, &#8220;the bees swarm there six
+or seven times a year, and the metheglin made there is as good as Malaga
+sack,&#8221; which may be taken <i>cum grano salis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In New England drinking habits soon underwent a marked and speedy change.
+English grains did not thrive well those first years of settlement, and
+were costly to import, so New Englanders soon drifted from beer-drinking
+to cider-drinking. The many apple orchards planted first by Endicott and
+Blackstone in Massachusetts, and Wolcott in Connecticut, and seen in a few
+decades on every prosperous and thrifty farm, soon gave forth their
+bountiful yield of juicy fruit. Perhaps this change in drinking habits was
+indirectly the result of the influence of the New England climate. Cider
+seemed more fitted for sharp New England air than ale. Cider was soon so
+cheap and plentiful throughout the colony that all could have their fill.
+Josselyn said in 1670: &#8220;I have had at the tap-houses of Boston an
+ale-quart of cider spiced and sweetened with sugar for a groat.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 393px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_040.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Eagle Tavern and Sign-board, Newton, New Hampshire.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>All the colonists drank cider, old and young, and in all
+places,&mdash;funerals, weddings, ordainings, vestry-meetings, church-raisings,
+etc. Infants in arms drank mulled hard cider at night, a beverage which
+would kill a modern babe. It was supplied to students at Harvard and Yale
+colleges at dinner and bever, being passed in two quart tankards from hand
+to hand down the commons table. Old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> men began the day with a quart or
+more of hard cider before breakfast. Delicate women drank hard cider. All
+laborers in the field drank it in great draughts that were often liberally
+fortified with drams of New England rum. The apple crop was so wholly
+devoted to the manufacture of cider that in the days of temperance reform
+at the beginning of this century, Washingtonian zealots cut down great
+orchards of full-bearing trees, not conceiving any adequate use of the
+fruit for any purpose save cider-making.</p>
+
+<p>A friend&mdash;envious and emulous of the detective work so minutely described
+by Conan Doyle&mdash;was driving last summer on an old New England road
+entirely unfamiliar to him. He suddenly turned to the stage-driver by his
+side and, pointing to a house alongside the road, said, &#8220;The man who lives
+there is a drunkard.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Why, yes,&#8221; answered the driver in surprise, &#8220;do
+you know him?&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;No,&#8221; said the traveller, &#8220;I never saw him and don&#8217;t know
+his name, but he&#8217;s a drunkard and his father was before him, and his
+grandfather.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;It&#8217;s true,&#8221; answered the driver, with much astonishment;
+&#8220;how could you tell?&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Well, there is a large orchard of very old apple
+trees round that house, while all his neighbors, even when the houses are
+old, have younger orchards. When the &#8216;Washingtonian or Temperance
+Movement&#8217; reached this town, the owner of this place was too confirmed a
+drunkard to reform and cut down his apple trees as his neighbors did, and
+he kept on at his hard cider and cider brandy, and his son and grandson
+grew up to be drunkards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> after him.&#8221; Later inquiry in the town proved the
+truth of the amateur detective&#8217;s guesswork.</p>
+
+<p>Cider was tediously made at first by pounding the apples in wooden
+mortars; the pomace was afterward pressed in baskets. Then rude mills with
+a spring board and heavy maul crushed the apples in a hollowed log. Then
+presses for cider-making began to be set up about the year 1650.</p>
+
+<p>Apples were at that time six to eight shillings a bushel; cider 1<i>s.</i>
+8<i>d.</i> a gallon&mdash;as high-priced as New England rum a century later.</p>
+
+<p>Connecticut cider soon became specially famous. Roger Williams in 1660
+says John Winthrop&#8217;s loving letter to him was as grateful as &#8220;a cup of
+your Connecticut cider.&#8221; By 1679 it was cheap enough, ten shillings a
+barrel; and in the year 1700, about seven shillings only. It had then
+replaced beer in nearly all localities in daily diet; yet at the
+Commencement dinner at Harvard in 1703, four barrels of beer were served
+and but one of cider, with eighteen gallons of wine.</p>
+
+<p>In 1721 one Massachusetts village of forty families made three thousand
+barrels of cider, and Judge Joseph Wilder of Lancaster, Massachusetts,
+made six hundred and sixteen barrels in the year 1728.</p>
+
+<p>Bennett, an English traveller, writing of Boston in the year 1740, says
+that &#8220;the generality of the people with their victuals&#8221; drank cider, which
+was plentiful and good at three shillings a barrel. It took a large amount
+of cider to supply a family when all drank, and drank freely. Ministers
+often stored forty barrels of cider for winter use.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_041.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Cider Pitcher and Cups.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>By the closing years of the seventeenth century nearly all Virginia
+plantations had an apple orchard. Colonel Fitzhugh had twenty-five hundred
+apple trees. So quickly did they mature, that six years after the scions
+were planted, they bore fruit. Many varieties were common, such as
+russets, costards, pippins, mains, marigolds, kings, and batchelors. So
+great was the demand for cider in the South that apple orchards were
+deemed the most desirable leasing property. Cider never reached a higher
+price, however, than two shillings and a half in Virginia during the
+seventeenth century. Thus it could be found in the house of every Maryland
+and Virginia planter. It was supplied to the local courts during their
+times of sitting. Many households used it in large quantity instead of
+beer or metheglin, storing many barrels for everyday use.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>At a very early date apple trees were set out in New York, and cultivated
+with much care and much success. Nowhere else in America, says Dankers,
+the Labadist traveller, had he seen such fine apples. The names of the
+Newton pippin, the Kingston spitzenburgh, the Poughkeepsie swaar apple,
+the red streak, guelderleng, and others of well-known quality, show New
+York&#8217;s attention to apple-raising. Kalm, the Swedist naturalist, spoke of
+the splendid apple orchards which he saw throughout New York in 1749, and
+told of the use of the horse press in the Hudson Valley for making cider.
+Cider soon rivalled in domestic use in this province the beer of the
+Fatherland. It was constantly used during the winter season, and, diluted
+with water, sweetened and flavored with nutmeg, made a grateful summer
+drink. Combined with rum, it formed many of the most popular and
+intoxicating colonial drinks, of which &#8220;stone-wall&#8221; was the most potent.
+Cider-royal was made by boiling four barrels of cider into one barrel. P.
+T. Barnum said cider-spirits was called &#8220;gumption.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A New Hampshire settler carried on his back for twenty miles to his home a
+load of young apple trees. They thrived and grew apace, and his first crop
+was eight bushels. From these, he proudly recounted, he made one barrel of
+cider, one barrel of water-cider, and &#8220;one barrel of charming good drink.&#8221;
+Water-cider, or ciderkin, was a very weak, slightly cidery beverage, which
+was made by pouring water over the solid dregs left after the cider had
+been pressed from the pomace, and pressing it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> over again. It was deemed
+especially suitable for children to drink; sometimes a little molasses and
+ginger was added to it.</p>
+
+<p>A very mild tavern drink was beverige; its concoction varied in different
+localities. Sometimes beverige was water-cider or ciderkin; at other times
+cider, spices, and water. Water flavored with molasses and ginger was
+called beverige, and is a summer drink for New England country-folk
+to-day.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 400px;"><img src="images/fig_042.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Parson&#8217;s Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>John Hammond wrote of Virginia in 1656 in his <i>Leah and Rachel</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Beare is indeed in some places constantly drunken, in other some
+nothing but Water or Milk, and Water or Beverige; and that is where
+the good-wives (if I may so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> call them) are negligent and idle; for it
+is not want of Corn to make Malt with, for the Country affords enough,
+but because they are slothful and careless; and I hope this Item will
+shame them out of these humours; that they will be adjudged by their
+drinke, what kind of Housewives they are.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Vinegar and water&mdash;a drink of the ancient Roman soldiery&mdash;was also called
+beverige. Dr. Rush wrote a pamphlet recommending its use by harvest
+laborers.</p>
+
+<p>Switchel was a similar drink, strengthened with a dash of rum. Ebulum was
+the juice of elder and juniper berries, spiced and sweetened. Perry was
+made from pears, and peachy from peaches.</p>
+
+<p>A terrible drink is said to have been popular in Salem. It is difficult to
+decide which was worse, the drink or its name. It was sour household beer
+simmered in a kettle, sweetened with molasses, filled with crumbs of
+&#8220;ryneinjun&#8221; bread, and drunk piping hot; its name was
+whistle-belly-vengeance, or whip-belly-vengeance. This name was not a
+Yankee vulgarism, but a well-known old English term. Bickerdyke says small
+beer was rightly stigmatized by this name. Dean Swift in his <i>Polite
+Conversations</i> gives this smart dialogue:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;<i>Hostess</i> (offering ale to Sir John Linger). I never taste
+malt-liquor, but they say ours is well-hopp&#8217;d.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sir John.</i> Hopp&#8217;d! why if it had hopp&#8217;d a little further, it would
+have hopp&#8217;d into the river.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hostess.</i> I was told ours was very strong.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sir John.</i> Yes! strong of the water. I believe the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> brewer forgot the
+malt, or the river was too near him. Faith! it is more
+whip-belly-vengeance; he that drinks most has the worst share.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>This would hardly seem a word for &#8220;polite conversation,&#8221; though it was
+certainly a term in common use. Its vulgarity is in keen contrast to the
+name of another &#8220;small drink,&#8221; a name which brings to the mental vision
+thoughts of the good cheer, the genial hospitality, the joy of living, of
+Elizabethan days. A black letter copy of the <i>Loyal Garland</i>, a collection
+of songs of the seventeenth century, thus names the drink in this gay
+song:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;To the Tavern lets away!<br />
+There have I a Mistress got,<br />
+Cloystered in a Pottle Pot;<br />
+Plump and bounding, soft and fair,<br />
+Bucksome, sweet and debonair,<br />
+And they call her <i>Sack</i>, my Dear!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is vain to enter here into a discussion of exactly what sack was, since
+so much has been written about it. The name was certainly applied to sweet
+wines from many places. A contemporary authority, Gervayse Markham, says
+in The <i>English Housewife</i>, &#8220;Your best Sackes are of Seres in Spain, your
+smaller of Galicia or Portugall: your strong Sackes are of the islands of
+the Canaries.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sack was, therefore, a special make of the strong, dry, sweet,
+light-colored wines of the sherry family, such as come from the South,
+from Portugal, Spain, and the Canary Islands. By the seventeenth century
+the name was applied to all sweet wines of this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> class, as distinguished
+from Rhenish wines on one hand and red wines on the other. Many do not
+wish to acknowledge that sack was sherry, but there was little distinction
+between them. Sherris-sack, named by Shakespeare, was practically also
+sherry.</p>
+
+<p>Sack was so cheap that it could be used by all classes. From an original
+license granted by Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1584, to one Bradshaw to keep a
+tavern we learn that sack was then worth two shillings a gallon.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_043.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Toby Fillpots.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most famous use of sack was in the making of sack-posset, that
+drink of brides, of grooms, of wedding and christening parties. A rhymed
+rule for sack-posset found its way into many collections, and into English
+and American newspapers. It is said to have been written by Sir Fleetwood
+Fletcher. It was thus printed in the <i>New York Gazette</i> of February 13,
+1744:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>&#8220;A Receipt for all young Ladies that
+are going to be Married. To make a</p>
+
+<p class="center">SACK-POSSET</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>From famed Barbadoes on the Western Main<br />
+Fetch sugar half a pound; fetch sack from Spain<br />
+A pint; and from the Eastern Indian Coast<br />
+Nutmeg, the glory of our Northern toast.<br />
+O&#8217;er flaming coals together let them heat<br />
+Till the all-conquering sack dissolves the sweet.<br />
+O&#8217;er such another fire set eggs, twice ten,<br />
+New born from crowing cock and speckled hen;<br />
+Stir them with steady hand, and conscience pricking<br />
+To see the untimely fate of twenty chicken.<br />
+From shining shelf take down your brazen skillet,<br />
+A quart of milk from gentle cow will fill it.<br />
+When boiled and cooked, put milk and sack to egg,<br />
+Unite them firmly like the triple League.<br />
+Then covered close, together let them dwell<br />
+Till Miss twice sings: <i>You must not kiss and tell</i>.<br />
+Each lad and lass snatch up their murdering spoon,<br />
+And fall on fiercely like a starved dragoon.&#8221;</td></tr></table></div>
+
+<p>Sack was drunk in America during the first half-century of colonial life.
+It was frequently imported to Virginia; and all the early instructions for
+the voyage cross-seas, such as Governor Winthrop&#8217;s to his wife and those
+of the Plymouth Plantations, urge the shipping of sack for the sailors.
+Even in Judge Sewall&#8217;s day, a century after the planting of Boston,
+sack-posset was drunk at Puritan weddings, but a psalm and a prayer made
+it properly solemn. Judge Sewall wrote of a Boston wedding:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;There was a pretty deal of company present. Many young gentlemen and
+young gentlewomen. Mr. Noyes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> made a speech, said love was the sugar
+to sweeten every condition in the marriage state. After the
+Sack-Posset sang 45th Psalm from 8th verse to end.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 233px;"><img src="images/fig_044.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Flip Glasses and Nutmeg Holders.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Canary soon displaced sack in popular affection, and many varieties of
+closely allied wines were imported. Sir Edmund Andros named in his excise
+list &#8220;Fayal wines, or any other wines of the Western Islands, Madeira,
+Malaga, Canary, Tent, and Alcant.&#8221; Claret was not popular. The consumption
+of sweet wines was astonishing, and the quality was exceeding good. Spiced
+wines were much sold at taverns, sangaree and mulled wines. Brigham&#8217;s
+Tavern at Westborough had a simple recipe for mulled wine: simply a quart
+of boiling hot Madeira, half a pint of boiling water, six eggs beaten to a
+froth, all sweetened and spiced. Nutmeg was the favorite flavoring, and
+nutmegs gilded and beribboned were an esteemed gift. The importation of
+them was in early days wholly controlled by the Dutch. High livers&mdash;<i>bon
+vivants</i>&mdash;carried<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> nutmegs in their pockets, fashionable dames also. One
+of the prettiest trinkets of colonial times is the dainty nutmeg holder,
+of wrought silver or Battersea enamel, just large enough to hold a single
+nutmeg. The inside of the cover is pierced or corrugated to form a grater.
+The ones now before me, both a century and a half old, when opened exhale
+a strong aroma of nutmeg, though it is many a year since they have been
+used. With a nutmeg in a pocket holder, the exquisite traveller, whether
+man or woman, could be sure of a dainty spiced wine flavored to taste;
+&#8220;atop the musky nut could grated be,&#8221; even in the most remote tavern, for
+wine was everywhere to be found, but nutmegs were a luxury. Negus, a washy
+warm wine-punch invented in Queen Anne&#8217;s day by Colonel Negus, was also
+improved by a flavoring of nutmeg.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">SIGNS AND SYMBOLS</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">Before</span> named streets with numbered houses came into existence, and when
+few persons could read, painted and carved sign-boards and figures were
+more useful than they are to-day; and not only innkeepers, but men of all
+trades and callings sought for signs that either for quaintness,
+appropriateness, or costliness would attract the eyes of customers and
+visitors, and fix in their memory the exact locality of the advertiser.
+Signs were painted and carved in wood; they were carved in stone; modelled
+in terra-cotta and plaster; painted on tiles; wrought of various metals;
+and even were made of animals&#8217; heads stuffed.</p>
+
+<p>As education progressed, signs were less needed, and when thoroughfares
+were named and sign-posts set up and houses numbered, the use of business
+signs vanished. They lingered sometimes on account of their humor,
+sometimes because they were a guarantee of an established business, but
+chiefly because people were used to them.</p>
+
+<p>The shops in Boston were known by sign-boards. In 1761 Daniel Parker,
+goldsmith, was at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> Golden Ball, William Whitmore, grocer, at the Seven
+Stars, Susannah Foster was &#8220;next the Great Cross,&#8221; and John Loring,
+chemist, at the Great Trees. One hatter had a &#8220;Hatt &amp; Beaver,&#8221; another a
+&#8220;Hatt &amp; Helmit&#8221;; butter was sold at the &#8220;Blue Glove&#8221; and &#8220;Brazen Head&#8221;;
+dry-goods at the &#8220;Sign of the Stays&#8221; and at the &#8220;Wheat Sheaf&#8221;; rum at the
+&#8220;Golden Keys&#8221;; pewter ware at the &#8220;Crown and Beehive&#8221;; knives at the &#8220;Sign
+of the Crown and Razor.&#8221; John Crosby, for many years a noted lemon trader,
+had as a sign a basket of lemons. In front of a nautical instrument store
+on the corner of State and Broad streets, Boston, still stands a quaint
+wooden figure of an ancient naval officer resplendent in his blue coat,
+cocked hat, short breeches, stockings, and buckles, holding in his hand a
+quadrant. The old fellow has stood in this place, continually taking
+observations of the sun, for upwards of one hundred years. It will be seen
+that these signs were often incongruous and non-significant, both as to
+their relation to the business they indicated, and in the association of
+objects which they depicted.</p>
+
+<p>A rhyme printed in the <i>British Apollo</i> in 1710 notes the curious
+combination of names on London sign-boards:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;I&#8217;m amazed at the signs<br />
+As I pass through the town;<br />
+To see the odd mixture<br />
+A Magpie and Crown,<br />
+The Whale and the Crow,<br />
+The Razor and Hen,<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>The Leg and Seven Stars,<br />
+The Axe and the Bottle,<br />
+The Sun and the Lute,<br />
+The Eagle and Child,<br />
+The Shovel and Boot.&#8221;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_045.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Stratton Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>Addison wrote nearly two centuries ago on the absurdity and incongruity of
+these sign-boards, in <i>The Spectator</i> of April 2, 1710. He says,
+advocating a censorship of sign-boards:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Our streets are filled with blue boars, black swans, and red lions;
+not to mention flying pigs, and hogs in armour, with many other
+creatures more extraordinary than any in the deserts of Africa. My
+first task therefore should be like that of Hercules, to clear the
+city from monsters. In the second place I would forbid that creatures
+of jarring and incongruous natures should be joined together in the
+same sign; such as the bell and the neat&#8217;s tongue; the dog and the
+gridiron. The fox and goose may be supposed to have met, but what have
+the fox and the seven stars to do together? And when did the lamb and
+dolphin ever meet, except upon a sign-post? As for the cat and fiddle
+there is a conceit in it, and therefore I do not intend that anything
+I have said should affect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> it. I must, however, observe to you upon
+this subject, that it is usual for a young tradesman, at his first
+setting up, to add to his sign that of the master whom he has served;
+as the husband, after marriage, gives a place to his mistress&#8217;s arms
+in his own coat. This I take to have given rise to many of those
+absurdities which are committed over our heads; and as, I am informed,
+first occasioned the three nuns and a hare, which we see so frequently
+joined together.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Many of the apparently meaningless names on tavern signs come through the
+familiar corruptions of generations of use, through alterations both by
+the dialect of speakers and by the successive mistakes of ignorant
+sign-painters. Thus &#8220;The Bag o&#8217; Nails,&#8221; a favorite sign, was originally
+&#8220;The Bacchanalians.&#8221; The familiar &#8220;Cat and Wheel&#8221; was the &#8220;Catherine
+Wheel,&#8221; and still earlier &#8220;St. Catherine&#8217;s Wheel,&#8221; in allusion to the
+saint and her martyrdom. The &#8220;Goat and Compass&#8221; was the motto &#8220;God
+encompasseth us.&#8221; &#8220;The Pig and Carrot&#8221; was the &#8220;Pique et Carreau&#8221; (the
+spade and diamond in playing cards). Addison thus explains the &#8220;Bell
+Savage,&#8221; a common sign in England, usually portrayed by an Indian standing
+beside a bell. &#8220;I was formerly very much puzzled upon the conceit of it,
+till I accidentally fell into the reading of an old romance translated out
+of the French, which gives an account of a very beautiful woman who was
+found in a wilderness, and is called in French, La Belle Sauvage, and is
+everywhere translated by our countrymen the Bell Savage.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The Bull and Mouth&#8221; celebrates in corrupt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> wording the victory of Henry
+VIII. in &#8220;Boulougne Mouth&#8221; or Harbor. In London the Bull and Mouth Inn was
+a famous coach office, and the sign-board bore these lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Milo the Cretonian<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">An ox slew with his fist,</span><br />
+And ate it up at one meal,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ye Gods! what a glorious twist.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>Twist was the old cant term for appetite.</p>
+
+<p>The universal use of sign-boards furnished employment to many painters of
+inferior rank, and occasionally even to great artists, who, either as a
+freak of genius, to win a wager, to crown a carouse, or perhaps to earn
+with ease a needed sum, painted a sign-board. At the head of this list is
+Hogarth. Richard Wilson painted &#8220;The Three Loggerheads&#8221; for an ale-house
+in North Wales. George Morland has several assigned to him: &#8220;The Goat in
+Boots,&#8221; &#8220;The White Lion,&#8221; &#8220;The Cricketers.&#8221; Ibbetson paid his bill to
+Landlord Burkett after a sketching and fishing excursion by a sign with
+one pale and wan face and one equally rubicund. The accompanying lines
+read:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Thou mortal man that livest by bread,<br />
+What makes thy face to look so red?<br />
+Thou silly fop that looks so pale,<br />
+&#8217;Tis red with Tommy Burkett&#8217;s ale.&#8221;</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_046a.jpg" alt="" /><br /><img src="images/fig_046b.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Three Crowns Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>G&eacute;r&ocirc;me, Cox, Harlow, and Millais swell the list of English sign-painters,
+while Holbein, Correggio, Watteau, Gerriault, and Horace Vernet make a
+noble company. The splendid &#8220;Young Bull&#8221; of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> Paul Potter, in the museum of
+The Hague, is said to have been painted for a butcher&#8217;s sign.</p>
+
+<p>Benjamin West painted many tavern signs in the vicinity of Philadelphia,
+among them in 1771 that of the Three Crowns, a noted hostelry that stood
+on the King&#8217;s Highway in Salisbury Township, Lancaster County. This
+neighborhood was partly settled by English emigrants, and the old tavern
+was kept by a Tory of the deepest dye. The sign-board still bears the
+marks of the hostile bullets of the Continental Army, and the proprietor
+came near sharing the bullets with the sign. This Three Crowns was removed
+in 1816 to the Waterloo Tavern, kept by a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> relative of the old landlord.
+The Waterloo Tavern was originally the Bull&#8217;s Head, and was kept by a
+Revolutionary officer. Both sides of the Three Crowns sign-board are shown
+on <a href="#Page_143">page 143</a>. By tradition West also painted the sign-board of the old Hat
+Tavern shown on <a href="#Page_147">page 147</a>. This was kept by Widow Caldwell in Leacock
+Township, Lancaster County, on the old Philadelphia road.</p>
+
+<p>The Bull&#8217;s Head Inn of Philadelphia had a sign suited to its title; it was
+sold in the middle of this century to an Englishman as the work of
+Benjamin West. The inn stood in Strawberry Alley, and West once lived in
+the alley; and so also did Bernard Wilton, a painter and glazier, in the
+days when the inn was young and had no sign-board. And as the glazier sat
+one day in the taproom, a bull ran foaming into the yard and thrust his
+head with a roar in the tavern window. The glazier had a ready wit, and
+quoth he: &#8220;This means something. This bull thrust his head in as a sign,
+so it shall be the sign of the inn, and bring luck and custom forever.&#8221; I
+think those were his words; at any rate, those were the deeds.</p>
+
+<p>West also painted the &#8220;Ale Bearers.&#8221; One side had a man holding a glass of
+ale and looking through it. The other side showed two brewers&#8217; porters
+carrying an ale cask slung with case hooks on a pole&mdash;as was the way of
+ale porters at that day. It is said that West was offered five hundred
+dollars for a red lion sign-board he had painted in his youth. In the
+vicinity of Philadelphia several taverns claimed to have sign-boards
+painted by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> Peales and by Gilbert Stuart, and an artist named Hicks is
+said to have contributed some wonderful specimens to this field of art.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 285px;"><img src="images/fig_047.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Browne&#8217;s Hall, Danvers, Massachusetts, 1743.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>General Wolfe was a favorite name and figure for pre-Revolutionary taverns
+and sign-boards. There was a Wolfe Tavern near Faneuil Hall in Boston; and
+the faded sign-board of the Wolfe Tavern of Brooklyn, Connecticut, is
+shown on <a href="#Page_211">page 211</a> as it swung when General Israel Putnam was the tavern
+landlord. These figures of the English officer were usually removed as
+obnoxious after the Declaration of Independence. But the Wolfe Tavern at
+Newburyport continued to swing the old sign &#8220;in the very centre of the
+place to be an insult to this truly republican town.&#8221; This sign is shown
+in its spruce freshness on <a href="#Page_180">page 180</a>. It is a great contrast to &#8220;Old Put&#8217;s&#8221;
+Wolfe sign-board.</p>
+
+<p>A Philadelphia tavern with a clumsy name, though a significant one, was
+the Federal Convention<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> of 1787 Inn. I cannot imagine any band of tavern
+tipplers or jovial roisterers ever meeting there, but it was doubtless
+used for political gatherings. It had a most pretentious sign painted by
+Matthew Pratt, a pupil of Benjamin West. It was said that his signs were
+painted in a style that should have given them place in a picture gallery,
+had it not been that the galleries of those days were few, and artists
+found their most lucrative employment in painting signs for taverns and
+stores. This inn kept first by a man named Hanna, then by George Poppal,
+was at 178 South Street, near Fifth Street. The sign was a painting of the
+National Convention which met May 14, 1787, in the State House or
+Independence Hall to frame the Constitution of the United States. George
+Washington was president, Mayor William Jackson was secretary. The
+convention met in the East Room, which was distinctly and correctly
+represented on the sign-board; its wainscoting, the Ionic pilasters
+supporting a full entablature beneath a coved ceiling, all were taken down
+by a &#8220;Commissioner of Repairs,&#8221; and all now are happily reproduced and
+restored. On one side of the sign-board Washington was seen seated under
+the panel bearing the arms of Pennsylvania. The dignified Judge Wilson
+occupied the chair, and Franklin sat near. All the heads were portraits.
+On both sides of the sign-board were the lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;These thirty-eight men together have agreed<br />
+That better times to us shall very soon succeed.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Watson, writing in 1857, tells of the end of this historic sign-board:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>&#8220;This invaluable sign, which should have been copied by some eminent
+artist and engraved for posterity, was bandied about like the Casa
+Santa of Lorretto from post to pillar till it located at South Street
+near the Old Theatre. The figures are now completely obliterated by a
+heavy coat of brown paint on which is lettered Fed. Con. 1787.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_048.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Hat Tavern and Sign-board.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This offence against historic decency can be added to the many other
+crimes against good taste which lie heavily on the account of the middle
+of the nineteenth century. The <i>fin du si&egrave;cle</i> has many evils which are
+daily rehearsed to us; but the middle of the century was an era of bad
+taste, dulness, affected and melancholic sentimentality and
+commonplaceness in dress, architecture, household furnishings,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>
+literature, society, and art&mdash;let us turn from it with haste. It is
+equalled only in some aspects by some of the decades of dulness in England
+in the reign of George III.</p>
+
+<p>Another sign-board painted by Woodside is described in Philadelphia
+newspapers of August, 1820:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">&#8220;UNION HOTEL</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Samuel E. Warwick respectfully informs his friends and the public
+generally that he has opened a house of Entertainment at the northeast
+corner of Seventh and Cedar Streets, and has copied for his sign Mr.
+Binn&#8217;s beautiful copperplate engraving of the Declaration of
+Independence, by that justly celebrated artist, Mr. Woodside:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Whate&#8217;er may tend to soothe the soul below,<br />
+To dry the tear and blunt the shaft of woe,<br />
+To drown the ills that discompose the mind,<br />
+All those who drink at Warwick&#8217;s Inn shall find.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>The Revolutionary War developed originality in American tavern signs. The
+&#8220;King&#8217;s Arms,&#8221; &#8220;King&#8217;s Head,&#8221; &#8220;St. George and the Dragon,&#8221; and other
+British symbols gave place to rampant American eagles and portraits of
+George Washington. Every town had a Washington Tavern, with varied
+Washington sign-boards. That of the Washington Hotel at Salem,
+Massachusetts, is on <a href="#Page_63">page 63</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The landlord of the Washington Inn at Holmesburg, Pennsylvania, one James
+Carson, issued this address in 1816:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>&#8220;Ye good and virtuous
+Americans&mdash;come! whether business or pleasure be your object&mdash;call and be refreshed at the sign of Washington. Here
+money and merit will secure you respect and honor, and a hearty
+welcome to choice liquors and to sumptuous fare. Is it cold? You shall
+find a comfortable fire. Is it warm? Sweet repose under a cool and
+grassy shade. In short, every exertion shall be made to grace the sign
+of the hero and statesman who was first in war, first in peace, and
+first in the hearts of his countrymen.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>On Beach Street a tavern, with the name Washington Crossing the Delaware,
+had as a sign-board a copy of Sully&#8217;s famous picture. This must have been
+a costly luxury. A similar one used as a bridge sign-board is on <a href="#Page_239">page 239</a>.</p>
+
+<p>About 1840 one Washington Tavern in Philadelphia, on Second and Lombard
+streets, displayed a sign which was a novelty at that time. It was what
+was known as a &#8220;slat-sign&#8221;; perpendicular strips or slats were so set on
+the sign that one view or picture was shown upon taking a full front view,
+a second by looking at it from one side, a third from the other. The
+portrait of Washington and other appropriate pictures were thus shown.</p>
+
+<p>Other patriotic designs became common,&mdash;the Patriotic Brothers having a
+sign representing the Temple of Liberty with weapons of war. On the steps
+of the temple a soldier and sailor grasp hands, with the motto, &#8220;Where
+Liberty dwells, there is my country.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A very interesting sign is in the possession of the Connecticut Historical
+Society. It is shown on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> <a href="#Page_27">page 28</a>. This sign is unusual in that it is
+carved in good outline on one side with the British coat of arms, and on
+the other a full-rigged ship under full sail, flying the Union Jack. At
+the top on each side are the letters U. A. H., and 1766. It is enclosed in
+a heavy frame, with heavy hangers of iron keyed to suspend from a beam.</p>
+
+<p>The initials U. A. H. stand for Uriah and Ann Hayden, who kept the tavern
+for which this board was the sign. It stood near the river in Essex, then
+Pettspung Parish, in the town of Saybrook, Connecticut. The sign was
+relegated to a garret when the British lion and unicorn were in such
+disrepute in the new land of freedom, and, being forgotten, was thus
+preserved to our own day.</p>
+
+<p>An old sign shown on <a href="#Page_151">pages 151</a> and <a href="#Page_153">153</a> swung for nearly a century by the
+roadside before a house called Bissell&#8217;s Tavern, at Bissell&#8217;s Ferry, East
+Windsor, Connecticut. Originally it bore an elaborate design of thirteen
+interlacing rings, each having in its centre the representation of some
+tree or plant peculiar to the state it designated. These interlacing links
+surrounded the profile portrait of George Washington. Above this was the
+legend, &#8220;The 13 United States.&#8221; Beneath this, &#8220;Entertainment by David
+Bissell, <span class="smcaplc">A.D.</span> 1777.&#8221; Ten years later the words David Bissell were painted
+out and E. Wolcott substituted. The date 1787 was also placed in both
+upper corners of the board. In 1801 the sign and house came to Joseph
+Phelps. A new design was given: a copy of the first gold eagle of 1795,
+and on the other the reverse side of same coin and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> the name J. Phelps. In
+1816 J. Pelton bought the Ferry Tavern, and he painted out all of J.
+Phelps&#8217;s name save the initials, which were his own. He hung the sign on
+the limb of a big elm tree over the Ferry road.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_049.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Bissell&#8217;s Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>Arad Stratton, who kept the old tavern at Northfield Farms, had a splendid
+eagle on his sign-board, which is shown on <a href="#Page_140">page 140</a>. This tavern built in
+1724 was pulled down in 1820.</p>
+
+<p>William Pitt&#8217;s face and figure frequently appeared on sign-boards. One is
+shown on <a href="#Page_156">page 156</a> which hung at the door of the Pitt Tavern in Lancaster,
+Pennsylvania. This tavern was kept from 1808 to 1838 by Landlord Henry
+Diffenbaugh. The sign-board was painted by an artist named Eicholtz, a
+pupil of Sully and of Gilbert Stuart, whose work he imitated and copied.</p>
+
+<p>A small, single-storied ancient tavern used to stand near the old Swedes&#8217;
+church. Over the door was a sign with an old hen with a brood of chickens;
+an eagle hovered over them with a crown in its beak; the inscription was:
+&#8220;May the Wings of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> Liberty cover the Chickens of Freedom, and pluck the
+Crown from the Enemy&#8217;s Head.&#8221; This was a high flight of fancy, and the Hen
+and Chickens was doubtless vastly admired in those days of high sentiment
+and patriotism after the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette and Franklin showed their fame in many a sign-board. When the
+sign of the Franklin Inn was set up in Philadelphia in 1774, it bore this
+couplet:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Come view your patriot father! and your friend,<br />
+And toast to Freedom and to slavery&#8217;s end.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>John Hancock was another popular patriot seen on tavern signs. The
+sign-board which hung for many years before John Duggan&#8217;s hostelry, the
+Hancock Tavern in Corn Court, is shown on <a href="#Page_110">page 110</a>. This portrait crudely
+resembles one of Hancock, by Copley, and is said to have been painted by
+order of Hancock&#8217;s admirer, Landlord Duggan. At Hancock&#8217;s death it was
+draped with mourning emblems. It swung for many years over the narrow
+alley shown on <a href="#Page_182">page 182</a>, till it blew down in a heavy wind and killed a
+citizen. Then it was nailed to the wall, and thereby injured. It was
+preserved in Lexington Memorial Hall, but has recently been returned to
+Boston.</p>
+
+<p>It was natural that horses, coaches, and sporting subjects should be
+favorites for tavern signs. A very spirited one is that of the Perkins
+Inn, at Hopkinton, New Hampshire, dated 1786, and showing horse, rider,
+and hounds. The Williams Tavern of Centrebrook, Connecticut, stood on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>
+old Hartford and Saybrook turnpike. One side of its swinging sign
+displayed a coach and horses. It is shown on <a href="#Page_400">page 400</a>. The other, on <a href="#Page_395">page
+396</a>, portrays a well-fed gentleman seated at a well-spread table sedately
+drinking a glass of wine. Sign-boards with figures of horses were common,
+such as that of the Hays Tavern, <a href="#Page_66">page 65</a>; of the Conkey Tavern, <a href="#Page_190">page 190</a>;
+of Mowry&#8217;s Inn, <a href="#Page_57">page 57</a>; and of the Pembroke Tavern, <a href="#Page_217">page 217</a>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_050.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Bissell&#8217;s Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>Of course beasts and birds furnished many symbols for sign painters. On
+the site where the Northfield Seminary buildings now stand, stood until
+1880 the old Doolittle Tavern. It was on the main-travelled road from
+Connecticut through Massachusetts to southern New Hampshire and Vermont.
+Its sign-board, dated 1781, is on <a href="#Page_158">page 158</a>. It bore a large rabbit and two
+miniature pine trees.</p>
+
+<p>Joseph Cutter, a Revolutionary soldier, kept an inn in Jaffray, New
+Hampshire, on the &#8220;Brattleboro&#8217; Pike&#8221; from Boston. His sign-board bore the
+figure of a demure fox. It is shown on <a href="#Page_412">page 412</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>Indian chiefs were a favorite subject for sign-boards; three are here
+shown, one on <a href="#Page_203">page 203</a>, from the Stickney Tavern of Concord, New
+Hampshire; another on <a href="#Page_382">page 382</a>, from the Wells Tavern at Greenfield
+Meadows, Massachusetts; a third on <a href="#Page_310">page 310</a>, from the Tarleton Inn of
+Haverhill, New Hampshire.</p>
+
+<p>Two Beehive Taverns, one in Philadelphia, one in Frankford, each bore the
+sign-board a beehive with busy bees. The motto on the former, &#8220;By Industry
+We Thrive,&#8221; was scarcely so appropriate as&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Here in this hive we&#8217;re all alive,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Good liquor makes us funny.</span><br />
+If you are dry, step in and try<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The flavor of our honey.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>The sign-board of Walker&#8217;s Tavern, a famous house of entertainment in
+Charlestown, New Hampshire, is shown on <a href="#Page_162">page 162</a>. It bears a beehive and
+bees. This sign is now owned by the Worcester Society of Antiquity.</p>
+
+<p>The Washington Hotel, at the corner of Sixth and Carpenter streets, had
+several landlords, and in 1822 became the New Theatre Hotel. Woodside
+painted a handsome sign, bearing a portrait of the famous old actor and
+theatrical manager, William Warren, as Falstaff, with the inscription,
+&#8220;Shall I not take mine ease at my inn?&#8221; A writer in the <i>Despatch</i> says
+the tavern did not prosper, though its rooms were let for meetings of
+clubs, societies, audits, and legal proceedings. It was leased by Warren
+himself in 1830, and still the tavern <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>decayed. He left it and died, and
+the fine sign-board faded, and was succeeded by the plain lettering,
+Fallstaff Inn, and the appropriate motto, chosen by Warren, gave place to
+&#8220;Bring me a cup of sack, Hal.&#8221; The place was a &#8220;horrible old rattletrap,&#8221;
+and was soon and deservedly demolished.</p>
+
+<p>The Raleigh Inn, in Third Street, showed the story of the servant throwing
+water over the nobleman at the sight of smoke issuing from his mouth. This
+was a favorite tale of the day, and the portrayal of it may be seen in
+many an old-time picture-book for children.</p>
+
+<p>On Thirteenth Street, near Locust, was a sign copied from a London one:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;I William McDermott lives here,<br />
+I sells good porter, ale, and beer,<br />
+I&#8217;ve made my sign a little wider<br />
+To let you know I sell good cider.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>On the Germantown road the Woodman Tavern had a sign-board with a woodman,
+axe, and the following lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;In Freedom&#8217;s happy land<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">My task of duty done,</span><br />
+In Mirth&#8217;s light-hearted band<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Why not the lowly woodman one?&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>The Yellow Cottage was a well-known Philadelphia tavern, half citified,
+half countrified. Its sign read:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Rove not from sign to sign, but stop in here,<br />
+Where naught exceeds the prospect but the beer.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>These lines were a paraphrase of the witty and celebrated sign, said to
+have been written by Dean Swift for a barber who kept a public house:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Rove not from pole to pole, but stop in here,<br />
+Where naught excels the shaving but the beer.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sir Walter Scott, in his <i>Fortunes of Nigel</i>, gives this version as a
+chapter motto:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Rove not from pole to pole&mdash;the man lives here,<br />
+Whose razor&#8217;s only equalled by his beer.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_051.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />William Pitt Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>Entering a large double gate, the passer-by who was seduced by this sign
+of the Yellow Cottage walked up a grand walk to this cottage, which was
+surrounded by a brick pavement about five feet wide which was closely
+bordered in front and sides by lilac bushes and some shrubs called
+&#8220;Washington&#8217;s bowers.&#8221; These concealed all the lower story on three sides
+except the front entrance. If you could pass the bar, you could go out the
+back entrance to a porch which extended across the back of the house. Here
+card-playing, dominos, etc., constantly went on; thence down a sloping
+field, at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> end of the field, was an exit. On one side of this field
+was a stable, chicken-house, and pens which always held for view a fat hog
+or ox or some unusual natural object. Shooting parties were held here;
+quoit-playing, axe-throwing, weight-lifting, etc.; and it had also a
+charming view of the river.</p>
+
+<p>Biblical names were not common on tavern sign-boards. &#8220;Adam and Eveses
+Garden&#8221; in Philadelphia was not a Garden of Eden. This was and is a common
+title in England. Noah&#8217;s Ark seems somewhat inappropriate. The Angel had
+originally a religious significance. The Bible and Peacock seems less
+appropriate than the Bible and Key, for divination by Bible and key has
+ever been as universal in America as in England.</p>
+
+<p>In Philadelphia, on Shippen Street, between Third and Fourth, was a tavern
+sign representing a sailor and a woman, separated by these two lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;The sea-worn sailor here will find<br />
+The porter good, the treatment kind.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>No doubt thirsty tars found this sign most attractive; more so, I am sure,
+than the pretentious sign of Lebanon Tavern, corner of Tenth and South
+streets. This sign was painted by the artist Pratt. On one side was
+Neptune in his chariot, surrounded by Tritons; underneath the lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Neptune with his triumphant host<br />
+Commands the ocean to be silent,<br />
+Smooths the surface of its waters,<br />
+And universal calm succeeds.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>On the other side a marine view of ships, etc., with the lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Now calm at sea and peace on land<br />
+Have blest our Continental stores,<br />
+Our fleets are ready, at command,<br />
+To sway and curb contending powers.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_052.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Doolittle Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>As the sign purveyor dropped easily into verse, albeit of the blankest
+type, these lines surmounted the door:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Of the waters of Lebanon<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Good cheer, good chocolate, and tea,</span><br />
+With kind entertainment<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">By John Kennedy.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>Chocolate and tea seem but dull bait to lure the sailor of that day. The
+Three Jolly Sailors showed their cheerful faces on a sign-board
+appropriately found on Water Street. One of the tars was busy strapping a
+block, and the legend below read:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Brother Sailor! please to stop<br />
+And lend a hand to strap this block;<br />
+For if you do not stop or call,<br />
+I cannot strap this block at all.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In Castleford, England, the Three Jolly Sailors has a different rhyme:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Coil up your ropes and anchor here,<br />
+Till better weather does appear.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>In Boston the Ship in Distress was a copy of a famous sign-board which
+hung in Brighton, England, a century ago. Both had the appealing lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;With sorrows I am compassed round,<br />
+Pray lend a hand, my ship&#8217;s aground.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Tippling-houses in both Philadelphia and Boston had a sign-board painted
+with a tree, a bird, a ship, and a can of beer, and these quaint lines, an
+excellent tavern rhyme:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;This is the tree that never grew,<br />
+This is the bird that never flew,<br />
+This is the ship that never sailed,<br />
+This is the mug that never failed.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Other Philadelphia sign-boards of especial allurement to sailors were &#8220;The
+Wounded Tar,&#8221; &#8220;The Top-Gallant,&#8221; &#8220;The Brig and Snow,&#8221; &#8220;The Jolly Sailors,&#8221;
+&#8220;The Two Sloops,&#8221; &#8220;The Boatswain and Call,&#8221; and &#8220;The Dolphin.&#8221; The
+sign-board of the Poore Tavern (<a href="#Page_405">page 405</a>) shows a ship under full sail.</p>
+
+<p>In a small Philadelphia alley running from Spruce Street to Lock Street,
+was a sign-board lettered &#8220;A Man Full of Trouble.&#8221; It bore also a picture
+of a man on whose arm a woman was leaning, and a monkey was perched on his
+shoulder, and a bird, apparently a parrot, stood on his hand. The woman
+carried a bandbox, on the top of which sat a cat. This sign has a long
+history. It was copied from the famous sign-board of an old ale-house
+still in Oxford Street, London; (it is here shown, opposite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> this page).
+It is said to have been painted by Hogarth; at any rate, it is valued
+enough to be specified in the lease of the premises as one of the
+fixtures. The name by which it is known in London is The Man Loaded with
+Mischief. The bird is a magpie, and the woman holds a glass of gin in her
+hand. In the background at one side is a pot-house, at the other a
+pawnbroker&#8217;s shop. The engraving of this sign is signed &#8220;Drawn by
+Experience, Engraved by Sorrow,&#8221; and the rhyme:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;A monkey, a magpie, and a wife<br />
+Is the true emblem of strife.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A similar sign is in Norwich, another in Blewbury, England. One inn is
+called The Mischief Inn, the other The Load of Mischief. Still another, at
+Cambridge, England, showed the man and woman fastened together with a
+chain and padlock. A kindred French sign-board is called <i>Le trio de
+Malice</i> (the trio being a cat, woman, and monkey).</p>
+
+<p>An old Philadelphia tavern on Sixth Street, below Catherine Street, had
+the curious name, The Four Alls. The meaning was explained by the painting
+on the sign, which was a very large one. It represented a palace, on the
+steps of which stood a king, an officer in uniform, a clergyman in gown
+and bands, and a laborer in plain dress. The satirical inscription read:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;1. King&mdash;I govern All.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: .4em;">2. General&mdash;I fight for All.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: .4em;">3. Minister&mdash;I pray for All.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: .4em;">4. Laborer&mdash;And I pay for All.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 392px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_053.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">A Man Loaded with Mischief.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>This is an old historic sign, which may still be seen in the streets of
+Malta. In Holland, two hundred years ago, there were four figures,&mdash;a
+soldier, parson, lawyer, and farmer. The three said their &#8220;All&#8221; just as in
+the Philadelphia sign-board, but the farmer answered:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Of gy vecht, of gy bidt, of gy pleyt,<br />
+Ik bin de boer die de eyeren layt.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;You may fight, you may pay, you may plead, but I am the farmer who lays
+the eggs,&#8221;&mdash;that is, finds the money for it all. Sometimes the English
+sign-painters changed the lettering to The Four Awls. There are several
+epigrams using the word &#8220;all&#8221;; one, an address to Janus I., is in the
+Ashmolean Mss. It begins:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;The Lords craved all,<br />
+The Queen granted all,<br />
+The Ladies of Honour ruled all,&#8221; etc.</p>
+
+<p>A famous old English sign was &#8220;The Man Making His Way Through the World.&#8221;
+The design was a terrestrial globe with the head and shoulders of a naked
+man breaking out like a chick out of an egg-shell; his nakedness betokened
+extreme poverty. In Holland a similar sign reads, &#8220;Thus far have I got
+through the World.&#8221; One in England shows the head coming out in Russia,
+while the feet stick out at South America. The man says, &#8220;Help me through
+this World.&#8221; This sign is sometimes called the Struggling Man. It was
+displayed in front of a well-known <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>Philadelphia inn, and also on one at
+the South End in Boston. The story was told by a Revolutionary officer
+that during that war a forlorn regiment of Continentals halted after a
+weary march from Providence, in front of the Boston tavern and the
+Struggling Man. The soldiers were broken with fatigue, covered with mud,
+and ravenous for food and drink. One glared angrily at the sign-board and
+at once roared out with derision: &#8220;&#8217;List, durn ye! &#8217;List, and you&#8217;ll get
+through this world fast enough!&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_054.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Walker&#8217;s Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>Both in Philadelphia and Boston was found the sign known as the Good
+Woman, the Quiet Woman, or the Silent Woman, which was a woman without a
+head. The sign, originally intended to refer to some saint who had met
+death by losing her head, was naturally too tempting and apparent a joke
+to be overlooked. New Chelmsford in England had until recently a
+sign-board with the Good Woman on one side and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> King Henry VIII. on the
+other. In this case the Good Woman may have been Anne Boleyn.</p>
+
+<p>A popular Philadelphia inn was the one which bore the sign of the &#8220;Golden
+Lion,&#8221; standing on its hind legs. Lions fell into disrepute at the time of
+the Revolution, and the gallant animal that was a lion in its youth became
+the Yellow Cat in middle and old age. It was a vastly popular cat,
+however, vending beer and porter of highest repute. It was kept in ancient
+fashion unchanged until its antiquity made it an object alike of dignity
+and interest&mdash;in fact, until our own day. With its worn and sanded floor,
+tables unpainted, and snowy with daily scrubbing; with tallow candles when
+gas lighted every &#8220;saloon&#8221; in the city; with the old-time bar fenced up to
+the ceiling with rails, it had an old age as golden as its youth. Susan,
+an ancient maiden of prehistoric age, fetched up the beer in old pewter
+mugs on a pewter platter, and presented a pretzel with each mug.</p>
+
+<p>The great variety of tavern-signs in Philadelphia was noted even by
+Englishmen, who were certainly acquainted with variety and number at home.
+The Englishman Palmer wrote during his visit in 1818:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;We observed several curious tavern signs in Philadelphia and on the
+roadside, among others Noah&#8217;s Ark; a variety of Apostles; Bunyan&#8217;s
+Pilgrim; a cock on a lion&#8217;s back, crowing, with Liberty issuing from
+his beak; naval engagements in which the British are in a desperate
+situation; the most common signs are eagles, heads of public
+characters, Indian Kings, &amp;c.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>There had been so many sign-boards used by business firms in Philadelphia,
+that they had been declared public nuisances, and in 1770 all sign-boards,
+save those of innkeepers, had been ordered to be taken down and removed.</p>
+
+<p>From a famous old hostelry in Dedham, swung from the years 1658 to 1730
+the sign-board of Lieutenant Joshua Fisher, surveyor, apothecary,
+innholder, and officer of &#8220;ye trayne band,&#8221; and his son and successor,
+Captain Fisher&mdash;also Joshua. About 1735 one of the latter&#8217;s daughters
+married Dr. Nathaniel Ames, who had already started that remarkable series
+of annual publications, familiar now to antiquaries, and once to all New
+England householders, as <i>Ames&#8217; Almanack</i>. The first of these interesting
+almanacs had appeared in 1726, when Ames was only seventeen years old, but
+he was assisted by his astronomer father. After the death successively of
+his wife and infant child, the doctor entered into a famous lawsuit with
+the family of his sisters-in-law for the tenure of the land and inn; and
+the turning-point of the suit hung upon the settlement of the term &#8220;next
+of kin.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>By ancient common law and English law real property never ascended, that
+is, was never inherited by a father or mother from a child; but in absence
+of husband, wife, or lineal descendant passed on to the &#8220;next of kin,&#8221;
+which might be a distant cousin. By general interpretation the Province
+Laws substituted the so-called civilian method of counting kinship, by
+which the father could inherit.</p>
+
+<p>Twice defeated in the courts, Dr. Ames boldly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> pushed his case in 1748
+before the &#8220;Superior Court of Judicature, etc., of the Province of
+Massachusetts Bay,&#8221; himself preparing unaided both case and argument, and
+he triumphed. By the Province Laws he was given full possession of the
+property inherited by his infant child from the mother&mdash;thus the inn
+became Ames Tavern.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 341px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_055.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Drawing for Ames&#8217; Sign-board.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Nervous in temperament, excited by his victory, indignant at the injustice
+and loss to which he had been subjected; he was loudly intolerant of the
+law&#8217;s delay, and especially of the failure of Chief Justice Dudley and his
+associate Lynde, to unite with the three other judges, Saltonstall,
+Sewall, and Cushing, in the verdict; and in anger and derision he had
+painted for him and his tavern a new and famous sign, and he hung it in
+front of the tavern in caricature of the court.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>The sign is gone long ago; but in that entertaining book, <i>The Almanacks
+of Nathaniel Ames 1726-1775</i>, the author, Sam Briggs, gives an
+illustration of the painting from a drawing found among Dr. Ames&#8217; papers
+after his death, a copy of which is shown on the foregoing page. On the
+original sketch these words are written:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Sir:&mdash;I wish could have some talk on y<sup>e</sup> above subject, being the
+bearer waits for an answer shal only observe M<sup>r</sup> Greenwood thinks
+y<sup>t</sup> can not be done under &pound;40 Old Tenor.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This was a good price to pay to lampoon the court, for the sign
+represented the whole court sitting in state in big wigs with an open book
+before them entitled <i>Province Laws</i>. The dissenting judges, Dudley and
+Lynde, were painted with their backs turned to the book. The court,
+hearing of the offending sign-board, sent the sheriff from Boston to bring
+it before them. Dr. Ames was in Boston at the time, heard of the order,
+rode with speed to Dedham in advance of the sheriff, removed the sign, and
+it is said had allowance of time sufficient to put up a board for the
+reception of the officer with this legend, &#8220;A wicked and adulterous
+generation seeketh after a sign, but there shall no sign be given it.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The old road house, after this episode in its history, became more famous
+than ever before; and The Almanac was a convenient method of its
+advertisement, as it was of its distance from other taverns. In the issue
+of 1751 is this notice:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>&#8220;ADVERTISEMENT.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;These are to signify to all Persons that travel the great Post-Road
+South West from Boston That I keep a house of Public Entertainment
+Eleven Miles from Boston at the sign of the Sun. If they want
+Refreshment and see Cause to be my Guests, they shall be well
+entertained at a reasonable rate.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">N. Ames.</span>&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Here lived the almanac-maker for fifteen years; here were born by a second
+wife his famous sons, Dr. Nathaniel Ames and Hon. Fisher Ames. Here in
+1774 his successor in matrimony and tavern-keeping, one Richard Woodward,
+kept open house in September, 1774, for the famous Suffolk Convention,
+where was chosen the committee that drafted the first resolutions in favor
+of trying the issue with Great Britain with the sword. My
+great-grandfather was a member of this convention at Ames Tavern, and it
+has always seemed to me that this was the birthplace of the War for
+Independence. During the Revolution, as in the French and Indian War, the
+tavern doors swung open with constant excitement and interest. Washington,
+Lafayette, Hancock, Adams, and scores of other patriots sat and drank
+within its walls. It stood through another war, that of 1812, and in 1817
+its historic walls were levelled in the dust.</p>
+
+<p>The tavern sign-board was not necessarily or universally one of the
+elaborate emblems I have described. Often it was only a board painted
+legibly with the tavern name. It might be attached<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> to a wooden arm
+projecting from the tavern or a post; it might be hung from a near-by
+tree. Often a wrought-iron arm, shaped like a fire crane, held the
+sign-board. The ponderous wooden sign of the Barre Hotel hung from a
+substantial frame erected on the green in front of the tavern. Two upright
+poles about twenty feet long were set five feet apart, with a weather-vane
+on top of each pole. A bar stretched from pole to pole and held the
+sign-board. A drawing of it from an old print is shown on <a href="#Page_280">page 280</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 362px;"><img src="images/fig_056.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Buckhorn Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Rarely signs were hung from a beam stretched across the road on upright
+posts. It is said there are twenty-five such still remaining and now in
+use in England. A friend saw one at the village of Barley in Herts, the
+Fox and Hounds. The figures were cut out of plank and nailed to the
+cross-beam, the fox escaping into the thatch of the inn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> with hound in
+full cry and huntsmen following. Silhouetted against the sky, it showed
+well its inequality of outline. A similar sign of a livery stable in
+Baltimore shows a row of galloping horses.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes animals&#8217; heads or skins were nailed on a board and used as a
+sign. Ox horns and deer horns were set over the door. The Buck Horn Tavern
+with its pair of branching buck horns is shown on the opposite page. This
+tavern stood on Broadway and Twenty-second Street, New York.</p>
+
+<p>The proverb &#8220;Good wine needs no bush&#8221; refers to the ancient sign for a
+tavern, a green bush set on a pole or nailed to the tavern door. This was
+obsolete, even in colonial days; but in Western mining camps and towns in
+modern days this emblem has been used to point out the barroom or grocery
+whiskey barrel. The name &#8220;Green Bush&#8221; was never a favorite in America.
+There was a Green Bush Tavern in Barrington, Rhode Island, with a
+sign-board painted with a green tree.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">THE TAVERN IN WAR</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> tavern has ever played an important part in social, political, and
+military life, has helped to make history. From the earliest days when men
+gathered to talk over the terrors of Indian warfare; through the renewal
+of these fears in the French and Indian War; before and after the glories
+of Louisburg; and through all the anxious but steadfast years preceding
+and during the Revolution, these gatherings were held in the ordinaries or
+taverns. What a scene took place in the Brookfield tavern, the town being
+then called Quawbaug! The only ordinary, that of Goodman Ayers, was a
+garrison house as well as tavern, and the sturdy landlord was commander of
+the train-band. When the outbreak called King Philip&#8217;s War took place,
+things looked black for Quawbaug. Hostile and treacherous Indians set upon
+the little frontier settlement, and the frightened families retreated from
+their scarcely cleared farms to the tavern. Many of the men were killed
+and wounded at the beginning of the fray, but there were eighty-two
+persons, men, women, and children, shut up within the tavern walls, and
+soon there were four more,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> for two women gave birth to twins. The
+Indians, &#8220;like so many wild bulls,&#8221; says a witness, shot into the house,
+piled up hay and wood against the walls, and set it on fire. But the men
+sallied out and quenched the flames. The next night the savages renewed
+their attack.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;They used several stratagems to fire us, namely, by wild-fire on
+cotton and linen rags with brimstone in them, which rags they tied to
+the piles of their arrows sharp for the purpose and shot them to the
+roof of our house after they had set them on fire, which would have
+much endangered in the burning thereof, had we not used means by
+cutting holes through the roof and otherwise to beat the said arrows
+down, and God being pleased to prosper our endeavours therein.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Again they piled hay and flax against the house and fired it; again the
+brave Englishmen went forth and put out the flames. Then the wily Indians
+loaded a cart with inflammable material and thrust it down the hill to the
+tavern. But the Lord sent a rain for the salvation of His people, and when
+all were exhausted with the smoke, the August heat, the fumes of
+brimstone, and the burning powder, relief came in a body of men from
+Groton and one brought by a brave young man who had made his way by
+stealth from the besieged tavern to Boston. Many of the old garrison
+houses of New England had, as taverns, a peaceful end of their days.</p>
+
+<p>A centre of events, a centre of alarms, the tavern in many a large city
+saw the most thrilling acts in our Revolutionary struggle which took place
+off the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> battlefields. The tavern was the rendezvous for patriotic bands
+who listened to the stirring words of American rebels, and mixed dark
+treason to King George with every bowl of punch they drank. The story of
+our War for Independence could not be dissociated from the old taverns,
+they are a part of our national history; and those which still stand are
+among our most interesting Revolutionary relics.</p>
+
+<p>John Adams left us a good contemporaneous picture of the first notes of
+dissatisfaction such as were heard in every tavern, in every town, in the
+years which were leading up to the Revolution. He wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Within the course of the year, before the meeting of Congress in
+1774, on a journey to some of our circuit courts in Massachusetts, I
+stopped one night at a tavern in Shrewsbury about forty miles from
+Boston, and as I was cold and wet, I sat down at a good fire in the
+bar-room to dry my great-coat and saddle-bags, till a fire could be
+made in my chamber. There presently came in, one after another, half a
+dozen, or half a score substantial yeomen of the neighborhood, who,
+sitting down to the fire after lighting their pipes, began a lively
+conversation on politics. As I believed I was unknown to all of them,
+I sat in total silence to hear them. One said, &#8216;The people of Boston
+are distracted.&#8217; Another answered, &#8216;No wonder the people of Boston are
+distracted. Oppression will make wise men mad.&#8217; A third said, &#8216;What
+would you say if a fellow should come to your house and tell you he
+was come to take a list of your cattle, that Parliament might tax you
+for them at so much a head? And how should you feel if he was to go
+and break open your barn or take down <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>your oxen, cows, horses, and
+sheep?&#8217; &#8216;What should I say?&#8217; replied the first, &#8216;I would knock him in
+the head.&#8217; &#8216;Well,&#8217; said a fourth, &#8216;if Parliament can take away Mr.
+Hancock&#8217;s wharf and Mr. Rowe&#8217;s wharf, they can take away your barn and
+my house.&#8217; After much more reasoning in this style, a fifth, who had
+as yet been silent, broke out: &#8216;Well, it&#8217;s high time for us to rebel;
+we must rebel some time or other, and we had better rebel now than at
+any time to come. If we put it off for ten or twenty years, and let
+them go on as they have begun, they will get a strong party among us,
+and plague us a great deal more than they can now.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 378px;"><img src="images/fig_057.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Old North Bridge, Concord, Mass.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>These discussions soon brought decisions, and by 1768 the Sons of Liberty
+were organized and were holding their meetings, explaining conditions, and
+advocating union and action. They adopted the name given by Colonel Barr&eacute;
+to the enemies of passive obedience in America. Soon scores of towns in
+the colonies had their liberty trees or liberty poles.</p>
+
+<p>These patriots grew amazingly bold in proclaiming their dissatisfaction
+with the Crown and their allegiance to their new nation. The landlord of
+the tavern at York, Maine, speedily set up a sign-board bearing a portrait
+of Pitt and the words, &#8220;Entertainment for the Sons of Liberty.&#8221; Young
+women formed into companies called Daughters of Liberty, pledged to wear
+homespun and drink no tea. I have told the story of feminine revolt at
+length in my book <i>Colonial Dames and Goodwives</i>. John Adams glowed with
+enthusiasm when he heard two Worcester girls sing the &#8220;New Liberty Song,&#8221;
+in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> Worcester tavern. In 1768 a Liberty Tree was dedicated in
+Providence, Rhode Island. It was a vast elm which stood in the dooryard of
+the Olney Tavern on Constitution Hill. On a platform built in its branches
+about twenty feet from the ground, stood the orator of the day, and in an
+eloquent discourse dedicated the tree to the cause of Liberty. In the
+trying years that followed, the wise fathers and young enthusiasts of
+Providence gathered under its branches for counsel. The most famous of
+these trees of patriotism was the Liberty Tree of Boston. It stood near a
+tavern of the same name at the junction of Essex and Washington streets,
+then known as Hanover Square. The name was given in 1765 at a patriotic
+celebration in honor of the expected repeal of the Stamp Act. Even before
+that time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> effigies of Lord Oliver and a boot for Lord Bute, placards and
+mottoes had hung from its branches. A metal plate was soon attached to it,
+bearing this legend, &#8220;This tree was planted in 1646 and pruned by order of
+the Sons of Liberty February 14, 1766.&#8221; Under the tree and at the tavern
+met all patriot bands, until the tree was cut down by the roistering
+British soldiers and supplied them with fourteen cords of firewood. The
+tavern stood till 1833. A picture of the Boston Liberty Tree and Tavern of
+the same name is shown on the opposite page. It is from an old drawing.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 377px;"><img src="images/fig_058.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Boston Liberty Tree and Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The fourteenth of August, 1769, was a merry day in Boston and vicinity.
+The Sons of Liberty, after assembling at the Liberty Tree in Boston, all
+adjourned for dinner at the Liberty Tree Tavern, or Robinson&#8217;s Tavern in
+Dorchester. Tables were spread in an adjoining field under a tent, and
+over three hundred people sat down to an abundant feast, which included
+three barbecued pigs. Speeches and songs inspired and livened the diners.
+The last toast given was, &#8220;Strong halters, firm blocks, and sharp axes to
+all such as deserve them.&#8221; At five o&#8217;clock the Boston Sons, headed by John
+Hancock in his chariot, started for home. Although fourteen toasts were
+given in Boston and forty-five in Dorchester, John Adams says in his Diary
+that &#8220;to the honor of the Sons I did not see one person intoxicated or
+near it.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_059.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Stavers Inn.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The tavern in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, known by the sign of Earl of
+Halifax, was regarded by Portsmouth patriots as a hotbed of Tories. It
+had always been the resort of Government officials; and in 1775, the
+meeting of these laced and ruffled gentlemen became most obnoxious to the
+Sons of Liberty, and soon a mob gathered in front of the tavern, and the
+irate landlord heard the blows of an axe cutting down his Earl of Halifax
+sign-post. Seizing an axe he thrust it into the hands of one of his
+powerful negro slaves, telling him to go and threaten the chopper of the
+sign-post. Excited by the riotous scene, the black man, without a word, at
+once dealt a powerful blow upon the head of a man named Noble, who was
+wielding the encroaching axe. Noble lived forty years after this blow, but
+never had his reason. This terrible assault of course enraged the mob, and
+a general assault was made on the tavern; windows and doors were broken;
+Landlord Stavers fled on horseback, and the terrified black man was found
+in a cistern in the tavern cellar, up to his chin in water. When Stavers
+returned, he was seized by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> the Committee of Safety and thrust into Exeter
+jail. He took the oath of allegiance and returned to his battered house.
+He would not reglaze the broken windows, but boarded them up, and it is
+said that many a distinguished group of officers feasted in rooms without
+a pane of glass in the windows.</p>
+
+<p>Popular opinion was against the Earl of Halifax, however, and when the old
+sign-board was touched up, the name of William Pitt, the friend of
+America, appeared on the sign.</p>
+
+<p>The portion of the old Earl of Halifax or Stavers Inn which is still
+standing is shown in its forlorn old age on the opposite page.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. George Davenport, of Boston, a lineal descendant of old William
+Davenport, owns one of the most interesting tavern bills I have ever seen.
+It is of the old Wolfe Tavern at Newburyport. To those who can read
+between the lines it reveals means and methods which were calculated to
+arouse enthusiasm and create public sentiment during the exciting days of
+the Stamp Act. The bill and its items read thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Dr. Messrs. Joseph Stanwood &amp; Others of the Town of Newburyport for
+Sunday expences at My House on Thirsday, Septr. 26th, <span class="smcaplc">A.D.</span> 1765. At
+the Grate Uneasiness and Tumult on Occasion of the Stamp Act.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>To William Davenport</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td colspan="3">Old Tenor</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To 3 Double Bowls punch by Capt. Robud&#8217;s Order</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.5em;">&pound;3,</span></td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">7,</span></td>
+    <td align="center">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>To 7 Double Bowls of punch</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">7,</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">7,</span></td>
+    <td align="center">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Double Bowl of Egg Toddy</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">14</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Double Punch 22/6 Single bowl 11/3</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1,</td>
+    <td align="center">13,</td>
+    <td align="center">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Double Bowl Punch 22/6 Double bowl toddy 12/</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1,</td>
+    <td align="center">14,</td>
+    <td align="center">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Bowl Punch 11/3 Bowl Toddy 6/</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">17,</td>
+    <td align="center">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Double Bowl Toddy 12/ bowl punch 11/3</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1,</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3,</span></td>
+    <td align="center">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Double Bowl punch 22/6 Nip Toddy 3/</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1,</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5,</span></td>
+    <td align="center">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Mug Flip 5/ To a Thrible Bowl Punch 33/9</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1,</td>
+    <td align="center">18,</td>
+    <td align="center">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Double Bowl Punch 22/6 To a Thrible Bowl Ditto 33/9</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">2,</td>
+    <td align="center">16,</td>
+    <td align="center">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Double Bowl Punch 22/6</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1,</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2,</span></td>
+    <td align="center">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To a Double Bowl Punch 22/6</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1,</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2,</span></td>
+    <td align="center">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Thrible Bowl Punch 33/9 Double Bowl Ditto 22/6</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">2,</td>
+    <td align="center">16,</td>
+    <td align="center">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Double Bowl Punch 22/6 Bowl Ditto 11/3</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1,</td>
+    <td align="center">13,</td>
+    <td align="center">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Double Bowl Punch 22/6 To Double Ditto 22/6 Bowl</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">2,</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>To 6 Lemons 15/ To Bowl of Punch 11/3</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1,</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">6,</span></td>
+    <td align="center">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To 2 Double Bowls Punch</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">2,</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Double Bowle Punch 22/6 bowl Punch 11/3</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1,</td>
+    <td align="center">13,</td>
+    <td align="center">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To 2 Double Bowles punch 1/5 To bowl punch 11/3</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">2,</td>
+    <td align="center">16,</td>
+    <td align="center">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To bowl Punch 11/3 To bowl punch 11/3</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1,</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2,</span></td>
+    <td align="center">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To the Suppers which were cooked Hot</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">2,</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>To 8 Double Bowles Punch after Supper</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Double Bowl Toddy 12/ Bowl Punch 11/3</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1,</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2,</span></td>
+    <td align="center">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To Bowl Egg Toddy 7/</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>To 6 pintes and 1/2 of Spirits @ 10/ per pint</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">3,</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>To a Breakfast of Coffee for Sd Company</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">2,</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td colspan="3" align="center">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.5em;">59,</span></td>
+    <td align="center">17,</td>
+    <td align="center">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><span style="padding-right: 2em;">Lawful Money</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">7,</td>
+    <td align="center">19,</td>
+    <td align="center">7&#189;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Newbury Port 28 Sept. 1765.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Errors excepted William Davenport.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 319px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_060.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Handbill of Wolfe Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>There was also a credit account of eleven pounds received in various sums
+from Captain Robud, Richard Farrow, and one Celeby.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to do more than to name, almost at haphazard, a few of
+the taverns that had some share in scenes of Revolutionary struggle. Many
+served as court-rooms when court-martials were held; others were seized
+for military prisons; others were fired upon; others served as barracks;
+some as officers&#8217; headquarters; others held secret meetings of patriots;
+many were used as hospitals.</p>
+
+<p>Many an old tavern is still standing which saw these scenes in the
+Revolutionary War. A splendid group of these hale and hearty old veterans
+is found in the rural towns near Boston. At the Wright Tavern, in Concord
+(shown on <a href="#Page_417">page 417</a>), lodged Major Pitcairn, the British commander, and in
+the parlor on the morning before the battle of Concord, he stirred his
+glass of brandy with his bloody finger, saying he would thus stir the
+rebel&#8217;s blood before night. The Monroe Tavern, of Lexington (facing <a href="#Page_406">page
+406</a>), was the headquarters of Lord Percy on the famous 19th of April,
+1775. The Buckman Tavern, of the same town (<a href="#Page_23">page 23</a>), was the rallying
+place of the Minute Men on April 18th,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> and contains many a bullet hole
+made by the shots of British soldiers. The Cooper Tavern (<a href="#Page_68">page 68</a>) and the
+Russel Tavern (<a href="#Page_380">page 379</a>), both of Arlington, were also scenes of activity
+and participation in the war. The Wayside Inn of Sudbury (<a href="#Page_372">page 372</a>) and
+the Black Horse Tavern of Winchester were the scenes of the reassembling
+of the soldiers after the battle of Lexington.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_061.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Wolfe Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>On the south side of Faneuil Hall Square in Boston, a narrow passageway
+leads into the gloomy recesses of a yard or court of irregular shape; this
+is Corn Court, and in the middle of this court stands, overshadowed by
+tall modern neighbors, the oldest inn in Boston. It has been raised and
+added to, and disfigured with vast painted signs, and hideous fire
+escapes, but within still retains its taproom and ancient appearance. As
+early as 1634, Samuel Cole had an ordinary on this spot, and in 1636,
+Governor Vane entertained there Miantonomah and his twenty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> warriors. This
+building, built nearly two centuries ago, was given the name of Hancock in
+1780, when he became governor. In 1794, Talleyrand was a guest at this old
+hostelry, and Louis Philippe in 1797. Washington, Franklin, and scores of
+other patriots have tarried within its walls; and in its taproom were held
+meetings of the historic Boston Tea-party.</p>
+
+<p>The Green Dragon Inn was one of the most famous of historic taverns. A
+representation of it from an old print is shown on <a href="#Page_187">page 187</a>. The metal
+dragon which gave the name projected from the wall on an iron rod.</p>
+
+<p>Warren was the first Grand Master of the first Grand Lodge of Masons that
+held its meetings at this inn; and other patriots came to the inn to
+confer with him on the troublous times. The inn was a famous resort for
+the sturdy mechanics of the North End. Paul Revere wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;In the fall of 1774 and winter of 1775, I was one of upwards of
+thirty men, chiefly mechanics, who formed ourselves with a Committee
+for the purpose of watching the movements of the British soldiers and
+gaining every intelligence of the movements of the Tories. We held our
+meetings at the Green Dragon Tavern. This committee were astonished to
+find all their secrets known to General Gage, although every time they
+met every member swore not to reveal their transactions even to
+Hancock, Adams, Otis, Warren or Church.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The latter, Dr. Church, proved to be the traitor. The mass meeting of
+these mechanics and their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> friends held in this inn when the question of
+the adoption of the Federal Constitution was being considered was deemed
+by Samuel Adams one of the most important factors of its acceptance.
+Daniel Webster styled the Green Dragon the Headquarters of the Revolution.
+During the war it was used as a hospital.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 283px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_062.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Hancock Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>It is pleasant to note how many old taverns in New England, though no
+longer public hostelries, still are occupied by descendants of the
+original owners. Such is the home of Hon. John Winn in Burlington,
+Massachusetts. It stands on the road to Lowell by way of Woburn, about
+eleven miles out of Boston. The house was used at the time of the battle
+of Bunker Hill as a storage-place for the valuables of Boston and
+Charlestown families. The present home of the Winns was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> built in 1734
+upon the exact site of the house built in 1640 by the first Edward Winn,
+the emigrant. In it the first white child was born in the town of Woburn,
+December 5, 1641.</p>
+
+<p>The tavern was kept in Revolutionary days by Lieutenant Joseph Winn, who
+marched off to join the Lexington farmers on April 19, 1775, at two
+o&#8217;clock in the morning, when the alarm came &#8220;to every Middlesex village
+and farm&#8221; to gather against the redcoats. He came home late that night,
+and fought again at Bunker Hill.</p>
+
+<p>The tavern sign bore the coat of arms of the Winns; it was&mdash;not to use
+strict heraldic terms&mdash;three spread eagles on a shield. As it was not
+painted with any too strict obedience to the rules of heraldry or art, nor
+was it hung in a community that had any very profound knowledge or
+reverence on either subject, the three noble birds soon received a
+comparatively degraded title, and the sign-board and tavern were known as
+the Three Broiled Chickens.</p>
+
+<p>A building in New York which was owned by the De Lanceys before it became
+a public house is still standing on the southeast corner of Broad and
+Pearl streets; its name is well known to-day, Fraunces&#8217; Tavern. This name
+came from the stewardship of Samuel Fraunces, &#8220;Black Sam,&#8221; a soldier of
+the American Revolution. The tavern originally bore a sign with the device
+of the head of Queen Charlotte, and was known as the Queen&#8217;s Head, but in
+Revolutionary times Black Sam was a patriot, and in his house were held
+many patriotic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> and public meetings. The most famous of these meetings,
+one which has given the name of Washington&#8217;s Headquarters to the tavern,
+was held in the Long Room on December 4, 1783: whereat Washington sadly
+bade farewell to his fellow-officers who had fought with him in the War
+for Independence. In this room, ten days previously, had been celebrated
+the evacuation of the city of New York by the British, by a dinner given
+to General Washington by Governor Clinton, at which the significant
+thirteen toasts were drunk to the new nation. Black Sam was a public
+benefactor as well as a patriot. He established a course of lectures on
+natural philosophy, and opened an exhibition of wax figures, seventy in
+all, for the amusement of New Yorkers. His story, and that of the tavern
+bearing his name, have been told at length many times in print.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 384px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_063.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Sam Fraunces.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Another interesting Revolutionary inn in New York was the Golden Hill Inn.
+The general estimate of the date of its building is 1694; then 122 William
+Street was a golden grainfield, on one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> corner of the Damon Farm. After
+three-quarters of a century of good hospitality it was chosen as the
+headquarters of the Sons of Liberty in New York, and within its walls
+gathered the committee in 1769, to protest against Lieutenant-governor
+Colden&#8217;s dictum that the colonists must pay for supplies for the British
+soldiers. The result was a call for a meeting of the citizens and the
+governor&#8217;s angry offer of a reward for knowledge of the place of meeting.
+The cutting down of the liberty pole on the night of January 17, 1770, and
+the seizure of four red-coats by the patriots ended in a fight in the inn
+garden and the death of one patriot. A century of stirring life followed
+until 1896, when the old tavern sadly closed its doors under the pressure
+of the Raines Law.</p>
+
+<p>The Keeler Tavern was a famous hostelry for travellers between New York
+and Boston. Its old sign-board is shown on <a href="#Page_205">page 205</a>. During the
+Revolution, landlord Keeler was well known to be a patriot, and was
+suspected of manufacturing cartridges in his tavern. The British poured a
+special fire upon the building, and one cannon ball lodged in a timber on
+the north side of the house still is to be seen by drawing aside the
+shingle that usually conceals it. A companion cannon ball whistled so
+close to a man who was climbing the stairs of the house that he tumbled
+down backward screaming, &#8220;I&#8217;m a dead man,&#8221; until his friends with
+difficulty silenced him, and assured him he was living. A son of the
+landlord, Jeremiah Keeler, enlisted in the Continental army when but
+seventeen;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> he became a sergeant, and was the first man to scale the
+English breastworks at Yorktown. He was presented with a sword by his
+commanding officer, Lafayette, and it is still preserved.</p>
+
+<p>When Lafayette made his triumphal progress through the United States in
+1824, he visited Ridgefield and the tavern to see Jeremiah Keeler, and a
+big ball was given in the tavern in his honor. Jerome Bonaparte and his
+beautiful Baltimore bride stopped there in 1804. Oliver Wolcott and
+Timothy Pickering were other sojourners under its roof. Peter Parley gave
+to the Keeler Tavern the palm for good cooking.</p>
+
+<p>The old Conkey Tavern at Prescott, Massachusetts, saw the gathering of a
+very futile but picturesque windstorm of Revolutionary grievance. It was
+built in 1758 by William Conkey, on a lovely but lonely valley midway
+between the east and west hills of Pelham. The Swift River running through
+this valley was made the boundary in the town division in 1822, which made
+eastern Pelham into Prescott. Captain Daniel Shays, the leader of Shays&#8217;
+Rebellion, lived half a mile from the tavern on the Centre Range Road. In
+the cheerful rooms of this tavern, Shays, aided by the well-stocked
+tavern-bar, incited the debt-burdened farmers to rebel against their state
+government. Here he drilled his &#8220;flood-wood,&#8221; and from hence he led them
+forth to Springfield, and on January 25, 1787, was promptly repulsed by
+the state militia under General Lincoln. Eleven hundred men trooped back
+to Pelham, and after four days of what must have proved scant and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> cold
+fare in those barren winter hilltops, again sallied out to Petersham. Here
+he was again routed by Lincoln, who, with his men, had marched thirty
+miles without halt, from eight o&#8217;clock at night to nine the following
+morning through a blinding, northeast New England snowstorm. A hundred and
+fifty of Shays&#8217; men were captured, but their valiant and wordy leader
+escaped.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 402px;"><img src="images/fig_064.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Green Dragon Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>When the photograph (shown opposite <a href="#Page_189">page 188</a>) was taken, in 1883, the old
+timbers within the house were sound and firm, and the beams overhead still
+bore the marks of the muskets of Shays&#8217; impatient men. It was a
+characteristic &#8220;deserted home&#8221; of New England.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing could more fully picture Whittier&#8217;s lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>
+&#8220;Against the wooded hills it stands,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ghost of a dead house; staring through</span><br />
+Its broken lights on wasted lands<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where old-time harvests grew.</span><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Unploughed, unsown, by scythe unshorn,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The poor forsaken farm-fields lie,</span><br />
+Once rich and rife with golden corn<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And pale-green breadths of rye.</span><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;So sad, so drear; it seems almost<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Some haunting Presence makes its sign,</span><br />
+That down some shadowy lane some ghost<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Might drive his spectral kine.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>Since then the old tavern has fallen down, a sad ruin, like many another
+on New England hills, in a country as wild and lonely, probably far
+lonelier, than in the days of the Revolution and Shays&#8217; Rebellion. The
+sign-board (<a href="#Page_190">page 190</a>) is still preserved.</p>
+
+<p>Eighteenth-century taverns had a special function which had a bearing on
+their war relations; they were &#8220;improved&#8221; as recruiting offices. During
+the years 1742 to 1748, and from 1756 to 1763, while England was at war
+with France, the &#8220;listing&#8221; was brisk. Here is a typical advertisement
+dated 1759:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;All able-bodied fit Men that have an Inclination to serve his Majesty
+King George the Second, in the First Independent Company of Rangers,
+now in the Province of <i>Nova Scotia</i> commanded by <i>Joseph Gorham,
+Esq.</i>; shall, on enlisting, receive good Pay and Cloathing, a large
+Bounty, with a Crown to drink the King&#8217;s Health. And by repairing to
+the Sign of the Bear in King-Street, <i>Boston</i>, and to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> Mr.
+<i>Cornelius Crocker</i>, Innholder in <i>Barnstable</i>, may hear the
+particular Encouragement, and many Advantages accruing to a Soldier,
+in the Course of the Duty of that Company, too long to insert here;
+and further may depend on being discharged at the expiration of the
+Time entertain&#8217;d for, and to have every other Encouragement punctually
+compli&#8217;d with.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 371px;"><img src="images/fig_065.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Conkey Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In the &#8220;French War of 1744,&#8221; the Governor of Jamaica sent his &#8220;leftenants&#8221;
+to Philadelphia to fill up his regiments. It was worth &#8220;listing&#8221; at the
+Widow Roberts&#8217; Coffee-house in those days, when every &#8220;sojer&#8221; got six
+shillings a week extra, and his family carried free to Antigua if he
+wished it, and land to settle on in that glorious country when war was
+over. Brisk and cheerful was the enrolment, and I trust all lived happy
+ever after in the tropic land, so far away in miles and environment from
+the Quaker town of their youth.</p>
+
+<p>It was pleasant work, also, for &#8220;gentlemen sailors&#8221; in 1744. The colonies
+whisked out on the high seas that year a hundred and thirteen full-manned
+privateers. Wealthy merchants gathered around the inn tables to join
+fortunes in these ventures; plans were quickly matured; and the articles
+of agreement signed by these rich ship-owners were quickly followed by
+articles of agreement to be signed by the seamen. Oh, what prizes these
+cruisers brought into port! There are no items in the newspapers of that
+day under the head of Philadelphia and New York news save lists of prizes.
+When these half-pirates came in, cannon were fired, the whole town turned
+out, and the taverns were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> filled with rejoicings. The names of the ships
+and their captains were household words. The captured cargoes were carried
+ashore; inventories were posted in the taprooms, and often the goods were
+sold within the welcoming tavern doors.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_066.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Sign-board of Conkey Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>It has been said that taverns bearing names of ships, maritime phrases,
+and seafaring titles were usually chosen as shipping offices for the
+enlistment of privateersmen and marines on men-of-war. It is more probable
+that the most popular tavern in any locality frequented by sailors and
+seamen was the one chosen, whatever its name. In the <i>Boston Post Boy</i> of
+June, 1762, is the following notice:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">&#8220;NOW BOUND ON A CRUIZE OF SIX MONTHS</p>
+
+<p>Against His Majesties enemies, The Brigantine <i>Tartar</i>, a Prime Sailor
+mounting Fourteen Six Pounders, Twenty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> Culverines, and will carry One
+Hundred and Twenty Men. Commanded by William Augustus Peck. All</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Gentlemen Seamen</span></p>
+
+<p>and able bodied Landsmen who have a mind to make their Fortunes, and
+are inclined to take a Cruize in this said Vessel, by applying at this
+King&#8217;s Head Tavern at the North End, may view the Articles which are
+more advantageous to the Ship&#8217;s Company than were ever before offered
+in this Place.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>To those who know the condition of Jack Tar aboard ship a century ago, and
+the attitude which Captain Peck doubtless assumed to his seamen the moment
+the <i>Tartar</i> was started on this &#8220;Cruize,&#8221; there is a sarcastic pleasantry
+in the term Gentlemen Seamen used by him in common with other captains
+ashore, that might be swallowed in a taproom with bowls of grog and flip,
+but would never go down smoothly on shipboard.</p>
+
+<p>Gentlemen sailors were frequently impressed in a very different manner.
+The press-gang was one of the peculiar institutions of Great Britain, and
+its aggressive outrages formed one of the causes of &#8220;Madison&#8217;s War,&#8221; as
+old people liked to term the War of 1812. The <i>Virginia Gazette</i> of the
+first of October, 1767, tells of a far different scene from that indicated
+by the plausible words of Captain Peck; one in which a Norfolk tavern took
+a part:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;It appears that Captain Morgan of the Hornet, Sloop of War, concerted
+a bloody riotous Plan, to impress Seamen, at Norfolk, Virginia, for
+which Purpose his Tender<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> was equipped with Guns and Men, and under
+cover of the Night, said Morgan landed at a public wharff, having
+first made proper Dispositions either for an Attack or Retreat; then
+went to a Tavern, and took a chearful Glass, after which they went to
+work and took every Person they met with and knock&#8217;d all down that
+resisted; and dragg&#8217;d them on board the Tender but the Town soon took
+the Alarm, and being headed by Paul Loyal, Esq., a Magistrate, they
+endeavor&#8217;d to convince Captain Morgan of his Error; but being deaf to
+all they said he ordered the People in the Tender to fire on the
+Inhabitants, but they refused to obey their Commander&#8217;s orders and he
+was soon oblig&#8217;d to fly, leaving some of his Hornets behind, who were
+sent to Gaol.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_067.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Naval Pitcher.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>It is astonishing to read of such ruffianly kidnappings under the
+protection of the British Government, and to know that seamen and sailors
+who had been so treated would assist in such outrages on others. It is
+only one of the many proofs that we meet everywhere in history of the
+thick-skinned indifference and cruelty of nearly all of the human race a
+century ago.</p>
+
+<p>It was far worse in these matters in England than in the colonies. Mr.
+Ashton tells us that in one night over two thousand one hundred men were
+pressed in London alone. Riot and bloodshed accompanied those infamous
+raids; sometimes a whole town turned out to resist the officers and ship&#8217;s men.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">THE TAVERN PANORAMA</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">We</span> have to-day scores of places of amusement, and means of amusement,
+where in earlier days all diversions centred at the tavern. The furnishing
+of food and shelter to travellers and to horses, and of liquid comfort to
+neighbors, was not the only function of the tavern, nor the meeting for
+cheerful interchange of news and sentiment. Whatever there was of novelty
+in entertainment or instruction, was delivered at the tavern, and it
+served as the gathering place for folk on scores of duties or pleasures
+bent. There was in fact a constant panorama passing within the walls and
+before the doors of an old tavern, not only in the shape of distinguished,
+picturesque, and unwonted guests, but through the variety of uses to which
+the tavern was put. It would be impossible to enumerate them all. Many of
+the chapters of this book indicate some of them. We can simply glance at a
+few more of the most common and of the most interesting ones.</p>
+
+<p>Though guests of colonial days are often named as having visited the old
+taverns which still linger intact, the names of importance which are most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>
+frequently heard are those of Revolutionary heroes and visitors, those of
+Franklin, Washington, and Lafayette being most proudly enumerated.
+Franklin was a great local traveller. His post-office affairs took him
+frequently along the road. He was fond of visiting, and people were
+naturally fond of having him visit them. He was such a welcome guest that
+he need not have entered a tavern from Maine to Georgia. Washington made
+several trips through the states, one of much ceremony. He gives the names
+of the taverns at which he stopped.</p>
+
+<p>I have been in tavern-rooms honored a century ago by the sleeping presence
+of Washington, but I have never slept in them. I would rather look at them
+than sleep in them; and I have moralized over the simplicity and lack of
+luxury which was the best that the tavern could offer, even to that great
+man.</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette was made welcome in many private houses in his tour in 1824, but
+he also was a tavern guest. His journal is preserved in Paris,
+untranslated. In it he tells of seeing the well-known Landing of Lafayette
+plates and dishes for the first time at a tavern in a small town in
+western New York.</p>
+
+<p>All the statesmen of the South stopped at taverns on the old National
+road: Harrison, Houston, Taylor, Polk, and Allen. Homespun Davy Crockett,
+popular General Jackson, stately Henry Clay, furnished a show for the
+country by-standers to gape at. In the Northern states Daniel Webster was
+the god whose coming was adored. A halo of glory shed by his presence
+still hangs round many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> a tavern room, and well it may, for he was a giant
+among men.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 439px;"><img src="images/fig_068.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Washington Tavern, North Wilbraham, Massachusetts.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>To show the variety of the tavern panorama let me quote what Edwin
+Lasseter Bynner wrote of the inns of Boston:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;They were the centres of so much of its life and affairs, the resort
+at once of judge and jury, of the clergy and the laity, of the
+politician and the merchant; where the selectmen came to talk over the
+affairs of the town, and higher officials to discuss the higher
+interests of the province; where royal governors and distinguished
+strangers were entertained alike with the humblest wayfarer and the
+meanest citizen; where were held the carousals of roistering red-coat
+officers, and the midnight plottings of muttering stern-lipped
+patriots; where, in fine, the swaggering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> ensign of the royal army,
+the frowning Puritan, the obnoxious Quaker, the Huguenot refugee, and
+the savage Indian chief from the neighboring forest might perchance
+jostle each other in the common taproom.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Naturally the tavern proved the exhibition place and temporary
+lodging-place of all secular shows which could not be housed in the
+meeting-house. It contained the second assembly room in size, and often
+the only other large room in town save that devoted to religious
+gatherings. Hence, when in Salem in 1781 &#8220;the Sentimentalists and all
+Volontiers who are pleased to encourage the extensive Propogation of
+Polite Literature&#8221; were invited to attend a book auction by a &#8220;Provedore
+and Professor of Auctioneering,&#8221; this sale of books was held at Mr.
+Goodhue&#8217;s tavern. At the American Coffee-house in Boston the firm that
+vendued books within doors also sold jackasses on the street.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Monstrous Sights&#8221; found at the tavern a congenial temporary home, where
+discussion of their appearance was held before the tavern bar, while the
+tavern barn restrained and confined the monster if he chanced to be a wild
+beast. A moose, a walrus, a camel, a lion, a leopard, appeared in
+succession in Salem taverns, chiefly at the Black Horse. Then came a
+wonder of natural history, a Pygarg, said to be from Russia. We have a
+description of it: it had &#8220;the likeness of a camel, bear, mule, goat, and
+common bullock&#8221;; it is spoken of in the book of Deuteronomy, Chapter XIV.
+I am not sure that we would recognize our native American moose if he were
+not called by name, in the creature <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>advertised as having &#8220;a face like a
+mouse, ears like an ass, neck and back like a camel, hind-parts like a
+horse, tail like a rabbit, and feet like a heifer.&#8221; Cassowaries, learned
+pigs, learned horses, and rabbits were shown for petty sums. Deformed
+beasts and persons were exhibited. Pictures, &#8220;prospects,&#8221; statues,
+elaborate clocks, moving puppets, and many mechanical contrivances could
+be viewed in the tavern parlor.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Electrical machines&#8221; were the wonder of their day. Solemn professors and
+gay &#8220;fakirs&#8221; exhibited them from tavern to tavern. The first
+lightning-rods also made a great show. Shortly after the invention of
+balloons, came their advent as popular shows in many towns. They often
+ascended from the green in front of the tavern. They bore many pompous
+names,&mdash;&#8220;Archimedial Phaetons,&#8221; &#8220;Vertical Aerial Coaches,&#8221; &#8220;Patent
+F&oelig;deral Balloons.&#8221; The public was assured that &#8220;persons of timid
+nature&#8221; would find nothing to terrify them in the ascent. They were not
+only recommended as engines of amusement and wonder, but were urged upon
+&#8220;Invaletudinarians&#8221; as hygienic factors, in that they caused in the ascent
+the &#8220;sudden revulsion of the blood and humours&#8221; of aeronautic travellers.</p>
+
+<p>The Bunch of Grapes housed Mr. Douglas when he delivered his famous
+lecture on &#8220;Heads, Coats of Arms, Wigs, Ladies&#8217; Head Dresses,&#8221; etc.; it
+was an office for John Hurd, an early insurance broker, chiefly for marine
+risks. Nearly all the first insurance offices were in taverns.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 434px;"><img src="images/fig_069.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Black Horse Tavern, Salem, Massachusetts.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>One intelligent chronicler relates:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The taverns of Boston were the original business Exchanges; they
+combined the Counting House, the Exchange-office, the Reading-room,
+and the Bank: each represented a locality. To the Lamb Tavern, called
+by the sailors &#8216;sheep&#8217;s baby,&#8217; people went &#8216;to see a man from
+Dedham&#8217;&mdash;it was the resort of all from Norfolk County. The old Eastern
+Stage House in Ann Street was frequented by &#8216;down Easters,&#8217; captains
+of vessels, formerly from the Penobscot and Kennebec; there were to be
+seen groups of sturdy men seated round an enormous fire-place,
+chalking down the price of bark and lumber, and shippers bringing in a
+vagrant tarpaulin to &#8216;sign the articles.&#8217; To the Exchange Coffee-House
+resorted the nabobs of Essex County; here those <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>aristocratic eastern
+towns, Newburyport and Portsmouth, were represented by ship owners and
+ship builders, merchants of the first class.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The first attempt at the production of plays in New England was a signal
+for prompt and vital opposition. Little plays called drolls were exhibited
+in the taverns and coffee-houses; such plays as <i>Pickle Herring</i>, <i>Taylor
+riding to Brentford</i>, <i>Harlequin and Scaramouch</i>. About 1750 two young
+English strollers produced what must have been a mightily bald rendering
+of <i>Otway&#8217;s Orphans</i> in a Boston coffee-house; this was a step too far in
+frivolity, and stern Boston magistrates took rigid care there were no more
+similar offences. Many ingenious ruses were invented and presented to the
+public to avoid the hated term and conceal the hated fact of play acting.
+&#8220;Histrionic academies&#8221; were a sneaking introduction of plays. In 1762 a
+clever but sanctimonious manager succeeded in crowding his company and his
+play into a Newport tavern. Here is his truckling play-bill:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">&#8220;KINGS ARMS TAVERN NEWPORT RHODE ISLAND</p>
+
+<p>On Monday, June 10th, at the Public Room of the Above Inn will be
+delivered a series of</p>
+
+<p class="center">Moral Dialogues<br /><br />
+<i>In Five Parts</i></p>
+
+<p>Depicting the evil effects of jealousy and other bad passions and
+Proving that happiness can only spring from the pursuit of Virtue.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span><span class="smcap">Mr. Douglass</span>&mdash;Will represent a noble magnanimous Moor called Othello,
+who loves a young lady named Desdemona, and, after he marries her,
+harbours (as in too many cases) the dreadful passion of jealousy.</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><i>Of jealousy, our being&#8217;s bane<br />
+Mark the small cause and the most dreadful pain.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Allyn</span>&mdash;Will depict the character of a specious villain, in the
+regiment of Othello, who is so base as to hate his commander on mere
+suspicion and to impose on his best friend. Of such characters, it is
+to be feared, there are thousands in the world, and the one in
+question may present to us a salutary warning.</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><i>The man that wrongs his master and his friend<br />
+What can he come to but a shameful end?</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Hallam</span>&mdash;Will delineate a young and thoughtless officer who is
+traduced by Mr. Allyn and, getting drunk, loses his situation and his
+general&#8217;s esteem. All young men whatsoever take example from Cassio.</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><i>The ill effects of drinking would you see?<br />
+Be warned and fly from evil company.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Morris</span>&mdash;Will represent an old gentleman, the father of Desdemona,
+who is not cruel or covetous, but is foolish enough to dislike the
+noble Moor, his son-in-law, because his face is not white, forgetting
+that we all spring from one root. Such prejudices are very numerous
+and very wrong.</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><i>Fathers beware what sense and love ye lack!<br />
+&#8217;Tis crime, not colour, that makes the being black.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span><span class="smcap">Mr. Quelch</span>&mdash;Will depict
+a fool who wishes to become a knave, and, trusting to one, gets killed by one. Such is the friendship of rogues! Take heed!</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><i>Where fools would become, how often you&#8217;ll<br />
+Perceive the knave not wiser than the fool.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. Morris</span>&mdash;Will represent a young and virtuous wife, who being
+wrongfully suspected, gets smothered (in an adjoining room) by her husband.</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><i>Reader, attend, and ere thou goest hence<br />
+Let fall a tear to helpless innocence.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. Douglass</span>&mdash;Will be her faithful attendant who will hold out a good
+example to all servants male and female, and to all people in subjection.</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><i>Obedience and gratitude<br />
+Are things as rare as they are good.</i></p>
+
+<p>Various other Dialogues, too numerous to mention here, will be
+delivered at night, all adapted to the mind and manners. The whole
+will be repeated on Wednesday and on Saturday. Tickets, six shillings
+each, to be had within. Commencement at 7. Conclusion at half-past
+ten: in order that every Spectator may go home at a sober hour and
+reflect upon what he has seen, before he retired to rest.</p>
+
+<p class="poem">God save the King<br />
+Long may he sway.<br />
+East, north, and south<br />
+And fair America.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>We can see the little public room of the tavern with its rows of chairs
+and benches at one end and the group of starveling actors at the other,
+who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> never played a greater farce than when they set up as being solely
+ministers of piety and virtue.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Consorts&#8221; of music were given in the taverns, and, most exciting of all,
+lotteries were drawn there. This licensed and highly approved form of
+gambling had the sanction of the law and the participation of every
+community. Churches had lotteries &#8220;for promoting public worship and the
+advancement of religion.&#8221; Colleges and schools thus increased their
+endowments. Towns and states raised money to pay the public debt by means
+of lotteries.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_070.jpg" alt="" /><br />Stickney Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>It was asserted that &#8220;the interests of literature and learning were
+supported, the arts and sciences were encouraged, religion was extended,
+the wastes of war were repaired, inundation prevented, travel increased,
+and the burthen of taxes lessened by lotteries.&#8221; Many private lotteries
+were drawn at the taverns, which were thronged at that time with excited
+ticket-owners.</p>
+
+<p>Lodges of Freemasons in America, following the custom which prevailed in
+England, met at the taverns. In Philadelphia they met at Peg Mullen&#8217;s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>
+Beefsteak House. The lodges were often known by the names of the taverns
+at which the meetings were held. One Boston lodge met at the Royal
+Exchange Tavern, and hence was known by its name. That hostelry was,
+however, so popular with the visiting public that sometimes the brethren
+had to suspend their meetings for want of room. In December, 1749, the
+Masons of Boston celebrated the feast of St. John, and appeared in
+procession on the streets. This excited the greatest curiosity and
+ridicule. Joseph Green wrote a poem in which the chief object of his wit
+was Luke Vardy, the keeper of the Royal Exchange:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Where&#8217;s honest Luke, that cook from London?<br />
+For without Luke the Lodge is undone.<br />
+&#8217;Twas he who oft dispell&#8217;d their sadness,<br />
+And filled the <i>Brethren&#8217;s</i> hearts with gladness.<br />
+<i>Luke</i> in return is made a brother<br />
+As good and true as any other.<br />
+And still, though broke with age and wine,<br />
+Preserves the <i>token</i> and the <i>sign</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_071.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br /> Keeler&#8217;s Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>Massachusetts Grand Lodge organized at Green Dragon, and the first lodge
+of all, St. John&#8217;s Lodge, met in 1733 at the Bunch of Grapes in King (now
+State) Street. One of the three bunches of grapes that formed the original
+tavern sign still hangs in front of the lodge room of St. John&#8217;s Lodge in
+Masonic Temple, Boston. This tavern had an early and lasting reputation as
+&#8220;the best punch-house in Boston.&#8221; In Revolutionary days it became the
+headquarters of High Whigs, and a scarlet coat was an inflammatory signal
+in that <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>taproom. The &#8220;Whig Tavern&#8221; was a proper centre for popular
+gatherings after the evacuation of Boston; General Stark&#8217;s victory at
+Bennington was celebrated there &#8220;to high taste,&#8221; says a participant. The
+firing of cannon, discharge of rockets, playing of fifes and drums, made
+satisfactory noise. The gentlemen had ample liquor within doors, and two
+barrels of grog were distributed to outsiders on the streets&mdash;all &#8220;with
+the greatest propriety.&#8221; When General Stark arrived, a few weeks later,
+there was equal rejoicing. The glories of the entertainment of Washington
+and a series of gallant soldiers and distinguished travellers do not,
+perhaps, reflect the honor upon the old tavern that comes from its having
+been the scene of a most significant fact in our history. It was the
+gathering place and place of organization of the Ohio Company&mdash;the first
+concerted movement of New England toward the Great West.</p>
+
+<p>The famous Craft&#8217;s Tavern in the little town of Walpole, New Hampshire,
+kept by Major Asa Bullard, was the gathering place in 1796 of one of the
+most brilliant groups of writers ever engaged in a literary undertaking in
+this country. It was called the Literary Club of Walpole, and is a
+landmark in the literary life of New England. In this rustic New Hampshire
+tavern this Club might repeat Beaumont&#8217;s lines to Jonson beginning:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">&#8220;What things have we seen</span><br />
+Done at the Mermaid, heard words that have been<br />
+So nimble, and so full of subtle flame.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The head of this Yankee collection of wits was the Lay Preacher, Joseph
+Dennie, who, at the death of the novelist, Charles Brockden Brown, was the
+only man in the United States who made a profession of literature. He was
+born in Boston, studied law in Charlestown, New Hampshire, then an
+important and bustling town, went to Walpole, and became conductor of the
+<i>New Hampshire Journal and Farmer&#8217;s Museum</i>. For this newspaper and in
+this Craft&#8217;s Tavern he wrote his famous <i>Lay Sermons</i> which were read from
+Maine to Georgia. In the talented tavern circle was Royall Tyler, author
+of the play <i>The Contrast</i> and the novel <i>The Algerine Captive</i>. He became
+Chief Justice of Vermont. Another contributor was David Everett, author of
+the well-known juvenile spouting-piece, beginning:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;You&#8217;d scarce expect one of my age<br />
+To speak in public on the stage.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>Still another, Thomas G. Fessenden, wrote <i>Terrible Tractoration</i>. It was
+a day of pseudonyms; Fessenden wrote as Simon Spunky and Christopher
+Caustic; Everett called himself Peter Peveril; Isaac Story was Peter
+Quinn; Dennie was Oliver Old-school; Tyler was Colon and Spondee.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_072.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Plate, Nahant Hotel.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>A day of great sport at the tavern was when there was a turkey-shoot;
+these often took place on Thanksgiving Day. Notices such as this were
+frequently found in the autumnal newspapers:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">&#8220;SHARP-SHOOTING.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Thos. D. Ponsland informs his Friends and the Friends of <i>Sport</i> that
+he will on Friday, 7th day of December next, set up for <span class="smcap">Shooting</span> a
+number of</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Fine Fat Turkeys</span></p>
+
+<p>and invites all <i>Gunners</i> and others who would wish to recreate
+themselves to call on the day after Thanksgiving<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> at the Old Bakers&#8217;
+Tavern, Upp. Parish Beverly, where every accommodation would be
+afforded.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>In the <i>Boston Evening Post</i> of January 11, 1773, notice was given that &#8220;a
+Bear and Number of Turkeys&#8221; would be set up as a mark at the Punch Bowl
+Tavern in Brookline.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Basil Hall, travelling in America in 1827, was much surprised at
+the account of one of these turkey-shoots, which he thus fully
+describes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;At a country inn bearing the English name of Andover, close to the
+Indian river Shawsheen, I observed the following printed bill stuck up
+in the bar.</p>
+
+<p class="center">SPORTSMEN ATTEND<br /><br />
+300 <span class="smcap">Fowls</span></p>
+
+<p>will be set up for the sportsmen at the Subscriber&#8217;s Hotel in
+Tewksbury, on Friday the 12 October, inst. at 8 A.M.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Gentlemen of Tewksbury,</p>
+
+<p>Lowell and vicinity are invited to attend.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">William Hardy.</span></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This placard was utterly unintelligible to me; and the Landlord
+laughed at my curiosity but good humouredly enlightened my ignorance
+by explaining that these shooting matches were so common in America,
+that he had no doubt I would fall in with them often. I regretted very
+much having passed one day too late for this transatlantic battle. It
+appears that these birds were literally barn door fowls, placed at
+certain distances, and fired at by any one who chooses to pay the
+allotted sum for a shot. If he kills the bird, he is allowed to carry
+it off; otherwise, like<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> a true sportsman, he has the amusement for
+his money. Cocks and hens being small birds, are placed at the
+distance of 165 feet; and for every shot with ball the sportsman has
+to pay four cents. Turkeys are placed at twice the distance, or 110
+yards, if a common musket be used; but at 165 yards if the weapon be a
+rifle. In both those cases the price per shot is from six to ten
+cents.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>There were other sports offered at the taverns, as shown by an
+advertisement in the <i>Essex Register</i> of June, 1806:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">&#8220;SPORTSMEN ATTEND.</p>
+
+<p>The Gentlemen <i>Sportsmen</i> of this town and Vicinity are informed that
+a Grand Combat will take place between the <span class="smcap">Urus Zebu</span> and Spanish <span class="smcap">Bull</span>
+on 4th of July if fair weather. If not the next fair day at the <span class="smcap">Half
+Way House</span> on the <i>Salem Turnpike</i>. No danger need be apprehended
+during the performance, as the Circus is very convenient. After the
+performance there will be a Grand <span class="smcap">Fox Chase</span> on the Marshes near the
+Circus to start precisely at 6 o&#8217;clock.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>A woman tavern-keeper on Boston Neck, Sally Barton, of the George, also
+had bull-baiting as one of the attractions of her home. In 1763, the
+keeper of the DeLancey Arms in New York had a bull-baiting. The English
+officers stationed in America brought over this fashion. In the year 1774,
+there was a bull-baiting held every day for many months on what is now a
+quiet street near my home. Landlord Loosely,&mdash;most appropriately
+named,&mdash;of the King&#8217;s Head Tavern, took<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> charge of these bull-baitings and
+advertised for good active bulls and strong dogs. One advertisement, in
+rhyme, begins:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;This notice gives to all who covet<br />
+Baiting the bull, and dearly love it.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Fox-hunting, too, was beloved of the British visitors, and of Southern
+planters as well. The Middle and Southern states saw frequent meets of
+mounted gentlemen with hounds, usually at the tavern, to which they
+returned after the day&#8217;s run to end with suitable jollity.</p>
+
+<p>The old English &#8220;drift of the forest&#8221; became in America a wolf-rout or
+wolf-drive. Then circles of men and boys were formed to drive in toward
+the centre of the ring and kill squirrels and hares which pestered the
+farmers. Then came shooting matches in which every living wild creature
+was a prey. The extent to which these devastating hunting parties could be
+carried is shown by an article in a Bedford County (Pennsylvania)
+newspaper. On Friday, December 4, 1818, about seven hundred men from
+neighboring townships formed such a party. The signal was first given on
+French Town Mountain, and the circle of forty miles of horn blowing to
+horn was completed in fifteen minutes. The hunters progressed to a centre
+in Wysox township, using guns as long as they could with safety, then
+bayonets, clubs, poles, pitchforks, etc. Five bears, nine wolves, and
+fourteen foxes were killed, and three hundred deer&mdash;it makes one&#8217;s heart
+ache. It was estimated that more than double the number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> escaped. The
+expedition closed with great mirth at the tavern.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_073.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Wolfe Tavern,<br />Brooklyn, Connecticut.</div>
+
+<p>I find through many legal reports and accounts of trials and arrests, that
+upper rooms in the taverns were frequently used as lockups or temporary
+jails. Mr. S. L. Frey, of Palatine Bridge, in his charming account of
+olden days in that town, tells an amusing episode of tavern life connected
+with this custom. Near the village schoolhouse lived a man named Fisk&mdash;a
+quiet citizen, friendly to the boys, but given, however, to frequent
+disappearances, and a profound reticence as to his means of livelihood
+which was naturally a distinct grievance and indeed an injustice to every
+respectably inquisitive neighbor. The boys noted that he was a great lover
+of horses, and seemed to have a constant succession of new ones in his
+stable, and that these newcomers vanished in as silent and unaccountable a
+manner as they had arrived.</p>
+
+<p>One morning the scholars were excited and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>delighted to learn that the
+band of horse thieves that had for years ravaged the valley had at last
+been ferreted out, the two leaders captured and safely lodged during the
+night in the village jail, namely, a doubly locked and outside bolted room
+in Uncle Jesse Vincent&#8217;s tavern. And the climax of all the excitement and
+pleasure was the fact that Neighbor Fisk was the leader of the gang.</p>
+
+<p>Court was called in the tavern parlor at noon. The sheriff and his
+officers, lawyers from neighboring towns, all importance and pomposity,
+all the men and all the boys from miles around were waiting eagerly to see
+once more the mysterious Fisk, when a loud shout came from the men who had
+gone to lead forth the prisoners that both had escaped. Of course they
+had! An open window, a leanto roof, a trellis and a high fence,&mdash;no decent
+prisoner could help escaping.</p>
+
+<p>But they had been startled in their plans, and hurried while exchanging
+clothes, and it was plain from the garments left behind that one man had
+vanished clad only in his shirt, stockings, and shoes. The dire confusion
+of the first mortifying discovery soon changed to organized plans of
+pursuit, and the chase turned to a great piece of woodland behind the
+tavern. Oak and hickory with undergrowth of witchhazel&mdash;a prime place for
+partridges and gray squirrels&mdash;led back from the river to the hills and a
+deep gorge filled with solemn pines and hemlocks.</p>
+
+<p>The rampant boys were snubbed early in the day by the sheriff and told to
+keep back; and one tall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> boy&mdash;&#8220;mad&#8221; at the insult&mdash;conceived the plan of
+personating the thief. He was a famous runner, the best in the school. He
+hid his coat in a hollow log, pulled his shirt over his trousers, Chinaman
+fashion, worked his way around on the edge of the hunting party, and was
+soon &#8220;discovered&#8221; by his boy friends, whose shouts of &#8220;Stop thief!&#8221; &#8220;Here
+he is!&#8221; brought the whole army of searchers after him. Oh! what a hunt
+followed. All were on foot, for no horses could pass through the heavy
+undergrowth; the white flag of the pursued fluttered in and out far in
+front into the swamp, under the bushes. Talk of hare and hounds! no game
+was ever run like that. The fleet young horse thief in front easily
+distanced the puffing sheriffs in the rear, and at last the pursuit was
+given over. Fisk escaped, thanks to his friends the boys, but the story of
+the wrath that was visited on the conspirators when their fun was
+discovered the next day at the tavern is &#8220;another story.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sittings of courts were often held in the public room of taverns, not only
+in small towns where assembly rooms were few, but in large cities. From
+the settlement of Philadelphia till 1759, justices of peace heard and
+decided causes in the public inns of Philadelphia, and the Common Council
+had frequent sittings there. In Boston the courts were held in suburban
+taverns when the smallpox scourged the town. In Postlethwaite&#8217;s Tavern
+(shown on <a href="#Page_214">page 214</a>) the first courts of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania,
+were held in 1729, and propositions were made to make it the county seat;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>
+but the present site of the city of Lancaster was finally chosen, though
+Landlord Postlethwaite made strenuous endeavors to retain his tavern as a
+centre.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 451px;"><img src="images/fig_074.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Postlethwaite&#8217;s Tavern, 1729.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Our ancestors found in criminals and all the accompaniments of crime their
+chief source of diversion. They did not believe in lonely captivity but in
+public obloquy for criminals. The only exciting and stirring emotions
+which entered their lives came through the recounting of crimes and
+offences, and the sight of the punishment of these crimes and offences;
+rising of course to the highest point of excitement in witnessing the
+public executions of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> criminals. The bilboes were the first engine of
+punishment in Boston, and were used until 1639, and perhaps much later.
+The drinkers of a cup of sack at the Boston ordinary had much diversion in
+seeing James Woodward, who had had too much sack at the Cambridge
+ordinary, &#8220;laid by the heels&#8221; on the ground with a great bar of iron
+fastened and locked to his legs with sliding shackles and a bolt. Still
+more satisfaction had all honest Puritans when Thomas Morton, of
+Merrymount, that amusing old debauchee and roisterer, was &#8220;clapt into the
+bilbowes,&#8221; where &#8220;the harmless salvages&#8221; gathered around and stared at him
+like &#8220;poor silly lambes.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The stocks soon superseded the bilboes and were near neighbors and
+amusement purveyors to the tavern. Towns were forced by law to set up
+&#8220;good sufficient stocks.&#8221; Warwick, Rhode Island, ordered that &#8220;John Lowe
+should erect the public stocks and whipping-post near David Arnold&#8217;s
+Tavern, and procure iron and timber for the same.&#8221; The stocks were simple
+to make; a heavy timber or plank had on the upper edge two half-circle
+holes which met two similar notches or holes in a movable upper timber.
+When this was in place these notches formed round holes to enclose the
+legs of the prisoner, who could then be locked in.</p>
+
+<p>The whipping-post, a good sound British institution, was promptly set up
+in every town, and the sound of the cat often entered the tavern windows.
+I can imagine all the young folk thronging to witness the whipping of some
+ardent young swain who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> had dared to make love to some fair damsel without
+the consent of her parents. There was no room for the escape of any man
+who thus &#8220;inveagled&#8221; a girl; the New Haven colony specified that any
+tempting without the parents&#8217; sanction could not be done by &#8220;speech,
+writing, message, company-keeping, unnecessary familiarity, disorderly
+night meetings, sinful dalliance, gifts, or (as a wholesale blow to
+lovers&#8217; inventions) in any other way.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>But sly Puritan maids found that even the &#8220;any other way&#8221; of Puritan
+law-makers could be circumvented. Jacob Murline, in Hartford, on May-day
+in 1660, without asking any permission of Goodman Tuttle, had some very
+boisterous love-making with Sarah Tuttle, his daughter. It began by
+Jacob&#8217;s seizing Sarah&#8217;s gloves and demanding the medi&aelig;val forfeit&mdash;a kiss.
+&#8220;Whereupon,&#8221; writes the scandalized Puritan chronicler, &#8220;they sat down
+together, his arm being about her, and her arm upon his shoulder or about
+his neck, and hee kissed her and shee kissed him, or they kissed one
+another, continuing in this posture about half an hour.&#8221; The angry father,
+on hearing of this, haled Jacob into court and sued him for damages in
+&#8220;inveagling&#8221; his daughter&#8217;s affections. There were plenty of witnesses of
+the kissing, and Jacob seemed doomed to heavy fines and the
+cat-o&#8217;-nine-tails, when crafty Sarah informed the Court that Jacob did not
+inveigle her, that she wished him to kiss her&mdash;in fact, that she enticed
+him. The baffled Court therefore had to fine Sarah, and of course Sarah&#8217;s
+father had to pay the fine; but the magistrate called her justly a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> &#8220;Bould
+Virgin,&#8221; and lectured her severely. To all this she gave the demure answer
+&#8220;that she hoped God would help her to Carry it Better for time to come,&#8221;
+which would seem to be somewhat superfluous, since she had, without any
+help, seemed to do about as well for herself as any girl could wish to
+under the circumstances.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_075.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Pembroke Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>For some years the Quakers never were absent from the whipping-post. They
+were trying enough, preaching everywhere, and on all occasions, yet never
+willing to keep silent when the Puritan preacher held forth; not willing,
+even, to keep away from the Puritan meeting. They interrupted these
+meetings in most offensive ways, and were promptly whipped. One poor
+Quakeress, Lydia Wardwell, &#8220;a young tender chaste person,&#8221; but almost
+demented with religious excitement, was taken forcibly from the Ipswich
+meeting-house and &#8220;tyed to the fence-post of the Tavern,&#8221; and then sorely
+lashed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>The pillory sometimes took the place of the stocks. In enduring this
+punishment the culprit stood on a sort of bench, and his head and hands
+were confined in holes cut in a hinged or divisible board. Lecture day was
+often chosen as the day of punishment; as Hawthorne said, &#8220;it was a day of
+public shame, the day on which transgressors received their reward of
+ignominy.&#8221; Thus Nicholas Olmstead, sentenced to the pillory in Hartford
+&#8220;next Lecture day,&#8221; was &#8220;sett on a lytle before the beginning and to stay
+on a lytle after the end.&#8221; In Maryland offenders were &#8220;nayled by both
+eares to the Pillory, 3 Nailes in each Eare, and the Nailes to be slit
+out.&#8221; Samuel Breck says that in 1771, in Boston, men and women were
+constantly seen pilloried, exposed to insults and jeers, and pelted with
+filth and garbage.</p>
+
+<p>The 18th of September, 1755, was a great day in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+A negro woman named Phyllis was then and there burned to death&mdash;in
+punishment for her share in the murder of her master. The diary of a
+Boston gentleman still exists which shows us how he passed the day;
+cheerfully drinking punch from tavern to tavern, and cheerfully watching
+the hanging of the man-murderer and the burning of the woman. The day&#8217;s
+record ends: &#8220;Went home, went to bed and slept and woke up very finely
+refreshed.&#8221; Criminals were preached at in public, read their dying
+confessions in public, were carted through the streets in open tumbrils,
+and were hanged in public. On all those occasions the taverns flowed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> with
+good cheer and merry meetings, for people came for many miles to witness
+the interesting sight, and many were the happy reunions of friends.</p>
+
+<p>Another bustling busy day at the tavern was when &#8220;vandues&#8221; were held
+within its walls. Due notice of these &#8220;vandues&#8221; had been given by posters
+displayed in the tavern and village store, and occasionally by scant
+newspaper advertisements. These auction sales were rarely of mixed
+merchandise, but were of some special goods, such as India cotton stuffs,
+foreign books, or boots and shoes. Criminals and paupers were also sold
+for terms of service; usually the former were some of the varied tribe of
+sneak-thieves which wandered through the country. In one case the human
+&#8220;lot&#8221; offered for sale was a &#8220;prygman&#8221;&mdash;he had, like Autolycus, stolen the
+bleaching linen from the grass and hedges.</p>
+
+<p>Another was an habitual fruit and vegetable thief (and he must have been
+an extraordinary one to have been noted in a country where fruit and
+vegetables on every farm were so freely shared with all passers-by).
+Another, an Indian, stole from the lobster and eel pots of his honest
+white neighbors. A sheep thief, sold at public auction in Clifford&#8217;s
+Tavern in Dunbarton, New Hampshire, took part in an interesting prologue,
+as well as in the main performance, in the shape of a whipping of thirteen
+stripes administered to him by the vigorous sheriff. Nevertheless, he
+found a purchaser, who took his subdued and sore servant home to his farm
+and set<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> him to breaking and hatchelling flax. The convict fell to work as
+cheerfully and assiduously as any honest laborer, but when he had cleaned
+as much flax as he could carry, he added an unexpected epilogue to this
+New England comedy by departing with his dressed flax for parts unknown;
+thus proving that he laughs best who laughs last. Though it would seem
+that the selectmen of the town, who had been amply paid &#8220;damages and
+costs&#8221; through his sale, and who had also effectually banished a rogue
+from their township, might join with him in a mirthful chorus.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_076.jpg" alt="" /><br />Map Pitcher.</div>
+
+<p>The sale of paupers at the tavern was much more frequent than of
+criminals. It was an exhibition of curious contrasts: the prosperous and
+thirsty townsmen drinking at the tavern bar, and the forlorn group of
+homeless, friendless creatures, usually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> young children and aged folk,
+waiting to be sold to the lowest bidder for a term of feeble service and
+meagre keep. The children were known after the sale as &#8220;bound boys&#8221; and
+&#8220;bound girls,&#8221; and much sympathy has been expended in modern books over
+the hardness of their lives, and many pathetic stories written of them.
+This method was, however, as good a solution of the problem of infant
+pauperism as we have yet discovered. The children were removed from
+vicious associations in almshouses, and isolated in homes where they had
+to work just as the daughters and sons of the household worked. In many
+cases they entered childless homes, and grew to be the prop and happiness
+of their adopted parents, and the heirs of their little savings. The
+auction at the tavern was frankly brutal, but the end accomplished was so
+satisfactory that the custom has within a few years been resumed by the
+more advanced and thoughtful guardians of paupers in many New England
+towns. As for the auction sale of aged and infirm paupers, it is not
+wholly a thing of the past. In Lackawanna township in Pike County,
+Pennsylvania, paupers still are sold to the lowest bidder. A year ago, in
+1899, at Rowland Station in that township the signs were posted, &#8220;A Woman
+for Sale,&#8221; and as of old the &#8220;vandue&#8221; was held at a tavern, one called
+Rutan&#8217;s Hotel. The bar-room was crowded, and Mrs. Elmira Quick,
+seventy-seven years old, was put up &#8220;to be sold to the lowest bidder for
+keep for a year.&#8221; The bidding was spirited and ran quickly down from four
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>dollars a week. A backwoodsman had just offered to take her for a dollar
+and a half a week, when Mrs. Quick firmly bid a dollar and a quarter. The
+Overseer of the Poor hesitated, but Mrs. Quick stated she could maintain
+herself on that amount&mdash;sixteen cents a day&mdash;and no one made an offer to
+take her for less; so he was forced to conclude the bargain and draw up
+the sale-papers. Let me add that this woman has three sons and a daughter
+living&mdash;and these are our good <i>new</i> times.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">FROM PATH TO TURNPIKE</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> first roads in New England are called in the early court-records
+&#8220;trodden paths.&#8221; They were narrow worn lines, scarce two feet wide,
+lightly trodden over pine needles and fallen leaves among the tree trunks
+by the soft moccasined foot of the tawny savages as they walked silently
+in Indian file through the forests. These paths were soon deepened and
+worn bare by the heavy hobnailed shoes of the white settlers, others were
+formed by the slow tread of domestic cattle, the best of all path makers,
+as they wound around the hillsides to pasture or drinking place. Then a
+scarcely broader bridle-path for horses, perhaps with blazed trees as
+guide-posts, widened slowly to travelled roads and uneven cart-ways. These
+roads followed and still wind to-day in the very lines of the foot-path
+and the cattle-track.</p>
+
+<p>The early colonists walked as did their predecessors, the Indians, on
+their own stout legs, when they travelled by land. We find even the
+governors of the colonies walking off sturdily into the forests; crossing
+the rivers and brooks on fallen trees; and sometimes being carried across
+&#8220;pick-a-back&#8221; by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> vigorous Indian guides. We have one record of Governor
+Winthrop in that dependent and rather un-governor-like attitude, and it is
+well to think of this picture of him as affording a glimpse of one of the
+human sides of his life, to balance the prevailing Chinese worship and
+idealization of him and our other ancestors.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest trail or path was the old Plymouth or Coast Path, which
+connected the capitols of two colonies, Boston and Plymouth. It ran
+through old Braintree, and its permanence was established by an action of
+the General Court in 1639. The Old Connecticut Path started from
+Cambridge, ran through Marlborough, Grafton, Oxford, and on to Springfield
+and Albany. The New Connecticut Path or Road started also from Cambridge,
+thence to Grafton, then to Worcester, Brookfield, and on to Albany. The
+Providence Path ran through Narragansett and Providence Plantations. The
+Nipmuck Trail was made from Norwich. The &#8220;Kennebunk Road by the Sea&#8221; was
+ordered by the Massachusetts Commissioners in 1653, sufficient highway
+&#8220;between towns and towns for horse and foot.&#8221; Kittery and York were
+enjoined to &#8220;make straight and convenient way along East for Man and
+Horse.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The most famous of all these paths was the one known as the Bay Path. It
+was in existence in 1673, and doubtless before. It left the Old
+Connecticut Path at Wayland, Massachusetts, and ran through Marlborough to
+Worcester, then to Oxford, Charlton, and Brookfield, where jutted off the
+Hadley<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> Path, to Ware, Belchertown, and Hadley, while the Bay Path
+rejoined the Old Connecticut Path and thus on to Springfield. Holland
+wrote of the Bay Path in his novel of that title:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;It was marked by trees a portion of the distance and by slight
+clearings of brush and thicket for the remainder. No stream was
+bridged, no hill was graded, and no marsh drained. The path led
+through woods which bore the mark of centuries, over barren hills
+which had been licked by the Indian hounds of fire, and along the
+banks of streams that the seine had never dragged. A powerful interest
+was attached to the Bay Path. It was the channel through which laws
+were communicated, through which flowed news from distant friends, and
+through which came long, loving letters and messages. That rough
+thread of soil, chipped by the blades of a hundred streams, was a
+trail that radiated at each terminus into a thousand fibres of love,
+and interest, and hope, and memory. Every rod had been prayed over by
+friends on the journey and friends at home.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Born in a home almost by the wayside of the old Bay Path, I feel deeply
+the inexplicable charm which attaches itself to these old paths or trails.
+I have ridden hundreds of miles on these various Indian paths, and I ever
+love to trace the roadway where it is now the broad, travelled road, and
+where it turns aside in an overgrown and narrow lane which is to-day
+almost as neglected and wild as the old path. There still seems to cling
+to it something of the human interest ever found in a foot-path, the
+intangible attraction which makes even the simplest foot-path across a
+pasture, or up a wooded hill, full of charm, of suggestion, of sentiment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>It is interesting to see how quickly the colonists acquired horses. Before
+John Winthrop died Massachusetts had a cavalry corps. Restrictive measures
+were enjoined by the magistrates to improve the breed and limit the number
+of horses. These horses were poor and scrubby and small, but before 1635 a
+cargo of Flemish draft horses was imported. A characteristic American
+breed, the Narragansett Pacers, was reared in Rhode Island. They were
+famous saddle-horses, giving ease of motion to the rider, being
+sure-footed and most tough and enduring. For a century they were raised in
+large numbers and sold at good prices, but became little valued after
+trotting-horses were bred and folk drove instead of riding horseback. I
+saw the last of the Narragansett Pacers. She died about twenty years ago;
+of an ugly sorrel color, with broad back and short legs and a curious
+rocking pace, she seemed almost a caricature of a horse, but was,
+nevertheless, a source of inordinate pride to her owner.</p>
+
+<p>Women rode with as much ease and frequency as men. Young girls rode on
+side saddles for long journeys. Older women rode behind men on pillions,
+which were padded cushions which had a sort of platform stirrup. An
+excellent representation of a pillion is here given in Mr. Henry&#8217;s
+charming picture, &#8220;Waiting at the Ferry,&#8221; as well as of an old-time gig
+used at the end of the eighteenth and in the early part of the nineteenth
+century.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 371px;"><img src="images/fig_077.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Waiting for the Ferry.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Horseflesh was so plentiful that &#8220;no one walked save a vagabond or a
+fool.&#8221; Doubtless our national characteristic of never walking a step when
+we can ride dates from the days &#8220;when we lived under the King.&#8221; Driving
+alone, that is, a man or woman driving for pleasure alone, without a
+driver or post-boy, is an American fashion. It was carried back to Europe
+by both the French and English officers who were here in Revolutionary
+times. The custom was noted with approval by the French in their various
+books and letters on this country. They also, La Rochefoucauld among them,
+praised our roads.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ernst, an authority upon transportation and postal matters, believes
+that our roads in the northern provinces, on the whole, were excellent. He
+says that the actual cost of the roads as contained in Massachusetts
+records proves that the notion that our New England roads were wretched is
+not founded on fact. He notes our great use of pleasure carriages as a
+proof of good roads; in 1753 Massachusetts had about seven such carriages
+to every thousand persons. The English carriages were very heavy. In
+America we adopted the light-weight continental carriages&mdash;because our
+roads were good.</p>
+
+<p>The corduroy road was one of the common road improvements made to render
+the roads passable by carts and stage-wagons. Marshy places and
+chuck-holes were filled up with saplings and logs from the crowded
+forests, and whole roads were made of logs which were cut in lengths about
+ten or twelve feet long, and laid close to each other across the road.
+Many corduroy roads still remain, and some are veritable antiques; in
+Canada they still are built. A few years ago I rode many miles over one in
+a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> miner&#8217;s springless cart over the mountains of the Alexandrite range in
+upper Canada, and I deem it the most trying ordeal I ever experienced.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as there were roads, there were ferries and bridges. Out from
+Boston to the main were ferries in 1639 to Chelsea and Charlestown. There
+was a &#8220;cart-bridge&#8221; built by Boston and Roxbury over Muddy River in 1633.
+There was a &#8220;foot-bridge&#8221; also at Scituate, and at Ipswich in 1635. In
+1634 a &#8220;horse-bridge&#8221; was built at Neponset, and others soon followed.
+These had a railing on one side only. It was a great step when the &#8220;Bay&#8221;
+granted fifty pounds to Lynn for a cart-bridge where there had been only a
+ferry. After King Philip&#8217;s War, cart-bridges multiplied; there was one in
+Scituate, one in Bristol, one in Cambridge.</p>
+
+<p>These early bridges of provincial days were but insecure makeshifts in
+many cases, miserable floating bridges being common across the wide
+rivers. In England bridges were poor also. We were to be early in fine
+bridge-building, and to excel in it as we have to this day. We were also
+in advance of the mother country in laying macadamized roads, in the use
+of mail-coaches, in modes of steam travel by water, just as we were in
+using flintlock firearms, and other advanced means of warfare.</p>
+
+<p>The Charles River between Boston and Charlestown was about as wide at the
+point where the old ferry crossed as was the Thames at London Bridge, and
+Americans were emulative of that structure. Much talking and planning was
+done, but no bridge was built across the Charles till after the
+Revolution.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> Then Lemuel Cox, a Medford shipwright, planned and built a
+successful bridge in 1786. It was the longest bridge in the world, and
+deemed a triumph of engineering. The following year he built the Malden
+Bridge, then the fine Essex Bridge at Salem. In 1770 Cox went to Ireland
+and built a bridge nine hundred feet long over the deep Foyle at
+Londonderry, Ireland. This was another American victory, for the great
+English engineer, Milne, had pronounced the deed impossible. This bridge
+was of American oak and pine, and was built by Maine lumbermen and
+carpenters.</p>
+
+<p>According to the universal &#8220;Gust of the Age&#8221;&mdash;as Dr. Prince said&mdash;the aid
+of the Muses was called in to celebrate the opening of the Charlestown
+Bridge. This took place on the anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill,
+and a vast feast was given. Broadsides were distributed bearing &#8220;poems&#8221; as
+long as the bridge. Here are a few specimen verses:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;I sing the day in which the <span class="smcap">Bridge</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Is finished and done.</span><br />
+Boston and Charlestown lads rejoice<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And fire your cannon guns.</span><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;The <span class="smcap">Bridge</span> is finished now I say<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each other bridge outvies</span><br />
+For London Bridge compared with ours<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Appears in dim disguise.</span><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Now Boston Charlestown nobly join<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And roast a fatted Ox</span><br />
+On noted Bunker Hill combine<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To toast our Patriot Cox.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span><br />
+&#8220;May North and South and Charlestown all<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agree with one consent</span><br />
+To love each one like Indian&#8217;s rum<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On publick good be bent.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>A perfect epidemic of bridge-building broke out all over the states. In
+our pride we wished to exhibit our superiority over the English
+everywhere. Throughout Maryland, Pennsylvania, and upper Virginia, fine
+wooden and stone bridges were built. On all the turnpikes the bridges
+equalled the roads. Many of those bridges still are in use. The oldest
+suspension bridge in America, the &#8220;chain-bridge&#8221; at Newburyport,
+Massachusetts, is still standing. A picture of it here is shown. It is a
+graceful bridge, and its lovely surroundings add to its charm.</p>
+
+<p>The traveller Melish noted specially, in 1812, the fine Trenton Bridge,
+&#8220;very elegant, nine hundred and seventy feet long, with two carriage
+ways&#8221;; the West Boston Bridge &#8220;three thousand feet long, with a causeway
+three thousand more&#8221;; the Schuylkill Bridge, which cost over two hundred
+thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>So bad was the state of English roads at the end of the eighteenth century
+that it took two days&#8217; and three nights&#8217; incessant travel to get from
+Manchester to Glasgow. The crossroads were worse. In many cases when
+mail-coaches had been granted, the roads were too poor to receive them.
+The ruts, or rather trenches, were up to the axletrees. When a mail-coach
+was put on the Holyhead Road in 1808, twenty-two townships were indicted
+for having their roads in a dangerous condition. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> road had vast
+sums spent upon it; in the six years succeeding 1825 it had &pound;83,700 for
+&#8220;improvements,&#8221; and repairs were paid by the tolls. Its condition now is
+very mean, grass-grown in places, and in ill-repair.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 423px;"><img src="images/fig_078.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Old Chain bridge, Newburyport, Massachusetts.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The system of road-making known as macadamizing received its name from Mr.
+Loudon McAdam, who came to England from America in 1783 at a time when
+many new roads were being made in Scotland. These roads he studied and in
+1816 became road surveyor in Bristol, where he was able to carry his
+principles into practice. The leading feature of his system was setting a
+limit in size and weight to the stones to be used on the roads, the weight
+limit being six ounces; also to prohibit any mixture of clay, earth, or
+chalk with the stone. Similar roads had been made in Pennsylvania long
+before they were laid in England, and had been tested; and without doubt
+McAdam simply followed methods he had seen successfully used in America.
+Among others the Salem and Boston Turnpike, the Essex Turnpike (between
+Salem and Andover), and the Newburyport Turnpike, all macadamized roads,
+were in successful operation before Telford and McAdam had perfected their
+systems.</p>
+
+<p>McAdam&#8217;s son, Sir James McAdam, was General Superintendent of Metropolitan
+Roads in England when, as he expressed it, &#8220;the calamity of railways fell
+upon us.&#8221; This &#8220;calamity&#8221; brought these results: coaches ran less
+frequently, and all horse-carriage decreased, toll receipts diminished,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>
+many turnpike roads became bankrupt and passed into possession of towns
+and parishes, and are kept in scarcely passable repair. Many English
+macadamized roads are only kept in order in half, while the other part of
+the road bears weeds and grass.</p>
+
+<p>The first American turnpike was not in Pennsylvania, as is usually stated,
+but in Virginia. It connected Alexandria (then supposed to be the rising
+metropolis) with &#8220;Sniggers and Vesta&#8217;s Gaps&#8221;&mdash;that is, the lower
+Shenandoah. This turnpike was started in 1785-86, and Thomas Jefferson
+pronounced it a success. In 1787 the Grand Jury of Baltimore reported the
+state of the country roads as a public grievance, and the Frederick,
+Reisterstown, and York roads were laid out anew by the county as turnpikes
+with toll-gates. In 1804 these roads were granted to corporate companies.
+Others soon followed, till all the main roads through Maryland were
+turnpikes.</p>
+
+<p>The most important early turnpike was the one known as the National Road
+because it was made by the national government. It extended at first from
+Cumberland to Wheeling, and was afterward carried farther. When first
+opened it was a hundred and thirty miles long, and cost one and
+three-quarters millions of dollars. Proposed in Congress in 1797, an act
+providing for its construction was passed nine years later, and the first
+mail-coach carrying the United States mail travelled over it in August,
+1818. It was a splendid road, sixty feet wide, of stone broken to pass
+through a three-inch ring, then covered with gravel and rolled down with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>
+an iron roller. One who saw the constructive work on it wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;That great contractor, Mordecai Cochran, with his immortal Irish
+brigade&mdash;a thousand strong, with their carts, wheelbarrows, picks,
+shovels, and blasting-tools, graded the commons and climbed the
+mountain side, leaving behind them a roadway good enough for an
+emperor.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_079.jpg" alt="" /><br />Bridge Toll-board.</div>
+
+<p>Over this National Road journeyed many congressmen to and from Washington;
+and the mail contractors, anxious to make a good impression on these
+senators and representatives, and thus gain fresh privileges and large
+appropriations, ever kept up a splendid stage line. It was on this line
+that the phrase &#8220;chalking his hat&#8221;&mdash;or the free pass system&mdash;originated.
+Mr. Reeside, the agent of the road, occasionally tendered a free ride to
+some member of Congress, and devised a hieroglyphic which he marked in
+chalk on the representative&#8217;s hat, in order that none of his drivers
+should be imposed upon by forged passes.</p>
+
+<p>The intent was to extend this road to St. Louis.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> From Cumberland to
+Baltimore the cost of construction fell on certain banks in Maryland,
+which were rechartered on condition that they completed the road. Instead
+of being a burden to them, it became a lucrative property, yielding twenty
+per cent profit for many years. Not only was this road excellently
+macadamized, but stone bridges were built for it over rivers and creeks;
+the distances were indexed by iron mileposts, and the toll-houses were
+supplied with strong iron gates.</p>
+
+<p>On other turnpikes throughout the country Irish laborers were employed to
+dig the earth and break the stone. Until this time Irish immigration had
+been slight in this country, and in many small communities where the new
+turnpikes passed the first Irish immigrants were stared at as curiosities.</p>
+
+<p>The story of the old Mohawk Turnpike is one of deep interest. After the
+Revolution a great movement of removal to the West swept through New
+England; in the winter of 1795, in three days twelve hundred sleighs
+passed through Albany bearing sturdy New England people as settlers to the
+Genesee Valley. Others came on horseback, prospecting,&mdash;farmers with
+well-filled saddle bags and pocketbooks. Among those thrifty New
+Englanders were two young men named Whetmore and Norton, from Litchfield,
+Connecticut, who noted the bad roads over which all this travel passed;
+and being surveyors, they planned and eventually carried out a turnpike.
+The first charter, granted in 1797, was for the sixteen miles between
+Albany and Schenectady. When that was finished,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> in 1800, the turnpike
+from Schenectady to Utica, sixty-eight miles long, was begun. The public
+readily subscribed to build these roads; the flow of settlers increased;
+the price of land advanced; everywhere activity prevailed. The turnpike
+was filled with great trading wagons; there was a tavern at every mile on
+the road; fifty-two within fifty miles of Albany, but there were not
+taverns enough to meet the demand caused by the great travel. Eighty or
+one hundred horses would sometimes be stabled at a single tavern. All
+teamsters desired stable-room for their horses; but so crowded were the
+tavern sheds that many carried sheets of oilcloth to spread over their
+horses at night in case they could not find shelter.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 315px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_080.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Megunticook Turnpike.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>Common wagons with narrow tires cut grooves in the macadamized road; so
+the Turnpike Company passed free all wagons with tires six inches broad or wider.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_081tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/fig_081.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+
+<p>These helped to roll down the road, and by law were not required to turn
+aside on the road save for wagons with like width of tire.</p>
+
+<p>The New York turnpikes were traversed by a steady procession of these
+great wagons, marked often in great lettering with the magic words which
+were in those days equivalent to Eldorado or Golconda&mdash;namely, &#8220;Ohio,&#8221; or
+&#8220;Genesee Valley.&#8221; Freight rates from Albany to Utica were a dollar for a
+hundred and twelve pounds.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>In 1793 the old horse-path from Albany over the mountains to the
+Connecticut River was made wide enough for the passage of a coach.
+Westward from Albany a coach ran to Whitestone, Oneida County. In 1783 the
+first regular mail was delivered at Schenectady, nearly a century after
+its settlement. Soon the &#8220;mail-stages&#8221; ran as far as Whitestone. An
+advertisement of one of these clumsy old mail-stages is here shown. We
+need not wonder at the misspelling in this advertisement of the name of
+the town, for in 1792 the Postmaster-general advertised for contracts to
+carry the mail from &#8220;Connojorharrie to Kanandarqua.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There were twelve gates on the &#8220;pike&#8221; between Utica and Schenectady; at
+Schenectady, Crane&#8217;s Village, Caughnawaga (now Fonda), Schenck&#8217;s Hollow,
+east of Wagner&#8217;s Hollow road, Garoga Creek, St. Johnsville, East Creek
+Bridge, Fink&#8217;s Ferry, Herkimer, Sterling, Utica. These gates did not swing
+on hinges, but were portcullises; a custom in other countries referred to
+in the beautiful passage in the Psalms, &#8220;Lift up your heads, O ye gates,&#8221;
+etc.</p>
+
+<p>On every toll-gate was a board with the rates of toll painted thereon. Mr.
+Rufus A. Grider gives the list of rates on the Schenectady and Utica
+Turnpike, a distance of sixty-eight miles. They seem to me exceedingly
+high.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">Cents</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&#8220;Sheep, per score</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">8</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Hogs, per score</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">8</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Cattle, per score</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .9em;">18</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Horses, per score</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .9em;">18</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Mules, per score</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .9em;">18</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Horse and Rider</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">5</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Tied horses, each</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">5</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Sulkies</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">12&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Chairs</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">12&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Chariots</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">25</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Coaches</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">25</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Coachers</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">25</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Phaetons</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">25</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Two horse Stages</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">12&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Four horse Stages</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">18&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">One horse Wagons</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">9</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Two horse Wagons</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">12&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Three horse Wagons</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">15&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Four horse Wagons tires under six inches</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">75</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Five horse Wagons</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.8em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">87&#189;</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Six horse Wagons</span><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.8em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">One horse cart</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">6</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Two ox cart</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">6</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Three ox cart</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">8</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Four ox cart</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">10</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Six ox cart</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">14</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">One horse sleigh</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">6</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Two horse or ox sleigh</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">6</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Three horse or ox sleigh</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">8</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Four horse or ox sleigh</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">10</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Five horse or ox sleigh</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">12</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Six horse or ox sleigh</span></td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.1em;">14&#8221;</span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The toll-board which hung for many years on a bridge over the Susquehanna
+River at Sidney, New York, is shown on <a href="#Page_233">page 233</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes sign-boards were hung on bridges. One is shown on <a href="#Page_239">page 239</a> which
+hung for many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> years on the wooden bridge at Washington&#8217;s Crossing at
+Taylorsville, Pennsylvania, on the Bucks County side. It was painted by
+Benjamin Hicks, of Newtown, a copy of Trumbull&#8217;s picture of Washington
+crossing the Delaware. It was thrown in the garret of a store at
+Taylorsville, and rescued by Mr. Mercer for the Bucks County Historical
+Society.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_082.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Bridge Sign-board.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The turnpike charters and toll-rates have revealed one thing to us, that
+all single-horse carriages were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> two-wheeled, such as the sulky, chair,
+chaise; while four-wheeled carriages always had at least two horses.</p>
+
+<p>Citizens and travellers deeply resented these tolls, and ofttimes rose up
+against the payment. A toll-keeper in Pelham, Massachusetts, awoke one
+morning to find his gate gone. A scrawled bit of paper read:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;The man who stopped the boy when going to the mill,<br />
+Will find his gate at the bottom of the hill.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">PACKHORSE AND CONESTOGA WAGON</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">Our</span> predecessors, the North American Indians, had no horses. An early
+explorer of Virginia said that if the country had horses and kine and were
+peopled with English, no realm in Christendom could be compared with it.
+The crude means of overland transportation common to all savages, the
+carrying of burdens on the back by various strappings, was the only mode
+known.</p>
+
+<p>Travel by land in the colonies was for many years very limited in amount,
+and equally hazardous and inconvenient. Travel by boat was so greatly
+preferred that most of the settlements continued to be made on the banks
+of rivers and along the sea-coast. Even perilous canoes were preferable to
+the miseries of land travel.</p>
+
+<p>We were slow in abandoning our water travel and water transportation.
+Water lines controlled in the East till 1800, in the West till 1860, and
+have now great revival.</p>
+
+<p>Transportation was wholly done by water. When horses multiplied,
+merchandise was drawn short distances in the winter time on crude sledges.
+Packhorses were in common use in England and on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> Continent, and the
+scrubby, enduring horses raised here soon were used as packhorses. Their
+use lingered long over the Alleghany Mountains, as it did on the mountains
+of the Pacific coast; in fact the advance guard of inland commerce in
+America has always employed packhorses.</p>
+
+<p>The first appearance of the Conestoga wagon in history (though the wagons
+were not then called by that name) was in 1755, when General Braddock set
+out on his ill-fated expedition to western Pennsylvania. There led thither
+no wagon-road, simply an Indian trail for packhorses. Braddock insisted
+strenuously to the Pennsylvania Assembly upon obtaining their assistance
+in widening the trail to a wagon-road, and also to secure one hundred and
+fifty wagons for the army. The cutting of the road was done, but when
+returns were made to Braddock at Frederick, Maryland, only twenty-five
+wagons could be obtained. Franklin said it was a pity the troops had not
+been landed in Philadelphia, since every farmer in the country thereabouts
+had a wagon. At Braddock&#8217;s earnest solicitation, Franklin issued an
+ingenious and characteristic advertisement for one hundred and fifty
+four-horse wagons, and fifteen hundred saddle- or packhorses, for the use
+of this army. The value of transportation facilities at the time is proved
+by Franklin&#8217;s terms of payment, namely: fifteen shillings a day for each
+wagon with four horses and driver, and two shillings a day for horse with
+saddle or pack. Franklin agreed that the owners should be fairly
+compensated for the loss of these wagons and horses if they were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> not
+returned, and was eventually nearly ruined by this stipulation. For the
+battle at Braddock&#8217;s Field was disastrous to the English, and the claims
+of the farmers against Franklin amounted to twenty thousand pounds. Upon
+his appeal these claims were paid by the Government under order of General
+Shirley. Franklin gathered these wagons and horses in York and Lancaster
+counties, Pennsylvania, and I doubt if York and Lancaster, England, would
+have been as good fields at that date.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 398px;"><img src="images/fig_083.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">A Wayside Friend.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Braddock&#8217;s trail became the famous route for crossing the Alleghany
+Mountains for the principal pioneers who settled southwestern Pennsylvania
+and western Virginia, and all their effects were carried to their new
+homes on packhorses. The only wealth acquired in the wilds by these
+pioneers was peltry and furs, and each autumn a caravan of packhorses was
+sent over the mountains bearing the accumulated spoils of the
+neighborhood, under the charge of a master driver and three or four
+assistants. The horses were fitted with pack-saddles, to the hinder part
+of which was fastened a pair of hobbles made of hickory withes; and a
+collar with a bell was on each horse&#8217;s neck. The horses&#8217; feed of shelled
+corn was carried in bags destined to be filled with alum salt for the
+return trip; and on the journey down, part of this feed was deposited for
+the use of the return caravan. Large wallets filled with bread, jerked
+bear&#8217;s meat, ham, and cheese furnished food for the drivers. At night the
+horses were hobbled and turned out into the woods or pasture, and the
+bells which had been muffled in the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>daytime were unfastened, to serve as
+a guide to the drivers in the morning. The furs were carried to and
+exchanged first at Baltimore as a market; later the carriers went only to
+Frederick; then to Hagerstown, Oldtown, and finally to Fort Cumberland.
+Iron and steel in various forms, and salt, were the things most eagerly
+desired by the settlers. Each horse could carry two bushels of alum salt,
+each bushel weighing eighty-four pounds. Not a heavy load, but the horses
+were scantily fed. Sometimes an iron pot or kettle was tied on either side
+on top of the salt-bag.</p>
+
+<p>Ginseng, bears&#8217; grease, and snakeroot were at a later date collected and
+added to the furs and hides. The horses marched in single file on a road
+scarce two feet wide; the foremost horse was led by the master of the
+caravan, and each successive horse was tethered to the pack-saddle of the
+one in front. Other men or boys watched the packs and urged on laggard
+horses.</p>
+
+<p>I do not know the exact mode of lading these packhorses. An English
+gentlewoman named Celia Fiennes rode on horseback on a side-saddle over
+many portions of England in the year 1695. She thus describes the
+packhorses she saw in Devon and Cornwall:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Thus harvest is bringing in, on horse backe, with sort of crookes of
+wood like yokes on either side; two or three on a side stands up in
+which they stow ye corne, and so tie it with cords; but they cannot so
+equally poise it but ye going of ye horse is like to cast it down
+sometimes on ye one side sometimes on ye other, for they load them
+from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> ye neck to ye taile, and pretty high, and are forced to support
+it with their hands so to a horse they have two people women as well
+as men.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At a later date this packhorse system became that of common carriers. Five
+hundred horses at a time, after the Revolution, could be seen winding over
+the mountains. At Lancaster, Harrisburg, Shippensburg, Bedford, Fort Pitt,
+and other towns were regular packhorse companies. One public carrier at
+Harris Ferry in 1772 had over two hundred horses and mules. When the road
+was widened and wagons were introduced, the packhorse drivers considered
+it an invasion of their rights and fiercely opposed it.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to note that the trail of the Indians and the
+horse-track of these men skilled only in woodcraft were the ones followed
+in later years by trained engineers in laying out the turnpikes and
+railroads.</p>
+
+<p>We are prone to pride ourselves in America on many things which we had no
+part in producing, on some which are in no way distinctive, and on a few
+which are not in the highest sense to our credit. Of the Conestoga wagon
+as a perfect vehicle of transportation and as an important historical
+factor we can honorably and rightfully be proud. It was a truly American
+product evolved and multiplied to fit, perfectly, existing conditions. Its
+day of usefulness is past, few ancient specimens exist; and little remains
+to remind us of it; the derivative word stogey, meaning hard, enduring,
+tough, is a legacy. Stogeys&mdash;shoes&mdash;are tough, coarse, leather<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> footwear;
+and the stogey cigar was a great, heavy, coarse cigar, originally, it is
+said, a foot long, made to fit the enduring nerves and appetite of the
+Conestoga teamsters.</p>
+
+<p>This splendid wagon was developed in Pennsylvania by topographical
+conditions, by the soft soil, by trade requirements, and by native wit. It
+was the highest type of a commodious freight-carrier by horse power that
+this or any country has ever known; it was called the Conestoga wagon from
+the vicinity in which they were first in common use.</p>
+
+<p>These wagons had a boat-shaped body with curved canoe-shaped bottom which
+fitted them specially for mountain use; for in them freight remained
+firmly in place at whatever angle the body might be. This wagon body was
+painted blue or slate-color and had bright vermilion red sideboards. The
+rear end could be lifted from its sockets; on it hung the feed-trough for
+the horses. On one side of the body was a small tool-chest with a slanting
+lid. This held hammer, wrench, hatchet, pincers, and other simple tools.
+Under the rear axletree were suspended a tar-bucket and water-pail.</p>
+
+<p>In the interesting and extensive museum of old-time articles of domestic
+use gathered intelligently by the Historical Society of Bucks County,
+Pennsylvania, are preserved some of the wagon grease-pots or <i>Tar-lodel</i>,
+which formed part of the furniture of the Conestoga wagon. A tree section
+about a foot long and six inches in diameter was bored and scraped out to
+make a pot. The outer upper rim was circumscribed with a groove, and
+fitted with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> leather thongs, by which it was hung to the axle of the
+wagon. Filled with grease and tar it was ever ready for use. Often a
+leather <i>Tar-lodel</i> took the place of this wooden grease-pot. The wheels
+had broad tires, sometimes nearly a foot broad. The wagon bodies were
+arched over with six or eight bows, of which the middle ones were the
+lowest. These were covered with a strong, pure-white hempen cover corded
+down strongly at the sides and ends. These wagons could be loaded up to
+the top of the bows and carried four to six tons each,&mdash;about a ton&#8217;s
+weight to each horse.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 286px;"><img src="images/fig_084.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Conestoga Wagon.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Sleek, powerful horses of the Conestoga breed were used by prosperous
+teamsters. These horses, usually from four to seven in number, were often
+carefully matched, all dapple-gray or all bay. From Baltimore ran wagons
+with twelve horses. They were so intelligent, so well cared for, so
+perfectly broken, that they seemed to take pleasure in their work. The
+heavy, broad harnesses were costly, of the best leather, trimmed with
+brass plates; often each horse had a housing of deerskin or bearskin edged
+with scarlet fringe, while the headstall was gay with ribbons and ivory
+rings, and colored worsted rosettes.</p>
+
+<p>Bell-teams were common; an iron or brass arch was fastened upon the hames,
+and collar and bells were suspended from it. Each horse save the
+saddle-horse had a full set of musical bells tied with gay ribbons; among
+these were the curious old ear-bells. In England these ear-bells dangled
+two on each side on a strap which passed over the horse&#8217;s head behind the
+ears and buckled into the cheeks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> of the headstall. On the forehead stood
+up from this strap a stiff tuft or brush (a Russian cockade) of colored
+horsehair fixed in a brass socket. Even the reins were of high colors,
+scarlet and orange and green. The driver walking alongside, or seated
+astride the saddle-horse, governed the perfectly broken and intelligent
+creatures with a precision and ease that was beautiful to see. A curious
+adjustable seat called a lazy-board was sometimes hung at the side of the
+wagon, and afforded a precarious resting place.</p>
+
+<p>These teamsters carried a whip, long and light, which, like everything
+used by them, was of the finest and best materials. It had a fine
+squirrel-skin or silk &#8220;cracker.&#8221; This whip was carried under the arm, and
+the Conestoga horses were guided more by the crack than by the blow.</p>
+
+<p>All chronicles agree that a fully equipped Conestoga wagon in the days
+when those wagons were in their prime was a truly pleasing sight, giving
+one that sense of satisfaction which ever comes from the regard of any
+object, especially a piece of mechanism, which is perfectly fitted for the
+object it is designed to attain. An American poet writes of them:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">&#8220;The old road blossoms with romance</span><br />
+Of covered vehicles of every grade<br />
+From ox-cart of most primitive design<br />
+To Conestoga wagons with their fine<br />
+Deep-dusted, six-horse teams in heavy gear,<br />
+High hames and chiming bells&mdash;to childish ear<br />
+And eye entrancing as the glittering train<br />
+Of some sun-smitten pageant of old Spain.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>The number of these wagons was vast. At one time over three thousand ran
+constantly back and forward between Philadelphia and other Pennsylvania
+towns. Sometimes a hundred would follow in close row; &#8220;the leaders of one
+wagon with their noses in the trough of the wagon ahead.&#8221; These &#8220;Regulars&#8221;
+with fully equipped Conestoga wagons made freighting their constant and
+only business. Farmers and teamsters who made occasional trips, chiefly
+during the farmers&#8217; dull season&mdash;the winter&mdash;were called &#8220;Militia.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A local poet wrote of them:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Militia-men drove narrow treads,<br />
+Four horses and plain red Dutch beds,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And always carried grub and feed.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Grub,&#8221; food for the driver, and feed for the horses was seldom carried by
+the Regulars; but the horses when unharnessed always fed from the long
+troughs which were hitched to the wagon pole.</p>
+
+<p>All these teamsters carried their own blankets, and many carried also a
+narrow mattress about two feet wide which they slept upon. This was
+strapped in a roll in the morning and put into the wagon. Often the
+teamsters slept on the barroom floor around the fireplace, feet to the
+fire. Some taverns had bunks with wooden covers around the sides of the
+room. The teamster spread his lunch on the top or cover of his bunk; when
+he had finished he could lift the lid, and he had a coffinlike box to
+sleep in&mdash;but this was an unusual luxury. McGowan&#8217;s Tavern was a favorite
+stopping place.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> The barroom had a double chimney and fire-places; fifteen
+feet of blazing hearth meant comfort, and allured all teamsters. The blood
+of battle stained the walls and ceiling, which the landlord never removed
+to show that he &#8220;meant business.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Conestoga wagons were in constant use in times of war as well as in
+peace. They were not only furnished to Braddock&#8217;s army, as has been told,
+but to the Continental army in the War of the Revolution. President Reed
+of Pennsylvania wrote to General Washington in 1780 that &#8220;the army had
+been chiefly supplied with horses and waggons from this state
+(Pennsylvania) during the war,&#8221; and it was also declared that half the
+supplies furnished the army came from the same state. Reed deplored the
+fact that a further demand for over one thousand teams was to be made on
+them, and said the state could not stand it.</p>
+
+<p>During the War of 1812 these wagons transported arms, ammunition, and
+supplies to the army on the frontier. Long lines of these teams could be
+seen carrying solace and re&euml;nforcements to the soldiers.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_085_top.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Stage Waggon.</span></p>
+
+<p class="note">While the old waggoner is stopping to drink, poor Jack the soldier is
+bidding his wife good bye.&mdash;She has come a long way with her children to
+see him once more: and now is going home again in the waggon. She does not
+know whether she shall ever see him again.&mdash;Jack was obliged to leave his
+country life, and his good master, and his plough and his comfortable
+cottage, and his poor wife and little ones to go and be a soldier, and
+learn to fight, because <i>other people</i> would quarrel.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_085_bottom.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In England a huge, clumsy wagon was used for common carrier and passenger
+transportation, until our own day. It was inferior to the Conestoga wagon
+in detail and equipments. Illustrations from an old print in a child&#8217;s
+story-book are given of these wagons on <a href="#Page_251">page 251</a>. Their most marked
+characteristic was the width of wheel tire. From the middle colonies the
+Conestoga wagon found its way to every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> colony and every settlement; nor
+did its life end in the Eastern states or with the establishment of
+railroads. Renamed the &#8220;prairie schooner,&#8221; it carried civilization and
+emigration across the continent to the Golden Gate. Till our own day the
+white tilts could be seen slowly travelling westward. The bleaching bones
+of these wagons may be still seen in our far West, and are as distinct
+relics of that old pioneer Western life as are the bones of the buffalo. A
+few wagons still remain in Pennsylvania, in Lancaster County; the one
+painted by Hovenden in &#8220;Westward Ho&#8221; is in the collection of the Bucks
+County Historical Society. One toiled slowly and painfully, in the year
+1899, up the green hillsides of Vermont, bearing two or three old people
+and a few shattered household gods&mdash;the relics, human and material, of a
+family that had &#8220;gone West&#8221; many years ago.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">EARLY STAGE-COACHES AND OTHER VEHICLES</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> story of the stage-coach begins at a much later date than that of the
+tavern; but the two allies reached the height of their glory together. No
+more prosperous calling ever existed than that of landlord of an old-time
+stage-tavern; no greater symbol of good cheer could be afforded. Though a
+popular historical novel by one of our popular writers shows us the
+heroine in a year of the seventeenth century conveyed away from her New
+England home in a well-equipped stage-coach, there were no stage-coaches
+at that date in New England, nor were they overfrequent in Old England.</p>
+
+<p>Stow says, in his <i>Survey of London</i> (1633): &#8220;Of old time, Coaches were
+not known in this Island but Chariots or Whirlicotes.&#8221; The whirlicote is
+described as a cot or bed on wheels, a sort of wheeled litter, and was
+used as early as the time of Richard II. The first coach made in England
+by Walter Rippen was for the Earl of Rutland, in 1555. The queen had one
+the next year, and Queen Elizabeth a state coach eight years later from
+the same maker. That splendid association&mdash;&#8220;The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> Company of Coach and
+Harness Makers,&#8221; was founded by Charles II. in May, 1667.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_086.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">English Coach, 1747.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Venomous diatribes were set in print against coaches, as is usual with all
+innovations, useful and otherwise. Of them the assertions of Taylor the
+&#8220;Water Poet&#8221; are good examples. He said that coaches dammed the streets,
+and aided purse-cutting; that butchers could not pass with their cattle;
+that market-folk were hindered in bringing victuals to town; that carts
+and carriers were stopped; that milkmaids were flung in the dirt; that
+people were &#8220;crowded and shrowded up against stalls and stoops&#8221;&mdash;still
+coaches continued to be built.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>The early English stage-coaches were clumsy machines. One of the year 1747
+is shown on the opposite page. With no windows, no seats or railing on
+top, and an uncomfortable basket rumble behind, they seem crude and
+inconvenient enough when compared with the dashing mail-coaches which were
+evolved a century later, and were such a favorite subject with English
+painters, engravers, and lithographers for many years. Those pictures
+expressed, as Dickens said, &#8220;past coachfulness: pictures of colored prints
+of coaches starting, arriving, changing horses, coaches in the sunshine,
+coaches in the snow, coaches in the wind, coaches in the mist and rain,
+coaches in all circumstances compatible with their triumph and victory,
+but never in the act of breaking down or overturning.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A copy of one of those prints of an English mail-coach, in the height of
+its career, is shown opposite <a href="#Page_257">page 256</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Stage-wagons were used throughout England as a means of cheaper
+conveyance. They were intolerably slow and equally clumsy. On <a href="#Page_251">page 251</a> a
+leaf from an old-time English story-book shows two of these lumbering
+vehicles, which ill compare with the English mail-coaches.</p>
+
+<p>Coaching days in England have had ample and entertaining record in
+instructive and reminiscent books, such as: <i>Brighton and its Coaches</i>, by
+William C. A. Blew, 1894; <i>The Brighton Road</i>, <i>etc.</i>, by Charles G.
+Harper, 1892; <i>Old Coaching Days</i>, by Stanley Harris, 1882; <i>Annals of the
+Road</i>, by Captain Malet, 1876; <i>Down the Road</i>, <i>etc.</i>, by C. T. S.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> Birch
+Reynardson, 1875; <i>Coaching Days and Coaching Ways</i>, by W. Outram Tristam,
+1888.</p>
+
+<p>We have no similar anecdotic and personal records of American coaching
+life, though we have the two fine books of modern coaching ways entitled
+<i>Driving for Pleasure</i>, by Francis T. Underhill, and <i>A Manual of
+Coaching</i>, by Fairman Rogers, both most interesting and valuable.</p>
+
+<p>We began early in our history to have coaches. Even Governor Bradstreet in
+his day rode in a hackney coach. John Winthrop, of Connecticut, had a
+private coach in 1685; Sir Edmund Andros had one in Boston in 1687. At the
+funeral of the lieutenant-governor in 1732 in Boston there were plenty of
+coaches, though there were few in New York; the provincial governors
+usually had one. Watson, in his <i>Annals of Philadelphia</i>, gives a list of
+all private citizens who kept carriages in that city in 1761&mdash;there were
+but thirty-eight. There were three coaches, two landaus, eighteen
+chariots, and fifteen chairs. Eleven years later only eighty-four
+Philadelphians had private carriages. In 1794, when the city had a
+population of about fifty thousand, eight hundred and forty-seven
+carriage-owners appear: among them were found thirty-three coaches and one
+hundred and fifty-seven coachees.</p>
+
+<p>The testimony of the traveller Bennet, who was in Boston in 1740, is most
+explicit on the subject of travel and transportation in that city and
+vicinity:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;There are several families in Boston that keep a coach and a pair of
+horses, and some few drive with four horses; <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>but for chaises and
+saddle-horses, considering the bulk of the place, they outdo London.
+They have some nimble, lively horses for the coach, but not any of
+that beautiful black breed so common in London. Their saddle-horses
+all pace naturally, and are generally counted sure-footed; but they
+are not kept in that fine order as in England. The common
+draught-horses used in carts about the town are very small and poor,
+and seldom have their fill of anything but labor. The country carts
+and wagons are generally drawn by oxen, from two to six according to
+the distance, or the burden they are laden with.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 389px;"><img src="images/fig_087.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Quicksilver Royal Mail, 1835.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The traveller Weld thus described the peculiarly American carriage called
+a &#8220;coachee&#8221;:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The body of it is rather longer than a coach, but of the same shape.
+In the front it is left quite open down to the bottom, and the driver
+sits on a bench under the roof of the carriage. There are two seats in
+it for passengers, who sit in it with their faces to the horses. The
+roof is supported by small props which are placed at the corners. On
+each side of the door, above the panels, it is quite open; and, to
+guard against bad weather, there are curtains which let down from the
+roof and fasten to buttons on the outside. The light wagons are in the
+same construction, and are calculated to hold from four to twelve
+people. The wagon has no doors, but the passengers scramble in the
+best way they can over the seat of the driver. The wagons are used
+universally for stage-coaches.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A vehicle often mentioned by Judge Sewall and contemporary writers is a
+calash. It was a clumsy thing, an open seat set on a low and heavy pair of
+wheels. A curricle had two horses, a chaise one; both had what were called
+whip springs behind and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> elbow springs in front. A whisky was a light body
+fixed in shafts which were connected with long horizontal springs by
+scroll irons. A French traveller tells of riding around Boston in a
+whisky. The chair so often named in letters, wills, etc., was not a
+sedan-chair, but was much like a chaise without a top.</p>
+
+<p>The French chaise was introduced here by the Huguenots before the year
+1700. The Yankee &#8220;shay&#8221; is simply the fancied singular number of the
+French chaise. We improved upon the French vehicle, and finally replaced
+it by our characteristic carriage, the buggy.</p>
+
+<p>Chariots were a distinctly aristocratic vehicle, used as in England by
+persons of wealth, and deemed a great luxury. One was advertised in Boston
+in 1743 as &#8220;a very handsome chariot, fit for town or country, lined with
+red coffy, handsomely carved and painted, with a whole front glass, the
+seat-cloth embroided with silver, and a silk fringe round the seat.&#8221; It
+was offered for sale by John Lucas, a Boston coach-builder, and had
+doubtless been built by him.</p>
+
+<p>The ancient chariot shown on <a href="#Page_259">page 259</a>, formerly belonging to John Brown,
+the founder of Brown University, is preserved at the old Occupasnetuxet
+homestead in Warwick, Rhode Island, securely stored in one of the carriage
+houses on the estate, a highly prized relic of days long ago. In this
+ancient vehicle General Washington rode from place to place when he made
+his visit to Rhode Island in August, 1790, escorted by John Brown, the
+ancestor of its present owners.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_088.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">&#8220;One Hoss Shay.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>The body of this old chariot is suspended on heavy thorough-braces
+attached to heavy iron holders as large as a man&#8217;s wrist, the forward ones
+so curved as to allow the forward wheels to pass under them, in order that
+the chariot may be turned within a short compass. It has but one seat for
+passengers, which will accommodate two persons; and an elevated seat for
+the driver, which is separate from the main body. The wheels are heavy,
+the hind ones twice the height of the forward ones, the tires of which are
+attached to the felloes in several distinct pieces.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_089.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Washington Chariot.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>It is easy to picture the importance attached to buying or owning a
+wheeled vehicle in a community which rode chiefly on horseback.
+Contemporary evidence of this is often found, such as these entries in the
+diary of Rev. Joseph Emerson of Malden. In the winter of 1735 he writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Some talk about my buying a Shay. How much reason have I to watch and
+pray and strive against inordinate Affection for the Things of the World.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A week later, however, he proudly recalls the buying of the &#8220;Shay&#8221; for &pound;27
+10<i>s.</i>, which must<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> have made a decided hole in his year&#8217;s salary. His
+delight in his purchase and possession is somewhat marred by noting that
+his parishioners smile as he is drawn past them in his magnificence; it is
+also decidedly taken down by the vehicle being violently overturned,
+though his wife and he were uninjured. It cost a pretty penny, moreover,
+to get it repaired. He scarce gets the beloved but sighed-over &#8220;Shay&#8221; home
+when he thus notes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Went to the beach with 3 of the Children in my Shay. The beast being
+frighted when we all were out of the shay, overturned and broke it. I
+desire&mdash;I hope I desire it&mdash;that the Lord would teach me suitably to
+repent this Providence, to make suitable remarks on it, and to be
+suitably affected with it. Have I done well to get me a Shay? Have I
+not been too fond &amp; too proud of this convenience? Should I not be
+more in my study and less fond of driving? Do I not withold more than
+is meet from charity? &amp;c.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Shortly afterward, as the &#8220;beast&#8221; continued to be &#8220;frighted,&#8221; he sold his
+horse and shay to a fellow-preacher, Rev. Mr. Smith, who&mdash;I doubt
+not&mdash;went through the same elations, depressions, frightings, and
+self-scourgings in which the Puritan spirit and horseman&#8217;s pride so
+strongly clashed.</p>
+
+<p>On May 13, 1718, Jonathan Wardwell&#8217;s stage-coach left Jonathan Wardwell&#8217;s
+Orange Tree in Boston and ran to Rhode Island&mdash;that is, the island proper.
+At any rate, it was advertised in Boston newspapers as starting at that
+date. In 1721 there was a road-wagon over the same route. In 1737 two
+imported stage-coaches were advertised<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> for this road, and doubtless many
+travellers used these coaches, which connected with the boats for New
+York.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_090_tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/fig_090.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+
+<p>The early coaching conveyances were named. In 1767 it was a &#8220;stage-chaise&#8221;
+that ran between Salem and Boston, while a &#8220;stage-coach&#8221; and &#8220;stage-wagon&#8221;
+were on other short routes out of Boston. In 1772 a &#8220;stage-chariot&#8221; was on
+the road between Boston and Marblehead. &#8220;Flying Mail-Stages&#8221; came later,
+and in 1773 Thomas Beals ran &#8220;Mail Stage Carriages between Boston and
+Providence.&#8221; In England there were &#8220;Flying-Machines&#8221; and &#8220;Flying-Waggons.&#8221;
+An old English road-bill dated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> 1774 ends with this sentence, &#8220;The Rumsey
+Machine, through Winchester, hung on Steel Springs begins flying on the
+3rd of April from London to Poole in One Day.&#8221; On the Paulus Hook route to
+
+Philadelphia in 1772 the proprietor announced a vehicle &#8220;in imitation of a
+coach&#8221;&mdash;and perhaps that is all that any of these carriages could be
+rightfully called.</p>
+
+<p>One of the clearest pictures which has come down to us of travelling in
+the early years of our national existence is found in the pages relating
+the travels of a young Englishman named Thomas Twining, in the United
+States in the year 1795. He journeyed by &#8220;stage-waggon&#8221; from Philadelphia,
+through Chester and Wilmington, to Baltimore, then to Washington, then
+back to Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>He fully describes the stage-wagon in which he made these journeys:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The vehicle was a long car with four benches. Three of these in the
+interior held nine passengers. A tenth passenger was seated by the
+side of the driver on the front bench. A light roof was supported by
+eight slender pillars, four on each side. Three large leather curtains
+suspended to the roof, one at each side and the third behind, were
+rolled up or lowered at the pleasure of the passengers. There was no
+place nor space for luggage, each person being expected to stow his
+things as he could under his seat or legs. The entrance was in front
+over the driver&#8217;s bench. Of course the three passengers on the back
+seat were obliged to crawl across all the other benches to get to
+their places. There were no <i>backs</i> to the benches to support and
+relieve us during a rough and fatiguing journey over a newly and
+ill-made road.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>Mr. Jansen, who resided in America from 1793 to 1806, wrote a book
+entitled <i>The Stranger in America</i>. In it he described the coach between
+Philadelphia and New York with some distinctness:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The vehicle, the American stage-coach, which is of like construction
+throughout the country, is calculated to hold twelve persons, who sit
+on benches placed across with their faces toward the horses. The front
+seat holds three, one of whom is the driver. As there are no doors at
+the sides, the passengers get in over the front wheels. The first get
+seats behind the rest, the most esteemed seat because you can rest
+your shaken frame against the back part of the wagon. Women are
+generally indulged with it; and it is laughable to see them crawling
+to this seat. If they have to be late they have to straddle over the
+men seated further in front.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It will be readily seen that the description of this coach is precisely
+like that given by Weld in his <i>Travels</i>, and like the picture of it in
+the latter book. An excellent representation of this stage-wagon is given
+in Mr. Edward Lamson Henry&#8217;s picture of the Indian Queen Tavern at
+Blattensburg, Maryland, a copy of which is shown facing <a href="#Page_33">page 33</a>. Cruder
+ones may be seen in the various advertisements of eighteenth-century stage
+lines.</p>
+
+<p>The coach-body of the year 1818 had an egg-shaped body and was suspended
+on thick leather straps, called thorough-braces, which gave the vehicle a
+comparatively easy motion. After being worn these frequently broke, and
+one side of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> coach would settle. The patient travellers then alighted,
+took a rail from an adjoining fence, righted up the body of the coach, and
+went on slowly to the next village for repairs.</p>
+
+<p>This coach had a foot-board for the driver&#8217;s feet, and a trunk-rack bolted
+to the axletrees. One is here shown, and an old cut on <a href="#Page_273">page 273</a>. A few
+still exist and are in use.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_091.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Stage-coach of 1818.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Ten years later the fashion of coaches had changed, and of boats, as shown
+by the cut on the opposite page. This view is at the first lock on Erie
+Canal above Albany.</p>
+
+<p>All the various forms of coaches were superseded and made obsolete by the
+incomparable Concord coach, first built in Concord, New Hampshire, in
+1827.</p>
+
+<p>The story of the Concord coach is one of profound interest, and should be
+given in detail. It has justly been pronounced the only perfect passenger
+vehicle for travelling that has ever been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> built. To every state and
+territory in the Union, to every country in the world where there are
+roads on which such a coach could run, have these Concord coaches been
+sent. In spite of steam and electric cars they still are manufactured in
+large numbers, and are still of constant use. There is really very little
+difference between the older Concord coaches, such as the one used by
+Buffalo Bill, shown on <a href="#Page_267">page 266</a>, and one of the stanch, well-equipped
+modern ones used in mountain travel, such as is shown facing <a href="#Page_269">page 268</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_092.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Stage-coach of 1828.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The word stage-coach was originally applied to a coach which ran from
+station to station over a number of stages of the road, usually with fresh
+horses for each stage. It was not used to designate a coach which ran only
+a short distance. Mr. Fairman Rogers notes as an example of the curious
+changes of language the custom in New York of calling a short-route
+omnibus a stage. We all recall the tottering Broadway stages; we still
+have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> the Fifth Avenue stages with us. This debased use of the word is not
+an Americanism, nor is it modern. Swift speaks of riding in the six-penny
+stage; and Cowper has a similar usage. The word drag, originally applied
+to a public road-coach, now is used for a coach for private driving. The
+incorrect American use of the word tally-ho, as a general name for a coach
+and four, dates from 1876, when Colonel Delancey Kane first ran his
+road-coach from the Brunswick Hotel in New York to Pelham. It chanced to
+be named Tally-ho after English coaches of that name, and the word was
+adopted from the individual to a class. Barge, as applied to a long
+omnibus, is apparently a modern Americanism. I heard it first about ten
+years ago. Alighting from the cars, travel-tired and dusty, at a New
+England coast town one July afternoon, we asked the distance to a certain
+hotel; and we were told it was four miles, and we could go either by sloop
+or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> barge, and that &#8220;the barge got there first.&#8221; We gladly welcomed the
+possibility of closing our journey with a short, refreshing water trip,
+but decided that the sloop might be delayed by adverse winds, and we would
+trust to the barge, which we inferred was propelled by steam. On stating
+our preference for the barge we were waved into a long, heavy omnibus
+harnessed with a &#8220;spike&#8221; team of three jaded horses that soon stumbled
+along the dry road, choking us with the dust of their slow progress. After
+riding nearly half an hour we called out despondingly to the driver, &#8220;When
+do we reach the wharf?&#8221; &#8220;We ain&#8217;t goin&#8217; to the wharf,&#8221; he drawled. &#8220;Where
+do we take the barge then, and when?&#8221; &#8220;You&#8217;re a-ridin&#8217; in the barge now,&#8221;
+he answered, and thus we added another example to our philological
+studies.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 261px;"><img src="images/fig_093.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Old Concord Coach.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Our first conveyance of goods and persons was by water, and the word
+transportation was one of our sea terms applied to inland traffic. Mr.
+Ernst has pointed out that many sea terms besides the word barge have
+received a land use. &#8220;The conductor shouts his marine &#8216;All aboard,&#8217; and
+railroad men tell of &#8216;shipping&#8217; points that have nothing to do with
+navigation. We ship by rail, and out West they used to have &#8216;prairie
+schooners.&#8217; Of late we go by &#8216;trolley,&#8217; and that word is borrowed from the
+sailors. Our locomotives have a &#8216;pilot&#8217; each, and even &#8216;freight&#8217; has a
+marine origin.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The first line of stages established between New York and Philadelphia
+made the trip in about three days. The stage was simply a Jersey wagon
+without<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> springs. The quaint advertisement of the route appeared in the
+<i>Weekly Mercury</i> of March 8, 1759:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Philadelphia Stage Waggon and New York Stage Boat perform their
+stages twice a week. John Butler with his waggon sets out on Monday
+from his house at the sign of the &#8216;Death of the Fox&#8217; in Strawberry
+Alley, and drives the same day to Trenton Ferry, where Francis Holman
+meets him, and the passengers and goods being shifted into the waggon
+of Isaac Fitzrandolph, he takes them to the New Blazing Star to Jacob
+Fitzrandolph&#8217;s the same day, where Rubin Fitzrandolph, with a boat
+well suited will receive them and take them to New York that night:
+John Butler, returning to Philadelphia on Tuesday with the passengers
+and goods delivered to him by Francis Holman, will set out again for
+Trenton Ferry on Thursday, and Francis Holman, &amp;c., will carry his
+passengers and goods with the same expedition as above to New York.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The driver of this flying machine, old Butler, was an aged huntsman who
+kept a kennel of hounds till foxes were shy of Philadelphia streets, when
+his old sporting companions thus made a place for him.</p>
+
+<p>With such a magnificent road as the National Road, it was natural there
+should be splendid coaching upon it. At one time there were four lines of
+stage-coaches on the Cumberland Road: the National Line, Pioneer, Good
+Intent, and June Bug. Curiously enough, no one can find out, no one is
+left to tell, why or wherefore the latter absurd and undignified name was
+given. An advertisement of the &#8220;Pioneer Fast Stage Line&#8221; is given on
+<a href="#Page_270">page 270</a>. Relays of horses were made every ten or twelve<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> miles. It was
+bragged that horses were changed ere the coach stopped rocking. No heavy
+luggage was taken, and at its prime but nine passengers to a coach. These
+were on what was called Troy coaches. The Troy coach was preceded by a
+heavy coach built at Cumberland, and carrying sixteen persons, and a
+lighter egg-shaped vehicle made at Trenton; and it was succeeded by the
+famous Concord coach. Often fourteen coaches started off together loaded
+with passengers. The mail-coach had a horn; it left Wheeling at six in the
+morning, and twenty-four hours later dashed into Cumberland, one hundred
+and thirty-two miles away. The mail was very heavy. Sometimes it took
+three to four coaches to transport it; there often would be fourteen
+lock-bags and seventy-two canvas sacks.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 378px;"><img src="images/fig_094.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Concord Coach at Toll Gate.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The drivers had vast rivalry. Here, as elsewhere all over the country, the
+test of their mettle was the delivery of the President&#8217;s message. There
+was powerful reason for this rivalry; the letting of mail contracts hinged
+on the speed of this special delivery. Dan Gordon claimed he carried the
+message thirty-two miles in two hours and twenty minutes, changing teams
+three times. Dan Noble professed to have driven from Wheeling to
+Hagerstown, one hundred and eighty-five miles, in fifteen hours and a
+half.</p>
+
+<p>The rivalry of drivers and coach-owners extended to passengers, who became
+violent partisans of the road on which they travelled, and a threatening
+exhibition of bowie knives and pistols was often made. When the Baltimore
+and Ohio Railroad<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> was completed to Wheeling, these stage-coaches had
+their deathblow.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_095.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The expense of travelling in 1812 between Philadelphia and Pittsburg, a
+distance of two hundred and ninety-seven miles, was twenty dollars by
+stage with way-expenses of seven dollars, and it took six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> days. The
+expense by wagon was five dollars a hundred weight for persons and
+property, and the way-expenses were twelve dollars, for it took twenty
+days.</p>
+
+<p>In England, in the prime days of coaching, rates were fourpence or
+fivepence a mile inside, and twopence or threepence outside. The highest
+fares were of course on the mail-coaches and fast day-coaches; the lower
+rates were on the heavy night-coaches.</p>
+
+<p>At an early date there were good lines of conveyance between Boston and
+Providence, and from Providence to other towns. The early editions of old
+almanacs tell of these coaching routes. <i>The New England Almanack</i> for
+1765 gave two routes to Hartford, the distances being given from tavern to
+tavern. <i>The New England Town &amp; County Almanack</i> for 1769 announced a
+coach between Providence and Norwich, &#8220;a day&#8217;s journey only,&#8221; and two
+coaches a week between Providence and Boston, also performing this journey
+in a day. In 1793, Israel Hatch announced daily stages between the two
+towns; he had &#8220;six good coaches and experienced drivers,&#8221; and the fare was
+but a dollar. He closed his notice, &#8220;He is also determined, at the
+expiration of the present contract for carrying the mail from Providence
+to Boston, to carry it gratis, which will undoubtedly prevent any further
+under-biddings of the Envious.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The Envious&#8221; was probably Thomas Beal, whose rival carriages were
+pronounced &#8220;genteel and easy.&#8221; His price was nine shillings &#8220;and less if
+any other person will carry them for that sum.&#8221;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> When passenger steamboats
+were put on the route between Providence and New York these lines of
+coaches became truly important. Often twenty full coach-loads were carried
+each way each day. The editor of the <i>Providence Gazette</i> wrote with
+pride, &#8220;We were rattled from Providence to Boston in four hours and fifty
+minutes&mdash;if any one wants to go faster he may send to Kentucky and charter
+a streak of lightning.&#8221; But with speed came increased fares&mdash;three dollars
+a trip. This exorbitant sum soon produced a rival cheaper line&mdash;at two
+dollars and a half a ticket. The others then lowered to two dollars, and
+the two lines alternated in reduction till the conquered old line
+announced it would carry the first booked applicants for nothing. The new
+stage line then advertised that they would carry patrons free of expense,
+and furnish a dinner at the end of the journey. The old line was rich and
+added a bottle of wine to a like offer.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Shaffer, a fashionable teacher of dancing and deportment in Boston, an
+arbiter in social life, and man about town, had a gay ride on Monday to
+Providence, a good dinner, and the promised bottle of wine. On Tuesday he
+rode more gayly back to Boston, had his dinner and wine, and on Wednesday
+started to Providence again. With a crowd of gay young sparks this frolic
+continued till Saturday, when the rival coach lines compromised and signed
+a contract to charge thereafter two dollars a trip.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_096.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">New Omnibus &#8220;Accommodation.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In 1818 all the lines in eastern Massachusetts and New Hampshire, and
+others in Maine and Rhode Island, were formed into a syndicate, the
+Eastern Stage Company; and it had an unusual career. The capital stock
+consisted of four hundred and twenty-five shares at a hundred dollars
+each. Curiously enough, the contracts and agreements signed at the time of
+the union do not ever mention its object; it might be a sewing-machine
+company, or an oil or ice trust. It had at once an enormous business, for
+it was born great. The profits were likewise enormous; the directors&#8217;
+meetings were symposiums of satisfaction, and stockholders gloated over
+their incomes. In 1829 there were seventy-seven stage-coach lines from
+Boston; the fare to Albany (about two hundred miles) was six dollars, and
+eight dollars and seventy-five cents by the &#8220;Mail Line.&#8221; The fare to
+Worcester was two dollars; to Portland, eight dollars; to Providence, two
+dollars and a half. In 1832 there were one hundred and six coach lines
+from Boston. The <i>Boston Traveller</i> was started as a stage-coach paper in
+1825, whence its name. Time-tables and stage-lists were issued by Badger
+and Porter from 1825<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> to 1836. After twelve years, the Eastern Stage
+Company was incorporated in New Hampshire, but even then luck was turning.
+There was no one shrewd enough to heed the warning which might have been
+heard through the land, &#8220;Look out for the engine,&#8221; and soon the assets of
+the stage company were as dust and ashes; everything was sold out at vast
+loss, and in 1838&mdash;merely a score of years, not even &#8220;come of age&#8221;&mdash;the
+Eastern Stage Company ceased to exist. On its prosperous routes, during
+the first ten years, myriads of taverns had sprung up; vast brick stables
+had been built for the hundreds of horses, scores of blacksmiths&#8217; forges
+had been set up, and some of these shops were very large. These buildings
+were closed as suddenly as they were built, and rotted unused.</p>
+
+<p>This period of the brilliant existence of the Eastern Stage Company was
+also the date of the coaching age of England, given by Stanley Harris as
+from 1820 to 1840. The year 1836, which saw the publication of <i>Pickwick</i>,
+wherein is so fine a picture of old coaching days, was the culminating
+point of the mail-coach system. Just as it was perfected it was rendered
+useless by the railroad.</p>
+
+<p>In the earliest colonial days, before the official appointment of any
+regular post-rider, letters were carried along the coast or to the few
+inland towns by chance travellers or by butchers who made frequent trips
+to buy and sell cattle. John Winthrop, of New London, sent letters by
+these butcher carriers.</p>
+
+<p>In 1672 &#8220;Indian posts&#8221; carried the Albany winter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> mail. With a
+retrospective shiver we read a notice of 1730 that &#8220;whoever inclines to
+perform the foot-post to Albany this winter may make application to the
+Post-Master.&#8221; Lonely must have been his solitary journey up the solemn
+river, skating along under old Cro&#8217; Nest.</p>
+
+<p>The first regular mounted post from New York to Boston started January 1,
+1673. He had two &#8220;port-mantles&#8221; which were crammed with letters, &#8220;small
+portable goods and divers bags.&#8221; It was enjoined that he must be active,
+stout, indefatigable, and honest. He changed horses at Hartford. He was
+ordered to keep an eye out for the best roads, best ways through forests,
+for ferries, fords, etc., to watch keenly for all fugitive servants and
+deserters, and to be kind to all persons travelling in his company. During
+the month that he was gone the mail was collected in a box in the office
+of the Colonial Secretary. The arrivals and departure of these posts were
+very irregular. In 1704 we read, &#8220;Our Philadelphia post (to New York) is a
+week behind, and not yet com&#8217;d in.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In unusual or violent weather the slowness of mail carriage was appalling.
+Salem and Portsmouth are about forty miles apart. In March, 1716, the
+&#8220;post&#8221; took nine days for one trip between the two towns and eight days
+the other. He was on snowshoes, and he reported drifts from six to
+fourteen feet deep; but even so, four to five miles a day was rather
+minute progress.</p>
+
+<p>It is pleasant to read in the <i>Winthrop Letters</i> and other correspondence
+of colonial days of &#8220;journeys<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> with the Post.&#8221; Madam Knight rode with him,
+as did many another fair traveller with his successors at later dates. A
+fragment of a journal of a young college graduate, written in 1790, tells
+of &#8220;over-taking the Post, who rode with six Dames, neither young nor fair,
+from Hartford to Boston.&#8221; He tells that the patient Squire of Dames was
+rather surly when joked about his harem. Mrs. Quincy tells of travelling,
+when she was a little girl, with the Post, who occupied his monotonous
+hours by stocking-knitting.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_097_tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/fig_097.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+
+
+<p>The post-riders, whose advertisements (one of which is here shown) can be
+found in many old-time newspapers, were private carriers. They &#8220;Resolv&#8217;d
+to ride Post for the good of the Publick,&#8221; etc. They were burdened by law
+with restrictions, which they calmly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> evaded, for they materially
+decreased the government revenue in sealed mail-matter, though they were
+supposed to be merchandise carriers only.</p>
+
+<p>In 1773, Hugh Finlay was made postal surveyor by the British government of
+the mail service from Quebec, Canada, to St. Augustine, Florida. He made a
+very unfavorable report of postal conditions. He declared that postmasters
+often had no offices, that tavern taprooms and family rooms in private
+houses were used as gathering places for the mail. Letters were thrown
+carelessly on an open table or tavern bar, for all comers to pull over
+till the owners called; and fresh letters were irregularly forwarded. The
+postmaster&#8217;s salary was paid according to the number of letters he
+handled, and of course the private conveyance of letters sadly diminished
+his income. Private mail-carriage was forbidden by law, but the very
+government post-riders were the chief offenders. Persons were allowed to
+carry merchandise at their own rates for their own profit, so post-riders,
+wagon-drivers, butchers, ship captains, or any one could carry large
+sealed letters, provided they were tied to any bundle or box. Sham bundles
+of paper or straw, weighing little, were thus used as kite-tails to the
+letters. The government post-rider between Newport and Boston took
+twenty-six hours to go eighty miles, carried all way-letters to his own
+profit, and bought and sold on commission. If he had been complained of,
+the informer was in danger of tarring and feathering. It was deemed all a
+part of the revolt of the provinces against &#8220;slavery and oppression.&#8221; The
+rider between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> Saybrook and New York had been in his calling forty-six
+years. He carried on a money exchange to his own profit, and pocketed all
+way-postage. He superintended the return of horses for travellers; and
+Finlay says he was coolly waiting, when he saw him, for a yoke of oxen
+that he was going to transfer for a customer. No wonder the mails were
+slow and uncertain.</p>
+
+<p>In 1788 it took four days for mail to go from New York to Boston&mdash;in
+winter much longer. George Washington died on the 14th of December, 1799.
+As an event of universal interest throughout the nation, the news was
+doubtless conveyed with all speed possible by fleetest messenger. The
+knowledge of this national loss was not known in Boston till December 24.
+Two years later there was a state election in Massachusetts of most
+profound interest, when party feeling ran high. It took a month, however,
+to get in all the election returns, even in a single state.</p>
+
+<p>The first advertisement or bill of the first coaching line between Boston
+and Portsmouth reads thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">&#8220;<i>For the Encouragement of Trade from Portsmouth to Boston.</i></p>
+<p class="center">&#8220;<span class="smcap">A Large Stage Chair</span>,</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;With two horses well equipped, will be ready by Monday the 20th inst.
+to start out from <i>Mr. Stavers</i>, Inn-holder at the sign of the <i>Earl
+of Halifax</i>, in this town for Boston, to perform once a week; to lodge
+at Ipswich the same night; from thence through Medford to Charlestown
+Ferry; to tarry at Charlestown till Thursday morning, so as to return
+to this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> town next day: to set out again the Monday following: It will
+be contrived to carry four persons besides the driver. In case only
+two persons go, they may be accommodated to carry things of bulk and
+value to make a third or fourth person. The Price will be <i>Thirteen
+Shillings</i> and <i>Six Pence</i> sterling for each person from hence to
+Boston, and at the same rate of conveyance back again; though under no
+obligation to return in the same week in the same manner.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Those who would not be disappointed must enter their names at <i>Mr.
+Stavers&#8217;</i> on Saturdays, any time before nine in the evening, and pay
+one half at entrance, the remainder at the end of the journey. Any
+gentleman may have business transacted at Newbury or Boston with
+fidelity and despatch on reasonable terms.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As gentlemen and ladies are often at a loss for good accommodations
+for travelling from hence, and can&#8217;t return in less than three weeks
+or a month, it is hoped that this undertaking will meet with suitable
+encouragement, as they will be wholly freed from the care and charge
+of keeping chairs and horses, or returning them before they had
+Finished their business.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Portsmouth, April, 1761.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>A picture and account of the Stavers Inn are given on <a href="#Page_176">page 176</a>.</p>
+
+<p>These stages ran throughout the winter, except in bad weather, and the
+fare was then three dollars a trip. This winter trip was often a hard one.
+We read at one time of the ferries being so frozen over that travellers
+had to make a hundred-mile circuit round by Cambridge. This line of stages
+prospered; and two years later &#8220;The Portsmouth Flying Stage-coach,&#8221; which
+held six &#8220;insides,&#8221; ran with four or six horses. The fare was the same.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 373px;"><img src="images/fig_098.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Old Coach and Sign-board, Barre, Massachusetts.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>On this Stavers line were placed the first mail-coaches under the English
+crown. When Finlay (the post-office surveyor just referred to) examined
+the mail-service in the year 1773, he found these mail-coaches running
+between Boston and Portsmouth. Mr. Ernst says, &#8220;The Stavers mail-coach was
+stunning, used six horses in bad weather, and never was late.&#8221; These
+coaches were built by Paddock, the Boston coach-builder and Tory. Stavers
+also was a Tory, and during the Revolution both fled to England, and may
+have carried the notion of the mail-coach across the sea. At any rate the
+first English mail-coach was not put on the road till 1784; it ran between
+Bristol and London. It was started by a theatrical manager named Palmer,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>
+office work or coaching. The service was very imperfect and far from
+speedy.</p>
+
+<p>Herbert Joyce, historian of the British post-office, says, &#8220;In 1813 there
+was not a single town in the British kingdom at the post-office of which
+absolutely certain information could have been obtained as to the charge
+to which a letter addressed to any other town would be subject.&#8221; The
+charge was regulated by the distance; but distances seemed movable, and
+the letter-sender was wholly at the mercy of the postmaster. The
+government of the United States early saw the injustice of doubt in these
+matters, and Congress ordered a careful topographical survey, in 1811-12,
+of the post-road from Passamaquoddy to St. Mary&#8217;s, and also established
+our peerless corps of topographical engineers. Foreigners were much
+impressed with the value of this survey, and an old handkerchief, printed
+in 1815 by R. Gillespie, at &#8220;Anderston Printfield near Glasgow,&#8221; proves
+that the practical effects of the survey were known in England before the
+English people had a similar service.</p>
+
+<p>This handkerchief gives an interesting statement of postal rates and
+routes at the beginning of this century. Around the edge is a floral
+border, with the arms of the United States, the front and reverse of the
+dollar of 1815, a quartette of ships of war, and portraits of Washington,
+Adams, Jefferson, and &#8220;Maddison&#8221; intertwined.</p>
+
+<p>Its title is &#8220;A Geographical View of All the Post Towns in the United
+States of America and Their Distance from Each Other According to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>Establishment of the Postmaster General in the Year 1815.&#8221; By an
+ingenious arrangement of the towns on the main coast line and those on the
+cross post-roads, the distance from one of these points to any other could
+easily be ascertained. The &#8220;main line of post towns&#8221; extended &#8220;from
+Passamaquoddy in the District of Maine to Sunbury in the State of
+Georgia.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The object in publishing such a table as this was to make a durable record
+by which it was possible for the people to compute easily and with a handy
+helper what the cost of postage on letters would be. The following &#8220;rates
+of postage&#8221; are given on the old handkerchief:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Single Letter conveyed by land for any distance not exceeding 10
+miles, 6 cents.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Over</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">10,</span></td>
+    <td>not</td>
+    <td>exceeding</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">60</span></td>
+    <td>miles,</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">8</span></td>
+    <td>cents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">60</span></td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">100</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">10</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">100</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">150</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">12</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">150</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">200</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">15</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">200</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">250</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">17</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">250</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">350</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">20</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">350</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">450</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">22</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>For</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">450</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td align="center">25</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .4em;">"&#8221;</span></td></tr></table></div>
+
+<p>Double letters are charged double; and triple letters, three times these
+rates, and a packet weighing one ounce avoirdupois at the rate of four
+single letters.</p>
+
+<p>Let us compare conditions in these matters in America with those in
+Scotland. While England had, in the first half of the eighteenth century,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>
+coaches in enough number that country folk knew what they looked like,
+Scotland was barren not only of coaches but of carriages. In 1720 there
+were no chariots or chaises north of the Tay. Not till 1749 was there a
+coach between Edinburgh and Glasgow; this journey of forty-six miles
+could, by the end of the century, be done in twelve hours. In 1754 there
+was once a month a coach from Edinburgh to London; it took twelve to
+sixteen days to accomplish this journey, and was so perilous that
+travellers made their wills before setting out. There were few carts and
+no such splendid wagons as our Conestogas. Cadgers carried creels of goods
+on horseback; and sledges, or creels borne on the backs of women, were the
+means of transportation in northern Scotland until the end of the
+eighteenth century. These sledges had tumbling wheels of solid wood a foot
+and a half in diameter, revolving with the wooden axletree, and held
+little more than a wheelbarrow.</p>
+
+<p>Scotch inns were as bad as the roads; &#8220;mean hovels with dirty rooms, dirty
+food, dirty attendants.&#8221; Servants without shoes or stockings, greasy
+tables with no cloths, butter thick with cows&#8217; hairs, no knives and forks,
+a single drinking-cup for all at the table, filthy smells and sights, were
+universal; and this when English inns were the pleasantest places on
+earth.</p>
+
+<p>Mail-carriage was even worse than personal transportation; hence
+letter-writing was not popular. In 1746 the London mail-bag once carried
+but a single letter from Edinburgh. So little attention<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> was paid to the
+post that as late as 1728 the letters were sometimes not taken from the
+mail bag, and were brought back to their original starting place. Scotland
+was in a miserable state of isolation and gloom until the Turnpike Road
+Act was passed; the building of good roads made a complete revolution of
+all economic conditions there, as it has everywhere.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_099.jpg" alt="" /><br />Quincy Railway Pitcher.</div>
+
+<p>The first railway in America was the Quincy Railroad, or the &#8220;Experiment&#8221;
+Railroad, built to carry stones to Bunker Hill Monument. A tavern-pitcher,
+commemorative of this Quincy road, is shown here. Two views of the
+Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, printed on plates and platters in rich dark
+blue, are familiar to china collectors. One shows a stationary engine at
+the top of a hill with a number of little freight cars at a very singular
+angle going down a steep grade. The other displays a primitive locomotive
+with coachlike passenger cars.</p>
+
+<p>All the first rail-cars were run by horse-power.</p>
+
+<p>Peter Parley&#8217;s <i>First Book on History</i> says, in the chapter on Maryland:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The people are building what is called a railroad. This consists of
+iron bars laid down along the ground and made fast, so that carriages
+with small wheels may run<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> upon them with facility. In this way one
+horse will be able to draw as much as ten horses on a common road. A
+part of the railroad is already done, and if you choose to take a ride
+upon it you can do so. You enter a car something like a stage, and
+then you will be drawn along by two horses at a speed of twelve miles per hour.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The horse-car system, in its perfection, did not prevail until many years
+after the establishment of steam cars. It is curious to note how suddenly,
+in our own day, the horse cars were banished by cars run by electricity;
+as speedily as were stage-coaches cast aside by steam. A short time ago a
+little child of eight years came running to me in much excitement over an
+unusual sight she had seen in a visit to a small town&mdash;&#8220;a trolley car
+dragged by horses.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Many strange plans were advanced for the new railways. I have seen a
+wood-cut of a railway-coach rigged with masts and sails gayly running on a
+track. I don&#8217;t know whether the inventor of this wind-car ever rigged his
+car-boat and tried to run it. Another much-derided suggestion was that the
+motive power should be a long rope or chain, and the notion was scorned,
+but we have lived to see many successful lines of cars run by cable.</p>
+
+<p>Kites and balloons also were seriously suggested as motive powers. It was
+believed that in a short time any person would be permitted to run his own
+private car or carriage over the tracks, by paying toll, as a coach did on
+a turnpike.</p>
+
+<p>The body of the stage-coach furnished the model for the first passenger
+cars on the railway. A copy is here given of an old print of a train on
+the Veazie<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> Railroad, which began to run from Bangor, Maine, in 1836. The
+road had two locomotives of Stevenson&#8217;s make from England. They had no
+cabs when they arrived here, but rude ones were attached. They burned
+wood. The cars were also English; a box resembling a stage-coach was
+placed on a rude platform. Each coach carried eight people. The passengers
+entered the side. The train ran about twelve miles in forty minutes. The
+rails, like those of other railroads at the time, were of strap-iron
+spiked down. These spikes soon rattled loose, so each engine carried a man
+with a sledge hammer, who watched the track, and when he spied a spike
+sticking up he would reach down and drive it home. These &#8220;snake heads,&#8221; as
+the rolled-up ends of the strap-iron were called, sometimes were forced up
+through the cars and did great damage. &#8220;Snake heads&#8221; were as common in
+railway travel as snags in the river in early steamboating.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_100.jpg" alt="Veazie Railway." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>The Boston and Lowell, Boston and Providence, and Boston and Worcester
+railroads were all opened in 1835. The locomotive used on the Boston and
+Worcester road was called the Meteor. The cars were coach-shaped and ran
+on single trucks. The freight cars were short vans or wagon-bodies covered
+with canvas like a Conestoga wagon. A picturesque view of an old railway
+train is given opposite <a href="#Page_288">page 288</a> in the picture painted by Mr. Edward
+Lamson Henry, called &#8220;The Arrival of the Train.&#8221; It shows a train at a way
+station between Harrisburg and Lancaster, in the year 1839, and a
+comparison between the coaches on the track and the coach and horses
+waiting near by will show that the same model served for both.</p>
+
+<p>Accidents were many on these early roads; some were fatal, some were
+ridiculous. The clumsy locomotive often broke down, and horses and oxen
+had to be impressed to drag the cars to the nearest station and repair
+shop. An old print showing &#8220;Uncle Ame Morris&#8217;s&#8221; oxen serving as a
+locomotive on a railroad near Danbury, Connecticut, is given on <a href="#Page_289">page 289</a>.
+Coaching accidents had seldom been fatal, and ancient citizens were
+appalled at the deaths on the rail. Never was the cry of &#8220;the good old
+times&#8221; so loudly heard as in the early days of the railroad. Especially
+were the injuries by escaping steam and by communicated fire deemed
+horrible and unbearable. An old-school blood thus summarized all these
+sentiments: &#8220;You got upset in a coach&mdash;and there you were! You get upset
+in a rail-car&mdash;and, damme, where are you?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>The roadbed of the track was laid thus, as shown in the words of a State
+Report made to the Massachusetts Legislature on January 16, 1829:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;A continuous stone wall, laid so deep in the ground as not to be
+moved by the effects of the frost; and surmounted by a rail of split
+granite about a foot in thickness and depth, with a bar of iron on top
+of it of sufficient thickness for the carriage wheels to run.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>My father, who rode on one of these rock-bedded railways, told me that the
+jarring was inexpressibly tiring and even distressing. They were in use
+but a short time. But the cars had no springs, and the jarring continued
+to some degree. It produced headaches and an incessant itching of the
+skin. The primitive brake-power was a hand or foot brake, and a car
+stopped with a jolting which was almost as severe as the shock felt to-day
+in a collision. A more primitive brake-power was in vogue on the Newcastle
+and Frenchtown Railroad, where the engineer would open his safety valve at
+each station and several strong negroes would seize the end of the train
+and hold it back while the station agent thrust sticks of wood through the
+wheel-spokes. Crooked roads were favored, so the engineer and conductor
+could &#8220;look back and see if the train was all right.&#8221; These were easily
+managed with the short coach-like railway carriages.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 382px;"><img src="images/fig_101.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">The Arrival of the Train.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>It would be impossible to repeat all the objections against the
+establishment of the railroads, besides the loss of life. These objections
+far outnumbered those made against coaches centuries <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>previous. The
+farmers would be ruined. Horses would have to be killed because wholly
+useless. There would therefore be no market for oats or hay. Hens would
+not lay eggs on account of the noise. It would cause insanity. There would
+be constant fires from the sparks from the engine. It was declared that no
+car could ever advance against the wind. The <i>Boston Courier</i> of June 27,
+1827, said in an editorial:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The project of a railroad from Boston to Albany is impracticable, as
+every one knows who knows the simplest rule of arithmetic, and the
+expense would be little less than the market value of the whole
+territory of Massachusetts; and which, if practicable, every person of
+common sense knows would be as useless as a railroad from Boston to the moon.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 374px;"><img src="images/fig_102.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Uncle Ame Morris&#8217; Oxen serving as a Locomotive.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span>Captain Basil Hall rode by stage-coach in 1829 over the present route of
+the Boston and Albany Railroad. He described the hills, ravines, and
+rivers, and said, &#8220;Those Yankees talk of constructing a railroad over this
+route; as a practical engineer, I pronounce it simply impossible.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>All the sentimental objections of all the sentimental objectors may be
+summed up in the words of the best beloved of all coachmen, Tony Weller:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;I consider that the rail is unconstitutional, and a inwader o&#8217;
+privileges. As to the comfort&mdash;as an old coachman I may say it&mdash;veres
+the comfort o&#8217; sitting in a harm-chair, a lookin&#8217; at brick walls, and
+heaps o&#8217; mud, never comin&#8217; to a public &#8217;ouse, never seein&#8217; a glass o&#8217;
+ale, never goin&#8217; thro&#8217; a pike, never meetin&#8217; a change o&#8217; no kind
+(hosses or otherwise) but always comin&#8217; to a place ven you comes to
+vun at all, the werry picter o&#8217; the last! As to the honor and dignity
+o&#8217; travellin&#8217;, vere can that be vithout a coachman, and vats the rail
+to sich coachmen as is sometimes forced to go by it, but a outrage and
+a insult! And as to the ingen, a nasty, wheezin&#8217;, creakin&#8217;, gaspin&#8217;,
+puffin&#8217;, bustin&#8217; monster always out o&#8217; breath, with a shiny green and
+gold back like a onpleasant beetle; as to the ingen as is alvays a
+pourin&#8217; out red-hot coals at night and black smoke in the day, the
+sensiblest thing it does, in my opinion, is ven there&#8217;s somethin&#8217; in
+the vay, and it sets up that &#8217;ere frightful scream vich seems to say,
+&#8216;now &#8217;eres two hundred and forty passengers in the werry greatest
+extremity o&#8217; danger, and &#8217;eres their two hundred and forty screams in
+vun!&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">TWO STAGE VETERANS OF MASSACHUSETTS</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">There</span> still stands in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, at the junction of the
+Westborough road with the old &#8220;King&#8217;s Highway,&#8221; a weatherbeaten but
+dignified house, the Pease Tavern; it is shown on <a href="#Page_293">page 292</a>. This house was
+for many years a popular resort for the teamsters and travellers who
+passed back and forth on what was then an important road. Behind the house
+was originally a large shed with roof and open sides for the protection
+from rain or snow of the great numbers of loaded wagons. In another
+covered shed at the side of the house were chairs and tables for the
+teamsters and shelves for any baggage they took from their wagons. This
+shed for the accommodation of the teamsters would indicate to me that they
+were not so unreservedly welcome at this tavern as at many others on the
+route. Miss Ward, in her entertaining book, <i>Old Times in Shrewsbury</i>,
+says that under this shed, in the side boards of the house, slight holes
+were cut one above the other to a window in the second story. These holes
+were large enough to hold on by, and to admit the toe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> of a man&#8217;s boot; by
+dexterous use of hands and feet the teamsters were expected to climb up
+the outside wall to the window, and thus reach their sleeping apartments
+without passing through the hall and interior of the house. This was, it
+was asserted, for the convenience both of the family and the travellers.
+In the Wayside Inn at Sudbury a small special staircase winding in the
+corner of the taproom led to the four &#8220;drivers&#8217; bedrooms&#8221; above. One of
+the upper rooms in the Pease Tavern was a dancing hall. Across this hall
+from wall to wall was a swing partition which could be hooked up to the
+ceiling when a dance was given, but at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> other times divided the hall into
+two large bedrooms. This was a common appurtenance of the old-time tavern.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 438px;"><img src="images/fig_103.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Pease Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Major John Farrar, an officer in the Revolution, first kept this
+Shrewsbury inn, and greatly rejoiced when Washington visited it in his
+triumphal journey through the country. His successor as landlord, Levi
+Pease, was a man of note in the history of travel and transportation
+systems in Massachusetts. He was a Shrewsbury blacksmith who served
+through the entire Revolutionary War in a special function&mdash;which might be
+entitled a confidential transportation agent: he transferred important
+papers, carried special news, purchased horses and stores, foraged for the
+army, and enjoyed the full confidence of the leaders, especially of
+Lafayette. In 1783, when peace was established, he planned to establish a
+line of stages between Boston and Hartford, and thus turn his knowledge of
+roads and transportation to account. Wholly without funds, he found no one
+ready to embark in the daring project and work with him, save one young
+stage-driver, Reuben Sykes or Sikes, who braved parental opposition, as
+well as universal discouragement, and started with a stage-wagon from
+Hartford to Boston at the same hour that Captain Pease set out from Boston
+to Hartford. Each made the allotted trip in four days. The fare was ten
+dollars a trip. Empty stages were soon succeeded by prosperous trips, and
+in two years the penniless stage agent owned the Boston Inn opposite the
+Common, in Boston, on the spot where St.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> Paul&#8217;s Church now stands. The
+line was soon extended to New York.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 353px;"><img src="images/fig_104.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Old Arcade, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Josiah Quincy gives a far from alluring picture of Pease&#8217;s coaches in the
+earliest days:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;I set out from Boston in the line of stages lately established by an
+enterprising Yankee, Pease by name, which at that day was considered a
+method of transportation of wonderful expedition. The journey to New
+York took up a week. The carriages were old and shackling, and much of
+the harness made of ropes. One pair of horses carried the stage
+eighteen miles. We generally reached our resting place for the night,
+if no accident intervened, at ten o&#8217;clock, and after a frugal supper
+went to bed with a notice that we should be called at three the next
+morning, which generally proved to be half-past two. Then, whether it
+snowed or rained, the traveller must rise and make ready by the help
+of a horn-lantern and a farthing candle, and proceed on his way over
+bad roads, sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> with a driver showing no doubtful symptoms of
+drunkenness, which good-hearted passengers never fail to improve at
+every stopping place by urging upon him another glass of toddy. Thus
+we travelled, eighteen miles a stage, sometimes obliged to get out and
+help the coachman lift the coach out of a quagmire or rut, and arrived
+at New York after a week&#8217;s hard travelling, wondering at the ease as
+well as expedition of our journey.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It should be added to this tale that young Quincy was in love, and on his
+way to see his sweetheart, which may have added to his impatience.</p>
+
+<p>This condition of affairs was not permitted to remain long. Captain Pease
+bought better horses and more comfortable wagons, and he persuaded
+townships to repair the roads; and he thus advertised in the
+<i>Massachusetts Spy</i>, or the <i>Worcester Gazette</i>, under date of January 5,
+1786:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>&#8220;Stages from Portsmouth in New Hampshire, to Savannah in Georgia.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There is now a line of Stages established from New Hampshire to
+Georgia, which go and return regularly, and carry the several Mails,
+by order and permission of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The stages from Boston to Hartford in Connecticut, set out, during
+the winter season, from the house of Levi Pease, at the Sign of the
+New York Stage, opposite the Mall, in Boston, every <i>Monday</i> and
+<i>Thursday</i> morning, precisely at five o&#8217;clock, go as far as
+<i>Worcester</i> on the evenings of those days, and on the days following
+proceed to <i>Palmer</i>, and on the third day reach <i>Hartford</i>; the first
+Stage reaches the city of <i>New York</i> on Saturday evening, and the
+other on the Wednesday evening following.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>&#8220;The stages from <i>New York</i> for <i>Boston</i>, set out on the same days,
+and reach <i>Hartford</i> at the same time as the Boston Stages.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The stages from <i>Boston</i> exchange passengers with the stages from
+<i>Hartford</i> at <i>Spencer</i>, and the Hartford Stages exchange with those
+from <i>New York</i> at <i>Hartford</i>. Passengers are again exchanged at
+<i>Stratford Ferry</i>, and not again until their arrival at <i>New York</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;By the present regulation of the stages, it is certainly the most
+convenient and expeditious way of travelling that can possibly be had
+in America, and in order to make it the cheapest, the proprietors of
+the stages have lowered their price from four pence to three pence a
+mile, with liberty to passengers to carry fourteen pounds baggage.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the summer season the stages are to run with the mail three times
+in a week instead of twice in the winter, by which means those who
+take passage at Boston in the stage which sets off on Monday morning,
+may arrive at New York on the Thursday evening following, and all the
+mails during that season are to be but four days going from Boston to
+New York, and so from New York to Boston.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Those who intend taking passage in the stages must leave their names
+and baggage the evening preceding the morning that the stages set off,
+at the several places where the stages put up, and pay one-half of
+their passage to the place where the first exchange of passengers is
+made, if bound so far, and if not, one-half of their passage so far as
+they are bound.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;N. B. Way passengers will be accommodated when the stages are not
+full, at the same rate, viz. three pence only per mile.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Said PEASE keeps good lodging, &amp;c. for gentlemen travellers, and
+stabling for horses.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<span class="smcap">Boston</span>, Jan. 2nd, 1786.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>Pease obtained the first Government contract within the new United States
+for carrying the mails; and the first mail in this new service passed
+through Worcester on the 7th of January, 1786&mdash;such changes had three
+short years brought.</p>
+
+<p>All was not ease for him even then; he still drove the stage, and endured
+heat and cold; and when New England snowstorms could not be overcome by
+the mail-coach, like many another of his drivers, he shouldered the
+mail-bag and carried the mail on snowshoes to Boston town. He died in
+1824, after having received from the Government the first charter granted
+in Massachusetts for a turnpike. It was laid out in 1808 from Boston
+through South Shrewsbury to Worcester, nearly parallel to the old road. It
+transformed travel in that vicinity and, indeed, served to alter all town
+relations and conditions. This grant and his many incessant efforts to
+establish turnpikes conferred on Levi Pease the title of the &#8220;Father of
+the Turnpike.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Many other charters were soon granted, and the state was covered with a
+network of turnpikes which were in general thronged with vehicles and
+livestock, and were therefore vastly profitable. From the prospectus of
+the Sixth Massachusetts Turnpike Company, incorporated in 1799 to build a
+road from Amherst to a point near Shrewsbury, we learn that the turnpike
+from Northampton to Pittsfield paid twelve per cent dividend.</p>
+
+<p>On these great, bustling, living thoroughfares a sad change has fallen. In
+Bedford, Raystown, Somerset, Greensbury, in scores of towns, weeds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> and
+grass grow in the ruts of the turnpike. The taverns are silent; some are
+turned into comfortless farm-houses, others are closed and unoccupied, sad
+and deserted widows of the old &#8220;pikes,&#8221; far gone in melancholy decline.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the methods familiar to us in railroad service to-day were
+invented by Pease, and were crudely in practice by him. He introduced the
+general ticket office in 1795, and no railroad office to-day sells tickets
+to all the points served by Pease. His stage office was in State Street,
+Boston. He evolved what we now term the &#8220;limited&#8221; and &#8220;accommodation&#8221;
+service of railroads; in fact, the term &#8220;limited&#8221; originated with
+mail-coaches limiting passengers to a specific number. Pease&#8217;s fast mail
+line took but four passengers in each coach, and ran to New York three
+times a week with the mails. The slower line charging lower prices ran the
+other days of the week and took all applicants, putting on extra coaches
+if required. This service began in 1793. Tolls were commuted on
+Massachusetts turnpikes before 1800, so that condition of railroad travel
+is a century old.</p>
+
+<p>Not far from this Pease Tavern is a sulphur spring which has some
+medicinal repute, and which attracted visitors. To reach it at one time
+you passed close to the house of the Indian, Old Brazil, and his wife
+Nancy, and this was always a ticklish experience. Miss Ward tells their
+blood-curdling story. His real name was the gentle title Basil, but he had
+been a pirate on the high seas, and Brazil was more appropriate. He and
+his wife thriftily ran their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> little farm and industriously wove charming
+baskets and peddled them around the neighboring towns. These last leaves
+on the tree were, for all the perceptions of Shrewsbury folk, peaceful
+creatures as they were honest; but when Brazil had been treated to a good
+mug of hard cider at tavern or farm-house (and no one would fail thus to
+treat him) he told of his past life with such fierce voice and horrid
+gesture as made him equally a delight and a terror to the children and to
+many older folk as well.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 402px;"><img src="images/fig_105.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Harrington Tavern, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>He had been a bloodthirsty villain; scores, perhaps hundreds, of helpless
+souls on captured craft had perished at his gory hands. He detailed to the
+gaping loungers at the tavern with a realism worthy a modern novelist how
+he split the heads of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> victims open with his broadaxe&mdash;exactly in the
+middle&mdash;&#8220;one half would fall on one shoulder, tother half on tother
+shoulder! ugh! ugh!&#8221; and with another pull of cider, husband and wife
+trotted contentedly home. About 1850 they died as they had lived,
+close&mdash;and loving&mdash;companions. As a fitting testimonial to the pirate&#8217;s
+end, the village boys put a charge of gunpowder in the brick oven of the
+peaceful little kitchen and blew the pirate&#8217;s house in fragments.</p>
+
+<p>At a time when he could not afford to pay high Boston rents, Pease made
+Shrewsbury his headquarters. This may account for the large number of old
+taverns in the town, several of which are portrayed in these pages,&mdash;the
+Old Arcade on <a href="#Page_294">page 294</a>, Harrington&#8217;s Tavern on <a href="#Page_299">page 299</a>, Balch Tavern on
+<a href="#Page_301">page 301</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The Exchange Hotel, still standing and still in use as a public house, was
+the stage office for Pease&#8217;s stage line in Worcester. This interesting old
+landmark, built in 1784, was owned by Colonel Reuben Sykes, the partner of
+Pease; and other coach lines than theirs centred at the Exchange, and made
+it gay with arrival and departure. As the United States Arms, Sykes&#8217;s
+Coffee-house, Sykes&#8217;s Stage-house, Thomas Exchange Coffee-house, and
+Thomas Temperance Exchange in the days of the Washingtonian movement, this
+hotel has had an interesting existence. President Washington in 1789
+&#8220;stopped at the United States Arms where he took breakfast, and then
+proceeded on his journey. To gratify the inhabitants he politely passed
+through town on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> horseback. He was dressed in a brown suit, and pleasure
+glowed in every countenance as he came along.&#8221; Lafayette was also a guest;
+and through its situation opposite the Worcester court-houses on Court
+Hill the tavern has seen within its walls a vast succession of men noted
+in law and in lawsuits.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 368px;"><img src="images/fig_106.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Balch Tavern, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>From 1830 to 1846 a brilliant comet flashed its way through the
+stage-driving world of New England; it was Hon. Ginery Twichell, who was
+successively and successfully post-rider, stage-driver, stage proprietor,
+most noted express rider of his times, railroad superintendent, president
+of the Boston and Worcester Railroad, and member of Congress. Some thirty
+years ago or more a small child sat in the &#8220;operating room&#8221; of a
+photographer&#8217;s gallery in Worcester. Her feet and hands were laboriously
+placed in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> tentatively graceful attitude and the back of her head firmly
+fastened in that iron &#8220;branks-without-a-gag&#8221; fixture which then prevailed
+in photographers&#8217; rooms and may still, for all that I know. A sudden
+dashing inroad from an adjoining room of the photographer&#8217;s assistant with
+the loud and excited exclamation, &#8220;Ginery&#8217;s coming, Ginery&#8217;s coming,&#8221; led
+to the immediate and unceremonious unveiling of the artist from the heavy
+black cloth that had enveloped his head while he was peeping wisely
+through the instrument at his juvenile sitter, and to his violent exit; he
+was followed with equal haste and lack of explanation by my own attendant.
+Thus basely deserted I sat for some minutes wondering what a Ginery could
+be, for there was to me a sort of menagerie-circus-like ring in the word,
+and I deemed it some strange wild beast like the Pygarg once exhibited at
+the old Salem Tavern. At last, though fully convinced that my moving would
+break the camera, I boldly disengaged myself from the claws of the branks,
+ran to a front window, and hung peering out at the Ginery over the heads
+of the other occupants of the gallery, who regarded with eager delight no
+wild or strange beast, but a great stage-coach with six horses which stood
+reeking, foaming, pawing, in front of the Baystate House across the
+street. A dignified and self-contained old man, ruddy of face, and dressed
+in a heavy greatcoat and tall silk hat, sat erect on the coachman&#8217;s seat,
+reins well in hand&mdash;and suddenly Ginery and his six horses were off with
+rattle of wheels and blowing of horn and cheers of the crowd; but not
+before there was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>imprinted forever in unfading colors on my young brain a
+clear picture of the dashing coaching life of olden days. It was an
+anniversary of some memorable event, and the member of Congress celebrated
+it by once more driving over his old-time coaching route to meet the
+cheers and admiration of all beholders.</p>
+
+<p>The predecessor of Baystate House, the old Central Hotel, was the
+headquarters of Twichell&#8217;s stage line during the sixteen years of his
+connection with it. It was built in 1722, and rooms in it served various
+purposes besides those of good cheer&mdash;one being used as a county jail.</p>
+
+<p>I do not doubt that the coach which I saw was the one thus referred to in
+the <i>Boston Traveller</i> of June 1, 1867, as Mr. Twichell occasionally drove
+it until the year of his death:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The venerable coach built by Moses T. Breck of Worcester, and used 30
+years ago in the heart of the Commonwealth by Hon. Ginery Twichell for
+special occasions before railroads were fairly in vogue, passed
+through our Boston streets on Friday. The vehicle was of a most
+substantial pattern; no repairs have been needed through all these
+years except an occasional coat of varnish and new upholstering. In
+1840, by request of the citizens of the town of Barre, seats were
+added on the top of the vehicle, so that a party of 32 persons could
+be accommodated (12 inside and 20 outside). The largest load ever
+carried by the ponderous carriage was a party of (62) sixty-two young
+ladies of Worcester who, uniformly dressed, were driven on a
+blackberry excursion to the suburbs by Mr. Twichell himself, eight
+matched horses being required on the occasion. During the exciting
+Presidential Campaign of 1840,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> the staunch vehicle was used for
+conveying the sovereigns to and from political gatherings in the town
+surrounding old Quinsigamond.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There is still living in Boston, at an advanced age, but of vigorous
+mental powers, Mr. Henry S. Miner, the last stage-driver of Ginery
+Twichell&#8217;s stage-route, perhaps the last person living who was connected
+with it. He has scores of tales of stage-coach days which he has capacity
+to frame in interesting language. I am indebted to him for many letters
+full of information and interest. He says:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Ginery Twichell was a shrewd, quiet, persevering man of but few
+words, and those to the point; his voice was clear and low, never
+raised to horses or men. Affable, sociable, he was a man that would
+make friends and hold them. He was smooth-shaven and red-faced, but
+strictly temperate. He had one habit of rubbing his hands rapidly when
+in earnest conversation. He had but a common school education and
+might be called a self-made man. Before through railroads were
+completed, Mr. Twichell collected the November election votes on
+horseback, from Greenfield to Worcester, 54 miles, covering the
+distance in four and one-half hours. He had relays of horses and men
+every 6 to 10 miles. As the work always came in the night, he was many
+times thrown by his horse stumbling, but always came out all right. At
+one time he slept in his clothes with buckskin underwear, at the
+American House in Worcester, in wait for despatches from English
+steamers. He had men and horses on the road to Norwich for one week
+waiting also. When the dispatches arrived he mounted his horse and
+started for Norwich; he met the boat, and the despatches were in New
+York hours ahead of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> any other line. I am the only one of his
+drivers living, and one hostler is living.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 348px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_107.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Advertisement of Twichell&#8217;s Stage Line.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>A friend who remembers riding with Twichell eulogizes him in the warmest
+terms for his accommodating spirit and happy faculty of making all his
+passengers as comfortable as possible. He had an inexhaustible fund of
+racy anecdotes which he would tell so well that it was a perfect treat to
+ride upon the box with him. He was a general favorite, especially with the
+country folks, and the boys and girls on the road, and with these he
+always had a joke to crack whenever it came his way to do so, to the
+infinite amusement of the travellers whom he had in charge. He carried
+many small and valuable parcels, and executed commissions for the people
+like an expressman. After a period of self-denial in early life,
+throughout which he had saved his liberal earnings carefully, he was
+enabled to purchase from Mr. Stockwell the stage and two horses which he
+drove between Athol and Barre. About 1837 he started with Mr. Burt and Mr.
+Billings a stage line from Brattleboro to Worcester.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_108.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Ginery Twichell&#8217;s Ride.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In 1843 he was engaged in driving a stage of his own between Barre and
+Worcester. Not long afterwards he was sole owner of a line from
+Greenfield, Massachusetts, to Brattleboro, Vermont. The Postmaster-general
+about this time advertised for mail contracts, and Ginery Twichell went to
+Washington. It was supposed by the owners of the other lines, who knew he
+had gone thither, that he would not undertake to execute more than one
+contract,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> but his own private views, it appears, were somewhat broader,
+for he contracted with the Government to carry the mails upon a number of
+routes, greatly to the astonishment of others in the business; and what
+was better still, he accomplished what he had undertaken very
+satisfactorily to the Postmaster-general, and came to be regarded as a
+sort of Napoleon among mail contractors. He became the owner of a large
+number of fine stages and horses. He ran a line from Worcester to
+Northfield, sixty miles, three times a week; from Worcester to Winchester,
+fifty-five miles, daily; from Worcester to Keene, fifty-four miles, three
+times a week; to Templeton twenty-five miles, daily; from Templeton to
+Greenfield, forty-eight miles, daily; from Barre to Worcester, forty-four
+miles, daily. In all this was two hundred and eighty-six miles of
+stage-route, and it took a hundred and fifty-six horses to do the work.</p>
+
+<p>The picture shown on <a href="#Page_306">page 306</a> is from a lithograph published in 1850,
+entitled,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The Unrivaled Express Rider, Ginery Twichell, who rode from Worcester to
+Hartford, a distance of Sixty miles in Three hours and Twenty minutes
+through a deep snow, January 23, 1846.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It commemorates an exploit of his which was much talked of at the time it
+took place.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">A STAGING CENTRE</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> story of the tavern and stage life of the town of Haverhill, New
+Hampshire, may be told as an example of that aspect and era of social
+history, as developed in a country town. It shows the power the
+stage-coach was in bringing civilization and prosperity to remote parts of
+the states, what an illumination, what an education.</p>
+
+<p>Haverhill is on the Connecticut River somewhat more than halfway up the
+western boundary line of the state of New Hampshire, at the head of the
+Cohos valley. It is a beautiful fertile tract of land which had been
+cleared and cultivated by the Indians before the coming of the white man.
+It is lovely and picturesque with its broad intervales, splendid
+mountains, and peaceful river winding in the sweeps and reaches of the
+Oxbow; so lovely that Longfellow declared Haverhill the most beautiful
+spot he ever had seen. The town has but little colonial history. It had no
+white settlers till 1761; but the first who did take up land and build
+there were, as was the case with nearly all New Hampshire towns, men of
+unusual force of character and energy of purpose; by Revolutionary times
+the town was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> well established, and its situation and resources made it
+the authorized place of rendezvous for the troops destined for Canada. At
+the end of the war, when the danger of Indian invasion lessened, the town
+grew rapidly, but there were still only bridle-paths blazed through the
+woods by which to connect with the world, and until this century its only
+roads were the river road, the Coventry Road over Morse Hill, and the old
+Road from Plymouth, New Hampshire.</p>
+
+<p>But the day of the turnpike and vast changes was dawning. In 1805, in this
+town, still poor and struggling, were men who contributed their share to
+the building of the old Cohos Turnpike from Plymouth through Warren to
+Haverhill. The old post-rider, faithful John Balch, who had carried on
+foot and on horseback the scant letters throughout the dangerous days of
+the Revolution, was succeeded by Colonel Silas May in a Dutch wagon,
+carrying packages and the mail. As he drove into town blowing his horn he
+inaugurated a change for Haverhill that was indeed a new life. By 1814 a
+permanent stage line was established between Concord and Haverhill through
+Plymouth; and the first coach came down the long hill on its first trip,
+with loud and constant blasts of the horn, with a linchpin gone, but wheel
+safely in place clean up to the tavern door, thanks to Silas May&#8217;s skilful
+driving. A leading spirit in obtaining the turnpike charter and one of the
+proprietors of the first stage line was Colonel William Tarleton (or
+Tarlton), then a dashing young fellow of great elegance of manners; he
+kept the Tarleton Tavern on Tarleton Lake on the Pike till<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> his death.
+Every stage and team that went down or up the Pike stopped there to water
+the horses, with water in which was thrown salt; and every passenger had
+at least a hot drink. His hostelry was famous for two generations, and all
+the while there swung in the breezes that swept over Tarleton Lake the old
+sign-board which is shown here. It is an oaken board on which is painted
+on one side an Indian and the name William Tarlton and date, 1774; on the
+other a symbol of Plenty. It is owned by his grandson, Amos Tarleton, of
+Haverhill, to whose cordial interest and intelligent help I owe much of
+this story of Haverhill&#8217;s coaching days.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_109.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Tarleton Inn.</div>
+
+<p>The turnpike line from Concord to Haverhill was scarcely under way when a
+rival line was started which came through Hanover, and connected with the
+stage line to New York. Others followed with surprising quickness; the
+chief were lines to Boston, New York, and Stanstead, Canada; lesser lines
+of coaches ran to the White Mountains,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> to Montpelier, Vermont, to
+Chelsea, Vermont, and elsewhere. The reason for this sudden growth of
+Haverhill was found in its position with regard to the neighboring
+country; the topography of upper New England made it a proper and natural
+travel centre.</p>
+
+<p>As many coaches came into Haverhill every night and started out early the
+next morning, as many passengers changed coaches there, it can be readily
+seen that the need of taverns was great, and a number at once were opened.
+Often a hundred and fifty travellers were set down daily in Haverhill. The
+Bliss Tavern was one of the first to be built and is still standing, a
+dignified and comfortable mansion, as may be seen from its picture on <a href="#Page_314">page
+314</a>. Its landlord, Joseph Bliss, was a man of influence in the town, and
+held several important offices; his house was the headquarters where the
+judges of the court and the lawyers stopped when court was held; for
+Haverhill was a shire town, a county seat, from 1773. At some of the
+courts of the General Sessions of the Peace as many as twenty-two justices
+were present; and court terms were longer then than now, so justices,
+lawyers, clients, sheriffs, deputies, jurors, and witnesses came and
+remained in town till their law business was settled. Sometimes the
+taverns were crowded for weeks. The court and bar had a special dining
+room and table at Bliss&#8217;s Tavern, to which no layman, however high in
+social standing, was admitted. On Sundays all went to the old
+meeting-house at Piermont, where there was a &#8220;Judges&#8217; Pew.&#8221;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> Sometimes
+executions took place in town&mdash;a grand day for the taverns. When one
+Burnham was hanged there in 1805, ten thousand people witnessed the sight.
+Old and young, mothers with babes, lads and lasses, even confirmed
+invalids thronged to this great occasion.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_110.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Tarleton Inn.</div>
+
+<p>Besides the court and its following, and the pampered travellers in
+stage-coaches, Haverhill taverns had by 1825 other classes of customers.
+Backward and forward from upper New Hampshire and Vermont to Boston,
+Portsmouth, and Salem, rolled the great covered wagons with teams of six
+or eight horses bearing the products of the soil and forest to the towns
+and the products of the whole earth in return. These wagons, which were
+the Conestoga wagons of Pennsylvania, made little appearance in New
+England till this century; they were brought there by the War of 1812; but
+they had there their day of glory and usefulness as elsewhere throughout
+our whole northern continent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>The two-wheeled cart of the earliest colonists, clumsily built and
+wasteful of power, was used long in New England for overland
+transportation; though the chief transfer of merchandise was in the winter
+by &#8220;sledding.&#8221; There seems to have always been plentiful snow and good
+sledding every year in every part of New England in olden times, though it
+is far from being so to-day. The farmer, at that season of the year, had
+little else to do, and the ancient paths were soon made smooth by many
+sleighs and sleds.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Henry S. Miner gives me a very interesting account of these freight
+wagons in New England as he remembers them in ante-railroad days. Though
+the traffic was small in amount compared with that of the present day, it
+was carried on in a way which gave a sense of great life and action on the
+road. As even little towns furnished freight for several teams, the
+aggregate was large, and as they neared Boston the number of teams on the
+highway seemed enormous. These passed through towns on the turnpike every
+day, Sundays included. No vocation called for sturdier or better men. The
+drivers were almost invariably large, hearty, healthy Yankees, of good
+sense and regular habits, though they were seldom total abstainers. They
+could not be drunkards, for their life was too vigorous; long whip in
+hand, they walked beside their teams. The whip was a sign of office,
+seldom applied to a horse. They had to be keen traders, good merchants, to
+sell advantageously the goods they carried to town and to choose wisely
+for return trips. Country<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> merchants seldom went to the cities, but
+depended wholly on these teamsters for supplies.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 338px;"><img src="images/fig_111.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Bliss&#8217;s Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The wagons were of monstrous size, broad and high. Each horse had a ton of
+freight. No one was a regular teamster who drove less than four horses.
+But there were other carriers. A three-horse team called a &#8220;spike,&#8221; a
+two-horse team called a &#8220;podanger,&#8221; and a single horse with cart called a
+&#8220;gimlet,&#8221; were none of them in favor with tavern-keepers or other
+teamsters. Still, if the smaller teams got stuck in the mud or snow, the
+regulars would good-humoredly help them out. Whatever accident happened to
+a teamster or his wagon or horses, his fellow-craftsmen assisted him,
+while stage-drivers, drovers, or any other travelling citizens were never
+looked upon for help.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>An old man who drove one of these teams in his youth says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;When these large teams were hooked to the wagons, the starting word
+was &#8216;whoo-up&#8217;; and the horses would at once place themselves in
+position. Then, &#8216;Order, whope, <i>git</i>.&#8217; To turn to the left, &#8216;Whoa,
+whoa,&#8217; softly; to the right, &#8216;Geer there.&#8217; For a full stop, &#8216;Whoa
+who-oof,&#8217; in louder voice, and all would come to a standstill. It was
+a fine sight to see six or eight good horses spread out, marching
+along in each other&#8217;s steps, and see how quick they were to mind the
+driver&#8217;s voice. Good drivers always spoke to their teams in a low
+voice, never shouted. The teamsters walked beside their teams, twenty
+miles a day the average. The reins were done up on each horse&#8217;s hames,
+allowing them to spread apart with ease, a check-rein from the bit
+over the hames to keep them where they belonged. You could never teach
+a horse anything that wasn&#8217;t checked up. The wagons weighed from
+eighteen hundred to twenty-two hundred pounds. Some wagons had an
+adjustable seat called a lazy-board.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>With winter snows the wagons were generally housed; hundreds, yes,
+thousands of sleighs, pods, and pungs took their place. The farmer no
+longer sent to town by wagon and teamster; he carried his farm produce to
+town himself, just as his grandfather had in the days of the cart and sled
+before the Revolution. Winter brought red-letter days to the New England
+farmer; summer and autumn were his time of increase, but winter was his
+time of trade and of glorious recreation.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 412px;"><img src="images/fig_112.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Old Sleigh with Double Dashboard.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Friendly word was circulated from farm to farm, spread chiefly at the
+Sabbath nooning, that at stated date, at break of day the long ride to
+market would begin. Often twenty or thirty neighbors would start together
+on the road to town. The two-horse pung or single-horse pod, shod with
+steel shoes one inch thick, was closely packed with farm wealth&mdash;anything
+that a New England farm could produce that could be sold in a New England
+town. Frozen hogs, poultry, and venison; firkins of butter, casks of
+cheeses,&mdash;four to a cask,&mdash;bags of beans, peas, sheep-pelts, deer hides,
+skins of mink, fox, and fisher-cat that the boys had trapped, perhaps a
+splendid bearskin, nuts that the boys had gathered, shoe pegs that they
+had cut, yarn their sisters had spun, stockings and mittens they had
+knitted, homespun cloth and linen, a forest of splint brooms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> strapped on
+behind, birch brooms that the boys had whittled. So closely packed was the
+sleigh that the driver could not sit; he stood on a little semicircular
+step on the back of the sleigh, protected from the cutting mountain winds
+by the high sleigh back. At times he ran alongside to keep his blood
+briskly warm.</p>
+
+<p>To Troy and Portland went some winter commerce, but Boston, Portsmouth,
+and Salem took far the greatest amount. On the old Cohos Turnpike trains
+of these farm sleighs were often a half mile long. The tavern-keepers
+might well have grown rich, had all these winter travellers paid for board
+and lodging, but nearly all, even the wealthiest farmers, carried their
+own provender and food. Part of their oats and hay for their horses
+sometimes was deposited with honest tavern-keepers on the way down to be
+used on the way home; and there was also plenty of food to last through
+the journey: doughnuts, cooked sausages, roast pork, &#8220;rye and injun&#8221;
+bread, cheese, and a bountiful mass of bean porridge. This latter, made in
+a tub and frozen in a great mass, was hung by loops of twine by the side
+of the sleigh, and great chunks were chopped off from time to time. This
+itinerant picnic was called in some vicinities tuck-a-nuck, an Indian
+word; also mitchin. It was not carried from home because tavern-fare was
+expensive,&mdash;a &#8220;cold bite&#8221; was but twelve and a half cents, and a regular
+meal but twenty-five cents; but the tavern-keeper did not expect to serve
+meals to this class or to such a great number of travellers. His profits
+were made on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> liquor he sold and sleeping room he gave. The latter was
+often simple enough. Great fires were built in barroom and parlor; each
+driver spread out a blanket or fur robe, and with feet to the fire, the
+semicircle slept the sleep of the healthy and tired and cider-filled. Ten
+cents this lodging cost; but the sale of rum and cider, toddy and flip,
+brought in dimes and dollars to the tavern-keeper. Many a rough story was
+told or old joke laughed at before the circle was quiet; quarrels, too,
+took place among so many strong and independent men.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 377px;"><img src="images/fig_113.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Old Passenger Pung.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>It can readily be seen how important the tavern must have been in such a
+town as Haverhill, what a news centre, what an attraction, what an
+education. Newspapers were infrequent, but none were needed when newcomers
+from all points of the compass<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> brought all there was to tell from
+everywhere. Mine host was the medium through which information was spread;
+he came into close contact with leaders in law, politics, and business,
+and dull he must have been if he did not profit in mental growth. But he
+could not be dull, he had to be companionable and intelligent; hence we
+find the tavern-keeper the leading man in town, prominent in affairs, and
+great in counsel, and it was to the stage-coach he owed much of his
+intelligence and influence.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">THE STAGE-DRIVER</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">In</span> a home-library in an old New England town there were for half a century
+two sets of books which seemed strangely alien to the other staid
+occupants of the bookshelves, which companions were chiefly rows of
+encyclop&aelig;dias, Scott&#8217;s novels, the <i>Spectator</i> and <i>Tatler</i>, a large
+number of books of travel, and scores of biographies, autobiographies and
+memoirs of pious &#8220;gospellers,&#8221; English and American, chiefly missionaries.
+These two special sets of books were large volumes, but were not placed
+primly and orderly with others of their own size; they were laid on their
+sides thrust high up among the smaller books on the upper shelves as if to
+escape notice under the frames of the glazed doors. They were strictly
+tabooed to all the younger members of the family, and were, indeed, well
+out of our reach; but Satan can find library steps for idle and very
+inquisitive little souls to climb, and we had read them eagerly before we
+were in our teens. One set was that inestimable and valuable work <i>London
+Labour and London Poor</i>, which was held to be highly improper reading for
+the young, but which I found very entertaining, as being of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> folk as
+remote from my life as if they were gnomes and elves. The other volumes
+were Pierce Egan&#8217;s <i>Book of Sports</i>; and one, a prince of wicked books,
+entitled <i>Life in London: or the Day and Night Scenes of Jerry Hawthorne,
+Esq., and his elegant friend Corinthian Tom accompanied by Bob Logic, the
+Oxonian, in their Rambles and Sprees through the Metropolis</i>. This also
+was by Pierce Egan.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 380px;"><img src="images/fig_114.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Relay House.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>That this latter most reprehensible book (from the standard of the Puritan
+household in which it was found) should have been preserved at all must
+have been, I think, from the fact that the illustrations were by
+Cruikshank, and delightful pictures they were. Though this book was so
+ill-regarded in New England, its career in England was a most brilliant
+one. It was the most popular work in British<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> literature in the years 1820
+to 1850; in fact, to many Englishmen it was <i>the</i> book, <i>the</i> literature,
+of the period. One claim it has to the consideration of the reading public
+to-day: it is perhaps the best picture existing of Society, or, as it was
+termed in the words of the day, of &#8220;Life, Fashion, and Frolic,&#8221; in the
+times of George IV. Thackeray tells, in his article on George Cruikshank,
+of the lingering fondness he had for this old book, but even when he wrote
+could find no copy either in the British Museum or in London circulating
+libraries. It was dramatized by several hands, and had long runs on the
+stage both in England and the United States; and I do not doubt wealthy
+young men in the large American cities tried to emulate the sports of the
+London Tom and Jerry. In the peculiar affectations of the bucks and bloods
+of that day, from the king down, shown in the love of all low sports, in
+association, even familiarity, with low sportsmen, and in the domination
+of the horse in sporting life, we see the reason for the high perfection
+and participation of the rich in coaching in England&mdash;a perfection which
+was aped in some respects in America. Coaching is less talked about than
+other sports by Jerry and the elegant Corinthian Tom (whose surname is
+never once given), probably because their dissipations and sprees were
+those of the city, not of turnpike roads and green lanes. But the life of
+the day, perhaps the idlest, most aimless era of fashion in English
+history, the life most thoroughly devoid of any spirituality or
+intellectuality, yet never exactly unintelligent and never dull, lives
+forever in Pierce<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> Egan&#8217;s pages; and lives for me with the intensity of
+reality from the eager imprinting on the fresh memory of a little child of
+unfamiliar scenes and incomprehensible words, knowledge even of whose
+existence was sternly forbidden.</p>
+
+<p>I obtained from these books a notion of an English coachman, as an
+idealized being, a combination of Ph&oelig;bus Apollo, a Roman charioteer,
+and the Prince Regent. I fancied our American coach-drivers as glorious
+likewise, though with a lesser refulgence; and I distinctly recall my
+disappointment at the reality of the first coachman of my first coach-ride
+from Charlestown, New Hampshire. A man, even on a day of Indian Summer,
+all in hide and fur: moth-eaten fur gloves, worn fur cap with vast
+ear-flaps and visor, and half-bare buffalo-hide coat, and out of all these
+ancient skins but one visible feature, a great, shining, bulbous nose. But
+even the paling days of stage-coaches were then long past; and the ancient
+coachman had long been shorn of his glory. In the days of his prime he was
+a power in the land, though he was not like the English coachman.</p>
+
+<p>From Mr. Miner and others who remember the great days of stage-coach
+travel, I learn that our American drivers were a dignified and interesting
+class of men. Imposing in bearskin caps, in vast greatcoats, and with
+their teams covered with ivory rings, with fine horses and clean coaches,
+they and their surroundings were pleasant to the eyes. They acquired
+characteristic modes of speaking, of thinking. They were terse and
+sententious in expression,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> had what is termed horse sense. They had
+prudence and ability and sturdy intelligence. They carried from country to
+town, from house to house, news of the health of loved ones, or of
+sickness when weary nurses were too tired to write. A kindly driver would
+stop his horses or walk them past a lane corner where an anxious mother or
+sister waited, dreading; and passengers in the coach would hear him call
+out to her, &#8220;John&#8217;s better, fever&#8217;s all gone.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>They were character-readers, of man and horse alike. They had great
+influence in the community they called home, and their word was law. They
+were autocrats in their own special domain, and respected everywhere. No
+wonder they loved the life. Harrison Bryant, the veteran Yankee whip,
+inherited a fine farm in Athol. He at once gave up his hard life as a
+driver, bade good-by to the cold and exposure, the long hours of work, the
+many hardships, and settled down to an existence of sheltered prosperity.
+On the third day of his life on the farm he stood at the edge of a field
+as a stage passed on the road. The driver gave &#8220;the Happy Farmer&#8221; a salute
+and snapped his whip. The horses started ahead on the gallop, a passenger
+on top waved good-by to him; the coach bounded on and disappeared. Farmer
+Bryant walked sombrely across the field to his new home, packed his old
+carpet-bag, went to the stage-office in the next town, and two days later
+he swept down the same road on the same coach, snapping his whip, waving
+his hand, leaving the miles behind him. He was thus one week off the
+coach-box, and at the end of his long life had a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> well-established
+record of over one hundred and thirty-five thousand miles of stage
+driving, more than five times round the world.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 369px;"><img src="images/fig_115.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">The Relay.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>A letter written by an &#8220;old-timer&#8221; says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;I remember many of the old stage-drivers. What a line was the old
+&#8216;accommodation&#8217; put on by Gen. Holman and others! What a prince of
+drivers was Driver Day! Handsome, dressy, and a perfect lady&#8217;s man!
+How many ladies were attracted to a seat on the box beside him! Then
+such a team, and with what grace they were guided! How many young men
+envied his grace as a driver! So, also, what gentlemen were the
+tavern-keepers of that day! They studied to please the public by their
+manners, though behind the scenes some of them could spice their
+conversation with big words.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A very vivid description of the dress of the old stage-drivers of
+Haverhill and other New Hampshire towns was given me by Mr. Amos Tarleton,
+an old inhabitant of the town. He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The winter dress of these old drivers was nearly all alike. Their
+clothing was of heavy homespun, calfskin boots, thick trousers tucked
+inside the boots, and fur-lined overshoes over the boots. Over all
+these were worn Canadian hand-knit stockings, very heavy and thick,
+colored bright red, which came up nearly to the thighs, and still over
+that a light leather shoe. Their coats were generally fur or buffalo
+skin with fur caps with ear protectors, either fur or wool tippets.
+Also a red silk sash that went round the body and tied on the left
+side with a double bow with tassels.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Can you not see one of those hairy old bears peering out of his furs, vain
+in scarlet sash and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> tassels, and with his vast feet planted on the
+dashboard? What were on his fore paws? double-pegged mittens, leather
+gauntlets, fur gloves, wristlets, and muffettees?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Twining declared that the skill of American drivers equalled that of
+English coachmen, though they had little of the smart appearance of the
+latter, &#8220;neither having the hat worn on one side, nor greatcoat, nor
+boots, but wearing coarse blue jackets, worsted stockings, and thick
+shoes.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A traveller calling himself a Citizen of the World, writing in 1829, noted
+with pleasure that the drivers on American coaches neither asked for nor
+took a fee, but simply wished the passengers a polite good morning. Other
+Englishmen greeted this fact with approval. Mr. Miner tells us &#8220;tipping&#8221;
+was unknown&mdash;which was so customary, indeed so imperative, in England.
+Sometimes travellers who went frequently over the same route would make a
+gift to the driver.</p>
+
+<p>The custom of &#8220;shouldering,&#8221; which was for the coachman to take the fare
+of a way-passenger&mdash;one who did not register or start at the
+booking-office&mdash;and pocket it without making any return to the coach agent
+or proprietor, was universal in England. Some coach companies suffered
+much by it, and it was a tidy bit of profit to the unscrupulous coachman.
+Shouldering was common also in the new world, and called by the same name.
+There were no &#8220;spotters&#8221; on coaching lines as on street railways.</p>
+
+<p>As in every trade, profession, or calling, stage-coaching had a
+vocabulary&mdash;call it coaching slang<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> if you will. Among English coachmen
+&#8220;skidding&#8221; was checking with a shoe or drag or &#8220;skid-pan&#8221; the wheels of
+the coach when going down hill, thus preventing them from revolving, and
+slackening the progress of the coach. &#8220;Fanning&#8221; the horses was, in
+coachman&#8217;s tongue, whipping them; &#8220;towelling&#8221; was flogging them; and
+&#8220;chopping&#8221; the cruel practice of hitting the horse on the thigh with the
+whip. &#8220;Pointing&#8221; was hitting the wheeler with the point of the whip. A
+&#8220;draw&#8221; was a blow at the leader. If the thong of the whip lapped round any
+part of the harness, it was called &#8220;having a bite.&#8221; &#8220;Throat-lashing&#8221; was
+another term.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 308px;"><img src="images/fig_116.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">View of Middletown, Connecticut.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Another and expressive use of the word bite was to indicate a narrow strip
+of gravel or broken stone on the near side of a winding road on a steep
+hill. The additional friction on the wheel on one side made a natural drag
+or brake, while the wheels of the ascending coach did not touch it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>The drivers on local lines grew to be on terms of most friendly intimacy
+with dwellers along the route. They bore messages, brought news, carried
+letters and packages, transacted exchange, and did all kinds of shopping
+at the citywards end of the route. An old coach-driver in Ayer,
+Massachusetts, told me with much pride that he always bought bonnets in
+Boston for all the women along his route who could not go to town; and
+that often in the spring the bandboxes were piled high on the top of his
+coach; that he never bought two alike, and that there wasn&#8217;t another
+driver on the road that the women would trust to perform this important
+duty save himself.</p>
+
+<p>The great bell-crowned hat which the driver wore in summer on lines
+leaving Boston often was crammed with papers and valuables, and one of the
+rules of the Eastern Stage Company at one time was, &#8220;No driver shall carry
+anything except in his pocket.&#8221; It is said many of the drivers grew bald
+from the constant weight on their heads.</p>
+
+<p>The constant imbibing of ale, brandy, and rum-and-milk by English coachmen
+at coaching inns was echoed in America by drivers at every tavern at which
+the stage-coach stopped. The driver was urged to drink by coach passengers
+who had far better have implored him not to drink. Many an old driver
+showed by the benignant purple glow of his nose that the importunities of
+the travellers had been duly silenced by more than ample hard cider, gin,
+and New England rum.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>A great day on the coaches was when schoolboys and college boys went home
+on their vacations. The tops of the coaches were filled with their square
+boxes, which packed like cord-wood. On these boxes and within the coach
+swarmed the boys, pea-shooters in hand. A favorite target was the
+pike-keeper at the toll-gate, and those who left the coach first fared
+worst. Our boys have but a feeble imitation of these good times when they
+riot into a railway car together for a few hours of hurried travel to
+their city homes.</p>
+
+<p>The stage-drivers were universally kind and careful of all children placed
+under their charge; even young children, boys and girls, were intrusted to
+their care.</p>
+
+<p>One old gentleman tells me that in the days of his youth he rode by
+stage-coach to and from school, and so strong was his longing for a
+seafaring life, with such a flavor of salt water and tar did he englamour
+every unusual event, that it was inevitable with the imaginativeness of a
+child he should compare this trip by stage to a sea voyage; the roads and
+fields he mentally termed the ocean, the driver was the captain, the
+inside of the coach the cabin, the top the deck, and so on. He was honored
+by having a seat with the driver; and as the day waned, and the ship came
+to anchor, and all disembarked for supper at a stage tavern, he was
+further honored by eating supper with the driver and being treated to a
+glass of toddy. After the coach was again under way the driver had some
+tardy compunctions that the toddy had been rather strong drink for a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>
+growing boy, and said plainly that he feared the young traveller felt the
+liquor and might tumble from his high seat. He was not reassured when the
+boy answered dreamily, &#8220;Never mind, I can swim.&#8221; After glancing sharply at
+him, the driver stopped his horses, and ignominiously forced the boy to
+descend and make the rest of the journey inside the coach.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing is more marked than the changes in travelling-bags and trunks from
+those of stage-coach days. When our ancestors crossed the ocean they
+transported their belongings in wooden chests&mdash;common sea-chests and
+chests of carved wood. I have seen no mention of <i>trunks</i> in any old
+colonial inventories, though trunks existed and are named by Shakespere.
+These old trunks were metal coffers, and usually small. When Judge Sewall
+went to England in 1690, he bought trunks for his little daughters&mdash;trunks
+of leather or hide with their initials studded in metal nails. This shape
+of trunk lasted till the days of the railroad. Nearly all old families
+have one or more of these old trunks in their garrets. They were stout
+enough of frame, and heavy enough of frame to have lasted in larger
+numbers, and for centuries, but their heavy deerskin or pigskin covering
+often grew sorely offensive through harboring moths; and as they held but
+little, and were very heavy, they were of no use for a modern wardrobe.
+Their long narrow forms, however, were seen laden on every stage-coach, in
+company with carpet bags and leather sacks, and the schoolboy who owned
+one was a proud fellow.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>An ancient travelling bag is shown on <a href="#Page_333">page 333</a>. It is of a heavy woollen
+homespun stuff ribbed like corduroy, mounted with green leather bindings,
+straps, handles, etc. It is shaped like a mail-bag, and the straps laced
+through large eyelet holes. This bag is believed by its owners to have
+held the possessions of John Carver on the <i>Mayflower</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_117.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Deer&#8217;s Hide and Pigskin Trunks.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Not only were stage-drivers respected by all persons in every community,
+but they had a high idea of their own dignity and of the importance of
+their calling. Little Jack Mendum, who drove the Salem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> mail-coach, did
+not deem it an exaggeration of his position when he roared out angrily in
+answer to a hungry passenger who kept urging him to drive faster, &#8220;When I
+drive this coach I am the whole United States of America.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>One coachman who drove from Boston to Hartford was deeply tanned by summer
+suns and winter winds, and his mates spoke to each other of him as Black
+Ben. An English traveller, bustling out of the coach office with
+importance, shouted out: &#8220;I and my people want to go with Black Ben; are
+you the coachman they call Black Ben?&#8221; &#8220;Blackguards call me Black Ben,&#8221;
+was the answer, &#8220;but gentlemen call me Mr. Jarvis.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The list of the coach-drivers employed by the Eastern Stage Company still
+exists, and has been printed by Mr. Rantoul. From it we learn that
+coach-driving went by families&mdash;it was an hereditary calling. Many
+families had two sons in this work, there were four Potter brothers, three
+Ackermans, and three Annables, all coachmen. Their names were often
+curious, Moses Caney, John Foss, Perley Annable, Eppes Potter, Ben Savory,
+Fortune Tozzer.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Miner writes thus of stage-terms and stage-horses:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Every horse had a name. It was &#8216;Git up, Jo; gwan, boys or gals; you
+are shirky, Bill; you want touching up, Ben; if you don&#8217;t do better,
+Ben, I&#8217;ll swap you for a mule.&#8217; All kinds of expressions. Some drivers
+would fret a team to death, while others would get over the road and
+you would never hear hardly a loud word to the team. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> just as
+drivers themselves were constituted. All kinds of horses were used in
+a stage team, runaways, kickers, biters, and all kinds of tricksters.
+If the owners could not manage them they went on stage teams, and did
+good work, and never died. They were seldom sick, as they were
+well-fed and groomed, and had quick time and short trips. We had some
+fine teams of matched horses, especially on the Connecticut River
+roads, which would have sold for seven hundred to a thousand dollars a
+pair. The horses were usually what were termed native horses, large,
+full of muscle and gimp, of English descent.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_118.jpg" alt="" /><br />Old Carpet Bag.</div>
+
+<p>It was the testimony of John Lambert, an English gentleman who travelled
+here in the early years of this century, that the horses used on coaches
+in all settled parts of the United States were as good as English
+coach-horses.</p>
+
+<p>It serves to show with force the pride and vanity of coach owners and
+drivers to be told that on the Boston and Salem line the coachmen
+sometimes attached false sweeping tails to the horses, to dress them up as
+it were and put on a good appearance&mdash;this is ante- if not anti-docking
+days.</p>
+
+<p>Elaborate rules for coach-driving are given in old-time and modern manuals
+of coaching. Mr. Fairman<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> Rogers&#8217;s descriptions are the plainest. Mr.
+Miner tells very simply of the old modes of driving in his day:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;On four-horse teams were four reins. The near wheel-horse rein came
+under the little finger of left hand, the leader over the next finger.
+The off wheel-horse rein over third finger, right hand, leader over
+first finger. Six horses would require two more reins, and one more
+finger on each hand. Some drivers would wear mittens, and have one
+rein over and one under the fingers. These among good reinsmen were
+called Dummies or old Farmers. The whip was carried in the right hand,
+horizontally pointing to the left, toward the ground, not as pictured
+at the present day. A good driver who was interested in his team
+always sat up straight, and kept his reins and whip in a stylish
+manner. He talked to his horses as he would to a person. Every horse
+knew him; they knew him by his voice whether they were late for cars
+or early, and just where to make up time if late. A driver of this
+kind always had a good team, able to respond under all conditions.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Even the whip of good drivers was of regulation size. The rule of
+perfection was that it should be five feet one and one-half inches from
+butt to holder and twelve feet five inches long from holder to end of
+point of lash&mdash;so it was an imposing machine.</p>
+
+<p>On summer routes in the mountains of New Hampshire the stage-driver
+lingered long. Over the backbone of Vermont he guides in our own day a few
+rusty coaches.</p>
+
+<p>Among the popular stage-drivers of the New Hampshire mountains before the
+advent of frequent railroads, were Charles Sanborn, of Pittsfield, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>
+drove between Centre Harbor and West Ossipee; and H. P. Marden, who drove
+between Plymouth and the Profile House, White Mountains, during the summer
+months; and James F. Langdon, of Plymouth,&mdash;the three being among the last
+to give up the reins and the whip, when called to that far-away country
+&#8220;from whence no traveller returns.&#8221; In 1861, Mr. Sanborn drove between
+Centre Harbor and North Conway, a distance of thirty-five miles. He drove
+over that route eleven years, at first requiring but forty horses, while
+in 1872 no less than one hundred and twenty were in constant use, besides
+a large number of coaches, wagons, and sleighs. On one of his round trips,
+Mr. Sanborn took three hundred and fifty dollars in passenger fares alone,
+while the express business was proportionately large. Of course all this
+seems small to those who know little of the days before railroads ran by
+every man&#8217;s dooryard, but those who have &#8220;staged it&#8221; in the old times will
+understand what a busy time the driver on such a route must have had. Mr.
+Sanborn was over six feet in height and of Herculean frame, his broad
+shoulders and sturdy gait betokening a strength which gave his passengers
+the greatest confidence in his ability to carry them safely through any
+accident. He seldom lost his temper, even under the most trying
+circumstances, and was a jolly man withal. Major Lewis Downing of Concord
+tells me that on his route Sanborn had the good-will of every one, and in
+Pittsfield, where was his home, he was highly esteemed for his sterling
+character and strict integrity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span>In England the coachmen and coaches had an Annual Parade, a coaching-day,
+upon the Royal Birthday, when coach-horses, coachmen, and guards all were
+in gala attire. In America similar annual meetings were held in many
+vicinities. In Concord, New Hampshire, which was a great coaching centre,
+an annual coaching parade was given in the afternoon and a &#8220;Stagemen&#8217;s
+Ball&#8221; in the evening. &#8220;Knights of the whip&#8221; from New Hampshire and
+neighboring states attended this festival. The ball was held in the
+celebrated Grecian Hall&mdash;celebrated for its spring floor&mdash;which was built
+over the open carriage-houses and woodsheds attached to the Eagle
+Coffee-house, called now the Eagle Hotel. This dancing hall, built in
+1827, took its name from the style of its architecture. At one end was a
+great painting of the battle of New Orleans, with Jackson on horseback. It
+was the rallying-point for all great occasions,&mdash;caucuses, conventions,
+concerts, even a six weeks&#8217; theatrical season.</p>
+
+<p>Political economists solve the problem of a sudden loss of one trade by
+saying that others can easily be found. But it is difficult for a man
+learned in one handicraft to become proficient in others; and it is most
+difficult for the old or even middle-aged to learn a new trade.</p>
+
+<p>No more melancholy example of an entire class of workmen deprived of work
+and subsistence through no fault of their own can be found than in these
+old coachmen, especially in England. Their work left them with astonishing
+rapidity, and they refused to realize the fact that their occupation was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span>
+going out of existence, and that railroads would supersede coaches. In
+England the employment of the drivers of coaches on the railroads was
+almost unknown; they ended their days as humble workers in stables or as
+omnibus drivers, or, worse still, upon carts working on the road; sorry
+lives compared to the cheery work on a coach. A few took to farming, and
+made pretty poor work of it.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_119.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign of<br />David Reed&#8217;s Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>In America, especially in New England if they were young and strong and
+quick-witted enough to read coming events and adjust themselves early in
+the day to altered conditions, they obtained positions on the railroads,
+as brakemen, conductors, ticket-sellers, express-agents, depot-masters,
+never as engineers&mdash;driving horses does not fit a man to drive an engine.
+Often these brakemen and conductors advanced in position as the railroads
+grew. It was not unusual a decade ago in the obituary notices of men who
+had acquired wealth through the railways, to read that these men had in
+early life been stage-drivers; but they were usually men who had amassed
+some capital before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> the era of the railroad, or very young stage-drivers
+when steam carriage came.</p>
+
+<p>Benjamin Pierce Cheney, one of the wealthiest men of Boston, an owner of
+vast railroad properties, founder of the rich Cheney Express Company,
+chief owner of the American Express Company, one of the Wells-Fargo
+Company, one of the builders of the Northern Pacific and other great
+Western railroads, began his business life a strong boy of seventeen
+driving the coach from Exeter, New Hampshire, to Nashua. For six years he
+drove fifty miles every day; then he became stage agent, and agent for the
+Lowell and Nashua Railroad, then railroad owner. Chester W. Chapin
+(afterwards president of the Boston and Albany Railroad) ran a stage line
+between Springfield and Hartford. The early members of the firm which
+formed Harnden&#8217;s Express were nearly all connected with stage-coach lines.</p>
+
+<p>Certainly much consideration was shown the old employees of the stage
+roads.</p>
+
+<p>It was said by an old coachman of the Eastern Stage Company that all its
+men were given positions on the railroads if so desired; &#8220;All who wished
+had something to do,&#8221; and facilities were given them also to benefit by
+the new railroads. For instance, after the steam cars were running between
+Salem and Boston the stage-drivers from Portsmouth and other towns were
+given free passes on the railroad. They could thus go to Boston and
+transact their old &#8220;errand-business,&#8221; from which they had so much profit.
+The fast-growing express companies of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> Harnden and Adams also employed
+many of the old workers on the stage-coach lines. Some resisted the new
+mode of travel. Major Shaw of Salem threatened to ruin the railroad with a
+new opposition stage line, but Americans in general have been ever quicker
+to accept changes and innovations than the English. They were more
+&#8220;uptaking,&#8221; as the Scotch say,&mdash;that is, quicker to perceive, accept, and
+adopt; we breathe in that trait with the air of the new world; so American
+coach employees accepted the railroad and profited by it.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">THE ROMANCE OF THE ROAD</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> traveller in the old stage-coach was not tantalized by the fleeting
+half-glimpse of places which we gain in railroad travel to-day. He had
+ample time to view any unusual or beautiful spot as he passed, he had
+leisure to make inquiry did he so desire, he had also many minutes, nay
+hours, to hear any traveller&#8217;s tale that could be told him by a
+fellow-journeyer or by the driver. This last-named companion, going over
+the stage road day after day, talking constantly, querying frequently,
+grew deeply versed in its lore, its history. He knew the gossip, too, of
+each house he passed, he knew the traditions and tales of each locality;
+hence in his company every mile of the road had some point of deep
+interest.</p>
+
+<p>Roger Mowry&#8217;s Tavern was the first one established in the town of
+Providence. It escaped destruction in King Philip&#8217;s War, when nearly all
+the town was burned, and stood till the present day. When a coach started
+out from that old tavern, it passed the burying ground and a dense growth
+of barberry bushes which grew along the roadside. There seems to have
+been, in many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> places, a suspicion of uncanny reputation connected with
+barberry bushes. In one spot a dense group of bushes was said to harbor a
+vast snake; in another it shaded an Indian&#8217;s grave; a third concealed a
+ghost. The barberry was not a native of America; it is an immigrant, and
+has the further ill name of blasting any wheat near which it is planted.
+The grewsome growth of barberry bushes near Mowry&#8217;s Tavern was the scene
+of the first serious crime of the settlement of Providence Plantations.
+The town carpenter, a thrifty and much respected young man named Clauson,
+much beloved by Roger Williams, was found dying one winter morning in 1660
+near &#8220;a clump of barberry bushes&#8221; at the parting of the paths &#8220;near Roger
+Mowry&#8217;s Tavern.&#8221; His head was cloven open with an axe, and the dying man
+accused a neighbor named Herndon of being the instigator of the crime; and
+with a spirit never learned from his old master, the gentle Williams, he
+left a terrible curse upon the children and children&#8217;s children of John
+Herndon, that they should ever &#8220;be marked with split chins and be haunted
+by barberry bushes.&#8221; An Indian named Wanmanitt was arrested for having
+done this terrible deed, and was locked up in the Mowry Tavern. He was
+probably executed for it, though the town records only contain a
+preliminary story of his trial. With bills for interpreters and for a boat
+and guard and powder and shot and liquor, all to go with the prisoner to
+Newport jail, the Indian murderer vanishes down the bay out of history.
+John Herndon lived on peacefully for many years, branded, doubtless, in
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> minds of many; but there is no record that the futile imprecation of
+the dying man ever was fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>As the stage-coach runs along through old Narragansett, it comes to
+another scene of crime, of horrible crime and horrible punishment&mdash;that of
+hanging in chains. This demoralizing sight was almost unknown in America.
+You can scarcely read a tale, a history of old English life, without
+hearing of men &#8220;hanging in chains.&#8221; That most popular of children&#8217;s books,
+<i>The Fairchild Family</i>, has a typical English scene, wherein the solemn
+English father, in order to make his children love each other the more,
+takes them through a lonely wood to see the body of a man hanging in
+chains on a gibbet, a horrible and revolting sight. Travellers on the
+Portsmouth Road in England, after the year 1786, passed at Hind Head a
+gibbet with three men swinging in chains, three barbarous murderers of an
+unknown sailor&mdash;not a pleasant outlook for tired riders on the coach. By
+the old South Ferry in Narragansett, a man was murdered by a
+fellow-traveller. At the inn where they had rested the last night one of
+them spent on this earth, a woman had dressed his hair, and she noted a
+curious white lock which grew like our artist Whistler&#8217;s in a thick head
+of black hair. On this single identification was built a chain of evidence
+which ended in that unusual and terrible sight in the new world, the body
+of a criminal hanging in chains. It swung there till the poor bones
+dropped to the earth, and finally the great chains rusted apart. Then
+schoolboys took the heavy links which had bound a sight they had not
+seen,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> and with equal bravado and apprehension cracked open their winter
+store of hickory nuts and butternuts with the last emblem of an obsolete
+law.</p>
+
+<p>Not far from this scene is a crossroads which could be viewed from the
+stage-coach, but I trust no traveller saw there the execution of a law as
+obsolete and as barbaric as hanging in chains.</p>
+
+<p>For on this crossroads took place several of those eccentric, ridiculous
+performances known as &#8220;shift-marriages.&#8221; Any widow, about to be married
+again, could be free from all debts of her dead husband&#8217;s contracting by
+being married at the crossroads, &#8220;clad only in her shift.&#8221; Sometimes she
+was enjoined to cross the King&#8217;s Highway four times thus scantily clad.</p>
+
+<p>George Hazard, Justice, made entry in the town book of South Kingston,
+Rhode Island, that Abigail Calverwell on the 22d of February, 1719, was
+taken in marriage &#8220;after she had gone four times across the highway in
+only her shift and hair low and no other clothing.&#8221; Think of this poor
+creature, on this winter&#8217;s night, going through such an ordeal. Another
+Narragansett widow, Jemima Hill, was married at midnight &#8220;where four roads
+meet,&#8221; clad only in her shift. Another entry in a town record-book
+specifies that the bride had &#8220;no other clothing but shifting or smock.&#8221;
+Let me hasten to add that these marriages were not peculiar to Rhode
+Island; they took place in many of the colonies, certainly in Pennsylvania
+and in all the New England states.</p>
+
+<p>As the old Narragansett coach sped on through Connecticut, it passed
+lonely spots which were noted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> for other sad tales and traditions, but
+were ever of keen interest to all passers-by. For at the crossroads &#8220;where
+four roads meet,&#8221; were buried suicides, with a stake thrust through the
+heart. This was a cruel old English and Dutch law. We learn from Judge
+Sewall all of the public obloquy and hatred of a suicide in Massachusetts.
+One poor fellow found dead was buried in disgrace under a pile of stones
+at a Connecticut crossroads, but the brand of self-destruction was taken
+from him at a later date, when much evidence was secured that he was
+murdered.</p>
+
+<p>If our Narragansett coach went over the Ridge Hill, the driver surely
+pointed out the spot where a lover once hid his coach and horses till
+there rode up from a bridle-path near by the beauty of Narragansett,
+&#8220;Unhappy Hannah Robinson,&#8221; who jumped from her horse into the coach and
+drove off headlong to Providence to be married. An elopement should end
+happily, but the adjective ever attached to her name tells the tale of
+disappointment, and it was not many years ere she was borne back, deserted
+and dying, lying on a horse-litter, to the spacious old home of her
+childhood, which is still standing. And one day down this road there came
+hotly lashing his horses a gay young fellow driving tandem a pair of
+Narragansett pacers, and he scarcely halted at the tavern as he asked for
+the home and whereabouts of the parson. But the tavern loungers peeped
+under the chariot-hood and saw a beautiful blushing girl, and they stared
+at a vast, yawning, empty portmanteau, strapped by a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span> single handle to
+the chariot&#8217;s back. And soon two angry young men, the bride&#8217;s brothers,
+rode up after the elopers, who had been tracked by the articles of the
+bride&#8217;s hastily gathered outfit which had been strewn from the open
+portmanteau along the road in the lovers&#8217; hasty flight. Who that rides on
+a railway car ever hears anything about elopements or such romances!
+Parson Flagg, of Chester, Vermont, made his home a sort of Yankee Gretna
+Green; the old stage-drivers could tell plenty of stories of elopers on
+saddle and pillion who rode to his door.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 395px;"><img src="images/fig_120.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Midsummer along the Pike.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The traveller by the coach learned constant lessons from that great
+teacher, Nature. Even if he were city bred he grew to know, as he saw
+them, the various duties of country life, the round of work on the farm,
+the succession of crops, the names of grains, and he knew each grain and
+grass when he saw it, which few of city life do now. He saw the timid
+flight of wild creatures, rabbits, woodchucks, squirrels, sometimes a wily
+fox. My father once, riding on a stage-coach in Vermont, chased down a
+mountain road a young deer that ran, bewildered, before its terrible
+pursuer. At night the traveller heard strange sounds, owls and a smothered
+snarl as the coach entered the woods&mdash;a catamount perhaps. He heard the
+singing birds of spring and noted the game-birds of autumn; and in winter
+they could watch the broad and beautiful flight of the crows, free in
+snowy woods and fields from the rivalry of all fellow feathered creatures.
+He saw the procession of wild flowers, though he, perhaps, did not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>
+consciously heed them, and he knew the trees by name. The stage-driver
+showed his passengers &#8220;the biggest ellum in the county,&#8221; and &#8220;the best
+grove of sugar-maples in the state.&#8221; He pointed out a lovely vista of
+white birches as &#8220;the purtiest grove o&#8217; birch on the road,&#8221; and there was
+a dense grove of mulberry trees, the sole survivors of silk-worm culture
+in which were buried so many hours and years of hard labor, so much
+hard-earned capital, so many feverish hopes. And towering a giant among
+lesser brothers, a glorious pine tree still showing the mark of the broad
+arrow of the King, chosen to be a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> mast for his great ships, but living
+long after he was dead and his ships were sunken and rotten, living to be
+a king itself in a republican land.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 407px;"><img src="images/fig_121.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">A Vista of White Birches.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The foot-farer, trudging along the outskirts of the village, is often shut
+out by close stone or board barriers from any sight of the flowering
+country gardens, the luxuriance of whose blossoming is promised by the
+heads of the tall hollyhocks that bend over and nod pleasantly to him; but
+the traveller on the coach could see into these old gardens, could feast
+his eyes on all the glorious tangle of larkspur and phlox, of tiger lilies
+and candytuft, of snowballs and lilacs, of marigolds and asters, each
+season outdoing the other in brilliant bloom.</p>
+
+<p>And what odors were wafted out from those gardens! What sweetness came
+from the lilacs and deutzias and syringas; from clove-pinks and spice bush
+and honeysuckles; how weird was the anise-like scent of the fraxinella or
+dittany; and how often all were stifled by the box, breathing, says
+Holmes, the fragrance of eternity! The great botanist Linn&aelig;us grouped the
+odors of plants and flowers into classes, of which three were pleasing
+perfumes. To these he gave the titles the aromatic, the fragrant, the
+ambrosial&mdash;our stage-coach traveller had them all three.</p>
+
+<p>From the fields came the scent of flowering buckwheat and mellifluous
+clover, and later of new-mown hay, sometimes varied by the tonic breath of
+the salt hay on the sea marshes. The orchards wafted the perfumes from
+apple blossoms, and from the pure blooms of cherry and plum and pear; in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>
+the woods the beautiful wild cherries equalled their domestic sisters.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 485px;"><img src="images/fig_122.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">The Hollyhocks&#8217; Promise.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>How sweet, how healthful, were the cool depths of the pine woods, how
+clean the hemlock, spruce, fir, pine, and juniper, and how sweet and
+balsamic their united perfume. And from the woods and roadsides such
+varied sweetness! The faint hint of perfume from the hidden arbutus in
+early spring, and the violet; the azalea truly ambrosial with its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> pure
+honey-smell; the intense cloying clethra with the strange odor of its
+bruised foliage; the meadowsweet; the strong perfume of the barberry; and
+freshest, purest, best of all, the bayberry throwing off balm from every
+leaf and berry. Even in the late autumn the scent of the dying brakes and
+ferns were as beloved by the country-lover as the fresh smell of the
+upturned earth in the spring after the farmer&#8217;s plough, or the scent of
+burning brush.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 378px;"><img src="images/fig_123.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">The Cool Depths of the Pine Woods.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Fruit odors came too to the happy traveller, the faint scent of
+strawberries, the wild strawberry the most spicy of all, and later of the
+dying strawberry leaves; even the strong and pungent onions are far from
+offensive in the open air; while the rich fruity smell of great heaps of
+ripe apples in the orchards is carried farther by the acid vapors from the
+cider mills, which tempt the driver to stop and let all taste new
+apple-juice.</p>
+
+<p>In the days of the stage-coach we had on our summer journeys all these
+delights, the scents of the wood, the field, the garden; we had the genial
+sunlight, the fresh air of mountain, plain, and sea; and all the wild and
+beautiful sights which made the proper time for travel&mdash;the summer&mdash;truly
+joyful. Now we may enjoy a place when we get there, but we have a poor
+substitute for the coach for the actual travelling&mdash;a dirty railway car
+heated almost to tinder by the sun, with close foul air (and the better
+the car the fouler and closer the air) filled, if we try to have fresh
+air, with black smoke and cinders; clattering and noisy ever, with
+occasional louder-shrieking whistles and bells, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span>sometimes a horrible
+tunnel&mdash;it has but one redeeming quality, its speed, for thereby the
+journey is shortened.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 403px;"><img src="images/fig_124.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Taylor&#8217;s Tavern. 1777, Danbury, Connecticut.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Cheerful friends on the old roads were the milestones and guideposts.
+Milestones had an assured position in social life, a dignified standing.
+It would be told of a road as a great honor and distinction, and told
+fitly in capitalized sentences thus, &#8220;This Elegant road is fully Set with
+well-cut Milestones.&#8221; A few of the old provincial milestones remain, and
+put us closely in touch with the past. In Governor Hutchinson&#8217;s day
+milestones were set on all the post-roads throughout Massachusetts.
+Several of these are still standing; one is in Worcester, in the heart of
+the city, marked &#8220;42 Mls. to Boston, 50<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> Mls. to Springfield, 1771.&#8221;
+Another is in Sutton. It is five feet high and nearly three feet wide. It
+is marked &#8220;48 mls. to Boston. B. W.&#8221; The letters B. W. stand for
+Bartholomew Woodbury, a genial tavern-keeper of Sutton. It shows a custom
+which obtained at that date. It was deemed most advantageous to a tavern
+to have a milestone in front of it. Possibly the tale of the stone shown
+in its lettering urged wayworn travellers to halt and rest within the
+welcoming door. Bartholomew Woodbury&#8217;s Tavern was a few rods from the spot
+marked for the stone, but the government permitted him to set this stone
+by his doorside, at his own expense, beside the great horse-block.
+Tavern-keeper and tavern are gone, and the old road sees few travellers.
+Occasionally some passer-by, inquisitive like myself of the presence of
+the old stone, will halt as did the traveller of old, and pull away the
+curtain of vines, and read the lettering of this gravestone of the old
+Woodbury Tavern.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_125.jpg" alt="" /><br />M. M. Taylor&#8217;s<br />Milestone.</div>
+
+<p>Another landlord who appreciated that the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span>milestone served as a magnet to
+draw customers to the tavern taproom was Landlord Taylor, who kept the old
+tavern known as &#8220;Taylor&#8217;s,&#8221; in Danbury, Connecticut. The house with the
+milestone is shown on <a href="#Page_350">page 350</a> and the milestone alone on <a href="#Page_351">page 351</a>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_126.jpg" alt="" /><br />Peleg Arnold&#8217;s<br />Milestone.</div>
+
+<p>Judge Peleg Arnold was one of the most active patriots in northern Rhode
+Island during the Revolution; for many years he carried on a tavern at
+Union Village, a suburb of Woonsocket, and his house was noted for its
+excellence and hospitality. Not far from his tavern to the northward the
+&#8220;Great Road&#8221; from Smithfield into Mendon wound through woods and meadows
+and over the northern hills of Rhode Island.</p>
+
+<p>In 1666 this great road was a small foot-path through the woods, and was
+indicated by marked trees leading from cabin to cabin; but in 1733 it had
+taken upon itself the dignity of a cart-path and then became the subject
+of discussions on town-meeting days. Peleg Arnold had been one of the men
+to re-lay the old road, and it was near the northern boundary of his farm
+that he set up the old milestone shown here. For more than a hundred and
+twenty-five years this stone has served<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> to brighten the hearts of
+travellers, for they have learned to know that this silent and inanimate
+guide can be relied upon as to distances with much more certainty than can
+the words of residents in the neighborhood.</p>
+
+<p>When Benjamin Franklin was Postmaster-general, he set an indelible
+postmark in many ways on the history of our country; and many mementos of
+him still exist. Among them are the old milestones set under his
+supervision. He transacted this apparently prosaic business with that
+picturesque originality which he brought to all his doings and which
+renders to every detail of his life an interest which cannot be exceeded
+and scarcely equalled by the events recorded of any other figure in
+history.</p>
+
+<p>He drove over the roads which were to be marked by milestones, seated in a
+comfortable chaise, of his own planning, and followed by a gang of men,
+and heavy carts laden with the milestones. Attached to the chaise was a
+machine of his invention which registered by the revolution of the wheels
+the number of miles the chaise passed over. At each mile he halted, and a
+stone was dropped which was afterward set. The King&#8217;s Highway, the old
+Pequot Trail, was thus marked and set. A few of these milestones between
+Boston and Philadelphia are still standing, one in New London, another at
+Stratford, and are glanced at carelessly by the hundreds of thousands who
+glide swiftly past on wheels bearing more accurate cyclometers than that
+of Franklin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span>Guide-boards always stood at the crossings of all travelled roads; indeed,
+they stood where the roads were scarce more than lines among the grass and
+low shrubs. Since our day of many railroads, and above all, since the
+interlacing network of trolley lines has spread over all our Eastern lands
+where once the stage-coach ran, many guide-boards have disappeared and
+have not been replaced. You find them often at the angles of the road
+lying flat in grass and bushes; or standing split, one-sided, askew,
+pointing the road to the skies, or nowhere. When in trim and good repair
+in the days of their utility and helpfulness, they were friendly things,
+and the pointing hand gave them a half-human semblance of cheerful aid.
+Where the road led through woods or rarely frequented ways, they were
+friends indeed, for all ways looked alike, and one might readily go far
+astray. The mile of the guide-board was an elastic one, and sometimes a
+weary one.</p>
+
+<p>Guide-boards, even poor ones, are still most welcome. No one in the
+country ever has any correct estimate of distances; a distance &#8220;a little
+better than three miles&#8221; before you usually increases by an extraordinary
+law instead of decreases after you have driven nearly a mile to &#8220;about
+four mile.&#8221; The next road-jogger says &#8220;nigh on to a mile&#8221;; and then you
+may be sure a few hundred feet farther on to jump back to a slow and wise
+rejoinder of the original distance, &#8220;hard on to four mile.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 367px;"><img src="images/fig_127.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">The Watering Trough.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Another wayside friend of the traveller in coaching days was the watering
+trough. It was frequently a log of wood hollowed out, Indian fashion,
+like a dug-out, filled with the lavish bounty of untrammelled Nature by a
+cool pure rill from a hillside spring. One of these watering troughs is
+shown on this page. In the days of the glory of the stage-coach and
+turnpike, fine stone troughs chiselled like an Egyptian sarcophagus took
+the place of the log dug-out. They had their supply from a handled pump,
+which was a more prosaic vehicle than the pipe made of hollowed
+tree-trunks which brought the spring-water; but it had also a certain
+interest as the water spouted out in response to the vigorous pumping, and
+it has been immortalized by Hawthorne. Our artesian wells, and sunken
+pipes, and vast reservoir systems are infinitely better than the old-time
+modes of water supply, but we miss the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> pleasure that came from the sight
+of the water, whether it was borne to us on the picturesque well-sweep by
+wheel and bucket, or old chain pump; it was good to look at as well as to
+taste, and it refreshed man even to see cattle and horses drinking from
+the primitive trough.</p>
+
+<p>There is always something picturesque and pleasant in an old bridge, and
+of historic associations as well. The great logs such as form a wooden
+bridge over a narrow stream are the most natural waterspans, those of the
+primitive savages. By fallen tree-trunks placed or utilized by the
+Indians, the colonists first crossed the inland streams, adding parallel
+trunks as years passed on and helping hands multiplied; and finally
+placing heavy, flat cross-timbers and boards when hand-saws and sawmills
+shaped the forests&#8217; wealth for domestic use.</p>
+
+<p>The old arched stone bridges are ever a delight to the eye and the
+thoughtful mind. Look at the picture of the old Topsfield Bridge shown on
+the opposite page. It was built in 1760 over the Ipswich River. It shows
+the semicircle&mdash;simplest of all arched forms&mdash;which is happily within the
+compass and ever the selection of rustic builders. The shallow voussoirs
+speak of security and economy rather than of monumental effect; the
+irregular shape and size of the stones tell a similar tale, that there was
+ample and fitting material near by, in every field. The arched stone
+bridge is a primitive structure; the sort of construction that may be
+found in the so-called &#8220;Cyclopean&#8221; walls of earliest Greece; and this very
+simplicity is a distinct beauty,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> that, added to its fitness and
+durability, makes the bridge a thing of satisfaction.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 478px;"><img src="images/fig_128.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Topsfield Bridge.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>How charming are the reflections in the stilly waters, the arch making the
+perfect circle, ever an attractive and symbolic form. How cool and
+beautiful is the shadowy water under these stone arches; but it cannot be
+reached by the rider in stage-coach or on horseback, as can the brook
+spanned by a wooden bridge. This has often a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> watering place which spreads
+out on one side of the road, a shoal pool of clear, crystal, dancing
+water. The bottom is cut with the ruts of travellers&#8217; wheels, but the
+water is pure and glistening; the pool is edged heavily with mint and
+thoroughwort and a tangle of greenery pierced with a few glorious scarlet
+spires of cardinal flowers, and some duller blooms. How boys love to wade
+in these pools, and dogs to swim in them, and horses to drink from them.
+The wooden bridge seems in midsummer a useless structure, fit only to
+serve as a trellis for clematis and sweet brier and many running vines,
+and to be screened with azalea, clethra, and elder, and scores of
+sweet-flowered shrubs that add their scent to the strong odor of mint that
+fills the air, as the sensitive leaves are bruised by careless contact.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 336px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/fig_129.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">The Shadowy Water under the Arches.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>There was a closeness of association in stage-coach travel which made
+fellow-passengers companionable. One would feel a decided intimacy with a
+fellow-sufferer who had risen several mornings in succession with you, at
+daybreak, and ridden all night, cheek by jowl. Even fellow-travellers on
+short trips entered into conversation, and the characteristic
+inquisitiveness was shown. Ralph Waldo Emerson took great delight in this
+experience of his in stage-coach travel. A sharp-featured, keen-eyed,
+elderly Yankee woman rode in a Vermont coach opposite a woman deeply
+veiled and garbed in mourning attire, and the older woman thus entered
+into conversation: &#8220;Have you lost friends?&#8221; &#8220;Yes,&#8221; was the answer, &#8220;I
+have.&#8221; &#8220;Was they near friends?&#8221; &#8220;Yes, they was.&#8221; &#8220;How
+near<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> was they?&#8221;
+&#8220;A husband and a brother.&#8221; &#8220;Where did they die?&#8221; &#8220;Down in Mobile.&#8221; &#8220;What
+did they die of?&#8221; &#8220;Yellow fever.&#8221; &#8220;How long was they sick?&#8221; &#8220;Not very
+long.&#8221; &#8220;Was they seafaring men?&#8221; &#8220;Yes, they was.&#8221; &#8220;Did you save their
+chists?&#8221; &#8220;Yes, I did.&#8221; &#8220;Was they hopefully pious?&#8221; &#8220;I hope so.&#8221; &#8220;Well, <i>if
+you have got their chists</i> (with emphasis) and they was hopefully pious,
+you&#8217;ve got much to be thankful for.&#8221; Perhaps this conversation should be
+recorded in the succeeding chapter, but in truth the pleasures and pains
+of stage-coach travel ran so closely side by side that they can scarce be
+separated. Many pleasant intimacies and acquaintances were begun on the
+stage-coach; flirtations, even courtships, were carried on. One gentleman
+remembers that when he was a big schoolboy he rode on the coach from
+Pittsfield, New Hampshire, to Dover, and he cast sheep&#8217;s-eyes at a pretty
+young woman who was a fellow-passenger. He had just gathered courage to
+address her with some bold, manly remark when the coach stopped and a
+middle-aged man of importance entered. Soon all other passengers got out
+and the three were left in the coach; and the Boy heard the Man recall
+himself to the Girl as having been her teacher when she was a child. He
+soon proceeded to make love to her, and made her a proposal of marriage,
+which she did not refuse, but asked a week&#8217;s time to consider. &#8220;And during
+all this courting,&#8221; said my informant, with indignant reminiscence after
+fifty years, &#8220;they paid no more attention<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> to my presence than if I had
+been Pickwick&#8217;s Fat Boy.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The pleasures of coaching days have been written by many an English author
+in forcible and beautiful language. Thomas De Quincey sang in most glowing
+speech the glories of the English mail-coach. He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Modern modes of travelling cannot compare with the old mail-coach
+system in grandeur and power. They boast of more velocity, not,
+however, as a consciousness, but as a fact of our lifeless knowledge,
+resting upon <i>alien</i> evidence; as, for instance, because somebody
+<i>says</i> that we have gone fifty miles in the hour, though we are far
+from feeling it as a personal experience; or upon the evidence of a
+result, as that we actually find ourselves in York four hours after
+leaving London. Apart from such an assertion, or such a result, I
+myself am little aware of the pace. But seated on the old mail-coach
+we needed no evidence out of ourselves to indicate the velocity....
+The vital experiences of the glad animal sensibilities made doubts
+impossible on the question of our speed. We heard our speed, we saw
+it, we felt it a-thrilling; and this speed was not the product of
+blind insensate energies that had no sympathy to give, but was
+incarnated in the fiery eyeballs of the noblest among brutes, in his
+dilated nostril, his spasmodic muscles and thunder-beating hoofs.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Nothing more magnificent and inspiring could be written than his <i>Going
+Down with Victory</i>&mdash;the carrying the news of the victory at Waterloo on
+the mail-coach to English hamlets and towns; it is a gem of English literature.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">THE PAINS OF STAGE-COACH TRAVEL</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">In</span> describing the pleasures and pains, the delights and dangers, the
+virtues and vicissitudes of the travel of early days by stage-coach in
+America, I have chosen to employ largely the words and descriptions of
+contemporary travellers rather than any wording of my own, not only
+because any such description of mine would be simply a transcription of
+their facts, but because there is a sense of closeness of touch, a
+pleasant intimacy, and indeed a profound sympathy thereby established with
+those old travellers and modes of travel which cannot be obtained by
+modern wording; nor indeed can their descriptions and travellers&#8217; tales be
+improved. Careless or ignorant writers often portray early stage-coach
+travel in America in the same terms as would be used of similar travel in
+England, and as having the same accessories; it was in truth very
+different in nearly all of its conditions, as different as were the
+vehicles used in America.</p>
+
+<p>I do not believe that travellers in coaching days found much pleasure in
+long journeys by stage-coach. They doubtless enjoyed short trips, or
+possibly a day on a coach, as we do now, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span> serious travel was serious
+indeed. In winter it must have appeared a slow form of lingering death.</p>
+
+<p>Grant Thorburn, the New York seedsman, tells of the first journey he ever
+made by land. It was in the winter of 1831; he was then fifty-eight years
+old.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;We left Hoboken with about fifteen passengers closely packed in a
+stage with wheels, and a very neat coach, and so foolish was I and
+ignorant (never having travelled on land) I thought this same fine
+close carriage would go through thick and thin with me all the way to
+Albany: in two short hours my eyes were opened. We stopped in
+Hackensack at a tavern grocery grogshop and post-office all under one
+roof, for we carried Uncle Sam&#8217;s letter bags, which was another
+grievance, as we had to stop every few miles to change the mails. The
+keeper of the office began to bluster and swear he had neither
+carriages covered or uncovered to forward so many passengers. He said
+the Jockey Club in New York took all the money and gave him all the
+trouble. In short, says he, unless you remain here till four o&#8217;clock
+<span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span> you must go on with such conveyance as I can furnish. We applied
+to our Hoboken driver. He said his orders were to drop us at
+Hackensack and bring back the coaches; and sure enough he turned about
+and back he went. I stepped into the barroom&mdash;a large place. In the
+centre stood a large old-fashioned tin-plate stove, surrounded by
+fifteen or twenty large lazy fellows. After waiting an hour we were
+sent forward, viz. two in an open chair, four in an open wagon, and
+the remainder, eight I think, in a common Jersey farming wagon, all
+the machines being without covers. It now commenced raining, and by
+the time we got to the next stage, we looked like moving pillars of
+salt, our hats and coats being covered to the thickness of an eighth
+of an inch with ice transparents. At the town of Goshen we changed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span>
+the mail, thawed our garments, and ate our dinner. As we got north the
+sleighing got better, so we were accommodated with a covered box and
+runners, but alas! it was like the man&#8217;s lantern without a candle. The
+cover was of white wood boards placed a quarter of an inch apart
+without paint, leather, or canvas to protect them from the weather.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We travelled all night. The rain and snow descending through the
+roof, our hats were frozen to our capes, and our cloaks to one
+another. In the morning we looked like some mountain of ice moving
+down the Gulf Stream. I thought the machine used at the Dry Dock would
+have been an excellent appendage to have lifted us bodily into the
+breakfast room: and this is what the horse-flesh fraternity in New
+York advertise as their <i>safe</i>, <i>cheap</i>, <i>comfortable</i>, and
+expeditious winter establishment for Albany.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 411px;"><img src="images/fig_130.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Dalton Winter Stage.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This latter account is certainly a hard blow to the lover of the &#8220;good old
+times.&#8221; Of tough fibre and of vast powers of endurance, both mental and
+physical, must have been our grandfathers who dared to travel overland in
+winter time. Coaches were often &#8220;snowed up&#8221; and had to be deserted by the
+passengers, who were rescued in old pods and pungs, such as are shown on
+<a href="#Page_316">pages 316</a> and <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, and the journey had to be continued in some of the
+awkward coach-bodies or &#8220;boobies&#8221; set on runners like those on <a href="#Page_363">pages 362</a>
+and <a href="#Page_365">364</a>. Coaches were also overturned or blown off bridges by heavy winds.</p>
+
+<p>Somewhat varied was Captain Hall&#8217;s experience on the trip from
+Fredericksburg to Richmond during the following January. The stage-coach
+was appointed to start at 2 <span class="smcaplc">A.M.</span>, but at the blank looks of the captain,
+the stage agent said, &#8220;Well, if it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> so disagreeable to the ladies,
+suppose we make it five?&#8221; The fare was five dollars. It took seventeen
+hours to travel the sixty-six miles, and the coach stopped at ten taverns
+on the way. At each his fellow-passengers all got out and took a mint
+julep; perhaps he did likewise, which might account for the fact that he
+pronounced the trip a pleasant one, though it rained; &#8220;your feet get wet;
+your clothes become plastered with mud from the wheel; the trunks drink in
+half a gallon of water apiece; the gentlemen&#8217;s boots and coats steamed in
+the confined air; the horses are draggled and chafed by the traces; the
+driver got his neckcloth saturated&#8221;&mdash;and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> yet, he adds, &#8220;the journey was
+performed pleasantly.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 448px;"><img src="images/fig_131.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Chepachet Winter Stage.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>There were days in July, in midsummer, when in spite of the beauties of
+Nature, the journey by stage-coach on the unwatered roads was not a thing
+of pleasure. Whether on &#8220;inside&#8221; or &#8220;outside,&#8221; the traveller could not
+escape the dust, nor could he escape the fervor of the July sun. And when
+the eye turned for relief to green pastures and roadsides, there was
+reflected back to him the heated gold of the sunlight, for the fields
+flamed with yellow and orange color. Sometimes accidents occurred. One may
+be described, using the contemporary account of it to show what danger was
+incurred and through what motive powers. In January, 1823, there was a
+sharp competition between the two stage lines running between Albany and
+New York, and apparently the stage-drivers on the rival lines could no
+more be kept from racing than the old-time steamboat captain. The accident
+was thus told in a newspaper of the day:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;<i>To the Public</i>: The stage from New York to Albany was overset on the
+Highlands, on Friday last, with six passengers on board; one of whom,
+a gentleman from Vermont, had his collar-bone broken, and the others
+were more or less injured, and all placed in the utmost jeopardy of
+their lives and limbs by the outrageous conduct of the driver. In
+descending a hill half a mile in length, an opposition stage being
+ahead, the driver put his horses in full speed to pass the forward
+stage, and in this situation the stage overset with a heavy crash
+which nearly destroyed it, and placed the wounded passengers in a
+dreadful dilemma, especially<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> as the driver could not assist them, as
+it required all his efforts to restrain the frighted horses from
+dashing down the hill which must have destroyed them all. It was,
+therefore, with the greatest difficulty, and by repeated efforts, the
+wounded passengers extricated themselves from the wreck of the stage.
+Such repeated wanton and wilful acts of drivers to gratify their
+caprice, ambition, or passions, generally under the stimulus of ardent
+spirits, calls aloud on the community to expose and punish these
+shameful aggressions.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It should be added, in truth, that accidents on stage-coaches were seldom
+with fatal results. Stage-coach travel was more disagreeable than deadly.
+A stage-coach driver who had driven three hundred days a year for
+thirty-five years, could boast that there had never been a serious
+accident while he was driving, and scarcely any injury had been received
+by any passenger.</p>
+
+<p>Before the days of the turnpike the miserable bridges, especially of the
+Southern colonies, added to the terrors of travel, though I have not
+learned of frequent accidents upon them. The poet Moore wrote in the year
+1800 of Virginia bridges:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Made of a few uneasy planks<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">In open ranks,</span><br />
+Over rivers of mud.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Near Fayetteville, North Carolina, in 1812, a traveller by coach thus
+found the bridge:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Three large logs were stretched across the creek, called sleepers,
+and these supported a number of misshapen pieces called rafters,
+thrown on at random, without being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> fixed either by nails or pins.
+They had been disturbed by a freshet, and the driver alighted to
+adjust them. On entering the bridge, the fore wheels gathered the
+rafters in a heap which stopped the progress of the coach. This was
+just as the driver was whipping up the fore horses. They sprang
+forward, and disengaging themselves with a jerk, by pulling out the
+staple of the main singletree, they set off at full speed with the
+singletree rattling at their heels.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>One horse was killed, the patient passengers alighted and pulled the coach
+free themselves. At the next creek the horses plunged in the water and
+swam across, while the passengers held up the mail-bags to keep them dry.
+Weld tells of similar bridges and experiences in 1795 in Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the bridges were rickety floating bridges. Mr. Twining experienced
+the sense of insecurity, the dread of sinking, which I have also felt in
+crossing a floating bridge in a heavy vehicle.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Twining tells also of the constant necessity of trimming and balancing
+of the stage-wagon by all the passengers leaning to one side to prevent it
+from overturning in the deep ruts which abounded. Mr. Weld wrote that the
+driver &#8220;frequently called out, &#8216;Now, gentlemen, to the right,&#8217; upon which
+all the passengers stretched their bodies halfway out of the carriage to
+balance on that side. &#8216;Now, gentlemen, to the left,&#8217; and so on.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>One traveller tells of a facetious travelling companion,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;&#8216;A son of Neptune and of Mars also,&#8217; and could adapt the technical
+language of these professions to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> different movements of the
+stage. When the coach heeled to one side he would call out, &#8216;To the
+right and left and cover your flanks&mdash;Whiz!&#8217;&mdash;and when we passed a
+stream or ford he would sing out, &#8216;By the deep nine,&#8217; accompanied with
+all the movements of heaving the lead. The day was clear, pleasant,
+and healthy; and in this strain of merriment and good humor we
+prosecuted our journey much to our satisfaction.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Folk were easily amused in coaching days. One of the old stage-drivers
+tells the following incident of stage travel. He was driving from Dover,
+New Hampshire, to Haverhill, Massachusetts. During the spring months the
+roads were often in a bad condition, and six horses and sometimes ten were
+needed to draw the coach. In Epping, New Hampshire, was a particularly
+hard place, locally known as the &#8220;Soap mine.&#8221; Through this mine of mud the
+driver hoped to guide his coach and six. But the coach was heavily loaded,
+and in spite of the efforts of the skilful driver the team was soon fast
+in the mud, the wheels settling to the hubs. All attempts of the horses to
+start the coach were in vain. The driver finally climbed down from his
+seat, opened the coach door and told the passengers the condition of
+things, and politely asked them to get out and thereby lighten the load.
+This they all positively refused to do; they had paid their fares and did
+not think it their duty to get out into the mud. The driver said, &#8220;Very
+well,&#8221; quietly closed the door, and seated himself by the roadside. In a
+few minutes the passengers asked, &#8220;What are you doing there?&#8221;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span> The
+driver calmly replied: &#8220;The horses cannot draw the load. There is only one
+thing I can do. I shall wait until the mud dries up.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_132.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Advertisements from Connecticut Journal, July 3, 1815.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>It is needless to say that they did not wait for the mud to dry.</p>
+
+<p>The state of the roads and the regard of some persons for stage-coach
+travelling is shown in a letter written early in this century by a mother
+to a girl of eighteen, visiting at Cambridge, and impatient to return
+home. As the roads were bad her father delayed his going for her. Her
+mother says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Your papa would not trust your life in the stage. It is a very unsafe
+and improper conveyance for young ladies. Many have been the
+accidents, many the cripples made by accidents in those vehicles. As
+soon as your papa can go, you may be sure he will go or send for you.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There was one curious and most depressing, even appalling, condition of
+stage-coach travel. It seemed to matter little how long was your journey,
+nor where you were going, nor whence you started, your coach always
+started before daybreak. You had to rise in the dark, dress in the dark
+most feebly illumined, eat a hurriedly prepared breakfast in the dark, and
+start out in the blackness of night or the depressing chill of early
+morning. We read that the greatest number of deaths take place in the
+early morning, at daybreak, and it is not surprising, since it is the
+time, of all the hours of the day, when earth offers the least to the
+human soul to tempt it to remain here. It is no unusual thing to read in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span>
+travellers&#8217; accounts of journeys by stage-coach, of riding ten miles on
+the coach, and then&mdash;breakfasting. We cannot wonder, therefore, at the
+records of incessant dram-drinking during coach travel which we always
+find in any minute accounts.</p>
+
+<p>An English eye-witness, Captain Basil Hall, thus described the beginning
+of a trip from Providence to Hartford in October, 1829:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The nominal hour of starting was five in the morning; but as
+everything in America comes sooner than one expects, a great tall man
+walked into the room at ten minutes before four o&#8217;clock to say it
+wanted half an hour of five: and presently we heard the rumbling of
+the stage coming to the door upwards of thirty minutes before the time
+specified. Fortunately there were only five passengers, so we had
+plenty of room; and as the morning was fine we might have enjoyed the
+journey much, had we not been compelled to start so miserably early.
+At the village of Windham we dined in a cheerful sunny parlour on a
+neatly dressed repast excellent in every way, and with very pleasant
+chatty company.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>So forehanded were American coach-agents and coach-drivers that such
+premature starts were not infrequent. Many a time an indignant passenger,
+on time, but left behind, was sent off after the coach in a chaise with a
+swift horse at full gallop.</p>
+
+<p>Josiah Quincy tells thus of a trip on the Lancaster road during the winter
+of 1826:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;At three o&#8217;clock this morning the light of a candle under the door
+and a rousing knock told me that it was time to depart, and shortly
+after I left Philadelphia by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span> Lancaster stage, otherwise a vast
+illimitable wagon, capable of holding some sixteen passengers with
+decent comfort to themselves, and actually encumbered with some dozen
+more. After riding till eight o&#8217;clock we reached the breakfast house,
+where we partook of a good meal.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 377px;"><img src="images/fig_133.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">&#8220;A Wet Start at Daybreak.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Longfellow wrote of his first acquaintance, in the year 1840, with the
+Wayside Inn, otherwise Howe&#8217;s Tavern, at Sudbury, Massachusetts: &#8220;The
+stage left Boston about three o&#8217;clock in the morning, reaching the Sudbury
+Tavern for breakfast, a considerable portion of the route being travelled
+in total darkness, and without your having the least idea who your
+companion might be.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Charles Sumner, writing in 1834 of a trip to Washington, says: &#8220;We started
+from Boston at half-past three Monday morning with twelve passengers and
+their full complement of baggage on board, and with six horses. The way
+was very dark, so that, though I rode with the driver, it was some time
+before I discovered we had six horses.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The unfortunate soul who wished or was forced to travel from Boston to New
+York in 1802 was permitted a very decent start at ten in the morning. He
+arrived in Worcester at eight at night. Thereafter at Worcester, Hartford,
+and Stamford he had to start at three in the morning and ride till eight
+at night. We can imagine his condition when arriving in New York. The
+Lancaster and Leominster stages left Boston at sunrise. John Melish, the
+English traveller, in 1795, was called to start at two in the morning,
+when he set out from Boston to New York. Badger and Porter&#8217;s Stage
+Register<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span> for 1829 gives the time of starting of the stage to Fitchburg as
+2 <span class="smcaplc">A.M.</span>; the Albany stage was the same hour. The stage for Keene set out at
+4 <span class="smcaplc">A.M.</span>, and the one for Bennington at 2 <span class="smcaplc">A.M.</span> The stage for Norwich,
+Connecticut, in 1833 started at 3 <span class="smcaplc">A.M.</span> In 1842, the Albany coach left at 4
+<span class="smcaplc">A.M.</span> When we remember the meagre &#8220;light of other days,&#8221; the pale rays of a
+candle, usually a tallow one, the smoky flicker of a whale-oil lamp, the
+dingy shadow of an ancient lantern, we can fancy the gloom of that early
+morning departure; and when it was made in snow, or fog, or rain, there
+seemed but scant romance in travel by stage-coach. A fine picture by Mr.
+Edward Lamson Henry, &#8220;A Wet Start at Daybreak,&#8221; is reproduced opposite
+<a href="#Page_371">page 370</a>. It is interesting and picturesque&mdash;to look at; but it was not
+interesting to experience.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 386px;"><img src="images/fig_134.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">The Wayside Inn.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">KNIGHTS OF THE ROAD</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">It</span> is impossible to read of the conditions of life on the public highway
+in England and not wonder at the safety and security with which all travel
+was carried on in the American colonies. In Great Britain shop-robbing,
+foot-padding, street assaults, and highway robberies were daily incidents.
+Stage-coach passengers were specially plundered. From end to end of
+England was heard the cry of &#8220;Stand and deliver.&#8221; Day after day, for weeks
+together, the Hampstead, Islington, Dover, and Hackney coaches were
+stopped in broad daylight, and the passengers threatened and robbed. The
+mail from Bristol to London was robbed every week for five weeks. Scores
+of prisoners were taken, and scores more strung up on the gallows; many
+were shipped off to the Plantations because on hanging day at Tyburn,
+there was not room enough on the gallows for the convicted men. All
+classes turned outlaws. Well-to-do farmers and yeomen organized as
+highwaymen in the Western counties under the name of &#8220;the Blacks.&#8221;
+Justices and landed gentry leagued with &#8220;the Owlers&#8221; to rob, to smuggle,
+and defraud the customs. Even Adam Smith confessed to a weakness for
+smuggling.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span>Travellers journeyed with a prayer-book in one hand and a pistol in the
+other. Nothing of this was known in America. Citizens of the colonies
+travelled unhampered by either religion or fear. Men and women walked
+through our little city streets by night and day in safety. The footpads
+and highwaymen who were transported to this country either found new modes
+of crimes or ceased their evil deeds.</p>
+
+<p>Not only on convict ships came highwaymen to America. As redemptioners
+many rogues came hither, sure thus of passage across-seas and trusting to
+luck or craft to escape the succeeding years of bound labor. Among the
+honest men seized in English ports, kidnapped, and shipped to America were
+found some thieves and highwaymen, but all&mdash;whether &#8220;free-willers,&#8221;
+convicts, or &#8220;kids&#8221;&mdash;seemed to drop highway robbery in the new world. We
+were nigh to having one famous thief. Great Moll Cutpurse, had her
+resources been of lesser sort, had been landed in Virginia, for she was
+trapanned and put aboard ship, but escaped ere ship set sail. Perhaps
+&#8217;twould have been of small avail, for in Virginia, with its dearth of
+wives, even such a sturdy jade as Moll, &#8220;a very tomrig and rumpscuttle,&#8221;
+sure had found a husband and consequent domestic sobriety.</p>
+
+<p>There was one very good reason why there was little highway robbery in
+America. Early in our history men began to use drafts and bills of
+exchange, where the old world clung to cash. English travellers persisted
+in carrying gold and bank-notes, while we carried cheques and letters of
+credit.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span> To this day the latter form of money-transfer is more common with
+Americans than with the English. Express messengers in the far West
+carrying gold did not have to wait long for a Jesse James. But our typical
+American scamp has ever been the tramp, formerly the vagabond, not the
+highwayman; though the horse thief kept him close companion.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_135.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Perkins Inn,<br />Hopkinton, New Hampshire.</div>
+
+<p>By this absence of the highwaymen, our story of the road has lost much of
+its picturesqueness and color. I have envied the English road-annalists
+their possession of these gay and dashing creatures. Their reckless
+buoyancy, their elegance, their gallantry, their humor, make me long to
+adopt them and set them on our staid New England roads or on Pennsylvania
+turnpikes. Dick Turpin, Claude Duval, Beau Brocade&mdash;how I should love to
+have them hold up Benjamin Franklin or John Adams!</p>
+
+<p>There was no lack of rogues in the colonies, but their roguery did not
+take the outlet of highway robbery. One Henry Tufts, a famous vagabond,
+has left an amusing and detailed history of his life<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> and deeds. He stole
+scores of horses by sneaking methods, but never by open seizure on the
+road. He began his wrong-doing after the universal custom of all bad boys
+(but why be invidious?&mdash;of all good boys, too), by robbing orchards. He
+soon raised himself to be a leader in deviltry by the following
+man&oelig;uvre. A group of bad boys were to have a stolen feast of bread and
+cucumbers; for the latter esteemed viand they raided a cucumber patch. As
+they seated themselves to gorge upon their ill-gotten fare, Henry Tufts
+raised a cry that the robbed cucumber farmer was upon them. All fled, but
+Tufts quickly returned and ate all the feast himself. He survived the
+cucumbers, but pretended to his confederates that he had been captured and
+had promised to work out the value of the spoils in a week&#8217;s hard labor.
+This work sentence he persuaded them to share; he then farmed out the lot
+of young workmen at a profit, while they thought themselves nobly sharing
+his punishment. He lived to great old age, and, though at the last he
+&#8220;carried his dish pretty uprightly,&#8221; it was by taking a hand at forgery
+and counterfeiting that he lived when burglary became arduous; his nature,
+though irretrievably bad, was never bold enough to venture his life by
+robbing on the highway.</p>
+
+<p>A very interesting thread of Tuft&#8217;s story is his connection with the War
+of the Revolution; and it awakens deep compassion for Washington and his
+fellow-generals when we think how many such scamps and adventurers must
+have swarmed into the Federal army, to the disorder of the regiments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span> and
+to their discredit and to the harassment alike of patriot officers and
+patriot soldiers. There were frequent aggressions at the hands of rogues
+in the Middle states, and they became known by the name of Skinners.
+Cooper&#8217;s novel, <i>The Spy</i>, gives an account of these sneaking bands of
+sham patriots. Among those who allied themselves on the side of the King
+was a family of notorious scoundrels, five brothers named Doane.</p>
+
+<p>The story of the Doanes is both tragic and romantic. They were sons of
+respectable Quaker parents of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and during the
+Revolutionary War became celebrated for their evil deeds. They were all
+men of remarkable physical development, tall, strong, athletic, and all
+fine horsemen. Before the war they were of good reputation, and it is said
+proposed to remain neutral; but the Doanes were not permitted to take a
+middle course, and soon enrolled themselves as Tories, which at once
+engendered a bitter feeling between them and their Whig neighbors. They
+began their career of infamy by robbing and plundering in the
+neighborhood, gradually extending their field of operations into
+neighboring counties. Sabine&#8217;s <i>Loyalists</i> gives the names of three other
+Doanes&mdash;kinsmen who were allied with the five brothers in their evil
+deeds. Their place in historical books and history comes to them through
+their services to the British officers during the war. In a dingy
+chap-book entitled <i>Annals of the Revolution, or a History of the Doanes</i>,
+full credit is assigned to Moses Doane for giving information to General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span>
+Howe, and planning with him the stratagem which led to the victories of
+the British on Long Island. The Edge Hill skirmish, laid out by Doane and
+agreed to by Howe and Lord Cornwallis, was to be an important move of the
+British. The move was lost by the prompt and brave action of Mrs. Lydia
+Darrach, who overheard the plot and carried news of it to Washington. In
+the terrible massacre at Wyoming the Doanes took prominent part. The close
+of the war seemed but to increase their career of crime. Each brother had
+a sled drawn by four horses. There was heavy snow and a long season of
+sleighing in 1782, and they fairly raided the entire state, robbing again
+and again on the highway. At last an act was passed by the General
+Assembly of Pennsylvania &#8220;to encourage the speedy apprehending and
+bringing to justice of divers Robbers, Burglars, and Felons,&#8221; naming the
+Doanes, and offering a large reward for their capture and a gift of &pound;150
+to any person injured in helping to arrest them, or &pound;300 to the family of
+such a helper should he be killed while aiding the cause of justice.</p>
+
+<p>Joseph Doane was finally secured in prison. He broke jail, however, and
+escaped to New Jersey, where, like many another thief and rogue of his
+day, he found occupation as a school-teacher. He then fled to Canada, and
+died peacefully at an advanced age. Two brothers, Abraham and Mahlon, were
+hanged in Philadelphia. Moses, the leader of the outlaws, had the most
+tragic end. He was the most cruel and powerful of them all; of famous
+athletic powers, it was said he could run and jump<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> over a Conestoga
+wagon. In the latter part of the summer of 1783, the Doanes went to the
+house of one Halsey who lived on Gallows Run, and asked for something to
+eat, and Halsey sent his son to a neighboring mill to get flour for them.
+The boy told that the Doanes were at his father&#8217;s house, and the miller
+sent the word to a vendue in the neighborhood. A party of fourteen armed
+and mounted men promptly started to capture them. The house was
+surrounded. On approaching the men saw through the clinks of the logs the
+Doanes eating at table, with their guns standing near. William Hart opened
+the door and commanded them to surrender, but they seized their arms and
+fired. Hart seized Moses Doane, threw him down, and secured him. Then
+Robert Gibson rushed into the cabin and shot Doane in the breast, killing
+him instantly. Colonel Hart sent the body of the dead<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> outlaw to his
+unhappy father, who was also tried for sheltering the robbers, and burnt
+in the hand and imprisoned.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 322px;"><img src="images/fig_136.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Russel Tavern, Arlington, Massachusetts.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The most noted scourge of the eighteenth century was Tom Bell. He was for
+years the torment of the Middle colonies, alike in country and in town. He
+was the despair of magistrates, the plague of sheriffs, the dread of
+householders, and the special pest of horse-owners. Meagre advertisements
+in the contemporary newspapers occasionally show his whereabouts and
+doings. This is from the <i>New York Weekly Post Boy</i> of November 5, 1744:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;The noted Tom Bell was last week seen by several who knew him walking
+about this city with a large Patch on his face and wrapt up in a Great
+Coat, and is supposed to be still lurking.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Two years later, in April 14, 1746, we read:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Tuesday last the famous and Notorious Villain Tom Bell was
+apprehended in this city and committed to Jail on Suspicion of selling
+a Horse he had hired some time ago of an Inhabitant of Long Island.
+His accuser &#8217;tis said has sworn expressly to his Person,
+notwithstanding which he asserts his Innocence with a most undaunted
+Front and matchless Impudence. We hear his trial is to come off this week.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>His most famous piece of deviltry was his impersonation of a pious parson
+in New Jersey. He preached with as much vigor as he stole, and his
+accidental resemblance to the minister increased his welcome and his scope
+for thieving. So convinced was the entire community that it was the real
+parson<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span> who robbed their houses and stole their horses, that on his return
+to his parish he was thrust into prison, and a clerical friend who
+protested against this indignity was set in a pillory in Trenton for false
+swearing. Still, Tom Bell was not a highwayman of the true English stamp;
+he more closely resembled a sneak thief.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_137.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Gifford&#8217;s Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>In the year 1741 the little child of Cornelius Cook, the blacksmith of
+Westborough, Massachusetts, and of his wife Eunice, lay very close to
+death. As was the custom of the day, the good old parson, Dr. Parkman, and
+his deacons prayed earnestly over the boy, that the Lord&#8217;s will be done;
+but his mother in her distress pleaded thus: &#8220;Only spare his life, and I
+care not what he becomes.&#8221; Tom Cook recovered, and as years passed on it
+became evident by his mischievous and evil deeds that he had entered into
+a compact with the devil, perhaps by his mother&#8217;s agonized words, perhaps
+by his own pledge. The last year of this compact was at an end, and the
+devil appeared to claim his own as Tom was dressing for another day&#8217;s
+mischief. Tom had all his wits about him, for he lived upon them. &#8220;Wait,
+wait, can&#8217;t you,&#8221;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span> he answered the imperative call of his visitor, &#8220;till I
+get my galluses on?&#8221; The devil acquiesced to this last request, when Tom
+promptly threw the suspenders in the fire, and therefore could never put
+them on nor be required to answer the devil&#8217;s demands.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_138.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Wells&#8217; Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>Tom Cook became well known throughout Massachusetts, and indeed throughout
+New England, as a most extraordinary thief. His name appears in the
+records of scores of New England towns; he was called &#8220;the honest thief&#8221;;
+and his own name for himself was &#8220;the leveller.&#8221; He stole from the rich
+and well-to-do with the greatest boldness and dexterity, equalled by the
+kindness and delicacy of feeling shown in the bestowal of his booty upon
+the poor and needy. He stole the dinner from the wealthy farmer&#8217;s kitchen
+and dropped it into the kettle or on the spit in a poor man&#8217;s house. He
+stole meal and grain from passing wagons and gave it away before the
+drivers&#8217; eyes. A poor neighbor was ill, and her bed was poor. He went to a
+thrifty farm-house, selected the best feather bed in the house, tied it in
+a sheet, carried it downstairs and to the front door, and asked if he
+could leave his bundle there for a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span> few days. The woman recognized him and
+forbade him to bring it within doors, and he went off with an easy
+conscience.</p>
+
+<p>In Dr. Parkman&#8217;s diary, now in the library of the American Antiquarian
+Society at Worcester, under the date of August 27, 1779, is this entry:
+&#8220;The notorious Thom. Cook came in (he says) on Purpose to see me. I gave
+him w<sup>t</sup> admonition, Instruction, and Caution I could&mdash;I beseech God to
+give it force! He leaves me with fair Words&mdash;thankful and promising.&#8221;
+There came a time when his crime of arson or burglary led to his trial,
+conviction, and sentence to death. He heard the awful words of the judge,
+&#8220;I therefore sentence you to be hanged by the neck till you are dead,
+dead, dead,&#8221; and he called out cheerfully, &#8220;I shall not be there on that
+day, day, day.&#8221; And when that day came, surely enough, his cell was empty.</p>
+
+<p>Tom Cook was most attractive in personal appearance; agile, well formed,
+well featured, with eyes of deepest blue, most piercing yet most kindly in
+expression. He was adored by children, and his pockets were ever filled
+with toys which he had stolen for their amusement. By older persons he was
+feared and disliked. He extorted from many wealthy farmers an annual toll,
+which exempted them from his depredations. One day a fire was seen rising
+from the chimney of a disused schoolhouse in Brookline, and Tom was caught
+within roasting a stolen goose, which he had taken from the wagon of a
+farmer on his way to market. The squire took him to the tavern, which was
+filled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> with farmers and carters, many of whom had been his victims. He
+was given his choice of trial and jail, or to run a gantlet of the men
+assembled. He chose the latter, and the long whips of the teamsters paid
+out many an old score of years&#8217; standing.</p>
+
+<p>A very amusing story of highway robbery is told of John Buckman of
+Buckman&#8217;s Tavern, of Lexington, Massachusetts (which is shown on <a href="#Page_23">page 23</a>).
+An old toper bought a bottle of rum, and the by-standers jokingly asked
+him what he would do if he were attacked on the road. He answered solemnly
+that he would rather give up his life than his rum. John Buckman slipped
+out of the room, took a brass candlestick that had a slide that could be
+snapped with a noise like the trigger of a pistol. He waylaid the
+rum-lover not far from the tavern, and terrified him so that he quickly
+gave up his beloved bottle. This was a famous joke when John told it in
+the tavern taproom, but John did not laugh the next day when he was
+arrested for highway robbery and fined fifty dollars.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1818 there took place the nearest approach to a highway
+robbery on the English methods that had ever happened in America. It was
+the robbery of the mail-coach which ran between Baltimore and
+Philadelphia. The story is thus told by one of the victims:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right"><span style="padding-right: 1em;">&#8220;<span class="smcap">Havre de Grace</span>,</span><br />
+&#8220;Thursday morning, 4 o&#8217;clock.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<span class="smcap">John H. Barney</span>, Esq.,</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>Sir</i>: I take the earliest opportunity to send you by an express an
+account of what happened to the mail last evening.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span> About 2 miles from
+this place the driver of your mail wagon and myself were attacked by
+three highwaymen, each armed with a double barrelled pistol and a
+dirk. They had, previous to our arrival, built a rail fence across the
+road, and immediately on our driving up they leaped from behind the
+same, where they lay concealed, and presented their pistols,
+threatening to blow our brains out if we made any resistance. We were
+then carried some distance from the road into the woods; there they
+tied the driver and myself to a tree and commenced searching the mail.
+Every letter was opened and all the bank notes taken out; they showed
+me a large bundle of bills, and I much fear the loss will be found
+very great. They were from 11 until 3 o&#8217;clock busily employed in
+opening the letters. After they had done this they tied us to the back
+of the wagon, mounted three of the horses and galloped off towards
+Baltimore. They were all white men&mdash;had their faces blackened, and
+neither of them appeared more than 20. I have just arrived at this
+place and have stated the facts to the deputy postmaster, who will use
+every exertion to recover the letters that remain in the woods. They
+did not take anything belonging to me, &amp; appeared not to wish anything
+but bank notes. They were all dressed in sailor&#8217;s trowsers and round
+jackets, &amp; were about the middle size; two wearing hats &amp; the other
+having a silk handkerchief tied around his head.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 8em;">&#8220;I am your obt. servt.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">&#8220;<span class="smcap">Thos. W. Ludlow</span>.</span></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;P. S. They called each other by their several names&mdash;Johnson, Gibson,
+and Smith, but I expect they were fictitious.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>At that date and season of the year the &#8220;Eastern mail,&#8221; on account of the
+heavy roads, was carried in a light carriage called a dearborn, with four
+horses.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span> This Lieutenant Ludlow of the United States Navy obtained
+permission to accompany the driver in this mail-carriage. They left
+Baltimore at three o&#8217;clock and were held up at eleven. One robber desired
+to shoot Lieutenant Ludlow and the driver, but the others objected, and,
+on leaving, offered the driver ten dollars. They took no money from
+Ludlow, and though they looked at his handsome gold repeater to learn the
+time, they carefully returned it to his pocket. The very next day two men
+named Hare, known to be journeymen tailors of Baltimore, entered a
+clothing shop in that city, and made such a lavish display of money that
+they were promptly arrested, and over twenty thousand dollars in money and
+drafts was found upon them. They were puny fellows, Levi Hare being but
+twenty years old, and contemporary accounts say &#8220;one person of average
+strength could easily manage them both.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The total amount of bills and drafts recovered amounted to ninety thousand
+dollars, and made the robbery the largest ever attempted. A few days later
+a third brother Hare was arrested, and thirteen hundred dollars was found
+in his house. The third robber proved to be John Alexander.</p>
+
+<p>A Baltimore newspaper dated May 18, gives an account of the sentence of
+the three men after their interesting trial:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;On Thursday last John Alexander, Joseph T. Hare, and Lewis Hare were
+brought before Court to receive sentence. Judge Duval presided&mdash;first
+addressed Lewis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span> Hare and sentenced him to ten years&#8217; imprisonment&mdash;J.
+T. Hare and Alexander sentenced to death. As Jos. T. Hare was
+proceeding from the Court House to prison accompanied by the
+constable, they had to cross Jones&#8217; Falls, over which the trunk of a
+tree was laid for foot passengers to walk on; when they arrived in the
+middle of the creek Hare made an attempt to release his hands from his
+irons, and to knock the constable into the creek; it proved fruitless,
+but in the scuffle Hare tore off the lappelle of the constable&#8217;s coat.
+After he reached prison he made an attack on the turnkey and nearly
+bit off his finger.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I have seen an amusing old chap-book entitled <i>The Life of the Celebrated
+Mail Robber and Daring Highwayman Joseph Thompson Hare</i>, and it has a
+comical illustration of &#8220;The Scuffle between Hare and the Constable,&#8221; in
+which the constable, much dressed up in tight trousers, tailed coat, and
+high silk hat, struggles feebly with the outlaw as they balance like
+acrobats on the narrow tree-trunk.</p>
+
+<p>The whole account of this mail robbery has a decidedly tame flavoring. The
+pale tailors, so easily overcoming a presumably brave naval officer and a
+government mail-carrier; the leisurely ransacking of the mail-bags; the
+speedy and easy arrest of the tailors and recovery of their booty, and the
+astonishing simplicity of transporting the scantily guarded felon across a
+creek on a fallen tree as though on a pleasant country ramble, all combine
+to render it far from being a tale of terror or wild excitement.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span>The account of the death of the highwayman is thus told in the <i>Federal
+Republican and Baltimore Telegraph</i> of September 11, 1818.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">&#8220;THE EXECUTION.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Agreeably to public notice, the awful sentence of death was yesterday
+inflicted on J. Thompson Hare and John Alexander, in the presence of a
+vast concourse assembled to witness the ignominious ceremony. Their
+lives have expiated the crime for which they suffered. Justice has no
+demands on them in the grave.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The gallows was sufficiently elevated above the walls of the prison
+to afford a distinct view of the unfortunate men to spectators at the
+distance of several hundred yards.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Hare has made a confession which is now hawking about town for sale.
+In it he observes that, &#8216;for the last fourteen years of my life I have
+been a robber, and have robbed on a large scale, and been more
+successful than any robber either in Europe or in this country that I
+ever heard of.&#8217;&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>This lying dying boast of Hare fitly closes his evident failure as a
+highwayman.</p>
+
+<p>An account of a negro highwayman is given in the <i>Federal Republican and
+Baltimore Telegraph</i> of September 11, 1818.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 399px;"><img src="images/fig_139.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Relay House, Mattapan Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In the early years of this century there existed in eastern Massachusetts
+an organized band of thieves. It is said they were but one link in a chain
+of evil night-workers which, with a home or shelter in every community,
+reached from Cape Hatteras to Canada. This band was well organized, well
+trained, and well housed; it had skilful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span> means of concealing stolen goods
+in innocent-faced cottages, in barns of honest thrift, and in wells and
+haystacks in simple dooryards. One mild-manered and humble house had a
+deep cellar which could be entered by an ingeniously hidden broad-side
+door in a woodshed; into this cave a stolen horse and wagon or a pursued
+load of cribbed goods might be driven, be shut in, and leave no outward
+sign. Other houses had secret cellars, a deep and wide one beneath a
+shallow, innocuous storage place for domestic potato and apple bins, and
+honest cider barrels. In a house sheltering one of these subterranean
+mysteries, a hard-working young woman was laboriously and discreetly
+washing clothes when surprised by the sheriff and his aids, who wisely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span>
+invaded but fruitlessly searched the house. Nothing save the simplest
+household belongings was found in that abode of domesticity; but in later
+years, after the gang was scattered, a trap-door and ladder were found
+leading to the sub-cellar, and with chagrin and mortification the sheriff
+remembered that the woman&#8217;s washing tubs stood unharmed upon the trap-door
+during the fruitless search.</p>
+
+<p>An amusing battering ram was used by another woman of this gang on the
+sheriff who came to her house to arrest one of those thieves. The outlaw
+fled upstairs at the approach of the officer, but his retreat was noted,
+and the man of law attempted to follow and seize him. The wife of the
+thief&mdash;his congenial mate&mdash;opposed the passage of the sheriff, and when he
+attempted to push her one side and to crowd past her, she suddenly seized
+the crosspiece over the staircase, swung back by her hands and arms,
+planted both feet against the officer&#8217;s chest, and knocked him down with
+such a sudden blow and consequent loss of wind, that the thief was far
+away ere the sheriff could move or breathe.</p>
+
+<p>The leader of this band of thieves was an ingenious and delightful
+scamp&mdash;one George White. He was hard to catch, and harder to keep than to
+catch. Handcuffs were to him but pleasing toys. His wrists were large, his
+hands small; and when the right moment came, the steel bracelets were
+quickly empty. Locks and bolts were as easily thrust aside and left far,
+far behind him as were the handcuffs. At last he was branded on his
+forehead H. T., which stands for horse thief; a mean<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span> trick of a stupid
+constable who had scant self-confidence or inventiveness. Curling
+lovelocks quickly grow, however, and are ill in no one&#8217;s sight; indeed,
+they were in high fashion in similar circles in England at that time, when
+various letters of the alphabet might be seen on the cheeks and brow of
+many a gay traveller on the highway when the wind blew among the long locks.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 327px;"><img src="images/fig_140.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Wilde Tavern, 1770. Milton, Massachusetts.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Term after term in jail and prison were decreed to George White when luck
+turned against him. Yet still was he pardoned, as he deserved to be, for
+his decorous deportment when behind bars; and he had a habit of being
+taken out on a writ of <i>habeas corpus</i> or to be transferred; but he never
+seemed to reach his journey&#8217;s end, and soon he would appear on the road,
+stealing and roistering. The last word which came from him to New England
+was a letter from the Ohio Penitentiary, saying he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span> was dying, and asking
+some of his kin to visit him. They did not go, he had fooled them too
+often. Perhaps they feared they might put new life into him. But the one
+time they were sure he lied he told the truth&mdash;and his varied career thus
+ended.</p>
+
+<p>Flying once along a Massachusetts highway on a stolen horse, George White
+was hotly pursued. At the first sharp turn in the road he dismounted in a
+flash, cut the horse a lash with his whip, altered the look of his garment
+with a turn of his hand, tore off his hat brim and thus had a jaunty cap,
+and started boldly back on foot. Meeting the sheriff and his men all in a
+heat, he fairly got under their horses&#8217; feet, and as they pulled up they
+bawled out to know whether he had seen a man riding fast on horseback.
+&#8220;Why, yes,&#8221; he answered ingenuously, &#8220;I met a man riding as though the
+devil were after him.&#8221; They found the horse in half an hour, but they
+never found George White.</p>
+
+<p>He once stole a tavern-keeper&#8217;s horse, trimmed the mane, thinned out the
+tail, and dyed the horse&#8217;s white feet. He led the renovated animal in to
+the bereft landlord, saying innocently that he had heard his horse was
+stolen, and thought he might want to buy another. He actually sold this
+horse back to his owner, but in a short time the horse&#8217;s too evident
+familiarity with his wonted stable and yard and the fast-fading dye
+revealed the rascal&#8217;s work. To another tavern-keeper he owed a bill for
+board and lodging, which, with the incongruity of ideals and morals which
+is often characteristic of great minds, he really wished to pay. The
+landlord had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span> a fine black horse which he had displayed to his boarder
+with pride. This horse was kept temporarily in a distant pasture. White
+stole the horse one night, rode off a few miles, and sold it and was paid
+for it. He stole it again that night from the purchaser, sold it, and was
+paid. He stole it a third time and returned it to the pasture from whence
+it never had been missed. He then paid his board-bill as an honest man
+should.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_141.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Ashburnham Thief Detecting Society.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>These gangs of horse thieves became such pests, such scourges in the
+Northern states, that harassed citizens in many towns gathered into bands
+and associations for mutual protection and systematic detection of the
+miscreants. A handbill of the &#8220;Ashburnham Thief Detecting Society&#8221; had an
+engraved heading which is reproduced on this page, which showed a mounted
+thief riding across country with honest citizens in hot pursuit. The Thief
+Detecting Society of Hingham had, in 1847, eighty-seven members. It used a
+similar print for a heading for handbills, also one of a boy stealing
+apples&mdash;as a severe lesson to youth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span>In the year 1805 an abrupt and short but fierce attempt was made at
+highway robbery and burglary in Albany. The story as told in a chap-book
+is so simple, so antique, so soberly comic, that it might be three
+centuries old instead of scarce one. The illustrations, though of the date
+1836, are of the standard of art of the seventeenth century.</p>
+
+<p>It seems a piece of modern Philistinism to spoil the story&mdash;as I must&mdash;by
+condensation. The title of the book is <i>The Robber, or Pye and The
+Highwayman</i>, and the irony of giving Pye place before the highwayman or
+any place at all will be apparent by the story. In this tale two sturdy
+Albany dames shine as models of courage and fearlessness by the side of
+the terror-stricken burghers of the entire town, whose reputation to a man
+was only saved from the branding of utter and universal cowardice by the
+appearance and manly carriage and triumph at the end of the night&#8217;s fray
+of old Winne the pennypost.</p>
+
+<p>There put up that year in December at an Albany tavern a young man who
+gave his name as Johnson; he was aristocratic in bearing and dress, dark
+of complexion, sombre of aspect, but courteous and pleasant, &#8220;with a
+daring but cultivated eye.&#8221; When questioned of himself and his business,
+however, Johnson was silent and taciturn. His magnificent horse and pair
+of splendid pistols were noted by the solid Dutch burghers and sharp
+Yankee traders who smoked and drank beer within the tavern walls; and one
+wintry afternoon the stranger was seen carefully cleaning the pair of
+pistols.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span>On that bitter night, a man&mdash;none other than our black-browed
+highwayman&mdash;rode clattering up to the toll-gate two miles below the town,
+and called out to open the gate; when the wife of the toll-keeper appeared
+to do that duty he jumped from his horse, rushed in toward the house,
+demanding in a terrible voice all the money in the toll till and chest.
+The woman was terrified at this demand, yet not so scared but she could at
+his first approach throw the fat bag with all the accumulation of toll
+money under the porch, and do it unseen by the highwayman; and she at once
+asserted tearfully, with the alacritous mendacity born of sharp terror
+(the account says with great earnestness and womanish simplicity), that
+her husband had gone to the agent in town with all the month&#8217;s
+collections, leaving her but a few shillings for change, which she
+displayed in the gate-drawer for proof. Disgusted but credulous, the
+villain rode off with loud oaths, baffled in the simplest fashion by Dame
+Trusty No. 1.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_142.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Williams Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>He then went to the tavern of John Pye, the wealthy landlord, on the West
+Troy road. He found the house locked peacefully for the night, but forced
+a window and entered. In the barroom and kitchen, the fire was carefully
+covered to keep till morning. Lighting his dark lantern with the coals, he
+then poured water on both fires and extinguished them, and I have puzzled
+long in my mind wondering why he dallied, risking detection by doing this.
+He then went to the room where Pye and his wife were peacefully reposing,
+and rudely awakened them.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span> Mrs. Pye, promptly assuming the r&ocirc;le she
+carried throughout, jumped from her bed and asked him what he wished. He
+answered, the chap-book says, &#8220;silently,&#8221; &#8220;I deal with your husband,
+Madam, not with you&#8221;&mdash;and a more fatuous mistake never issued from lips of
+highwayman. To Pye he then said, &#8220;Your money or your life.&#8221; Pye, heavy
+with sleep&mdash;and natural stupidity&mdash;seemed to fancy some trick was being
+played on him in mischief, and to the highwayman&#8217;s demand for money
+answered, half alarmed, half peevish, &#8220;It&#8217;s damned little money you&#8217;ll get
+out of me, my lad, as the thing is but indifferently plenty with me.&#8221; But
+he was roused at last by the fierceness of threats and gestures, and
+whimpered that his money was below; and the two proceeded downstairs to
+the taproom by the light of the robber&#8217;s lantern. The moment they left the
+room, Mrs. Pye ran softly to a bedroom where slept two sojourners at the
+inn, wakened them with hurried words of the robber&#8217;s visit and her beloved
+Pye&#8217;s danger, and made appeals for help;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span> and as an emphatic wakener
+pulled them out of bed upon the floor. Then she ran swiftly back to bed.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime the terrified Pye recalled that his wife had the keys of
+the taproom till which held his money, and he and the highwayman returned
+to her bedroom and demanded them from her. &#8220;I&#8217;ll give the keys to thee nor
+no man else,&#8221; she stoutly answered. &#8220;Thee must, I tell thee,&#8221; whined Pye,
+&#8220;or worse may happen.&#8221; &#8220;Pye, I&#8217;ll not give up my keys,&#8221; still she cried,
+and seized a loaded gun by the bedside; for fierce answer the highwayman
+fired his pistol at Pye. With lamentable outcries Pye called out he was a
+dead man, and his arm fell to his side. His wife thrust the gun in his
+hands, shouting, &#8220;Fire, Pye, fire! he&#8217;s feeling for another pistol.&#8221; &#8220;I
+cannot,&#8221; he quavered out, &#8220;I cannot hold the gun.&#8221; She pushed it into his
+hands, held up his arm, aimed for him, and between them they pulled the
+trigger. In a second all was utter darkness and stillness: they had hit
+the highwayman. He pitched forward, fell on his lantern, put it out, and
+lay as one dead. Here was a situation for a good, thrifty, staid Albany
+vrouw, a dying husband on one side, a dead highwayman on the other, all in
+utter darkness. She ran for coals to the barroom and kitchen fires. Both
+were wet and black. She had no tinder box, coals must be brought from a
+neighbor&#8217;s. She suddenly bethought of an unusual fire that had been
+lighted in the parlor the previous evening for customers, where still
+might be a live coal. This was her good fortune, and with lighted candle
+she proceeded to the scene of attack. Pye<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span> lay in a swoon on the bed, but
+by this time the highwayman had vanished; and safe and untouched under the
+bed were five hundred dollars in gold and five hundred more in bills,
+which, it is plain, Pye himself had wholly forgotten in his fright.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime where were the two &#8220;knights of the bedchamber,&#8221; as the
+chap-book calls them? Far more silently than the robber they feared had
+they slid downstairs, and away from the tavern into hiding, until the
+highwayman rode past them.</p>
+
+<p>They then tracked him by trails of blood, and soon saw him dismounted and
+rolling in the snow as if to quench the flow of blood. Though they knew he
+was terribly wounded and they were two to one, they stole past him at a
+safe distance in silence to the protection of the town, where they raised
+the cry of &#8220;A robber! Watch! Murder! Help! A band of highwaymen! Pye is
+dead!&#8221; Oh, how bravely they bawled and shouted! and soon a hue and cry was
+started from end to end of Albany town.</p>
+
+<p>With an extraordinary lack of shrewdness which seemed to characterize the
+whole of this episode of violence, and which proved Johnson no trained
+&#8220;swift-nick,&#8221; as Charles II. called highwaymen, instead of making off to
+some of the smaller towns or into the country, he rode back to Albany; and
+soon the night-capped heads thrust from the little Dutch windows, and
+terrified men leaning out over the Dutch doors, and the few amazed groups
+in the streets saw a fleet horseman, hatless, with bloody handkerchief
+bound around his head, come galloping<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span> and thundering through Albany, down
+one street, then back again to the river. When he reached the quay, the
+horse fearlessly sprang without a moment&#8217;s trembling a terrible leap,
+eight feet perpendicular, twenty feet lateral, out on the ice. All
+screamed out that horse and rider would go through the ice and perish. But
+the ice was strong, and soon horse and rider were out of sight; but
+mounted men were now following the distant sound of hoofs, and when the
+outlaw reached what he thought was the opposite shore, but what was really
+a marshy island, one bold pursuer rode up after him. The robber turned,
+fired at him at random, and the Albany brave fled in dismay back to his
+discreet neighbors.</p>
+
+<p>But honor and courage was now appearing across the ice in the figure of
+Captain Winne, the pennypost, who was heard to mutter excitedly in his
+semi-Dutch dialect: &#8220;Mine Cott! vat leeps das horse has mate! vull dwenty
+feet! Dunder and bliksem! he&#8217;s der tuyfel for rooning!&#8221; Winne was an old
+Indian fighter, and soon he boldly grappled the highwayman, who drew a
+dagger on him. Winne knocked it from his hand. The highwayman grappled
+with him, wrenched away his club, and hit the pennypost a blow on his
+mouth which loosened all his front teeth (which, the chap-book says,
+&#8220;Winne afterwards took out at his leisure&#8221;). Winne then dallied no longer;
+he pulled down the handkerchief from the robber&#8217;s forehead, twisted it
+around his neck, and choked him. In the morning twilight the great band of
+cautious Albanians gravely <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span>advanced, bound the highwayman securely, and
+carried him in triumph back to jail. He was placed in heavy irons, when he
+said, &#8220;Iron me as you will, you can hold me but a short time.&#8221; All thought
+he meant to attempt an escape, but he spoke with fuller meaning; he felt
+himself mortally wounded. They put an iron belt around his waist and
+fastened it by a heavy chain to a staple in the floor. They placed great
+rings around his ankles, chained them to the floor, and then chained
+ankle-bands and belt together. They would have put an iron collar and
+chain on him also, but he said, &#8220;Gentlemen! have some mercy!&#8221; and a
+horrible wound at the base of the brain made them desist.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_143.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Williams Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>Poor Mrs. Pye visited him, with much distress of spirit, and sympathized
+with him and grieved over him as he lay face downward on the stone floor.
+And it arouses a sense of amused indignation to know that he asked
+earnestly for Pye and expressed deep regret at having injured him&mdash;he
+wasn&#8217;t badly hurt, anyway. Our heroine, Dame<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span> Pye, certainly deserved a
+better and braver husband, and it is pleasant to know that she outlived
+Pye and found, if not a more courageous mate, certainly a very fine young
+one&mdash;her bar-keeper, forty years younger than herself.</p>
+
+<p>The highwayman escaped the tree, for he died in jail. There is reason to
+believe he was a Southerner of good birth. The horse was so widely
+described and exploited that his story reached a Virginia gentleman, his
+real owner, from whom he had been stolen. The sagacious animal had been
+trained to follow a peculiar whistle, and to jump at anything. The
+gentleman proved his ownership and took the splendid animal-hero home.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1821 a highwayman was executed in Massachusetts, Mike Martin,
+or Captain Lightfoot, who really was a very satisfactory outlaw, a real
+hightoby-crack, though he was only an imported one, not a native
+production. His life, as given by himself, is most entertaining. He had to
+his father a Kilkenny Irishman, who apprenticed the boy early in life to
+his uncle, a brewer. The brewer promptly beat him, he ran home, and got a
+bigger beating. In truth, he was a most beatable brat. When sixteen years
+old he joined the Ribbonmen, a political organization that committed many
+petty crimes and misdemeanors, besides regulating landlords. When his
+father found out the kind of company kept by the young rascal, he beat him
+again. Mike promptly took as a salve five guineas from his father&#8217;s trunk,
+opening it with a master-key which had been kindly made for him by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span> a
+Ribbonman, and which he was enjoined to keep constantly with him as a
+conveniency. He says, &#8220;I had always stolen in a small way.&#8221; With his five
+guineas he ran away to Dublin, and pretended reformation and remorse so
+successfully to a cousin that the latter employed him in a distillery. In
+return he stole petty amounts continually from his cousin&#8217;s money chest,
+by help of his master-key. Soon he was a settled outcast, and at this
+juncture met at an inn a fine, handsome clergyman, about forty years of
+age, over six feet tall, dark-eyed, of great muscle and strength; his name
+was John Doherty. In spite of his black clerical dress he seemed somewhat
+mysterious in character, and after pumping Martin he disclosed in turn
+that he was the famous highwayman, Captain Thunderbolt.</p>
+
+<p>He at once claimed Martin as one of the real sort, and they were talking
+over a union of forces and schemes when a party of dragoons came to the
+inn in pursuit of Thunderbolt. He escaped through a window, but in a
+week&#8217;s time came back dressed as a Quaker and joined his companion, who at
+the age of twenty-one thus blossomed out as a real knight of the road, as
+Captain Lightfoot, with a pair of fine pistols and a splendid horse, &#8220;Down
+the Banks,&#8221; to keep company with Thunderbolt&#8217;s &#8220;Beefsteak.&#8221; Thus equipped,
+these two gentlemen rode as gentlemen should, to the hunt. There, alone,
+to prove what he could do, Mike Martin robbed four huntsmen, and to his
+pride was mistaken by them for Thunderbolt himself. But the huntsmen soon
+had their turn; sheriffs and soldiers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span> drove the two knights to the woods;
+and after weeks of uncomfortable hiding Mike Martin was properly penitent
+and longed for an honest man&#8217;s seat in a tavern taproom. There is no
+retreat, however, in this career; the pair of robbers next entered a
+house, called all the people together, and robbed the entire trembling
+lot. Through Scotland and Ireland they rode till the highways got too hot
+for them, advertisements were everywhere, a hue and cry was out, and
+Thunderbolt fled to America.</p>
+
+<p>Mike Martin, terrified at the multiplying advertisements and rewards,
+disguised himself, and sailed for New York. Quarrels and mutiny on
+shipboard brought him ashore at Salem, where he worked for a time for Mr.
+Derby. He soon received a sum of money from his father&#8217;s estate and set up
+as a brewer. But Salem Yankees were too sharp for the honest highwayman,
+and he lost it all and had to take again to the road. From Portsmouth to
+Canada,&mdash;from pedlers, from gentlemen,&mdash;on horseback, in chaises,&mdash;he ran
+his rig; finally, in spite of advertisements in newspapers and printed
+reports and handbills at every country inn, he worked his way back to New
+Hampshire; and on a moonlight night he found himself horseless in the
+bushes. Two men rode up, and one held back as Mike Martin stepped forth.
+&#8220;Who&#8217;s that?&#8221; said the foremost man. &#8220;I&#8217;m the bold Doherty from Scotland,&#8221;
+said he, taking Thunderbolt&#8217;s name and not in vain. &#8220;And what are you
+after?&#8221; said the shaking traveller. &#8220;Stop and I&#8217;ll show you.&#8221; Mike then
+presented his pistol and demanded of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span> the gentleman his money or his life.
+Promptly money and papers were turned over. &#8220;Stand back by the fence,&#8221;
+said the highwayman. &#8220;Here, Jack, look after this fellow,&#8221; he swaggered to
+make the traveller think he had an accomplice; and he mounted the fine
+horse and rode off. He robbed some one in some way every few miles on the
+road till he was back in Salem. There he promptly acquiesced to the
+decorous customs of the New England town, and went to a lecture; on his
+way home from his intellectual refreshment, he asked the time of a
+well-dressed man. &#8220;Can&#8217;t you hear the clock strike?&#8221; was the surly answer.
+&#8220;I&#8217;ll hear your watch strike or strike your head,&#8221; was the surprising
+reply. Out came watch and money with the cowardly alacrity ever displayed
+at his demands. From thence to the Sun Tavern in Boston, where he learned
+of a grand party at Governor Brooks&#8217;s at Medford. He said in his
+confession, &#8220;I thought there might be some fat ones there and decided to
+be of the company.&#8221; After an evening of astonishing bravado and
+recklessness, displaying himself at taverns and on the road, he held up
+Major Bray and his wife on the Medford turnpike, near the Ten Mile Farm
+which once belonged to Governor Winthrop. The gentlefolk were in &#8220;a
+genteel horse and chaise.&#8221; Madam Bray began to try to conceal her
+watch-chain, but Captain Lightfoot politely told her he never robbed
+ladies. Major Bray turned over his watch and pocketbook, but begged to
+keep his papers. Martin said later, &#8220;The circumstances as given by Major
+Bray at the trial were correct, only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span> he forgot to state that he was much
+frightened and trembled like a leaf.&#8221; After stopping other chaises, he
+took the surprisingly foolhardy step of going to the tavern at Medford,
+where he found already much excitement about the robbery of Major Bray,
+and met many suspicious glances. He rode off, and soon a crowd was after
+him crying, &#8220;Stop Thief.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_144.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Poore Tavern and Sign-board.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In his mad flight his stirrup broke, he fell from his horse and dislocated
+his shoulder; thence through fields and marshes on foot till he dropped
+senseless from pain and fatigue. When he recovered, he tied his suspenders
+to a tree at one end and the other end to his wrist and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span> pulled the
+shoulder into place. Then by day and night through farms and woods to
+Holliston. In the taproom of the tavern he called for brandy, but he saw
+such a good description of himself with a reward for his capture, while he
+was drinking off his glass, it took away his appetite for the dinner he
+had ordered.</p>
+
+<p>He was then tired of foot travel, and stole a horse and rode to
+Springfield. Here he put up at a tavern, where he slept so sound that he
+was only awakened by landlord, sheriff, and a score of helpers who had
+traced the horse to Springfield. Major Bray&#8217;s robbery was unknown there,
+but he was tried for it, however, when it was found out, on October 21,
+and convicted and sentenced to death. He cheerfully announced that he
+should escape if he could, but he was put in heavy irons. When in jail at
+Lechmere Point he struck the turnkey, Mr. Coolidge, on the head with his
+severed chain. He pushed past the stunned keeper, thrust open the door,
+and ran for his life. He was captured in a cornfield and Coolidge was the
+man who grabbed him. It was found that he had filed through the chain with
+a case-knife, filled the cut with a paste of tallow and coal-dust, and
+though the link had been frequently examined the cut had never been noted.
+He declared he would have escaped, only the heavy chain and weight which
+he had worn had made him lose the full use of his legs, and he had to run
+with one end of the chain and a seventeen-pound weight in his hand.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 388px;"><img src="images/fig_145.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Monroe Tavern, Lexington, Massachusetts.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>He was executed in December and behaved with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span> great propriety and
+sobriety. He showed neither cant, levity, nor bravado. He prayed silently
+just before his death, professed penitence, and went to the gallows with
+composure. He arranged his dress and hair carefully before a glass, showed
+a kind disposition to all, and finally gave the signal himself for the
+drop. A tall and handsome scamp, with piercing blue eyes and fine
+complexion, his marked intelligence and sweetness of expression made him
+most attractive. His frame was perfect in symmetry, and he was wonderful
+in his strength and endurance&mdash;truly an ideal highwayman; it must have
+been a pleasure to meet him.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it is very evident that neither highway robbery nor highwaymen
+thrived in America. They mended their ways very promptly&mdash;and apparently
+they wanted to. A very striking example of this is in the American career
+of Captain Thunderbolt, the friend and teacher of Mike Martin. When he set
+foot on American soil, he tamely abandoned all his old picturesque wicked
+ways. He settled first in Dummerston, Vermont, where he taught school and
+passed his leisure hours in seclusion and study. He then set up as a
+physician, in Newfane, Vermont, calling himself Dr. Wilson, and he moved
+from thence to Brattleboro, where his house stood on the present site of
+the railroad station. He married the daughter of a prominent Brattleboro
+farmer, but was too stern and reserved to prove a good American husband.
+He lived to be about sixty-five years old, and had a good and lucrative
+professional practice.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span>I know two authentic cases of highway robbery of stage-coaches in New
+England; one was from the driver, of a large sum of money which had been
+entrusted to him. It was his wife who stole it. She was not prosecuted,
+for she returned the money, and it was believed she would not have taken
+it from any one else. The other theft was that of a bonnet. Just as a
+stage was to start off from a tavern door, a woman jumped on the step,
+seized the bonnet of a woman passenger, tore it from her head, and made
+off with it before the outraged traveller&#8217;s shrieks could reach the driver
+and stop the coach; and&mdash;as the chronicler solemnly recounted to me&mdash;the
+robber was never heard of more. These two highwaywomen have the honors of
+the road.</p>
+
+<p>It may be deemed somewhat grandiloquent to term to-day this theft of a
+bonnet &#8220;highway robbery&#8221;; but I can assure you a fine bonnet was a most
+respected belonging in olden times, and if of real Dunstable or fine
+Leghorn straw and trimmed with real ostrich plumes it might be also a
+costly belonging, and to steal it was no light matter&mdash;indeed it was a
+hanging matter. For in Boston, when John Hancock was governor, a woman was
+hanged for snatching a bonnet from another&#8217;s head and running off with it.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX</h2>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">TAVERN GHOSTS</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">England</span> was ever the birthplace and abiding-place of ghosts. Thoroughly
+respectable most of these old residents were, their manifestations being
+stereotyped with all the conventionalities of the spirit world. When the
+colonists came to the new world the friendly and familiar spectres did not
+desert their old companions, but emigrated also, and &#8220;sett down satysfyed&#8221;
+in enlarged log cabins, and houses built of American pine, just as the
+planters did; and in these humbler domiciles both classes of inhabitants
+were soon as much at home as they had been in oaken manor houses and stone
+castles in the &#8220;ould countrie.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In New England the tavern was often the chosen place of abode and of
+visitation of spirits; like other travellers on life&#8217;s weary round, these
+travellers on the round of the dead found their warmest welcome at an inn.
+Naturally new conditions developed new phenomena; the spirits of unhappy
+peasants, of cruel barons, of hated heirs at law, of lovelorn ladies,
+found novel companions, among whom the manitous and wraiths of the red men
+cut the strangest figure. The ghosts of pirates, too, were prime<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span>
+favorites in America, especially in seaboard towns, but were never such
+frequent visitors, nor on the whole such picturesque visitors, as were the
+spirits of Indians:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">&#8220;The ghosts that come to haunt us</span><br />
+From the kingdom of Ponemah,<br />
+From the land of the Hereafter.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_146.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Dewey Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>I have known a good many tavern ghosts of Indians&mdash;though their deeds as
+recounted are often far from being original or aboriginal. Reuben Jencks
+owned a tavern that had a very good Indian ghost. This ghost was not one
+of the inconsiderate kind that comes when you are awake, and half scares
+you to death; this noble red man stole in silently by night, so silently
+that the sleeper never awakened, and hence was never frightened, for
+nothing seems overstrange, uncanny, or impossible in a dream. Even when
+the Indian brandished his tomahawk and seized the visited one by the hair
+of the head, it never seemed to be anything more than might be expected,
+nor did he ever appear overfierce in his threats and gestures.
+Nevertheless in course of time his appearances gave a name to the
+apartment he visited; it came to be known as the Indian Chamber. And
+travelling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span> chapmen, pedlers, or traders who had been over the route
+frequently, and had heard the tale at every trip, sometimes objected to
+sleeping in the room&mdash;not that they were afraid&mdash;but it was somewhat of a
+nuisance.</p>
+
+<p>It was not known that any Indian ever had received aught of injury at the
+hands of any at the Black Horse Tavern, save the derivative injury from
+too frequent and liberal draughts of hard cider, which was freely dealt
+out to every sorry brave who wandered there. There were some simpletons
+who said that the Indian&#8217;s visits were to resent the injury done to
+another old inn, a rival down the road, named The Pine Tree, but which
+bore the figure of an Indian on its sign-board, and was oftener known as
+The Indian Tavern. This was nonsense. The Pine Tree had no visitors
+because it did not deserve them, had a vile table and a worse stable,
+while the Black Horse Tavern gave the best of the earth to its guests.</p>
+
+<p>Reuben Jencks had not been born in this tavern. He inherited it from an
+uncle, and he was already married and had a family of small children when
+the tavern came to him. Another baby was born soon after, and as the
+Indian Chamber was the largest in the house, Mrs. Jencks quietly disposed
+of the objections of timid and superstitious chapmen and pedlers by taking
+the room for her own sleeping apartment.</p>
+
+<p>It would seem to be a brave warrior, albeit a savage and a ghost, who
+would enter a room as densely populated as that of Mr. and Mrs. Jencks.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span>
+There was for the repose of landlord and landlady a vast four-post
+bedstead with curtains, valance, and tester of white dimity; and under
+this high bed was thrust by day a low trundle bed. At night it was drawn
+out, and upon it slept the three little daughters of the Jencks family.
+Upon an old high-backed settle set on rockers slept Reuben Jencks, Jr.,
+the deposed king of the family. Adjustable bars slipped in the front of
+this settle made it a safe crib. This stood on one side of the fireplace,
+and the new baby reposed, when he slept at all, in a deeply hooded
+mahogany cradle. There was a great fire ever and cheerfully burning in the
+fireplace&mdash;and yet to this chamber of infantile innocence and comfort came
+the saturnine form of the Indian ghost.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_147.jpg" alt="" /><br />Cutter&#8217;s Tavern<br />Sign-board.</div>
+
+<p>He was, in one sense, a thoroughly satisfactory apparition, being suitably
+clad in full trappings of war, buckskin and turkey feathers, bear&#8217;s teeth
+and paint; he was none of those miserable half-breed travesties of Indians
+who sometimes still sneaked round to the tavern kitchen, clad in vile
+clothes of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span> civilization, so greasy and worn and dirty that a blanket
+would have been as stately in comparison as a Roman toga; Indians devoid
+of bravery, dignity, and even of cunning, whose laziness, high
+cheek-bones, and hair coarse as a horse&#8217;s tail, and their unvarying love
+of rum, were the only proofs of Indian blood; whose skin, even, had turned
+from copper tawny to dingy yellow.</p>
+
+<p>To Mrs. Jencks, reposing in state among her abundant goose feathers on the
+high bedstead, came one night the spectre in her dreams, pulled off her
+nightcap, seized her by her long hair, dragged her downstairs and out of
+doors, pointed fiercely to the roots of the great cedar at the gate,
+muttering all the while in broken English of avenging an insult to his
+race. As Mrs. Jencks awoke wholly uninjured, she merely laughed at her
+vision, saying that all the talk she had heard had made her dream it. But
+when she had dreamt it three times, three nights running, and the ghost
+kept speaking of an act of insult to him, that it must be avenged,
+removed, etc., and kept ever pointing to the base of the cedar tree, Ben
+Jencks insisted on digging for what he felt sure was hidden treasure. He
+and his menials dug deep and dug wide, and nearly killed the splendid old
+cedar, but found nothing. The next time the ghost appeared he dragged the
+astral body of Mrs. Jencks down to the other cedar tree on the right-hand
+side of the gateway. Ben Jencks dug again with the same result. Neither he
+nor the ghost was daunted, and a fine apple tree in the garden next the
+orchard was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span> next victim. It was a Sapson apple tree, the variety
+which all the children loved, and it ceased bearing for several years. As
+it wilted and pined after the rough spading at its roots, Mrs. Jencks
+doggedly vowed never to repeat any of the ghost&#8217;s lies again.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_148.jpg" alt="" /><br />Clock with<br />Painting of<br />Pahquoique House.</div>
+
+<p>We must not be too contemptuous of this unprincipled Indian spirit. He
+simply belonged to a class of ghosts of whom Andrew Lang says
+complainingly that they have a passion for pointing out places and saying
+treasures or skeletons are buried within; whereas it always proves that
+nothing of the sort is ever found. There are liars among the living as
+well as of the dead, and Mrs. Jencks&#8217;s Indian never said it was a
+treasure&mdash;he only hinted darkly at the buried thing being associated with
+some degradation or insult to the Indian race. The treasure was all in Ben
+Jencks&#8217;s brain&mdash;and the brains of his friends. Mrs. Jencks&#8217;s silence to
+her husband did not prevent her however from having several treasure-hunts
+alone by herself, after the Indian&#8217;s renewed visits and pointing finger,
+for he changed nothing in his programme save the spot he indicated. She
+spent an entire day pulling and poking<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span> among the attic rafters. She
+rolled out several empty cider barrels from a distant cellar corner, and
+even dug a hole there secretly. Her husband at last discovered her
+mysteriously poking a hole down a disused well, and promptly had the well
+cleaned out; but of course nothing was found save the usual well contents,
+and thus the years rolled on.</p>
+
+<p>One morning Lucy Jencks whimpered that the Indian had pulled her out of
+bed in the night and pointed out to her where to hunt. Lucy was nearly
+eleven years old; a clever, sharp, active little Yankee, who helped to
+shell peas and string beans and scour pewter, and who could knit famously
+and spin pretty well. This brought her naturally in the company of her
+elders, and she proved the influence of the ghost talk she had heard by
+repeating the Indian&#8217;s words that &#8220;the derision of his ancient race, the
+degradation of his ancient customs, must be avenged.&#8221; Derision and
+degradation are too big words for a little girl to use untutored, or for
+an Indian ghost either; and in truth they were not the precise words he
+had spoken at first. But Parson Pillsbury had been present at the digging
+under the Sapson apple tree, a piously sceptical but secretly interested
+spectator, and he had thus explained the somewhat broken &#8220;Injun-talk&#8221;
+which Mrs. Jencks reported. It proves the tractability and intelligence of
+this ghost of a heathen that he ever after used the words of the Puritan
+minister.</p>
+
+<p>The ghost pointed out to Lucy Jencks a very inaccessible spot to be
+searched. It was the farther end of a loft over a shed, and had to be
+entered by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span> a short ladder from a leanto. This loft was packed solidly
+with the accumulated debris of three-quarters of a century, portions of
+farm tools, poor old furniture, boxes, barrels, every old stuff and piece
+that was too mean even for the main attic, in which were poor enough
+relics. It had never been searched or sorted out since Ben Jencks came to
+the tavern, and I doubt whether Mrs. Jencks would have listened to a
+ransacking then but for one circumstance, the Jencks family were going to
+leave the Black House Tavern&mdash;and they really ought to know exactly what
+was in it ere they sold it with its contents. They had not been driven
+from the family home by this Indian spirit of dreams, but by a more
+powerful spirit&mdash;that of emigration. Neighbors and friends in Rutland and
+Worcester were going to Ohio&mdash;that strange new territory, and they would
+go too. A single dead Indian, and such a liar, too, seemed of but little
+account when they thought of the infinite bands of very live Indians in
+their chosen home.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span></p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 422px;"><img src="images/fig_149.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Wright Tavern, Concord, Massachusetts.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Jencks and Lucy climbed the ladder to the loft, opened the single
+shutter, and let in a narrow dancing ray of dusty sunlight on the crowded
+desolation within. Lucy pointed between bars and barrels and bags, with
+slender white finger, at a large and remote box which a slender, strong,
+copper-colored hand had pointed out to her in her dreams. Her mother
+sternly sent her below to do her stent at quilt-piecing, and she tearfully
+and unwillingly descended. It was nearly an hour ere the strong arms of
+Mrs. Jencks had dislodged and repacked the unutterable chaos to the extent
+of reaching the box. Clouds of dust dimmed the air. She untied and
+removed a rotten rope that bound the box, which even in the dim litter
+looked like the upper half of a coffin. Within lay something swathed in
+linen bands and strips of old flannel&mdash;newspapers were then too precious
+for wrappings. She struck it, and there came a faint rattle of metal. The
+thought came to her of the description of a mummy which she had read a few
+nights before in the almanac. She paused; then twisted in and among the
+boxes to the head of the ladder. She could hear the sound<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span> of Perseverance
+singing a hymn. Perseverance Abbott was the &#8220;help,&#8221; the sister of a farmer
+neighbor, and she was baking &#8220;rye and Injun&#8221; bread for the teamsters who
+would stop there at nightfall. Mrs. Jencks called down, &#8220;Persy, come here
+a minute!&#8221; &#8220;I&#8217;ll tell her to come,&#8221; piped up the shrill voice of Lucy, who
+was hovering at the base of the ladder and evidently meant to be &#8220;in at
+the death.&#8221; Perseverance appeared, floury and serene, at the foot of the
+ladder. &#8220;I&#8217;ll come,&#8221; she said, in answer to Mrs. Jencks&#8217;s appeal for
+assistance, &#8220;because I know you&#8217;re scairt, and I ain&#8217;t a-goin&#8217; to see Ben
+Jencks a-huntin for them Indian bones again. I&#8217;ve been dyin&#8217;, anyway, to
+clear this out ever since I come here, an&#8217; this&#8217;ll be the beginnin&#8217;.&#8221;
+&#8220;Persy,&#8221; said Mrs. Jencks, hesitatingly, &#8220;it seems to be something dead.&#8221;
+&#8220;Dead!&#8221; answered her hand-maid, &#8220;I&#8217;ll bet it&#8217;s dead after layin&#8217; here
+forty, perhaps a hundred year!&#8221; An atmosphere of good sense and
+fearlessness seemed to halo her about; still both women unwrapped the
+heavy thing, the mummy, with care. A bare shining scalp came first to
+view. &#8220;It&#8217;s a wig-block,&#8221; shouted Perseverance in a moment, &#8220;yes, and
+here&#8217;s curling irons and wire wig-springs.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It was &#8220;grandpa&#8217;s wig-block,&#8221; so Reuben Jencks said, when he saw it later;
+his grandfather had added to his duties of tavern-keeper, roadmaster,
+selectman, and deacon, that of wig-maker. And in that day, when all men of
+any station wore handsome flowing wigs, and all, even poor men, wore wigs
+of some kind, it was a calling of importance.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span> Moreover, an Indian with a
+tomahawk cut but a sorry figure when he tried to scalp a man who wore a
+wig; it was a deriding insult to the warlike customs of the whole Indian
+race.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><img src="images/fig_150.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />Moses Hill&#8217;s Inn.</div>
+
+<p>There is a fine old brick tavern still standing in a New England seaboard
+town, and now doing service as a rather disreputable road house. It is a
+building rigidly square, set due north, south, east, and west, with four
+long, narrow doors opening over broad door-stones to the four ends of the
+earth. A long tail of summer and winter kitchens, a wash-room, brew-house,
+smoke-house, wood-rooms, sheds,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span> barns, piggeries, pigeon-houses,
+hen-houses, once stretched a hundred feet or more adown the road, part of
+which is now torn down. Each joint of the tail helped loyally in olden
+times to furnish good cheer to the traveller. The great square rooms of
+the main house are amply furnished; one was a taproom, and in each
+second-story room still are two double beds, save in the corner room next
+the kitchen tail of the house, where stands nailed firmly to the floor of
+the room a somewhat battered oaken table. A little open staircase in the
+corner of this room leads down to the working end of the house, and was
+used in olden days to carry supplies to the upper table from the lower
+kitchen.</p>
+
+<p>It has been many a year since good cheer was spread on that broad oaken
+board, though at one time it was the favorite dining place of a choice
+brotherhood of old salts, called the Mariners&#8217; Club, who gathered there
+when on shore to tell tales of wild privateering, and of sharp foreign
+trade, and to plan new and profitable ventures. Many of these Mariners&#8217;
+Clubs and Marine Societies existed in seaport towns at that golden time in
+New England&#8217;s marine commercial history.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_151.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board of<br />John Nash&#8217;s Tavern.</div>
+
+<p>This room was the scene about seventy-five years ago of a somewhat unusual
+expression of feminine revolt&mdash;that is, both the expression and the revolt
+were unusual. One of the most constant frequenters of the tavern, the
+heaviest eater and deepest drinker, the greatest money-spender at these
+Mariners&#8217; dinners, was one Captain Sam Blood, who ran a large coasting
+brig, which made but short<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span> trips to Atlantic seaports. Thus he was ever
+on hand for tavern fun. He had a large and rather helpless family which he
+kept somewhat in retreat on a gloomy farm two miles inland; his mother old
+and feeble, yet ever hard-working; a large number of untidy children, and,
+worst of all, a sickly wife, a tall, gaunt woman who whined, and whined,
+and ever whined from her patch-covered couch, over the frequent desertions
+of her spouse to the tavern-table, and his wilful waste of money, while
+she could never leave the house. One night a specially good dinner was set
+in the Mariners&#8217; room, roast and boiled meats, pies and puddings, a grand
+array of full pitchers, decanters, and bottles; the assembled group of old
+salts were about to ascend from the taproom to seat themselves comfortably
+at the round table for solid work, when a terrible crash and scream were
+heard, each seeming louder than the other, and before the startled eyes of
+the landlord and his guests,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span> as they rushed up and into the room, there
+were all the steaming dishes, all the streaming bottles, with table-cloth
+and plates in a disorderly hopeless wreck on the floor. &#8220;Who could have
+done it?&#8221; &#8220;There he goes,&#8221; shouted one captain, as he ran to the window;
+and, surely enough, a slender man in nautical garb was seen striking out
+from under the sheltering walls of the ell-kitchens and sheds, and running
+desperately across the snowy fields. Full chase was given and the marauder
+finally captured; he was swung roughly around with oaths and blows, when
+sudden silence fell on all. It was Sam Blood&#8217;s wife in Sam Blood&#8217;s togs.
+&#8220;I&#8217;ll settle for this dinner,&#8221; said Sam Blood, blackly.</p>
+
+<p>On his next voyage Mrs. Blood sailed with the captain. With the usual
+ethical inconsistencies which prevail in small communities, Mrs. Sam Blood
+the despoiler attracted more attention and sympathy than Mrs. Sam Blood
+the poor, hard-working, sickly wife; it was the universal talk and
+decision of all the women in town that the captain&#8217;s wife needed a change
+of scene; and she had to take it in that ironical form decreed to the
+wives of old-time ship-owners, in a voyage of uncertain length and certain
+discomfort on a sailing vessel, with no woman companion and the doubtful
+welcome of the male members of the crew. Off she went to Savannah. At that
+port she was no better, cried all the time (the first mate wrote home),
+and seemed little like the woman of spirit who had wrecked the Mariners&#8217;
+dinner. The captain decided to go with a cargo to South America to see how
+the tropics would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span> serve the ailing woman. His old home crew shipped back
+to Boston, not caring for the trip far south, and a crew of creoles and
+negroes was taken on the supplemental trip.</p>
+
+<p>When Captain Blood and his schooner at last came into port at home, he
+landed with sombre countenance, a mourning widower, and soon was properly
+clad in trappings of woe. Mrs. Sam Blood was no more. Her husband stated
+briefly that she had died and was buried at sea off the island of Jamaica.
+A discreet and decent term of mourning passed, and Mrs. Blood, as is the
+way of the living&mdash;and of the dead&mdash;was quite forgotten. Once more the
+Mariners&#8217; Club was to have a dinner, and once more the table in the
+Mariners&#8217; room was spread with good cheer and ample drink. Captain Blood,
+in somewhat mitigated bereavement, was among the thronging guests who
+lingered over a final stomach-warmer at the bar. The landlord ran out of
+the room and roared down the main stairs that dinner was ready, and even
+as he spoke, crash! smash! came a din from the Mariners&#8217; room, and there
+was all the dinner and all the broken bottles with the table-cloth and the
+upset table on the floor. It was a very unpleasant reminder to Sam Blood
+of a very mortifying event, and his friends sympathized with him in
+silence. This time no miscreant could be found in house or on farm, but
+the landlord suspected a discharged and ugly servant, who might have run
+down the little corner staircase, as Mrs. Blood had before him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span>The ruined dinner was replaced by another a week later. The guests were
+gathered, the landlord was bearing a last roast pig aloft, when smash!
+crash! came again from the Mariners&#8217; room. Every one in the house rushed
+up in tremendous excitement: the table-cloth was off, table upset, bottles
+smashed. An ominous silence and a sense of the uncanny fell on all in the
+room; some glanced askance at Sam Blood. More than one sharp-eyed old salt
+noted that the great, hairy, tattooed hands of the widower shook
+amazingly, though his face was the calmest of all the bronzed,
+weather-beaten figure-heads staring around.</p>
+
+<p><i>There has never been a meal served from that table since</i>, though many a
+meal has been spread on it. The landlord, a stubborn man of no nonsense
+and no whims, grimly nailed the legs of the table to the floor, and
+proceeded to set the succeeding dinner on the bare boards. It mattered
+not, cloth or no cloth, every dinner small or great was always wrecked.
+Watchers were set, enjoined not to take their eyes from the table, nor
+themselves from the room. Something always happened, an alarm of fire, a
+sudden call for help, an apparent summons from the landlord&mdash;this but for
+a single moment, but in that moment smash! crash! went the dinner.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Blood lived to a rather lonely and unpopular old age, for he was
+held responsible for the decay and dissolution of the Mariners&#8217; Club; and
+unjustly enough, for Neptune knows it was no wish of his. When occasional
+dinners and suppers were given by nautical men in wholly mundane rooms in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span>
+other taverns, with no spiritual accompaniments,&mdash;that is, in the form of
+ghosts,&mdash;the captain was left out. Men did not hanker for the
+companionship of a man who left port with a wife and came home with a
+ghost. He has been dead for decades, and is anchored in the old Hill
+graveyard, where he sleeps the quiet sleep of the righteous; and the name
+and virtues of Elvira, his beloved wife, are amply recorded on his
+tombstone. But her ghost still walks, or at any rate still wrecks. I don&#8217;t
+like ghosts, but I really should like to meet this lively and persistent
+Yankee wraith, clad in the meek and meagre drooping feminine attire which
+was the mode in the early part of this century, or perhaps tentatively
+mannish in peajacket and oilskins as in her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</a></span> day of riot of old. I really
+wish I could see the spry and spiteful spirit of Mrs. Sam Blood, with her
+expression of rampant victory as she twitches the table-cloth off, and
+wrecks the bottles, and says in triumphal finality, &#8220;I&#8217;ll settle for this
+dinner&#8221;; thus gaining what is ever dear to a woman, even to the ghost of a
+woman&mdash;the last word.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 384px;"><img src="images/fig_152.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Montague City Tavern.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Late on a November night in the early part of this century the landlord
+and half a dozen teamsters sat drinking deep in the taproom of the Buxton
+Inn. These rough travellers had driven into the yard during the afternoon
+with their produce-laden wagons; for a heavy snow was falling, and it was
+impossible wheeling, doubtful even whether they could leave the inn in
+forty-eight hours&mdash;perhaps not for a week. Their board would not prove
+very costly, for they carried their own horse-provender, and much of their
+own food. Some paid for a bed, others slept free of charge round the fire;
+but all spent money for drink. It was a fierce storm and a great fall of
+snow for the month of the year&mdash;though November is none too mild any year
+in New England. Though this snow was too early by half to be seasonable,
+yet each teamster was roughly merry at the others&#8217; expense that he had not
+&#8220;come down&#8221; on runners.</p>
+
+<p>With dull days of inaction before them there was no need for early hours
+of sleep, so all talked loud and long and drank boisterously, when
+suddenly a series of heavy knocks was heard at the front door of the inn.
+Bang! bang! angrily pounded the iron knocker, and the landlord went slowly
+into the little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span> front entry, fumbled heavily at the bolt, and at last
+threw open the door to a fine young spark who blustered in with a great
+bank of snow which fell in at his feet, and who was covered with rolls and
+drifts of snow, which he shook off debonairly on all around him,
+displaying at last a handsome suit of garments, gold-laced, and very fine
+to those country bumpkins, but which a &#8220;cit&#8221; would have noted were
+somewhat antiquated of cut and fashion.</p>
+
+<p>He at once indicated and proved his claim to being a gentleman by swearing
+roundly at the landlord, declaring that his horses and servant were housed
+ere he was, that they had driven round and found shelter in the barn
+before he could get into the front door. He could drink like a gentleman,
+too, this fine young fellow, and he entered at once into the drinking and
+singing and story-telling and laughing with as much zest as if he had been
+only a poor common country clown. At last all fell to casting dice. The
+stakes were low, but such as they were luck all went one way. After two
+hours&#8217; rounds the gentleman had all the half-dollars and shillings, all
+the pennies even, in his breeches pocket; and he laughed and sneered in
+hateful triumph. Sobered by his losses, which were small but his all, one
+teamster surlily said he was going to sleep, and another added, &#8220;&#8217;Tis high
+time.&#8221; And indeed it was, for at that moment old Janet, the tavern
+housemaid, came in to begin her morning round of work, to pinch out the
+candles, take up part of the ashes from the chimney-hearth, fill the
+kitchen pots and kettles, gather in the empty bottles and glasses; and as
+she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</a></span> did so, albeit she was of vast age, she glanced with warm interest at
+the fine figure of fashion slapping his pockets, sneering, and drinking
+off his glass. &#8220;Why, master,&#8221; she said, staring, &#8220;you do be the very cut
+of Sir Charles off our sign-board.&#8221; &#8220;Let&#8217;s see how he looks,&#8221; swaggered
+the young blade; &#8220;where&#8217;s a window whence we can peep at him?&#8221; All trooped
+to a nigh window in the tavern parlor to look at the portrait of Sir
+Charles Buxton on the swing-sign, but to no avail, for there was yet but
+scant light without, and they peered out only on thick snowdrifts on the
+window panes. But when they re&euml;ntered the kitchen, lo! their gay companion
+was gone. Gone where? Back on the sign-board, of course. All who heard the
+oft and ever repeated wonder-tale would have scoffed at the fuddled
+notions of a drunken group of stupid teamsters, but the dollars and
+shillings and pennies were gone too&mdash;the devil knows where; and who was to
+pay the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</a></span> score for the double bowl of punch and the half-dozen mugs of
+flip Sir Charles Buxton had ordered while the dicing was going on, and a
+large share of which he had drunk off with all the zest of flesh and
+blood? Besides, Janet had seen him, and Janet&#8217;s eye for a young man could
+never be doubted.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 285px;"><img src="images/fig_153.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">The Old Abbey, Bloomingdale Road, New York.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>I spent one night a few summers ago in a tavern haunted by the ghost of a
+dead past. A sudden halt in our leisurely progress from town to town,
+caused by a small but unsurmountable accident to our road-wagon, found us
+in a little Massachusetts village of few houses. The blacksmith had gone
+to a neighboring village to spend the night. It was twilight, and we
+decided not to attempt to reach our intended place for sojourning, six
+miles distant. We asked of a passer-by which house was the tavern. &#8220;There
+isn&#8217;t any,&#8221; was the cheerful answer; &#8220;if you stay here over night you&#8217;ll
+have to stay at the poorhouse.&#8221; Now this was rather an unalluring
+alternative to any self-respecting citizen, but the night was coming on,
+and, after vainly searching for some resident who had ever had summer
+boarders, we determined to investigate the poorhouse. We found it the best
+house in the village. It was the almshouse, but it had been for half a
+century a tavern in reality, when the post-road lay through the town and
+travellers were more frequent than to-day. There was evidence of its
+tavern days in the old taproom, which had been converted into a
+store-room. The house with twenty acres of land had been bequeathed to the
+town by one of the old Bourne family that had lived in it so long. This
+last Bourne owner was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[Pg 430]</a></span> childless widower, a St. Louis man, who had been
+away from the home of his youth since early childhood and had little love
+of it from old associations.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/fig_154.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">Tavern Pitcher. Apotheosis of Washington.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The poormaster and his wife we found to be tidy, respectable folk, even
+folk of a certain dignity, who owned the adjoining farm. Their own house
+had burned down. So for ten years they had run the poorhouse. It had not
+proved a very difficult task. Often there were no occupants; one year
+there were two Portuguese cranberry pickers, stricken with rheumatism from
+exposure in the cranberry bogs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</a></span> Now both are married to American wives
+and own prosperous cranberry bogs of their own. The poorhouse had its
+usual quota on the night of our sojourn; we found two paupers living
+there.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 388px;"><img src="images/fig_155.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">After the Shower.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>There was not time to prepare an extra meal of extra quality for the
+travellers who came so suddenly for a night&#8217;s shelter, but the good tea,
+plentiful milk, fine bread and butter, honey, hot griddle-cakes, and fried
+bacon bore testimony of ample fare and good housewifery. The two paupers
+sat at the table and ate with us&mdash;a silver-haired old man of exquisite
+cleanliness, and a grotesque little humpback. We noted that the old man
+was ever addressed by all who spoke to him as Mr. Bourne, and during his
+short absence from the room after supper the poor-mistress told us that
+the almshouse had been the home and this the farm of his grandfather. The
+supper was served in the great kitchen, and here we sat till a curfew bell
+rang from the little church belfry at nine o&#8217;clock.</p>
+
+<p>Considerable jealousy was shown by both paupers in their eager desire to
+talk with us, and we learned that the dwarf was regarded as a genius; he
+composed wonderful epitaphs, and had written poetry for the county
+newspaper. He could set type, and could thus earn his living, but was
+temporarily more feeble than usual, on account of a weight falling on his
+back; after a few months he would go to work again. He represented the
+brilliant and intellectual element of communal life, but was hopelessly
+plebeian; while Mr. Bourne stood for blood and breeding. This the dwarf
+Peter scorned, being a Socialist<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</a></span> in his creed. A curious and touching
+atmosphere of simplicity and confidence filled the old kitchen. The farmer
+and his wife were deeply solicitous for the comfort and health of their
+two charges; and as I sat there, tired by my long drive, a little lonely
+from the strangeness of the surroundings, there was nevertheless a
+profound sense that this poorhouse was truly a home.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><img src="images/fig_156.jpg" alt="" /><br />Sign-board<br />Grosvenor Inn.</div>
+
+<p>It was in the middle of this night that the experience came to me of the
+greatest sense of passive comfort that I have known&mdash;and think of the
+absurdity, in a poorhouse! We heard at midnight a light patter of quick
+rain, and soon soft footsteps entered and our window shutters were
+carefully closed. &#8220;It&#8217;s me,&#8221; said our landlady, ungrammatically and
+pleasantly. &#8220;I didn&#8217;t mean to wake you, but I always go to Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[Pg 433]</a></span> Bourne&#8217;s
+room when it rains to close his window for fear he&#8217;ll take cold, so I
+looked at yours,&#8221; and the old-time figure in petticoat, shawl, and ruffled
+nightcap withdrew as quietly as it had entered. Then came the hour of
+half-sleep, a true &#8220;dozy hour,&#8221; as Thackeray said. In this poorhouse, with
+no book, no ready light, I fain must lie in silence, hence an hour such as
+has been told in perfection in a simple yet finished piece of descriptive
+English; let me give the classic prose of Sam Pepys&mdash;the words are
+his&mdash;but the happy hour was mine as well as his:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">&#8220;Rode easily to Welling, where we supped well, and had two beds in the
+room, and so lay single, and still remember it that of all the nights
+that I ever slept in my life I never did pass a night with more
+epicurism of sleep; there being now and then a noise of people
+stirring that wakened me, and then it was a very rainy night, and then
+I was a little weary, that what between waking, and then sleeping
+again one after another, I never had so much content in all my life.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>When we awoke the following morning Mr. Bourne was awaiting our coming
+with some eagerness. The dwarf was absent, and the old man apologized for
+one or two of Peter&#8217;s remarks the night before which had seemed to him
+uncivil. These were, however, only some of Peter&#8217;s mild bitternesses about
+division of property, the injustice of modern laws, the inequalities of
+taxation, etc., which had seemed harmless enough in the mouth of a pauper.</p>
+
+<p>While waiting the leisurely repairs of our vehicle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</a></span> at the hands of the
+captured blacksmith, I yielded to Mr. Bourne&#8217;s eager invitation to come
+with him to see a piece of land he owned. &#8220;It&#8217;s been in the family near
+two hundred years,&#8221; he said proudly. &#8220;Peter says I ought to be ashamed to
+tell of my folks&#8217; grasping all them years God&#8217;s gift of the soil that
+ought to be just as free as the ocean and the sky; but I&#8217;m glad I&#8217;ve got
+it. Peter&#8217;s folks came from Middleboro way, and never did own no land nor
+nothin&#8217;, and I&#8217;ve noticed it&#8217;s them sort that&#8217;s always maddest at folks as
+does have family things.&#8221; After a few minutes of silence he added: &#8220;Peter
+can&#8217;t help it. It&#8217;s born in him to feel that way, just as it&#8217;s born into
+me to feel proud of my property.&#8221; We walked along the sandy road under the
+beautiful autumnal sky. A dense group of stunted cedars and one towering
+fir tree rose sombrely in a little enclosed corner below the church. &#8220;This
+is my property,&#8221; said the old man, cheerfully, &#8220;and they&#8217;re all Bournes
+and Swifts in it. There lies my great-grandfather, the old parson, under
+that flat stone come from England. Here is my mother. That slate headstone
+over there is for my brother lost at sea on one of his voyages. I am going
+to be put exactly here. Them four stones I put to mark it. And Peter
+hasn&#8217;t any graveyard&mdash;don&#8217;t even know where his father is buried&mdash;so he&#8217;s
+going to lie over here in this corner. He&#8217;s the only one as ain&#8217;t a Swift
+or a Bourne, and it&#8217;s a great honor to him. He&#8217;s had to pay me for it,
+though; he&#8217;s written me an epitaph, and it&#8217;s a good one; it&#8217;ll be the best
+one in the whole graveyard.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 600px; height: 347px;"><img src="images/fig_157.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">The Parting of the Ways.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Index</h2>
+
+
+<p class="index">
+Abbott&#8217;s Tavern, <a href="#Page_111">111-112</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Accidents on coaches, <a href="#Page_365">365</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Accommodation,&#8221; service in travel, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Adam and Eveses Garden</i>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adams, John, quoted, on landlord, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on drinking habits, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Revolutionary sentiments, <a href="#Page_170">170-173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Revolutionary song, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Addison, quoted, <a href="#Page_140">140-141</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ah-coobee, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Albany, N. Y., tavern at, <a href="#Page_85">85-86</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">foot post to, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">stage line at, <a href="#Page_365">365-366</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">highway robbery in, <a href="#Page_394">394</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Ale, use of, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alexander, John, highway robbery by, <a href="#Page_384">384</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Alexandria, Va., turnpike at, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alleghany Mountains, pack-horses on, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Almshouse, ghost story of, <a href="#Page_430">430</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+American House, Springfield, fare at, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ames, Nathaniel, tavern of, <a href="#Page_164">164</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">almanacks of, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sign-board of, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Amherst, Mass., sign-boards at, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Anchor Inn, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Andover, Mass., tavern license in, <a href="#Page_64">64-66</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Andros, Sir Edmund, wine list of, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coach of, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Angel Tavern, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Animals, at taverns, <a href="#Page_197">197-198</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Animals&#8217; heads, sign-boards of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Annals of the Revolution, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Annual parade, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Apples, in New England, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Virginia, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in New York, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">names of, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Arcade Tavern, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arlington, Mass., taverns at, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Armitage, Joseph, ordinary-keeper, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arnold, David, tavern of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arnold, Peleg, tavern of, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">roads of, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">milestone of, <a href="#Page_352">352-353</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Artists, as sign-board painters, <a href="#Page_142">142</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Ashburnham Thief Detecting Society, handbill of, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ashton, John, cited, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Auctions. <i>See</i> <a href="#vendues">Vendues</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ayers, John, <a href="#Page_170">170</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Bacchanalians, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Backgammon, at coffee-houses, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Badger and Porter&#8217;s Stage Lists, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bag-o&#8217;-Nails, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Balancing on stage-coach, <a href="#Page_367">367-368</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Balch, John, post-rider, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Balloons, at taverns, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on railroads, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Baltimore, Md., taverns in, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wine prices at, <a href="#Page_88">88-89</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">turnpikes in, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conestoga wagons at, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">highway robbery in, <a href="#Page_384">384</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bannocks, Tuggie, <a href="#Page_95">95-96</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bar, in taverns, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barbadoes, rum in, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barbadoes brandy, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</a></span><br />
+Barbadoes liquor, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barberries, superstitions about, <a href="#Page_340">340-341</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barge, use of word, <a href="#Page_266">266-267</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barnum, P. T., quoted, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barnum&#8217;s Hotel, Baltimore, prices at, <a href="#Page_88">88-89</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barre, sign-board at, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barre, Colonel, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barre and Worcester Stage Line, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barrington, R I., prices at, <a href="#Page_79">79-80</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bartlett, Eliphalet, tavern of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bay Path, <a href="#Page_224">224-225</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beakers, glass, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beal, Thomas, coach line of, <a href="#Page_271">271-272</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bear, as a mark, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beaumont, quoted, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beehive Tavern, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beer, brewing regulated by law, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">price established, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in New York, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Virginia, <a href="#Page_121">121-122</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Bell Savage, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bell teams, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bell, Tom, story of, <a href="#Page_380">380-381</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bellarmine jug, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bellows-top, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bells, on pack-horses, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Conestoga wagons, <a href="#Page_247">247-248</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Bennett, quoted, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256-257</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Berkeley, Governor, quoted, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bethlehem, Penn., tavern at, <a href="#Page_57">57</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Beverige, <a href="#Page_131">131-132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beverly, Mass., ordinary at, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bible and Key, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bible and Peacock, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Biblical names, of towns, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of taverns, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Bickerdyke, quoted, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bilboes, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Billiards, forbidden, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bills of fare, <a href="#Page_87">87-88</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bingham house a tavern, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Birch, beer of, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vistas of, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Bispham&#8217;s Tavern, Trenton, <a href="#Page_83">83-84</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bissell&#8217;s Tavern, <a href="#Page_150">150-151</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Bite,&#8221; <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black Ben, anecdote of, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black, William, quoted, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black Horse Tavern, Winchester, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Blacks,&#8221; <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black Horse Tavern, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shows at, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</span><br />
+<br /><a name="blackjacks" id="blackjacks"></a>
+Black jacks, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black Sam. <i>See</i> <a href="#fraunces">Samuel Fraunces</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black strap, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bladensburgh, Md., tavern at, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bliss, Joseph, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bliss Tavern, Haverhill, N. H., <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blood, Sam, ghost story of, <a href="#Page_420">420</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Blue Anchor Tavern, Boston, names of chambers, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">landlord of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Blue Anchor Tavern, Cambridge, bills at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bogus, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bonaparte, Jerome, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bonnets, bought by stage-drivers, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">highway robbery of, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Book auctions, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boreel Building, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boston, ordinaries in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10-11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17-19</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">night watch in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">smoking fined in, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ale-houses in, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">liquor sellers in, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">disorder in, <a href="#Page_26">26-27</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taverns in, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">oldest inn in, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pillory in, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bridges in, <a href="#Page_228">228</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coaches in, <a href="#Page_256">256</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">stage-coach lines from, <a href="#Page_271">271</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Boston, Sarah, <a href="#Page_96">96-99</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boston and Hartford Stage Line, <a href="#Page_291">291</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Boston and Lowell R. R., <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boston and Providence R. R., <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boston and Worcester R. R., first cars on, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boston <i>Courier</i>, objects to railroads, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boston Tea Party, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boston <i>Traveller</i>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bound children, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowen Inn, prices at, <a href="#Page_79">79-80</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowls, forbidden, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Box, fragrance of, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brackett, Landlord, <a href="#Page_84">84-85</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</a></span><br />
+Braddock, General, horses and wagons for, <a href="#Page_242">242</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Braddock&#8217;s trail, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bradford, printer, of Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_49">49-50</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bradish, Sister, encouraged in brewing, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bradstreet, Simon, bills of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rides in coach, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Brakes, early, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brandy-wine, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bray, Major, robbery of, <a href="#Page_405">405</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Brazil, story of, <a href="#Page_298">298</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Breck, Samuel, cited, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bridges, sign-boards on, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of fallen trees, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">building of, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of stone, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of wood, <a href="#Page_357">357-358</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">insecurity of, <a href="#Page_366">366</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Bridle-paths, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brissot, quoted, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>British Apollo</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brookfield, Mass., tavern at, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">war at, <a href="#Page_170">170</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Brookline, Mass., turkey-shoot in, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tavern, anecdote of, <a href="#Page_383">383-384</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Brown, John, chariot of, <a href="#Page_258">258-259</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Browner, Deb., <a href="#Page_94">94-95</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bryant, Harrison, anecdote of, <a href="#Page_324">324-325</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buck Horn Tavern, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buckman Tavern, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179-180</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bucks County Historical Society, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buffalo Bill, coach of, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buggy, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bull and Mouth, <a href="#Page_141">141-142</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bull-baiting, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bully Dawson, punch recipe of, <a href="#Page_119">119-120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bunch of Grapes, lecture at, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204-205</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bunting, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burke, Edmund, quoted, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burlington, Mass., tavern at, <a href="#Page_182">182-183</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burnaby, quoted, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burning at stake, <a href="#Page_218">218-219</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burns, George, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bush, as tavern-sign, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Butchers, as letter-carriers, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Butler, coach-driver, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buxton Inn, ghost story of, <a href="#Page_426">426</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Bynner, Edwin Lasseter, quoted, <a href="#Page_196">196-197</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Cable cars, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Calash, described, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Calibogus, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Calves&#8217; head soup, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cambridge, Mass., seating meeting at, <a href="#Page_16">16-17</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first landlord at, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first liquor license at, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">selectmen&#8217;s bills at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negro burned in, <a href="#Page_218">218-219</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Canajoharie, N. Y., stages at, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">spelling of name, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Canary, use of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Canton, Mass., flip in, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Captain Lightfoot, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Captain Thunderbolt, <a href="#Page_402">402-403</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Carding,&#8221; forbidden, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carriages, for pleasure, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Cars on railroads, <a href="#Page_285">285</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Carts, near Boston, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in New England, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Cart-bridges, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cartways, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Castle Inn, scene at, <a href="#Page_28">28-29</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cat and Wheel, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Catfish suppers, <a href="#Page_90">90-91</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Catherine Wheel, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cato&#8217;s House, <a href="#Page_40">40-41</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cattle tracks, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cavalry corps, in Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Central Hotel, Worcester, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Centrebrook, Conn., tavern at, <a href="#Page_152">152-153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chain bridge, Newburyport, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chair, described, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chaise, described, <a href="#Page_257">257-258</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Chalking his hat, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chapin, C. W., <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chariots, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258-259</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charles River, bridge over, <a href="#Page_228">228</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Charlestown, Mass., great house at, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</a></span><br />
+Charlestown, N. H., tavern at, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coachman at, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Cheney, B. P., <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chester, Vt., marriages at, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Chopping,&#8221; <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Church, Dr., a traitor, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cider, use of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">price of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">manufacture of, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ciderkin, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cider-royal, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+City Hotel, Hartford, bill of fare, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br />
+<br />
+City Hotel, New York, <a href="#Page_37">37</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+City Tavern, New York, <a href="#Page_33">33</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Claret, use of, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clark&#8217;s Inn, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_55">55</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Clawson, John, murder of, <a href="#Page_341">341-342</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clifford&#8217;s Tavern, thief sold at, <a href="#Page_219">219-220</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clubs, in taverns, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cluffe, Richard, anecdote of, <a href="#Page_4">4-5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coachee, described, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coaches, in England, <a href="#Page_253">253-256</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">objections to, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">books about, <a href="#Page_255">255-256</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in America, <a href="#Page_256">256</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Scotland, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Coachmen, in England, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336-337</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coast Path, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cochran, Mordecai, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coffee, introduction of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">abuse of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Coffee-houses, in London, <a href="#Page_47">47-48</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in New York, <a href="#Page_48">48-49</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_49">49-50</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Boston, <a href="#Page_50">50-51</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Coffyn, Tristram, keeps ordinary, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cohos Turnpike, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cohos Valley, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cole, Samuel, keeps ordinary, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coles, Robert, two sentences of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Collier, William, wine seller, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Collin&#8217;s Tavern, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Comfortier, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Commutation, in travel, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Concerts, at taverns, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Concord, Mass., lack of ordinary in, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tavern at, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Concord, N. H., coach-making in, <a href="#Page_264">264-265</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">stagemen&#8217;s ball at, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Conestoga wagons, first appearance in history, <a href="#Page_242">242-243</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">payment for use of, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a pride, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shape of, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">equipment of, <a href="#Page_247">247-248</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">number of, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Revolution, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in War of 1812, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in New England, <a href="#Page_312">312</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Conkey Tavern, <a href="#Page_186">186-188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Connecticut, laws in, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">apples in, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Convicts sent to America, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cook, Tom, <a href="#Page_381">381</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Coolidge, turnkey, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cooper, James Fenimore, quoted, <a href="#Page_68">68-69</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cooper Tavern, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Corduroy roads, <a href="#Page_227">227-228</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Courts held in taverns, <a href="#Page_213">213-214</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cowper, quoted, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cox, Lemuel, bridges of, <a href="#Page_229">229</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Craft&#8217;s Tavern, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Creels, transportation by, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Criminals, public punishment of, <a href="#Page_214">214</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sale of, <a href="#Page_219">219-220</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Cromwell&#8217;s Head Tavern, <a href="#Page_84">84-85</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crosby, J., advertisement of, <a href="#Page_117">117-118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Curricle, described, <a href="#Page_257">257-258</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cutpurse, Moll, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cutter, Joseph, tavern of, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Danbury, Conn., railroad incident at, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dancing, forbidden, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at New York ball, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Danforth, Nicholas, sells wine, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Danforth, Samuel, anecdote of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dankers, quoted, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Darrach, Mrs. Lydia, action of, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Daughters of Liberty, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Davenport, George, tavern bill of, <a href="#Page_177">177-178</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Deer seen from coach, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lanceys, house of, <a href="#Page_35">35-36</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183-184</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancey Arms, bull-baiting at, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dennie, Joseph, <a href="#Page_206">206-207</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Quincey, quoted, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dicing forbidden, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dickens, Charles, quoted, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[Pg 439]</a></span><br />
+Distances, elastic, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Doanes, story of, <a href="#Page_377">377</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Dogs, turnspits, <a href="#Page_55">55-57</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Doherty, John, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Doolittle Tavern, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Door-latch, iron, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dorchester, Mass., tavern at, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Drafts, in America, <a href="#Page_374">374-375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Draw,&#8221; <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dress of stage-drivers, <a href="#Page_325">325-326</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Drift of the forest, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Drivers, rivalry of, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of wagons in New England, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Driving, rules for, <a href="#Page_333">333-334</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Drunkenness, laws about, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34-35</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of coachmen, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Dunbarton, N. H., <a href="#Page_219">219-220</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dunton, John, quoted on landlord, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on punch bowl, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Dutch, drink of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Duxbury, Mass., ordinary at, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dwight, Dr., quoted on landlords, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Eagle Coffee-house, Concord, N. H., <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eagle Tavern, East Poultney, Vt., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eagle Tavern, Newton, N. H., <a href="#Page_46">46-47</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ear-bells, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Earl of Halifax Tavern, <a href="#Page_175">175-177</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Early start of stage-coaches, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+East Poultney, Vt., taverns at, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+East Windsor, Conn., tavern at, <a href="#Page_150">150-153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eastern Stage Company, <a href="#Page_273">273</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">drivers of, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Eastern Stage House, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ebulum, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Egan, Pierce, books of, <a href="#Page_321">321-322</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Egg-hot, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br />
+<br />
+Egg-nogg, Cato&#8217;s, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Egg-nogg stick, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eicholtz, sign-board by, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Electrical machines, at taverns, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ellery Tavern, Gloucester, accounts at, <a href="#Page_80">80-81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elopements, <a href="#Page_344">344-345</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Emerson, Joseph, ownership of a &#8220;shay,&#8221; <a href="#Page_259">259-260</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Emerson, R. W., anecdote told by, <a href="#Page_358">358-359</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Endicott, Governor, bills of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">apples planted by, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Enlisting, <a href="#Page_188">188</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Epping, N. H., anecdote of coaching at, <a href="#Page_368">368-369</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ernst, C. W., quoted, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Essex Bridge, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Essex Turnpike, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Everett, David, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Exchange Coffee-house, Boston, <a href="#Page_50">50</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Exchange Hotel, Worcester, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Exchange Tavern, Boston, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Execution Day, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Experiment railroad, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Falstaff Inn, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Farming, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Farrar, Major John, keeps tavern, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Father of the Turnpike, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fayal wine, use of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fayetteville, N. C., bridge at, <a href="#Page_366">366-367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Federal Convention Inn, <a href="#Page_145">145</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Ferries, ordinaries at, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">establishment of, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">frozen in, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Fessenden, T. G., <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fiennes, Celia, quoted, <a href="#Page_244">244-245</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Finlay, Hugh, quoted, <a href="#Page_277">277-278</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fireplaces, <a href="#Page_41">41-42</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fisher, Joshua, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fitchburg, Mass., tavern at, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fitzhugh, Colonel, apple trees of, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flagg, Parson, marriages of, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flip, description of, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early note of, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Canton, Mass., <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in England, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recipe for, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">price of, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taste of, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Flip dog, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flip glasses, <a href="#Page_109">109-110</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flip iron, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Floating bridges, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flowers, of gardens, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of fields, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of orchards, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[Pg 440]</a></span><br />
+Flying machines, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flying Mail Stages, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flying wagons, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Foot-bridges, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Foot-paths, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Foot-port, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fountain Inn, Baltimore, Md., <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fountain Inn, Medford, Mass., <a href="#Page_53">53</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Four Alls, <a href="#Page_160">160-161</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fox and Hounds, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fox-chase, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Franklin, Benjamin, home of, a tavern, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted, <a href="#Page_69">69-70</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on sign-board, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at tavern, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">secures wagons for Braddock&#8217;s Army, <a href="#Page_242">242-243</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">milestones of, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cyclometer of, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Franklin Inn, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.<br />
+<br /><a name="fraunces" id="fraunces"></a>
+Fraunces, Samuel, <a href="#Page_183">183-184</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fraunces Tavern, <a href="#Page_183">183-184</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Freemasons, at tavern, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Freight cars, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Frey, S. L., cited, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Furs, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Games, prohibited, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gardens, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Garrigues Ferry, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gates on turnpikes, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br />
+<br />
+General Ticket Office, of Pease, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Genessee Valley, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gentlemen sailors, <a href="#Page_189">189</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Germantown, Penn., <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ghosts, in England, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in taverns, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Indians, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Gig, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gimlet team, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gin, use of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gloucester, Mass., tavern bills at, <a href="#Page_80">80-81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Goat and Compass, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Going Down with Victory</i>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Golden Hill Inn, <a href="#Page_184">184-185</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Golden Lion, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Good Intent Coach Line, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Good Woman, <a href="#Page_162">162-163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grafton, Mass., Indians at, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grease-pot. <i>See</i> <a href="#tarlodel">Tar-lodel</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Green Bush, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Green Dragon Inn, <a href="#Page_180">180-181</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Greenfield, Mass., tavern at, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gregory&#8217;s Tavern, Albany, <a href="#Page_85">85-86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Greyhound Tavern, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grog, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Grub,&#8221; <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Guide-boards, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Gumption,&#8221; <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Hall, Basil, quoted, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208-209</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hall, Francis, quoted on landlords, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hammond, John, quoted, <a href="#Page_131">131-132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hancock, John, on sign-board, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Liberty Tavern, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hancock Tavern, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Handkerchief with postal lists, <a href="#Page_281">281</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Hanging in chains, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hardy, Governor, dinner to, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hare Brothers, highway robbery by, <a href="#Page_386">386</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Harnesses of Conestoga wagons, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harrington Tavern, Shrewsbury, Mass., <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hartford, Conn., tavern at, <a href="#Page_43">43-44</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ordination bill at, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Harvard College, cider at, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commencement at, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">love-making in, <a href="#Page_216">216-217</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pillory in, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Harvey, Governor, complaint of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hat Tavern and Sign-board, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hatch, Israel, coach lines of, <a href="#Page_271">271-272</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Haverhill, N. H., tavern and stage life in, <a href="#Page_309">309-319</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hawthorne, quoted, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hayden Tavern, sign-board of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hays&#8217; Tavern, Brattleboro, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hen and Chickens, <a href="#Page_151">151-152</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Henry, Edward Lamson, collections of, <a href="#Page_32">32-33</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Herndon, John, curse of, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hicks, sign-board by, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Highwaymen, in England, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in America, <a href="#Page_374">374</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Highwaywomen, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[Pg 441]</a></span><br />
+Hingham, Mass., Thief Detecting Society of, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Histrionic academies, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hogarth, sign-board by, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holden, Mass., flip at, <a href="#Page_111">111-112</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holland, J. G., quoted, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holyhead Road, <a href="#Page_230">230-231</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Horns as tavern-signs, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Horse-bridges, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Horse-cars, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Horse-paths, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Horse thief, <a href="#Page_211">211</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Horses as tavern-signs, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rearing of, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plenty of, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Conestoga breed, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Boston, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on New England wagons, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on stage-coaches, <a href="#Page_332">332-333</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">false tails on, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hotels, evolution of, <a href="#Page_51">51-52</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hottle, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hound-handle pitcher, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hundredth Town, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hutchinson, Governor, milestones set by, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ibbetson, sign-board by, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Indian Queen Tavern, Bladensburg, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Indian Queen Tavern, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_52">52-53</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Indians, sale of rum prohibited to, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leniency to, <a href="#Page_92">92</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on sign-boards, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack on Brookfield, <a href="#Page_170">170</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wars of, <a href="#Page_170">170</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">paths of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as mail-carriers, <a href="#Page_274">274-275</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ghosts of, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Inn, use of word, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Insurance office in tavern, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Inveigling of girls&#8217; affections, <a href="#Page_216">216-217</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ipswich, Mass., landlord at, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shipping at, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ipswich River, bridge on, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Irish workers on roads, <a href="#Page_233">233-234</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Jackasses, sale of, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jacks. <i>See</i> <a href="#blackjacks">Black-jacks</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jansen, quoted, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jefferson, Thomas, quoted, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jencks, Reuben, tavern of, <a href="#Page_410">410</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Jencks Tavern, ghost story of, <a href="#Page_410">410-419</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Johnstown, N. Y., tavern at, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jokes, of landlords, <a href="#Page_70">70</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at taverns, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Jordan, John V., account of The Rose Tavern, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Josselyn, John, quoted, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Joyce, Herbert, quoted, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br />
+<br />
+June Bug, coach line, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Kalm, quoted, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kennebunk Road by the Sea, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kentucky, metheglin in, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Kids,&#8221; <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kieft, Director, quoted, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kill devil, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King&#8217;s Arms, Boston, inventory of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+King&#8217;s Arms, Newport, play at, <a href="#Page_200">200</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+King&#8217;s College, services at, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King&#8217;s Head Tavern, Brooklyn, <a href="#Page_209">209-210</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kittery, Me., makes road, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Knights, Sarah, quoted, <a href="#Page_76">76</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">journey of, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Knot bowl, Indian, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Lackawanna, pauper sold at, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lafayette, on sign-boards, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at taverns, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Lamb, Charles, quoted, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lamb Tavern, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lambert, John, quoted, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lancaster, Mass., cider at, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lancaster, Penn., taverns in, <a href="#Page_143">143</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_213">213-214</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sign-boards in, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conestoga wagons in, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pack-horses at, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">steam cars at, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">stage-coach at, <a href="#Page_370">370-371</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Lang, Andrew, quoted, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Langdon, J. F., <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br />
+<br />
+La Rochefoucauld, cited, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br />
+<br />
+La Tour, indignity to his companion, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lay Preacher, <a href="#Page_206">206-207</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lebanon Tavern, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[Pg 442]</a></span><br />
+Lecture Day, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lemons, sign of, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lemons, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Leveller,&#8221; <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lexington, Mass., taverns at, <a href="#Page_179">179-180</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">highway robbery at, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ley, Lord, at Boston ordinary, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Liberty poles, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Liberty trees, <a href="#Page_173">173</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+License, of taverns, <a href="#Page_64">64</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+<i>Life in London</i>, <a href="#Page_321">321-322</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lighthouse, Sandy Hook, <a href="#Page_36">36-37</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lime Rock, R. I., tavern at, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Limited&#8221; service, of travel, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Linn&aelig;us, classification of, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Literary Club of Walpole, <a href="#Page_205">205-207</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Little Falls, N. Y., fare at, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lloyd, Governor, house a tavern, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Locomotives, early, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Loggerhead, <a href="#Page_108">108-109</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Loggets, forbidden, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+London Coffee-house, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Londonderry, Ireland, bridge at, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>London Labour and London Poor</i>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Longfellow, quoted, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lottery, for Sandy Hook Lighthouse, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at taverns, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Louis Philippe, at tavern, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lowell, quoted, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Loyal Garland</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Loyalists</i>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lucas, John, chariot of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ludlow, Lt., robbery of, <a href="#Page_384">384</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Macadamized roads, <a href="#Page_231">231</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Macraby, Alexander, quoted, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Madeira, use of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prices of, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Madigolum, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Madison&#8217;s War, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mail, transportation of, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by butchers, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by Indians, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by post, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">irregularity of, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conditions of service, <a href="#Page_277">277-278</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in England, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Scotland, <a href="#Page_283">283</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in United States, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Mail-coaches, on Holyhead Road, <a href="#Page_230">230-231</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Whitestown, N. Y., <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Canajoharie, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in England, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in America, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">glories of, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Mail Stage Carriages, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Maize, beer from, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Malaga, use of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Malden Bridge, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Man Full of Trouble, <a href="#Page_159">159</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Man Loaded with Mischief, <a href="#Page_159">159</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Man Making his Way through the World, <a href="#Page_161">161-162</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Manners at taverns, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mansion House, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_86">86-87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+March, Hugh, keeps an ordinary, <a href="#Page_2">2-3</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marden, H. P., <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mariners&#8217; Club, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Market, winter ride to, <a href="#Page_316">316-320</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Markham, Gervayse, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marlborough, Mass., <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Marmalet-madams,&#8221; <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Martin, Mike, career of, <a href="#Page_401">401</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Maryland, road house in, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pillory in, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">turnpikes in, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">railroads in, <a href="#Page_284">284-285</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Massachusetts Grand Lodge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mather, Cotton, quoted, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mather, Increase, quoted, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mather, Samuel, quoted, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br />
+<br />
+May, Silas, opens stage line, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McAdam, James, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McAdam, Loudon, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McGowan&#8217;s Tavern, <a href="#Page_249">249-250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mead, use of, <a href="#Page_123">123-124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Meals, price of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at early taverns, <a href="#Page_76">76-77</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Medford, Mass., tavern at, <a href="#Page_53">53</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Meeting-house, relation to tavern, <a href="#Page_13">13-14</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discomforts of, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Melish, John, quoted, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mendenhall Ferry Tavern, <a href="#Page_90">90-91</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mendum, Jack, anecdote of, <a href="#Page_331">331-332</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Merchants&#8217; Coffee-house, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Metheglin, use of, <a href="#Page_124">124-125</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">price of, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[Pg 443]</a></span><br />
+Mileposts, in Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_350">350-351</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Connecticut, <a href="#Page_351">351-352</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Militia, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Miller, &#8220;Devil&#8221; Dave, <a href="#Page_73">73-74</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Mimbo,&#8221; <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Miner, H. S., quoted, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Mitchin,&#8221; <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mohawk Turnpike, <a href="#Page_234">234</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Molasses, rum from, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">beer from, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Monk, George, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Monroe Tavern, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Monteith punch bowl, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moore, Thomas, quoted, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moose, exhibited, <a href="#Page_197">197-198</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morland, George, sign-board by, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morton, Thomas, punished in bilboes, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mowry, Roger, tavern of, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mowry&#8217;s Inn, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mulberry trees, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mulled wine, recipe for, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Murline, Jacob, love-making of, <a href="#Page_216">216-217</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Nahant Hotel plate, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Naming of chambers, <a href="#Page_17">17-18</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Nangatuck, Conn., tavern at, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Narragansett, travel in, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">murder in, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shift marriages in, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">elopement in, <a href="#Page_344">344-345</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">burial of suicide in, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Narragansett Pacers, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br />
+<br />
+National Line, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br />
+<br />
+National Road, travellers on, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">construction of, <a href="#Page_232">232</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coach lines on, <a href="#Page_268">268</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Negro highwayman, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Negus, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Neighborliness, of colonists, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Newbury, Mass., ordinary at, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Newburyport, Mass., tavern at, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bill at, <a href="#Page_177">177-178</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bridge at, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Newburyport Turnpike, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New Connecticut Path, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New Exchange, N. Y., <a href="#Page_48">48-49</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New Hampshire, stage-drivers in, <a href="#Page_334">334-336</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>New Liberty Song</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New London, Conn., milestone at, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New Netherland, taverns in, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Newport, R. I., turtle-feast at, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">play at, <a href="#Page_200">200</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Newspapers, at taverns, <a href="#Page_91">91-92</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New York, taverns in, <a href="#Page_33">33</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">just from, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span><br />
+<br /><a name="night" id="night"></a>
+Night-watch, rules in Boston, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Bethlehem, Penn., <a href="#Page_58">58</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rhymes of, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ninepins, forbidden, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Nipmuck Trail, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Noah&#8217;s Ark, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Norfolk, Va., impressment in, <a href="#Page_191">191-192</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Notions of the Americans</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82-83</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Nutmeg-holders, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Nutmegs, use of, <a href="#Page_136">136-137</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Ocuby,&#8221; <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ohio Company, organization of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ohio, settlement of, <a href="#Page_234">234</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">emigration to, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Old Connecticut Path, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Oldmixon, quoted, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Olmstead, Nicholas, in pillory, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Olney Tavern, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Omnibus, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ordinaries, use of word, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reasons for establishment of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">inducements to keep, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">restrictions upon, <a href="#Page_3">3-4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10-11</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ordination ball, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ordination beer, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ordination Day, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">liquor at, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Owlers,&#8221; <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Pack-horses, in England, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Alleghany Mountains, <a href="#Page_242">242-244</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">common carriers, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Paddock, coaches of, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Palmer, starts mail-coaches, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parkman, Dr., diary of, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parley, Peter, quoted, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284-285</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parlor, of tavern, <a href="#Page_41">41-42</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[Pg 444]</a></span><br />
+Patriot Brothers, sign-board, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Paulus Hook, stage-coaches from, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Paupers, sale of, <a href="#Page_220">220-222</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Peachy, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pease, Levi, <a href="#Page_293">293</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Pease Tavern, <a href="#Page_291">291</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Peg Mullen&#8217;s Beefsteak House, <a href="#Page_203">203-204</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pelham, Mass., tavern at, <a href="#Page_186">186-188</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tolls at, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Pembroke Tavern, sign-board of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Penn, Richard, home a tavern, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Penn, William, quoted, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pepys, Samuel, quoted, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pequot Trail, milestone on, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Perkins Inn, sign-board of, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Perry, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Persimmons, beer from, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Phelps, Joseph, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Philadelphia, Penn., taverns in, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86-87</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as a port, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sign-boards in, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">freemasons in, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">courts in, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">carriages in, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lines of stages, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267-268</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Phillips House, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pick-a-back, across rivers, <a href="#Page_223">223-224</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pig and Carrot, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pillion, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pillory, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pine trees of the King, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pine Tree Tavern, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pioneer Line, <a href="#Page_268">268-270</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pipe-tongs, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pitcairn, Major, anecdote of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pitt, William, sign-board of, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pitt Tavern, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Plays, at taverns, <a href="#Page_200">200</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Plymouth, Mass., first wine sellers in, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Plymouth Path, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Pod,&#8221; <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Podanger,&#8221; <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Pointing,&#8221; <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pompoins. <i>See</i> <a href="#pumpkins">Pumpkins</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Poore Tavern, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Portsmouth, N. H., tavern at, <a href="#Page_175">175-176</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">stage line at, <a href="#Page_278">278</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Portsmouth Road, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Post, riding with, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by foot, <a href="#Page_275">275-276</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">duties of, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Haverhill, N. H., <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Postal rates, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Postlethwaite&#8217;s Tavern, <a href="#Page_213">213-214</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Postmaster, salary of, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Post-riders, <a href="#Page_276">276-277</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Potatoes, beer from, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Potter, Paul, sign-board by, <a href="#Page_142">142-143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pottle, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Prairie schooner, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pratt, Matthew, sign-board by, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Prescott, Mass., tavern at, <a href="#Page_186">186-188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Press-gang, <a href="#Page_191">191-192</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Prices of tavern fare, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79-82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88-89</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Products, of New England farm, <a href="#Page_316">316-317</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Providence, R. I., first ordinary at, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liberty Tree at, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rival coach lines from, <a href="#Page_271">271</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Providence Path, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Province Arms, New York, <a href="#Page_35">35</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Province House, Boston, a tavern, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Prygman, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pseudonyms, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.<br />
+<br /><a name="pumpkins" id="pumpkins"></a>
+Pumpkins, beer from, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Punch, use of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">derivation of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recipe for, <a href="#Page_116">116-117</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">price of, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">names of, <a href="#Page_118">118-119</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Punch bowls, <a href="#Page_114">114</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Punch Bowl Tavern, turkey-shoot at, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Punch-tasters, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Pung,&#8221; <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Punishments, <a href="#Page_214">214</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Putnam, Israel, a landlord, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pye, John, robbery of, <a href="#Page_394">394</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Pygarg, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Quakers, whipped, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Quarles, quoted, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Quawbang, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Queen&#8217;s Birthday, celebration of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Queen&#8217;s Head, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Quick, Elmira, sold as pauper, <a href="#Page_221">221-222</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[Pg 445]</a></span><br />
+Quincy, Eliza S., quoted, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Quincy, Josiah, quoted, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294-295</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370-371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Quincy Railroad, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Quoits, forbidden, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Rabbit, on sign-board, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Railroads, early, <a href="#Page_284">284</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">objections to, <a href="#Page_288">288-290</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discomforts of, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Rainbow Coffee-house, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Raleigh Inn, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rambarge. <i>See</i> <a href="#rumbarge">Rumbarge</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rambooze. <i>See</i> <a href="#rumbooze">Rumbooze</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ramsey, landlord, <a href="#Page_74">74-75</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Recruiting offices, taverns as, <a href="#Page_188">188</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Redemptioners, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Red Rose of the Olden Time, <a href="#Page_57">57</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Reed, President, quoted, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Regulars, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Reins, on Conestoga wagons, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on stage-coaches, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Revere, Paul, engraving by, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Rhymes, of taprooms, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of night-watch, <a href="#Page_60">60-61</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ribbonmen, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Riedesel, Baron, quoted, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Road-bed of early railroads, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Road house, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Road wagon, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Roads, earliest, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quality of, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in England, <a href="#Page_230">230</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Robinson, Hannah, elopement of, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Robinson&#8217;s Tavern, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rogers, Fairman, quoted, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rose Tavern, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Royal Exchange Tavern, Boston, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rum, first use of word, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">derivation of word, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">varying prices, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in mixed drinks, <a href="#Page_104">104</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br /><a name="rumbarge" id="rumbarge"></a>
+Rumbarge, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
+<br /><a name="rumbooze" id="rumbooze"></a>
+Rumbooze, description of, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rum bottles, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rumbowling, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rumbullion, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rumfustian, description of, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Russel Tavern, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rye, N. Y., ordinary at, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Sack, selling prohibited, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early mention of, <a href="#Page_133">133</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">application of name, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">price of, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in America, <a href="#Page_135">135</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Sack-posset, use of, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recipe for, <a href="#Page_134">134-135</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Sail boats, on sign-boards, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sailors, on sign-boards, <a href="#Page_158">158-159</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Salem, Mass., tavern bill of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sign-board in, <a href="#Page_19">19-20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">woman keeps tavern in, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">animal shows at, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Salem, N. J., tavern prices at, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Salem and Boston Turnpike, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Salt, on pack-horses, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Saltonstall, Nathaniel, protest of, <a href="#Page_21">21-22</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sanborn, Charles, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sandy Hook Lighthouse, <a href="#Page_36">36-37</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sangaree, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sassafras, beer of, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scents, of woods, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of gardens, <a href="#Page_348">348-349</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of fields, <a href="#Page_347">347-349</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of fruits, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Schoolboys on coaches, <a href="#Page_329">329-330</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Schuylkill Bridge, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scotchem, <a href="#Page_105">105-108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seabury, liquor seller, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sea terms in land travel, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seating the meeting, <a href="#Page_16">16-17</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Selectmen, bills of, <a href="#Page_80">80-81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sewall, Samuel, Judge, compared with Pepys, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of, <a href="#Page_24">24-25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on a wedding, <a href="#Page_135">135-136</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">buys trunks, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on suicide, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Shad, planked, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shaffer, anecdote of, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shaw, Major, on railroads, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Shay,&#8221; <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cost of, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Shays&#8217;s Rebellion, <a href="#Page_186">186</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Sherris-sack, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shift marriages, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ship in distress, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shouldering, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shows, in taverns, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shrewsbury, Mass., tavern talk at, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taverns at, <a href="#Page_291">291</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Shuffle-board, forbidden, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[Pg 446]</a></span><br />
+Sign-boards, in early ordinaries, <a href="#Page_19">19-20</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">use of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">materials of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in business, <a href="#Page_138">138-139</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">incongruity of, <a href="#Page_139">139</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on bridges, <a href="#Page_238">238-239</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Sign-posts, established, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sikes. <i>See</i> <a href="#sykes">Sykes</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Silent Woman, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Singing, forbidden, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Skidding, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Skinners, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Slat sign, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sledding, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sledges, transportation by, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sleeping accommodations, <a href="#Page_77">77-79</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Slide-groat, forbidden, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sling, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Small drink, described, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Adam, on smuggling, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smoking-tongs, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Snake heads, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sniggers and Vesta&#8217;s Gap, turnpike to, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Snow-shoes, post on, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mail carried on, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Sons of Liberty, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br />
+<br />
+South Kingston, R. I., shift manages at, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Southworth, Constant, wine seller, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sowrings, <a href="#Page_117">117-118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Spectator</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spike team, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sports of the innyards, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sprague, Francis, ordinary-keeper, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Springfield, Mass., fare at, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spruce, beer of, <a href="#Page_122">122-123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stadt Harberg, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stage, use of word, <a href="#Page_265">265-267</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stage-chair, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stage-chaise, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stage-chariot, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stage-coaches, of year 1828, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in England, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Boston and Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_260">260-261</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of year 1818, <a href="#Page_263">263-264</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">application of word, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rates on, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rates in England, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from Portsmouth, <a href="#Page_278">278</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sights from, <a href="#Page_345">345</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">courtship on, <a href="#Page_359">359-360</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Stage-drivers, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">characteristics of, <a href="#Page_324">324</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dress of, <a href="#Page_325">325-326</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shopping done by, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">drinking habits of, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">names of, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on railroads, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tales of, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Stage-lists, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stage-men&#8217;s Ball, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stage-wagons, in England, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">out of Boston, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Stamp Act, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stark, General, victory of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+<br />
+State House Inn, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stavers Coaching Line, <a href="#Page_278">278</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Stavers Inn, <a href="#Page_175">175-178</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278-279</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stickney Tavern, sign-board of, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. John&#8217;s Lodge, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stocks, use of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Stogies,&#8221; <a href="#Page_245">245-246</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stone wall, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stow, quoted, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stratford, Conn., milestone at, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stratton, Arad, tavern of, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Streets, naming of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Strong waters, selling prohibited, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Struggling Man, <a href="#Page_161">161-162</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stuart, Gilbert, sign-board by, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stuyvesant, Governor, laws of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sudbury, Mass., tavern at, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Suicides, burial of, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sumner, Charles, quoted, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sun-line house, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Suspension Bridge, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swift, Dean, quoted, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Swiftnicks,&#8221; <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Switchel, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br />
+<br /><a name="sykes" id="sykes"></a>
+Sykes Coffee-house, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sykes, Reuben, <a href="#Page_293">293</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Talleyrand, at tavern, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tally, forbidden, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tally-ho, use of word, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tap-houses, New York, <a href="#Page_34">34-35</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Taproom rhymes, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Taprooms, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[Pg 447]</a></span><br />
+Tar-bucket. <i>See</i> <a href="#tarlodel">Tar-lodel</a>.<br />
+<br /><a name="tarlodel" id="tarlodel"></a>
+Tar-lodel, <a href="#Page_246">246-247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tarleton Arms, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tarleton Inn, story of, <a href="#Page_309">309-310</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sign-board of, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Tarleton, Wm., <a href="#Page_309">309-310</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tavern behind Nazareth, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Taverns, use of word, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Southern colonies, <a href="#Page_30">30</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">establishment of laws about, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34-35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prices at, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177-178</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">names of rooms in, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in New Netherlands, <a href="#Page_33">33</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">names of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as war rendezvous, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as auction rooms, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as business exchanges, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as insurance offices, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as jails, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Albany Turnpike, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Scotland, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Also see names of Towns and Ordinaries.</span><br />
+<br />
+Taylor, M. M., milestone of, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tavern of, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Taylor, the Water Poet, quoted, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Taylorsville, Penn., bridge sign-board at, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Teamsters, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thackeray, W. M., cited, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thief Detecting Societies, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thieves, band of, <a href="#Page_388">388</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Thomas&#8217; Exchange Coffee-house, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thorburn, Grant, quoted, <a href="#Page_72">72-73</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362-363</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Three Broiled Chickens, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Three Crowns, Lancaster, Penn., <a href="#Page_143">143-144</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Three Jolly Sailors, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Three Loggerheads, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Throat-lashing, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tipping, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tippling-houses, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tithing-man, duties of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tobacco, restrictions on use of, <a href="#Page_12">12-13</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as payment, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">drawers for, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Toby Fillpots, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Todd, Margaret, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Todd, Robert, <a href="#Page_39">39-40</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Toddy, derivation of word, <a href="#Page_39">39-40</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made of rum, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">price of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Toddy-stick, description of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Toll-boards, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Toll-gates, on Mohawk Turnpike, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tolls, rates of <a href="#Page_237">237-238</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commuted, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Tontine Association, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Topsfield Bridge, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Towelling,&#8221; <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Transportation, by water, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on horse-back, <a href="#Page_241">241</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Travelling-bags, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Trenton, N. J., tavern fare at, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bridge at, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Trout, boiled, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Troy coaches, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Trunks, old time, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tryer, on punch, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Tuck-a-nuck,&#8221; <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tufts, Henry, story of, <a href="#Page_375">375</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Turkey-shoot, <a href="#Page_207">207-209</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Turnpikes, <a href="#Page_231">231</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Scotland, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">profits on, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">desertion of, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Turnspit dogs, <a href="#Page_55">55-56</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Turtle, as gifts, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Turtle-feasts, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tuttle, Sarah, love-making of, <a href="#Page_216">216-217</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Twining, Thomas, quoted, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Twist, slang term, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Twitchell, Ginery, career of, <a href="#Page_301">301</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coach of, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">description of, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">makes election returns, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">obtains mail contracts, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Tyler, Royall, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Union Place Hotel, New York, fare at, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Vardy, Luke, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Veazie Road, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br />
+<br /><a name="vendues" id="vendues"></a>
+Vendues, at coffee-houses, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at taverns, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of thieves, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of paupers, <a href="#Page_221">221</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Victuallyng-house, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Virginia, ordinaries in, <a href="#Page_30">30</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">metheglin in, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Wadsworth Inn, Springfield, <a href="#Page_43">43-44</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[Pg 448]</a></span><br />
+Wagons, going to Ohio, <a href="#Page_235">235</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in England, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rates on, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in New England, <a href="#Page_312">312-315</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Walker&#8217;s Tavern, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wall decorations, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Walnut tree chips, beer from, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Walpole, N. H., literary life in, <a href="#Page_205">205-207</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wanmanitt, trial of, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wardwell, John, stage-coach line of, <a href="#Page_260">260-261</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wardwell, Lydia, whipped, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Warning out of town, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Warren, General, at tavern, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Warwick, R. I., stocks at, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">chariot at, <a href="#Page_258">258-259</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Washington bowers, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Washington Crossing the Delaware, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Washington, George, at Boston, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">farewell to army, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at taverns, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300-301</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">news of death, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Washington Tavern, Lancaster, Penn., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philadelphia, Penn., <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Westfield, Mass., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holmesburgh, Penn., <a href="#Page_148">148-149</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilbraham, Mass., <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Washingtonian Reform, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Watch. <i>See</i> <a href="#night">Night-watch</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Water, travel by, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Water-cider, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Watering-troughs, <a href="#Page_354">354-356</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Waterloo Tavern, Lancaster, Penn., <a href="#Page_143">143-144</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Watson, quoted, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wayside Inn, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Webster, Daniel, cited, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at taverns, <a href="#Page_195">195-196</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Weddings, at ordinary, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Weed, Thurlow, quoted, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Weld, quoted, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Weller, Tony, quoted, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wells&#8217; Tavern, sign-board of, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.<br />
+<br />
+West, Benjamin, sign-boards by, <a href="#Page_143">143</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Westborough, Mass., tavern at, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+<br />
+West Boston Bridge, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Westfield, Mass., tavern at, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Whig Tavern, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Whip, of Conestoga teamsters, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of stage-drivers, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Whipping-post, <a href="#Page_215">215-216</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Whirlicote, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Whiskey, described, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Whistle-belly-vengeance, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+White, Captain, keeps ordinary, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br />
+<br />
+White, George, exploits of, <a href="#Page_390">390</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Whitestown mail stages, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Whittier, quoted, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wickford, R. I., tavern at, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilder, Joseph, cider of, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Willet, Edward, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Williams, Roger, quoted, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Williams Tavern, sign-board of, <a href="#Page_152">152-153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilson, Richard, sign-board by, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wines, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prices of, <a href="#Page_88">88-89</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Winn, John, home of, <a href="#Page_182">182</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Winn, Joseph, in Revolution, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Winne, the penny-post, bravery of, <a href="#Page_399">399-400</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Winter, coach travel in, <a href="#Page_362">362</a> <i>et seq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Winthrop, John, on a disturbance in Boston, <a href="#Page_10">10-11</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on health-drinking, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pick-a-back, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Winthrop, John, Jr., owns a coach, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends letters, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Wolcott, Governor, apples planted by, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wolcott, Oliver, at tavern, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wolfe, General, sign-board of, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wolfe Tavern, Brooklyn, Conn., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boston, Mass., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Newburyport, Mass., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sign-board of, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bill of, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Wolf-rout, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Women, as tavern-keepers, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">burned at stake, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on horse-back, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in stage-coaches, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as highway robbers, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hanged in Boston, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Woodbury, Bartholomew, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Woodbury Tavern, milestone at, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[Pg 449]</a></span><br />
+Woodman Tavern, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Woodside, sign-boards by, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Woodward, James, punished, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Worcester, Mass., singing at, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">milestone in, <a href="#Page_350">350-351</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Wright, Robert, punished, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wright Tavern, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Yale College, cider at, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Yard of Flannel, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Yellow Cat, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Yellow Cottage, <a href="#Page_155">155-157</a>.<br />
+<br />
+York, Me., sign-board at, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">road at, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+York County, Penn., tavern rates in, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Zinzendorf, Count, night-watch rhymes of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<div class="verts">
+<p class="center"><span class="large"><strong>HOME LIFE IN COLONIAL DAYS</strong></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">By ALICE MORSE EARLE</p>
+
+<p>Illustrated by photographs, gathered by the author, of real things, works,
+and happenings of the olden times</p>
+
+<p class="center">Crown 8vo.<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>Cloth.<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>Gilt top.<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>$2.50</p>
+
+<p><br /><b>The Mail and Express</b>:<br />
+&#8220;The volume is unique; nothing quite like it has ever been attempted
+before. The result is a valuable as well as an entertaining work. It is
+full of information, much of it curious, and all of importance to one who
+desires to know how his forefathers lived.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><br /><b>The Dial</b>:<br />
+&#8220;The work is mainly and essentially an antiquarian account of the tools,
+implements, and utensils, as well as the processes of colonial domestic
+industry; and it is full enough to serve as a moderate encyclop&aelig;dia in
+that kind.... This useful and attractive book, with its profuse and
+interesting pictures, its fair typography, and its quaint binding,
+imitative of an old-time sampler, should prove a favorite.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><br /><b>Education</b>:<br />
+&#8220;Mrs. Earle has made a very careful study of the details of domestic life
+from the earliest days of the settlement of the country. The book is
+sumptuously illustrated, and every famed article, such as the
+spinning-wheel, the foot-stone, the brass knocker on the door, and the
+old-time cider mill, is here presented to the eye, and faithfully pictured
+in words. The volume is a fascinating one, and the vast army of admirers
+and students of the olden days will be grateful to the author for
+gathering together and putting into permanent form so much accurate
+information concerning the homes of our ancestors.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><br /><b>Literature</b>:<br />
+&#8220;Mrs. Earle&#8217;s fidelity in study and her patient research are evident on
+every page of this charming book, and her pleasantly colloquial style is
+frequently assisted by very beautiful illustrations, both of the houses of
+the colonists, from the primitive cave dug-out of the hillside and made to
+answer for warmth and shelter, to the more comfortable log cabin, the
+farmstead with its adjacent buildings, and the stately mansion abiding to
+our own day.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="large"><strong>CHILD LIFE IN COLONIAL DAYS</strong></span></p>
+<p class="center">By ALICE MORSE EARLE</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Profusely Illustrated</i></p>
+<p class="center">Crown 8vo.<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>Cloth.<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>Gilt top.<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>$2.50</p>
+
+<p><br /><b>Commercial Advertiser</b>:<br />
+&#8220;Once more Mrs. Earle has drawn on her apparently inexhaustible store of
+colonial lore, and has produced another interesting book of the olden
+days.... Mrs. Earle&#8217;s interesting style, the accuracy of her statements,
+and the attractive illustrations she always supplies for her books make
+the volume one to be highly prized.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><br /><b>Buffalo Express</b>:<br />
+&#8220;Mrs. Alice Morse Earle performs a real historical service, and writes an
+interesting book. It is not a compilation from, or condensation of,
+previous books, but the fruit of personal and original investigation into
+the conditions of life in the American colonies.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><br /><b>American Hebrew</b>:<br />
+&#8220;Alice Morse Earle has written much to place us in intimate knowledge with
+the life of old America. The most charming volume of all, however, is her
+latest, &#8216;Child Life in Colonial Days.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br />
+66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK</p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><strong>Transcriber&#8217;s Notes:</strong></p>
+
+<p>Images have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to a nearby paragraph break.</p>
+
+<p>The text in the list of illustrations and in the internal links is presented as in the original text, but the links
+navigate to the page number closest to the illustration&#8217;s loaction in this document.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Stage-coach and Tavern Days, by Alice Morse Earle
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+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg's Stage-coach and Tavern Days, by Alice Morse Earle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Stage-coach and Tavern Days
+
+Author: Alice Morse Earle
+
+Release Date: August 30, 2011 [EBook #37272]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STAGE-COACH AND TAVERN DAYS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Stage-coach and Tavern Days
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Travel in the South in the Thirties. _Frontispiece._]
+
+
+
+
+  STAGE-COACH AND TAVERN DAYS
+
+
+  By ALICE MORSE EARLE
+
+  Author of _Home Life in Colonial Days_, _Child Life in
+  Colonial Days_, and other Social and Domestic
+  Histories of Colonial Times
+
+
+    "_Long ago, at the end of the route,
+  The stage pulled up, and the folks stepped out.
+  They have all passed under the tavern door--
+  The youth and his bride and the gray three-score.
+  Their eyes were weary with dust and gleam,
+  The day had gone like an empty dream.
+  Soft may they slumber, and trouble no more
+  For their eager journey, its jolt and roar,
+      In the old coach over the mountain._"
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+  THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
+  LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
+  1900
+
+  _All rights reserved_
+
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1900,
+  BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
+
+
+  _Norwood Press
+  J. S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith
+  Norwood, Mass., U.S.A._
+
+
+
+
+_TO MY HUSBAND HENRY EARLE_
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+  Chapter                                           Page
+
+      I. The Puritan Ordinary                          1
+
+     II. Old-time Taverns                             30
+
+    III. The Tavern Landlord                          62
+
+     IV. Tavern Fare and Tavern Ways                  76
+
+      V. Kill-devil and its Affines                  100
+
+     VI. Small Drink                                 121
+
+    VII. Signs and Symbols                           138
+
+   VIII. The Tavern in War                           170
+
+     IX. The Tavern Panorama                         194
+
+      X. From Path to Turnpike                       223
+
+     XI. Packhorse and Conestoga Wagon               241
+
+    XII. Early Stage-coaches and Other Vehicles      253
+
+   XIII. Two Stage Veterans of Massachusetts         291
+
+    XIV. A Staging Centre                            308
+
+     XV. The Stage-driver                            320
+
+    XVI. The Romance of the Road                     340
+
+   XVII. The Pains of Stage-coach Travel             361
+
+  XVIII. Knights of the Road                         373
+
+    XIX. Tavern Ghosts                               409
+
+
+
+
+List of Illustrations
+
+
+  Travel in the South in the Thirties. From painting
+  by Edward Lamson Henry, N.A.                          _Frontispiece_
+
+                                                                  Page
+
+  Ordinary at Duxbury, Mass.                                         3
+
+  Taproom Furnishings of an Old Ordinary. Owned by Miss
+  Elizabeth Nicholson, Providence, R. I.                             7
+
+  Oldest House in Easton, Mass.; once an Ordinary                   10
+
+  Leather Black-jack                                                14
+
+  Tavern Bill against East Church, Salem, Mass. Owned by
+  Essex Institute                                                   16
+
+  Taproom of Wayside Inn, Sudbury, Mass.                            19
+
+  Buckman Tavern, 1690, Lexington, Mass.                            23
+
+  Hound-handle Tavern Pitcher                                       26
+
+  Sign-board of Hayden Tavern, Essex, Conn. Owned by
+  Connecticut Historical Society                                    28
+
+  Indian Queen Tavern, Bladensburg, Md. From painting by
+  Edward Lamson Henry, N.A.                                _facing_ 32
+
+  Old Road House, Md.                                               34
+
+  Plate, City Hotel, N. Y., Staffordshire Ware                      38
+
+  Cato's House, N. Y. From an old print                             41
+
+  Washington Tavern, Westfield, Mass.                               43
+
+  Door Latch, Washington Tavern, Westfield, Mass.                   45
+
+  Wadsworth Inn, Hartford, Conn. Photographed by Mr. George
+  C. Atwell, Hartford, Conn.                                        47
+
+  Taproom, Wadsworth Inn, Hartford, Conn.                           51
+
+  Fountain Inn, Medford, Mass.                                      54
+
+  Sign-board of N. Mowry's Inn, Lime Rock, R. I. Owned by
+  Miss Elizabeth Nicholson, Providence, R. I.                       57
+
+  Pine-tree Tavern and Eagle Tavern, East Poultney, Vt.             59
+
+  Sign-board of Washington Hotel, Salem, Mass. Owned by
+  Essex Institute                                                   63
+
+  Sign-board of Hays' Tavern, West Brattleboro, Vt.                 65
+
+  Cooper Tavern, Arlington, Mass.                                   68
+
+  Travellers' Rest, Shelbyville, Ky., 1783                          71
+
+  Miller's Tavern, Lancaster, Penn.                                 73
+
+  Ellery Tavern, front, Gloucester, Mass.                           79
+
+  Ellery Tavern, lean-to, Gloucester, Mass.                         83
+
+  Bill of Cromwell's Head Tavern, Boston, Mass. Owned
+  by Mrs. H. M. Hunt, Kingston, R. I.                      _facing_ 86
+
+  Bill of Fare of City Hotel, Hartford, Conn. Owned by
+  Mr. George F. Ives, Danbury, Conn.                                89
+
+  Platter, Mendenhall Ferry and Tavern, Schuylkill River,
+  Penn. Owned by Miss Frances C. Morse, Worcester, Mass.            93
+
+  Collin's Tavern, Naugatuck, Conn. Photographed by Mr.
+  George C. Atwell, Hartford, Conn.                                 97
+
+  Old Rum Bottles                                                  102
+
+  Burgoyne Tavern, Westfield, Mass.                                106
+
+  Tavern Pitcher, Happy Farmer, Crouch Ware                        109
+
+  Flip Glasses, Loggerhead and Toddy Stick. Owned by
+  Pocumtuck Valley Historical Association                          110
+
+  Porcelain Monteith Bowl, 1700                                    115
+
+  Punch Bowl, bearing Insignia of Order of the Cincinnati,
+  Chinese Ware                                                     117
+
+  Sign-board of Amherst Hotel, Amherst, Mass. From History
+  of Amherst                                                       123
+
+  Eagle Tavern and Sign-board, Newton, N. H.                       126
+
+  Cider Pitcher and Cups, Copper Lustre Ware                       129
+
+  Parsons' Tavern, Springfield, Mass.                              131
+
+  Toby Fillpots, Staffordshire Ware. Owned by Miss Frances
+  C. Morse, Worcester, Mass.                                       134
+
+  Flip Glasses and Nutmeg Holders. Owned by Miss Frances
+  C. Morse, Worcester, Mass.                                       136
+
+  Sign-board, Stratton Tavern, Northfield Farms, Mass. Owned
+  by Pocumtuck Valley Historical Association                       140
+
+  Sign-board, Three Crowns Tavern, Salisbury, Lancaster
+  County, Penn. Painted by Benjamin West                           143
+
+  Browne's Hall, Danvers, Mass.                                    145
+
+  Hat Tavern and Sign-board, Leacock Township, Lancaster
+  County, Penn. Sign-board painted by Benjamin West                147
+
+  Sign-board, Bissell's Tavern, East Windsor, Conn. Owned
+  by Miss Emma B. King, Indianapolis, Ind.                         151
+
+  Sign-board, Reverse Side, Bissell's Tavern, East Windsor,
+  Conn. Owned by Miss Emma B. King, Indianapolis, Ind.             153
+
+  Sign-board of William Pitt Tavern, Lancaster, Penn.              156
+
+  Sign-board, Doolittle Tavern                                     158
+
+  Sign-board, "A Man loaded with Mischief," London, Eng.
+  Painted by Hogarth                                      _facing_ 160
+
+  Sign-board of Walker's Tavern, Charlestown, N. H. Owned
+  by Worcester Society of Antiquity                                162
+
+  Drawing for Ames Sign-board, Dedham, Mass.                       165
+
+  Buck Horn Tavern, N. Y., 1812. From an old print                 168
+
+  Old North Bridge, Concord, Mass.                        _facing_ 172
+
+  Boston Liberty Tree and Tavern. From an old print                174
+
+  Stavers Inn, Portsmouth, N. H.                                   176
+
+  Handbill of Wolfe Tavern, Newburyport, Mass.            _facing_ 178
+
+  Sign-board of Wolfe Tavern, Newburyport, Mass.                   180
+
+  Hancock Tavern, Boston, Mass.                                    182
+
+  Sam Fraunces. From original drawing. Owned by Mrs. A.
+  Livingstone Mason, Newport, R. I.                                184
+
+  Green Dragon Tavern, Boston, Mass. From an old print             187
+
+  Conkey Tavern, Pelham, Mass. From History of Pelham     _facing_ 188
+
+  Sign-board of Conkey Tavern. From History of Pelham              190
+
+  Naval Pitcher, Liverpool Ware                                    192
+
+  Washington Tavern, North Wilbraham, Mass.                        196
+
+  Black Horse Tavern, Salem, Mass.                                 199
+
+  Sign-board, Stickney Tavern, Concord, N. H. Owned by New
+  Hampshire Historical Society                                     203
+
+  Sign-board of Keeler's Tavern, Ridgefield, Conn.                 205
+
+  Plate, Nahant Hotel, Staffordshire Ware                          206
+
+  Sign-board of Wolfe Tavern, Brooklyn, Conn. Owned by
+  Connecticut Historical Society                                   211
+
+  Postlethwaite's Tavern, Lancaster County, Penn.                  214
+
+  Sign-board of Pembroke Tavern, Plymouth Turnpike, Mass.
+  Owned by Bostonian Society                                       217
+
+  Map Pitcher, Liverpool Ware                                      220
+
+  Waiting at the Ferry. Painted by Edward Lamson Henry,
+  N.A.                                                    _facing_ 226
+
+  Old Chain Bridge, Newburyport, Mass.                    _facing_ 230
+
+  Bridge Toll-board. Owned by Mr. A. G. Richmond,
+  Canajoharie, N. Y.                                               233
+
+  Megunticook Turnpike                                             235
+
+  Advertisement of Mail-stage                                      236
+
+  Bridge Sign-board. Owned by Bucks County Historical
+  Society                                                          239
+
+  A Wayside Friend, North Conway, N. H. From photograph
+  by T. E. M. and G. H. White                             _facing_ 242
+
+  Conestoga Wagon. Photographed from an old wagon         _facing_ 246
+
+  Stage Wagons. From print in an old English story book            251
+
+  English Coach, 1747. From a painting by Hogarth                  254
+
+  Quicksilver Royal Mail, 1835, London, Eng. From an old
+  print                                                   _facing_ 256
+
+  "One Hoss Shay"                                         _facing_ 258
+
+  "Washington" Chariot. Owned by Misses Francis, Spring
+  Green Farm, Warwick, R. I.                                       259
+
+  Advertisement of Stage Lines. From first issue of New
+  York _Commercial Advertiser_, 1797                               261
+
+  Stage-coach of 1818. From an old print                           264
+
+  Stage-coach of 1828. From an old print                           265
+
+  Concord Coach, built in 1863. Owned by "Buffalo Bill"            266
+
+  Concord Coach at Toll-gate. From photograph owned by
+  Major Lewis Downing, Jr., Concord, N. H.                _facing_ 268
+
+  Advertisement of Pioneer Line Stage-coaches                      278
+
+  The Omnibus "Accommodation" between Springfield and
+  Chicopee Falls, 1843                                             273
+
+  Notice of Post-rider, 1799                                       276
+
+  Old Mail-coach and Sign-board, Barre, Mass., 1840                280
+
+  Pitcher, Quincy Railway, Staffordshire Ware                      284
+
+  Veazie Railway, Bangor, Me. From an old print                    286
+
+  The Arrival of the Train. From a painting by Edward
+  Lamson Henry, N.A.                                      _facing_ 288
+
+  Uncle Ame Morris's Oxen serving as Locomotive. From
+  an old print                                                     289
+
+  Pease Tavern, Shrewsbury, Mass.                                  292
+
+  Old Arcade, Shrewsbury, Mass.                                    294
+
+  Harrington Tavern, Shrewsbury, Mass.                             299
+
+  Balch Tavern, Shrewsbury, Mass.                                  301
+
+  Advertisement of Ginery Twichell's Stage Lines. Owned
+  by American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass.       _facing_ 304
+
+  Ginery Twichell's Ride. From drawing owned by Mr.
+  Frederick A. Currier, Fitchburg, Mass.                           306
+
+  Sign-board of Tarleton Inn, Piermont, Cohos Turnpike,
+  N. H. Owned by Mr. Amos Tarleton, Haverhill, N. H.               310
+
+  Sign-board, Reverse, of Tarleton Inn, Piermont, N. H.
+  Owned by Mr. Amos Tarleton, Haverhill, N. H.                     312
+
+  Bliss's Tavern, Haverhill, N. H.                                 314
+
+  Old Sleigh with Double Dashboard                                 316
+
+  Old Passenger Pung                                               318
+
+  Relay House, Dorchester, Mass.                                   321
+
+  The Relay. From painting by Edward Lamson Henry, N.A.   _facing_ 324
+
+  View of Middletown, Conn. From an old print                      327
+
+  Deerhide and Pigskin Trunks                                      331
+
+  Old Carpet Bag. Owned by Mrs. Voice Adams Beecher,
+  Brooklyn, N. Y.                                                  333
+
+  Sign-board of David Reed's Tavern, Bedford, Mass. Owned
+  by Concord Antiquarian Society                                   337
+
+  Midsummer along the Pike                                _facing_ 344
+
+  A Vista of White Birches                                         346
+
+  The Hollyhock's Promise                                          348
+
+  The Cool Depths of the Pine Woods. From photograph by
+  T. E. M. and G. H. White                                _facing_ 348
+
+  Taylor's Tavern, 1777, Danbury, Conn.                            350
+
+  M. M. Taylor's Milestone, Danbury, Conn.                         351
+
+  Peleg Arnold's Milestone, Woonsocket, R. I. From
+  photograph by Mr. Edward Field, Providence, R. I.                352
+
+  The Watering Trough                                              355
+
+  Topsfield Bridge, 1760. Ipswich River, Mass.                     357
+
+  The Shadowy Water under the Arches. From photograph
+  by T. E. M. and G. H. White                             _facing_ 358
+
+  Winter Stage, Dalton, Mass.                             _facing_ 362
+
+  Winter Stage, Chepachet. From photograph by Mr. Edward
+  Field, Providence, R. I.                                         364
+
+  Advertisements of Carriages and Wagons. From
+  Connecticut _Journal_, July 3, 1815                     _facing_ 368
+
+  A Wet Start at Daybreak. From a painting by Edward
+  Lamson Henry, N.A.                                      _facing_ 370
+
+  The Wayside Inn, Sudbury, Mass.                         _facing_ 372
+
+  Sign-board, Perkins Inn, Hopkinton, N. H. Owned by
+  Mr. E. R. Guerin, Hopkinton, N. H.                               375
+
+  Russel Tavern, Arlington, Mass.                                  379
+
+  Sign-board of Gifford's Tavern, Barrington, R. I. Owned
+  by Mrs. Gifford, Bristol, R. I.                                  381
+
+  Sign-board of Wells Tavern, Greenfield Meadows, Mass.
+  Owned by Pocumtuck Valley Historical Association                 382
+
+  Mattapan Tavern, Relay House                                     389
+
+  Wilde Tavern, Milton, Mass., 1770                                391
+
+  Ashburnham Thief Detecting Society. Handbill Heading             393
+
+  Sign-board of Humphrey Williams Tavern, Centrebrook,
+  Conn. Owned by Mr. George F. Ives, Danbury, Conn.                396
+
+  Sign-board, Reverse, of Humphrey Williams Tavern,
+  Centrebrook, Conn. Owned by Mr. George F. Ives,
+  Danbury, Conn.                                                   400
+
+  Poor Tavern and Sign-board, Newburyport, Mass.                   405
+
+  Monroe Tavern, Lexington, Mass.                         _facing_ 406
+
+  Sign-board, Dewey Tavern                                         411
+
+  Sign-board, Cutter's Tavern, Jaffray, N. H. Owned by
+  Mrs. Anna Cutter Roberts, Roxbury, Mass.                         412
+
+  Banjo Clock, with Painting of Pahquoique House on Glass
+  Door. Owned by Mr. George F. Ives, Danbury, Conn.                414
+
+  Wright Tavern, Concord, Mass.                                    417
+
+  Sign-board of Moses Hill's Inn, Douglas, Mass.                   419
+
+  Sign-board of John Nash's Tavern, Amherst, Mass. From
+  History of Amherst                                               421
+
+  Montague City Tavern                                             425
+
+  Old Abbey, Bloomingdale Road, New York                           428
+
+  After the Shower. From painting by Edward Lamson
+  Henry, N. A.                                            _facing_ 430
+
+  Tavern Pitcher, Apotheosis of Washington. Liverpool Ware         430
+
+  Sign-board of Grosvenor Inn, Pomfret, Conn.                      432
+
+  The Parting of the Ways, Dublin, N. H.                  _facing_ 434
+
+
+
+
+Stage-coach and Tavern Days
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE PURITAN ORDINARY
+
+
+In reverent and affectionate retrospective view of the influences and
+conditions which had power and made mark upon the settlement of New
+England, we are apt to affirm with earnest sentiment that religion was the
+one force, the one aim, the one thought, of the lives of our forbears. It
+was indeed an ever present thought and influence in their lives; but they
+possessed another trait which is as evident in their records as their
+piety, and which adds an element of human interest to their story which
+their stern Puritanism never could have done; with them their
+neighborliness, was as ever present and as sincere as their godliness.
+Hence the establishment of an hostelry,--an ordinary it was usually
+called,--for the entertainment of travellers and for the mutual comfort of
+the settlers, was scarcely second to their providing a gathering-place for
+the church.
+
+The General Court of Massachusetts at an early date took decisive measures
+with regard to houses of common entertainment. No one was permitted to
+keep without license "a common victuallyng house," under a penalty of
+twenty shillings a week. Soon the power of granting licenses was
+transferred to the County Courts, as the constant increase in the number
+of ordinaries made too constant detailed work for so important a body as
+the General Court.
+
+Consideration for the welfare of travellers, and a desire to regulate the
+sale of intoxicating liquors, seemed to the magistrates important enough
+reasons not only to counsel but to enforce the opening of some kind of a
+public house in each community, and in 1656 the General Court of
+Massachusetts made towns liable to a fine for not sustaining an ordinary.
+Towns were fined and admonished for not conforming to this law; Concord,
+Massachusetts, was one of the number. The Colonial Records of Connecticut,
+in 1644, ordered "one sufficient inhabitant" in each town to keep an
+ordinary, since "strangers were straitened" for want of entertainment. A
+frequent and natural choice of location for establishing an ordinary was
+at a ferry. Tristram Coffyn kept both ferry and ordinary at Newbury,
+Massachusetts; there was an ordinary at Beverly Ferry, known until 1819 as
+the "Old Ferry Tavern."
+
+Great inducements were offered to persons to keep an ordinary; sometimes
+land was granted them, or pasturage for their cattle, or exemption from
+church rates and school taxes. In 1682, Hugh March, of Newbury,
+Massachusetts, petitioned for a renewal of his license to keep an
+ordinary, saying thus: "The town of Newbury, some years since, were
+destitute of an ordinary, and could not persuade any person to keep it.
+For want of an ordinary they were twice fined by the county, and would
+have been a third time had I not undertaken it." In 1668 the town had
+persuaded one Captain White to "undertake an ordinary" on high moral
+grounds; and it is painful to record that, though he did so unwillingly,
+he found the occupation so profitable that he finally got into disgrace
+through it.
+
+
+[Illustration: Ordinary at Duxbury, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+The early taverns were not opened wholly for the convenience of
+travellers; they were for the comfort of the townspeople, for the
+interchange of news and opinions, the sale of solacing liquors, and the
+incidental sociability; in fact, the importance of the tavern to its local
+neighbors was far greater than to travellers. There were many restrictions
+upon the entertainment of unknown strangers. The landlord had to give the
+name of all such strangers to the selectmen, who could, if they deemed
+them detrimental or likely to become a charge upon the community, warn
+them out of the town. The old town records are full of such warnings, some
+of them most amusing. Nor could the landlord "knowingly harbor in house,
+barn, or stable, any rogues, vagabonds, thieves, sturdy beggars,
+masterless men or women." Our ancestors were kindly neighbors to godly
+folk, but sternly intolerant of wrong-doers, or even of those suspected of
+wrong.
+
+We cannot wonder that citizens did not seek to become ordinary-keepers
+when we learn how they were hampered, or how the magistrates tried to
+hamper them. They were at one time not to be permitted to sell "sack or
+strong waters," nor have any dancing or singing within their walls. No
+games could be played in their precincts. They were even hindered in the
+selling of cakes and buns. Innholders and victuallers were prohibited the
+brewing of beer, but that soon had to be revoked. The price and quality of
+beer was constantly being established by law and as constantly changed. In
+1634 the Court set the price of a single meal at sixpence, and not above a
+penny for an ale-quart of beer out of meal time. Then, a little later, the
+landlords were forbidden to change more than twelve pence for a meal; and
+they were ordered to furnish meals to "pore people," as simply as called
+for.
+
+One Richard Cluffe, in an utterance which sounds like the voice of
+Shakespeare's clown, exclaimed at a mean meal served to him, "What! shall
+I pay twelve pence for the fragments which the grand jury roages have
+left?" The majesty of the law could not thus be attacked in Massachusetts
+in the year 1640. Three pounds six shillings and eight pence did Cluffe
+pay for his rash and angry words--truly a costly dinner.
+
+The ordinary called The Anchor, at Lynn, was kept by one Joseph Armitage.
+Being a halfway house between Boston and Salem, the magistrates made it
+their stopping-place on their various trips from court to court. The
+accounts of this ordinary are still preserved. Governor Endicott's bills
+for "vitals, beare, and logen," for "bear and caeks," were paid by the
+Auditor. Governor Bradstreet had "beare and wyne." The succeeding landlord
+of this ordinary was described by John Dunton in 1686 as a hearty,
+talkative, fine old gentleman, one of Oliver Cromwell's soldiers. Dunton
+had at The Anchor a good fowl and a bottle of sack, instead of the beer
+and cakes of the abstemious Puritan governor.
+
+The "Sports of the Innyard" were sternly frowned upon by Puritan
+magistrates. Among the games which were named as forbidden in the
+ordinaries were "carding," dicing, tally, bowls, billiards, slidegroat,
+shuffle-board, quoits, loggets, ninepins. After a time shuffle-board and
+bowls were tolerated in private houses, though not deemed reputable at the
+ordinary.
+
+The Puritan ordinary saw some wedding scenes, and apparently some
+tentatively gay scenes, since in 1631 the magistrates of Massachusetts
+Bay, in "consequence of some miscarriages at weddings" which had been
+held in an ordinary, passed a law prohibiting dancing on such occasions in
+public houses.
+
+Lord Ley lodged at the Boston ordinary in 1637; and when Governor Winthrop
+urged him to come to his home from the inn, his lordship declined, saying
+that the house where he was staying was so well ordered that he could be
+as private there as elsewhere.
+
+In the towns a night-watch was soon instituted, and the instructions given
+by the Boston magistrates smack strongly of Dogberry's famous charge.
+Their number each night was eight; they were "to walk two by two together,
+a youth joined to an older and more sober person." Lights had to be
+out,--or hidden,--especially in the ordinaries. "If they see lights, to
+inquire if there be warrantable cause; and if they hear any noise or
+disorder, wisely to demand the reason; if they are dancing and singing
+vainly, to admonish them to cease; if they do not discontinue after
+moderate admonition, then the constable to take their names and acquaint
+the authorities therewith. If they find young men and maidens, not of
+known fidelity, walking after ten o'clock, modestly to demand the cause,
+and if they appear ill-minded, to watch them narrowly, command them to go
+to their lodgings, and if they refuse then to secure them till morning."
+In 1663 Josselyn found that young sparks walking with their sweet-hearts,
+or "Marmalet-Madams" as he called them, had to go home at nine o'clock.
+
+Constant and strenuous efforts were made from earliest days to prevent
+drunkenness and all tavern disorders. As early as 1637 complaints had been
+made that "much drunkenness, waste of the good creatures of God, mispense
+of time, and other disorders" had taken place at the ordinaries. Frequent
+laws were made about selling liquor to the "devilish bloudy salvages," and
+many were the arrests and fines and punishments therefor.
+
+
+[Illustration: Taproom Furnishings of an Old Ordinary.]
+
+
+Landlords were forbidden by the Court in 1645 "to suffer anyone to be
+drunk or drink excessively, or continue tippling above the space of half
+an hour in any of their said houses under penalty of 5_s._ for every such
+offence suffered; and every person found drunk in the said houses or
+elsewhere shall forfeit 10_s._; and for every excessive drinking he shall
+forfeit 3_s._ 4_d._; for sitting idle and continuing drinking above half
+an hour, 2_s._ 6_d._; and it is declared to be excessive drinking of wine
+when above half a pint of wine is allowed at one time to one person to
+drink: provided that it shall be lawful for any strangers, or lodgers, or
+any person or persons, in an orderly way to continue in such houses of
+common entertainment during meal times or upon lawful business, what time
+their occasions shall require."
+
+Drunkards were severely punished by being thrust into the bilboes, set in
+the stocks, and whipped. In 1632 one "James Woodward shalbe sett in the
+bilbowes for being drunke at New-Towne." Robert Wright was fined twenty
+shillings and ordered to sit in the stocks an hour for being "twice
+distempered in drink." On September 3, 1633, in Boston:--
+
+    "Robert Coles was fyned ten shillings and enjoynd to stand with a
+    white sheet of paper on his back, whereon Drunkard shalbe written in
+    great lres, and to stand therewith soe long as the Court find meet,
+    for abusing himself shamefully with drinke."
+
+This did not reform Robert Coles, for a year later his badge of disgrace
+was made permanent:--
+
+    "Robert Coles for drunkenness by him committed at Rocksbury shalbe
+    disfranchizd, weare about his neck, and so to hang upon his outwd
+    garment a D. made of redd cloth & sett upon white: to continyu this
+    for a yeare, & not to have it off any time hee comes among company,
+    Vnder the penalty of xl _s._ for the first offence, and 5 L for the
+    second, and afterward to be punished by the Court as they think meet:
+    also _hee is to wear the D outwards_."
+
+It might be inferred from the clause I have italicized that the Puritan
+drunkard was not without guile, and that some had worn the scarlet letter
+and hidden it from public view as skilfully as the moral brand is often
+hidden from public knowledge to-day. Women, also, were punished severely
+for "intemperate drinking from one ordinary to another," but such examples
+were rare.
+
+Lists of names of common drunkards were given to landlords in some towns
+(among them New Castle, New Hampshire), and landlords were warned not to
+sell liquor to them. Licenses were removed and fines imposed on those who
+did not heed the warning.
+
+The tithing-man, that amusing but most bumptious public functionary of
+colonial times, was at first the official appointed to spy specially upon
+the ordinaries. He inspected these houses, made complaint of any disorders
+he discovered, and gave in to the constable the names of idle drinkers and
+gamers. He warned the keepers of public houses to sell no more liquor to
+any whom he fancied had been tippling too freely. John Josselyn, an
+English visitor in Boston in 1663, complained bitterly thus:--
+
+    "At houses of entertainment into which a stranger went, he was
+    presently followed by one appointed to that office, who would thrust
+    himself into the company uninvited, and if he called for more drink
+    than the officer thought in his judgement he could soberly bear away,
+    he would presently countermand it, and appoint the proportion, beyond
+    which he could not get one drop."
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Tavern at Easton, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+Now that certainly was trying. Nor could it have been agreeable to
+would-be cheerful frequenters of Greyhound Tavern, in Roxbury, to have
+godly Parson Danforth, when he saw from his study windows any neighbors or
+strangers lingering within the tavern doors, come sallying forth from his
+house across the way, and walk sternly into their company, and, as he
+said, "chide them away." Patient must have been the Greyhound's landlord
+to have stood such pious meddling and hindrance to trade.
+
+Governor Winthrop gives an account of the exploits of a Boston constable
+in 1644, which shows the restraint held over a lodger in a Boston ordinary
+at that date.
+
+    "There fell out a troublesome business in Boston. An English sailor
+    happened to be drunk and was carried to his lodging; and the
+    Constable (a Godly man and much zealous against such disorders)
+    hearing of it, found him out, being upon his bed asleep; so he awaked
+    him, and led him to the stocks, no magistrate being at home. He being
+    left in the stocks, some one of La Tours French gentlemen visitors in
+    Boston lifted up the stocks and let him out. The Constable hearing of
+    it, went to the Frenchman (being then gone and quiet) and would needs
+    carry _him_ to the stocks. The Frenchman offered to yield himself to
+    go to prison but the Constable, not understanding his language,
+    pressed him to go to the stocks. The Frenchman resisted and drew his
+    sword. With that company came in and disarmed him, and carried him by
+    force to the stocks, but soon after the Constable took him out and
+    carried him to prison."
+
+Winthrop gravely enumerates the faults of the constable, such as his
+"transgressing the bounds of his office, the fruits of ignorant and
+misguided zeal, not putting a hook on the stocks," etc., and the matter
+bade fair to assume some gravity, since it was deemed in France "most
+ignominious to be laid in the stocks." Yet Winthrop took care not to
+rebuke the Constable in public lest he "discourage and discountenance an
+honest officer."
+
+It has been said that the homely injunction "to mind your own business"
+was the most difficult lesson New Englanders ever had to learn, and that
+even now it has been acquired and practised in the cities only, not in the
+country.
+
+Administration of government in those days certainly consisted much of
+meddlesome interference in the private affairs of daily life. Experience
+has since taught that the free-will of the citizen is the best regulator
+in such matters.
+
+It is one of the curiosities of old-time legislation that the use of
+tobacco was in earliest colonial days plainly regarded by the magistrates
+and elders as far more sinful, degrading, and harmful than indulgence in
+intoxicating liquors. Both the use and the planting of it were forbidden,
+the latter being permitted in small quantities "for meere necessitie, for
+phisick, for preservaceon of the health, and that the same be taken
+privately by auncient men." Landlords were ordered not to "suffer any
+tobacco to be taken into their houses" on penalty of a fine to the
+"victualler," and another to "the party that takes it." The "Creature
+called Tobacko" seemed to have an immortal life. The laws were constantly
+altered and were enforced, still tobacco was grown and was smoked. Soon it
+was forbidden to "take tobacco in any wine or common victual house, except
+in a private room there, so as the master of said house nor any guest
+there shall take offense thereat; which, if any do, the said person shall
+forbear upon pain of two shillings sixpence for every such offense." No
+one could take tobacco "publicquely" nor in his own house or anywhere else
+before strangers. Two men were forbidden to smoke together. Windsor
+required a physician's certificate ere it could be used. No one could
+smoke within two miles of the meeting-house on the Sabbath day. There were
+wicked backsliders who were caught smoking around the corner of the
+meeting-house, and others on the street, and they were fined, and set in
+the stocks, and in cages. Until within a few years there were New England
+towns where tobacco-smoking was prohibited on the streets, and innocent
+cigar-loving travellers were astounded at being requested to cease
+smoking. Mr. Drake wrote in 1886 that he knew men, then living, who had
+had to plead guilty or not guilty in a Boston police court for smoking in
+the streets of Boston. In Connecticut in early days a great indulgence was
+permitted to travellers--a man could smoke once during a journey of ten
+miles.
+
+The relationship of tavern and meeting-house in New England did not end
+with their simultaneous establishment; they continued the most friendly
+neighbors. And so long as a public house was commonly known as an
+ordinary, those who were high in church counsels looked sharply to the
+control of these houses of sojourn. The minister and tithing-man were
+aided in their spying and their chiding by deacons, elders, and church
+members.
+
+Usually the ordinary and the meeting-house were close companions. Licenses
+to keep houses of entertainment were granted with the condition that the
+tavern must be near the meeting-house--a keen contrast to our present laws
+prohibiting the sale of liquor within a certain distance of any church. A
+Boston ordinary-keeper, in 1651, was granted permission to keep a house of
+common entertainment "provided hee keepe it neare the new meeting-house."
+
+
+[Illustration: Leather Black-jack.]
+
+
+Those who know of the old-time meeting-house can fully comprehend the
+desire of the colonists to have a tavern near at hand, especially during
+the winter services. Through autumn rains, and winter frosts and snows,
+and fierce northwesters, the poorly-built meeting-house stood unheated,
+growing more damp, more icy, more deadly, with each succeeding week. Women
+cowered, shivering, half-frozen, over the feeble heat of a metal
+foot-stove as the long sermon dragged on and the few coals became ashes.
+Men stamped their feet and swung their arms in the vain attempt to warm
+the blood. Gladly and eagerly did all troop from the gloomy meeting-house
+to the cheerful tavern to thaw out before the afternoon service, and to
+warm up before the ride or walk home in the late afternoon. It was a
+scandal in many a town that godly church-members partook too freely of
+tavern cheer at the nooning; the only wonder is that the entire
+congregation did not succumb in a body to the potent flip and toddy of the
+tavern-keeper.
+
+In midsummer the hot sun beat down on the meeting-house roof, and the
+burning rays poured in the unshaded windows. The taproom of the tavern and
+the green trees in its dooryard offered a pleasant shade to tired
+church-goers, and its well-sweep afforded a grateful drink to those who
+turned not to the taproom.
+
+There are ever backsliders in all church communities; many walked into the
+ordinary door instead of up the church "alley." The chimney seat of the
+inn was more comfortable than the narrow seat of the "pue." The General
+Court of Massachusetts passed a law requiring all innkeepers within a mile
+of any meeting-house, to clear their houses "during the hours of the
+exercise." "Thus," Mr. Field says wittily, "the townsmen were frozen out
+of the tavern to be frozen in the meeting-house."
+
+Our ancestors had no reverence for a church save as a literal
+meeting-house, and it was not unusual to transform the house of God into a
+tavern. The Great House at Charlestown, Massachusetts, the official
+residence of Governor Winthrop, became a meeting-house in 1633, and then a
+tavern, the Three Cranes, kept by Robert Leary and his descendants for
+many years. It was destroyed in June, 1775, in the burning of the town. In
+this Great House, destined to become a tavern, lived Governor Winthrop
+when he announced his famous discountenance of health-drinking at the
+tables and in public places. This first of all temperance pledges in New
+England is recorded in his Diary in his own language, which was as
+temperate as his intent:--
+
+    "The Governor, upon consideration of the inconveniences which had
+    grown in England by drinking one to another, restrained it at his own
+    table, and wished others to do the like; so it grew, little by little,
+    into disuse."
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+Frequently religious services were held in the spacious rooms of the
+tavern, until a meeting-house was built; as in the town of Fitchburg,
+Massachusetts, and in Providence, Rhode Island, where Roger Williams
+preached. Many of the Puritan ordinaries were thus used.
+
+Ecclesiastical affairs were managed at the ordinary, among them that most
+ticklish and difficult of all adjustments and allotments, namely, seating
+the meeting. The "Elders, Deacons, and Selectmen" of Cambridge were made a
+"constant and settled power for regulating the seating of persons in the
+meeting-house." They were ordered to meet at the ordinary, and such orders
+and appointments as this were made:--
+
+    "Brother Richard Jackson's wife to sit where Sister Kempster was wont
+    to sit. Ester Sparhawke to sit in the place where Mrs. Upham is
+    removed from. Mr. Day to sit the second seat from the table. Ensign
+    Samuel Greene to sit at the Table. Goody Gates to sit at the end of
+    the Deacon's seat. Goody Wines to sit in the Gallery."
+
+It needed much consultation and thought to "seat the meeting." We can
+imagine the deacons loosening their tongues over the tavern flip and
+punch, and arguing confidentially over the standing, the wealth, and
+temper of the various parties to be seated.
+
+There were in Boston at different times several ordinaries and taverns
+known as the King's Arms. One of the earliest ones stood at the head of
+Dock Square. In 1651 one Hugh Gunnison, vintner, and his wife, sold this
+house, known by the sign of the King's Arms, with its furniture and
+appurtenances, for the sum of L600 sterling, a goodly sum for the day. An
+inventory of the "p'ticular goods and household stuffe" still exists, and
+is of much interest not only as indicating the furnishings of a house of
+that character in that colony at that date, but showing also the naming of
+the chambers, as in the English inns of Shakespeare's day.
+
+    "In the chamber called the Exchange one halfe bedstead with blew
+    pillows, one livery Cupbord coloured blue, one long table, benches,
+    two formes and one carved chaire.
+
+    "In the Kitchen three formes dressers shelves.
+
+    "In the Larder one square Table banisters dressers & shelves round.
+
+    "In the Hall, three Small Roomes with tables and benches in them, one
+    table about six foote long in the Hall and one bench.
+
+    "In the low parlor one bedstead one table and benches two formes, one
+    small frame of a form and shelves, one Closet with shelves.
+
+    "In the room Vnder the closet one child's bedsted.
+
+    "In the Chamber called London, one bedsted two benches.
+
+    "In the Chamber over London one bedsted one crosse table one forme one
+    bench.
+
+    "In the Closet next the Exchange, shelves.
+
+    "In the barr by the hall, three shelves, the frame of a low stoole.
+
+    "In the vpper p'lor one bedsted two chaires one table one forme bench
+    and shelves.
+
+    "In the Nursery one Crosse Table with shelvs.
+
+    "In the Court Chamber one Long table three formes one livery cupbord,
+    & benches.
+
+    "In the closet within the Court chamber one bedsted and shelvs.
+
+    "In the Starr chamber one long table, one bedsted, one livery Cupbord
+    one chaire three formes with benches.
+
+    "In the Garret over the Court chamber one bedsted one table two
+    formes.
+
+    "In the garret over the closet in the Court chamber one bedsted one
+    smale forme.
+
+    "In the foure garrett chambers over the Starr chamber three bedsteds
+    four tables with benches.
+
+    "In the brewhouse one Cop', twoe fatts, one vnder back, one vpper
+    back, one kneading trough one dresser one brake.
+
+    "In the stable one Racke & manger.
+
+    "In the yarde one pumpe, pipes to convey the water to the brew house,
+    fyve hogg styes, one house of office.
+
+    "The signes of the Kinges Armes and signe posts."
+
+This was certainly a large house and amply furnished. It contained
+thirteen bedsteads and a vast number of tables, forms, benches, shelves,
+and cupboards.
+
+The rooms of the Blue Anchor, another Boston ordinary, also bore names:
+the Rose and Sun Low room, the Cross Keys, the Green Dragon, the Anchor
+and Castle.
+
+We can form, from the items of this inventory, a very good and detailed
+picture of the interior of a Boston ordinary at that date. But it must not
+be imagined that there were at the time of this sale many colonial
+ordinaries as amply furnished as the King's Arms. The accommodations in
+the public houses of small towns, indeed perhaps everywhere in New England
+save in Boston and Salem, were very primitive. The ordinary was doubtless
+as well furnished as the private homes of its neighbors, and that was very
+simple of fashion, while the fare was scant of variety.
+
+
+[Illustration: Taproom of Wayside Inn.]
+
+
+We know that even the early ordinaries had sign-boards.
+
+The ordinary-keeper had his license granted with the proviso that "there
+be sett up some inoffensive sign obvious for direction to
+strangers"--this in Salem in 1645. In 1655 the Rhode Island courts ordered
+that all persons appointed to keep an ordinary should "cause to be sett
+out a convenient Signe at ye most perspicuous place of ye said house,
+thereby to give notice to strangers yt it is a house of public
+entertainment, and this to be done with all convenient speed."
+
+Women kept ordinaries and taverns from early days. Widows abounded, for
+the life of the male colonists was hard, exposure was great, and many died
+in middle age. War also had many victims. Tavern-keeping was the resort of
+widows of small means then, just as the "taking of boarders" is to-day.
+Women were skilled in business affairs and competent; many licenses were
+granted to them to keep victualling-houses, to draw wine, and make and
+sell beer. In 1684 the wife of one Nicholas Howard was licensed "to
+entertain Lodgers in the absence of her husband"; while other women were
+permitted to sell food and drink but could not entertain lodgers because
+their husbands were absent from home, thus drawing nice distinctions. A
+Salem dame in 1645 could keep an ordinary if she provided a "godly man" to
+manage her business. Some women became renowned as good innkeepers, and
+they were everywhere encouraged in the calling.
+
+The colonists did not have to complain long, nor to pine long for lack of
+ordinaries. In 1675 Cotton Mather said every other house in Boston was an
+ale-house.
+
+One of the first serious protests against the increase of ordinaries and
+ale-houses in the colonies, and appreciation of their pernicious effects,
+came from Nathaniel Saltonstall of Haverhill, Massachusetts. He was a
+magistrate, and an officer in the militia. He was appointed one of the
+judges in the Salem witchcraft trials; but in this latter capacity he
+refused to serve, which may be taken as a proof of his advanced thought.
+He was said to be "a man of superior powers of mind and rare talents." In
+December, 1696, he sent a letter to the Salem Court which ran thus:--
+
+    "MUCH HON'D GENTLEMEN:
+
+    "I allways thought it great prudence and Christianity in our former
+    leaders and rulers, by their laws to state the number of publique
+    houses in towns and for regulation of such houses, as were of
+    necessity, thereby to prevent all sorts, almost, of wickednesses which
+    daily grow in upon us like a flood. But alas! I see not but that now
+    the case is over, and such (as to some places I may term them)
+    pest-houses and places of enticement (tho not so intended by the
+    Justices) the sin are multiplied. It is multiplied too openly, that
+    the cause of it may be, the price of retailers' fees, etc. I pray what
+    need of six retailers in Salisbury, and of more than one in Haverhill,
+    and some other towns where the people, when taxes and rates for the
+    country and ministers are collecting, with open mouths complain of
+    povertie and being hardly dealt with, and yet I am fully informed, can
+    spend much time, and spend their estates at such blind holes, as are
+    clandestinely and unjustly petitioned for; and more threaten to get
+    licenses, chiefly by repairing to a remote court, where they are not
+    known or suspected, but pass for current, and thereby the towns are
+    abused, and the youth get evil habits; and men sent out on country
+    service at such places waste much of their time, yet expect pay for
+    it, in most pernicious loytering and what, and sometimes by foolish if
+    not pot-valiant firing and shooting off guns, not for the destruction
+    of enemies, but to the wonderful disturbance and affrightment of the
+    inhabitants, which is not the service a scout is allowed and
+    maintained for.
+
+    "Please to see what good is done by giving a license to Robert
+    Hastings, in such a by-place about three miles from the publique house
+    in town. The man himself I am sure has no cause, nor do I believe the
+    town and travellers if they are sober men, will ever give the court
+    thanks for the first grant to him, or the further renewal thereof.
+
+    "But now the bravado is made, what is done is not enough; we must have
+    a third tippling house at Peter Patey's about midway between the other
+    two, which they boast as cock-sure of, and have it is thought laid in,
+    for this very end, an unaccountable store of cyder, rum, molasses, and
+    what not. It is well if this stock be not now spent on, in procuring
+    subscriptions for to obtain the villain's license, which I fear,
+    knowing the man, we may be bold to say, wickedness will be practiced
+    and without control.... I have done my part in court, as to what I
+    heard of, to prevent such confiding licenses to persons unknown....
+
+    "I am now God's prisoner and cant come abroad, and have waited long to
+    speak of those, and others, but as yet cant meet with an opportunity.
+    You have nothing here of personal animosity of mine against any man,
+    but zeal and faithfulness to my country and town, and to the young and
+    rising generation that they be not too much at liberty to live and do
+    as they list. Accept of the good intentions of, gentlemen, your humble
+    servant,
+
+    "N. SALTONSTALL."
+
+There is a sturdy ring about this letter, a freedom from cant and
+conventional religious expressions, that serve to paint clearly the
+character of the writer, and show us by one of those side-glimpses, which,
+as Ruskin says, often afford more light than a full stare, the sort of man
+that built up New England in the beginning, on its solid and noble
+foundations.
+
+
+[Illustration: Buckman Tavern, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1690.]
+
+
+In spite of the forebodings of Saltonstall and other Christian gentlemen,
+the flood of wickedness and disorder which he predicted was slow in its
+approach. The orderly ways and close restrictions and surveillance of the
+Puritan ordinary lasted until long after public houses were called
+taverns.
+
+In the latter quarter of the seventeenth century and the first of the
+eighteenth a nearly continual diary was kept by a resident of Boston,
+Judge Samuel Sewall, who might be called Boston's first citizen. He was
+rich, he was good, he was intelligent, and some portions of his diary are
+of great value for the light they throw on contemporary customs and
+events. He has been called a Puritan Pepys; but in one respect he is
+markedly unlike Pepys, who gave us ample record of London taverns, and of
+tavern life in his day. It is doubtful that Sewall knew much about tavern
+life in Boston; for his private life was a great contrast to that of our
+gay Pepys. Judge Sewall was a home-body, tenderly careful of his
+children--he had fourteen; a "loving servant" to his wives--he had three;
+especially devoted to his mother-in-law--he had but one, the richest woman
+in Boston; kind to his neighbors, poor as well as rich; attentive to his
+friends in sickness, and thoughtful of them in death; zealous in religious
+duties both in the church and the family; public-spirited and upright in
+his service to his town and state, from his high office as judge, down to
+fulfilling petty duties such as serving on the watch. He had little time
+for tavern life, and little inclination to it; and he condemned men who
+"kept ordinaries and sold rum." He was a shining example of the
+"New-English men," whose fast-thinning ranks he so sadly deplored, and
+whose virtues he extolled. He occasionally refers in his diary to
+ordinaries. Sometimes he soberly drank healths and grace-cups within
+Boston and Cambridge tavern walls with the honored Deputies, at the
+installation of a new Governor, on the King's Coronation Day, or a Royal
+Birthday. Sometimes we read of his pleasuring trips with his wife to the
+Greyhound Tavern in Roxbury, his gala dinner of boiled pork and roast
+fowls, and his riding home at curfew in "brave moonshine." That clear June
+moonlight shining down through the centuries does not display to us any
+very gay figures, any very jolly riders. We can see the Judge in rich but
+sad-colored attire, with his wife on a pillion behind him, soberly jogging
+home, doubtless singing psalms as they went through the short stretches of
+Roxbury woods; for he sang psalms everywhere apparently, when he was
+permitted to do so. This is as might be expected of a man who on another
+pleasure jaunt with his wife left her eating cherries in the orchard,
+while he, like any other Puritan, "sweetened his mouth with a bit of
+Calvin," that is, he sat indoors and read _Calvin on Psalms_.
+
+
+[Illustration: Hound-handle Tavern Pitcher.]
+
+
+At this time--in the year 1714--Boston had a population approaching ten
+thousand. It had thirty-four ordinary- or inn-holders, of whom twelve were
+women; four common victuallers, of whom one was a woman; forty-one
+retailers of liquor, of whom seventeen were women, and a few cider
+sellers. There were, therefore, ample places in which liquor could be
+bought; but Sewall's entire diary gives proof of the orderliness of life
+in Boston. There are not half a dozen entries which give any records or
+show any evidence of tavern disorders. In 1708 an inquiry was made by the
+magistrates "as to debaucheries at the Exchange," and as a result one
+young man was fined five shillings for cursing, ten shillings for throwing
+a beer-pot and scale-box at the maid, and twenty shillings for lying--that
+was all. The longest entry is on the Queen's birthday in 1714:--
+
+    "My neighbor Colson knocks at my door about nine P.M., or past, to
+    tell of disorders at the ordinary at the South End, kept by Mr.
+    Wallace. He desired me that I would accompany Mr. Bromfield and
+    Constable Howell hither. It was 35 minutes past nine before Mr.
+    Bromfield came, then we went, took AEneas Salter with us. Found much
+    company. They refused to go away. Said was there to drink the Queen's
+    health and had many other healths to drink. Called for more drink and
+    drank to me: I took notice of the affront, to them. Said they must and
+    would stay upon that solemn occasion. Mr. Netmaker drank the Queen's
+    health to me. I told him I drank none; on that he ceased. Mr. Brinley
+    put on his hat to affront me. I made him take it off. I threatened to
+    send some of them to prison. They said they could but pay their fine
+    and doing that might stay. I told them if they had not a care they
+    would be guilty of a riot. Mr. Bromfield spake of raising a number of
+    men to quell them, and was in some heat ready to run into the street.
+    But I did not like that. Not having pen and ink I went to take their
+    names with my pencil and not knowing how to spell their names they
+    themselves of their own accord writ them. At last I addressed myself
+    to Mr. Banister. I told him he had been longest an inhabitant and
+    freeholder and I expected he would set a good example by departing
+    thence. Upon this he invited them to his own house, and away they
+    went. And we after them went away. I went directly home and found it
+    25 minutes past ten at night when I entered my own house."
+
+No greater tribute to orderly Boston could be given than this record of
+rare disturbance. Even in that day, half after nine was not a late hour,
+and it took the Judge but an hour to walk from his house and back and
+disperse these soberly rioting young men, whom we can picture, solemnly
+writing down their own names with the Judge's pencil for him to bring them
+up in the morning. The next day they were each fined five shillings. Some
+paid, some appealed and gave bonds. Mr. Netmaker was Secretary to the
+Commander of her Majesty's forces, and he had to pay five shillings for
+cursing. They also attempted to make him give bonds to keep the peace, but
+at this he and his friends lost patience and refused. Judges Sewall and
+Bromfield promptly sent him to jail. It is not surprising to know that
+the Governor released him, though under strenuous protest from the two
+magistrates, who had, they contended, simply executed the laws.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Hayden Tavern, Essex, Connecticut.]
+
+
+Judge Sewall records one scene, a typically Puritanical one, and worthy of
+a Puritan tithing-man. It took place at the Castle Inn where he went with
+some other good Bostonians to shut off a "vain show."
+
+    "Treat with Brother Wing (the landlord) about his Setting a Room in
+    his House for a Man to shew Tricks in. He saith, seeing 'tis offensive
+    he will remedy it. It seems the Room is fitted with Seats. I read what
+    Dr. Ames saith of Callings, and spake as I could from this Principle,
+    that the Man's Practice was unlawfull, and therefore Capt. Wing could
+    not lawfully give him an accommodation for it. Sung the 90 Ps from the
+    12 v to the end. Broke up."
+
+There is a suggestion of sober farce in this picture of those pious
+gentlemen reading and expounding a sermon, whipping out their psalm books,
+and singing a psalm to poor hospitable Landlord Wing in the parlor or
+taproom of his own house.
+
+Naturally the Puritan planters, and all "true New-English men" like
+Sewall, did not care to have the ordinaries of their quiet towns made into
+places of gay resort, of what they called "the shewing of vain shews."
+They deemed those hostelries places of hospitable convenience, not of
+lively entertainment. A contemporary poet, Quarles, thus compares human
+life to a stay at an inn:--
+
+  "Our life is nothing but a winter's day,
+  Some only break their fast and so away;
+  Others stay dinner and depart full fed;
+  The deepest age but sups and goes to bed.
+  He's most in debt who lingers out the day,
+  Who dies betimes, has less and less to pay."
+
+This somewhat melancholy view, both of life and of a public house,
+lingered long in the colonies, for nearly a century; we might say, with
+the life of the ordinary. When taverns came, their guests thought very
+little of dying, and paid very much attention to living.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+OLD-TIME TAVERNS
+
+
+By the close of the seventeenth century the word ordinary was passing into
+disuse in America; public houses had multiplied vastly and had become
+taverns, though a few old-fashioned folk--in letters, and doubtless in
+conversation--still called them ordinaries--Judge Sewall was one. The word
+inn, universal in English speech, was little heard here, and tavern was
+universally adopted. Though to-day somewhat shadowed by a formless
+reputation of being frequently applied to hostelries of vulgar resort and
+coarse fare and ways, the word tavern is nevertheless a good one, resonant
+of sound and accurate of application, since to this present time in the
+commonwealth of Massachusetts and in other states such large and sumptuous
+caravansaries as the Touraine and the Somerset Hotel of Boston are in the
+eye and tongue of the law simply taverns, and their proprietors
+inn-holders or tavern-keepers.
+
+In the Middle colonies ordinaries and inns were just as quickly opened,
+just as important, just as frequent, as in New England; but in the
+Southern colonies, the modes of settlement were so different, there were
+so few towns and villages, that hospitality to the traveller was shown at
+each plantation, every man's home was an inn; every planter was a
+landlord.
+
+In general no charge was made for the entertainment of the chance visitor
+whose stay was deemed a pleasure in the secluded life of the Virginia
+tobacco planter. Indeed, unless a distinct contract had been made in
+advance and terms stated, the host could not demand pay from a guest, no
+matter how long the visitor remained. Rates of prices were set for the
+first Virginian ordinaries; previous to 1639 six pounds of tobacco were
+paid for a dinner, or about eighteen pence in coin; but as food soon grew
+more abundant, the price was reduced to twelve pence, and it was enjoined
+that the food must be wholesome and plentiful. Then the charges grew
+exorbitant,--twenty pounds of tobacco for a meal for a master, fifteen for
+a servant. Throughout the country the prices wavered up and down, but were
+never low. There were apparently two causes for this: the fact that
+ordinary-keepers captured so few guests, and also that the tobacco leaf
+varied and depreciated in value.
+
+By 1668 so many small tippling-houses and petty ordinaries existed in the
+colony of Virginia that laws were passed restricting the number in each
+county to one at the court-house, and possibly one at a wharf or ferry.
+Then the magistrates tried to limit the drinks sold in these houses to
+beer and cider; and private individuals were warned not to sell "any sort
+of drink or liquor whatsoever, by retail under any color, pretence,
+delusion, or subtle evasion whatsoever." Those conditions did not last
+long. Soon the Virginia ordinaries had plentiful domestic and imported
+liquors, and at very low prices. Mr. Bruce says that "Madeira, Canary,
+Malaga, and Fayal wines were probably much more abundant in the Colony
+than in England at this time, and were drunk by classes which in the
+mother country were content with strong and small-beer."
+
+But the ordinaries did scant business as lodging-places. Governor Harvey
+complained that he could with as much justice be called the host as the
+Governor of Virginia, from the great number of persons entertained by him.
+This condition of affairs continued outside the cities till well into this
+century. In the large towns, however, comfortable taverns were everywhere
+established; and they were, as in the Northern colonies, the gathering
+places of many serious and many frivolous assemblages. The best of our
+American taverns were found in Southern cities; Baltimore had the Fountain
+Inn built around a courtyard like an old English inn, and furnished very
+handsomely.
+
+Few of these ancient taverns still remain. The old Indian Queen Tavern is
+still standing at Bladensburg, Maryland. Its picture is given opposite
+page 33. This view is from a painting by Mr. Edward Lamson Henry. It shows
+also an old stage-wagon such as was used in the eighteenth century,
+starting out from the tavern door. Mr. Henry has made a most exhaustive
+study of old-time modes of travel, as well as a fine collection of old
+vehicles, harnesses, costumes, etc. The copies of his paintings, which I
+am honored by using in this book, are in every detail authoritative and
+invaluable records of the olden time.
+
+
+[Illustration: Indian Queen Tavern, Bladensburg, Maryland.]
+
+
+With the establishment of turnpikes, road houses multiplied, and for a
+time prospered. But their day was short; a typical Maryland road house is
+shown on page 34, far gone in a decrepit and ugly old age.
+
+The history of Pennsylvania shows that its taverns were great in number
+and good in quality, especially soon after the Revolution. This would be
+the natural accompaniment of the excellent roads throughout the state.
+Philadelphia had an extraordinary number of public houses, and many were
+needed; for the city had a vast number of visitors, and a great current of
+immigration poured into that port. In the chapter on Signs and Symbols,
+many names and descriptions are given of old Philadelphia taverns.
+
+The first Dutch directors-general of New Netherland entertained infrequent
+travellers and traders at their own homes, and were probably very glad to
+have these visitors. But trade was rapidly increasing, and
+Director-General Kieft, "in order to accommodate the English, from whom he
+suffered great annoyance, built a fine inn of stone." The chronicler De
+Vries had often dined in Kieft's house, and he says dryly of the building
+of this inn, "It happened well for the travellers."
+
+The Stadt Harberg, or City Tavern, was built in where now stand the
+warehouses, 71 and 73 Pearl Street. It was ordained that a well and
+brew-house might be erected at the rear of the inn; right was given to
+retail the East India Company's wine and brandy; and some dull records
+exist of the use of the building as an inn. It had a career afterward of
+years of use and honor as the Stadt Huys, or City Hall; I have told its
+story at length in a paper in the _Half-Moon Series_ on Historic New York.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Maryland Road House.]
+
+
+The building was certainly not needed as a tavern, for in 1648 one-fourth
+of the buildings in New Amsterdam had been turned into tap-houses for the
+sale of beer, brandy, and tobacco. Governor Stuyvesant placed some
+restraint on these tapsters; they had to receive unanimous consent of the
+Council to set up the business; they could not sell to Indians.
+"Unreasonable night-tippling," that is, drinking after the curfew bell at
+nine o'clock, and "intemperate drinking on the Sabbath," that is, drinking
+by any one not a boarder before three o'clock on the Sabbath (when church
+services were ended), were heavily fined. Untimely "sitting of clubs" was
+also prohibited. These laws were evaded with as much ease as the Raines
+Law provisions of later years in the same neighborhood.
+
+In 1664 the red cross of St. George floated over the city; the English
+were in power; the city of New Amsterdam was now New York. The same tavern
+laws as under the Dutch obtained, however, till 1748, and under the
+English, taverns multiplied as fast as under Dutch rule. They had good old
+English names on their sign-boards: the Thistle and Crown, the Rose and
+Thistle, the Duke of Cumberland, the Bunch of Grapes, St. George and the
+Dragon, Dog's Head in the Porridge Pot, the Fighting Cocks, the White
+Lion, the King's Head.
+
+On the Boreel Building on Broadway is a bronze commemorative tablet,
+placed there in 1890 by the Holland Society.
+
+The site of this building has indeed a history of note. In 1754 Edward
+Willet opened there a tavern under the sign of the Province Arms; and many
+a distinguished traveller was destined to be entertained for many a year
+at this Province Arms and its successors. It had been the home residence
+of the De Lanceys, built about 1700 by the father of Lieutenant-Governor
+James De Lancey, and was deemed a noble mansion. The Province Arms began
+its career with two very brilliant public dinners: one to the new English
+Governor, Sir Charles Hardy; the other upon the laying of the corner-stone
+of King's College. A grand function this was, and the Province Arms had
+full share of honor. All the guests, from Governor to students, assembled
+at the tavern, and proceeded to the college grounds; they laid the stone
+and returned to Landlord Willet's, where, says the chronicle, "the usual
+loyal healths were drunk, and Prosperity to the College; and the whole was
+conducted with the utmost Decency and Propriety."
+
+In 1763 the Province Arms had a new landlord, George Burns, late of the
+King's Head in the Whitehall, and ere that of the Cart and Horse. His
+advertisements show his pretensions to good housekeeping, and his house
+was chosen for a lottery-drawing of much importance--one for the building
+of the lighthouse at Sandy Hook. This lottery was for six thousand pounds,
+and lighthouse and lottery were special pets of Cadwallader Colden, then
+President of his Majesty's Council. Lotteries were usually drawn at City
+Hall, but just at that time repairs were being made upon that building, so
+Mr. Burns's long room saw this important event. The lighthouse was built.
+_The New York Magazine_ for 1790 has a picture and description of it. It
+is there gravely stated that the light could be seen at a distance of ten
+leagues, that is, thirty miles. As the present light at Sandy Hook is
+officially registered to be seen at fifteen miles' distance, the marvel
+of our ancestors must have shone with "a light that never was on land or
+sea."
+
+Troublous times were now approaching. George Burns's long room held many
+famous gatherings anent the Stamp Act--at the first the famous
+Non-Importation Agreement was signed by two hundred stout-hearted New York
+merchants. Sons of Liberty drank and toasted and schemed within the walls
+of the Province Arms. Concerts and duels alternated with suppers and
+society meetings; dancing committees and governors of the college poured
+in and out of the Province Arms. In 1792 Peter De Lancey sold it to the
+Tontine Association; the fine old mansion was torn down, and the City
+Hotel sprang up in its place.
+
+The City Hotel filled the entire front of the block on Broadway between
+Thomas and Cedar streets. Travellers said it had no equal in the United
+States, but it was unpretentious in exterior, as may be seen through the
+picture on the old blue and white plate (shown on page 38) which gives the
+front view of the hotel with a man sawing wood on Broadway, this in about
+1824. It was simply yet durably furnished, and substantial comfort was
+found within. Though the dining room was simply a spacious, scrupulously
+neat apartment, the waiters were numerous and well-trained. There was a
+"lady's dining room" in which dances, lectures, and concerts were given.
+The proprietors were two old bachelors, Jennings and Willard. It was
+reported and believed that Willard never went to bed. He was never known
+to be away from his post, and with ease and good nature performed his
+parts of host, clerk, bookkeeper, and cashier. When Billy Niblo opened an
+uptown coffee-house and garden, it was deemed a matter of courtesy that
+Willard should attend the housewarming. When the hour of starting arrived,
+it was found that Willard had not for years owned a hat. Two streets away
+from the City Hall would have been to him a strange city, in which he
+could be lost. Jennings was purveyor and attended to all matters of the
+dining room, as well as relations with the external world. Both hosts had
+the perfect memory of faces, names, and details, which often is an
+accompaniment of the successful landlord. These two men were types of the
+old-fashioned Boniface.
+
+
+[Illustration: City Hotel.]
+
+
+In the early half of the eighteenth century the genteel New York tavern
+was that of Robert Todd, vintner. It was in Smith (now William) Street
+between Pine and Cedar, near the Old Dutch Church. The house was known by
+the sign of the Black Horse. Concerts, dinners, receptions, and balls took
+place within its elegant walls. On the evening of January 19, 1736, a ball
+was therein given in honor of the Prince of Wales's birthday. The healths
+of the Royal Family, the Governor, and Council had been pledged loyally
+and often at the fort through the day, and "the very great appearance of
+ladies and gentlemen and an elegant entertainment" at the ball fitly ended
+the celebration. The ladies were said to be "magnificent." The ball opened
+with French dances and then proceeded to country dances, "upon which Mrs.
+Morris led up to two new country dances made upon the occasion, the first
+of which was called the Prince of Wales, the second the Princess of
+Saxe-Gotha."
+
+The Black Horse was noted for its Todd drinks, mainly composed of choice
+West India rum; and by tradition it is gravely asserted that from these
+delectable beverages was derived the old drinking term "toddy." (Truth
+compels the accompanying note that the word "toddy," like many of our
+drinking names and the drinks themselves, came from India, and the word is
+found in a geographical description of India written in 1671, before
+Robert Todd was born, or the Black Horse Tavern thought of.)
+
+When Robert of toddy fame died, after nine years of successful
+hospitality, his widow Margaret reigned in his stead. She had a turn for
+trade, and advertised for sale, at wholesale, fine wines and playing
+cards, at reasonable rates. In 1750 the Boston Post made this tavern its
+headquarters, but its glory of popularity was waning and soon was wholly
+gone.
+
+At the junction of 51st and 52d streets with the post-road stood Cato's
+Road House, built in 1712. Cato was a negro slave who had so mastered
+various specialties in cooking that he was able to earn enough money to
+buy his freedom from his South Carolina master. He kept this inn for
+forty-eight years. Those who tasted his okra soup, his terrapin, fried
+chicken, curried oysters, roast duck, or drank his New York brandy-punch,
+his Virginia egg-nogg, or South Carolina milk-punch, wondered how any one
+who owned him ever could sell him even to himself. Alongside his road
+house he built a ballroom which would let thirty couple swing widely in
+energetic reels and quadrilles. When Christmas sleighing set in, the
+Knickerbocker braves and belles drove out there to dance; and there was
+_always_ sleighing at Christmas in old New York--all octogenarians will
+tell you so. Cato's egg-nogg was mixed in single relays by the barrelful.
+He knew precisely the mystic time when the separated white and yolk was
+beaten enough, he knew the exact modicum of sugar, he could count with
+precision the grains of nutmeg that should fleck the compound, he could
+top to exactness the white egg foam. A picture of this old road house,
+taken from a print, is here given. It seems but a shabby building to have
+held so many gay scenes.
+
+
+[Illustration: Cato's House.]
+
+
+The better class of old-time taverns always had a parlor. This was used as
+a sitting room for women travellers, or might be hired for the exclusive
+use of some wealthy person or family. It was not so jovial a room as the
+taproom, though in winter a glowing fire in the open fireplace gave to the
+formal furnishings that look of good cheer and warmth and welcome which is
+ever present, even in the meanest apartment, when from the great logs the
+flames shot up and "the old rude-furnished room burst flower-like into
+rosy bloom." We are more comfortable now, with our modern ways of
+house-heating, but our rooms do not look as warm as when we had open
+fires. In the summer time the fireplace still was an object of interest. A
+poet writes:--
+
+  "'Tis summer now; instead of blinking flames
+  Sweet-smelling ferns are hanging o'er the grate.
+            With curious eyes I pore
+  Upon the mantel-piece with precious wares,
+  Glazed Scripture prints in black lugubrious frames,
+            Filled with old Bible lore;
+  The whale is casting Jonah on the shore:
+  Pharaoh is drowning in the curling wave.
+  And to Elijah sitting at his cave
+  The hospitable ravens fly in pairs
+  Celestial food within their horny beaks."
+
+The walls of one tavern parlor which I have seen were painted with scenes
+from a tropical forest. On either side of the fireplace sprang a tall palm
+tree. Coiled serpents, crouching tigers, monkeys, a white elephant, and
+every form of vivid-colored bird and insect crowded each other on the
+walls of this Vermont tavern. On the parlor of the Washington Tavern at
+Westfield, Massachusetts, is a fine wallpaper with scenes of a fox-chase.
+This tavern is shown on the opposite page; also on page 45 one of the fine
+hand-wrought iron door-latches used on its doors. These were made in
+England a century and a half ago.
+
+
+[Illustration: Washington Tavern, Westfield, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+The taproom was usually the largest room of the tavern. It had universally
+a great fireplace, a bare, sanded floor, and ample seats and chairs.
+Usually there was a tall, rather rude writing-desk, at which a traveller
+might write a letter, or sign a contract, and where the landlord made out
+his bills and kept his books. The bar was the most interesting furnishing
+of this room. It was commonly made with a sort of portcullis grate, which
+could be closed if necessary. But few of these bars remain; nearly all
+have been removed, even if the tavern still stands. The taproom of the
+Wayside Inn at Sudbury, Massachusetts, is shown on page 19. It is a
+typical example of a room such as existed in hundreds of taverns a century
+ago. Another taproom may still be seen in the Wadsworth Inn. This
+well-built, fine old house, shown on page 47, is a good specimen of the
+better class of old taverns. It is three miles from Hartford, Connecticut,
+on the old Albany turnpike. It was one of twenty-one taverns within a
+distance of twenty miles on that pike. It was not a staging inn for every
+passing coach, but enjoyed an aristocratic patronage. The property has
+been in the same family for five generations, but the present building was
+erected by Elisha Wadsworth in 1828. It is not as old as the member of the
+Wadsworth family who now lives in it, Miss Lucy Wadsworth, born in 1801.
+Its old taproom is shown on page 51. This tavern was a public house till
+the year 1862.
+
+Some of the furnishings of the taproom of the old Mowry Inn still are
+owned by Landlord Mowry's descendants, and a group of them is shown on
+page 7. Two heavy glass beakers brought from Holland, decorated with
+vitrifiable colors like the Bristol glass, are unusual pieces. The wooden
+tankard, certainly two centuries old, has the curious ancient lid hinge.
+The Bellarmine jug was brought to America filled with fine old gin from
+Holland by Mayor Willet, the first Mayor of New York City. The bowl is one
+of the old Indian knot bowls. It has been broken and neatly repaired by
+sewing the cracks together with waxed thread. The sign-board of this old
+inn is shown on page 57. The house stood on the post-road between
+Woonsocket and Providence, in a little village known as Lime Rock. As it
+was a relay house for coaches, it had an importance beyond the size of the
+settlement around it.
+
+Sometimes the taproom was decorated with broad hints to dilatory
+customers. Such verses as this were hung over the bar:--
+
+  "I've trusted many to my sorrow.
+  Pay to-day. I'll trust to-morrow."
+
+Another ran:--
+
+  "My liquor's good, my measure just;
+  But, honest Sirs, I will not trust."
+
+Another showed a dead cat with this motto:--
+
+  "Care killed this Cat.
+  Trust kills the Landlord."
+
+Still another:--
+
+  "If Trust,
+  I must,
+  My ale,
+  Will pale."
+
+
+[Illustration: Door-latch of Washington Tavern.]
+
+
+The old Phillips farm-house at Wickford, Rhode Island, was at one time
+used as a tavern. It has a splendid chimney over twenty feet square. So
+much room does this occupy that there is no central staircase, and little
+winding stairs ascend at three corners of the house. On each chimney-piece
+are hooks to hang firearms, and at one side curious little drawers are set
+for pipes and tobacco. I have seen these tobacco drawers in several old
+taverns. In some Dutch houses in New York these tobacco shelves are found
+in an unusual and seemingly ill-chosen place, namely, in the entry over
+the front door; and a narrow flight of three or four steps leads up to
+them. Hanging on a nail alongside the tobacco drawer or shelf would
+usually be seen a pipe-tongs--or smoking tongs. They were slender little
+tongs, usually of iron or steel; with them the smoker lifted a coal from
+the fireplace to light his pipe. Sometimes the handle of the tongs had one
+end elongated, knobbed, and ingeniously bent S-shaped into convenient form
+to press down the tobacco into the bowl of the pipe. Other old-time
+pipe-tongs were in the form of a lazy-tongs. A companion of the pipe-tongs
+on the mantel was what was known as a comfortier; a little brazier of
+metal in which small coals could be handed about for pipe lighting. An
+unusual luxury was a comfortier of silver, which were found among the
+wealthy Dutch settlers.
+
+Two old taverns of East Poultney, Vermont, are shown on page 59. Both
+sheltered Horace Greeley in his sojourn there. The upper house, the Pine
+Tree, is a "sun-line" house, facing due north, with its ends pointing east
+and west. Throughout a century the other house, the Eagle Tavern, has
+never lost its calling; now it is the only place in the village where the
+tourist may find shelter for the night unless he takes advantage of the
+kindness of some good-hearted housekeeper.
+
+The main portion of the Eagle Tavern of Newton, New Hampshire, is still
+standing and is shown with its sign-board on page 126. It was the "halfway
+house" on the much-travelled stage-road between Haverhill, Massachusetts,
+and Exeter, New Hampshire. The house was kept by Eliphalet Bartlett in
+Revolutionary times as account-books show, though the sign-board bears the
+date 1798. The tavern originally had two long wings, in one of which was
+kept a country store. Five generations of Bartletts were born in it before
+it was sold to the present owners. The sign-board displays on one side the
+eagle which confers the name; on the other, what was termed in old
+descriptions a punch-bowl, but which is evidently a disjointed teapot.
+
+
+[Illustration: Wadsworth Inn, Hartford, Connecticut.]
+
+
+About the time when settlements in the New World had begun to assume the
+appearance of towns, and some attempt at closely following English modes
+of life became apparent, there were springing up in London at every street
+corner coffee-houses, which flourished through the times of Dryden,
+Johnson, and Goldsmith, till the close of the eighteenth century. Tea and
+coffee came into public use in close companionship. The virtues of the
+Turkish beverage were first introduced to Londoners by a retired Turkey
+merchant named Daniel Edwards, and his Greek servant, Pasque Rosser. The
+latter opened the first coffee-house in London in 1652. The first
+advertisement of this first coffee venture is preserved in the British
+Museum.
+
+The English of a certain class were always ready to turn an evil eye on
+all new drinks, and coffee had to take its share of abuse. It was called
+"syrup of soot," and "essence of old shoes," etc.; and the keeper of the
+Rainbow Coffee-house was punished as a nuisance "for making and selling of
+a drink called coffee whereby in making the same he annoyeth his
+neighbours by evil smells." Soon, however, the smell of coffee was not
+deemed evil, but became beloved; and every profession, trade, class, and
+party had its coffee-house. The parsons met at one, "cits" at another;
+soldiers did not drink coffee with lawyers, nor gamesters with
+politicians. A penny was paid at the bar at entering, which covered
+newspaper and lights; twopence paid for a dish of coffee. Coffee-houses
+sprang up everywhere in America as in London. In 1752 in New York the New
+or Royal Exchange was held to be so laudable an undertaking that L100 was
+voted toward its construction by the Common Council. It was built like the
+English exchanges, raised on brick arches, and was opened as a coffee-room
+in 1754. The name of the Merchant's Coffee-house--on the southeast corner
+of Wall and Water streets--appears in every old newspaper. It was a centre
+of trade. Ships, cargoes, lands, houses, negroes, and varied merchandise
+were "vendued" at this coffee-house. It also served as an insurance
+office. Alexander Macraby wrote in 1768 in New York:--
+
+    "They have a vile practice here, which is peculiar to this city; I
+    mean that of playing back-gammon (a noise I detest) which is going
+    forward in the public coffee-houses from morning till night,
+    frequently ten or a dozen tables at a time."
+
+From this it will be seen that the English sin of gaming with cards did
+not exist in New York coffee-houses.
+
+The London Coffee-house was famous in the history of Philadelphia. On
+April 15, 1754, the printer, Bradford, put a notice in his journal for
+subscribers to the coffee-house to meet at the court-house on the 19th to
+choose trustees. Bradford applied for a license to the Governor and
+Council thus:--
+
+    "Having been advised to keep a Coffee-House for the benefit of
+    merchants and traders, and as some people may be desirous at times to
+    be furnished with other liquors besides coffee, your petitioner
+    apprehends that it is necessary to have the government license."
+
+The coffee-house was duly opened; Bradford's account for opening day was
+L9 6_s._ The trustees also lent him L259 of the L350 of subscriptions,
+and this coffee-house became a factor in American history. The building,
+erected about 1702, stood on the corner of Front and Market streets, on
+land which had been given by Penn to his daughter Letitia. Bradford was a
+grandson of the first printer Bradford, and father of the Attorney-General
+of the United States under Washington. His standing at once gave the house
+prestige and much custom. Westcott says "it was the headquarters of life
+and action, the pulsating heart of excitement, enterprise, and
+patriotism." Soldiers and merchants here met; slaves here were sold;
+strangers resorted for news; captains sold cargoes; sheriffs held
+"vandues."
+
+The Exchange Coffee-house of Boston was one of the most remarkable of all
+these houses. It was a mammoth affair for its day, being seven stories in
+height. It was completed in 1808, having been nearly three years in
+building, and having cost half a million dollars. The principal floor was
+an exchange. It ruined many of the workmen who helped to build it. During
+the glorious days of stage-coach travel, its successor, built after it was
+burnt in 1818, had a brilliant career as a staging tavern, for it had over
+two hundred bedrooms, and was in the centre of the city. At this
+Coffee-house Exchange was kept a register of marine news, arrivals,
+departures, etc., and many distinguished naval officers were registered
+there. At a sumptuous dinner given to President Monroe, who had rooms
+there, in July, 1817, there were present Commodores Bainbridge, Hull, and
+Perry; ex-President John Adams; Generals Swift, Dearborn, Cobb, and
+Humphreys; Judges Story, Parker, Davis, Adams, and Jackson; Governor
+Brooks, Governor Phillips, and many other distinguished men.
+
+
+[Illustration: Taproom of Wadsworth Inn.]
+
+
+It would be a curious and entertaining study to trace the evolution of our
+great hotels, from the cheerful taverns and country inns, beloved of all
+travellers, to more pretentious road houses, to coffee-houses, then to
+great crowded hotels. We could see the growth of these vast hotels,
+especially those of summer resorts, and also their decay. In many
+fashionable watering-places great hotels have been torn down within a few
+years to furnish space for lawns and grounds around a splendid private
+residence. Many others are deserted and closed, some flourish in
+exceptional localities which are in isolated or remote parts of the
+country, such as southern Florida, the Virginia mountains, etc.; many have
+been forced to build so-called cottages where families can have a little
+retirement and privacy between meals, which are still eaten in a vast
+common dining room. But the average American of means in the Northern
+states, whose parents never left the city till after the 4th of July, and
+then spent a few weeks in the middle of the summer in a big hotel at
+Saratoga, or Niagara Falls, or Far Rockaway, or in the White Mountains,
+now spends as many months in his own country home. A few extraordinary
+exceptions in hotel life in America remain prosperous, however, the chief
+examples on our Eastern coast being at Atlantic City and Old Point
+Comfort.
+
+The study of tavern history often brings to light much evidence of sad
+domestic changes. Many a cherished and beautiful home, rich in annals of
+family prosperity and private hospitality, ended its days as a tavern.
+Many a stately building of historic note was turned into an inn in its
+later career. The Indian Queen in Philadelphia had been at various times
+the home of Sir Richard Penn, the headquarters of General Howe and of
+General Benedict, the home of Robert Morris and Presidents Washington and
+Adams. Benjamin Franklin's home became a tavern; so also did the splendid
+Bingham mansion, which was built in 1790 by the richest man of his day.
+Governor Lloyd's house became the Cross Trees Inn. Boston mansions had the
+same fate. That historic building--the Province House--served its term as
+a tavern.
+
+Sometimes an old-time tavern had a special petty charm of its own, some
+peculiarity of furnishing or fare. One of these was the Fountain Inn of
+Medford, Massachusetts. It was built in 1725 and soon became vastly
+frequented. No town could afford a better site for inns than Medford. All
+the land travel to Boston from Maine, eastern New Hampshire, and
+northeastern Massachusetts poured along the main road through Medford,
+which was just distant enough from Boston centre to insure the halting and
+patronage of every passer-by. The Fountain Inn bustled with constant
+customers, and I can well believe that all wanderers gladly stopped to
+board and bait at this hospitable tavern. For I know nothing more
+attractive, "under the notion of an inn," than this old tavern must have
+been, especially through the long summer months. It was a road house and
+stood close to the country road, so was never quiet; yet it afforded
+nevertheless a charming and restful retreat for weary and heated
+wanderers. For on either side of the front dooryard grew vast
+low-spreading trees, and in their heavy branches platforms were built and
+little bridges connected tree to tree, and both to the house. Perhaps the
+happy memories of hours and days of my childhood spent in a like tree nest
+built in an old apple tree, endow these tree rooms of the Fountain Inn
+with charms which cannot be equally endorsed and appreciated by all who
+read of them; but to me they form an ideal traveller's joy. To sit there
+through the long afternoon or in the early twilight, cool and half remote
+among the tree branches, drinking a dish of tea; watching horsemen and
+cartmen and sturdy pedestrians come and go, and the dashing mail-coach
+rattle up, a flash of color and noise and life, and pour out its motley
+passengers, and speedily roll away with renewed patrons and splendor--why,
+it was like a scene in a light opera.
+
+
+[Illustration: Fountain Inn.]
+
+
+The tree abodes and the bridges fell slowly in pieces, and one great tree
+died; but its companion lived till 1879, when it, too, was cut down and
+the bald old commonplace building crowded on the dusty street stood bare
+and ugly, without a vestige or suggestion of past glory around it. Now
+that, too, is gone, and only the picture on the opposite page, of the
+tavern in its dying poverty, remains to show what was once the scene of so
+much bustle and good cheer.
+
+The State House Inn of Philadelphia was built in 1693, and was long known
+as Clark's Inn. It was a poor little building which stood in a yard, not
+green with grass, but white with oysters and clam shells. Its proximity to
+the State House gave it the custom of the members and hangers-on of the
+colonial assemblies. William Penn often smoked his pipe on its porch.
+Clark had a sign-board, the Coach and Horses, and he had something else
+which was as common perhaps in Philadelphia as tavern sign-boards, namely,
+turnspit dogs--little patient creatures, long-bodied and crook-legged,
+whose lives were spent in the exquisite tantalization of helping to cook
+the meat, whose appetizing odors of roasting they sniffed for hours
+without any realization of tasting at the end of their labors.
+
+Dr. Caius, founder of the college at Cambridge, England, that bears his
+name, is the earliest English writer upon the dog, and he tells thus of
+turnspits: "Certain dogs in kitchen service excellent. When meat is to be
+roasted they go into a wheel, where, turning about with the weight of
+their bodies they so diligently look to their business that no drudge or
+scullion can do the feat more cunningly." The Philadelphia landlord says
+in his advertisement of dogs for sale, "No clock or jack so cunningly."
+The summary and inhuman mode of teaching these turnspits their humble
+duties is described in a book of anecdotes published at Newcastle-on-Tyne
+in 1809. The dog was put in the wheel. A burning coal was placed with him.
+If he stopped, his legs were burned. That was all. He soon learned his
+lesson. It was hard work, for often the great piece of beef was twice the
+weight of the dog, and took at least three long hours' roasting. I am glad
+to know that these hard-working turn-broches usually grew shrewd with age;
+learned to vanish at the approach of the cook or the appearance of the
+wheel. At one old-time tavern in New York little brown Jesse listened
+daily at the kitchen doorstep while the orders were detailed to the
+kitchen maids, and he could never be found till nightfall on roast-meat
+days; nay, more, he, as was the custom of dogs in that day, went with his
+mistress to meeting and lay at her feet in the pew. And when the parson
+one Sunday chose to read and expound from the first chapter of Ezekiel,
+Jesse fled with silent step and slunken tail and drooping ears at the
+unpleasant verse, "And when the living creatures went, the wheels went by
+them; and when the living creatures were lifted up from the earth, the
+wheels were lifted up." Naturally Jesse never suspected that these
+Biblical wheels were only parts of innocent allegorical chariots, but
+deemed them instead a very untimely and unkind reminder on a day of rest
+of his own hated turnspit wheel.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of N. Mowry's Inn.]
+
+
+One of the sweetest of all tales of an inn is that begun by Professor
+Reichel and ended by Mr. John W. Jordan of the Historical Society of
+Pennsylvania; it is called "A Red Rose from the Olden Time." It is a story
+of _Der neue Gasthof_ or "The Tavern behind Nazareth," as it was modestly
+called, the tavern of the Moravian settlement at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
+It was a substantial building, "quartered, brick-nogged, and snugly
+weatherboarded, with a yard looking North and a Garden looking South." In
+1754, under the regency of its first ruler, one Schaub, the cooper, and
+Divert Mary, his faithful wife, it bore a sign-board charged with a
+full-blown rose, and was ever after known as the Rose. This was not
+because the walls were coated with Spanish red; this rose bloomed with a
+life derived from sentiment and history, for it was built on land released
+by William Penn on an annual payment as rental of ONE RED ROSE.
+
+There is something most restful and beautiful in the story of this old
+inn. Perhaps part of the hidden charm comes from the Biblical names of the
+towns. For, without our direct consciousness, there is ever something
+impressive in Biblical association; there is a magical power in Biblical
+comparison, a tenderness in the use of Biblical words and terms which we
+feel without actively noting. So this Red Rose of Nazareth seems built on
+the road to Paradise. An inventory was made of the homely contents of the
+Rose in 1765, when a new landlord entered therein; and they smack of the
+world, the flesh, and the devil. Ample store was there of rum, both of New
+England and the West Indies, of Lisbon wine, of cider and madigolum, which
+may have been metheglin. Punch-bowls, tumblers, decanters, funnels, black
+bottles, and nutmeg-graters and nutmegs also. Feather-beds and pillows
+were there in abundance, and blankets and coverlets, much pewter and
+little china, ample kitchen supplies of all sorts. In war and peace its
+record was of interest, and its solid walls stood still colored a deep red
+till our own day.
+
+
+[Illustration: Pine-tree Tavern and Eagle Tavern.]
+
+
+The night-watch went his rounds in many of our colonial towns, and called
+the hour and the weather. Stumbling along with his long staff and his dim
+horn-lantern, he formed no very formidable figure either to affright
+marauders or warn honest citizens that they tarried too long in the
+taproom. But his voice gave a certain sense of protection to all who
+chanced to wake in the night, a knowledge that a friend was near. All who
+dwelt in the old towns of Bethlehem and Nazareth in Pennsylvania could
+listen and be truly cheered by the sound of the beautiful verses written
+for the night watchman by Count Zinzendorf. In winter the watchman began
+his rounds at eight o'clock, in summer at nine. No scenes of brawling or
+tippling could have prevailed at the Rose Inn when these words of peace
+and piety rang out:--
+
+  Eight o'clock:
+    The clock is eight! To Bethlehem all is told,
+    How Noah and his seven were saved of old.
+
+  Nine o'clock:
+    Hear, Brethren, hear! The hour of nine is come;
+    Keep pure each heart and chasten every home.
+
+  Ten o'clock:
+    Hear, Brethren, hear! Now ten the hour-hand shows;
+    They only rest who long for night's repose.
+
+  Eleven o'clock:
+    The clock's eleven! And ye have heard it all,
+    How in that hour the mighty God did call.
+
+  Twelve o'clock:
+    It's midnight now! And at that hour ye know
+    With lamps to meet the bridegroom we must go.
+
+  One o'clock:
+    The hour is one! Through darkness steals the day.
+    Shines in your hearts the morning star's first ray?
+
+  Two o'clock:
+    The clock is two! Who comes to meet the day,
+    And to the Lord of Days his homage pay?
+
+  Three o'clock:
+    The clock is three! The three in one above
+    Let body, soul, and spirit truly love.
+
+  Four o'clock:
+    The clock is four! Where'er on earth are three,
+    The Lord has promised He the fourth will be.
+
+  Five o'clock:
+    The clock is five! While five away were sent,
+    Five other virgins to the marriage went.
+
+  Six o'clock:
+    The clock is six! And from the watch I'm free,
+    And every one may his own watchman be.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE TAVERN LANDLORD
+
+
+The landlord of colonial days may not have been the greatest man in town,
+but he was certainly the best-known, often the most popular, and ever the
+most picturesque and cheerful figure. Travellers did not fail to note him
+and his virtues in their accounts of their sojourns. In 1686 a gossiping
+London bookseller and author, named John Dunton, made a cheerful visit to
+Boston. He did not omit to pay tribute in his story of colonial life to
+colonial landlords. He thus pictures George Monk, the landlord of the Blue
+Anchor of Boston:--
+
+    "A person so remarkable that, had I not been acquainted with him, it
+    would be a hard matter to make any New England man believe I had been
+    in Boston; for there was no one house in all the town more noted, or
+    where a man might meet with better accommodation. Besides, he was a
+    brisk and jolly man, whose conversation was coveted by all his guests
+    as the life and spirit of the company."
+
+This picture of an old-time publican seems more suited to English
+atmosphere than to the stern air of New England Puritanism.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Washington Hotel.]
+
+
+Grave and respectable citizens were chosen to keep the early ordinaries
+and sell liquor. The first "house of intertainment" at Cambridge,
+Massachusetts, was kept by a deacon of the church, afterward Steward of
+Harvard College. The first license in that town to sell wine and strong
+water was to Nicholas Danforth, a selectman, and Representative to the
+General Court. In the Plymouth Colony Mr. William Collier and Mr. Constant
+Southworth, one of the honored Deputies, sold wine to their neighbors.
+These sober and discreet citizens were men of ample means, who took the
+duty of wine-selling to aid the colony rather than their own incomes.
+
+The first ordinary in the town of Duxbury was kept by one Francis Sprague,
+said by a local chronicler to be of "ardent temperament." His license was
+granted October 1, 1638, "to keep a victualling on Duxburrow side." His
+ardent temperament shaped him into a somewhat gay reveller, and his
+license was withdrawn. It was regranted and again recalled in 1666. His
+son succeeded him, another jovial fellow. Duxbury folk were circumspect
+and sober, and desired innkeepers of cooler blood. Mr. Seabury, one of the
+tavern inspectors, was granted in 1678 "to sell liquors unto such
+sober-minded neighbours as hee shall thinke meet; soe as hee sell not
+lesse than the quantie of a gallon att a tyme to one pson, and not in
+smaller quantities by retaile to the occationing of drunkeness."
+
+The license to sell liquor and keep a tavern explained clearly the
+limitations placed on a tavern-keeper. The one given the Andover landlord
+in 1692 ran thus:--
+
+    "The Condition of this Obligation is sent. That Whereas the above said
+    William Chandler is admitted and allowed by their Majesties' Justices
+    at a General Sessions of the Peace to keep a common Home of
+    Entertainment and to use common selling of Ale, Beer, Syder, etc.,
+    till the General Session of Peace next, in the now-Dwelling house of
+    said Chandler in Andover, commonly known by the sign of the Horse Shoe
+    and no other, if therefore the said William Chandler, during the time
+    of keeping a Publick House shall not permit, suffer, or have any
+    playing at Dice, Cards, Tables, Quoits, Loggets, Bowls, Ninepins,
+    Billiards, or any other unlawful Game or Games in his House, yard,
+    Garden, or Backside, nor shall suffer to be or remain in his House any
+    person or persons not being of his own family upon Saturday nights
+    after it is Dark, nor any time on the Sabbath Day or Evening after the
+    Sabbath, nor shall suffer any person to lodge or stay in his House
+    above one Day or Night, but such whose Name and Surname he shall
+    deliver to some one of the Selectmen or Constables or some one of the
+    Officers of the Town, unless they be such as he very well knoweth, and
+    will answer for his or their forthcoming: nor shall sell any Wine or
+    Liquors to any Indians or Negroes nor suffer any apprentices or
+    servants or any other persons to remain in his house tippling or
+    drinking after nine of the Clock in the night time; nor buy or take to
+    Pawn any stolen goods, nor willingly Harbor in his said House, Barn,
+    Stable, or Otherwhere any Rogues, Vagabonds, Thieves, nor other
+    notorious offenders whatsoever, nor shall suffer any person or persons
+    to sell or utter any ale, beer, syder, etc., by Deputation or by
+    colour of this License, and also keep the true assize and measure in
+    his Pots, Bread and otherwise in uttering of ale, beer, syder, rum,
+    wine, &c., and the same sell by sealed measure. And in his said house
+    shall and do use and maintain good order and Rule: Then this present
+    Obligation to be either void, or else to stand in full Force, Power,
+    and Virtue."
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Hays' Tavern.]
+
+
+Dr. Dwight in his Travels said that Englishmen often laughed at the fact
+that inns in New England were kept by men of consequence. He says:--
+
+    "Our ancestors considered the inn a place where corruption might
+    naturally arise and easily spread; also as a place where travellers
+    must trust themselves, their horses, baggage, and money, and where
+    women must not be subjected to disagreeable experiences. To provide
+    for safety and comfort and against danger and mischief they took
+    particular pains in their laws to prevent inns from being kept by
+    unprincipled or worthless men. Every innkeeper in Connecticut must be
+    recommended by the selectmen and civil authorities, constables and
+    grand jurors of the town in which he resides, and then licensed at the
+    discretion of the Court of Common Pleas. It was substantially the same
+    in Massachusetts and New Hampshire."
+
+Lieutenant Francis Hall, travelling through America in 1817, wrote:--
+
+    "The innkeepers of America are in most villages what we call vulgarly,
+    topping men--field officers of militia, with good farms attached to
+    their taverns, so that they are apt to think what, perhaps, in a newly
+    settled country is not very wide of the truth, that travellers rather
+    receive than confer a favour by being accommodated at their houses.
+    The daughters of the host officiate at tea and breakfast and generally
+    wait at dinner."
+
+An English traveller who visited this country shortly after the Revolution
+speaks in no uncertain terms of "the uncomplying temper of the landlords
+of the country inns in America." Another adds this testimony:--
+
+    "They will not bear the treatment we too often give ours at home. They
+    feel themselves in some degree independent of travellers, as all of
+    them have other occupations to follow; nor will they put themselves
+    into a bustle on your account; but with good language, they are very
+    civil, and will accommodate you as well as they can."
+
+Brissot comprehended the reason for this appearance of independence; he
+wrote in 1788:--
+
+    "You will not go into one without meeting neatness, decency, and
+    dignity. The table is served by a maiden well-dressed and pretty; by a
+    pleasant mother whose age has not effaced the agreeableness of her
+    features; and by men _who have that air of respectability which is
+    inspired by the idea of equality_, and are not ignoble and base like
+    the greater part of our own tavern-keepers."
+
+Captain Basil Hall, a much-quoted English traveller who came to America in
+1827, designated a Salem landlord as the person who most pleased him in
+his extended visit. Sad to say he gives neither the name of the tavern nor
+the host who was "so devoid of prejudice, so willing to take all matters
+on their favourable side, so well informed about everything in his own and
+other countries, so ready to impart his knowledge to others; had such
+mirthfulness of fancy, such genuine heartiness of good-humour," etc.
+
+
+[Illustration: Cooper Tavern.]
+
+
+In 1828 a series of very instructive and entertaining letters on the
+United States was published under the title, _Notions of the Americans_.
+They are accredited to James Fenimore Cooper, and were addressed to
+various foreigners of distinction. The travels took place in 1824, at the
+same time as the visit of Lafayette, and frequently in his company.
+Naturally inns, hotels, and modes of travel receive much attention. He
+speaks thus lucidly and pleasantly of the landlords:--
+
+    "The innkeeper of Old England and the innkeeper of New England form
+    the very extremes of their class. The former is obsequious to the
+    rich; the other unmoved and often apparently cold. The first seems to
+    calculate at a glance the amount of profit you are likely to leave
+    behind you, while his opposite appears to calculate only in what
+    manner he can most contribute to your comfort without materially
+    impairing his own.... He is often a magistrate, the chief of a
+    battalion of militia or even a member of a state legislature. He is
+    almost always a man of character, for it is difficult for any other to
+    obtain a license to exercise the calling."
+
+John Adams thus described the host and hostess of the Ipswich Inn:--
+
+    "Landlord and landlady are some of the grandest people alive, landlady
+    is the great-granddaughter of Governor Endicott and has all the
+    notions of high family that you find in the Winslows, Hutchinsons,
+    Quincys, Saltonstalls, Chandlers, Otises, Learneds, and as you might
+    find with more propriety in the Winthrops. As to landlord, he is as
+    happy and as big, as proud, as conceited, as any nobleman in England,
+    always calm and good-natured and lazy, but the contemplation of his
+    farm and his sons, his house and pasture and cows, his sound judgment
+    as he thinks, and his great holiness as well as that of his wife, keep
+    him as erect in his thoughts as a noble or a prince."
+
+The curiosity and inquisitiveness of many landlords was a standing jest.
+
+"I have heard Dr. Franklin relate with great pleasantry," said one of his
+friends, "that in travelling when he was young, the first step he took for
+his tranquillity and to obtain immediate attention at the inns, was to
+anticipate inquiry by saying, 'My name is Benjamin Franklin. I was born in
+Boston. I am a printer by profession, am travelling to Philadelphia, shall
+have to return at such a time, and have no news. Now, what can you give
+me for dinner?'"
+
+The landlord was usually a politician, sometimes a rank demagogue. He
+often held public office, was selectman, road commissioner, tax assessor,
+tax collector, constable, or town moderator; occasionally he performed all
+these duties. John Adams wrote bitterly that at public houses men sat
+drinking heavily while "plotting with the landlord to get him at the next
+town-meeting an election either for selectman or representative."
+
+They were most frequently soldiers, either officers in the militia or
+brave fighters who had served in the army. It was a favorite calling for
+Revolutionary soldiers who lived till times of peace. They were usually
+cheerful men; a gloomy landlord made customers disappear like flowers
+before a frost. And these cheery hosts were fond of practical jokes.
+
+One of the old hotels with the long piazza across the entire front was
+owned by a jesting landlord who never failed to spring an April-fool joke
+on his forgetful customers each year. The tavern had two doors, and every
+winter these were protected by portable storm porches the width of the
+door and about four feet deep. On the first day of April the landlord
+moved the porches a few feet down the piazza, so they opened upon the
+blank wall of the house. The house and piazza sat at such an angle with
+the walk from the street that the uncovered front doors were not visible
+to the visitor, so the delusion was complete. Grocerymen, butchers,
+bakers, travellers, even the tavern servants, invariably fell into the
+trap, thrust open the door, which swung with a slam and left them facing
+the blank wall. Any tavern frequenter, caught early in the day, was always
+ready to tole in a group of victims. As they walked up the steps he would
+say, "Come, boys, let's all pile into the office in a bunch and holler,
+'Hullo, old Jed,' all together." All agreed and charged with a rush into
+the 4 x 6 storm box, while the plotter of the trick went in the real door
+and sat coolly sipping a rum punch as the confused and angry contingent
+came in with battered hats and bruised elbows, after its scuffle in the
+trap.
+
+
+[Illustration: Shelby's Traveller's Rest.]
+
+
+One landlord had the name of frequently tricking travellers who stopped
+for a single meal by having the driver call out "Stage is ready" before
+they could eat the dinner they had ordered and paid for. A Yankee
+passenger disregarded this hasty summons and leisurely ate his dinner
+while the stage drove off without him. He finished the roast and called at
+last for a bowl of bread and milk to top off with as dessert. Not a spoon
+could be found for this dish, though plenty of silver spoons had been on
+the table when the stage stopped. To the distracted landlord the Yankee
+drawled out, "Do you think them passengers was going away without
+something for their money? I could p'int out the man that took them
+spoons." A stable boy on a fleet horse was promptly despatched after the
+stage, and overtook it two miles down the road. A low-spoken explanation
+and request to the driver caused him to turn quickly around and drive back
+to the tavern door with all the angry protesting passengers. The excited
+landlord called out to the Yankee as the coach stopped, "You just p'int
+out the man that took them spoons."--"Sartainly, Squire," said he, as he
+climbed into the coach, "I'll p'int him out. I took 'em myself. You'll
+find 'em all in the big coffee pot on the table. Hurry up, driver, I've
+had my dinner. All aboard."
+
+Grant Thorburn quaintly tells of this custom at another tavern:--
+
+    "At Providence coaches were ready: on flew through the dust and sweat
+    of the day like Jehus. At the tavern dinner was ready, but there was
+    no contract for time to eat; after grace from Dr. Cox (too long for
+    the occasion) we begun to eat. Scarcely had I swallowed half my first
+    course when in came driver hallowing "All ready." I thought there was
+    a stable-yard understanding between him and the landlord, for while we
+    were brushing the dust from our clothes, mustering and saying grace,
+    he was eating and drinking as fast as he could, and I did not observe
+    that he paid anything. We arrived at the Eagle Tavern (Boston) about
+    sundown; the ladies' hats and frocks which had shewed colours enough
+    to have decked fifteen rainbows were now one, viz.: ashes on ashes and
+    dust on dust."
+
+The graceless modern reader might suspect that the "stable-yard
+understanding" included the parson.
+
+
+[Illustration: Miller's Tavern.]
+
+
+A very amusing and original landlord was "Devil" Dave Miller, of the old
+General Washington Tavern which stood on East King Street, Lancaster,
+Pennsylvania. He was very stout and was generally seen in public
+bestriding an unusually small horse, which he would ride into his barroom
+to get a drink for both. When he wished to dismount, he rode to the
+doorway and hung on the frame of the door with his hands. The horse would
+walk from under him and go unguided to the stable. An old print of this
+tavern marked D. Miller's Hotel, is shown on page 73. The various vehicles
+standing in front of the hotel are interesting in shape,--old chaises,
+chairs, and a coach.
+
+An old landlord named Ramsay had a spacious and popular inn on a
+much-travelled turnpike road, and was the proprietor of a prosperous line
+of stage-coaches. He waxed rich, but though looked up to by all in the
+community, plainly showed by the precarious condition of his health in his
+advancing years that he partook too freely of his own "pure old rye." His
+family and friends, though thoroughly alarmed, did not dare to caution the
+high-spirited old gentleman against this over-indulgence; and the family
+doctor was deputed to deal with the squire in the most delicate and
+tactful manner possible. The doctor determined to employ a parable, as did
+Nathan to David, and felt confident of success; and to deliver his
+metaphorical dose he entered the taproom and cheerfully engaged the squire
+in conversation upon an ever favorite topic, the stage-coach. He finally
+ran on to know how long a well-built coach would last on the road, and
+then said: "Now, Squire, if you had a fine well-built old coach that had
+done good service, but showed age by being a little shackling, being
+sprung a little, having the seams open, would you hitch it up with young
+horses and put it on a rough road, or would you favor it with steady old
+stagers and the smoothest road you could find?"--"Well, Doctor," answered
+the squire, "if I had such a coach as that _I would soak it_." And that
+seemed to bring the doctor's parable to a somewhat sudden and unprofitable
+ending.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+TAVERN FARE AND TAVERN WAYS
+
+
+In the year 1704 a Boston widow named Sarah Knights journeyed "by post,"
+that is, went on horseback, in the company of the government postman, from
+Boston to New York, and returned a few months later. She kept a journal of
+her trip, and as she was a shrewd woman with a sharp eye and sharper
+tongue, her record is of interest. She stopped at the various hostelries
+on the route, some of which were well-established taverns, others
+miserable makeshifts; and she gives us some glimpses of rather rude fare.
+On the first night of her journey she rode late to "overtake the post,"
+and this is the account of her reception at her first lodging-place:--
+
+    "My guide dismounted and very complasently shewed the door signing to
+    me to Go in, which I Gladly did. But had not gone many steps into the
+    room ere I was interrogated by a young Lady with these or words to
+    this purpose, viz., Law for mee--what in the world brings you here
+    this time-a-night? I never see a Woman on the Rode so Late in all my
+    Varsall Life! Who are you? Where are you goeing? Im scar'd out of my
+    witts.... She then turned agen to mee and fell anew into her silly
+    questions without asking mee to sit down. I told her she treated me
+    very Rudely and I did not think it my duty to answer her unmannerly
+    questions. But to get ridd of them I told her I come there to have the
+    Posts company with me to morrow on my journey."
+
+She thus describes one stopping-place:--
+
+    "I pray'd her to show me where I must lodge. Shee conducted mee to a
+    parlour in a little back Lento, which was almost filled with the
+    bedstead, which was so high that I was forced to climb on a chair to
+    gitt up to ye wretched bed that lay on it, on which having Strecht my
+    tired Limbs and lay'd my Head on a Sad-coloured pillow, I began to
+    think on the transactions of ye past day."
+
+At another place she complained that the dinner had been boiled in the
+dye-kettle, that the black slaves ate at the table with their master, "and
+into the dish goes the black hoof as freely as the white hand...." Again
+she says:--
+
+    "We would have eat a morsell, but the Pumpkin and Indian-mixt Bread
+    had such an aspect, and the Bare-legg'd Punch so awkerd or rather
+    awfull a sound that we left both."
+
+At Rye, New York, she lodged at an ordinary kept by a Frenchman. She thus
+writes:--
+
+    "Being very hungry I desired a Fricassee which the landlord
+    undertaking managed so contrary to my notion of Cookery that I
+    hastened to Bed superless. Being shew'd the way up a pair of Stairs
+    which had such a narrow passage that I had almost stopt by the Bulk of
+    my Body; But arriving at my Apartment found it to be a little Lento
+    Chamber furnisht among other Rubbish with a High Bedd and a Low one, a
+    Long Table, a Bench and a Bottomless Chair. Little Miss went to
+    scratch up my Kennell whch Russelled as if shee'd bin in the Barn
+    among the Husks and supose such was the contents of the
+    Tickin--nevertheless being exceedingly weary down I laid my poor
+    Carkes never more tired and found my Covering as scanty as my bed was
+    hard. Anon I heard another Russelling noise in the room--called to
+    know the matter--Little Miss said she was making a bed for the men;
+    who when they were in Bed complain'd their Leggs lay out of it by
+    reason of its shortness--my poor bones complained bitterly not being
+    used to such Lodgings, and so did the man who was with us; and poor I
+    made but one Grone which was from the time I went to bed to the time I
+    riss which was about three in the morning Setting up by the fire till
+    light."
+
+Manners were rude enough at many country taverns until well into the
+century. There could be no putting on of airs, no exclusiveness. All
+travellers sat at the same table. Many of the rooms were double-bedded,
+and four who were strangers to each other often slept in each other's
+company.
+
+An English officer wrote of this custom in America:--
+
+    "The general custom of having two or three beds in a room to be sure
+    is very disagreeable; it arises from the great increase of travelling
+    within the last few years, and the smallness of their houses, which
+    were not built for houses of entertainment."
+
+Mr. Twining said that after you were asleep the landlord entered, candle
+in hand, and escorted a stranger to your side, and he calmly shared the
+bed till morning. Thurlow Weed said that any one who objected to a
+stranger as a bedfellow was regarded as obnoxious and as unreasonably
+fastidious. Still Captain Basil Hall declared that even at remote taverns
+his family had exclusive apartments; while in crowded inns it was never
+even suggested to him that other travellers should share his quarters.
+
+
+[Illustration: Ellery Tavern.]
+
+
+Many old tavern account-books and bills exist to show us the price of
+tavern fare at various dates.
+
+Mr. Field gives a bill of board at the Bowen Inn at Barrington, Rhode
+Island. John Tripp and his wife put up at the inn on the 11th of May,
+1776.
+
+                                                    _s._ _d._
+
+  "To 1 Dinner                                            9
+   To Bread and Cheese                                    7
+   To breakfast & dinner                             1    3
+   To 1 Bowl Toddy                                        9
+   To Lodging you and wife                                6
+   To 1-1/2 Bowl Toddy                               1    1-1/2
+   To 1/2 Mug Cyder                                       1-1/2
+   To lodge self and wife                                 6
+   To 1 Gill Brandy                                       5-1/2
+   To breakfast                                           9-1/2
+   Mug Cyder                                              1-1/2
+   To 1/2 bowl Toddy                                      4-1/2
+   Dinner                                                 8
+   To 15 Lb Tobacco at 6_d._                         7    6
+   To 1/4 Bowl Toddy                                      4-1/2
+   To 1/2 Mug Cyder                                       1-1/2
+   To Supper                                              6"
+
+I suppose the quarter bowls of toddy were for Madam Tripp.
+
+The house known for many years as the Ellery Tavern is still standing in
+Gloucester, Massachusetts, and is a very good example of the overhanging
+second story, as is shown in the front view of it given on page 79; and
+also of the lean-to, or sloping-roofed ell, which is shown by the picture
+on page 83 of the rear of the house. This house was built by Parson White
+in 1707, and afterward kept as a tavern by James Stevens till 1740; then
+it came into the hands of Landlord Ellery. As in scores of other taverns
+in other towns, the selectmen of the town held their meetings within its
+doors. There were five selectmen in 1744, and their annual salary for
+transacting the town's business was five dollars apiece. The tavern
+charges, however, for their entertainment amounted to L30, old tenor. It
+is not surprising, therefore, to read in the town records of the following
+year that the citizens voted the selectmen a salary of L5, old tenor,
+apiece, and "to find themselves." Nevertheless, in 1749, there was another
+bill from the Ellery Tavern of L78, old tenor, for the selectmen who had
+been sworn in the year previously and thus welcomed, "Expense for
+selectmen and Licker, L3. 18_s._" The Ellery Tavern has seen many another
+meeting of good cheer since those days.
+
+The selectmen of the town of Cambridge, Massachusetts, met at the Blue
+Anchor Tavern, which was established as an ordinary as early as 1652.
+Their bill for 1769 runs thus:--
+
+    "The Selectmen of the Town of Cambridge to Ebenezer Bradish, Dr. 1769:
+
+        March, To dinners and drink                     L0. 17. 8
+        April, To flip and punch                             2.
+        May, To wine and eating                              6. 8
+        May, To dinners, drink and suppers                  18.
+        May, To flip and cheese                              1. 8
+        May, To wine and flip                                4.
+        June, To punch                                       2. 8
+        July, To punch and eating                            4.
+        August, To punch and cheese                          3. 7
+        October, To punch and flip                           4. 8
+        October, To dinners and drink                       13. 8
+          Sundries                                          12.
+                                                          --------
+                                                        L4. 10. 7"
+
+"Ordination Day" was almost as great a day for the tavern as for the
+meeting-house. The visiting ministers who came to assist at the religious
+service of ordination of a new minister were usually entertained at the
+tavern. Often a specially good beer was brewed called "ordination beer,"
+and in Connecticut an "ordination ball" was given at the tavern--this with
+the sanction of the parsons. The bills for entertaining the visitors, for
+the dinner and lodging at the local taverns, are in many cases preserved.
+One of the most characteristic was at a Hartford ordination. It runs:--
+
+                             L  _s._  _d._
+  "To keeping Ministers          2.    4
+   2 Mugs tody                   5.    10
+   5 Segars                      3
+   1 Pint Wine                         9
+   3 Lodgings                    9
+   3 Bitters                           9
+   3 Breakfasts                  3.    6
+  15 boles Punch             1. 10
+  24 dinners                 1. 16
+  11 bottles wine                3.    6
+   5 Mugs flip                   5.  10
+   5 Boles Punch                 6
+   3 Boles Tody                  3.  6"
+
+The bill is endorsed with unconscious humor, "This all paid for except the
+Ministers Rum."
+
+
+[Illustration: Lean-to of Ellery Tavern.]
+
+
+The book already referred to, called _Notions of the Americans_, tells of
+taverns during the triumphal tour of Lafayette in 1824. The author writes
+thus of the stage-house, or tavern, on the regular stage line. He said he
+stopped at fifty such, some not quite so good and some better than the one
+he chooses to describe, namely, Bispham's at Trenton, New Jersey.
+
+    "We were received by the landlord with perfect civility, but without
+    the slightest shade of obsequiousness. The deportment of the innkeeper
+    was manly, courteous, and even kind; but there was that in his air
+    which sufficiently proved that both parties were expected to manifest
+    the same qualities. We were asked if we all formed one party, or
+    whether the gentlemen who alighted from stage number one wished to be
+    by themselves. We were shown into a neat well-furnished little
+    parlour, where our supper made its appearance in the course of twenty
+    minutes. The table contained many little delicacies, such as game,
+    oysters, and choice fish, and several things were named to us as at
+    hand if needed. The tea was excellent, the coffee as usual indifferent
+    enough. The papers of New York and Philadelphia were brought at our
+    request, and we sat with our two candles before a cheerful fire
+    reading them as long as we pleased. Our bed-chambers were spacious,
+    well-furnished, and as neat as possible; the beds as good as one
+    usually finds them out of France. Now for these accommodations, which
+    were just as good with one solitary exception (sanitary) as you would
+    meet in the better order of English provincial inns, and much better
+    in the quality and abundance of the food, we paid the sum of 4_s._
+    6_d._ each."
+
+A copy is given opposite page 86 of a bill of the "O. Cromwell's Head
+Tavern" of Boston, which was made from a plate engraved by Paul Revere.
+This tavern was kept for over half a century by members of the Brackett
+family. It was distinctly the tavern of the gentry, and many a
+distinguished guest had "board, lodging, and eating" within its walls, as
+well as the wine, punch, porter, and liquor named on the bill. It will be
+noted that the ancient measure--a pottle--is here used. Twenty years
+before the Revolutionary War, and just after the crushing defeat of the
+British general, Braddock, in what was then the West, an intelligent young
+Virginian named George Washington, said to be a good engineer and soldier,
+lodged at the Cromwell's Head Tavern, while he conferred with Governor
+Shirley, the great war Governor of the day, on military affairs and
+projects. When this same Virginian soldier entered Boston at the head of
+a victorious army, he quartered his troops in Governor Shirley's mansion
+and grounds.
+
+The sign-board of this tavern bore a portrait of the Lord Protector, and
+it is said it was hung so low that all who passed under it had to make a
+necessary reverence.
+
+While British martial law prevailed in Boston, the grim head of Cromwell
+became distasteful to Tories, who turned one side rather than walk under
+the shadow of the sign-board, and at last Landlord Brackett had to take
+down and hide the obnoxious symbol.
+
+The English traveller Melish was loud in his praise of the taverns
+throughout New York State as early as 1806. He noted at Little Falls, then
+in the backwoods, and two hundred miles from New York, that on the
+breakfast table were "table-cloth, tea tray, tea-pots, milk-pot, bowls,
+cups, sugar-tongs, teaspoons, casters, plates, knives, forks, tea, sugar,
+cream, bread, butter, steak, eggs, cheese, potatoes, beets, salt, vinegar,
+pepper," and all for twenty-five cents. He said Johnstown had but sixty
+houses, of which nine were taverns.
+
+Another English traveller told of the fare in American hotels in 1807.
+While in Albany at "Gregory's," which he said was equal to many of the
+London hotels, he wrote:--
+
+    "It is the custom in all American taverns, from the highest to the
+    lowest, to have a sort of public table at which the inmates of the
+    house and travellers dine together at a certain hour. It is also
+    frequented by many single gentlemen belonging to the town. At
+    Gregory's upwards of thirty sat down to dinner, though there were not
+    more than a dozen who resided in the house. A stranger is thus soon
+    introduced to an acquaintance with the people, and if he is travelling
+    alone he will find at these tables some relief from the ennui of his
+    situation. At the better sort of American taverns very excellent
+    dinners are provided, consisting of almost everything in season. The
+    hour is from two to three o'clock, and there are three meals in the
+    day. They breakfast at eight o'clock upon rump steaks, fish, eggs, and
+    a variety of cakes with tea or coffee. The last meal is at seven in
+    the evening, and consists of as substantial fare as the breakfast,
+    with the addition of cold fowl, ham, &c. The price of boarding at
+    these houses is from a dollar and a half to two dollars per day.
+    Brandy, hollands, and other spirits are allowed at dinner, but every
+    other liquor is paid for extra. English breakfasts and teas, generally
+    speaking, are meagre repasts compared with those of America, and as
+    far as I observed the people live with respect to eating in a much
+    more luxurious manner than we do. Many private families live in the
+    same style as at these houses; and have as great variety. Formerly
+    pies, puddings, and cyder used to grace the breakfast table, but now
+    they are discarded from the genteeler houses, and are found only in
+    the small taverns and farm-houses in the country."
+
+In spite of the vast number of inns in Philadelphia, another English
+gentleman bore testimony in 1823 that he deemed the city ill-provided with
+hostelries. This gentleman "put up" at the Mansion House, which was the
+splendid Bingham Mansion on Third Street. He wrote:--
+
+    "The tavern-keepers will not receive you on any other terms except
+    boarded at so much a day or week; you cannot have your meals by
+    yourself, or at your own hours. This custom of boarding I disliked
+    very much. The terms are, however, very moderate, only ten dollars per
+    week. The table is always spread with the greatest profusion and
+    variety, even at breakfast, supper, and tea; all of which meals indeed
+    were it not for the absence of wine and soup, might be called so many
+    dinners."
+
+
+[Illustration: Bill of Cromwell's Head Tavern.]
+
+
+There lies before me a collection of twoscore old hotel bills of fare
+about a half century old. They are of dates when stage-coaching had
+reached its highest point of perfection, and the coaching tavern its
+glory. There were railroads,--comparatively few lines, however,--but they
+had not destroyed the constant use of coaches.
+
+These hotels were the best of their kind in the country, such as the
+United States Hotel of Philadelphia, Foley's National Hotel of Norfolk,
+Virginia, Union Place Hotel and New York Hotel of New York, Union Hotel of
+Richmond, Virginia, American House of Springfield, Massachusetts, Dorsey's
+Exchange Hotel and Barnum's City Hotel of Baltimore, Maryland, the Troy
+House, the Tremont House of Boston, Massachusetts, etc. At this time all
+have become hotels and houses, not a tavern nor an inn is among them.
+
+The menus are printed on long narrow slips of poor paper, not on
+cardboard; often the names of many of the dishes are written in. They show
+much excellence and variety in quality, and abundant quantity; they are, I
+think, as good as hotels of similar size would offer to-day. There are
+more boiled meats proportionately than would be served now, and fewer
+desserts. Here is what the American House of Springfield had for its
+guests on October 2, 1851: Mock-turtle soup; boiled blue-fish with oyster
+sauce; boiled chickens with oyster sauce; boiled mutton with caper sauce;
+boiled tongue, ham, corned beef and cabbage; boiled chickens with pork;
+roast beef, lamb, chickens, veal, pork, and turkey; roast partridge;
+fricasseed chicken, oyster patties, chicken pie, boiled rice, macaroni;
+apple, squash, mince, custard, and peach pies; boiled custard; blanc
+mange, tapioca pudding, peaches, nuts, and raisins. Vegetables were not
+named; doubtless every autumnal vegetable was served.
+
+At the Union Place Hotel in 1850 the vegetables were mashed potatoes,
+Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, boiled rice, onions, tomatoes, squash,
+cauliflower, turnips, and spinach. At the United States Hotel in
+Philadelphia the variety was still greater, and there were twelve entrees.
+The Southern hotels offered nine entrees, and egg-plant appears among the
+vegetables. The wine lists are ample; those of 1840 might be of to-day,
+that is, in regard to familiar names; but the prices were different.
+Mumm's champagne was two dollars and a half a quart; Ruinard and Cliquot
+two dollars; the best Sauterne a dollar a quart; Rudesheimer 1811, and
+Hockheimer, two dollars; clarets were higher priced, and Burgundies.
+Madeiras were many in number, and high priced; Constantia (twenty years in
+glass) and Diploma (forty years in wood) were six dollars a bottle. At
+Barnum's Hotel there were Madeiras at ten dollars a bottle, sherries at
+five, hock at six; this hotel offered thirty choice Madeiras--and these
+dinners were served at two o'clock. Corkage was a dollar.
+
+
+[Illustration: Bill of Fare of City Hotel.]
+
+
+Certain taverns were noted for certain fare, for choice modes of cooking
+special delicacies. One was resorted to for boiled trout, another for
+planked shad. Travellers rode miles out of their way to have at a certain
+hostelry calves-head soup, a most elaborate and tedious dish if properly
+prepared, and a costly one, with its profuse wine, but as appetizing and
+rich as it is difficult of making. More humble taverns with simpler
+materials but good cooks had wonderful johnny-cakes, delightful waffles,
+or even specially good mush and milk. Certain localities afforded certain
+delicacies; salmon in one river town, and choice oysters. One landlord
+raised and killed his own mutton; another prided himself on ducks. Another
+cured his own hams. An old Dutch tavern was noted for rolliches and
+head-cheese.
+
+During the eighteenth century turtle-feasts were eagerly attended--or
+turtle-frolics as they were called. A travelling clergyman named Burnaby
+wrote in 1759:--
+
+    "There are several taverns pleasantly situated upon East River, near
+    New York, where it is common to have these turtle-feasts. These happen
+    once or twice a week. Thirty or forty gentlemen and ladies meet and
+    dine together, drink tea in the afternoon, fish, and amuse themselves
+    till evening, and then return home in Italian chaises, a gentleman and
+    lady in each chaise. On the way there is a bridge, about three miles
+    distant from New York, which you always pass over as you return,
+    called the Kissing Bridge, where it is part of the etiquette to salute
+    the lady who has put herself under your protection."
+
+Every sea-captain who sailed to the West Indies was expected to bring home
+a turtle on the return voyage for a feast to his expectant friends. A
+turtle was deemed an elegant gift; usually a keg of limes accompanied the
+turtle, for lime-juice was deemed the best of all "sourings" for punch. In
+Newport a Guinea Coast negro named Cuffy Cockroach, the slave of Mr.
+Jahleel Brenton, was deemed the prince of turtle cooks. He was lent far
+and wide for these turtle-feasts, and was hired out at taverns.
+
+Near Philadelphia catfish suppers were popular. Mendenhall Ferry Tavern
+was on the Schuylkill River about two miles below the Falls. It was
+opposite a ford which landed on the east side, and from which a lane ran
+up to the Ridge Turnpike. This lane still remains between the North and
+South Laurel Hill cemeteries, just above the city of Philadelphia.
+Previous to the Revolution the ferry was known as Garrigue's Ferry. A
+cable was stretched across the stream; by it a flatboat with burdens was
+drawn from side to side. The tavern was the most popular catfish-supper
+tavern on the river drive. Waffles were served with the catfish. A large
+Staffordshireware platter, printed in clear, dark, beautiful blue, made by
+the English potter, Stubbs, shows this ferry and tavern, with its broad
+piazza, and the river with its row of poplar trees. It is shown on page
+93. Burnaby enjoyed the catfish-suppers as much as the turtle-feasts, but
+I doubt if there was a Kissing Bridge in Philadelphia.
+
+Many were the good reasons that could be given to explain and justify
+attendance at an old-time tavern; one was the fact that often the only
+newspaper that came to town was kept therein. This dingy tavern sheet
+often saw hard usage, for when it went its rounds some could scarce read
+it, some but pretend to read it. One old fellow in Newburyport opened it
+wide, gazed at it with interest, and cried out to his neighbor in much
+excitement: "Bad news. Terrible gales, terrible gales, ships all bottom
+side up," as indeed they were, in his way of holding the news sheet.
+
+The extent and purposes to which the tavern sheet might be applied can be
+guessed from the notice written over the mantel-shelf of one taproom,
+"Gentlemen learning to spell are requested to use last week's newsletter."
+
+The old taverns saw many rough jokes. Often there was a tavern butt on
+whom all played practical jokes. These often ended in a rough fight. The
+old Collin's Tavern shown on page 97 was in coaching days a famous tavern
+in Naugatuck on the road between New Haven and Litchfield. One of the
+hostlers at this tavern, a burly negro, was the butt of all the tavern
+hangers-on, and a great source of amusement to travellers. His chief
+accomplishment was "bunting." He bragged that he could with a single bunt
+break down a door, overturn a carriage, or fell a horse. One night a group
+of jokers promised to give him all the cheeses he could bunt through. He
+bunted holes through three cheeses on the tavern porch, and then was
+offered a grindstone, which he did not perceive either by his sense of
+sight or feeling to be a stone until his alarmed tormentors forced him to
+desist for fear he might kill himself.
+
+A picturesque and grotesque element of tavern life was found in those last
+leaves on the tree, the few of Indian blood who lingered after the tribes
+were scattered and nearly all were dead. These tawnies could not be made
+as useful in the tavern yard as the shiftless and shifting negro element
+that also drifted to the tavern, for the Eastern Indian never loved a
+horse as did the negro, and seldom became handy in the care of horses.
+These waifs of either race, and half-breeds of both races, circled around
+the tavern chiefly because a few stray pennies might be earned there, and
+also because within the tavern were plentiful supplies of cider and rum.
+
+
+[Illustration: Mendenhall Ferry Platter.]
+
+
+Almost every community had two or three of these semi-civilized Indian
+residents, who performed some duties sometimes, but who often in the
+summer, seized with the spirit of their fathers or the influence of their
+early lives, wandered off for weeks and months, sometimes selling brooms
+and baskets, sometimes reseating chairs, oftener working not, simply
+tramping trustfully, sure of food whenever they asked for it. It is
+curious to note how industrious, orderly Quaker and Puritan housewives
+tolerated the laziness, offensiveness, and excesses of these
+half-barbarians. Their uncouthness was endured when they were in health,
+and when they fell sick they were cared for with somewhat the same charity
+and forbearance that would be shown a naughty, unruly child.
+
+Often the landlady of the tavern or the mistress of the farm-house,
+bustling into her kitchen in the gray dawn, would find a sodden Indian
+sleeping on the floor by the fireplace, sometimes a squaw and pappoose by
+his side. If the kitchen door had no latch-string out, the Indian would
+crawl into the hay in the barn; but wherever he slept, he always found his
+way to the kitchen in good time for an ample breakfast.
+
+Indian women often proved better helpers than the men. One Deb Browner
+lived a severely respectable life all winter, ever ready to help in the
+kitchen of the tavern if teamsters demanded meals; always on hand to help
+dip candles in early winter, and make soap in early spring; and her strong
+arms never tired. But when early autumn tinted the trees, and on came the
+hunting season, she tore off her respectable calico gown and apron, kicked
+off her shoes and stockings, and with black hair hanging wild, donned
+moccasins and blanket, and literally fled to the woods for a breath of
+life, for freedom. She took her flitting unseen in the night, but twice
+was she noted many miles away by folk who knew her, tramping steadily
+northward, bearing by a metomp of bark around her forehead a heavy burden
+in a blanket.
+
+One Sabbath morning in May a travelling teamster saw her in her
+ultra-civilized state on her way home from meeting, crowned, not only with
+a discreet bonnet, but with a long green veil hanging down her back. She
+was entering the tavern door to know whether they wished her to attack the
+big spring washing and bleaching the following day. "Hello, Teppamoy!" he
+said, staring at her, "how came you here and in them clothes?" Scowling
+fiercely, she walked on in haughty silence, while the baffled teamster
+told a group of tavern loafers that he had been a lumberman, and some
+years there came to the camp in Maine a wild old squaw named Teppamoy who
+raised the devil generally, but the constable had never caught her, and
+that she "looked enough like that Mis' Browner to be her sister."
+
+Another half-breed Indian, old Tuggie Bannocks, lived in old Narragansett.
+She was as much negro as Indian and was reputed to be a witch; she
+certainly had some unusual peculiarities, the most marked being a full set
+of double teeth all the way round, and an absolute refusal ever to sit on
+a chair, sofa, stool, or anything that was intended to be sat upon. She
+would sit on a table, or a churn, or a cradle-head, or squat on the floor;
+or she would pull a drawer out of a high chest and recline on the edge of
+that. It was firmly believed that in her own home she hung by her heels on
+the oaken chair rail which ran around the room. She lived in the only
+roofed portion of an old tumble-down house that had been at one time a
+tavern, and she bragged that she could "raise" every one who had ever
+stopped at that house as a guest, and often did so for company. Oh! what a
+throng of shadows, some fair of face, some dark of life, would have filled
+the dingy tavern at her command! I have told some incidents of her life in
+my _Old Narragansett_, so will no longer keep her dusky presence here.
+
+Other Indian "walk-abouts," as tramps were called, lived in the vicinity
+of Malden, Massachusetts; old "Moll Grush," who fiercely resented her
+nickname; Deb Saco the fortune-teller, whose "counterfeit presentment" can
+be seen in the East Indian Museum at Salem; Squaw Shiner, who died from
+being blown off a bridge in a gale, and who was said to be "a faithful
+friend, a sharp enemy, a judge of herbs, a weaver of baskets, and a lover
+of rum."
+
+Another familiar and marked character was Sarah Boston. I have taken the
+incidents of her life from _The Hundredth Town_, where it is told so
+graphically. She lived on Keith Hill in Grafton, Massachusetts, an early
+"praying town" of the Indians. A worn hearthstone and doorstone,
+surrounded now by green grass and shadowed by dying lilacs, still show the
+exact spot where once stood her humble walls, where once "her garden
+smiled."
+
+
+[Illustration: Collin's Tavern.]
+
+
+The last of the Hassanamiscoes (a noble tribe of the Nipmuck race, first
+led to Christ in 1654 by that gentle man John Eliot, the Apostle to the
+Indians), she showed in her giant stature, her powerful frame, her vast
+muscular power, no evidence of a debilitated race or of enfeebled
+vitality. It is said she weighed over three hundred pounds. Her father was
+Boston Phillips, also told of in story and tradition for his curious ways
+and doings. Sarah dressed in short skirts, a man's boots and hat, a heavy
+spencer (which was a man's wear in those days); and, like a true Indian,
+always wore a blanket over her shoulders in winter. She was mahogany-red
+of color, with coarse black hair, high cheek-bones, and all the
+characteristic features of her race. Her great strength and endurance made
+her the most desired farm-hand in the township to be employed in haying
+time, in wall-building, or in any heavy farm work. Her fill of cider was
+often her only pay for some powerful feat of strength, such as
+stone-lifting or stump-pulling. At her leisure times in winter she made
+and peddled baskets in true Indian fashion, and told improbable and
+baseless fortunes, and she begged cider at the tavern, and drank cider
+everywhere. "The more I drink the drier I am," was a favorite expression
+of hers. Her insolence and power of abuse made her dreaded for domestic
+service, though she freely entered every home, and sat smoking and
+glowering for hours in the chimney corner of the tavern; but in those days
+of few house-servants and scant "help," she often had to be endured that
+she might assist the tired farm wife or landlady.
+
+A touch of grim humor is found in this tale of her--the more humorous
+because, in spite of Apostle Eliot and her Christian forbears, she was
+really a most godless old heathen. She tended with care her little garden,
+whose chief ornament was a fine cherry tree bearing luscious blackhearts,
+while her fellow-townsmen had only sour Morellos growing in their yards.
+Each year the sons of her white neighbors, unrestrained by her threats and
+entreaties, stripped her tree of its toothsome and beautiful crop before
+Sarah Boston could gather it. One year the tree hung heavy with a
+specially full crop; the boys watched eagerly and expectantly the glow
+deepening on each branch, through tinted red to dark wine color, when one
+morning the sound of a resounding axe was heard in Sarah's garden, and a
+passer-by found her with powerful blows cutting down the heavily laden
+tree. "Why, Sarah," he asked in surprise, "why are you cutting down your
+splendid great cherry tree?"--"It shades the house," she growled; "I can't
+see to read my Bible."
+
+A party of rollicking Yankee blades, bold with tavern liquor, pounded one
+night on the wooden gate of the old Grafton burying-ground, and called out
+in profane and drunken jest, "Arise, ye dead, the judgment day is come."
+Suddenly from one of the old graves loomed up in the dark the gigantic
+form of Sarah Boston, answering in loud voice, "Yes, Lord, I am coming."
+Nearly paralyzed with fright, the drunken fellows fled, stumbling with
+dismay before this terrifying and unrecognized apparition.
+
+Mrs. Forbes ends the story of Sarah Boston with a beautiful thought. The
+old squaw now lies at rest in the same old shadowy burial place--no longer
+the jest and gibe of jeering boys, the despised and drunken outcast.
+Majestic with the calm dignity of death, she peacefully sleeps by the side
+of her white neighbors. At the dawn of the last day may she once more
+arise, and again answer with clear voice, "Yes, Lord, I am coming."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+"KILL-DEVIL" AND ITS AFFINES
+
+
+Any account of old-time travel by stage-coach and lodging in old-time
+taverns would be incomplete without frequent reference to that universal
+accompaniment of travel and tavern sojourn, that most American of
+comforting stimulants--rum.
+
+The name is doubtless American. A manuscript description of Barbadoes,
+written twenty-five years after the English settlement of the island in
+1651, is thus quoted in _The Academy_: "The chief fudling they make in the
+island is Rumbullion, alias Kill-Divil, and this is made of sugar canes
+distilled, a hot, hellish, and terrible liquor." This is the
+earliest-known allusion to the liquor rum; the word is held by some
+antiquaries in what seems rather a strained explanation to be the gypsy
+rum, meaning potent, or mighty. The word rum was at a very early date
+adopted and used as English university slang. The oldest American
+reference to the word rum (meaning the liquor) which I have found is in
+the act of the General Court of Massachusetts in May, 1657, prohibiting
+the sale of strong liquors "whether knowne by the name of rumme, strong
+water, wine, brandy, etc., etc." The traveller Josselyn wrote of it,
+terming it that "cursed liquor rhum, rumbullion or kill-devil." English
+sailors still call their grog rumbowling. But the word rum in this word
+and in rumbooze and in rumfustian did not mean rum; it meant the gypsy
+adjective powerful. Rumbooze or rambooze, distinctly a gypsy word, and an
+English university drink also, is made of eggs, ale, wine, and sugar.
+Rumfustian was made of a quart of strong beer, a bottle of white wine or
+sherry, half a pint of gin, the yolks of twelve eggs, orange peel, nutmeg,
+spices, and sugar. Rum-barge is another mixed drink of gypsy name. It will
+be noted that none of these contains any rum.
+
+In some localities in America rum was called in early days
+Barbadoes-liquor, a very natural name, occasionally also Barbadoes-brandy.
+The Indians called it ocuby, or as it was spelled in the Norridgewock
+tongue, ah-coobee. Many of the early white settlers called it by the same
+name. Kill-devil was its most universal name, not only a slang name, but a
+trading-term used in bills of sale. A description of Surinam written in
+1651 says: "Rhum made from sugar-canes is called kill-devil in New
+England." At thus early a date had the manufacture of rum become
+associated with New England.
+
+The Dutch in New York called the liquor brandy-wine, and soon in that
+colony wherever strong waters were named in tavern lists, the liquor was
+neither aqua vitae nor gin nor brandy, but New England rum.
+
+It soon was cheap enough. Rev. Increase Mather, the Puritan parson, wrote,
+in 1686: "It is an unhappy thing that in later years a Kind of Drink
+called Rum has been common among us. They that are poor and wicked, too,
+can for a penny make themselves drunk." From old account-books, bills of
+lading, grocers' bills, family expenses, etc., we have the price of rum at
+various dates, and find that his assertion was true.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Rum Bottles.]
+
+
+In 1673 Barbadoes rum was worth 6_s._ a gallon. In 1687 its price had
+vastly fallen, and New England rum sold for 1_s._ 6_d._ a gallon. In 1692
+2_s._ a gallon was the regular price. In 1711 the price was 3_s._ 3_d._ In
+1757, as currency grew valueless, it was 21_s._ a gallon. In 1783 only a
+little over a shilling; then it was but 8_d._ a quart. During this time
+the average cost of molasses in the West Indies was 12_d._ a gallon; so,
+though the distillery plant for its production was costly, it can be seen
+that the profits were great.
+
+Burke said about 1750: "The quantity of spirits which they distill in
+Boston from the molasses which they import is as surprising as the
+cheapness at which they sell it, which is under two shillings a gallon;
+but they are more famous for the quantity and cheapness than for the
+excellency of their rum." An English traveller named Bennet wrote at the
+same date of Boston society: "Madeira wine and rum punch are the liquors
+they drink in common." Baron Riedesel, who commanded the foreign troops in
+America during the Revolution, wrote of the New England inhabitants: "Most
+of the males have a strong passion for strong drink, especially rum."
+While President John Adams said caustically: "If the ancients drank wine
+as our people drink rum and cider, it is no wonder we hear of so many
+possessed with devils;" yet he himself, to the end of his life, always
+began the day with a tankard of hard cider before breakfast.
+
+The Dutch were too constant beer drinkers to become with speed great rum
+consumers, and they were too great lovers of gin and schnapps. But they
+deprecated the sharp and intolerant prohibition of the sale of rum to the
+Indians, saying: "To prohibit all strong liquor to them seems very hard
+and very Turkish. Rum doth as little hurt as the Frenchman's Brandie, and
+in the whole is much more wholesome." The English were fiercely abhorrent
+of intemperance among the Indians, and court records abound in laws
+restraining the sale of rum to the "bloudy salvages," of prosecutions and
+fines of white traders who violated these laws, and of constant and fierce
+punishment of the thirsty red men, who simply tried to gratify an appetite
+instilled in them by the English.
+
+William Penn wrote to the Earl of Sutherland in 1683: "Ye Dutch, Sweed,
+and English have by Brandy and Specially Rum, almost Debaucht ye Indians
+all. When Drunk ye most Wretched of Spectacles. They had been very
+Tractable but Rum is so dear to them."
+
+Rum formed the strong intoxicant of all popular tavern drinks; many are
+still mixed to-day. Toddy, sling, grog, are old-time concoctions.
+
+A writer for the first _Galaxy_ thus parodied the poem, _I knew by the
+smoke that so gracefully curled_:--
+
+  "I knew by the pole that's so gracefully crown'd
+    Beyond the old church, that a tavern was near,
+  And I said if there's black-strap on earth to be found,
+    A man who had credit might hope for it here."
+
+Josiah Quincy said that black-strap was a composition of which the secret,
+he fervently hoped, reposed with the lost arts. Its principal ingredients
+were rum and molasses, though there were other simples combined with it.
+He adds, "Of all the detestable American drinks on which our inventive
+genius has exercised itself, this black-strap was truly the most
+outrageous."
+
+Casks of it stood in every country store and tavern, a salted cod-fish
+hung alongside, slyly to tempt by thirst additional purchasers of
+black-strap. "Calibogus," or "bogus," was unsweetened rum and beer.
+
+Mimbo, sometimes abbreviated to mim, was a drink made of rum and
+loaf-sugar--and possibly water. The "Rates in Taverns" fixed in York
+County in Pennsylvania, in 1752, for "the protecting of travellers against
+the extortions of tavern-keepers," gives its price:--
+
+  "1 Quart Mimbo made best W. I. Rum and Loaf:       10_d._
+
+   1 Quart Mimbo, made of New England Rum and Loaf:   9_d._"
+
+Many years ago, one bitter winter day, there stepped down from a rocking
+mail-coach into the Washington Tavern in a Pennsylvania town, a dashing
+young man who swaggered up to the bar and bawled out for a drink of
+"Scotchem." The landlord was running here and there, talking to a score of
+people and doing a score of things at once, and he called to his son, a
+lubberly, countrified young fellow, to give the gentleman his Scotchem.
+The boy was but a learner in the taproom, but he was a lad of few words,
+so he hesitatingly mixed a glass of hot water and Scotch whiskey, which
+the traveller scarcely tasted ere he roared out: "Don't you know what
+Scotchem is? Apple-jack, and boiling water, and a good dash of ground
+mustard. Here's a shilling to pay for it." The boy stared at the
+uninviting recipe, but faithfully compounded it, when toot-toot sounded
+the horn--the coach waited for no man, certainly not for a man to sip a
+scalding drink--and such a drink, and off in a trice went full coach and
+empty traveller. The young tapster looked dubiously at the great mug of
+steaming drink; then he called to an old trapper, a town pauper, who,
+crippled with rheumatism, sat ever in the warm chimney corner of the
+taproom, telling stories of coons and catamounts and wolverines, and
+taking such stray drops of liquid comfort as old companions or new
+sympathizers might pityingly give him. "Here, Ezra," the boy said, "you
+take the gentleman's drink. It's paid for." Ezra was ever thirsty and
+never fastidious. He gulped down the Scotchem. "It's good," he swaggered
+bravely, with eyes streaming from the scalding mustard, "an' it's tasty,
+too, ef it does favor tomato ketchup."
+
+
+[Illustration: Burgoyne Tavern.]
+
+
+Forty years later an aged man was swung precariously out with a violent
+jerk from a rampant trolley car in front of the Washington Hotel. He
+wearily entered the gaudy office, and turned thence to the bar. The
+barkeeper, a keen-eyed, lean old fellow of inscrutable countenance,
+glanced sharply at him, pondered a moment, then opened a remote closet,
+drew forth from its recess an ancient and dusty demijohn of apple-jack,
+and with boiling water and a dash of mustard compounded a drink which he
+placed unasked before the traveller. "Here's your Scotchem," he said
+laconically. The surprised old man looked sharply around him. Outside the
+window, in the stable yard, a single blasted and scaling buttonwood tree
+alone remained of the stately green row whose mottled trunks and glossy
+leaves once bordered the avenue. The varying grades of city streets had
+entirely cut off the long porch beloved of old-time tavern loafers. The
+creaking sign-board had vanished. Within was no cheerful chimney corner
+and no welcoming blazing fire, but the old taproom still displayed its
+raftered ceiling. The ancient traveller solemnly drank his long-paid-for
+mug of Scotchem. "It's good," he said, "and tasty, if it does favor tomato
+ketchup."
+
+A ray of memory darted across the brain of the old barkeeper, and albeit
+he was not a member of the Society of Psychical Research and could not
+formulate his brain impressions, yet he pondered on the curious problem
+of thought transference, of forced sequence of ideas, of coincidences of
+mental action resulting from similar physical conditions and influences.
+
+Flip was a dearly loved drink of colonial times, far more popular in
+America than in England, much different in concoction in America than in
+England, and much superior in America--a truly American drink. As its
+chief ingredient is beer, it might be placed in the chapter on small
+drink, but the large amount consumed entitles it to a place with more
+rankly intoxicating liquors.
+
+The earliest date that I find flip named in New England is 1690. From that
+year till the middle of this century there never was a day, never a minute
+of the day, and scarce of the night, that some old Yankee flip drinker was
+not plunging in a loggerhead, or smacking his lips over a mug of creaming
+flip.
+
+In the _New England Almanac_ for 1704 we read under December:--
+
+  "The days are short, the weather's cold,
+  By tavern fires tales are told.
+  Some ask for dram when first come in,
+  Others with flip and bounce begin."
+
+American flip was made in a great pewter mug or earthen pitcher filled
+two-thirds full of strong beer; sweetened with sugar, molasses, or dried
+pumpkin, according to individual taste or capabilities; and flavored with
+"a dash"--about a gill--of New England rum. Into this mixture was thrust
+and stirred a red-hot loggerhead, made of iron and shaped like a poker,
+and the seething iron made the liquor foam and bubble and mantle high, and
+gave it the burnt, bitter taste so dearly loved. A famous tavern host of
+Canton, Massachusetts, had a special fancy in flip. He mixed together a
+pint of cream, four eggs, and four pounds of sugar, and kept this on hand.
+When a mug of flip was called for, he filled a quart mug two-thirds full
+of bitter beer, added four great spoonfuls of his creamy compound, a gill
+of rum, and thrust in the loggerhead. If a fresh egg were beaten into the
+mixture, the froth poured over the top of the mug, and the drink was
+called "bellows-top."
+
+
+[Illustration: Happy Farmer Pitcher.]
+
+
+Let me not fail to speak of the splendid glasses in which flip was often
+served--I mean the great glass tumblers without handles which, under the
+name of flip glasses, still are found in New England homes. They are vast
+drinking-vessels, sometimes holding three or four quarts apiece, and speak
+to us distinctly of the unlimited bibulous capacities of our ancestors.
+They are eagerly sought for by glass and china collectors, and are among
+the prettiest and most interesting of old-time relics.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Hancock Tavern.]
+
+
+English flip is not so simple nor so original nor so good a drink as
+American flip. It might be anything but flip, since it is compounded in a
+saucepan, and knows naught of the distinctive branding of flip, the
+seething loggerhead. If it contained no spirits, it was called "egg-hot."
+
+A rule for flip which seems to combine the good points of the American and
+English methods, uses ale instead of home-brewed. It may be given "in the
+words of the Publican who made it":--
+
+    "Keep grated Ginger and Nutmeg with a fine dried Lemon Peel rubbed
+    together in a Mortar. To make a quart of Flip: Put the Ale on the Fire
+    to warm, and beat up three or four Eggs with four ounces of moist
+    Sugar, a teaspoonful of grated Nutmeg or Ginger, and a Quartern of
+    good old Rum or Brandy. When the Ale is near to boil, put it into one
+    pitcher, and the Rum and Eggs, etc., into another: turn it from one
+    Pitcher to another till it is as smooth as cream. To heat plunge in
+    the red hot Loggerhead or Poker. This quantity is styled One Yard of
+    Flannel."
+
+A quartern is a quarter of a gill, which is about the "dash" of rum.
+
+No flip was more widely known and more respected than the famous brew of
+Abbott's Tavern at Holden, Massachusetts. This house, built in 1763, and
+kept by three generations of Abbotts, never wavered in the quality of its
+flip. It is said to have been famous from the Atlantic to the Pacific--and
+few stage-coaches or travellers ever passed that door without adding to
+its praises and thereafter spreading its reputation. It is sad to add that
+I don't know exactly how it was made. A bill still existing tells its
+price in Revolutionary days; other items show its relative valuation:--
+
+  "Mug New England Flip                   9_d._
+    "  West India    "                   11_d._
+  Lodging per night                       3_d._
+  Pot luck per meal                       8_d._
+  Boarding commons Men              4_s._ 8_d._
+     "        "    Weomen                 2_s._"
+
+This is the only tavern bill I have ever seen in which nice distinctions
+were made in boarding men and women. I am glad to know that the "weomen"
+traveller in those days had 2_s._ 8_d._ of daily advantage over the men.
+
+Other names for the hospital loggerhead were flip-dog and hottle. The
+loggerhead was as much a part of the chimney furniture of an old-time New
+England tavern and farm-house as the bellows or andirons. In all taverns
+and many hospitable homes it was constantly kept warm in the ashes, ready
+for speedy heating in a bed of hot coals, to burn a mug of fresh flip for
+every visitor or passer by. Cider could be used instead of beer, if beer
+could not be had. Some wise old flip tasters preferred cider to beer.
+Every tavern bill of the eighteenth century was punctuated with entries of
+flip. John Adams said if you spent the evening in a tavern, you found it
+full of people drinking drams of flip, carousing, and swearing. The old
+taprooms were certainly cheerful and inviting gathering-places; where mine
+host sat behind his cagelike counter surrounded by cans and bottles and
+glasses, jars of whole spices and whole loaves of sugar; where an
+inspiring row of barrels of New England rum, hard cider, and beer ranged
+in rivalry at an end of the room, and
+
+  "Where dozed a fire of beechen logs that bred
+  Strange fancies in its embers golden-red,
+  And nursed the loggerhead, whose hissing dip,
+  Timed by wise instinct, creamed the bowl of flip."
+
+
+[Illustration: Flip Glasses, Loggerhead, and Toddy Stick.]
+
+
+These fine lines of Lowell's seem to idealize the homely flip and the
+loggerhead as we love to idealize the customs of our forbears. Many a
+reader of them, inspired by the picture, has heated an iron poker or
+flip-dog and brewed and drunk a mug of flip. I did so not long ago, mixing
+carefully by a rule for flip recommended and recorded and used by General
+Putnam--Old Put--in the Revolution. I had the Revolutionary receipt and I
+had the Revolutionary loggerhead, and I had the old-time ingredients, but
+alas, I had neither the tastes nor the digestion of my Revolutionary
+sires, and the indescribable scorched and puckering bitterness of taste
+and pungency of smell of that rank compound which was flip, will serve for
+some time in my memory as an antidote for any overweening longing for the
+good old times.
+
+The toddy stick, beloved for the welcome ringing music it made on the
+sides of glass tumblers, was used to stir up toddy and other sweetened
+drinks.
+
+It was a stick six or eight inches long, with a knob at one end, or
+flattened out at the end so it would readily crush the loaf sugar used in
+the drink. The egg-nog stick was split at one end, and a cross-piece of
+wood was set firmly in. It was a crude egg-beater. Whirled rapidly around,
+while the upright stick was held firmly between the palms of the hands, it
+was a grateful, graceful, and inviting machine in the hands of skilful
+landlords of old.
+
+Another universal and potent colonial drink was punch. It came to the
+English colonies in America from the English colonies in India. To the
+Orientals we owe punch--as many other good things. The word is from the
+Hindustani _panch_, five, referring to the five ingredients then used in
+the drink, namely: tea, arrack, sugar, lemons, water.
+
+In 1675 one Tryer drank punch in India and, like the poor thing that he
+was, basely libelled it as an enervating liquor. The English took very
+quickly to the new drink, as they did to everything else in India, and
+soon the word appeared in English ballads, showing that punch was well
+known.
+
+Englishmen did not use without change the punch-bowls of India, but
+invented an exceptionally elegant form known by the name of Monteith. It
+was called after a man of fashion who was marked and remarkable for
+wearing a scalloped coat. In the _Art of Cookery_ we find reference to him
+and the Monteith punch bowl:--
+
+  "New things produce new words, and so Monteith
+  Has by one vessel saved himself from death."
+
+
+[Illustration: Porcelain Monteith.]
+
+
+Monteiths seem to have come into fashion about 1697. The rim was scalloped
+like its namesake's coat, or cut in battlements, thus forming
+indentations, in which a punch ladle and lemon strainer and tall
+wine-glasses were hung on their sides, the foot out. The rim was usually
+separate from the bowl, and was lifted off with the glasses and ladle and
+strainer, for the punch to be brewed in the bowl. When the punch was duly
+finished, the ornamental rim was replaced. A porcelain imitation of a
+Monteith is here shown, which was made in China for an American
+ship-owner, doubtless from a silver model.
+
+Punch became popular in New England just as it did in old England, in
+fact, wherever English-speaking sea rovers could tell of the new drink. In
+1682 John Winthrop wrote of the sale of a punch bowl in Boston, and in
+1686 John Dunton told of more than one noble bowl of punch in New England.
+
+Every buffet of people of good station in prosperous times soon had a
+punch bowl. Every dinner was prefaced by a bowl of punch passed from hand
+to hand, while the liquor was drunk from the bowl. Double and "thribble"
+bowls of punch were served in taverns; these held two and three quarts
+each.
+
+To show the amount of punch drunk at a minister's ordination in New
+England in 1785, I will state that the eighty people attending in the
+morning had thirty bowls of punch before going to meeting; and the
+sixty-eight who had dinner disposed of forty-four bowls of punch, eighteen
+bottles of wine, eight bowls of brandy, and a quantity of cherry rum.
+
+Punch was popular in Virginia, it was popular in New York, it was popular
+in Pennsylvania. William Black recorded in his diary in 1744 that in
+Philadelphia he was given cider and punch for lunch; rum and brandy before
+dinner; punch, Madeira, port, and sherry at dinner; punch and liqueurs
+with the ladies; and wine, spirit, and punch till bedtime; all in punch
+bowls big enough for a goose to swim in.
+
+In 1757 S. M. of Boston, who was doubtless Samuel Mather, the son of
+Cotton Mather, sent to Sir Harry Frankland, the hero of the New England
+romance of Agnes Surriage, a box of lemons with these lines:--
+
+  "You know from Eastern India came
+  The skill of making punch as did the name.
+  And as the name consists of letters five,
+  By five ingredients is it kept alive.
+  To purest water sugar must be joined,
+  With these the grateful acid is combined.
+  Some any sours they get contented use,
+  But men of taste do that from Tagus choose.
+  When now these three are mixed with care
+  Then added be of spirit a small share.
+  And that you may the drink quite perfect see,
+  Atop the musky nut must grated be."
+
+
+[Illustration: Cincinnati Punch Bowl.]
+
+
+From the accounts that have come down to us, the "spirits a small share"
+of the Puritan Mather's punch receipt was seldom adhered to in New England
+punches.
+
+The importation to England and America of lemons, oranges, and limes for
+use as punch "sowrings," as they were called, was an important part of the
+West Indian and Portuguese trade. The juices of lemons, oranges, limes,
+and pineapples were all used in punches, and were imported in demijohns
+and bottles. The appetizing advertisements of J. Crosby, a Boston fruit
+importer, are frequent for many years in New England newspapers. Here is
+one from the _Salem Gazette_ in 1741:--
+
+    "Extraordinary good and very fresh Orange juice which some of the very
+    best Punch Tasters prefer to Lemmon, at one dollar a gallon. Also very
+    good Lime Juice and Shrub to put into Punch at the Basket of Lemmons,
+    J. Crosby, Lemmon Trader."
+
+I don't know whether the punch tasters referred to were professional punch
+mixers or whether it was simply a term applied to persons of well-known
+experience and judgment in punch-drinking.
+
+In Salem, New Jersey, in 1729, tavern prices were regulated by the Court.
+They were thus:--
+
+  "A rub of punch made with double-refined sugar
+  and one and a half gills of rum                  9_d._
+
+  A rub of punch made with single refined sugar
+  and one and a half gills of rum                  8_d._
+
+  A rub made of Muscovado sugar and one and a
+  half gills of rum                                7_d._
+
+  A quart of flipp made with a pint of rum         9_d._
+
+  A pint of wine                              1_s._
+
+  A gill of rum                                    3_d._
+
+  A quart of strong beer                           4_d._
+
+  A gill of brandy or cordial                      6_d._
+
+  A quart of metheglin                             9_d._
+
+  A quart of cider royal                           8_d._
+
+  A quart of cider                                 4_d._"
+
+Punches were many of name, scores of different ones were given by drink
+compounders, both amateur and professional. Punches were named for
+persons, for places; for taverns and hosts; for bar-tenders and
+stage-coach drivers; for unusual ingredients or romantic incidents.
+Sometimes honor was conferred by naming the punch for the person;
+sometimes the punch was the only honor the original ever had. In these
+punches all kinds of flavoring and spices were used, and all the strong
+liquors of the world, all the spirits, wines, liqueurs, drops, distilled
+waters and essences--but seldom and scant malt liquors, if it were truly
+punch.
+
+With regard to the proper amounts of all these various fluids to be used
+in composition opinions always differed. Many advised a light hand with
+cordials, some disliked spices; others wished a plentiful amount of lemon
+juice, others wished tea. In respect of the proportions of two important
+and much-discussed ingredients, old-time landlords apparently heeded
+directions similar to those I once heard given impressively by an old
+Irish ecclesiastic of high office: "Shtop! shtop! ye are not commincin'
+right and in due ordher! Ye musthn't iver put your whiskey or rum foorst
+in your punch-bowl and thin add wather; for if ye do, ivery dhrop of
+wather ye put in is just cruel spoilin' of the punch; but--foorst--put
+some wather in the bowl--some, I say, since in conscience ye must--thin
+pour in the rum; and sure ye can aisily parcaive that ivery dhrop ye put
+in is afther makin' the punch betther and betther."
+
+Charles Lamb tells in his _Popular Fallacies_ of "Bully Dawson kicked by
+half the town and half the town kicked by Bully Dawson." This Bully Dawson
+was a famous punch brewer; his rule was precisely like that of a famous
+New England landlord, and is worth choosing among a score of rules:--
+
+    "The man who sees, does, or thinks of anything else while he is making
+    Punch may as well look for the Northwest Passage on Mutton Hill. A man
+    can never make good punch unless he is satisfied, nay positive, that
+    no man breathing can make better. I can and do make good Punch,
+    because I do nothing else, and this is my way of doing it. I retire to
+    a solitary corner with my ingredients ready sorted; they are as
+    follows, and I mix them in the order they are here written. Sugar,
+    twelve tolerable lumps; hot water, one pint; lemons, two, the juice
+    and peel; old Jamaica rum, two gills; brandy, one gill; porter or
+    stout, half a gill; arrack, a slight dash. I allow myself five minutes
+    to make a bowl in the foregoing proportions, carefully stirring the
+    mixture as I furnish the ingredients until it actually foams; and then
+    Kangaroos! how beautiful it is!"
+
+With this nectar and a toast we may fitly close this chapter. May the
+grass grow lightly o'er the grave of Bully Dawson, and weigh like lead on
+the half the town that kicked him!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+SMALL DRINK
+
+
+"Under this tearme of small-drink," wrote an old chronicler, "do I endow
+such drinks as are of comfort, to quench an honest thirst, not to heat the
+brain, as one man hath ale, another cider, another metheglin, and one
+sack." Under this title I also place such tavern and home drinks of
+colonial times as were not deemed vastly intoxicating; though New England
+cider might well be ranged very close to New England rum in intoxicating
+powers.
+
+The American colonists were not enthusiastic water drinkers, and they soon
+imported malt and established breweries to make the familiar ale and beer
+of old England. The Dutch patroons found brewing a profitable business in
+New York, and private families in all the colonies built home brew-houses
+and planted barley and hops.
+
+In Virginia a makeshift ale was made from maize as early as 1620. George
+Thorpe wrote that it was a good drink, much preferable to English beer.
+Governor Berkeley wrote of Virginians a century later:--
+
+    "Their small-drink is either wine or water, beer, milk and water, or
+    water alone. Their richer sort generally brew their small-beer with
+    malt, which they have from England, though barley grows there very
+    well; but for the want of convenience of malt-houses, the inhabitants
+    take no care to sow it. The poorer sort brew their beer with molasses
+    and bran; with Indian corn malted with drying in a stove: with
+    persimmons dried in a cake and baked; with potatoes with the green
+    stalks of Indian corn cut small and bruised, with pompions, with the
+    Jerusalem artichoke which some people plant purposely for that use,
+    but this is the least esteemed."
+
+Similar beers were made in New England. The court records are full of
+enactments to encourage beer-brewing. They had not learned that liberty to
+brew, when and as each citizen pleased, would prove the best stimulus.
+Much personal encouragement was also given. The President of Harvard
+College did not disdain to write to the court on behalf of "Sister
+Bradish," that she might be "encouraged and countenanced" in her baking of
+bread and brewing and selling of penny beer. And he adds in testimony that
+"such is her art, way, and skill that shee doth vend such comfortable
+penniworths for the relief of all that send unto her as elsewhere they can
+seldom meet with." College students were permitted to buy of her to a
+certain amount; and with the light of some contemporary evidence as to the
+quality of the college commons we can believe they needed very
+"comfortable penniworths."
+
+Some New England taverns were famous for their spruce, birch, and
+sassafras beer, boiled with scores of roots and herbs, with birch,
+spruce, or sassafras bark, with pumpkin and apple parings, with sweetening
+of molasses or maple syrup, or beet tops and other makeshifts. A colonial
+song writer boasted--
+
+  "Oh, we can make liquor to sweeten our lips
+  Of pumpkins, of parsnips, of walnut-tree chips."
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Amherst Hotel.]
+
+
+According to Diodorus Siculus, the ancient Britons drank on festive
+occasions liquors made from honey, apples, and barley, viz., mead, cider,
+and ale. The Celts drank mead and cider--natural drinks within the
+capabilities of manufacture by slightly civilized nations; for wild honey
+and wild apples could be found everywhere. Ale indicated agriculture and a
+more advanced civilization.
+
+Mead, or metheglin, of fermented honey, herbs, and water, has been made by
+every race and tribe on this globe, living where there was enough
+vegetation to cherish bees. It had been a universal drink in England, but
+was somewhat in disuse when this country was settled.
+
+Harrison wrote:--
+
+    "The Welsh make no less account of metheglin than the Greeks did of
+    their ambrosia or nectar, which for the pleasantness thereof was
+    supposed to be such as the gods themselves did delight in. There is a
+    kind of swishswash made also in Essex, and divers other places, with
+    honeycomb and water, which the homely country-wives putting some
+    pepper and a little other spice among, called mead: very good in mine
+    opinion for such as love to be loose-bodied at large, or a little
+    eased of the cough. Otherwise it differeth so much from true metheglin
+    as chalk from cheese; and one of the best things that I know belonging
+    thereto is, that they spend but little labour and less cost in making
+    of the same, and therefore no great loss if it were never occupied."
+
+Metheglin was one of the drinks of the American colonists. It was a
+favorite drink in Kentucky till well into this century. As early as 1633,
+the Piscataqua planters of New Hampshire, in their list of values which
+they set in furs,--the currency of the colony,--made "6 Gallon Mathaglin
+equal 2 Lb Beaver." In Virginia, whole plantations of honey locust were
+set out to supply metheglin. The long beans of the locust were ground and
+mixed with honey herbs and water, and fermented.
+
+In a letter written from Virginia in 1649, it is told of "an ancient
+planter of twenty-five years standing," that he had good store of bees and
+"made excellent good Matheglin, a pleasant and strong drink."
+
+Oldmixon, in _History of Carolina_ (1708), says, "the bees swarm there six
+or seven times a year, and the metheglin made there is as good as Malaga
+sack," which may be taken _cum grano salis_.
+
+In New England drinking habits soon underwent a marked and speedy change.
+English grains did not thrive well those first years of settlement, and
+were costly to import, so New Englanders soon drifted from beer-drinking
+to cider-drinking. The many apple orchards planted first by Endicott and
+Blackstone in Massachusetts, and Wolcott in Connecticut, and seen in a few
+decades on every prosperous and thrifty farm, soon gave forth their
+bountiful yield of juicy fruit. Perhaps this change in drinking habits was
+indirectly the result of the influence of the New England climate. Cider
+seemed more fitted for sharp New England air than ale. Cider was soon so
+cheap and plentiful throughout the colony that all could have their fill.
+Josselyn said in 1670: "I have had at the tap-houses of Boston an
+ale-quart of cider spiced and sweetened with sugar for a groat."
+
+
+[Illustration: Eagle Tavern and Sign-board, Newton, New Hampshire.]
+
+
+All the colonists drank cider, old and young, and in all
+places,--funerals, weddings, ordainings, vestry-meetings, church-raisings,
+etc. Infants in arms drank mulled hard cider at night, a beverage which
+would kill a modern babe. It was supplied to students at Harvard and Yale
+colleges at dinner and bever, being passed in two quart tankards from hand
+to hand down the commons table. Old men began the day with a quart or
+more of hard cider before breakfast. Delicate women drank hard cider. All
+laborers in the field drank it in great draughts that were often liberally
+fortified with drams of New England rum. The apple crop was so wholly
+devoted to the manufacture of cider that in the days of temperance reform
+at the beginning of this century, Washingtonian zealots cut down great
+orchards of full-bearing trees, not conceiving any adequate use of the
+fruit for any purpose save cider-making.
+
+A friend--envious and emulous of the detective work so minutely described
+by Conan Doyle--was driving last summer on an old New England road
+entirely unfamiliar to him. He suddenly turned to the stage-driver by his
+side and, pointing to a house alongside the road, said, "The man who lives
+there is a drunkard."--"Why, yes," answered the driver in surprise, "do
+you know him?"--"No," said the traveller, "I never saw him and don't know
+his name, but he's a drunkard and his father was before him, and his
+grandfather."--"It's true," answered the driver, with much astonishment;
+"how could you tell?"--"Well, there is a large orchard of very old apple
+trees round that house, while all his neighbors, even when the houses are
+old, have younger orchards. When the 'Washingtonian or Temperance
+Movement' reached this town, the owner of this place was too confirmed a
+drunkard to reform and cut down his apple trees as his neighbors did, and
+he kept on at his hard cider and cider brandy, and his son and grandson
+grew up to be drunkards after him." Later inquiry in the town proved the
+truth of the amateur detective's guesswork.
+
+Cider was tediously made at first by pounding the apples in wooden
+mortars; the pomace was afterward pressed in baskets. Then rude mills with
+a spring board and heavy maul crushed the apples in a hollowed log. Then
+presses for cider-making began to be set up about the year 1650.
+
+Apples were at that time six to eight shillings a bushel; cider 1_s._
+8_d._ a gallon--as high-priced as New England rum a century later.
+
+Connecticut cider soon became specially famous. Roger Williams in 1660
+says John Winthrop's loving letter to him was as grateful as "a cup of
+your Connecticut cider." By 1679 it was cheap enough, ten shillings a
+barrel; and in the year 1700, about seven shillings only. It had then
+replaced beer in nearly all localities in daily diet; yet at the
+Commencement dinner at Harvard in 1703, four barrels of beer were served
+and but one of cider, with eighteen gallons of wine.
+
+In 1721 one Massachusetts village of forty families made three thousand
+barrels of cider, and Judge Joseph Wilder of Lancaster, Massachusetts,
+made six hundred and sixteen barrels in the year 1728.
+
+Bennett, an English traveller, writing of Boston in the year 1740, says
+that "the generality of the people with their victuals" drank cider, which
+was plentiful and good at three shillings a barrel. It took a large amount
+of cider to supply a family when all drank, and drank freely. Ministers
+often stored forty barrels of cider for winter use.
+
+
+[Illustration: Cider Pitcher and Cups.]
+
+
+By the closing years of the seventeenth century nearly all Virginia
+plantations had an apple orchard. Colonel Fitzhugh had twenty-five hundred
+apple trees. So quickly did they mature, that six years after the scions
+were planted, they bore fruit. Many varieties were common, such as
+russets, costards, pippins, mains, marigolds, kings, and batchelors. So
+great was the demand for cider in the South that apple orchards were
+deemed the most desirable leasing property. Cider never reached a higher
+price, however, than two shillings and a half in Virginia during the
+seventeenth century. Thus it could be found in the house of every Maryland
+and Virginia planter. It was supplied to the local courts during their
+times of sitting. Many households used it in large quantity instead of
+beer or metheglin, storing many barrels for everyday use.
+
+At a very early date apple trees were set out in New York, and cultivated
+with much care and much success. Nowhere else in America, says Dankers,
+the Labadist traveller, had he seen such fine apples. The names of the
+Newton pippin, the Kingston spitzenburgh, the Poughkeepsie swaar apple,
+the red streak, guelderleng, and others of well-known quality, show New
+York's attention to apple-raising. Kalm, the Swedist naturalist, spoke of
+the splendid apple orchards which he saw throughout New York in 1749, and
+told of the use of the horse press in the Hudson Valley for making cider.
+Cider soon rivalled in domestic use in this province the beer of the
+Fatherland. It was constantly used during the winter season, and, diluted
+with water, sweetened and flavored with nutmeg, made a grateful summer
+drink. Combined with rum, it formed many of the most popular and
+intoxicating colonial drinks, of which "stone-wall" was the most potent.
+Cider-royal was made by boiling four barrels of cider into one barrel. P.
+T. Barnum said cider-spirits was called "gumption."
+
+A New Hampshire settler carried on his back for twenty miles to his home a
+load of young apple trees. They thrived and grew apace, and his first crop
+was eight bushels. From these, he proudly recounted, he made one barrel of
+cider, one barrel of water-cider, and "one barrel of charming good drink."
+Water-cider, or ciderkin, was a very weak, slightly cidery beverage, which
+was made by pouring water over the solid dregs left after the cider had
+been pressed from the pomace, and pressing it over again. It was deemed
+especially suitable for children to drink; sometimes a little molasses and
+ginger was added to it.
+
+A very mild tavern drink was beverige; its concoction varied in different
+localities. Sometimes beverige was water-cider or ciderkin; at other times
+cider, spices, and water. Water flavored with molasses and ginger was
+called beverige, and is a summer drink for New England country-folk
+to-day.
+
+
+[Illustration: Parson's Tavern.]
+
+
+John Hammond wrote of Virginia in 1656 in his _Leah and Rachel_:--
+
+    "Beare is indeed in some places constantly drunken, in other some
+    nothing but Water or Milk, and Water or Beverige; and that is where
+    the good-wives (if I may so call them) are negligent and idle; for it
+    is not want of Corn to make Malt with, for the Country affords enough,
+    but because they are slothful and careless; and I hope this Item will
+    shame them out of these humours; that they will be adjudged by their
+    drinke, what kind of Housewives they are."
+
+Vinegar and water--a drink of the ancient Roman soldiery--was also called
+beverige. Dr. Rush wrote a pamphlet recommending its use by harvest
+laborers.
+
+Switchel was a similar drink, strengthened with a dash of rum. Ebulum was
+the juice of elder and juniper berries, spiced and sweetened. Perry was
+made from pears, and peachy from peaches.
+
+A terrible drink is said to have been popular in Salem. It is difficult to
+decide which was worse, the drink or its name. It was sour household beer
+simmered in a kettle, sweetened with molasses, filled with crumbs of
+"ryneinjun" bread, and drunk piping hot; its name was
+whistle-belly-vengeance, or whip-belly-vengeance. This name was not a
+Yankee vulgarism, but a well-known old English term. Bickerdyke says small
+beer was rightly stigmatized by this name. Dean Swift in his _Polite
+Conversations_ gives this smart dialogue:--
+
+    "_Hostess_ (offering ale to Sir John Linger). I never taste
+    malt-liquor, but they say ours is well-hopp'd.
+
+    _Sir John._ Hopp'd! why if it had hopp'd a little further, it would
+    have hopp'd into the river.
+
+    _Hostess._ I was told ours was very strong.
+
+    _Sir John._ Yes! strong of the water. I believe the brewer forgot the
+    malt, or the river was too near him. Faith! it is more
+    whip-belly-vengeance; he that drinks most has the worst share."
+
+This would hardly seem a word for "polite conversation," though it was
+certainly a term in common use. Its vulgarity is in keen contrast to the
+name of another "small drink," a name which brings to the mental vision
+thoughts of the good cheer, the genial hospitality, the joy of living, of
+Elizabethan days. A black letter copy of the _Loyal Garland_, a collection
+of songs of the seventeenth century, thus names the drink in this gay
+song:--
+
+  "To the Tavern lets away!
+  There have I a Mistress got,
+  Cloystered in a Pottle Pot;
+  Plump and bounding, soft and fair,
+  Bucksome, sweet and debonair,
+  And they call her _Sack_, my Dear!"
+
+It is vain to enter here into a discussion of exactly what sack was, since
+so much has been written about it. The name was certainly applied to sweet
+wines from many places. A contemporary authority, Gervayse Markham, says
+in The _English Housewife_, "Your best Sackes are of Seres in Spain, your
+smaller of Galicia or Portugall: your strong Sackes are of the islands of
+the Canaries."
+
+Sack was, therefore, a special make of the strong, dry, sweet,
+light-colored wines of the sherry family, such as come from the South,
+from Portugal, Spain, and the Canary Islands. By the seventeenth century
+the name was applied to all sweet wines of this class, as distinguished
+from Rhenish wines on one hand and red wines on the other. Many do not
+wish to acknowledge that sack was sherry, but there was little distinction
+between them. Sherris-sack, named by Shakespeare, was practically also
+sherry.
+
+Sack was so cheap that it could be used by all classes. From an original
+license granted by Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1584, to one Bradshaw to keep a
+tavern we learn that sack was then worth two shillings a gallon.
+
+
+[Illustration: Toby Fillpots.]
+
+
+Perhaps the most famous use of sack was in the making of sack-posset, that
+drink of brides, of grooms, of wedding and christening parties. A rhymed
+rule for sack-posset found its way into many collections, and into English
+and American newspapers. It is said to have been written by Sir Fleetwood
+Fletcher. It was thus printed in the _New York Gazette_ of February 13,
+1744:--
+
+  "A Receipt for all young Ladies that are going to be Married.
+  To make a SACK-POSSET
+
+  From famed Barbadoes on the Western Main
+  Fetch sugar half a pound; fetch sack from Spain
+  A pint; and from the Eastern Indian Coast
+  Nutmeg, the glory of our Northern toast.
+  O'er flaming coals together let them heat
+  Till the all-conquering sack dissolves the sweet.
+  O'er such another fire set eggs, twice ten,
+  New born from crowing cock and speckled hen;
+  Stir them with steady hand, and conscience pricking
+  To see the untimely fate of twenty chicken.
+  From shining shelf take down your brazen skillet,
+  A quart of milk from gentle cow will fill it.
+  When boiled and cooked, put milk and sack to egg,
+  Unite them firmly like the triple League.
+  Then covered close, together let them dwell
+  Till Miss twice sings: _You must not kiss and tell_.
+  Each lad and lass snatch up their murdering spoon,
+  And fall on fiercely like a starved dragoon."
+
+Sack was drunk in America during the first half-century of colonial life.
+It was frequently imported to Virginia; and all the early instructions for
+the voyage cross-seas, such as Governor Winthrop's to his wife and those
+of the Plymouth Plantations, urge the shipping of sack for the sailors.
+Even in Judge Sewall's day, a century after the planting of Boston,
+sack-posset was drunk at Puritan weddings, but a psalm and a prayer made
+it properly solemn. Judge Sewall wrote of a Boston wedding:--
+
+    "There was a pretty deal of company present. Many young gentlemen and
+    young gentlewomen. Mr. Noyes made a speech, said love was the sugar
+    to sweeten every condition in the marriage state. After the
+    Sack-Posset sang 45th Psalm from 8th verse to end."
+
+
+[Illustration: Flip Glasses and Nutmeg Holders.]
+
+
+Canary soon displaced sack in popular affection, and many varieties of
+closely allied wines were imported. Sir Edmund Andros named in his excise
+list "Fayal wines, or any other wines of the Western Islands, Madeira,
+Malaga, Canary, Tent, and Alcant." Claret was not popular. The consumption
+of sweet wines was astonishing, and the quality was exceeding good. Spiced
+wines were much sold at taverns, sangaree and mulled wines. Brigham's
+Tavern at Westborough had a simple recipe for mulled wine: simply a quart
+of boiling hot Madeira, half a pint of boiling water, six eggs beaten to a
+froth, all sweetened and spiced. Nutmeg was the favorite flavoring, and
+nutmegs gilded and beribboned were an esteemed gift. The importation of
+them was in early days wholly controlled by the Dutch. High livers--_bon
+vivants_--carried nutmegs in their pockets, fashionable dames also. One
+of the prettiest trinkets of colonial times is the dainty nutmeg holder,
+of wrought silver or Battersea enamel, just large enough to hold a single
+nutmeg. The inside of the cover is pierced or corrugated to form a grater.
+The ones now before me, both a century and a half old, when opened exhale
+a strong aroma of nutmeg, though it is many a year since they have been
+used. With a nutmeg in a pocket holder, the exquisite traveller, whether
+man or woman, could be sure of a dainty spiced wine flavored to taste;
+"atop the musky nut could grated be," even in the most remote tavern, for
+wine was everywhere to be found, but nutmegs were a luxury. Negus, a washy
+warm wine-punch invented in Queen Anne's day by Colonel Negus, was also
+improved by a flavoring of nutmeg.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
+
+
+Before named streets with numbered houses came into existence, and when
+few persons could read, painted and carved sign-boards and figures were
+more useful than they are to-day; and not only innkeepers, but men of all
+trades and callings sought for signs that either for quaintness,
+appropriateness, or costliness would attract the eyes of customers and
+visitors, and fix in their memory the exact locality of the advertiser.
+Signs were painted and carved in wood; they were carved in stone; modelled
+in terra-cotta and plaster; painted on tiles; wrought of various metals;
+and even were made of animals' heads stuffed.
+
+As education progressed, signs were less needed, and when thoroughfares
+were named and sign-posts set up and houses numbered, the use of business
+signs vanished. They lingered sometimes on account of their humor,
+sometimes because they were a guarantee of an established business, but
+chiefly because people were used to them.
+
+The shops in Boston were known by sign-boards. In 1761 Daniel Parker,
+goldsmith, was at the Golden Ball, William Whitmore, grocer, at the Seven
+Stars, Susannah Foster was "next the Great Cross," and John Loring,
+chemist, at the Great Trees. One hatter had a "Hatt & Beaver," another a
+"Hatt & Helmit"; butter was sold at the "Blue Glove" and "Brazen Head";
+dry-goods at the "Sign of the Stays" and at the "Wheat Sheaf"; rum at the
+"Golden Keys"; pewter ware at the "Crown and Beehive"; knives at the "Sign
+of the Crown and Razor." John Crosby, for many years a noted lemon trader,
+had as a sign a basket of lemons. In front of a nautical instrument store
+on the corner of State and Broad streets, Boston, still stands a quaint
+wooden figure of an ancient naval officer resplendent in his blue coat,
+cocked hat, short breeches, stockings, and buckles, holding in his hand a
+quadrant. The old fellow has stood in this place, continually taking
+observations of the sun, for upwards of one hundred years. It will be seen
+that these signs were often incongruous and non-significant, both as to
+their relation to the business they indicated, and in the association of
+objects which they depicted.
+
+A rhyme printed in the _British Apollo_ in 1710 notes the curious
+combination of names on London sign-boards:--
+
+  "I'm amazed at the signs
+  As I pass through the town;
+  To see the odd mixture
+  A Magpie and Crown,
+  The Whale and the Crow,
+  The Razor and Hen,
+  The Leg and Seven Stars,
+  The Axe and the Bottle,
+  The Sun and the Lute,
+  The Eagle and Child,
+  The Shovel and Boot."
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Stratton Tavern.]
+
+
+Addison wrote nearly two centuries ago on the absurdity and incongruity of
+these sign-boards, in _The Spectator_ of April 2, 1710. He says,
+advocating a censorship of sign-boards:--
+
+    "Our streets are filled with blue boars, black swans, and red lions;
+    not to mention flying pigs, and hogs in armour, with many other
+    creatures more extraordinary than any in the deserts of Africa. My
+    first task therefore should be like that of Hercules, to clear the
+    city from monsters. In the second place I would forbid that creatures
+    of jarring and incongruous natures should be joined together in the
+    same sign; such as the bell and the neat's tongue; the dog and the
+    gridiron. The fox and goose may be supposed to have met, but what have
+    the fox and the seven stars to do together? And when did the lamb and
+    dolphin ever meet, except upon a sign-post? As for the cat and fiddle
+    there is a conceit in it, and therefore I do not intend that anything
+    I have said should affect it. I must, however, observe to you upon
+    this subject, that it is usual for a young tradesman, at his first
+    setting up, to add to his sign that of the master whom he has served;
+    as the husband, after marriage, gives a place to his mistress's arms
+    in his own coat. This I take to have given rise to many of those
+    absurdities which are committed over our heads; and as, I am informed,
+    first occasioned the three nuns and a hare, which we see so frequently
+    joined together."
+
+Many of the apparently meaningless names on tavern signs come through the
+familiar corruptions of generations of use, through alterations both by
+the dialect of speakers and by the successive mistakes of ignorant
+sign-painters. Thus "The Bag o' Nails," a favorite sign, was originally
+"The Bacchanalians." The familiar "Cat and Wheel" was the "Catherine
+Wheel," and still earlier "St. Catherine's Wheel," in allusion to the
+saint and her martyrdom. The "Goat and Compass" was the motto "God
+encompasseth us." "The Pig and Carrot" was the "Pique et Carreau" (the
+spade and diamond in playing cards). Addison thus explains the "Bell
+Savage," a common sign in England, usually portrayed by an Indian standing
+beside a bell. "I was formerly very much puzzled upon the conceit of it,
+till I accidentally fell into the reading of an old romance translated out
+of the French, which gives an account of a very beautiful woman who was
+found in a wilderness, and is called in French, La Belle Sauvage, and is
+everywhere translated by our countrymen the Bell Savage."
+
+"The Bull and Mouth" celebrates in corrupt wording the victory of Henry
+VIII. in "Boulougne Mouth" or Harbor. In London the Bull and Mouth Inn was
+a famous coach office, and the sign-board bore these lines:--
+
+  "Milo the Cretonian
+    An ox slew with his fist,
+  And ate it up at one meal,
+    Ye Gods! what a glorious twist."
+
+Twist was the old cant term for appetite.
+
+The universal use of sign-boards furnished employment to many painters of
+inferior rank, and occasionally even to great artists, who, either as a
+freak of genius, to win a wager, to crown a carouse, or perhaps to earn
+with ease a needed sum, painted a sign-board. At the head of this list is
+Hogarth. Richard Wilson painted "The Three Loggerheads" for an ale-house
+in North Wales. George Morland has several assigned to him: "The Goat in
+Boots," "The White Lion," "The Cricketers." Ibbetson paid his bill to
+Landlord Burkett after a sketching and fishing excursion by a sign with
+one pale and wan face and one equally rubicund. The accompanying lines
+read:--
+
+  "Thou mortal man that livest by bread,
+  What makes thy face to look so red?
+  Thou silly fop that looks so pale,
+  'Tis red with Tommy Burkett's ale."
+
+Gerome, Cox, Harlow, and Millais swell the list of English sign-painters,
+while Holbein, Correggio, Watteau, Gerriault, and Horace Vernet make a
+noble company. The splendid "Young Bull" of Paul Potter, in the museum of
+The Hague, is said to have been painted for a butcher's sign.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Three Crowns Tavern.]
+
+
+Benjamin West painted many tavern signs in the vicinity of Philadelphia,
+among them in 1771 that of the Three Crowns, a noted hostelry that stood
+on the King's Highway in Salisbury Township, Lancaster County. This
+neighborhood was partly settled by English emigrants, and the old tavern
+was kept by a Tory of the deepest dye. The sign-board still bears the
+marks of the hostile bullets of the Continental Army, and the proprietor
+came near sharing the bullets with the sign. This Three Crowns was removed
+in 1816 to the Waterloo Tavern, kept by a relative of the old landlord.
+The Waterloo Tavern was originally the Bull's Head, and was kept by a
+Revolutionary officer. Both sides of the Three Crowns sign-board are shown
+on page 143. By tradition West also painted the sign-board of the old Hat
+Tavern shown on page 147. This was kept by Widow Caldwell in Leacock
+Township, Lancaster County, on the old Philadelphia road.
+
+The Bull's Head Inn of Philadelphia had a sign suited to its title; it was
+sold in the middle of this century to an Englishman as the work of
+Benjamin West. The inn stood in Strawberry Alley, and West once lived in
+the alley; and so also did Bernard Wilton, a painter and glazier, in the
+days when the inn was young and had no sign-board. And as the glazier sat
+one day in the taproom, a bull ran foaming into the yard and thrust his
+head with a roar in the tavern window. The glazier had a ready wit, and
+quoth he: "This means something. This bull thrust his head in as a sign,
+so it shall be the sign of the inn, and bring luck and custom forever." I
+think those were his words; at any rate, those were the deeds.
+
+West also painted the "Ale Bearers." One side had a man holding a glass of
+ale and looking through it. The other side showed two brewers' porters
+carrying an ale cask slung with case hooks on a pole--as was the way of
+ale porters at that day. It is said that West was offered five hundred
+dollars for a red lion sign-board he had painted in his youth. In the
+vicinity of Philadelphia several taverns claimed to have sign-boards
+painted by the Peales and by Gilbert Stuart, and an artist named Hicks is
+said to have contributed some wonderful specimens to this field of art.
+
+
+[Illustration: Browne's Hall, Danvers, Massachusetts, 1743.]
+
+
+General Wolfe was a favorite name and figure for pre-Revolutionary taverns
+and sign-boards. There was a Wolfe Tavern near Faneuil Hall in Boston; and
+the faded sign-board of the Wolfe Tavern of Brooklyn, Connecticut, is
+shown on page 211 as it swung when General Israel Putnam was the tavern
+landlord. These figures of the English officer were usually removed as
+obnoxious after the Declaration of Independence. But the Wolfe Tavern at
+Newburyport continued to swing the old sign "in the very centre of the
+place to be an insult to this truly republican town." This sign is shown
+in its spruce freshness on page 180. It is a great contrast to "Old Put's"
+Wolfe sign-board.
+
+A Philadelphia tavern with a clumsy name, though a significant one, was
+the Federal Convention of 1787 Inn. I cannot imagine any band of tavern
+tipplers or jovial roisterers ever meeting there, but it was doubtless
+used for political gatherings. It had a most pretentious sign painted by
+Matthew Pratt, a pupil of Benjamin West. It was said that his signs were
+painted in a style that should have given them place in a picture gallery,
+had it not been that the galleries of those days were few, and artists
+found their most lucrative employment in painting signs for taverns and
+stores. This inn kept first by a man named Hanna, then by George Poppal,
+was at 178 South Street, near Fifth Street. The sign was a painting of the
+National Convention which met May 14, 1787, in the State House or
+Independence Hall to frame the Constitution of the United States. George
+Washington was president, Mayor William Jackson was secretary. The
+convention met in the East Room, which was distinctly and correctly
+represented on the sign-board; its wainscoting, the Ionic pilasters
+supporting a full entablature beneath a coved ceiling, all were taken down
+by a "Commissioner of Repairs," and all now are happily reproduced and
+restored. On one side of the sign-board Washington was seen seated under
+the panel bearing the arms of Pennsylvania. The dignified Judge Wilson
+occupied the chair, and Franklin sat near. All the heads were portraits.
+On both sides of the sign-board were the lines:--
+
+  "These thirty-eight men together have agreed
+  That better times to us shall very soon succeed."
+
+Watson, writing in 1857, tells of the end of this historic sign-board:--
+
+    "This invaluable sign, which should have been copied by some eminent
+    artist and engraved for posterity, was bandied about like the Casa
+    Santa of Lorretto from post to pillar till it located at South Street
+    near the Old Theatre. The figures are now completely obliterated by a
+    heavy coat of brown paint on which is lettered Fed. Con. 1787."
+
+
+[Illustration: Hat Tavern and Sign-board.]
+
+
+This offence against historic decency can be added to the many other
+crimes against good taste which lie heavily on the account of the middle
+of the nineteenth century. The _fin du siecle_ has many evils which are
+daily rehearsed to us; but the middle of the century was an era of bad
+taste, dulness, affected and melancholic sentimentality and
+commonplaceness in dress, architecture, household furnishings,
+literature, society, and art--let us turn from it with haste. It is
+equalled only in some aspects by some of the decades of dulness in England
+in the reign of George III.
+
+Another sign-board painted by Woodside is described in Philadelphia
+newspapers of August, 1820:--
+
+    "UNION HOTEL
+
+    "Samuel E. Warwick respectfully informs his friends and the public
+    generally that he has opened a house of Entertainment at the northeast
+    corner of Seventh and Cedar Streets, and has copied for his sign Mr.
+    Binn's beautiful copperplate engraving of the Declaration of
+    Independence, by that justly celebrated artist, Mr. Woodside:--
+
+      "Whate'er may tend to soothe the soul below,
+      To dry the tear and blunt the shaft of woe,
+      To drown the ills that discompose the mind,
+      All those who drink at Warwick's Inn shall find."
+
+The Revolutionary War developed originality in American tavern signs. The
+"King's Arms," "King's Head," "St. George and the Dragon," and other
+British symbols gave place to rampant American eagles and portraits of
+George Washington. Every town had a Washington Tavern, with varied
+Washington sign-boards. That of the Washington Hotel at Salem,
+Massachusetts, is on page 63.
+
+The landlord of the Washington Inn at Holmesburg, Pennsylvania, one James
+Carson, issued this address in 1816:--
+
+    "Ye good and virtuous Americans--come! whether business or pleasure be
+    your object--call and be refreshed at the sign of Washington. Here
+    money and merit will secure you respect and honor, and a hearty
+    welcome to choice liquors and to sumptuous fare. Is it cold? You shall
+    find a comfortable fire. Is it warm? Sweet repose under a cool and
+    grassy shade. In short, every exertion shall be made to grace the sign
+    of the hero and statesman who was first in war, first in peace, and
+    first in the hearts of his countrymen."
+
+On Beach Street a tavern, with the name Washington Crossing the Delaware,
+had as a sign-board a copy of Sully's famous picture. This must have been
+a costly luxury. A similar one used as a bridge sign-board is on page 239.
+
+About 1840 one Washington Tavern in Philadelphia, on Second and Lombard
+streets, displayed a sign which was a novelty at that time. It was what
+was known as a "slat-sign"; perpendicular strips or slats were so set on
+the sign that one view or picture was shown upon taking a full front view,
+a second by looking at it from one side, a third from the other. The
+portrait of Washington and other appropriate pictures were thus shown.
+
+Other patriotic designs became common,--the Patriotic Brothers having a
+sign representing the Temple of Liberty with weapons of war. On the steps
+of the temple a soldier and sailor grasp hands, with the motto, "Where
+Liberty dwells, there is my country."
+
+A very interesting sign is in the possession of the Connecticut Historical
+Society. It is shown on page 28. This sign is unusual in that it is
+carved in good outline on one side with the British coat of arms, and on
+the other a full-rigged ship under full sail, flying the Union Jack. At
+the top on each side are the letters U. A. H., and 1766. It is enclosed in
+a heavy frame, with heavy hangers of iron keyed to suspend from a beam.
+
+The initials U. A. H. stand for Uriah and Ann Hayden, who kept the tavern
+for which this board was the sign. It stood near the river in Essex, then
+Pettspung Parish, in the town of Saybrook, Connecticut. The sign was
+relegated to a garret when the British lion and unicorn were in such
+disrepute in the new land of freedom, and, being forgotten, was thus
+preserved to our own day.
+
+An old sign shown on pages 151 and 153 swung for nearly a century by the
+roadside before a house called Bissell's Tavern, at Bissell's Ferry, East
+Windsor, Connecticut. Originally it bore an elaborate design of thirteen
+interlacing rings, each having in its centre the representation of some
+tree or plant peculiar to the state it designated. These interlacing links
+surrounded the profile portrait of George Washington. Above this was the
+legend, "The 13 United States." Beneath this, "Entertainment by David
+Bissell, A.D. 1777." Ten years later the words David Bissell were painted
+out and E. Wolcott substituted. The date 1787 was also placed in both
+upper corners of the board. In 1801 the sign and house came to Joseph
+Phelps. A new design was given: a copy of the first gold eagle of 1795,
+and on the other the reverse side of same coin and the name J. Phelps. In
+1816 J. Pelton bought the Ferry Tavern, and he painted out all of J.
+Phelps's name save the initials, which were his own. He hung the sign on
+the limb of a big elm tree over the Ferry road.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Bissell's Tavern.]
+
+
+Arad Stratton, who kept the old tavern at Northfield Farms, had a splendid
+eagle on his sign-board, which is shown on page 140. This tavern built in
+1724 was pulled down in 1820.
+
+William Pitt's face and figure frequently appeared on sign-boards. One is
+shown on page 156 which hung at the door of the Pitt Tavern in Lancaster,
+Pennsylvania. This tavern was kept from 1808 to 1838 by Landlord Henry
+Diffenbaugh. The sign-board was painted by an artist named Eicholtz, a
+pupil of Sully and of Gilbert Stuart, whose work he imitated and copied.
+
+A small, single-storied ancient tavern used to stand near the old Swedes'
+church. Over the door was a sign with an old hen with a brood of chickens;
+an eagle hovered over them with a crown in its beak; the inscription was:
+"May the Wings of Liberty cover the Chickens of Freedom, and pluck the
+Crown from the Enemy's Head." This was a high flight of fancy, and the Hen
+and Chickens was doubtless vastly admired in those days of high sentiment
+and patriotism after the Revolution.
+
+Lafayette and Franklin showed their fame in many a sign-board. When the
+sign of the Franklin Inn was set up in Philadelphia in 1774, it bore this
+couplet:--
+
+  "Come view your patriot father! and your friend,
+  And toast to Freedom and to slavery's end."
+
+John Hancock was another popular patriot seen on tavern signs. The
+sign-board which hung for many years before John Duggan's hostelry, the
+Hancock Tavern in Corn Court, is shown on page 110. This portrait crudely
+resembles one of Hancock, by Copley, and is said to have been painted by
+order of Hancock's admirer, Landlord Duggan. At Hancock's death it was
+draped with mourning emblems. It swung for many years over the narrow
+alley shown on page 182, till it blew down in a heavy wind and killed a
+citizen. Then it was nailed to the wall, and thereby injured. It was
+preserved in Lexington Memorial Hall, but has recently been returned to
+Boston.
+
+It was natural that horses, coaches, and sporting subjects should be
+favorites for tavern signs. A very spirited one is that of the Perkins
+Inn, at Hopkinton, New Hampshire, dated 1786, and showing horse, rider,
+and hounds. The Williams Tavern of Centrebrook, Connecticut, stood on the
+old Hartford and Saybrook turnpike. One side of its swinging sign
+displayed a coach and horses. It is shown on page 400. The other, on page
+396, portrays a well-fed gentleman seated at a well-spread table sedately
+drinking a glass of wine. Sign-boards with figures of horses were common,
+such as that of the Hays Tavern, page 65; of the Conkey Tavern, page 190;
+of Mowry's Inn, page 57; and of the Pembroke Tavern, page 217.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Bissell's Tavern.]
+
+
+Of course beasts and birds furnished many symbols for sign painters. On
+the site where the Northfield Seminary buildings now stand, stood until
+1880 the old Doolittle Tavern. It was on the main-travelled road from
+Connecticut through Massachusetts to southern New Hampshire and Vermont.
+Its sign-board, dated 1781, is on page 158. It bore a large rabbit and two
+miniature pine trees.
+
+Joseph Cutter, a Revolutionary soldier, kept an inn in Jaffray, New
+Hampshire, on the "Brattleboro' Pike" from Boston. His sign-board bore the
+figure of a demure fox. It is shown on page 412.
+
+Indian chiefs were a favorite subject for sign-boards; three are here
+shown, one on page 203, from the Stickney Tavern of Concord, New
+Hampshire; another on page 382, from the Wells Tavern at Greenfield
+Meadows, Massachusetts; a third on page 310, from the Tarleton Inn of
+Haverhill, New Hampshire.
+
+Two Beehive Taverns, one in Philadelphia, one in Frankford, each bore the
+sign-board a beehive with busy bees. The motto on the former, "By Industry
+We Thrive," was scarcely so appropriate as--
+
+  "Here in this hive we're all alive,
+    Good liquor makes us funny.
+  If you are dry, step in and try
+    The flavor of our honey."
+
+The sign-board of Walker's Tavern, a famous house of entertainment in
+Charlestown, New Hampshire, is shown on page 162. It bears a beehive and
+bees. This sign is now owned by the Worcester Society of Antiquity.
+
+The Washington Hotel, at the corner of Sixth and Carpenter streets, had
+several landlords, and in 1822 became the New Theatre Hotel. Woodside
+painted a handsome sign, bearing a portrait of the famous old actor and
+theatrical manager, William Warren, as Falstaff, with the inscription,
+"Shall I not take mine ease at my inn?" A writer in the _Despatch_ says
+the tavern did not prosper, though its rooms were let for meetings of
+clubs, societies, audits, and legal proceedings. It was leased by Warren
+himself in 1830, and still the tavern decayed. He left it and died, and
+the fine sign-board faded, and was succeeded by the plain lettering,
+Fallstaff Inn, and the appropriate motto, chosen by Warren, gave place to
+"Bring me a cup of sack, Hal." The place was a "horrible old rattletrap,"
+and was soon and deservedly demolished.
+
+The Raleigh Inn, in Third Street, showed the story of the servant throwing
+water over the nobleman at the sight of smoke issuing from his mouth. This
+was a favorite tale of the day, and the portrayal of it may be seen in
+many an old-time picture-book for children.
+
+On Thirteenth Street, near Locust, was a sign copied from a London one:--
+
+  "I William McDermott lives here,
+  I sells good porter, ale, and beer,
+  I've made my sign a little wider
+  To let you know I sell good cider."
+
+On the Germantown road the Woodman Tavern had a sign-board with a woodman,
+axe, and the following lines:--
+
+  "In Freedom's happy land
+    My task of duty done,
+  In Mirth's light-hearted band
+    Why not the lowly woodman one?"
+
+The Yellow Cottage was a well-known Philadelphia tavern, half citified,
+half countrified. Its sign read:--
+
+  "Rove not from sign to sign, but stop in here,
+  Where naught exceeds the prospect but the beer."
+
+These lines were a paraphrase of the witty and celebrated sign, said to
+have been written by Dean Swift for a barber who kept a public house:--
+
+  "Rove not from pole to pole, but stop in here,
+  Where naught excels the shaving but the beer."
+
+Sir Walter Scott, in his _Fortunes of Nigel_, gives this version as a
+chapter motto:--
+
+  "Rove not from pole to pole--the man lives here,
+  Whose razor's only equalled by his beer."
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of William Pitt Tavern.]
+
+
+Entering a large double gate, the passer-by who was seduced by this sign
+of the Yellow Cottage walked up a grand walk to this cottage, which was
+surrounded by a brick pavement about five feet wide which was closely
+bordered in front and sides by lilac bushes and some shrubs called
+"Washington's bowers." These concealed all the lower story on three sides
+except the front entrance. If you could pass the bar, you could go out the
+back entrance to a porch which extended across the back of the house. Here
+card-playing, dominos, etc., constantly went on; thence down a sloping
+field, at the end of the field, was an exit. On one side of this field
+was a stable, chicken-house, and pens which always held for view a fat hog
+or ox or some unusual natural object. Shooting parties were held here;
+quoit-playing, axe-throwing, weight-lifting, etc.; and it had also a
+charming view of the river.
+
+Biblical names were not common on tavern sign-boards. "Adam and Eveses
+Garden" in Philadelphia was not a Garden of Eden. This was and is a common
+title in England. Noah's Ark seems somewhat inappropriate. The Angel had
+originally a religious significance. The Bible and Peacock seems less
+appropriate than the Bible and Key, for divination by Bible and key has
+ever been as universal in America as in England.
+
+In Philadelphia, on Shippen Street, between Third and Fourth, was a tavern
+sign representing a sailor and a woman, separated by these two lines:--
+
+  "The sea-worn sailor here will find
+  The porter good, the treatment kind."
+
+No doubt thirsty tars found this sign most attractive; more so, I am sure,
+than the pretentious sign of Lebanon Tavern, corner of Tenth and South
+streets. This sign was painted by the artist Pratt. On one side was
+Neptune in his chariot, surrounded by Tritons; underneath the lines:--
+
+  "Neptune with his triumphant host
+  Commands the ocean to be silent,
+  Smooths the surface of its waters,
+  And universal calm succeeds."
+
+On the other side a marine view of ships, etc., with the lines:--
+
+  "Now calm at sea and peace on land
+  Have blest our Continental stores,
+  Our fleets are ready, at command,
+  To sway and curb contending powers."
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Doolittle Tavern.]
+
+
+As the sign purveyor dropped easily into verse, albeit of the blankest
+type, these lines surmounted the door:--
+
+  "Of the waters of Lebanon
+    Good cheer, good chocolate, and tea,
+  With kind entertainment
+    By John Kennedy."
+
+Chocolate and tea seem but dull bait to lure the sailor of that day. The
+Three Jolly Sailors showed their cheerful faces on a sign-board
+appropriately found on Water Street. One of the tars was busy strapping a
+block, and the legend below read:--
+
+  "Brother Sailor! please to stop
+  And lend a hand to strap this block;
+  For if you do not stop or call,
+  I cannot strap this block at all."
+
+In Castleford, England, the Three Jolly Sailors has a different rhyme:--
+
+  "Coil up your ropes and anchor here,
+  Till better weather does appear."
+
+In Boston the Ship in Distress was a copy of a famous sign-board which
+hung in Brighton, England, a century ago. Both had the appealing lines:--
+
+  "With sorrows I am compassed round,
+  Pray lend a hand, my ship's aground."
+
+Tippling-houses in both Philadelphia and Boston had a sign-board painted
+with a tree, a bird, a ship, and a can of beer, and these quaint lines, an
+excellent tavern rhyme:--
+
+  "This is the tree that never grew,
+  This is the bird that never flew,
+  This is the ship that never sailed,
+  This is the mug that never failed."
+
+Other Philadelphia sign-boards of especial allurement to sailors were "The
+Wounded Tar," "The Top-Gallant," "The Brig and Snow," "The Jolly Sailors,"
+"The Two Sloops," "The Boatswain and Call," and "The Dolphin." The
+sign-board of the Poore Tavern (page 405) shows a ship under full sail.
+
+In a small Philadelphia alley running from Spruce Street to Lock Street,
+was a sign-board lettered "A Man Full of Trouble." It bore also a picture
+of a man on whose arm a woman was leaning, and a monkey was perched on his
+shoulder, and a bird, apparently a parrot, stood on his hand. The woman
+carried a bandbox, on the top of which sat a cat. This sign has a long
+history. It was copied from the famous sign-board of an old ale-house
+still in Oxford Street, London; (it is here shown, opposite this page).
+It is said to have been painted by Hogarth; at any rate, it is valued
+enough to be specified in the lease of the premises as one of the
+fixtures. The name by which it is known in London is The Man Loaded with
+Mischief. The bird is a magpie, and the woman holds a glass of gin in her
+hand. In the background at one side is a pot-house, at the other a
+pawnbroker's shop. The engraving of this sign is signed "Drawn by
+Experience, Engraved by Sorrow," and the rhyme:--
+
+  "A monkey, a magpie, and a wife
+  Is the true emblem of strife."
+
+A similar sign is in Norwich, another in Blewbury, England. One inn is
+called The Mischief Inn, the other The Load of Mischief. Still another, at
+Cambridge, England, showed the man and woman fastened together with a
+chain and padlock. A kindred French sign-board is called _Le trio de
+Malice_ (the trio being a cat, woman, and monkey).
+
+An old Philadelphia tavern on Sixth Street, below Catherine Street, had
+the curious name, The Four Alls. The meaning was explained by the painting
+on the sign, which was a very large one. It represented a palace, on the
+steps of which stood a king, an officer in uniform, a clergyman in gown
+and bands, and a laborer in plain dress. The satirical inscription read:--
+
+  "1. King--I govern All.
+   2. General--I fight for All.
+   3. Minister--I pray for All.
+   4. Laborer--And I pay for All."
+
+
+[Illustration: A Man Loaded with Mischief.]
+
+
+This is an old historic sign, which may still be seen in the streets of
+Malta. In Holland, two hundred years ago, there were four figures,--a
+soldier, parson, lawyer, and farmer. The three said their "All" just as in
+the Philadelphia sign-board, but the farmer answered:--
+
+  "Of gy vecht, of gy bidt, of gy pleyt,
+  Ik bin de boer die de eyeren layt."
+
+"You may fight, you may pay, you may plead, but I am the farmer who lays
+the eggs,"--that is, finds the money for it all. Sometimes the English
+sign-painters changed the lettering to The Four Awls. There are several
+epigrams using the word "all"; one, an address to Janus I., is in the
+Ashmolean Mss. It begins:--
+
+  "The Lords craved all,
+  The Queen granted all,
+  The Ladies of Honour ruled all," etc.
+
+A famous old English sign was "The Man Making His Way Through the World."
+The design was a terrestrial globe with the head and shoulders of a naked
+man breaking out like a chick out of an egg-shell; his nakedness betokened
+extreme poverty. In Holland a similar sign reads, "Thus far have I got
+through the World." One in England shows the head coming out in Russia,
+while the feet stick out at South America. The man says, "Help me through
+this World." This sign is sometimes called the Struggling Man. It was
+displayed in front of a well-known Philadelphia inn, and also on one at
+the South End in Boston. The story was told by a Revolutionary officer
+that during that war a forlorn regiment of Continentals halted after a
+weary march from Providence, in front of the Boston tavern and the
+Struggling Man. The soldiers were broken with fatigue, covered with mud,
+and ravenous for food and drink. One glared angrily at the sign-board and
+at once roared out with derision: "'List, durn ye! 'List, and you'll get
+through this world fast enough!"
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Walker's Tavern.]
+
+
+Both in Philadelphia and Boston was found the sign known as the Good
+Woman, the Quiet Woman, or the Silent Woman, which was a woman without a
+head. The sign, originally intended to refer to some saint who had met
+death by losing her head, was naturally too tempting and apparent a joke
+to be overlooked. New Chelmsford in England had until recently a
+sign-board with the Good Woman on one side and King Henry VIII. on the
+other. In this case the Good Woman may have been Anne Boleyn.
+
+A popular Philadelphia inn was the one which bore the sign of the "Golden
+Lion," standing on its hind legs. Lions fell into disrepute at the time of
+the Revolution, and the gallant animal that was a lion in its youth became
+the Yellow Cat in middle and old age. It was a vastly popular cat,
+however, vending beer and porter of highest repute. It was kept in ancient
+fashion unchanged until its antiquity made it an object alike of dignity
+and interest--in fact, until our own day. With its worn and sanded floor,
+tables unpainted, and snowy with daily scrubbing; with tallow candles when
+gas lighted every "saloon" in the city; with the old-time bar fenced up to
+the ceiling with rails, it had an old age as golden as its youth. Susan,
+an ancient maiden of prehistoric age, fetched up the beer in old pewter
+mugs on a pewter platter, and presented a pretzel with each mug.
+
+The great variety of tavern-signs in Philadelphia was noted even by
+Englishmen, who were certainly acquainted with variety and number at home.
+The Englishman Palmer wrote during his visit in 1818:--
+
+    "We observed several curious tavern signs in Philadelphia and on the
+    roadside, among others Noah's Ark; a variety of Apostles; Bunyan's
+    Pilgrim; a cock on a lion's back, crowing, with Liberty issuing from
+    his beak; naval engagements in which the British are in a desperate
+    situation; the most common signs are eagles, heads of public
+    characters, Indian Kings, &c."
+
+There had been so many sign-boards used by business firms in Philadelphia,
+that they had been declared public nuisances, and in 1770 all sign-boards,
+save those of innkeepers, had been ordered to be taken down and removed.
+
+From a famous old hostelry in Dedham, swung from the years 1658 to 1730
+the sign-board of Lieutenant Joshua Fisher, surveyor, apothecary,
+innholder, and officer of "ye trayne band," and his son and successor,
+Captain Fisher--also Joshua. About 1735 one of the latter's daughters
+married Dr. Nathaniel Ames, who had already started that remarkable series
+of annual publications, familiar now to antiquaries, and once to all New
+England householders, as _Ames' Almanack_. The first of these interesting
+almanacs had appeared in 1726, when Ames was only seventeen years old, but
+he was assisted by his astronomer father. After the death successively of
+his wife and infant child, the doctor entered into a famous lawsuit with
+the family of his sisters-in-law for the tenure of the land and inn; and
+the turning-point of the suit hung upon the settlement of the term "next
+of kin."
+
+By ancient common law and English law real property never ascended, that
+is, was never inherited by a father or mother from a child; but in absence
+of husband, wife, or lineal descendant passed on to the "next of kin,"
+which might be a distant cousin. By general interpretation the Province
+Laws substituted the so-called civilian method of counting kinship, by
+which the father could inherit.
+
+Twice defeated in the courts, Dr. Ames boldly pushed his case in 1748
+before the "Superior Court of Judicature, etc., of the Province of
+Massachusetts Bay," himself preparing unaided both case and argument, and
+he triumphed. By the Province Laws he was given full possession of the
+property inherited by his infant child from the mother--thus the inn
+became Ames Tavern.
+
+
+[Illustration: Drawing for Ames' Sign-board.]
+
+
+Nervous in temperament, excited by his victory, indignant at the injustice
+and loss to which he had been subjected; he was loudly intolerant of the
+law's delay, and especially of the failure of Chief Justice Dudley and his
+associate Lynde, to unite with the three other judges, Saltonstall,
+Sewall, and Cushing, in the verdict; and in anger and derision he had
+painted for him and his tavern a new and famous sign, and he hung it in
+front of the tavern in caricature of the court.
+
+The sign is gone long ago; but in that entertaining book, _The Almanacks
+of Nathaniel Ames 1726-1775_, the author, Sam Briggs, gives an
+illustration of the painting from a drawing found among Dr. Ames' papers
+after his death, a copy of which is shown on the foregoing page. On the
+original sketch these words are written:--
+
+    "Sir:--I wish could have some talk on y{e} above subject, being the
+    bearer waits for an answer shal only observe M{r} Greenwood thinks
+    y{t} can not be done under L40 Old Tenor."
+
+This was a good price to pay to lampoon the court, for the sign
+represented the whole court sitting in state in big wigs with an open book
+before them entitled _Province Laws_. The dissenting judges, Dudley and
+Lynde, were painted with their backs turned to the book. The court,
+hearing of the offending sign-board, sent the sheriff from Boston to bring
+it before them. Dr. Ames was in Boston at the time, heard of the order,
+rode with speed to Dedham in advance of the sheriff, removed the sign, and
+it is said had allowance of time sufficient to put up a board for the
+reception of the officer with this legend, "A wicked and adulterous
+generation seeketh after a sign, but there shall no sign be given it."
+
+The old road house, after this episode in its history, became more famous
+than ever before; and The Almanac was a convenient method of its
+advertisement, as it was of its distance from other taverns. In the issue
+of 1751 is this notice:--
+
+    "ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+    "These are to signify to all Persons that travel the great Post-Road
+    South West from Boston That I keep a house of Public Entertainment
+    Eleven Miles from Boston at the sign of the Sun. If they want
+    Refreshment and see Cause to be my Guests, they shall be well
+    entertained at a reasonable rate.
+
+    N. AMES."
+
+Here lived the almanac-maker for fifteen years; here were born by a second
+wife his famous sons, Dr. Nathaniel Ames and Hon. Fisher Ames. Here in
+1774 his successor in matrimony and tavern-keeping, one Richard Woodward,
+kept open house in September, 1774, for the famous Suffolk Convention,
+where was chosen the committee that drafted the first resolutions in favor
+of trying the issue with Great Britain with the sword. My
+great-grandfather was a member of this convention at Ames Tavern, and it
+has always seemed to me that this was the birthplace of the War for
+Independence. During the Revolution, as in the French and Indian War, the
+tavern doors swung open with constant excitement and interest. Washington,
+Lafayette, Hancock, Adams, and scores of other patriots sat and drank
+within its walls. It stood through another war, that of 1812, and in 1817
+its historic walls were levelled in the dust.
+
+The tavern sign-board was not necessarily or universally one of the
+elaborate emblems I have described. Often it was only a board painted
+legibly with the tavern name. It might be attached to a wooden arm
+projecting from the tavern or a post; it might be hung from a near-by
+tree. Often a wrought-iron arm, shaped like a fire crane, held the
+sign-board. The ponderous wooden sign of the Barre Hotel hung from a
+substantial frame erected on the green in front of the tavern. Two upright
+poles about twenty feet long were set five feet apart, with a weather-vane
+on top of each pole. A bar stretched from pole to pole and held the
+sign-board. A drawing of it from an old print is shown on page 280.
+
+
+[Illustration: Buckhorn Tavern.]
+
+
+Rarely signs were hung from a beam stretched across the road on upright
+posts. It is said there are twenty-five such still remaining and now in
+use in England. A friend saw one at the village of Barley in Herts, the
+Fox and Hounds. The figures were cut out of plank and nailed to the
+cross-beam, the fox escaping into the thatch of the inn with hound in
+full cry and huntsmen following. Silhouetted against the sky, it showed
+well its inequality of outline. A similar sign of a livery stable in
+Baltimore shows a row of galloping horses.
+
+Sometimes animals' heads or skins were nailed on a board and used as a
+sign. Ox horns and deer horns were set over the door. The Buck Horn Tavern
+with its pair of branching buck horns is shown on the opposite page. This
+tavern stood on Broadway and Twenty-second Street, New York.
+
+The proverb "Good wine needs no bush" refers to the ancient sign for a
+tavern, a green bush set on a pole or nailed to the tavern door. This was
+obsolete, even in colonial days; but in Western mining camps and towns in
+modern days this emblem has been used to point out the barroom or grocery
+whiskey barrel. The name "Green Bush" was never a favorite in America.
+There was a Green Bush Tavern in Barrington, Rhode Island, with a
+sign-board painted with a green tree.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE TAVERN IN WAR
+
+
+The tavern has ever played an important part in social, political, and
+military life, has helped to make history. From the earliest days when men
+gathered to talk over the terrors of Indian warfare; through the renewal
+of these fears in the French and Indian War; before and after the glories
+of Louisburg; and through all the anxious but steadfast years preceding
+and during the Revolution, these gatherings were held in the ordinaries or
+taverns. What a scene took place in the Brookfield tavern, the town being
+then called Quawbaug! The only ordinary, that of Goodman Ayers, was a
+garrison house as well as tavern, and the sturdy landlord was commander of
+the train-band. When the outbreak called King Philip's War took place,
+things looked black for Quawbaug. Hostile and treacherous Indians set upon
+the little frontier settlement, and the frightened families retreated from
+their scarcely cleared farms to the tavern. Many of the men were killed
+and wounded at the beginning of the fray, but there were eighty-two
+persons, men, women, and children, shut up within the tavern walls, and
+soon there were four more, for two women gave birth to twins. The
+Indians, "like so many wild bulls," says a witness, shot into the house,
+piled up hay and wood against the walls, and set it on fire. But the men
+sallied out and quenched the flames. The next night the savages renewed
+their attack.
+
+    "They used several stratagems to fire us, namely, by wild-fire on
+    cotton and linen rags with brimstone in them, which rags they tied to
+    the piles of their arrows sharp for the purpose and shot them to the
+    roof of our house after they had set them on fire, which would have
+    much endangered in the burning thereof, had we not used means by
+    cutting holes through the roof and otherwise to beat the said arrows
+    down, and God being pleased to prosper our endeavours therein."
+
+Again they piled hay and flax against the house and fired it; again the
+brave Englishmen went forth and put out the flames. Then the wily Indians
+loaded a cart with inflammable material and thrust it down the hill to the
+tavern. But the Lord sent a rain for the salvation of His people, and when
+all were exhausted with the smoke, the August heat, the fumes of
+brimstone, and the burning powder, relief came in a body of men from
+Groton and one brought by a brave young man who had made his way by
+stealth from the besieged tavern to Boston. Many of the old garrison
+houses of New England had, as taverns, a peaceful end of their days.
+
+A centre of events, a centre of alarms, the tavern in many a large city
+saw the most thrilling acts in our Revolutionary struggle which took place
+off the battlefields. The tavern was the rendezvous for patriotic bands
+who listened to the stirring words of American rebels, and mixed dark
+treason to King George with every bowl of punch they drank. The story of
+our War for Independence could not be dissociated from the old taverns,
+they are a part of our national history; and those which still stand are
+among our most interesting Revolutionary relics.
+
+John Adams left us a good contemporaneous picture of the first notes of
+dissatisfaction such as were heard in every tavern, in every town, in the
+years which were leading up to the Revolution. He wrote:--
+
+    "Within the course of the year, before the meeting of Congress in
+    1774, on a journey to some of our circuit courts in Massachusetts, I
+    stopped one night at a tavern in Shrewsbury about forty miles from
+    Boston, and as I was cold and wet, I sat down at a good fire in the
+    bar-room to dry my great-coat and saddle-bags, till a fire could be
+    made in my chamber. There presently came in, one after another, half a
+    dozen, or half a score substantial yeomen of the neighborhood, who,
+    sitting down to the fire after lighting their pipes, began a lively
+    conversation on politics. As I believed I was unknown to all of them,
+    I sat in total silence to hear them. One said, 'The people of Boston
+    are distracted.' Another answered, 'No wonder the people of Boston are
+    distracted. Oppression will make wise men mad.' A third said, 'What
+    would you say if a fellow should come to your house and tell you he
+    was come to take a list of your cattle, that Parliament might tax you
+    for them at so much a head? And how should you feel if he was to go
+    and break open your barn or take down your oxen, cows, horses, and
+    sheep?' 'What should I say?' replied the first, 'I would knock him in
+    the head.' 'Well,' said a fourth, 'if Parliament can take away Mr.
+    Hancock's wharf and Mr. Rowe's wharf, they can take away your barn and
+    my house.' After much more reasoning in this style, a fifth, who had
+    as yet been silent, broke out: 'Well, it's high time for us to rebel;
+    we must rebel some time or other, and we had better rebel now than at
+    any time to come. If we put it off for ten or twenty years, and let
+    them go on as they have begun, they will get a strong party among us,
+    and plague us a great deal more than they can now.'"
+
+
+[Illustration: Old North Bridge, Concord, Mass.]
+
+
+These discussions soon brought decisions, and by 1768 the Sons of Liberty
+were organized and were holding their meetings, explaining conditions, and
+advocating union and action. They adopted the name given by Colonel Barre
+to the enemies of passive obedience in America. Soon scores of towns in
+the colonies had their liberty trees or liberty poles.
+
+These patriots grew amazingly bold in proclaiming their dissatisfaction
+with the Crown and their allegiance to their new nation. The landlord of
+the tavern at York, Maine, speedily set up a sign-board bearing a portrait
+of Pitt and the words, "Entertainment for the Sons of Liberty." Young
+women formed into companies called Daughters of Liberty, pledged to wear
+homespun and drink no tea. I have told the story of feminine revolt at
+length in my book _Colonial Dames and Goodwives_. John Adams glowed with
+enthusiasm when he heard two Worcester girls sing the "New Liberty Song,"
+in a Worcester tavern. In 1768 a Liberty Tree was dedicated in
+Providence, Rhode Island. It was a vast elm which stood in the dooryard of
+the Olney Tavern on Constitution Hill. On a platform built in its branches
+about twenty feet from the ground, stood the orator of the day, and in an
+eloquent discourse dedicated the tree to the cause of Liberty. In the
+trying years that followed, the wise fathers and young enthusiasts of
+Providence gathered under its branches for counsel. The most famous of
+these trees of patriotism was the Liberty Tree of Boston. It stood near a
+tavern of the same name at the junction of Essex and Washington streets,
+then known as Hanover Square. The name was given in 1765 at a patriotic
+celebration in honor of the expected repeal of the Stamp Act. Even before
+that time effigies of Lord Oliver and a boot for Lord Bute, placards and
+mottoes had hung from its branches. A metal plate was soon attached to it,
+bearing this legend, "This tree was planted in 1646 and pruned by order of
+the Sons of Liberty February 14, 1766." Under the tree and at the tavern
+met all patriot bands, until the tree was cut down by the roistering
+British soldiers and supplied them with fourteen cords of firewood. The
+tavern stood till 1833. A picture of the Boston Liberty Tree and Tavern of
+the same name is shown on the opposite page. It is from an old drawing.
+
+
+[Illustration: Boston Liberty Tree and Tavern.]
+
+
+The fourteenth of August, 1769, was a merry day in Boston and vicinity.
+The Sons of Liberty, after assembling at the Liberty Tree in Boston, all
+adjourned for dinner at the Liberty Tree Tavern, or Robinson's Tavern in
+Dorchester. Tables were spread in an adjoining field under a tent, and
+over three hundred people sat down to an abundant feast, which included
+three barbecued pigs. Speeches and songs inspired and livened the diners.
+The last toast given was, "Strong halters, firm blocks, and sharp axes to
+all such as deserve them." At five o'clock the Boston Sons, headed by John
+Hancock in his chariot, started for home. Although fourteen toasts were
+given in Boston and forty-five in Dorchester, John Adams says in his Diary
+that "to the honor of the Sons I did not see one person intoxicated or
+near it."
+
+
+[Illustration: Stavers Inn.]
+
+
+The tavern in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, known by the sign of Earl of
+Halifax, was regarded by Portsmouth patriots as a hotbed of Tories. It
+had always been the resort of Government officials; and in 1775, the
+meeting of these laced and ruffled gentlemen became most obnoxious to the
+Sons of Liberty, and soon a mob gathered in front of the tavern, and the
+irate landlord heard the blows of an axe cutting down his Earl of Halifax
+sign-post. Seizing an axe he thrust it into the hands of one of his
+powerful negro slaves, telling him to go and threaten the chopper of the
+sign-post. Excited by the riotous scene, the black man, without a word, at
+once dealt a powerful blow upon the head of a man named Noble, who was
+wielding the encroaching axe. Noble lived forty years after this blow, but
+never had his reason. This terrible assault of course enraged the mob, and
+a general assault was made on the tavern; windows and doors were broken;
+Landlord Stavers fled on horseback, and the terrified black man was found
+in a cistern in the tavern cellar, up to his chin in water. When Stavers
+returned, he was seized by the Committee of Safety and thrust into Exeter
+jail. He took the oath of allegiance and returned to his battered house.
+He would not reglaze the broken windows, but boarded them up, and it is
+said that many a distinguished group of officers feasted in rooms without
+a pane of glass in the windows.
+
+Popular opinion was against the Earl of Halifax, however, and when the old
+sign-board was touched up, the name of William Pitt, the friend of
+America, appeared on the sign.
+
+The portion of the old Earl of Halifax or Stavers Inn which is still
+standing is shown in its forlorn old age on the opposite page.
+
+Mr. George Davenport, of Boston, a lineal descendant of old William
+Davenport, owns one of the most interesting tavern bills I have ever seen.
+It is of the old Wolfe Tavern at Newburyport. To those who can read
+between the lines it reveals means and methods which were calculated to
+arouse enthusiasm and create public sentiment during the exciting days of
+the Stamp Act. The bill and its items read thus:--
+
+    "Dr. Messrs. Joseph Stanwood & Others of the Town of Newburyport for
+    Sunday expences at My House on Thirsday, Septr. 26th, A.D. 1765. At
+    the Grate Uneasiness and Tumult on Occasion of the Stamp Act.
+
+      To William Davenport                             Old Tenor
+      To 3 Double Bowls punch by Capt. Robud's Order   L3,  7, 6
+      To 7 Double Bowls of punch                        7,  7, 6
+      To Double Bowl of Egg Toddy                          14
+      To Double Punch 22/6 Single bowl 11/3             1, 13, 9
+      To Double Bowl Punch 22/6 Double bowl toddy 12/   1, 14, 6
+      To Bowl Punch 11/3 Bowl Toddy 6/                     17, 3
+      To Double Bowl Toddy 12/ bowl punch 11/3          1,  3, 3
+      To Double Bowl punch 22/6 Nip Toddy 3/            1,  5, 6
+      To Mug Flip 5/ To a Thrible Bowl Punch 33/9       1, 18, 9
+      To Double Bowl Punch 22/6 To a Thrible Bowl
+          Ditto 33/9                                    2, 16, 3
+      To Double Bowl Punch 22/6                         1,  2, 6
+      To a Double Bowl Punch 22/6                       1,  2, 6
+      To Thrible Bowl Punch 33/9 Double Bowl Ditto
+          22/6                                          2, 16, 3
+      To Double Bowl Punch 22/6 Bowl Ditto 11/3         1, 13, 9
+      To Double Bowl Punch 22/6 To Double Ditto
+          22/6 Bowl                                     2,  5
+      To 6 Lemons 15/ To Bowl of Punch 11/3             1,  6, 3
+      To 2 Double Bowls Punch                           2,  5
+      To Double Bowle Punch 22/6 bowl Punch 11/3        1, 13, 9
+      To 2 Double Bowles punch 1/5 To bowl punch 11/3   2, 16, 3
+      To bowl Punch 11/3 To bowl punch 11/3             1,  2, 6
+      To the Suppers which were cooked Hot              2,  5
+      To 8 Double Bowles Punch after Supper             9
+      To Double Bowl Toddy 12/ Bowl Punch 11/3          1,  2, 6
+      To Bowl Egg Toddy 7/                                  7
+      To 6 pintes and 1/2 of Spirits @ 10/ per pint     3,  5
+      To a Breakfast of Coffee for Sd Company           2,  5
+                                                     -----------
+                                                       59, 17, 3
+                                       Lawful Money     7, 19, 7-1/2
+
+      Newbury Port 28 Sept. 1765.
+            Errors excepted William Davenport."
+
+
+[Illustration: Handbill of Wolfe Tavern.]
+
+
+There was also a credit account of eleven pounds received in various sums
+from Captain Robud, Richard Farrow, and one Celeby.
+
+It is impossible to do more than to name, almost at haphazard, a few of
+the taverns that had some share in scenes of Revolutionary struggle. Many
+served as court-rooms when court-martials were held; others were seized
+for military prisons; others were fired upon; others served as barracks;
+some as officers' headquarters; others held secret meetings of patriots;
+many were used as hospitals.
+
+Many an old tavern is still standing which saw these scenes in the
+Revolutionary War. A splendid group of these hale and hearty old veterans
+is found in the rural towns near Boston. At the Wright Tavern, in Concord
+(shown on page 417), lodged Major Pitcairn, the British commander, and in
+the parlor on the morning before the battle of Concord, he stirred his
+glass of brandy with his bloody finger, saying he would thus stir the
+rebel's blood before night. The Monroe Tavern, of Lexington (facing page
+406), was the headquarters of Lord Percy on the famous 19th of April,
+1775. The Buckman Tavern, of the same town (page 23), was the rallying
+place of the Minute Men on April 18th, and contains many a bullet hole
+made by the shots of British soldiers. The Cooper Tavern (page 68) and the
+Russel Tavern (page 379), both of Arlington, were also scenes of activity
+and participation in the war. The Wayside Inn of Sudbury (page 372) and
+the Black Horse Tavern of Winchester were the scenes of the reassembling
+of the soldiers after the battle of Lexington.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Wolfe Tavern.]
+
+
+On the south side of Faneuil Hall Square in Boston, a narrow passageway
+leads into the gloomy recesses of a yard or court of irregular shape; this
+is Corn Court, and in the middle of this court stands, overshadowed by
+tall modern neighbors, the oldest inn in Boston. It has been raised and
+added to, and disfigured with vast painted signs, and hideous fire
+escapes, but within still retains its taproom and ancient appearance. As
+early as 1634, Samuel Cole had an ordinary on this spot, and in 1636,
+Governor Vane entertained there Miantonomah and his twenty warriors. This
+building, built nearly two centuries ago, was given the name of Hancock in
+1780, when he became governor. In 1794, Talleyrand was a guest at this old
+hostelry, and Louis Philippe in 1797. Washington, Franklin, and scores of
+other patriots have tarried within its walls; and in its taproom were held
+meetings of the historic Boston Tea-party.
+
+The Green Dragon Inn was one of the most famous of historic taverns. A
+representation of it from an old print is shown on page 187. The metal
+dragon which gave the name projected from the wall on an iron rod.
+
+Warren was the first Grand Master of the first Grand Lodge of Masons that
+held its meetings at this inn; and other patriots came to the inn to
+confer with him on the troublous times. The inn was a famous resort for
+the sturdy mechanics of the North End. Paul Revere wrote:--
+
+    "In the fall of 1774 and winter of 1775, I was one of upwards of
+    thirty men, chiefly mechanics, who formed ourselves with a Committee
+    for the purpose of watching the movements of the British soldiers and
+    gaining every intelligence of the movements of the Tories. We held our
+    meetings at the Green Dragon Tavern. This committee were astonished to
+    find all their secrets known to General Gage, although every time they
+    met every member swore not to reveal their transactions even to
+    Hancock, Adams, Otis, Warren or Church."
+
+The latter, Dr. Church, proved to be the traitor. The mass meeting of
+these mechanics and their friends held in this inn when the question of
+the adoption of the Federal Constitution was being considered was deemed
+by Samuel Adams one of the most important factors of its acceptance.
+Daniel Webster styled the Green Dragon the Headquarters of the Revolution.
+During the war it was used as a hospital.
+
+
+[Illustration: Hancock Tavern.]
+
+
+It is pleasant to note how many old taverns in New England, though no
+longer public hostelries, still are occupied by descendants of the
+original owners. Such is the home of Hon. John Winn in Burlington,
+Massachusetts. It stands on the road to Lowell by way of Woburn, about
+eleven miles out of Boston. The house was used at the time of the battle
+of Bunker Hill as a storage-place for the valuables of Boston and
+Charlestown families. The present home of the Winns was built in 1734
+upon the exact site of the house built in 1640 by the first Edward Winn,
+the emigrant. In it the first white child was born in the town of Woburn,
+December 5, 1641.
+
+The tavern was kept in Revolutionary days by Lieutenant Joseph Winn, who
+marched off to join the Lexington farmers on April 19, 1775, at two
+o'clock in the morning, when the alarm came "to every Middlesex village
+and farm" to gather against the redcoats. He came home late that night,
+and fought again at Bunker Hill.
+
+The tavern sign bore the coat of arms of the Winns; it was--not to use
+strict heraldic terms--three spread eagles on a shield. As it was not
+painted with any too strict obedience to the rules of heraldry or art, nor
+was it hung in a community that had any very profound knowledge or
+reverence on either subject, the three noble birds soon received a
+comparatively degraded title, and the sign-board and tavern were known as
+the Three Broiled Chickens.
+
+A building in New York which was owned by the De Lanceys before it became
+a public house is still standing on the southeast corner of Broad and
+Pearl streets; its name is well known to-day, Fraunces' Tavern. This name
+came from the stewardship of Samuel Fraunces, "Black Sam," a soldier of
+the American Revolution. The tavern originally bore a sign with the device
+of the head of Queen Charlotte, and was known as the Queen's Head, but in
+Revolutionary times Black Sam was a patriot, and in his house were held
+many patriotic and public meetings. The most famous of these meetings,
+one which has given the name of Washington's Headquarters to the tavern,
+was held in the Long Room on December 4, 1783: whereat Washington sadly
+bade farewell to his fellow-officers who had fought with him in the War
+for Independence. In this room, ten days previously, had been celebrated
+the evacuation of the city of New York by the British, by a dinner given
+to General Washington by Governor Clinton, at which the significant
+thirteen toasts were drunk to the new nation. Black Sam was a public
+benefactor as well as a patriot. He established a course of lectures on
+natural philosophy, and opened an exhibition of wax figures, seventy in
+all, for the amusement of New Yorkers. His story, and that of the tavern
+bearing his name, have been told at length many times in print.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sam Fraunces.]
+
+
+Another interesting Revolutionary inn in New York was the Golden Hill Inn.
+The general estimate of the date of its building is 1694; then 122 William
+Street was a golden grainfield, on one corner of the Damon Farm. After
+three-quarters of a century of good hospitality it was chosen as the
+headquarters of the Sons of Liberty in New York, and within its walls
+gathered the committee in 1769, to protest against Lieutenant-governor
+Colden's dictum that the colonists must pay for supplies for the British
+soldiers. The result was a call for a meeting of the citizens and the
+governor's angry offer of a reward for knowledge of the place of meeting.
+The cutting down of the liberty pole on the night of January 17, 1770, and
+the seizure of four red-coats by the patriots ended in a fight in the inn
+garden and the death of one patriot. A century of stirring life followed
+until 1896, when the old tavern sadly closed its doors under the pressure
+of the Raines Law.
+
+The Keeler Tavern was a famous hostelry for travellers between New York
+and Boston. Its old sign-board is shown on page 205. During the
+Revolution, landlord Keeler was well known to be a patriot, and was
+suspected of manufacturing cartridges in his tavern. The British poured a
+special fire upon the building, and one cannon ball lodged in a timber on
+the north side of the house still is to be seen by drawing aside the
+shingle that usually conceals it. A companion cannon ball whistled so
+close to a man who was climbing the stairs of the house that he tumbled
+down backward screaming, "I'm a dead man," until his friends with
+difficulty silenced him, and assured him he was living. A son of the
+landlord, Jeremiah Keeler, enlisted in the Continental army when but
+seventeen; he became a sergeant, and was the first man to scale the
+English breastworks at Yorktown. He was presented with a sword by his
+commanding officer, Lafayette, and it is still preserved.
+
+When Lafayette made his triumphal progress through the United States in
+1824, he visited Ridgefield and the tavern to see Jeremiah Keeler, and a
+big ball was given in the tavern in his honor. Jerome Bonaparte and his
+beautiful Baltimore bride stopped there in 1804. Oliver Wolcott and
+Timothy Pickering were other sojourners under its roof. Peter Parley gave
+to the Keeler Tavern the palm for good cooking.
+
+The old Conkey Tavern at Prescott, Massachusetts, saw the gathering of a
+very futile but picturesque windstorm of Revolutionary grievance. It was
+built in 1758 by William Conkey, on a lovely but lonely valley midway
+between the east and west hills of Pelham. The Swift River running through
+this valley was made the boundary in the town division in 1822, which made
+eastern Pelham into Prescott. Captain Daniel Shays, the leader of Shays'
+Rebellion, lived half a mile from the tavern on the Centre Range Road. In
+the cheerful rooms of this tavern, Shays, aided by the well-stocked
+tavern-bar, incited the debt-burdened farmers to rebel against their state
+government. Here he drilled his "flood-wood," and from hence he led them
+forth to Springfield, and on January 25, 1787, was promptly repulsed by
+the state militia under General Lincoln. Eleven hundred men trooped back
+to Pelham, and after four days of what must have proved scant and cold
+fare in those barren winter hilltops, again sallied out to Petersham. Here
+he was again routed by Lincoln, who, with his men, had marched thirty
+miles without halt, from eight o'clock at night to nine the following
+morning through a blinding, northeast New England snowstorm. A hundred and
+fifty of Shays' men were captured, but their valiant and wordy leader
+escaped.
+
+
+[Illustration: Green Dragon Tavern.]
+
+
+When the photograph (shown opposite page 188) was taken, in 1883, the old
+timbers within the house were sound and firm, and the beams overhead still
+bore the marks of the muskets of Shays' impatient men. It was a
+characteristic "deserted home" of New England.
+
+Nothing could more fully picture Whittier's lines:--
+
+  "Against the wooded hills it stands,
+    Ghost of a dead house; staring through
+  Its broken lights on wasted lands
+    Where old-time harvests grew.
+
+  "Unploughed, unsown, by scythe unshorn,
+    The poor forsaken farm-fields lie,
+  Once rich and rife with golden corn
+    And pale-green breadths of rye.
+
+  "So sad, so drear; it seems almost
+    Some haunting Presence makes its sign,
+  That down some shadowy lane some ghost
+    Might drive his spectral kine."
+
+Since then the old tavern has fallen down, a sad ruin, like many another
+on New England hills, in a country as wild and lonely, probably far
+lonelier, than in the days of the Revolution and Shays' Rebellion. The
+sign-board (page 190) is still preserved.
+
+Eighteenth-century taverns had a special function which had a bearing on
+their war relations; they were "improved" as recruiting offices. During
+the years 1742 to 1748, and from 1756 to 1763, while England was at war
+with France, the "listing" was brisk. Here is a typical advertisement
+dated 1759:--
+
+    "All able-bodied fit Men that have an Inclination to serve his Majesty
+    King George the Second, in the First Independent Company of Rangers,
+    now in the Province of _Nova Scotia_ commanded by _Joseph Gorham,
+    Esq._; shall, on enlisting, receive good Pay and Cloathing, a large
+    Bounty, with a Crown to drink the King's Health. And by repairing to
+    the Sign of the Bear in King-Street, _Boston_, and to Mr.
+    _Cornelius Crocker_, Innholder in _Barnstable_, may hear the
+    particular Encouragement, and many Advantages accruing to a Soldier,
+    in the Course of the Duty of that Company, too long to insert here;
+    and further may depend on being discharged at the expiration of the
+    Time entertain'd for, and to have every other Encouragement punctually
+    compli'd with."
+
+
+[Illustration: Conkey Tavern.]
+
+
+In the "French War of 1744," the Governor of Jamaica sent his "leftenants"
+to Philadelphia to fill up his regiments. It was worth "listing" at the
+Widow Roberts' Coffee-house in those days, when every "sojer" got six
+shillings a week extra, and his family carried free to Antigua if he
+wished it, and land to settle on in that glorious country when war was
+over. Brisk and cheerful was the enrolment, and I trust all lived happy
+ever after in the tropic land, so far away in miles and environment from
+the Quaker town of their youth.
+
+It was pleasant work, also, for "gentlemen sailors" in 1744. The colonies
+whisked out on the high seas that year a hundred and thirteen full-manned
+privateers. Wealthy merchants gathered around the inn tables to join
+fortunes in these ventures; plans were quickly matured; and the articles
+of agreement signed by these rich ship-owners were quickly followed by
+articles of agreement to be signed by the seamen. Oh, what prizes these
+cruisers brought into port! There are no items in the newspapers of that
+day under the head of Philadelphia and New York news save lists of prizes.
+When these half-pirates came in, cannon were fired, the whole town turned
+out, and the taverns were filled with rejoicings. The names of the ships
+and their captains were household words. The captured cargoes were carried
+ashore; inventories were posted in the taprooms, and often the goods were
+sold within the welcoming tavern doors.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Conkey Tavern.]
+
+
+It has been said that taverns bearing names of ships, maritime phrases,
+and seafaring titles were usually chosen as shipping offices for the
+enlistment of privateersmen and marines on men-of-war. It is more probable
+that the most popular tavern in any locality frequented by sailors and
+seamen was the one chosen, whatever its name. In the _Boston Post Boy_ of
+June, 1762, is the following notice:--
+
+    "NOW BOUND ON A CRUIZE OF SIX MONTHS
+
+    Against His Majesties enemies, The Brigantine _Tartar_, a Prime Sailor
+    mounting Fourteen Six Pounders, Twenty Culverines, and will carry One
+    Hundred and Twenty Men. Commanded by William Augustus Peck. All
+
+    GENTLEMEN SEAMEN
+
+    and able bodied Landsmen who have a mind to make their Fortunes, and
+    are inclined to take a Cruize in this said Vessel, by applying at this
+    King's Head Tavern at the North End, may view the Articles which are
+    more advantageous to the Ship's Company than were ever before offered
+    in this Place."
+
+To those who know the condition of Jack Tar aboard ship a century ago, and
+the attitude which Captain Peck doubtless assumed to his seamen the moment
+the _Tartar_ was started on this "Cruize," there is a sarcastic pleasantry
+in the term Gentlemen Seamen used by him in common with other captains
+ashore, that might be swallowed in a taproom with bowls of grog and flip,
+but would never go down smoothly on shipboard.
+
+Gentlemen sailors were frequently impressed in a very different manner.
+The press-gang was one of the peculiar institutions of Great Britain, and
+its aggressive outrages formed one of the causes of "Madison's War," as
+old people liked to term the War of 1812. The _Virginia Gazette_ of the
+first of October, 1767, tells of a far different scene from that indicated
+by the plausible words of Captain Peck; one in which a Norfolk tavern took
+a part:--
+
+    "It appears that Captain Morgan of the Hornet, Sloop of War, concerted
+    a bloody riotous Plan, to impress Seamen, at Norfolk, Virginia, for
+    which Purpose his Tender was equipped with Guns and Men, and under
+    cover of the Night, said Morgan landed at a public wharff, having
+    first made proper Dispositions either for an Attack or Retreat; then
+    went to a Tavern, and took a chearful Glass, after which they went to
+    work and took every Person they met with and knock'd all down that
+    resisted; and dragg'd them on board the Tender but the Town soon took
+    the Alarm, and being headed by Paul Loyal, Esq., a Magistrate, they
+    endeavor'd to convince Captain Morgan of his Error; but being deaf to
+    all they said he ordered the People in the Tender to fire on the
+    Inhabitants, but they refused to obey their Commander's orders and he
+    was soon oblig'd to fly, leaving some of his Hornets behind, who were
+    sent to Gaol."
+
+
+[Illustration: Naval Pitcher.]
+
+
+It is astonishing to read of such ruffianly kidnappings under the
+protection of the British Government, and to know that seamen and sailors
+who had been so treated would assist in such outrages on others. It is
+only one of the many proofs that we meet everywhere in history of the
+thick-skinned indifference and cruelty of nearly all of the human race a
+century ago.
+
+It was far worse in these matters in England than in the colonies. Mr.
+Ashton tells us that in one night over two thousand one hundred men were
+pressed in London alone. Riot and bloodshed accompanied those infamous
+raids; sometimes a whole town turned out to resist the officers and ship's
+men.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE TAVERN PANORAMA
+
+
+We have to-day scores of places of amusement, and means of amusement,
+where in earlier days all diversions centred at the tavern. The furnishing
+of food and shelter to travellers and to horses, and of liquid comfort to
+neighbors, was not the only function of the tavern, nor the meeting for
+cheerful interchange of news and sentiment. Whatever there was of novelty
+in entertainment or instruction, was delivered at the tavern, and it
+served as the gathering place for folk on scores of duties or pleasures
+bent. There was in fact a constant panorama passing within the walls and
+before the doors of an old tavern, not only in the shape of distinguished,
+picturesque, and unwonted guests, but through the variety of uses to which
+the tavern was put. It would be impossible to enumerate them all. Many of
+the chapters of this book indicate some of them. We can simply glance at a
+few more of the most common and of the most interesting ones.
+
+Though guests of colonial days are often named as having visited the old
+taverns which still linger intact, the names of importance which are most
+frequently heard are those of Revolutionary heroes and visitors, those of
+Franklin, Washington, and Lafayette being most proudly enumerated.
+Franklin was a great local traveller. His post-office affairs took him
+frequently along the road. He was fond of visiting, and people were
+naturally fond of having him visit them. He was such a welcome guest that
+he need not have entered a tavern from Maine to Georgia. Washington made
+several trips through the states, one of much ceremony. He gives the names
+of the taverns at which he stopped.
+
+I have been in tavern-rooms honored a century ago by the sleeping presence
+of Washington, but I have never slept in them. I would rather look at them
+than sleep in them; and I have moralized over the simplicity and lack of
+luxury which was the best that the tavern could offer, even to that great
+man.
+
+Lafayette was made welcome in many private houses in his tour in 1824, but
+he also was a tavern guest. His journal is preserved in Paris,
+untranslated. In it he tells of seeing the well-known Landing of Lafayette
+plates and dishes for the first time at a tavern in a small town in
+western New York.
+
+All the statesmen of the South stopped at taverns on the old National
+road: Harrison, Houston, Taylor, Polk, and Allen. Homespun Davy Crockett,
+popular General Jackson, stately Henry Clay, furnished a show for the
+country by-standers to gape at. In the Northern states Daniel Webster was
+the god whose coming was adored. A halo of glory shed by his presence
+still hangs round many a tavern room, and well it may, for he was a giant
+among men.
+
+
+[Illustration: Washington Tavern, North Wilbraham, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+To show the variety of the tavern panorama let me quote what Edwin
+Lasseter Bynner wrote of the inns of Boston:--
+
+    "They were the centres of so much of its life and affairs, the resort
+    at once of judge and jury, of the clergy and the laity, of the
+    politician and the merchant; where the selectmen came to talk over the
+    affairs of the town, and higher officials to discuss the higher
+    interests of the province; where royal governors and distinguished
+    strangers were entertained alike with the humblest wayfarer and the
+    meanest citizen; where were held the carousals of roistering red-coat
+    officers, and the midnight plottings of muttering stern-lipped
+    patriots; where, in fine, the swaggering ensign of the royal army,
+    the frowning Puritan, the obnoxious Quaker, the Huguenot refugee, and
+    the savage Indian chief from the neighboring forest might perchance
+    jostle each other in the common taproom."
+
+Naturally the tavern proved the exhibition place and temporary
+lodging-place of all secular shows which could not be housed in the
+meeting-house. It contained the second assembly room in size, and often
+the only other large room in town save that devoted to religious
+gatherings. Hence, when in Salem in 1781 "the Sentimentalists and all
+Volontiers who are pleased to encourage the extensive Propogation of
+Polite Literature" were invited to attend a book auction by a "Provedore
+and Professor of Auctioneering," this sale of books was held at Mr.
+Goodhue's tavern. At the American Coffee-house in Boston the firm that
+vendued books within doors also sold jackasses on the street.
+
+"Monstrous Sights" found at the tavern a congenial temporary home, where
+discussion of their appearance was held before the tavern bar, while the
+tavern barn restrained and confined the monster if he chanced to be a wild
+beast. A moose, a walrus, a camel, a lion, a leopard, appeared in
+succession in Salem taverns, chiefly at the Black Horse. Then came a
+wonder of natural history, a Pygarg, said to be from Russia. We have a
+description of it: it had "the likeness of a camel, bear, mule, goat, and
+common bullock"; it is spoken of in the book of Deuteronomy, Chapter XIV.
+I am not sure that we would recognize our native American moose if he were
+not called by name, in the creature advertised as having "a face like a
+mouse, ears like an ass, neck and back like a camel, hind-parts like a
+horse, tail like a rabbit, and feet like a heifer." Cassowaries, learned
+pigs, learned horses, and rabbits were shown for petty sums. Deformed
+beasts and persons were exhibited. Pictures, "prospects," statues,
+elaborate clocks, moving puppets, and many mechanical contrivances could
+be viewed in the tavern parlor.
+
+"Electrical machines" were the wonder of their day. Solemn professors and
+gay "fakirs" exhibited them from tavern to tavern. The first
+lightning-rods also made a great show. Shortly after the invention of
+balloons, came their advent as popular shows in many towns. They often
+ascended from the green in front of the tavern. They bore many pompous
+names,--"Archimedial Phaetons," "Vertical Aerial Coaches," "Patent
+Foederal Balloons." The public was assured that "persons of timid nature"
+would find nothing to terrify them in the ascent. They were not only
+recommended as engines of amusement and wonder, but were urged upon
+"Invaletudinarians" as hygienic factors, in that they caused in the ascent
+the "sudden revulsion of the blood and humours" of aeronautic travellers.
+
+The Bunch of Grapes housed Mr. Douglas when he delivered his famous
+lecture on "Heads, Coats of Arms, Wigs, Ladies' Head Dresses," etc.; it
+was an office for John Hurd, an early insurance broker, chiefly for marine
+risks. Nearly all the first insurance offices were in taverns.
+
+
+[Illustration: Black Horse Tavern, Salem, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+One intelligent chronicler relates:--
+
+    "The taverns of Boston were the original business Exchanges; they
+    combined the Counting House, the Exchange-office, the Reading-room,
+    and the Bank: each represented a locality. To the Lamb Tavern, called
+    by the sailors 'sheep's baby,' people went 'to see a man from
+    Dedham'--it was the resort of all from Norfolk County. The old Eastern
+    Stage House in Ann Street was frequented by 'down Easters,' captains
+    of vessels, formerly from the Penobscot and Kennebec; there were to be
+    seen groups of sturdy men seated round an enormous fire-place,
+    chalking down the price of bark and lumber, and shippers bringing in a
+    vagrant tarpaulin to 'sign the articles.' To the Exchange Coffee-House
+    resorted the nabobs of Essex County; here those aristocratic eastern
+    towns, Newburyport and Portsmouth, were represented by ship owners and
+    ship builders, merchants of the first class."
+
+The first attempt at the production of plays in New England was a signal
+for prompt and vital opposition. Little plays called drolls were exhibited
+in the taverns and coffee-houses; such plays as _Pickle Herring_, _Taylor
+riding to Brentford_, _Harlequin and Scaramouch_. About 1750 two young
+English strollers produced what must have been a mightily bald rendering
+of _Otway's Orphans_ in a Boston coffee-house; this was a step too far in
+frivolity, and stern Boston magistrates took rigid care there were no more
+similar offences. Many ingenious ruses were invented and presented to the
+public to avoid the hated term and conceal the hated fact of play acting.
+"Histrionic academies" were a sneaking introduction of plays. In 1762 a
+clever but sanctimonious manager succeeded in crowding his company and his
+play into a Newport tavern. Here is his truckling play-bill:--
+
+    "KINGS ARMS TAVERN NEWPORT RHODE ISLAND
+
+    On Monday, June 10th, at the Public Room of the Above Inn will be
+    delivered a series of
+
+    Moral Dialogues
+
+    _In Five Parts_
+
+    Depicting the evil effects of jealousy and other bad passions and
+    Proving that happiness can only spring from the pursuit of Virtue.
+
+    MR. DOUGLASS--Will represent a noble magnanimous Moor called Othello,
+    who loves a young lady named Desdemona, and, after he marries her,
+    harbours (as in too many cases) the dreadful passion of jealousy.
+
+        _Of jealousy, our being's bane
+        Mark the small cause and the most dreadful pain._
+
+    MR. ALLYN--Will depict the character of a specious villain, in the
+    regiment of Othello, who is so base as to hate his commander on mere
+    suspicion and to impose on his best friend. Of such characters, it is
+    to be feared, there are thousands in the world, and the one in
+    question may present to us a salutary warning.
+
+        _The man that wrongs his master and his friend
+        What can he come to but a shameful end?_
+
+    MR. HALLAM--Will delineate a young and thoughtless officer who is
+    traduced by Mr. Allyn and, getting drunk, loses his situation and his
+    general's esteem. All young men whatsoever take example from Cassio.
+
+        _The ill effects of drinking would you see?
+        Be warned and fly from evil company._
+
+    MR. MORRIS--Will represent an old gentleman, the father of Desdemona,
+    who is not cruel or covetous, but is foolish enough to dislike the
+    noble Moor, his son-in-law, because his face is not white, forgetting
+    that we all spring from one root. Such prejudices are very numerous
+    and very wrong.
+
+        _Fathers beware what sense and love ye lack!
+        'Tis crime, not colour, that makes the being black._
+
+    MR. QUELCH--Will depict a fool who wishes to become a knave, and,
+    trusting to one, gets killed by one. Such is the friendship of rogues!
+    Take heed!
+
+        _Where fools would become, how often you'll
+        Perceive the knave not wiser than the fool._
+
+    MRS. MORRIS--Will represent a young and virtuous wife, who being
+    wrongfully suspected, gets smothered (in an adjoining room) by her
+    husband.
+
+        _Reader, attend, and ere thou goest hence
+        Let fall a tear to helpless innocence._
+
+    MRS. DOUGLASS--Will be her faithful attendant who will hold out a good
+    example to all servants male and female, and to all people in
+    subjection.
+
+        _Obedience and gratitude
+        Are things as rare as they are good._
+
+    Various other Dialogues, too numerous to mention here, will be
+    delivered at night, all adapted to the mind and manners. The whole
+    will be repeated on Wednesday and on Saturday. Tickets, six shillings
+    each, to be had within. Commencement at 7. Conclusion at half-past
+    ten: in order that every Spectator may go home at a sober hour and
+    reflect upon what he has seen, before he retired to rest.
+
+        God save the King
+        Long may he sway.
+        East, north, and south
+        And fair America."
+
+We can see the little public room of the tavern with its rows of chairs
+and benches at one end and the group of starveling actors at the other,
+who never played a greater farce than when they set up as being solely
+ministers of piety and virtue.
+
+"Consorts" of music were given in the taverns, and, most exciting of all,
+lotteries were drawn there. This licensed and highly approved form of
+gambling had the sanction of the law and the participation of every
+community. Churches had lotteries "for promoting public worship and the
+advancement of religion." Colleges and schools thus increased their
+endowments. Towns and states raised money to pay the public debt by means
+of lotteries.
+
+
+[Illustration: Stickney Tavern.]
+
+
+It was asserted that "the interests of literature and learning were
+supported, the arts and sciences were encouraged, religion was extended,
+the wastes of war were repaired, inundation prevented, travel increased,
+and the burthen of taxes lessened by lotteries." Many private lotteries
+were drawn at the taverns, which were thronged at that time with excited
+ticket-owners.
+
+Lodges of Freemasons in America, following the custom which prevailed in
+England, met at the taverns. In Philadelphia they met at Peg Mullen's
+Beefsteak House. The lodges were often known by the names of the taverns
+at which the meetings were held. One Boston lodge met at the Royal
+Exchange Tavern, and hence was known by its name. That hostelry was,
+however, so popular with the visiting public that sometimes the brethren
+had to suspend their meetings for want of room. In December, 1749, the
+Masons of Boston celebrated the feast of St. John, and appeared in
+procession on the streets. This excited the greatest curiosity and
+ridicule. Joseph Green wrote a poem in which the chief object of his wit
+was Luke Vardy, the keeper of the Royal Exchange:--
+
+  "Where's honest Luke, that cook from London?
+  For without Luke the Lodge is undone.
+  'Twas he who oft dispell'd their sadness,
+  And filled the _Brethren's_ hearts with gladness.
+  _Luke_ in return is made a brother
+  As good and true as any other.
+  And still, though broke with age and wine,
+  Preserves the _token_ and the _sign_."
+
+Massachusetts Grand Lodge organized at Green Dragon, and the first lodge
+of all, St. John's Lodge, met in 1733 at the Bunch of Grapes in King (now
+State) Street. One of the three bunches of grapes that formed the original
+tavern sign still hangs in front of the lodge room of St. John's Lodge in
+Masonic Temple, Boston. This tavern had an early and lasting reputation as
+"the best punch-house in Boston." In Revolutionary days it became the
+headquarters of High Whigs, and a scarlet coat was an inflammatory signal
+in that taproom. The "Whig Tavern" was a proper centre for popular
+gatherings after the evacuation of Boston; General Stark's victory at
+Bennington was celebrated there "to high taste," says a participant. The
+firing of cannon, discharge of rockets, playing of fifes and drums, made
+satisfactory noise. The gentlemen had ample liquor within doors, and two
+barrels of grog were distributed to outsiders on the streets--all "with
+the greatest propriety." When General Stark arrived, a few weeks later,
+there was equal rejoicing. The glories of the entertainment of Washington
+and a series of gallant soldiers and distinguished travellers do not,
+perhaps, reflect the honor upon the old tavern that comes from its having
+been the scene of a most significant fact in our history. It was the
+gathering place and place of organization of the Ohio Company--the first
+concerted movement of New England toward the Great West.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Keeler's Tavern.]
+
+
+The famous Craft's Tavern in the little town of Walpole, New Hampshire,
+kept by Major Asa Bullard, was the gathering place in 1796 of one of the
+most brilliant groups of writers ever engaged in a literary undertaking in
+this country. It was called the Literary Club of Walpole, and is a
+landmark in the literary life of New England. In this rustic New Hampshire
+tavern this Club might repeat Beaumont's lines to Jonson beginning:--
+
+              "What things have we seen
+  Done at the Mermaid, heard words that have been
+  So nimble, and so full of subtle flame."
+
+
+[Illustration: Plate, Nahant Hotel.]
+
+
+The head of this Yankee collection of wits was the Lay Preacher, Joseph
+Dennie, who, at the death of the novelist, Charles Brockden Brown, was the
+only man in the United States who made a profession of literature. He was
+born in Boston, studied law in Charlestown, New Hampshire, then an
+important and bustling town, went to Walpole, and became conductor of the
+_New Hampshire Journal and Farmer's Museum_. For this newspaper and in
+this Craft's Tavern he wrote his famous _Lay Sermons_ which were read from
+Maine to Georgia. In the talented tavern circle was Royall Tyler, author
+of the play _The Contrast_ and the novel _The Algerine Captive_. He became
+Chief Justice of Vermont. Another contributor was David Everett, author of
+the well-known juvenile spouting-piece, beginning:--
+
+  "You'd scarce expect one of my age
+  To speak in public on the stage."
+
+Still another, Thomas G. Fessenden, wrote _Terrible Tractoration_. It was
+a day of pseudonyms; Fessenden wrote as Simon Spunky and Christopher
+Caustic; Everett called himself Peter Peveril; Isaac Story was Peter
+Quinn; Dennie was Oliver Old-school; Tyler was Colon and Spondee.
+
+A day of great sport at the tavern was when there was a turkey-shoot;
+these often took place on Thanksgiving Day. Notices such as this were
+frequently found in the autumnal newspapers:--
+
+    "SHARP-SHOOTING.
+
+    "Thos. D. Ponsland informs his Friends and the Friends of _Sport_ that
+    he will on Friday, 7th day of December next, set up for SHOOTING a
+    number of
+
+    FINE FAT TURKEYS
+
+    and invites all _Gunners_ and others who would wish to recreate
+    themselves to call on the day after Thanksgiving at the Old Bakers'
+    Tavern, Upp. Parish Beverly, where every accommodation would be
+    afforded."
+
+In the _Boston Evening Post_ of January 11, 1773, notice was given that "a
+Bear and Number of Turkeys" would be set up as a mark at the Punch Bowl
+Tavern in Brookline.
+
+Captain Basil Hall, travelling in America in 1827, was much surprised at
+the account of one of these turkey-shoots, which he thus fully
+describes:--
+
+    "At a country inn bearing the English name of Andover, close to the
+    Indian river Shawsheen, I observed the following printed bill stuck up
+    in the bar.
+
+    SPORTSMEN ATTEND
+
+    300 FOWLS
+
+    will be set up for the sportsmen at the Subscriber's Hotel in
+    Tewksbury, on Friday the 12 October, inst. at 8 A.M.
+
+    Gentlemen of Tewksbury, Lowell and vicinity are invited to attend.
+
+    WILLIAM HARDY.
+
+    "This placard was utterly unintelligible to me; and the Landlord
+    laughed at my curiosity but good humouredly enlightened my ignorance
+    by explaining that these shooting matches were so common in America,
+    that he had no doubt I would fall in with them often. I regretted very
+    much having passed one day too late for this transatlantic battle. It
+    appears that these birds were literally barn door fowls, placed at
+    certain distances, and fired at by any one who chooses to pay the
+    allotted sum for a shot. If he kills the bird, he is allowed to carry
+    it off; otherwise, like a true sportsman, he has the amusement for
+    his money. Cocks and hens being small birds, are placed at the
+    distance of 165 feet; and for every shot with ball the sportsman has
+    to pay four cents. Turkeys are placed at twice the distance, or 110
+    yards, if a common musket be used; but at 165 yards if the weapon be a
+    rifle. In both those cases the price per shot is from six to ten
+    cents."
+
+There were other sports offered at the taverns, as shown by an
+advertisement in the _Essex Register_ of June, 1806:--
+
+    "SPORTSMEN ATTEND.
+
+    The Gentlemen _Sportsmen_ of this town and Vicinity are informed that
+    a Grand Combat will take place between the URUS ZEBU and Spanish BULL
+    on 4th of July if fair weather. If not the next fair day at the HALF
+    WAY HOUSE on the _Salem Turnpike_. No danger need be apprehended
+    during the performance, as the Circus is very convenient. After the
+    performance there will be a Grand FOX CHASE on the Marshes near the
+    Circus to start precisely at 6 o'clock."
+
+A woman tavern-keeper on Boston Neck, Sally Barton, of the George, also
+had bull-baiting as one of the attractions of her home. In 1763, the
+keeper of the DeLancey Arms in New York had a bull-baiting. The English
+officers stationed in America brought over this fashion. In the year 1774,
+there was a bull-baiting held every day for many months on what is now a
+quiet street near my home. Landlord Loosely,--most appropriately
+named,--of the King's Head Tavern, took charge of these bull-baitings and
+advertised for good active bulls and strong dogs. One advertisement, in
+rhyme, begins:--
+
+  "This notice gives to all who covet
+  Baiting the bull, and dearly love it."
+
+Fox-hunting, too, was beloved of the British visitors, and of Southern
+planters as well. The Middle and Southern states saw frequent meets of
+mounted gentlemen with hounds, usually at the tavern, to which they
+returned after the day's run to end with suitable jollity.
+
+The old English "drift of the forest" became in America a wolf-rout or
+wolf-drive. Then circles of men and boys were formed to drive in toward
+the centre of the ring and kill squirrels and hares which pestered the
+farmers. Then came shooting matches in which every living wild creature
+was a prey. The extent to which these devastating hunting parties could be
+carried is shown by an article in a Bedford County (Pennsylvania)
+newspaper. On Friday, December 4, 1818, about seven hundred men from
+neighboring townships formed such a party. The signal was first given on
+French Town Mountain, and the circle of forty miles of horn blowing to
+horn was completed in fifteen minutes. The hunters progressed to a centre
+in Wysox township, using guns as long as they could with safety, then
+bayonets, clubs, poles, pitchforks, etc. Five bears, nine wolves, and
+fourteen foxes were killed, and three hundred deer--it makes one's heart
+ache. It was estimated that more than double the number escaped. The
+expedition closed with great mirth at the tavern.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Wolfe Tavern, Brooklyn, Connecticut.]
+
+
+I find through many legal reports and accounts of trials and arrests, that
+upper rooms in the taverns were frequently used as lockups or temporary
+jails. Mr. S. L. Frey, of Palatine Bridge, in his charming account of
+olden days in that town, tells an amusing episode of tavern life connected
+with this custom. Near the village schoolhouse lived a man named Fisk--a
+quiet citizen, friendly to the boys, but given, however, to frequent
+disappearances, and a profound reticence as to his means of livelihood
+which was naturally a distinct grievance and indeed an injustice to every
+respectably inquisitive neighbor. The boys noted that he was a great lover
+of horses, and seemed to have a constant succession of new ones in his
+stable, and that these newcomers vanished in as silent and unaccountable a
+manner as they had arrived.
+
+One morning the scholars were excited and delighted to learn that the
+band of horse thieves that had for years ravaged the valley had at last
+been ferreted out, the two leaders captured and safely lodged during the
+night in the village jail, namely, a doubly locked and outside bolted room
+in Uncle Jesse Vincent's tavern. And the climax of all the excitement and
+pleasure was the fact that Neighbor Fisk was the leader of the gang.
+
+Court was called in the tavern parlor at noon. The sheriff and his
+officers, lawyers from neighboring towns, all importance and pomposity,
+all the men and all the boys from miles around were waiting eagerly to see
+once more the mysterious Fisk, when a loud shout came from the men who had
+gone to lead forth the prisoners that both had escaped. Of course they
+had! An open window, a leanto roof, a trellis and a high fence,--no decent
+prisoner could help escaping.
+
+But they had been startled in their plans, and hurried while exchanging
+clothes, and it was plain from the garments left behind that one man had
+vanished clad only in his shirt, stockings, and shoes. The dire confusion
+of the first mortifying discovery soon changed to organized plans of
+pursuit, and the chase turned to a great piece of woodland behind the
+tavern. Oak and hickory with undergrowth of witchhazel--a prime place for
+partridges and gray squirrels--led back from the river to the hills and a
+deep gorge filled with solemn pines and hemlocks.
+
+The rampant boys were snubbed early in the day by the sheriff and told to
+keep back; and one tall boy--"mad" at the insult--conceived the plan of
+personating the thief. He was a famous runner, the best in the school. He
+hid his coat in a hollow log, pulled his shirt over his trousers, Chinaman
+fashion, worked his way around on the edge of the hunting party, and was
+soon "discovered" by his boy friends, whose shouts of "Stop thief!" "Here
+he is!" brought the whole army of searchers after him. Oh! what a hunt
+followed. All were on foot, for no horses could pass through the heavy
+undergrowth; the white flag of the pursued fluttered in and out far in
+front into the swamp, under the bushes. Talk of hare and hounds! no game
+was ever run like that. The fleet young horse thief in front easily
+distanced the puffing sheriffs in the rear, and at last the pursuit was
+given over. Fisk escaped, thanks to his friends the boys, but the story of
+the wrath that was visited on the conspirators when their fun was
+discovered the next day at the tavern is "another story."
+
+Sittings of courts were often held in the public room of taverns, not only
+in small towns where assembly rooms were few, but in large cities. From
+the settlement of Philadelphia till 1759, justices of peace heard and
+decided causes in the public inns of Philadelphia, and the Common Council
+had frequent sittings there. In Boston the courts were held in suburban
+taverns when the smallpox scourged the town. In Postlethwaite's Tavern
+(shown on page 214) the first courts of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania,
+were held in 1729, and propositions were made to make it the county seat;
+but the present site of the city of Lancaster was finally chosen, though
+Landlord Postlethwaite made strenuous endeavors to retain his tavern as a
+centre.
+
+
+[Illustration: Postlethwaite's Tavern, 1729.]
+
+
+Our ancestors found in criminals and all the accompaniments of crime their
+chief source of diversion. They did not believe in lonely captivity but in
+public obloquy for criminals. The only exciting and stirring emotions
+which entered their lives came through the recounting of crimes and
+offences, and the sight of the punishment of these crimes and offences;
+rising of course to the highest point of excitement in witnessing the
+public executions of criminals. The bilboes were the first engine of
+punishment in Boston, and were used until 1639, and perhaps much later.
+The drinkers of a cup of sack at the Boston ordinary had much diversion in
+seeing James Woodward, who had had too much sack at the Cambridge
+ordinary, "laid by the heels" on the ground with a great bar of iron
+fastened and locked to his legs with sliding shackles and a bolt. Still
+more satisfaction had all honest Puritans when Thomas Morton, of
+Merrymount, that amusing old debauchee and roisterer, was "clapt into the
+bilbowes," where "the harmless salvages" gathered around and stared at him
+like "poor silly lambes."
+
+The stocks soon superseded the bilboes and were near neighbors and
+amusement purveyors to the tavern. Towns were forced by law to set up
+"good sufficient stocks." Warwick, Rhode Island, ordered that "John Lowe
+should erect the public stocks and whipping-post near David Arnold's
+Tavern, and procure iron and timber for the same." The stocks were simple
+to make; a heavy timber or plank had on the upper edge two half-circle
+holes which met two similar notches or holes in a movable upper timber.
+When this was in place these notches formed round holes to enclose the
+legs of the prisoner, who could then be locked in.
+
+The whipping-post, a good sound British institution, was promptly set up
+in every town, and the sound of the cat often entered the tavern windows.
+I can imagine all the young folk thronging to witness the whipping of some
+ardent young swain who had dared to make love to some fair damsel without
+the consent of her parents. There was no room for the escape of any man
+who thus "inveagled" a girl; the New Haven colony specified that any
+tempting without the parents' sanction could not be done by "speech,
+writing, message, company-keeping, unnecessary familiarity, disorderly
+night meetings, sinful dalliance, gifts, or (as a wholesale blow to
+lovers' inventions) in any other way."
+
+But sly Puritan maids found that even the "any other way" of Puritan
+law-makers could be circumvented. Jacob Murline, in Hartford, on May-day
+in 1660, without asking any permission of Goodman Tuttle, had some very
+boisterous love-making with Sarah Tuttle, his daughter. It began by
+Jacob's seizing Sarah's gloves and demanding the mediaeval forfeit--a kiss.
+"Whereupon," writes the scandalized Puritan chronicler, "they sat down
+together, his arm being about her, and her arm upon his shoulder or about
+his neck, and hee kissed her and shee kissed him, or they kissed one
+another, continuing in this posture about half an hour." The angry father,
+on hearing of this, haled Jacob into court and sued him for damages in
+"inveagling" his daughter's affections. There were plenty of witnesses of
+the kissing, and Jacob seemed doomed to heavy fines and the
+cat-o'-nine-tails, when crafty Sarah informed the Court that Jacob did not
+inveigle her, that she wished him to kiss her--in fact, that she enticed
+him. The baffled Court therefore had to fine Sarah, and of course Sarah's
+father had to pay the fine; but the magistrate called her justly a "Bould
+Virgin," and lectured her severely. To all this she gave the demure answer
+"that she hoped God would help her to Carry it Better for time to come,"
+which would seem to be somewhat superfluous, since she had, without any
+help, seemed to do about as well for herself as any girl could wish to
+under the circumstances.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Pembroke Tavern.]
+
+
+For some years the Quakers never were absent from the whipping-post. They
+were trying enough, preaching everywhere, and on all occasions, yet never
+willing to keep silent when the Puritan preacher held forth; not willing,
+even, to keep away from the Puritan meeting. They interrupted these
+meetings in most offensive ways, and were promptly whipped. One poor
+Quakeress, Lydia Wardwell, "a young tender chaste person," but almost
+demented with religious excitement, was taken forcibly from the Ipswich
+meeting-house and "tyed to the fence-post of the Tavern," and then sorely
+lashed.
+
+The pillory sometimes took the place of the stocks. In enduring this
+punishment the culprit stood on a sort of bench, and his head and hands
+were confined in holes cut in a hinged or divisible board. Lecture day was
+often chosen as the day of punishment; as Hawthorne said, "it was a day of
+public shame, the day on which transgressors received their reward of
+ignominy." Thus Nicholas Olmstead, sentenced to the pillory in Hartford
+"next Lecture day," was "sett on a lytle before the beginning and to stay
+on a lytle after the end." In Maryland offenders were "nayled by both
+eares to the Pillory, 3 Nailes in each Eare, and the Nailes to be slit
+out." Samuel Breck says that in 1771, in Boston, men and women were
+constantly seen pilloried, exposed to insults and jeers, and pelted with
+filth and garbage.
+
+The 18th of September, 1755, was a great day in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+A negro woman named Phyllis was then and there burned to death--in
+punishment for her share in the murder of her master. The diary of a
+Boston gentleman still exists which shows us how he passed the day;
+cheerfully drinking punch from tavern to tavern, and cheerfully watching
+the hanging of the man-murderer and the burning of the woman. The day's
+record ends: "Went home, went to bed and slept and woke up very finely
+refreshed." Criminals were preached at in public, read their dying
+confessions in public, were carted through the streets in open tumbrils,
+and were hanged in public. On all those occasions the taverns flowed with
+good cheer and merry meetings, for people came for many miles to witness
+the interesting sight, and many were the happy reunions of friends.
+
+Another bustling busy day at the tavern was when "vandues" were held
+within its walls. Due notice of these "vandues" had been given by posters
+displayed in the tavern and village store, and occasionally by scant
+newspaper advertisements. These auction sales were rarely of mixed
+merchandise, but were of some special goods, such as India cotton stuffs,
+foreign books, or boots and shoes. Criminals and paupers were also sold
+for terms of service; usually the former were some of the varied tribe of
+sneak-thieves which wandered through the country. In one case the human
+"lot" offered for sale was a "prygman"--he had, like Autolycus, stolen the
+bleaching linen from the grass and hedges.
+
+Another was an habitual fruit and vegetable thief (and he must have been
+an extraordinary one to have been noted in a country where fruit and
+vegetables on every farm were so freely shared with all passers-by).
+Another, an Indian, stole from the lobster and eel pots of his honest
+white neighbors. A sheep thief, sold at public auction in Clifford's
+Tavern in Dunbarton, New Hampshire, took part in an interesting prologue,
+as well as in the main performance, in the shape of a whipping of thirteen
+stripes administered to him by the vigorous sheriff. Nevertheless, he
+found a purchaser, who took his subdued and sore servant home to his farm
+and set him to breaking and hatchelling flax. The convict fell to work as
+cheerfully and assiduously as any honest laborer, but when he had cleaned
+as much flax as he could carry, he added an unexpected epilogue to this
+New England comedy by departing with his dressed flax for parts unknown;
+thus proving that he laughs best who laughs last. Though it would seem
+that the selectmen of the town, who had been amply paid "damages and
+costs" through his sale, and who had also effectually banished a rogue
+from their township, might join with him in a mirthful chorus.
+
+
+[Illustration: Map Pitcher.]
+
+
+The sale of paupers at the tavern was much more frequent than of
+criminals. It was an exhibition of curious contrasts: the prosperous and
+thirsty townsmen drinking at the tavern bar, and the forlorn group of
+homeless, friendless creatures, usually young children and aged folk,
+waiting to be sold to the lowest bidder for a term of feeble service and
+meagre keep. The children were known after the sale as "bound boys" and
+"bound girls," and much sympathy has been expended in modern books over
+the hardness of their lives, and many pathetic stories written of them.
+This method was, however, as good a solution of the problem of infant
+pauperism as we have yet discovered. The children were removed from
+vicious associations in almshouses, and isolated in homes where they had
+to work just as the daughters and sons of the household worked. In many
+cases they entered childless homes, and grew to be the prop and happiness
+of their adopted parents, and the heirs of their little savings. The
+auction at the tavern was frankly brutal, but the end accomplished was so
+satisfactory that the custom has within a few years been resumed by the
+more advanced and thoughtful guardians of paupers in many New England
+towns. As for the auction sale of aged and infirm paupers, it is not
+wholly a thing of the past. In Lackawanna township in Pike County,
+Pennsylvania, paupers still are sold to the lowest bidder. A year ago, in
+1899, at Rowland Station in that township the signs were posted, "A Woman
+for Sale," and as of old the "vandue" was held at a tavern, one called
+Rutan's Hotel. The bar-room was crowded, and Mrs. Elmira Quick,
+seventy-seven years old, was put up "to be sold to the lowest bidder for
+keep for a year." The bidding was spirited and ran quickly down from four
+dollars a week. A backwoodsman had just offered to take her for a dollar
+and a half a week, when Mrs. Quick firmly bid a dollar and a quarter. The
+Overseer of the Poor hesitated, but Mrs. Quick stated she could maintain
+herself on that amount--sixteen cents a day--and no one made an offer to
+take her for less; so he was forced to conclude the bargain and draw up
+the sale-papers. Let me add that this woman has three sons and a daughter
+living--and these are our good _new_ times.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+FROM PATH TO TURNPIKE
+
+
+The first roads in New England are called in the early court-records
+"trodden paths." They were narrow worn lines, scarce two feet wide,
+lightly trodden over pine needles and fallen leaves among the tree trunks
+by the soft moccasined foot of the tawny savages as they walked silently
+in Indian file through the forests. These paths were soon deepened and
+worn bare by the heavy hobnailed shoes of the white settlers, others were
+formed by the slow tread of domestic cattle, the best of all path makers,
+as they wound around the hillsides to pasture or drinking place. Then a
+scarcely broader bridle-path for horses, perhaps with blazed trees as
+guide-posts, widened slowly to travelled roads and uneven cart-ways. These
+roads followed and still wind to-day in the very lines of the foot-path
+and the cattle-track.
+
+The early colonists walked as did their predecessors, the Indians, on
+their own stout legs, when they travelled by land. We find even the
+governors of the colonies walking off sturdily into the forests; crossing
+the rivers and brooks on fallen trees; and sometimes being carried across
+"pick-a-back" by vigorous Indian guides. We have one record of Governor
+Winthrop in that dependent and rather un-governor-like attitude, and it is
+well to think of this picture of him as affording a glimpse of one of the
+human sides of his life, to balance the prevailing Chinese worship and
+idealization of him and our other ancestors.
+
+The earliest trail or path was the old Plymouth or Coast Path, which
+connected the capitols of two colonies, Boston and Plymouth. It ran
+through old Braintree, and its permanence was established by an action of
+the General Court in 1639. The Old Connecticut Path started from
+Cambridge, ran through Marlborough, Grafton, Oxford, and on to Springfield
+and Albany. The New Connecticut Path or Road started also from Cambridge,
+thence to Grafton, then to Worcester, Brookfield, and on to Albany. The
+Providence Path ran through Narragansett and Providence Plantations. The
+Nipmuck Trail was made from Norwich. The "Kennebunk Road by the Sea" was
+ordered by the Massachusetts Commissioners in 1653, sufficient highway
+"between towns and towns for horse and foot." Kittery and York were
+enjoined to "make straight and convenient way along East for Man and
+Horse."
+
+The most famous of all these paths was the one known as the Bay Path. It
+was in existence in 1673, and doubtless before. It left the Old
+Connecticut Path at Wayland, Massachusetts, and ran through Marlborough to
+Worcester, then to Oxford, Charlton, and Brookfield, where jutted off the
+Hadley Path, to Ware, Belchertown, and Hadley, while the Bay Path
+rejoined the Old Connecticut Path and thus on to Springfield. Holland
+wrote of the Bay Path in his novel of that title:--
+
+    "It was marked by trees a portion of the distance and by slight
+    clearings of brush and thicket for the remainder. No stream was
+    bridged, no hill was graded, and no marsh drained. The path led
+    through woods which bore the mark of centuries, over barren hills
+    which had been licked by the Indian hounds of fire, and along the
+    banks of streams that the seine had never dragged. A powerful interest
+    was attached to the Bay Path. It was the channel through which laws
+    were communicated, through which flowed news from distant friends, and
+    through which came long, loving letters and messages. That rough
+    thread of soil, chipped by the blades of a hundred streams, was a
+    trail that radiated at each terminus into a thousand fibres of love,
+    and interest, and hope, and memory. Every rod had been prayed over by
+    friends on the journey and friends at home."
+
+Born in a home almost by the wayside of the old Bay Path, I feel deeply
+the inexplicable charm which attaches itself to these old paths or trails.
+I have ridden hundreds of miles on these various Indian paths, and I ever
+love to trace the roadway where it is now the broad, travelled road, and
+where it turns aside in an overgrown and narrow lane which is to-day
+almost as neglected and wild as the old path. There still seems to cling
+to it something of the human interest ever found in a foot-path, the
+intangible attraction which makes even the simplest foot-path across a
+pasture, or up a wooded hill, full of charm, of suggestion, of sentiment.
+
+It is interesting to see how quickly the colonists acquired horses. Before
+John Winthrop died Massachusetts had a cavalry corps. Restrictive measures
+were enjoined by the magistrates to improve the breed and limit the number
+of horses. These horses were poor and scrubby and small, but before 1635 a
+cargo of Flemish draft horses was imported. A characteristic American
+breed, the Narragansett Pacers, was reared in Rhode Island. They were
+famous saddle-horses, giving ease of motion to the rider, being
+sure-footed and most tough and enduring. For a century they were raised in
+large numbers and sold at good prices, but became little valued after
+trotting-horses were bred and folk drove instead of riding horseback. I
+saw the last of the Narragansett Pacers. She died about twenty years ago;
+of an ugly sorrel color, with broad back and short legs and a curious
+rocking pace, she seemed almost a caricature of a horse, but was,
+nevertheless, a source of inordinate pride to her owner.
+
+Women rode with as much ease and frequency as men. Young girls rode on
+side saddles for long journeys. Older women rode behind men on pillions,
+which were padded cushions which had a sort of platform stirrup. An
+excellent representation of a pillion is here given in Mr. Henry's
+charming picture, "Waiting at the Ferry," as well as of an old-time gig
+used at the end of the eighteenth and in the early part of the nineteenth
+century.
+
+
+[Illustration: Waiting for the Ferry.]
+
+
+Horseflesh was so plentiful that "no one walked save a vagabond or a
+fool." Doubtless our national characteristic of never walking a step when
+we can ride dates from the days "when we lived under the King." Driving
+alone, that is, a man or woman driving for pleasure alone, without a
+driver or post-boy, is an American fashion. It was carried back to Europe
+by both the French and English officers who were here in Revolutionary
+times. The custom was noted with approval by the French in their various
+books and letters on this country. They also, La Rochefoucauld among them,
+praised our roads.
+
+Mr. Ernst, an authority upon transportation and postal matters, believes
+that our roads in the northern provinces, on the whole, were excellent. He
+says that the actual cost of the roads as contained in Massachusetts
+records proves that the notion that our New England roads were wretched is
+not founded on fact. He notes our great use of pleasure carriages as a
+proof of good roads; in 1753 Massachusetts had about seven such carriages
+to every thousand persons. The English carriages were very heavy. In
+America we adopted the light-weight continental carriages--because our
+roads were good.
+
+The corduroy road was one of the common road improvements made to render
+the roads passable by carts and stage-wagons. Marshy places and
+chuck-holes were filled up with saplings and logs from the crowded
+forests, and whole roads were made of logs which were cut in lengths about
+ten or twelve feet long, and laid close to each other across the road.
+Many corduroy roads still remain, and some are veritable antiques; in
+Canada they still are built. A few years ago I rode many miles over one in
+a miner's springless cart over the mountains of the Alexandrite range in
+upper Canada, and I deem it the most trying ordeal I ever experienced.
+
+As soon as there were roads, there were ferries and bridges. Out from
+Boston to the main were ferries in 1639 to Chelsea and Charlestown. There
+was a "cart-bridge" built by Boston and Roxbury over Muddy River in 1633.
+There was a "foot-bridge" also at Scituate, and at Ipswich in 1635. In
+1634 a "horse-bridge" was built at Neponset, and others soon followed.
+These had a railing on one side only. It was a great step when the "Bay"
+granted fifty pounds to Lynn for a cart-bridge where there had been only a
+ferry. After King Philip's War, cart-bridges multiplied; there was one in
+Scituate, one in Bristol, one in Cambridge.
+
+These early bridges of provincial days were but insecure makeshifts in
+many cases, miserable floating bridges being common across the wide
+rivers. In England bridges were poor also. We were to be early in fine
+bridge-building, and to excel in it as we have to this day. We were also
+in advance of the mother country in laying macadamized roads, in the use
+of mail-coaches, in modes of steam travel by water, just as we were in
+using flintlock firearms, and other advanced means of warfare.
+
+The Charles River between Boston and Charlestown was about as wide at the
+point where the old ferry crossed as was the Thames at London Bridge, and
+Americans were emulative of that structure. Much talking and planning was
+done, but no bridge was built across the Charles till after the
+Revolution. Then Lemuel Cox, a Medford shipwright, planned and built a
+successful bridge in 1786. It was the longest bridge in the world, and
+deemed a triumph of engineering. The following year he built the Malden
+Bridge, then the fine Essex Bridge at Salem. In 1770 Cox went to Ireland
+and built a bridge nine hundred feet long over the deep Foyle at
+Londonderry, Ireland. This was another American victory, for the great
+English engineer, Milne, had pronounced the deed impossible. This bridge
+was of American oak and pine, and was built by Maine lumbermen and
+carpenters.
+
+According to the universal "Gust of the Age"--as Dr. Prince said--the aid
+of the Muses was called in to celebrate the opening of the Charlestown
+Bridge. This took place on the anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill,
+and a vast feast was given. Broadsides were distributed bearing "poems" as
+long as the bridge. Here are a few specimen verses:--
+
+  "I sing the day in which the BRIDGE
+    Is finished and done.
+  Boston and Charlestown lads rejoice
+    And fire your cannon guns.
+
+  "The BRIDGE is finished now I say
+    Each other bridge outvies
+  For London Bridge compared with ours
+    Appears in dim disguise.
+
+  "Now Boston Charlestown nobly join
+    And roast a fatted Ox
+  On noted Bunker Hill combine
+    To toast our Patriot Cox.
+
+  "May North and South and Charlestown all
+    Agree with one consent
+  To love each one like Indian's rum
+    On publick good be bent."
+
+A perfect epidemic of bridge-building broke out all over the states. In
+our pride we wished to exhibit our superiority over the English
+everywhere. Throughout Maryland, Pennsylvania, and upper Virginia, fine
+wooden and stone bridges were built. On all the turnpikes the bridges
+equalled the roads. Many of those bridges still are in use. The oldest
+suspension bridge in America, the "chain-bridge" at Newburyport,
+Massachusetts, is still standing. A picture of it here is shown. It is a
+graceful bridge, and its lovely surroundings add to its charm.
+
+The traveller Melish noted specially, in 1812, the fine Trenton Bridge,
+"very elegant, nine hundred and seventy feet long, with two carriage
+ways"; the West Boston Bridge "three thousand feet long, with a causeway
+three thousand more"; the Schuylkill Bridge, which cost over two hundred
+thousand dollars.
+
+So bad was the state of English roads at the end of the eighteenth century
+that it took two days' and three nights' incessant travel to get from
+Manchester to Glasgow. The crossroads were worse. In many cases when
+mail-coaches had been granted, the roads were too poor to receive them.
+The ruts, or rather trenches, were up to the axletrees. When a mail-coach
+was put on the Holyhead Road in 1808, twenty-two townships were indicted
+for having their roads in a dangerous condition. This road had vast
+sums spent upon it; in the six years succeeding 1825 it had L83,700 for
+"improvements," and repairs were paid by the tolls. Its condition now is
+very mean, grass-grown in places, and in ill-repair.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Chain bridge, Newburyport, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+The system of road-making known as macadamizing received its name from Mr.
+Loudon McAdam, who came to England from America in 1783 at a time when
+many new roads were being made in Scotland. These roads he studied and in
+1816 became road surveyor in Bristol, where he was able to carry his
+principles into practice. The leading feature of his system was setting a
+limit in size and weight to the stones to be used on the roads, the weight
+limit being six ounces; also to prohibit any mixture of clay, earth, or
+chalk with the stone. Similar roads had been made in Pennsylvania long
+before they were laid in England, and had been tested; and without doubt
+McAdam simply followed methods he had seen successfully used in America.
+Among others the Salem and Boston Turnpike, the Essex Turnpike (between
+Salem and Andover), and the Newburyport Turnpike, all macadamized roads,
+were in successful operation before Telford and McAdam had perfected their
+systems.
+
+McAdam's son, Sir James McAdam, was General Superintendent of Metropolitan
+Roads in England when, as he expressed it, "the calamity of railways fell
+upon us." This "calamity" brought these results: coaches ran less
+frequently, and all horse-carriage decreased, toll receipts diminished,
+many turnpike roads became bankrupt and passed into possession of towns
+and parishes, and are kept in scarcely passable repair. Many English
+macadamized roads are only kept in order in half, while the other part of
+the road bears weeds and grass.
+
+The first American turnpike was not in Pennsylvania, as is usually stated,
+but in Virginia. It connected Alexandria (then supposed to be the rising
+metropolis) with "Sniggers and Vesta's Gaps"--that is, the lower
+Shenandoah. This turnpike was started in 1785-86, and Thomas Jefferson
+pronounced it a success. In 1787 the Grand Jury of Baltimore reported the
+state of the country roads as a public grievance, and the Frederick,
+Reisterstown, and York roads were laid out anew by the county as turnpikes
+with toll-gates. In 1804 these roads were granted to corporate companies.
+Others soon followed, till all the main roads through Maryland were
+turnpikes.
+
+The most important early turnpike was the one known as the National Road
+because it was made by the national government. It extended at first from
+Cumberland to Wheeling, and was afterward carried farther. When first
+opened it was a hundred and thirty miles long, and cost one and
+three-quarters millions of dollars. Proposed in Congress in 1797, an act
+providing for its construction was passed nine years later, and the first
+mail-coach carrying the United States mail travelled over it in August,
+1818. It was a splendid road, sixty feet wide, of stone broken to pass
+through a three-inch ring, then covered with gravel and rolled down with
+an iron roller. One who saw the constructive work on it wrote:--
+
+    "That great contractor, Mordecai Cochran, with his immortal Irish
+    brigade--a thousand strong, with their carts, wheelbarrows, picks,
+    shovels, and blasting-tools, graded the commons and climbed the
+    mountain side, leaving behind them a roadway good enough for an
+    emperor."
+
+
+[Illustration: Bridge Toll-board.]
+
+
+Over this National Road journeyed many congressmen to and from Washington;
+and the mail contractors, anxious to make a good impression on these
+senators and representatives, and thus gain fresh privileges and large
+appropriations, ever kept up a splendid stage line. It was on this line
+that the phrase "chalking his hat"--or the free pass system--originated.
+Mr. Reeside, the agent of the road, occasionally tendered a free ride to
+some member of Congress, and devised a hieroglyphic which he marked in
+chalk on the representative's hat, in order that none of his drivers
+should be imposed upon by forged passes.
+
+The intent was to extend this road to St. Louis. From Cumberland to
+Baltimore the cost of construction fell on certain banks in Maryland,
+which were rechartered on condition that they completed the road. Instead
+of being a burden to them, it became a lucrative property, yielding twenty
+per cent profit for many years. Not only was this road excellently
+macadamized, but stone bridges were built for it over rivers and creeks;
+the distances were indexed by iron mileposts, and the toll-houses were
+supplied with strong iron gates.
+
+On other turnpikes throughout the country Irish laborers were employed to
+dig the earth and break the stone. Until this time Irish immigration had
+been slight in this country, and in many small communities where the new
+turnpikes passed the first Irish immigrants were stared at as curiosities.
+
+The story of the old Mohawk Turnpike is one of deep interest. After the
+Revolution a great movement of removal to the West swept through New
+England; in the winter of 1795, in three days twelve hundred sleighs
+passed through Albany bearing sturdy New England people as settlers to the
+Genesee Valley. Others came on horseback, prospecting,--farmers with
+well-filled saddle bags and pocketbooks. Among those thrifty New
+Englanders were two young men named Whetmore and Norton, from Litchfield,
+Connecticut, who noted the bad roads over which all this travel passed;
+and being surveyors, they planned and eventually carried out a turnpike.
+The first charter, granted in 1797, was for the sixteen miles between
+Albany and Schenectady. When that was finished, in 1800, the turnpike
+from Schenectady to Utica, sixty-eight miles long, was begun. The public
+readily subscribed to build these roads; the flow of settlers increased;
+the price of land advanced; everywhere activity prevailed. The turnpike
+was filled with great trading wagons; there was a tavern at every mile on
+the road; fifty-two within fifty miles of Albany, but there were not
+taverns enough to meet the demand caused by the great travel. Eighty or
+one hundred horses would sometimes be stabled at a single tavern. All
+teamsters desired stable-room for their horses; but so crowded were the
+tavern sheds that many carried sheets of oilcloth to spread over their
+horses at night in case they could not find shelter.
+
+
+[Illustration: Megunticook Turnpike.]
+
+
+Common wagons with narrow tires cut grooves in the macadamized road; so
+the Turnpike Company passed free all wagons with tires six inches broad or
+wider.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+These helped to roll down the road, and by law were not required to turn
+aside on the road save for wagons with like width of tire.
+
+The New York turnpikes were traversed by a steady procession of these
+great wagons, marked often in great lettering with the magic words which
+were in those days equivalent to Eldorado or Golconda--namely, "Ohio," or
+"Genesee Valley." Freight rates from Albany to Utica were a dollar for a
+hundred and twelve pounds.
+
+In 1793 the old horse-path from Albany over the mountains to the
+Connecticut River was made wide enough for the passage of a coach.
+Westward from Albany a coach ran to Whitestone, Oneida County. In 1783 the
+first regular mail was delivered at Schenectady, nearly a century after
+its settlement. Soon the "mail-stages" ran as far as Whitestone. An
+advertisement of one of these clumsy old mail-stages is here shown. We
+need not wonder at the misspelling in this advertisement of the name of
+the town, for in 1792 the Postmaster-general advertised for contracts to
+carry the mail from "Connojorharrie to Kanandarqua."
+
+There were twelve gates on the "pike" between Utica and Schenectady; at
+Schenectady, Crane's Village, Caughnawaga (now Fonda), Schenck's Hollow,
+east of Wagner's Hollow road, Garoga Creek, St. Johnsville, East Creek
+Bridge, Fink's Ferry, Herkimer, Sterling, Utica. These gates did not swing
+on hinges, but were portcullises; a custom in other countries referred to
+in the beautiful passage in the Psalms, "Lift up your heads, O ye gates,"
+etc.
+
+On every toll-gate was a board with the rates of toll painted thereon. Mr.
+Rufus A. Grider gives the list of rates on the Schenectady and Utica
+Turnpike, a distance of sixty-eight miles. They seem to me exceedingly
+high.
+
+                                           Cents
+  "Sheep, per score                            8
+  Hogs, per score                              8
+  Cattle, per score                           18
+  Horses, per score                           18
+  Mules, per score                            18
+  Horse and Rider                              5
+  Tied horses, each                            5
+  Sulkies                                     12-1/2
+  Chairs                                      12-1/2
+  Chariots                                    25
+  Coaches                                     25
+  Coachers                                    25
+  Phaetons                                    25
+  Two horse Stages                            12-1/2
+  Four horse Stages                           18-1/2
+  One horse Wagons                             9
+  Two horse Wagons                            12-1/2
+  Three horse Wagons                          15-1/2
+  Four horse Wagons tires under six inches    75
+  Five horse Wagons   "     "    "     "      87-1/2
+  Six horse Wagons    "     "    "     "    1.00
+  One horse cart                               6
+  Two ox cart                                  6
+  Three ox cart                                8
+  Four ox cart                                10
+  Six ox cart                                 14
+  One horse sleigh                             6
+  Two horse or ox sleigh                       6
+  Three horse or ox sleigh                     8
+  Four horse or ox sleigh                     10
+  Five horse or ox sleigh                     12
+  Six horse or ox sleigh                      14"
+
+The toll-board which hung for many years on a bridge over the Susquehanna
+River at Sidney, New York, is shown on page 233.
+
+Sometimes sign-boards were hung on bridges. One is shown on page 239 which
+hung for many years on the wooden bridge at Washington's Crossing at
+Taylorsville, Pennsylvania, on the Bucks County side. It was painted by
+Benjamin Hicks, of Newtown, a copy of Trumbull's picture of Washington
+crossing the Delaware. It was thrown in the garret of a store at
+Taylorsville, and rescued by Mr. Mercer for the Bucks County Historical
+Society.
+
+
+[Illustration: Bridge Sign-board.]
+
+
+The turnpike charters and toll-rates have revealed one thing to us, that
+all single-horse carriages were two-wheeled, such as the sulky, chair,
+chaise; while four-wheeled carriages always had at least two horses.
+
+Citizens and travellers deeply resented these tolls, and ofttimes rose up
+against the payment. A toll-keeper in Pelham, Massachusetts, awoke one
+morning to find his gate gone. A scrawled bit of paper read:--
+
+  "The man who stopped the boy when going to the mill,
+  Will find his gate at the bottom of the hill."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+PACKHORSE AND CONESTOGA WAGON
+
+
+Our predecessors, the North American Indians, had no horses. An early
+explorer of Virginia said that if the country had horses and kine and were
+peopled with English, no realm in Christendom could be compared with it.
+The crude means of overland transportation common to all savages, the
+carrying of burdens on the back by various strappings, was the only mode
+known.
+
+Travel by land in the colonies was for many years very limited in amount,
+and equally hazardous and inconvenient. Travel by boat was so greatly
+preferred that most of the settlements continued to be made on the banks
+of rivers and along the sea-coast. Even perilous canoes were preferable to
+the miseries of land travel.
+
+We were slow in abandoning our water travel and water transportation.
+Water lines controlled in the East till 1800, in the West till 1860, and
+have now great revival.
+
+Transportation was wholly done by water. When horses multiplied,
+merchandise was drawn short distances in the winter time on crude sledges.
+Packhorses were in common use in England and on the Continent, and the
+scrubby, enduring horses raised here soon were used as packhorses. Their
+use lingered long over the Alleghany Mountains, as it did on the mountains
+of the Pacific coast; in fact the advance guard of inland commerce in
+America has always employed packhorses.
+
+The first appearance of the Conestoga wagon in history (though the wagons
+were not then called by that name) was in 1755, when General Braddock set
+out on his ill-fated expedition to western Pennsylvania. There led thither
+no wagon-road, simply an Indian trail for packhorses. Braddock insisted
+strenuously to the Pennsylvania Assembly upon obtaining their assistance
+in widening the trail to a wagon-road, and also to secure one hundred and
+fifty wagons for the army. The cutting of the road was done, but when
+returns were made to Braddock at Frederick, Maryland, only twenty-five
+wagons could be obtained. Franklin said it was a pity the troops had not
+been landed in Philadelphia, since every farmer in the country thereabouts
+had a wagon. At Braddock's earnest solicitation, Franklin issued an
+ingenious and characteristic advertisement for one hundred and fifty
+four-horse wagons, and fifteen hundred saddle- or packhorses, for the use
+of this army. The value of transportation facilities at the time is proved
+by Franklin's terms of payment, namely: fifteen shillings a day for each
+wagon with four horses and driver, and two shillings a day for horse with
+saddle or pack. Franklin agreed that the owners should be fairly
+compensated for the loss of these wagons and horses if they were not
+returned, and was eventually nearly ruined by this stipulation. For the
+battle at Braddock's Field was disastrous to the English, and the claims
+of the farmers against Franklin amounted to twenty thousand pounds. Upon
+his appeal these claims were paid by the Government under order of General
+Shirley. Franklin gathered these wagons and horses in York and Lancaster
+counties, Pennsylvania, and I doubt if York and Lancaster, England, would
+have been as good fields at that date.
+
+
+[Illustration: A Wayside Friend.]
+
+
+Braddock's trail became the famous route for crossing the Alleghany
+Mountains for the principal pioneers who settled southwestern Pennsylvania
+and western Virginia, and all their effects were carried to their new
+homes on packhorses. The only wealth acquired in the wilds by these
+pioneers was peltry and furs, and each autumn a caravan of packhorses was
+sent over the mountains bearing the accumulated spoils of the
+neighborhood, under the charge of a master driver and three or four
+assistants. The horses were fitted with pack-saddles, to the hinder part
+of which was fastened a pair of hobbles made of hickory withes; and a
+collar with a bell was on each horse's neck. The horses' feed of shelled
+corn was carried in bags destined to be filled with alum salt for the
+return trip; and on the journey down, part of this feed was deposited for
+the use of the return caravan. Large wallets filled with bread, jerked
+bear's meat, ham, and cheese furnished food for the drivers. At night the
+horses were hobbled and turned out into the woods or pasture, and the
+bells which had been muffled in the daytime were unfastened, to serve as
+a guide to the drivers in the morning. The furs were carried to and
+exchanged first at Baltimore as a market; later the carriers went only to
+Frederick; then to Hagerstown, Oldtown, and finally to Fort Cumberland.
+Iron and steel in various forms, and salt, were the things most eagerly
+desired by the settlers. Each horse could carry two bushels of alum salt,
+each bushel weighing eighty-four pounds. Not a heavy load, but the horses
+were scantily fed. Sometimes an iron pot or kettle was tied on either side
+on top of the salt-bag.
+
+Ginseng, bears' grease, and snakeroot were at a later date collected and
+added to the furs and hides. The horses marched in single file on a road
+scarce two feet wide; the foremost horse was led by the master of the
+caravan, and each successive horse was tethered to the pack-saddle of the
+one in front. Other men or boys watched the packs and urged on laggard
+horses.
+
+I do not know the exact mode of lading these packhorses. An English
+gentlewoman named Celia Fiennes rode on horseback on a side-saddle over
+many portions of England in the year 1695. She thus describes the
+packhorses she saw in Devon and Cornwall:--
+
+    "Thus harvest is bringing in, on horse backe, with sort of crookes of
+    wood like yokes on either side; two or three on a side stands up in
+    which they stow ye corne, and so tie it with cords; but they cannot so
+    equally poise it but ye going of ye horse is like to cast it down
+    sometimes on ye one side sometimes on ye other, for they load them
+    from ye neck to ye taile, and pretty high, and are forced to support
+    it with their hands so to a horse they have two people women as well
+    as men."
+
+At a later date this packhorse system became that of common carriers. Five
+hundred horses at a time, after the Revolution, could be seen winding over
+the mountains. At Lancaster, Harrisburg, Shippensburg, Bedford, Fort Pitt,
+and other towns were regular packhorse companies. One public carrier at
+Harris Ferry in 1772 had over two hundred horses and mules. When the road
+was widened and wagons were introduced, the packhorse drivers considered
+it an invasion of their rights and fiercely opposed it.
+
+It is interesting to note that the trail of the Indians and the
+horse-track of these men skilled only in woodcraft were the ones followed
+in later years by trained engineers in laying out the turnpikes and
+railroads.
+
+We are prone to pride ourselves in America on many things which we had no
+part in producing, on some which are in no way distinctive, and on a few
+which are not in the highest sense to our credit. Of the Conestoga wagon
+as a perfect vehicle of transportation and as an important historical
+factor we can honorably and rightfully be proud. It was a truly American
+product evolved and multiplied to fit, perfectly, existing conditions. Its
+day of usefulness is past, few ancient specimens exist; and little remains
+to remind us of it; the derivative word stogey, meaning hard, enduring,
+tough, is a legacy. Stogeys--shoes--are tough, coarse, leather footwear;
+and the stogey cigar was a great, heavy, coarse cigar, originally, it is
+said, a foot long, made to fit the enduring nerves and appetite of the
+Conestoga teamsters.
+
+This splendid wagon was developed in Pennsylvania by topographical
+conditions, by the soft soil, by trade requirements, and by native wit. It
+was the highest type of a commodious freight-carrier by horse power that
+this or any country has ever known; it was called the Conestoga wagon from
+the vicinity in which they were first in common use.
+
+These wagons had a boat-shaped body with curved canoe-shaped bottom which
+fitted them specially for mountain use; for in them freight remained
+firmly in place at whatever angle the body might be. This wagon body was
+painted blue or slate-color and had bright vermilion red sideboards. The
+rear end could be lifted from its sockets; on it hung the feed-trough for
+the horses. On one side of the body was a small tool-chest with a slanting
+lid. This held hammer, wrench, hatchet, pincers, and other simple tools.
+Under the rear axletree were suspended a tar-bucket and water-pail.
+
+In the interesting and extensive museum of old-time articles of domestic
+use gathered intelligently by the Historical Society of Bucks County,
+Pennsylvania, are preserved some of the wagon grease-pots or _Tar-lodel_,
+which formed part of the furniture of the Conestoga wagon. A tree section
+about a foot long and six inches in diameter was bored and scraped out to
+make a pot. The outer upper rim was circumscribed with a groove, and
+fitted with leather thongs, by which it was hung to the axle of the
+wagon. Filled with grease and tar it was ever ready for use. Often a
+leather _Tar-lodel_ took the place of this wooden grease-pot. The wheels
+had broad tires, sometimes nearly a foot broad. The wagon bodies were
+arched over with six or eight bows, of which the middle ones were the
+lowest. These were covered with a strong, pure-white hempen cover corded
+down strongly at the sides and ends. These wagons could be loaded up to
+the top of the bows and carried four to six tons each,--about a ton's
+weight to each horse.
+
+
+[Illustration: Conestoga Wagon.]
+
+
+Sleek, powerful horses of the Conestoga breed were used by prosperous
+teamsters. These horses, usually from four to seven in number, were often
+carefully matched, all dapple-gray or all bay. From Baltimore ran wagons
+with twelve horses. They were so intelligent, so well cared for, so
+perfectly broken, that they seemed to take pleasure in their work. The
+heavy, broad harnesses were costly, of the best leather, trimmed with
+brass plates; often each horse had a housing of deerskin or bearskin edged
+with scarlet fringe, while the headstall was gay with ribbons and ivory
+rings, and colored worsted rosettes.
+
+Bell-teams were common; an iron or brass arch was fastened upon the hames,
+and collar and bells were suspended from it. Each horse save the
+saddle-horse had a full set of musical bells tied with gay ribbons; among
+these were the curious old ear-bells. In England these ear-bells dangled
+two on each side on a strap which passed over the horse's head behind the
+ears and buckled into the cheeks of the headstall. On the forehead stood
+up from this strap a stiff tuft or brush (a Russian cockade) of colored
+horsehair fixed in a brass socket. Even the reins were of high colors,
+scarlet and orange and green. The driver walking alongside, or seated
+astride the saddle-horse, governed the perfectly broken and intelligent
+creatures with a precision and ease that was beautiful to see. A curious
+adjustable seat called a lazy-board was sometimes hung at the side of the
+wagon, and afforded a precarious resting place.
+
+These teamsters carried a whip, long and light, which, like everything
+used by them, was of the finest and best materials. It had a fine
+squirrel-skin or silk "cracker." This whip was carried under the arm, and
+the Conestoga horses were guided more by the crack than by the blow.
+
+All chronicles agree that a fully equipped Conestoga wagon in the days
+when those wagons were in their prime was a truly pleasing sight, giving
+one that sense of satisfaction which ever comes from the regard of any
+object, especially a piece of mechanism, which is perfectly fitted for the
+object it is designed to attain. An American poet writes of them:--
+
+      "The old road blossoms with romance
+  Of covered vehicles of every grade
+  From ox-cart of most primitive design
+  To Conestoga wagons with their fine
+  Deep-dusted, six-horse teams in heavy gear,
+  High hames and chiming bells--to childish ear
+  And eye entrancing as the glittering train
+  Of some sun-smitten pageant of old Spain."
+
+The number of these wagons was vast. At one time over three thousand ran
+constantly back and forward between Philadelphia and other Pennsylvania
+towns. Sometimes a hundred would follow in close row; "the leaders of one
+wagon with their noses in the trough of the wagon ahead." These "Regulars"
+with fully equipped Conestoga wagons made freighting their constant and
+only business. Farmers and teamsters who made occasional trips, chiefly
+during the farmers' dull season--the winter--were called "Militia."
+
+A local poet wrote of them:--
+
+  "Militia-men drove narrow treads,
+  Four horses and plain red Dutch beds,
+    And always carried grub and feed."
+
+"Grub," food for the driver, and feed for the horses was seldom carried by
+the Regulars; but the horses when unharnessed always fed from the long
+troughs which were hitched to the wagon pole.
+
+All these teamsters carried their own blankets, and many carried also a
+narrow mattress about two feet wide which they slept upon. This was
+strapped in a roll in the morning and put into the wagon. Often the
+teamsters slept on the barroom floor around the fireplace, feet to the
+fire. Some taverns had bunks with wooden covers around the sides of the
+room. The teamster spread his lunch on the top or cover of his bunk; when
+he had finished he could lift the lid, and he had a coffinlike box to
+sleep in--but this was an unusual luxury. McGowan's Tavern was a favorite
+stopping place. The barroom had a double chimney and fire-places; fifteen
+feet of blazing hearth meant comfort, and allured all teamsters. The blood
+of battle stained the walls and ceiling, which the landlord never removed
+to show that he "meant business."
+
+The Conestoga wagons were in constant use in times of war as well as in
+peace. They were not only furnished to Braddock's army, as has been told,
+but to the Continental army in the War of the Revolution. President Reed
+of Pennsylvania wrote to General Washington in 1780 that "the army had
+been chiefly supplied with horses and waggons from this state
+(Pennsylvania) during the war," and it was also declared that half the
+supplies furnished the army came from the same state. Reed deplored the
+fact that a further demand for over one thousand teams was to be made on
+them, and said the state could not stand it.
+
+During the War of 1812 these wagons transported arms, ammunition, and
+supplies to the army on the frontier. Long lines of these teams could be
+seen carrying solace and reenforcements to the soldiers.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE STAGE WAGGON.
+
+While the old waggoner is stopping to drink, poor Jack the soldier is
+bidding his wife good bye.--She has come a long way with her children to
+see him once more: and now is going home again in the waggon. She does not
+know whether she shall ever see him again.--Jack was obliged to leave his
+country life, and his good master, and his plough and his comfortable
+cottage, and his poor wife and little ones to go and be a soldier, and
+learn to fight, because _other people_ would quarrel.]
+
+
+In England a huge, clumsy wagon was used for common carrier and passenger
+transportation, until our own day. It was inferior to the Conestoga wagon
+in detail and equipments. Illustrations from an old print in a child's
+story-book are given of these wagons on page 251. Their most marked
+characteristic was the width of wheel tire. From the middle colonies the
+Conestoga wagon found its way to every colony and every settlement; nor
+did its life end in the Eastern states or with the establishment of
+railroads. Renamed the "prairie schooner," it carried civilization and
+emigration across the continent to the Golden Gate. Till our own day the
+white tilts could be seen slowly travelling westward. The bleaching bones
+of these wagons may be still seen in our far West, and are as distinct
+relics of that old pioneer Western life as are the bones of the buffalo. A
+few wagons still remain in Pennsylvania, in Lancaster County; the one
+painted by Hovenden in "Westward Ho" is in the collection of the Bucks
+County Historical Society. One toiled slowly and painfully, in the year
+1899, up the green hillsides of Vermont, bearing two or three old people
+and a few shattered household gods--the relics, human and material, of a
+family that had "gone West" many years ago.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+EARLY STAGE-COACHES AND OTHER VEHICLES
+
+
+The story of the stage-coach begins at a much later date than that of the
+tavern; but the two allies reached the height of their glory together. No
+more prosperous calling ever existed than that of landlord of an old-time
+stage-tavern; no greater symbol of good cheer could be afforded. Though a
+popular historical novel by one of our popular writers shows us the
+heroine in a year of the seventeenth century conveyed away from her New
+England home in a well-equipped stage-coach, there were no stage-coaches
+at that date in New England, nor were they overfrequent in Old England.
+
+Stow says, in his _Survey of London_ (1633): "Of old time, Coaches were
+not known in this Island but Chariots or Whirlicotes." The whirlicote is
+described as a cot or bed on wheels, a sort of wheeled litter, and was
+used as early as the time of Richard II. The first coach made in England
+by Walter Rippen was for the Earl of Rutland, in 1555. The queen had one
+the next year, and Queen Elizabeth a state coach eight years later from
+the same maker. That splendid association--"The Company of Coach and
+Harness Makers," was founded by Charles II. in May, 1667.
+
+
+[Illustration: English Coach, 1747.]
+
+
+Venomous diatribes were set in print against coaches, as is usual with all
+innovations, useful and otherwise. Of them the assertions of Taylor the
+"Water Poet" are good examples. He said that coaches dammed the streets,
+and aided purse-cutting; that butchers could not pass with their cattle;
+that market-folk were hindered in bringing victuals to town; that carts
+and carriers were stopped; that milkmaids were flung in the dirt; that
+people were "crowded and shrowded up against stalls and stoops"--still
+coaches continued to be built.
+
+The early English stage-coaches were clumsy machines. One of the year 1747
+is shown on the opposite page. With no windows, no seats or railing on
+top, and an uncomfortable basket rumble behind, they seem crude and
+inconvenient enough when compared with the dashing mail-coaches which were
+evolved a century later, and were such a favorite subject with English
+painters, engravers, and lithographers for many years. Those pictures
+expressed, as Dickens said, "past coachfulness: pictures of colored prints
+of coaches starting, arriving, changing horses, coaches in the sunshine,
+coaches in the snow, coaches in the wind, coaches in the mist and rain,
+coaches in all circumstances compatible with their triumph and victory,
+but never in the act of breaking down or overturning."
+
+A copy of one of those prints of an English mail-coach, in the height of
+its career, is shown opposite page 256.
+
+Stage-wagons were used throughout England as a means of cheaper
+conveyance. They were intolerably slow and equally clumsy. On page 251 a
+leaf from an old-time English story-book shows two of these lumbering
+vehicles, which ill compare with the English mail-coaches.
+
+Coaching days in England have had ample and entertaining record in
+instructive and reminiscent books, such as: _Brighton and its Coaches_, by
+William C. A. Blew, 1894; _The Brighton Road_, _etc._, by Charles G.
+Harper, 1892; _Old Coaching Days_, by Stanley Harris, 1882; _Annals of the
+Road_, by Captain Malet, 1876; _Down the Road_, _etc._, by C. T. S. Birch
+Reynardson, 1875; _Coaching Days and Coaching Ways_, by W. Outram Tristam,
+1888.
+
+We have no similar anecdotic and personal records of American coaching
+life, though we have the two fine books of modern coaching ways entitled
+_Driving for Pleasure_, by Francis T. Underhill, and _A Manual of
+Coaching_, by Fairman Rogers, both most interesting and valuable.
+
+We began early in our history to have coaches. Even Governor Bradstreet in
+his day rode in a hackney coach. John Winthrop, of Connecticut, had a
+private coach in 1685; Sir Edmund Andros had one in Boston in 1687. At the
+funeral of the lieutenant-governor in 1732 in Boston there were plenty of
+coaches, though there were few in New York; the provincial governors
+usually had one. Watson, in his _Annals of Philadelphia_, gives a list of
+all private citizens who kept carriages in that city in 1761--there were
+but thirty-eight. There were three coaches, two landaus, eighteen
+chariots, and fifteen chairs. Eleven years later only eighty-four
+Philadelphians had private carriages. In 1794, when the city had a
+population of about fifty thousand, eight hundred and forty-seven
+carriage-owners appear: among them were found thirty-three coaches and one
+hundred and fifty-seven coachees.
+
+The testimony of the traveller Bennet, who was in Boston in 1740, is most
+explicit on the subject of travel and transportation in that city and
+vicinity:--
+
+    "There are several families in Boston that keep a coach and a pair of
+    horses, and some few drive with four horses; but for chaises and
+    saddle-horses, considering the bulk of the place, they outdo London.
+    They have some nimble, lively horses for the coach, but not any of
+    that beautiful black breed so common in London. Their saddle-horses
+    all pace naturally, and are generally counted sure-footed; but they
+    are not kept in that fine order as in England. The common
+    draught-horses used in carts about the town are very small and poor,
+    and seldom have their fill of anything but labor. The country carts
+    and wagons are generally drawn by oxen, from two to six according to
+    the distance, or the burden they are laden with."
+
+
+[Illustration: Quicksilver Royal Mail, 1835.]
+
+
+The traveller Weld thus described the peculiarly American carriage called
+a "coachee":--
+
+    "The body of it is rather longer than a coach, but of the same shape.
+    In the front it is left quite open down to the bottom, and the driver
+    sits on a bench under the roof of the carriage. There are two seats in
+    it for passengers, who sit in it with their faces to the horses. The
+    roof is supported by small props which are placed at the corners. On
+    each side of the door, above the panels, it is quite open; and, to
+    guard against bad weather, there are curtains which let down from the
+    roof and fasten to buttons on the outside. The light wagons are in the
+    same construction, and are calculated to hold from four to twelve
+    people. The wagon has no doors, but the passengers scramble in the
+    best way they can over the seat of the driver. The wagons are used
+    universally for stage-coaches."
+
+A vehicle often mentioned by Judge Sewall and contemporary writers is a
+calash. It was a clumsy thing, an open seat set on a low and heavy pair of
+wheels. A curricle had two horses, a chaise one; both had what were called
+whip springs behind and elbow springs in front. A whisky was a light body
+fixed in shafts which were connected with long horizontal springs by
+scroll irons. A French traveller tells of riding around Boston in a
+whisky. The chair so often named in letters, wills, etc., was not a
+sedan-chair, but was much like a chaise without a top.
+
+The French chaise was introduced here by the Huguenots before the year
+1700. The Yankee "shay" is simply the fancied singular number of the
+French chaise. We improved upon the French vehicle, and finally replaced
+it by our characteristic carriage, the buggy.
+
+Chariots were a distinctly aristocratic vehicle, used as in England by
+persons of wealth, and deemed a great luxury. One was advertised in Boston
+in 1743 as "a very handsome chariot, fit for town or country, lined with
+red coffy, handsomely carved and painted, with a whole front glass, the
+seat-cloth embroided with silver, and a silk fringe round the seat." It
+was offered for sale by John Lucas, a Boston coach-builder, and had
+doubtless been built by him.
+
+The ancient chariot shown on page 259, formerly belonging to John Brown,
+the founder of Brown University, is preserved at the old Occupasnetuxet
+homestead in Warwick, Rhode Island, securely stored in one of the carriage
+houses on the estate, a highly prized relic of days long ago. In this
+ancient vehicle General Washington rode from place to place when he made
+his visit to Rhode Island in August, 1790, escorted by John Brown, the
+ancestor of its present owners.
+
+
+[Illustration: "One Hoss Shay."]
+
+
+The body of this old chariot is suspended on heavy thorough-braces
+attached to heavy iron holders as large as a man's wrist, the forward ones
+so curved as to allow the forward wheels to pass under them, in order that
+the chariot may be turned within a short compass. It has but one seat for
+passengers, which will accommodate two persons; and an elevated seat for
+the driver, which is separate from the main body. The wheels are heavy,
+the hind ones twice the height of the forward ones, the tires of which are
+attached to the felloes in several distinct pieces.
+
+
+[Illustration: Washington Chariot.]
+
+
+It is easy to picture the importance attached to buying or owning a
+wheeled vehicle in a community which rode chiefly on horseback.
+Contemporary evidence of this is often found, such as these entries in the
+diary of Rev. Joseph Emerson of Malden. In the winter of 1735 he writes:--
+
+    "Some talk about my buying a Shay. How much reason have I to watch and
+    pray and strive against inordinate Affection for the Things of the
+    World."
+
+A week later, however, he proudly recalls the buying of the "Shay" for L27
+10_s._, which must have made a decided hole in his year's salary. His
+delight in his purchase and possession is somewhat marred by noting that
+his parishioners smile as he is drawn past them in his magnificence; it is
+also decidedly taken down by the vehicle being violently overturned,
+though his wife and he were uninjured. It cost a pretty penny, moreover,
+to get it repaired. He scarce gets the beloved but sighed-over "Shay" home
+when he thus notes:--
+
+    "Went to the beach with 3 of the Children in my Shay. The beast being
+    frighted when we all were out of the shay, overturned and broke it. I
+    desire--I hope I desire it--that the Lord would teach me suitably to
+    repent this Providence, to make suitable remarks on it, and to be
+    suitably affected with it. Have I done well to get me a Shay? Have I
+    not been too fond & too proud of this convenience? Should I not be
+    more in my study and less fond of driving? Do I not withold more than
+    is meet from charity? &c."
+
+Shortly afterward, as the "beast" continued to be "frighted," he sold his
+horse and shay to a fellow-preacher, Rev. Mr. Smith, who--I doubt
+not--went through the same elations, depressions, frightings, and
+self-scourgings in which the Puritan spirit and horseman's pride so
+strongly clashed.
+
+On May 13, 1718, Jonathan Wardwell's stage-coach left Jonathan Wardwell's
+Orange Tree in Boston and ran to Rhode Island--that is, the island proper.
+At any rate, it was advertised in Boston newspapers as starting at that
+date. In 1721 there was a road-wagon over the same route. In 1737 two
+imported stage-coaches were advertised for this road, and doubtless many
+travellers used these coaches, which connected with the boats for New
+York.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The early coaching conveyances were named. In 1767 it was a "stage-chaise"
+that ran between Salem and Boston, while a "stage-coach" and "stage-wagon"
+were on other short routes out of Boston. In 1772 a "stage-chariot" was on
+the road between Boston and Marblehead. "Flying Mail-Stages" came later,
+and in 1773 Thomas Beals ran "Mail Stage Carriages between Boston and
+Providence." In England there were "Flying-Machines" and "Flying-Waggons."
+An old English road-bill dated 1774 ends with this sentence, "The Rumsey
+Machine, through Winchester, hung on Steel Springs begins flying on the
+3rd of April from London to Poole in One Day." On the Paulus Hook route to
+Philadelphia in 1772 the proprietor announced a vehicle "in imitation of a
+coach"--and perhaps that is all that any of these carriages could be
+rightfully called.
+
+One of the clearest pictures which has come down to us of travelling in
+the early years of our national existence is found in the pages relating
+the travels of a young Englishman named Thomas Twining, in the United
+States in the year 1795. He journeyed by "stage-waggon" from Philadelphia,
+through Chester and Wilmington, to Baltimore, then to Washington, then
+back to Philadelphia.
+
+He fully describes the stage-wagon in which he made these journeys:--
+
+    "The vehicle was a long car with four benches. Three of these in the
+    interior held nine passengers. A tenth passenger was seated by the
+    side of the driver on the front bench. A light roof was supported by
+    eight slender pillars, four on each side. Three large leather curtains
+    suspended to the roof, one at each side and the third behind, were
+    rolled up or lowered at the pleasure of the passengers. There was no
+    place nor space for luggage, each person being expected to stow his
+    things as he could under his seat or legs. The entrance was in front
+    over the driver's bench. Of course the three passengers on the back
+    seat were obliged to crawl across all the other benches to get to
+    their places. There were no _backs_ to the benches to support and
+    relieve us during a rough and fatiguing journey over a newly and
+    ill-made road."
+
+Mr. Jansen, who resided in America from 1793 to 1806, wrote a book
+entitled _The Stranger in America_. In it he described the coach between
+Philadelphia and New York with some distinctness:--
+
+    "The vehicle, the American stage-coach, which is of like construction
+    throughout the country, is calculated to hold twelve persons, who sit
+    on benches placed across with their faces toward the horses. The front
+    seat holds three, one of whom is the driver. As there are no doors at
+    the sides, the passengers get in over the front wheels. The first get
+    seats behind the rest, the most esteemed seat because you can rest
+    your shaken frame against the back part of the wagon. Women are
+    generally indulged with it; and it is laughable to see them crawling
+    to this seat. If they have to be late they have to straddle over the
+    men seated further in front."
+
+It will be readily seen that the description of this coach is precisely
+like that given by Weld in his _Travels_, and like the picture of it in
+the latter book. An excellent representation of this stage-wagon is given
+in Mr. Edward Lamson Henry's picture of the Indian Queen Tavern at
+Blattensburg, Maryland, a copy of which is shown facing page 33. Cruder
+ones may be seen in the various advertisements of eighteenth-century stage
+lines.
+
+The coach-body of the year 1818 had an egg-shaped body and was suspended
+on thick leather straps, called thorough-braces, which gave the vehicle a
+comparatively easy motion. After being worn these frequently broke, and
+one side of the coach would settle. The patient travellers then alighted,
+took a rail from an adjoining fence, righted up the body of the coach, and
+went on slowly to the next village for repairs.
+
+This coach had a foot-board for the driver's feet, and a trunk-rack bolted
+to the axletrees. One is here shown, and an old cut on page 273. A few
+still exist and are in use.
+
+
+[Illustration: Stage-coach of 1818.]
+
+
+Ten years later the fashion of coaches had changed, and of boats, as shown
+by the cut on the opposite page. This view is at the first lock on Erie
+Canal above Albany.
+
+All the various forms of coaches were superseded and made obsolete by the
+incomparable Concord coach, first built in Concord, New Hampshire, in
+1827.
+
+The story of the Concord coach is one of profound interest, and should be
+given in detail. It has justly been pronounced the only perfect passenger
+vehicle for travelling that has ever been built. To every state and
+territory in the Union, to every country in the world where there are
+roads on which such a coach could run, have these Concord coaches been
+sent. In spite of steam and electric cars they still are manufactured in
+large numbers, and are still of constant use. There is really very little
+difference between the older Concord coaches, such as the one used by
+Buffalo Bill, shown on page 266, and one of the stanch, well-equipped
+modern ones used in mountain travel, such as is shown facing page 268.
+
+
+[Illustration: Stage-coach of 1828.]
+
+
+The word stage-coach was originally applied to a coach which ran from
+station to station over a number of stages of the road, usually with fresh
+horses for each stage. It was not used to designate a coach which ran only
+a short distance. Mr. Fairman Rogers notes as an example of the curious
+changes of language the custom in New York of calling a short-route
+omnibus a stage. We all recall the tottering Broadway stages; we still
+have the Fifth Avenue stages with us. This debased use of the word is not
+an Americanism, nor is it modern. Swift speaks of riding in the six-penny
+stage; and Cowper has a similar usage. The word drag, originally applied
+to a public road-coach, now is used for a coach for private driving. The
+incorrect American use of the word tally-ho, as a general name for a coach
+and four, dates from 1876, when Colonel Delancey Kane first ran his
+road-coach from the Brunswick Hotel in New York to Pelham. It chanced to
+be named Tally-ho after English coaches of that name, and the word was
+adopted from the individual to a class. Barge, as applied to a long
+omnibus, is apparently a modern Americanism. I heard it first about ten
+years ago. Alighting from the cars, travel-tired and dusty, at a New
+England coast town one July afternoon, we asked the distance to a certain
+hotel; and we were told it was four miles, and we could go either by sloop
+or barge, and that "the barge got there first." We gladly welcomed the
+possibility of closing our journey with a short, refreshing water trip,
+but decided that the sloop might be delayed by adverse winds, and we would
+trust to the barge, which we inferred was propelled by steam. On stating
+our preference for the barge we were waved into a long, heavy omnibus
+harnessed with a "spike" team of three jaded horses that soon stumbled
+along the dry road, choking us with the dust of their slow progress. After
+riding nearly half an hour we called out despondingly to the driver, "When
+do we reach the wharf?" "We ain't goin' to the wharf," he drawled. "Where
+do we take the barge then, and when?" "You're a-ridin' in the barge now,"
+he answered, and thus we added another example to our philological
+studies.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Concord Coach.]
+
+
+Our first conveyance of goods and persons was by water, and the word
+transportation was one of our sea terms applied to inland traffic. Mr.
+Ernst has pointed out that many sea terms besides the word barge have
+received a land use. "The conductor shouts his marine 'All aboard,' and
+railroad men tell of 'shipping' points that have nothing to do with
+navigation. We ship by rail, and out West they used to have 'prairie
+schooners.' Of late we go by 'trolley,' and that word is borrowed from the
+sailors. Our locomotives have a 'pilot' each, and even 'freight' has a
+marine origin."
+
+The first line of stages established between New York and Philadelphia
+made the trip in about three days. The stage was simply a Jersey wagon
+without springs. The quaint advertisement of the route appeared in the
+_Weekly Mercury_ of March 8, 1759:--
+
+    "Philadelphia Stage Waggon and New York Stage Boat perform their
+    stages twice a week. John Butler with his waggon sets out on Monday
+    from his house at the sign of the 'Death of the Fox' in Strawberry
+    Alley, and drives the same day to Trenton Ferry, where Francis Holman
+    meets him, and the passengers and goods being shifted into the waggon
+    of Isaac Fitzrandolph, he takes them to the New Blazing Star to Jacob
+    Fitzrandolph's the same day, where Rubin Fitzrandolph, with a boat
+    well suited will receive them and take them to New York that night:
+    John Butler, returning to Philadelphia on Tuesday with the passengers
+    and goods delivered to him by Francis Holman, will set out again for
+    Trenton Ferry on Thursday, and Francis Holman, &c., will carry his
+    passengers and goods with the same expedition as above to New York."
+
+The driver of this flying machine, old Butler, was an aged huntsman who
+kept a kennel of hounds till foxes were shy of Philadelphia streets, when
+his old sporting companions thus made a place for him.
+
+With such a magnificent road as the National Road, it was natural there
+should be splendid coaching upon it. At one time there were four lines of
+stage-coaches on the Cumberland Road: the National Line, Pioneer, Good
+Intent, and June Bug. Curiously enough, no one can find out, no one is
+left to tell, why or wherefore the latter absurd and undignified name was
+given. An advertisement of the "Pioneer Fast Stage Line" is given on page
+270. Relays of horses were made every ten or twelve miles. It was
+bragged that horses were changed ere the coach stopped rocking. No heavy
+luggage was taken, and at its prime but nine passengers to a coach. These
+were on what was called Troy coaches. The Troy coach was preceded by a
+heavy coach built at Cumberland, and carrying sixteen persons, and a
+lighter egg-shaped vehicle made at Trenton; and it was succeeded by the
+famous Concord coach. Often fourteen coaches started off together loaded
+with passengers. The mail-coach had a horn; it left Wheeling at six in the
+morning, and twenty-four hours later dashed into Cumberland, one hundred
+and thirty-two miles away. The mail was very heavy. Sometimes it took
+three to four coaches to transport it; there often would be fourteen
+lock-bags and seventy-two canvas sacks.
+
+
+[Illustration: Concord Coach at Toll Gate.]
+
+
+The drivers had vast rivalry. Here, as elsewhere all over the country, the
+test of their mettle was the delivery of the President's message. There
+was powerful reason for this rivalry; the letting of mail contracts hinged
+on the speed of this special delivery. Dan Gordon claimed he carried the
+message thirty-two miles in two hours and twenty minutes, changing teams
+three times. Dan Noble professed to have driven from Wheeling to
+Hagerstown, one hundred and eighty-five miles, in fifteen hours and a
+half.
+
+The rivalry of drivers and coach-owners extended to passengers, who became
+violent partisans of the road on which they travelled, and a threatening
+exhibition of bowie knives and pistols was often made. When the Baltimore
+and Ohio Railroad was completed to Wheeling, these stage-coaches had
+their deathblow.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The expense of travelling in 1812 between Philadelphia and Pittsburg, a
+distance of two hundred and ninety-seven miles, was twenty dollars by
+stage with way-expenses of seven dollars, and it took six days. The
+expense by wagon was five dollars a hundred weight for persons and
+property, and the way-expenses were twelve dollars, for it took twenty
+days.
+
+In England, in the prime days of coaching, rates were fourpence or
+fivepence a mile inside, and twopence or threepence outside. The highest
+fares were of course on the mail-coaches and fast day-coaches; the lower
+rates were on the heavy night-coaches.
+
+At an early date there were good lines of conveyance between Boston and
+Providence, and from Providence to other towns. The early editions of old
+almanacs tell of these coaching routes. _The New England Almanack_ for
+1765 gave two routes to Hartford, the distances being given from tavern to
+tavern. _The New England Town & County Almanack_ for 1769 announced a
+coach between Providence and Norwich, "a day's journey only," and two
+coaches a week between Providence and Boston, also performing this journey
+in a day. In 1793, Israel Hatch announced daily stages between the two
+towns; he had "six good coaches and experienced drivers," and the fare was
+but a dollar. He closed his notice, "He is also determined, at the
+expiration of the present contract for carrying the mail from Providence
+to Boston, to carry it gratis, which will undoubtedly prevent any further
+under-biddings of the Envious."
+
+"The Envious" was probably Thomas Beal, whose rival carriages were
+pronounced "genteel and easy." His price was nine shillings "and less if
+any other person will carry them for that sum." When passenger steamboats
+were put on the route between Providence and New York these lines of
+coaches became truly important. Often twenty full coach-loads were carried
+each way each day. The editor of the _Providence Gazette_ wrote with
+pride, "We were rattled from Providence to Boston in four hours and fifty
+minutes--if any one wants to go faster he may send to Kentucky and charter
+a streak of lightning." But with speed came increased fares--three dollars
+a trip. This exorbitant sum soon produced a rival cheaper line--at two
+dollars and a half a ticket. The others then lowered to two dollars, and
+the two lines alternated in reduction till the conquered old line
+announced it would carry the first booked applicants for nothing. The new
+stage line then advertised that they would carry patrons free of expense,
+and furnish a dinner at the end of the journey. The old line was rich and
+added a bottle of wine to a like offer.
+
+Mr. Shaffer, a fashionable teacher of dancing and deportment in Boston, an
+arbiter in social life, and man about town, had a gay ride on Monday to
+Providence, a good dinner, and the promised bottle of wine. On Tuesday he
+rode more gayly back to Boston, had his dinner and wine, and on Wednesday
+started to Providence again. With a crowd of gay young sparks this frolic
+continued till Saturday, when the rival coach lines compromised and signed
+a contract to charge thereafter two dollars a trip.
+
+
+[Illustration: New Omnibus "Accommodation."]
+
+
+In 1818 all the lines in eastern Massachusetts and New Hampshire, and
+others in Maine and Rhode Island, were formed into a syndicate, the
+Eastern Stage Company; and it had an unusual career. The capital stock
+consisted of four hundred and twenty-five shares at a hundred dollars
+each. Curiously enough, the contracts and agreements signed at the time of
+the union do not ever mention its object; it might be a sewing-machine
+company, or an oil or ice trust. It had at once an enormous business, for
+it was born great. The profits were likewise enormous; the directors'
+meetings were symposiums of satisfaction, and stockholders gloated over
+their incomes. In 1829 there were seventy-seven stage-coach lines from
+Boston; the fare to Albany (about two hundred miles) was six dollars, and
+eight dollars and seventy-five cents by the "Mail Line." The fare to
+Worcester was two dollars; to Portland, eight dollars; to Providence, two
+dollars and a half. In 1832 there were one hundred and six coach lines
+from Boston. The _Boston Traveller_ was started as a stage-coach paper in
+1825, whence its name. Time-tables and stage-lists were issued by Badger
+and Porter from 1825 to 1836. After twelve years, the Eastern Stage
+Company was incorporated in New Hampshire, but even then luck was turning.
+There was no one shrewd enough to heed the warning which might have been
+heard through the land, "Look out for the engine," and soon the assets of
+the stage company were as dust and ashes; everything was sold out at vast
+loss, and in 1838--merely a score of years, not even "come of age"--the
+Eastern Stage Company ceased to exist. On its prosperous routes, during
+the first ten years, myriads of taverns had sprung up; vast brick stables
+had been built for the hundreds of horses, scores of blacksmiths' forges
+had been set up, and some of these shops were very large. These buildings
+were closed as suddenly as they were built, and rotted unused.
+
+This period of the brilliant existence of the Eastern Stage Company was
+also the date of the coaching age of England, given by Stanley Harris as
+from 1820 to 1840. The year 1836, which saw the publication of _Pickwick_,
+wherein is so fine a picture of old coaching days, was the culminating
+point of the mail-coach system. Just as it was perfected it was rendered
+useless by the railroad.
+
+In the earliest colonial days, before the official appointment of any
+regular post-rider, letters were carried along the coast or to the few
+inland towns by chance travellers or by butchers who made frequent trips
+to buy and sell cattle. John Winthrop, of New London, sent letters by
+these butcher carriers.
+
+In 1672 "Indian posts" carried the Albany winter mail. With a
+retrospective shiver we read a notice of 1730 that "whoever inclines to
+perform the foot-post to Albany this winter may make application to the
+Post-Master." Lonely must have been his solitary journey up the solemn
+river, skating along under old Cro' Nest.
+
+The first regular mounted post from New York to Boston started January 1,
+1673. He had two "port-mantles" which were crammed with letters, "small
+portable goods and divers bags." It was enjoined that he must be active,
+stout, indefatigable, and honest. He changed horses at Hartford. He was
+ordered to keep an eye out for the best roads, best ways through forests,
+for ferries, fords, etc., to watch keenly for all fugitive servants and
+deserters, and to be kind to all persons travelling in his company. During
+the month that he was gone the mail was collected in a box in the office
+of the Colonial Secretary. The arrivals and departure of these posts were
+very irregular. In 1704 we read, "Our Philadelphia post (to New York) is a
+week behind, and not yet com'd in."
+
+In unusual or violent weather the slowness of mail carriage was appalling.
+Salem and Portsmouth are about forty miles apart. In March, 1716, the
+"post" took nine days for one trip between the two towns and eight days
+the other. He was on snowshoes, and he reported drifts from six to
+fourteen feet deep; but even so, four to five miles a day was rather
+minute progress.
+
+It is pleasant to read in the _Winthrop Letters_ and other correspondence
+of colonial days of "journeys with the Post." Madam Knight rode with him,
+as did many another fair traveller with his successors at later dates. A
+fragment of a journal of a young college graduate, written in 1790, tells
+of "over-taking the Post, who rode with six Dames, neither young nor fair,
+from Hartford to Boston." He tells that the patient Squire of Dames was
+rather surly when joked about his harem. Mrs. Quincy tells of travelling,
+when she was a little girl, with the Post, who occupied his monotonous
+hours by stocking-knitting.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+The post-riders, whose advertisements (one of which is here shown) can be
+found in many old-time newspapers, were private carriers. They "Resolv'd
+to ride Post for the good of the Publick," etc. They were burdened by law
+with restrictions, which they calmly evaded, for they materially
+decreased the government revenue in sealed mail-matter, though they were
+supposed to be merchandise carriers only.
+
+In 1773, Hugh Finlay was made postal surveyor by the British government of
+the mail service from Quebec, Canada, to St. Augustine, Florida. He made a
+very unfavorable report of postal conditions. He declared that postmasters
+often had no offices, that tavern taprooms and family rooms in private
+houses were used as gathering places for the mail. Letters were thrown
+carelessly on an open table or tavern bar, for all comers to pull over
+till the owners called; and fresh letters were irregularly forwarded. The
+postmaster's salary was paid according to the number of letters he
+handled, and of course the private conveyance of letters sadly diminished
+his income. Private mail-carriage was forbidden by law, but the very
+government post-riders were the chief offenders. Persons were allowed to
+carry merchandise at their own rates for their own profit, so post-riders,
+wagon-drivers, butchers, ship captains, or any one could carry large
+sealed letters, provided they were tied to any bundle or box. Sham bundles
+of paper or straw, weighing little, were thus used as kite-tails to the
+letters. The government post-rider between Newport and Boston took
+twenty-six hours to go eighty miles, carried all way-letters to his own
+profit, and bought and sold on commission. If he had been complained of,
+the informer was in danger of tarring and feathering. It was deemed all a
+part of the revolt of the provinces against "slavery and oppression." The
+rider between Saybrook and New York had been in his calling forty-six
+years. He carried on a money exchange to his own profit, and pocketed all
+way-postage. He superintended the return of horses for travellers; and
+Finlay says he was coolly waiting, when he saw him, for a yoke of oxen
+that he was going to transfer for a customer. No wonder the mails were
+slow and uncertain.
+
+In 1788 it took four days for mail to go from New York to Boston--in
+winter much longer. George Washington died on the 14th of December, 1799.
+As an event of universal interest throughout the nation, the news was
+doubtless conveyed with all speed possible by fleetest messenger. The
+knowledge of this national loss was not known in Boston till December 24.
+Two years later there was a state election in Massachusetts of most
+profound interest, when party feeling ran high. It took a month, however,
+to get in all the election returns, even in a single state.
+
+The first advertisement or bill of the first coaching line between Boston
+and Portsmouth reads thus:--
+
+    "_For the Encouragement of Trade from Portsmouth to Boston._
+
+    "A LARGE STAGE CHAIR,
+
+    "With two horses well equipped, will be ready by Monday the 20th inst.
+    to start out from _Mr. Stavers_, Inn-holder at the sign of the _Earl
+    of Halifax_, in this town for Boston, to perform once a week; to lodge
+    at Ipswich the same night; from thence through Medford to Charlestown
+    Ferry; to tarry at Charlestown till Thursday morning, so as to return
+    to this town next day: to set out again the Monday following: It will
+    be contrived to carry four persons besides the driver. In case only
+    two persons go, they may be accommodated to carry things of bulk and
+    value to make a third or fourth person. The Price will be _Thirteen
+    Shillings_ and _Six Pence_ sterling for each person from hence to
+    Boston, and at the same rate of conveyance back again; though under no
+    obligation to return in the same week in the same manner.
+
+    "Those who would not be disappointed must enter their names at _Mr.
+    Stavers'_ on Saturdays, any time before nine in the evening, and pay
+    one half at entrance, the remainder at the end of the journey. Any
+    gentleman may have business transacted at Newbury or Boston with
+    fidelity and despatch on reasonable terms.
+
+    "As gentlemen and ladies are often at a loss for good accommodations
+    for travelling from hence, and can't return in less than three weeks
+    or a month, it is hoped that this undertaking will meet with suitable
+    encouragement, as they will be wholly freed from the care and charge
+    of keeping chairs and horses, or returning them before they had
+    Finished their business.
+
+    "Portsmouth, April, 1761."
+
+A picture and account of the Stavers Inn are given on page 176.
+
+These stages ran throughout the winter, except in bad weather, and the
+fare was then three dollars a trip. This winter trip was often a hard one.
+We read at one time of the ferries being so frozen over that travellers
+had to make a hundred-mile circuit round by Cambridge. This line of stages
+prospered; and two years later "The Portsmouth Flying Stage-coach," which
+held six "insides," ran with four or six horses. The fare was the same.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Coach and Sign-board, Barre, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+On this Stavers line were placed the first mail-coaches under the English
+crown. When Finlay (the post-office surveyor just referred to) examined
+the mail-service in the year 1773, he found these mail-coaches running
+between Boston and Portsmouth. Mr. Ernst says, "The Stavers mail-coach was
+stunning, used six horses in bad weather, and never was late." These
+coaches were built by Paddock, the Boston coach-builder and Tory. Stavers
+also was a Tory, and during the Revolution both fled to England, and may
+have carried the notion of the mail-coach across the sea. At any rate the
+first English mail-coach was not put on the road till 1784; it ran between
+Bristol and London. It was started by a theatrical manager named Palmer,
+office work or coaching. The service was very imperfect and far from
+speedy.
+
+Herbert Joyce, historian of the British post-office, says, "In 1813 there
+was not a single town in the British kingdom at the post-office of which
+absolutely certain information could have been obtained as to the charge
+to which a letter addressed to any other town would be subject." The
+charge was regulated by the distance; but distances seemed movable, and
+the letter-sender was wholly at the mercy of the postmaster. The
+government of the United States early saw the injustice of doubt in these
+matters, and Congress ordered a careful topographical survey, in 1811-12,
+of the post-road from Passamaquoddy to St. Mary's, and also established
+our peerless corps of topographical engineers. Foreigners were much
+impressed with the value of this survey, and an old handkerchief, printed
+in 1815 by R. Gillespie, at "Anderston Printfield near Glasgow," proves
+that the practical effects of the survey were known in England before the
+English people had a similar service.
+
+This handkerchief gives an interesting statement of postal rates and
+routes at the beginning of this century. Around the edge is a floral
+border, with the arms of the United States, the front and reverse of the
+dollar of 1815, a quartette of ships of war, and portraits of Washington,
+Adams, Jefferson, and "Maddison" intertwined.
+
+Its title is "A Geographical View of All the Post Towns in the United
+States of America and Their Distance from Each Other According to the
+Establishment of the Postmaster General in the Year 1815." By an
+ingenious arrangement of the towns on the main coast line and those on the
+cross post-roads, the distance from one of these points to any other could
+easily be ascertained. The "main line of post towns" extended "from
+Passamaquoddy in the District of Maine to Sunbury in the State of
+Georgia."
+
+The object in publishing such a table as this was to make a durable record
+by which it was possible for the people to compute easily and with a handy
+helper what the cost of postage on letters would be. The following "rates
+of postage" are given on the old handkerchief:--
+
+    "Single Letter conveyed by land for any distance not exceeding 10
+    miles, 6 cents.
+
+      Over 10, not exceeding 60 miles, 8 cents.
+        "  60   "     "      100    "  10 "
+        " 100   "     "      150    "  12 "
+        " 150   "     "      200    "  15 "
+        " 200   "     "      250    "  17 "
+        " 250   "     "      350    "  20 "
+        " 350   "     "      450    "  22 "
+      For 450                       "  25 ""
+
+Double letters are charged double; and triple letters, three times these
+rates, and a packet weighing one ounce avoirdupois at the rate of four
+single letters.
+
+Let us compare conditions in these matters in America with those in
+Scotland. While England had, in the first half of the eighteenth century,
+coaches in enough number that country folk knew what they looked like,
+Scotland was barren not only of coaches but of carriages. In 1720 there
+were no chariots or chaises north of the Tay. Not till 1749 was there a
+coach between Edinburgh and Glasgow; this journey of forty-six miles
+could, by the end of the century, be done in twelve hours. In 1754 there
+was once a month a coach from Edinburgh to London; it took twelve to
+sixteen days to accomplish this journey, and was so perilous that
+travellers made their wills before setting out. There were few carts and
+no such splendid wagons as our Conestogas. Cadgers carried creels of goods
+on horseback; and sledges, or creels borne on the backs of women, were the
+means of transportation in northern Scotland until the end of the
+eighteenth century. These sledges had tumbling wheels of solid wood a foot
+and a half in diameter, revolving with the wooden axletree, and held
+little more than a wheelbarrow.
+
+Scotch inns were as bad as the roads; "mean hovels with dirty rooms, dirty
+food, dirty attendants." Servants without shoes or stockings, greasy
+tables with no cloths, butter thick with cows' hairs, no knives and forks,
+a single drinking-cup for all at the table, filthy smells and sights, were
+universal; and this when English inns were the pleasantest places on
+earth.
+
+Mail-carriage was even worse than personal transportation; hence
+letter-writing was not popular. In 1746 the London mail-bag once carried
+but a single letter from Edinburgh. So little attention was paid to the
+post that as late as 1728 the letters were sometimes not taken from the
+mail bag, and were brought back to their original starting place. Scotland
+was in a miserable state of isolation and gloom until the Turnpike Road
+Act was passed; the building of good roads made a complete revolution of
+all economic conditions there, as it has everywhere.
+
+
+[Illustration: Quincy Railway Pitcher.]
+
+
+The first railway in America was the Quincy Railroad, or the "Experiment"
+Railroad, built to carry stones to Bunker Hill Monument. A tavern-pitcher,
+commemorative of this Quincy road, is shown here. Two views of the
+Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, printed on plates and platters in rich dark
+blue, are familiar to china collectors. One shows a stationary engine at
+the top of a hill with a number of little freight cars at a very singular
+angle going down a steep grade. The other displays a primitive locomotive
+with coachlike passenger cars.
+
+All the first rail-cars were run by horse-power.
+
+Peter Parley's _First Book on History_ says, in the chapter on Maryland:--
+
+    "The people are building what is called a railroad. This consists of
+    iron bars laid down along the ground and made fast, so that carriages
+    with small wheels may run upon them with facility. In this way one
+    horse will be able to draw as much as ten horses on a common road. A
+    part of the railroad is already done, and if you choose to take a ride
+    upon it you can do so. You enter a car something like a stage, and
+    then you will be drawn along by two horses at a speed of twelve miles
+    per hour."
+
+The horse-car system, in its perfection, did not prevail until many years
+after the establishment of steam cars. It is curious to note how suddenly,
+in our own day, the horse cars were banished by cars run by electricity;
+as speedily as were stage-coaches cast aside by steam. A short time ago a
+little child of eight years came running to me in much excitement over an
+unusual sight she had seen in a visit to a small town--"a trolley car
+dragged by horses."
+
+Many strange plans were advanced for the new railways. I have seen a
+wood-cut of a railway-coach rigged with masts and sails gayly running on a
+track. I don't know whether the inventor of this wind-car ever rigged his
+car-boat and tried to run it. Another much-derided suggestion was that the
+motive power should be a long rope or chain, and the notion was scorned,
+but we have lived to see many successful lines of cars run by cable.
+
+Kites and balloons also were seriously suggested as motive powers. It was
+believed that in a short time any person would be permitted to run his own
+private car or carriage over the tracks, by paying toll, as a coach did on
+a turnpike.
+
+The body of the stage-coach furnished the model for the first passenger
+cars on the railway. A copy is here given of an old print of a train on
+the Veazie Railroad, which began to run from Bangor, Maine, in 1836. The
+road had two locomotives of Stevenson's make from England. They had no
+cabs when they arrived here, but rude ones were attached. They burned
+wood. The cars were also English; a box resembling a stage-coach was
+placed on a rude platform. Each coach carried eight people. The passengers
+entered the side. The train ran about twelve miles in forty minutes. The
+rails, like those of other railroads at the time, were of strap-iron
+spiked down. These spikes soon rattled loose, so each engine carried a man
+with a sledge hammer, who watched the track, and when he spied a spike
+sticking up he would reach down and drive it home. These "snake heads," as
+the rolled-up ends of the strap-iron were called, sometimes were forced up
+through the cars and did great damage. "Snake heads" were as common in
+railway travel as snags in the river in early steamboating.
+
+
+[Illustration: Veazie Railway.]
+
+
+The Boston and Lowell, Boston and Providence, and Boston and Worcester
+railroads were all opened in 1835. The locomotive used on the Boston and
+Worcester road was called the Meteor. The cars were coach-shaped and ran
+on single trucks. The freight cars were short vans or wagon-bodies covered
+with canvas like a Conestoga wagon. A picturesque view of an old railway
+train is given opposite page 288 in the picture painted by Mr. Edward
+Lamson Henry, called "The Arrival of the Train." It shows a train at a way
+station between Harrisburg and Lancaster, in the year 1839, and a
+comparison between the coaches on the track and the coach and horses
+waiting near by will show that the same model served for both.
+
+Accidents were many on these early roads; some were fatal, some were
+ridiculous. The clumsy locomotive often broke down, and horses and oxen
+had to be impressed to drag the cars to the nearest station and repair
+shop. An old print showing "Uncle Ame Morris's" oxen serving as a
+locomotive on a railroad near Danbury, Connecticut, is given on page 289.
+Coaching accidents had seldom been fatal, and ancient citizens were
+appalled at the deaths on the rail. Never was the cry of "the good old
+times" so loudly heard as in the early days of the railroad. Especially
+were the injuries by escaping steam and by communicated fire deemed
+horrible and unbearable. An old-school blood thus summarized all these
+sentiments: "You got upset in a coach--and there you were! You get upset
+in a rail-car--and, damme, where are you?"
+
+The roadbed of the track was laid thus, as shown in the words of a State
+Report made to the Massachusetts Legislature on January 16, 1829:--
+
+    "A continuous stone wall, laid so deep in the ground as not to be
+    moved by the effects of the frost; and surmounted by a rail of split
+    granite about a foot in thickness and depth, with a bar of iron on top
+    of it of sufficient thickness for the carriage wheels to run."
+
+My father, who rode on one of these rock-bedded railways, told me that the
+jarring was inexpressibly tiring and even distressing. They were in use
+but a short time. But the cars had no springs, and the jarring continued
+to some degree. It produced headaches and an incessant itching of the
+skin. The primitive brake-power was a hand or foot brake, and a car
+stopped with a jolting which was almost as severe as the shock felt to-day
+in a collision. A more primitive brake-power was in vogue on the Newcastle
+and Frenchtown Railroad, where the engineer would open his safety valve at
+each station and several strong negroes would seize the end of the train
+and hold it back while the station agent thrust sticks of wood through the
+wheel-spokes. Crooked roads were favored, so the engineer and conductor
+could "look back and see if the train was all right." These were easily
+managed with the short coach-like railway carriages.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Arrival of the Train.]
+
+
+It would be impossible to repeat all the objections against the
+establishment of the railroads, besides the loss of life. These objections
+far outnumbered those made against coaches centuries previous. The
+farmers would be ruined. Horses would have to be killed because wholly
+useless. There would therefore be no market for oats or hay. Hens would
+not lay eggs on account of the noise. It would cause insanity. There would
+be constant fires from the sparks from the engine. It was declared that no
+car could ever advance against the wind. The _Boston Courier_ of June 27,
+1827, said in an editorial:--
+
+    "The project of a railroad from Boston to Albany is impracticable, as
+    every one knows who knows the simplest rule of arithmetic, and the
+    expense would be little less than the market value of the whole
+    territory of Massachusetts; and which, if practicable, every person of
+    common sense knows would be as useless as a railroad from Boston to
+    the moon."
+
+
+[Illustration: Uncle Ame Morris' Oxen serving as a Locomotive.]
+
+
+Captain Basil Hall rode by stage-coach in 1829 over the present route of
+the Boston and Albany Railroad. He described the hills, ravines, and
+rivers, and said, "Those Yankees talk of constructing a railroad over this
+route; as a practical engineer, I pronounce it simply impossible."
+
+All the sentimental objections of all the sentimental objectors may be
+summed up in the words of the best beloved of all coachmen, Tony Weller:--
+
+    "I consider that the rail is unconstitutional, and a inwader o'
+    privileges. As to the comfort--as an old coachman I may say it--veres
+    the comfort o' sitting in a harm-chair, a lookin' at brick walls, and
+    heaps o' mud, never comin' to a public 'ouse, never seein' a glass o'
+    ale, never goin' thro' a pike, never meetin' a change o' no kind
+    (hosses or otherwise) but always comin' to a place ven you comes to
+    vun at all, the werry picter o' the last! As to the honor and dignity
+    o' travellin', vere can that be vithout a coachman, and vats the rail
+    to sich coachmen as is sometimes forced to go by it, but a outrage and
+    a insult! And as to the ingen, a nasty, wheezin', creakin', gaspin',
+    puffin', bustin' monster always out o' breath, with a shiny green and
+    gold back like a onpleasant beetle; as to the ingen as is alvays a
+    pourin' out red-hot coals at night and black smoke in the day, the
+    sensiblest thing it does, in my opinion, is ven there's somethin' in
+    the vay, and it sets up that 'ere frightful scream vich seems to say,
+    'now 'eres two hundred and forty passengers in the werry greatest
+    extremity o' danger, and 'eres their two hundred and forty screams in
+    vun!'"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+TWO STAGE VETERANS OF MASSACHUSETTS
+
+
+There still stands in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, at the junction of the
+Westborough road with the old "King's Highway," a weatherbeaten but
+dignified house, the Pease Tavern; it is shown on page 292. This house was
+for many years a popular resort for the teamsters and travellers who
+passed back and forth on what was then an important road. Behind the house
+was originally a large shed with roof and open sides for the protection
+from rain or snow of the great numbers of loaded wagons. In another
+covered shed at the side of the house were chairs and tables for the
+teamsters and shelves for any baggage they took from their wagons. This
+shed for the accommodation of the teamsters would indicate to me that they
+were not so unreservedly welcome at this tavern as at many others on the
+route. Miss Ward, in her entertaining book, _Old Times in Shrewsbury_,
+says that under this shed, in the side boards of the house, slight holes
+were cut one above the other to a window in the second story. These holes
+were large enough to hold on by, and to admit the toe of a man's boot; by
+dexterous use of hands and feet the teamsters were expected to climb up
+the outside wall to the window, and thus reach their sleeping apartments
+without passing through the hall and interior of the house. This was, it
+was asserted, for the convenience both of the family and the travellers.
+In the Wayside Inn at Sudbury a small special staircase winding in the
+corner of the taproom led to the four "drivers' bedrooms" above. One of
+the upper rooms in the Pease Tavern was a dancing hall. Across this hall
+from wall to wall was a swing partition which could be hooked up to the
+ceiling when a dance was given, but at other times divided the hall into
+two large bedrooms. This was a common appurtenance of the old-time tavern.
+
+
+[Illustration: Pease Tavern.]
+
+
+Major John Farrar, an officer in the Revolution, first kept this
+Shrewsbury inn, and greatly rejoiced when Washington visited it in his
+triumphal journey through the country. His successor as landlord, Levi
+Pease, was a man of note in the history of travel and transportation
+systems in Massachusetts. He was a Shrewsbury blacksmith who served
+through the entire Revolutionary War in a special function--which might be
+entitled a confidential transportation agent: he transferred important
+papers, carried special news, purchased horses and stores, foraged for the
+army, and enjoyed the full confidence of the leaders, especially of
+Lafayette. In 1783, when peace was established, he planned to establish a
+line of stages between Boston and Hartford, and thus turn his knowledge of
+roads and transportation to account. Wholly without funds, he found no one
+ready to embark in the daring project and work with him, save one young
+stage-driver, Reuben Sykes or Sikes, who braved parental opposition, as
+well as universal discouragement, and started with a stage-wagon from
+Hartford to Boston at the same hour that Captain Pease set out from Boston
+to Hartford. Each made the allotted trip in four days. The fare was ten
+dollars a trip. Empty stages were soon succeeded by prosperous trips, and
+in two years the penniless stage agent owned the Boston Inn opposite the
+Common, in Boston, on the spot where St. Paul's Church now stands. The
+line was soon extended to New York.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Arcade, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+Josiah Quincy gives a far from alluring picture of Pease's coaches in the
+earliest days:--
+
+    "I set out from Boston in the line of stages lately established by an
+    enterprising Yankee, Pease by name, which at that day was considered a
+    method of transportation of wonderful expedition. The journey to New
+    York took up a week. The carriages were old and shackling, and much of
+    the harness made of ropes. One pair of horses carried the stage
+    eighteen miles. We generally reached our resting place for the night,
+    if no accident intervened, at ten o'clock, and after a frugal supper
+    went to bed with a notice that we should be called at three the next
+    morning, which generally proved to be half-past two. Then, whether it
+    snowed or rained, the traveller must rise and make ready by the help
+    of a horn-lantern and a farthing candle, and proceed on his way over
+    bad roads, sometimes with a driver showing no doubtful symptoms of
+    drunkenness, which good-hearted passengers never fail to improve at
+    every stopping place by urging upon him another glass of toddy. Thus
+    we travelled, eighteen miles a stage, sometimes obliged to get out and
+    help the coachman lift the coach out of a quagmire or rut, and arrived
+    at New York after a week's hard travelling, wondering at the ease as
+    well as expedition of our journey."
+
+It should be added to this tale that young Quincy was in love, and on his
+way to see his sweetheart, which may have added to his impatience.
+
+This condition of affairs was not permitted to remain long. Captain Pease
+bought better horses and more comfortable wagons, and he persuaded
+townships to repair the roads; and he thus advertised in the
+_Massachusetts Spy_, or the _Worcester Gazette_, under date of January 5,
+1786:--
+
+    "Stages from Portsmouth in New Hampshire, to Savannah in Georgia.
+
+    "There is now a line of Stages established from New Hampshire to
+    Georgia, which go and return regularly, and carry the several Mails,
+    by order and permission of Congress.
+
+    "The stages from Boston to Hartford in Connecticut, set out, during
+    the winter season, from the house of Levi Pease, at the Sign of the
+    New York Stage, opposite the Mall, in Boston, every _Monday_ and
+    _Thursday_ morning, precisely at five o'clock, go as far as
+    _Worcester_ on the evenings of those days, and on the days following
+    proceed to _Palmer_, and on the third day reach _Hartford_; the first
+    Stage reaches the city of _New York_ on Saturday evening, and the
+    other on the Wednesday evening following.
+
+    "The stages from _New York_ for _Boston_, set out on the same days,
+    and reach _Hartford_ at the same time as the Boston Stages.
+
+    "The stages from _Boston_ exchange passengers with the stages from
+    _Hartford_ at _Spencer_, and the Hartford Stages exchange with those
+    from _New York_ at _Hartford_. Passengers are again exchanged at
+    _Stratford Ferry_, and not again until their arrival at _New York_.
+
+    "By the present regulation of the stages, it is certainly the most
+    convenient and expeditious way of travelling that can possibly be had
+    in America, and in order to make it the cheapest, the proprietors of
+    the stages have lowered their price from four pence to three pence a
+    mile, with liberty to passengers to carry fourteen pounds baggage.
+
+    "In the summer season the stages are to run with the mail three times
+    in a week instead of twice in the winter, by which means those who
+    take passage at Boston in the stage which sets off on Monday morning,
+    may arrive at New York on the Thursday evening following, and all the
+    mails during that season are to be but four days going from Boston to
+    New York, and so from New York to Boston.
+
+    "Those who intend taking passage in the stages must leave their names
+    and baggage the evening preceding the morning that the stages set off,
+    at the several places where the stages put up, and pay one-half of
+    their passage to the place where the first exchange of passengers is
+    made, if bound so far, and if not, one-half of their passage so far as
+    they are bound.
+
+    "N. B. Way passengers will be accommodated when the stages are not
+    full, at the same rate, viz. three pence only per mile.
+
+    "Said PEASE keeps good lodging, &c. for gentlemen travellers, and
+    stabling for horses.
+
+    "BOSTON, Jan. 2nd, 1786."
+
+Pease obtained the first Government contract within the new United States
+for carrying the mails; and the first mail in this new service passed
+through Worcester on the 7th of January, 1786--such changes had three
+short years brought.
+
+All was not ease for him even then; he still drove the stage, and endured
+heat and cold; and when New England snowstorms could not be overcome by
+the mail-coach, like many another of his drivers, he shouldered the
+mail-bag and carried the mail on snowshoes to Boston town. He died in
+1824, after having received from the Government the first charter granted
+in Massachusetts for a turnpike. It was laid out in 1808 from Boston
+through South Shrewsbury to Worcester, nearly parallel to the old road. It
+transformed travel in that vicinity and, indeed, served to alter all town
+relations and conditions. This grant and his many incessant efforts to
+establish turnpikes conferred on Levi Pease the title of the "Father of
+the Turnpike."
+
+Many other charters were soon granted, and the state was covered with a
+network of turnpikes which were in general thronged with vehicles and
+livestock, and were therefore vastly profitable. From the prospectus of
+the Sixth Massachusetts Turnpike Company, incorporated in 1799 to build a
+road from Amherst to a point near Shrewsbury, we learn that the turnpike
+from Northampton to Pittsfield paid twelve per cent dividend.
+
+On these great, bustling, living thoroughfares a sad change has fallen. In
+Bedford, Raystown, Somerset, Greensbury, in scores of towns, weeds and
+grass grow in the ruts of the turnpike. The taverns are silent; some are
+turned into comfortless farm-houses, others are closed and unoccupied, sad
+and deserted widows of the old "pikes," far gone in melancholy decline.
+
+Many of the methods familiar to us in railroad service to-day were
+invented by Pease, and were crudely in practice by him. He introduced the
+general ticket office in 1795, and no railroad office to-day sells tickets
+to all the points served by Pease. His stage office was in State Street,
+Boston. He evolved what we now term the "limited" and "accommodation"
+service of railroads; in fact, the term "limited" originated with
+mail-coaches limiting passengers to a specific number. Pease's fast mail
+line took but four passengers in each coach, and ran to New York three
+times a week with the mails. The slower line charging lower prices ran the
+other days of the week and took all applicants, putting on extra coaches
+if required. This service began in 1793. Tolls were commuted on
+Massachusetts turnpikes before 1800, so that condition of railroad travel
+is a century old.
+
+Not far from this Pease Tavern is a sulphur spring which has some
+medicinal repute, and which attracted visitors. To reach it at one time
+you passed close to the house of the Indian, Old Brazil, and his wife
+Nancy, and this was always a ticklish experience. Miss Ward tells their
+blood-curdling story. His real name was the gentle title Basil, but he had
+been a pirate on the high seas, and Brazil was more appropriate. He and
+his wife thriftily ran their little farm and industriously wove charming
+baskets and peddled them around the neighboring towns. These last leaves
+on the tree were, for all the perceptions of Shrewsbury folk, peaceful
+creatures as they were honest; but when Brazil had been treated to a good
+mug of hard cider at tavern or farm-house (and no one would fail thus to
+treat him) he told of his past life with such fierce voice and horrid
+gesture as made him equally a delight and a terror to the children and to
+many older folk as well.
+
+
+[Illustration: Harrington Tavern, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+He had been a bloodthirsty villain; scores, perhaps hundreds, of helpless
+souls on captured craft had perished at his gory hands. He detailed to the
+gaping loungers at the tavern with a realism worthy a modern novelist how
+he split the heads of his victims open with his broadaxe--exactly in the
+middle--"one half would fall on one shoulder, tother half on tother
+shoulder! ugh! ugh!" and with another pull of cider, husband and wife
+trotted contentedly home. About 1850 they died as they had lived,
+close--and loving--companions. As a fitting testimonial to the pirate's
+end, the village boys put a charge of gunpowder in the brick oven of the
+peaceful little kitchen and blew the pirate's house in fragments.
+
+At a time when he could not afford to pay high Boston rents, Pease made
+Shrewsbury his headquarters. This may account for the large number of old
+taverns in the town, several of which are portrayed in these pages,--the
+Old Arcade on page 294, Harrington's Tavern on page 299, Balch Tavern on
+page 301.
+
+The Exchange Hotel, still standing and still in use as a public house, was
+the stage office for Pease's stage line in Worcester. This interesting old
+landmark, built in 1784, was owned by Colonel Reuben Sykes, the partner of
+Pease; and other coach lines than theirs centred at the Exchange, and made
+it gay with arrival and departure. As the United States Arms, Sykes's
+Coffee-house, Sykes's Stage-house, Thomas Exchange Coffee-house, and
+Thomas Temperance Exchange in the days of the Washingtonian movement, this
+hotel has had an interesting existence. President Washington in 1789
+"stopped at the United States Arms where he took breakfast, and then
+proceeded on his journey. To gratify the inhabitants he politely passed
+through town on horseback. He was dressed in a brown suit, and pleasure
+glowed in every countenance as he came along." Lafayette was also a guest;
+and through its situation opposite the Worcester court-houses on Court
+Hill the tavern has seen within its walls a vast succession of men noted
+in law and in lawsuits.
+
+
+[Illustration: Balch Tavern, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+From 1830 to 1846 a brilliant comet flashed its way through the
+stage-driving world of New England; it was Hon. Ginery Twichell, who was
+successively and successfully post-rider, stage-driver, stage proprietor,
+most noted express rider of his times, railroad superintendent, president
+of the Boston and Worcester Railroad, and member of Congress. Some thirty
+years ago or more a small child sat in the "operating room" of a
+photographer's gallery in Worcester. Her feet and hands were laboriously
+placed in a tentatively graceful attitude and the back of her head firmly
+fastened in that iron "branks-without-a-gag" fixture which then prevailed
+in photographers' rooms and may still, for all that I know. A sudden
+dashing inroad from an adjoining room of the photographer's assistant with
+the loud and excited exclamation, "Ginery's coming, Ginery's coming," led
+to the immediate and unceremonious unveiling of the artist from the heavy
+black cloth that had enveloped his head while he was peeping wisely
+through the instrument at his juvenile sitter, and to his violent exit; he
+was followed with equal haste and lack of explanation by my own attendant.
+Thus basely deserted I sat for some minutes wondering what a Ginery could
+be, for there was to me a sort of menagerie-circus-like ring in the word,
+and I deemed it some strange wild beast like the Pygarg once exhibited at
+the old Salem Tavern. At last, though fully convinced that my moving would
+break the camera, I boldly disengaged myself from the claws of the branks,
+ran to a front window, and hung peering out at the Ginery over the heads
+of the other occupants of the gallery, who regarded with eager delight no
+wild or strange beast, but a great stage-coach with six horses which stood
+reeking, foaming, pawing, in front of the Baystate House across the
+street. A dignified and self-contained old man, ruddy of face, and dressed
+in a heavy greatcoat and tall silk hat, sat erect on the coachman's seat,
+reins well in hand--and suddenly Ginery and his six horses were off with
+rattle of wheels and blowing of horn and cheers of the crowd; but not
+before there was imprinted forever in unfading colors on my young brain a
+clear picture of the dashing coaching life of olden days. It was an
+anniversary of some memorable event, and the member of Congress celebrated
+it by once more driving over his old-time coaching route to meet the
+cheers and admiration of all beholders.
+
+The predecessor of Baystate House, the old Central Hotel, was the
+headquarters of Twichell's stage line during the sixteen years of his
+connection with it. It was built in 1722, and rooms in it served various
+purposes besides those of good cheer--one being used as a county jail.
+
+I do not doubt that the coach which I saw was the one thus referred to in
+the _Boston Traveller_ of June 1, 1867, as Mr. Twichell occasionally drove
+it until the year of his death:--
+
+    "The venerable coach built by Moses T. Breck of Worcester, and used 30
+    years ago in the heart of the Commonwealth by Hon. Ginery Twichell for
+    special occasions before railroads were fairly in vogue, passed
+    through our Boston streets on Friday. The vehicle was of a most
+    substantial pattern; no repairs have been needed through all these
+    years except an occasional coat of varnish and new upholstering. In
+    1840, by request of the citizens of the town of Barre, seats were
+    added on the top of the vehicle, so that a party of 32 persons could
+    be accommodated (12 inside and 20 outside). The largest load ever
+    carried by the ponderous carriage was a party of (62) sixty-two young
+    ladies of Worcester who, uniformly dressed, were driven on a
+    blackberry excursion to the suburbs by Mr. Twichell himself, eight
+    matched horses being required on the occasion. During the exciting
+    Presidential Campaign of 1840, the staunch vehicle was used for
+    conveying the sovereigns to and from political gatherings in the town
+    surrounding old Quinsigamond."
+
+There is still living in Boston, at an advanced age, but of vigorous
+mental powers, Mr. Henry S. Miner, the last stage-driver of Ginery
+Twichell's stage-route, perhaps the last person living who was connected
+with it. He has scores of tales of stage-coach days which he has capacity
+to frame in interesting language. I am indebted to him for many letters
+full of information and interest. He says:
+
+    "Ginery Twichell was a shrewd, quiet, persevering man of but few
+    words, and those to the point; his voice was clear and low, never
+    raised to horses or men. Affable, sociable, he was a man that would
+    make friends and hold them. He was smooth-shaven and red-faced, but
+    strictly temperate. He had one habit of rubbing his hands rapidly when
+    in earnest conversation. He had but a common school education and
+    might be called a self-made man. Before through railroads were
+    completed, Mr. Twichell collected the November election votes on
+    horseback, from Greenfield to Worcester, 54 miles, covering the
+    distance in four and one-half hours. He had relays of horses and men
+    every 6 to 10 miles. As the work always came in the night, he was many
+    times thrown by his horse stumbling, but always came out all right. At
+    one time he slept in his clothes with buckskin underwear, at the
+    American House in Worcester, in wait for despatches from English
+    steamers. He had men and horses on the road to Norwich for one week
+    waiting also. When the dispatches arrived he mounted his horse and
+    started for Norwich; he met the boat, and the despatches were in New
+    York hours ahead of any other line. I am the only one of his
+    drivers living, and one hostler is living."
+
+
+[Illustration: Advertisement of Twichell's Stage Line.]
+
+
+A friend who remembers riding with Twichell eulogizes him in the warmest
+terms for his accommodating spirit and happy faculty of making all his
+passengers as comfortable as possible. He had an inexhaustible fund of
+racy anecdotes which he would tell so well that it was a perfect treat to
+ride upon the box with him. He was a general favorite, especially with the
+country folks, and the boys and girls on the road, and with these he
+always had a joke to crack whenever it came his way to do so, to the
+infinite amusement of the travellers whom he had in charge. He carried
+many small and valuable parcels, and executed commissions for the people
+like an expressman. After a period of self-denial in early life,
+throughout which he had saved his liberal earnings carefully, he was
+enabled to purchase from Mr. Stockwell the stage and two horses which he
+drove between Athol and Barre. About 1837 he started with Mr. Burt and Mr.
+Billings a stage line from Brattleboro to Worcester.
+
+
+[Illustration: Ginery Twichell's Ride.]
+
+
+In 1843 he was engaged in driving a stage of his own between Barre and
+Worcester. Not long afterwards he was sole owner of a line from
+Greenfield, Massachusetts, to Brattleboro, Vermont. The Postmaster-general
+about this time advertised for mail contracts, and Ginery Twichell went to
+Washington. It was supposed by the owners of the other lines, who knew he
+had gone thither, that he would not undertake to execute more than one
+contract, but his own private views, it appears, were somewhat broader,
+for he contracted with the Government to carry the mails upon a number of
+routes, greatly to the astonishment of others in the business; and what
+was better still, he accomplished what he had undertaken very
+satisfactorily to the Postmaster-general, and came to be regarded as a
+sort of Napoleon among mail contractors. He became the owner of a large
+number of fine stages and horses. He ran a line from Worcester to
+Northfield, sixty miles, three times a week; from Worcester to Winchester,
+fifty-five miles, daily; from Worcester to Keene, fifty-four miles, three
+times a week; to Templeton twenty-five miles, daily; from Templeton to
+Greenfield, forty-eight miles, daily; from Barre to Worcester, forty-four
+miles, daily. In all this was two hundred and eighty-six miles of
+stage-route, and it took a hundred and fifty-six horses to do the work.
+
+The picture shown on page 306 is from a lithograph published in 1850,
+entitled,--
+
+"The Unrivaled Express Rider, Ginery Twichell, who rode from Worcester to
+Hartford, a distance of Sixty miles in Three hours and Twenty minutes
+through a deep snow, January 23, 1846."
+
+It commemorates an exploit of his which was much talked of at the time it
+took place.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+A STAGING CENTRE
+
+
+The story of the tavern and stage life of the town of Haverhill, New
+Hampshire, may be told as an example of that aspect and era of social
+history, as developed in a country town. It shows the power the
+stage-coach was in bringing civilization and prosperity to remote parts of
+the states, what an illumination, what an education.
+
+Haverhill is on the Connecticut River somewhat more than halfway up the
+western boundary line of the state of New Hampshire, at the head of the
+Cohos valley. It is a beautiful fertile tract of land which had been
+cleared and cultivated by the Indians before the coming of the white man.
+It is lovely and picturesque with its broad intervales, splendid
+mountains, and peaceful river winding in the sweeps and reaches of the
+Oxbow; so lovely that Longfellow declared Haverhill the most beautiful
+spot he ever had seen. The town has but little colonial history. It had no
+white settlers till 1761; but the first who did take up land and build
+there were, as was the case with nearly all New Hampshire towns, men of
+unusual force of character and energy of purpose; by Revolutionary times
+the town was well established, and its situation and resources made it
+the authorized place of rendezvous for the troops destined for Canada. At
+the end of the war, when the danger of Indian invasion lessened, the town
+grew rapidly, but there were still only bridle-paths blazed through the
+woods by which to connect with the world, and until this century its only
+roads were the river road, the Coventry Road over Morse Hill, and the old
+Road from Plymouth, New Hampshire.
+
+But the day of the turnpike and vast changes was dawning. In 1805, in this
+town, still poor and struggling, were men who contributed their share to
+the building of the old Cohos Turnpike from Plymouth through Warren to
+Haverhill. The old post-rider, faithful John Balch, who had carried on
+foot and on horseback the scant letters throughout the dangerous days of
+the Revolution, was succeeded by Colonel Silas May in a Dutch wagon,
+carrying packages and the mail. As he drove into town blowing his horn he
+inaugurated a change for Haverhill that was indeed a new life. By 1814 a
+permanent stage line was established between Concord and Haverhill through
+Plymouth; and the first coach came down the long hill on its first trip,
+with loud and constant blasts of the horn, with a linchpin gone, but wheel
+safely in place clean up to the tavern door, thanks to Silas May's skilful
+driving. A leading spirit in obtaining the turnpike charter and one of the
+proprietors of the first stage line was Colonel William Tarleton (or
+Tarlton), then a dashing young fellow of great elegance of manners; he
+kept the Tarleton Tavern on Tarleton Lake on the Pike till his death.
+Every stage and team that went down or up the Pike stopped there to water
+the horses, with water in which was thrown salt; and every passenger had
+at least a hot drink. His hostelry was famous for two generations, and all
+the while there swung in the breezes that swept over Tarleton Lake the old
+sign-board which is shown here. It is an oaken board on which is painted
+on one side an Indian and the name William Tarlton and date, 1774; on the
+other a symbol of Plenty. It is owned by his grandson, Amos Tarleton, of
+Haverhill, to whose cordial interest and intelligent help I owe much of
+this story of Haverhill's coaching days.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Tarleton Inn.]
+
+
+The turnpike line from Concord to Haverhill was scarcely under way when a
+rival line was started which came through Hanover, and connected with the
+stage line to New York. Others followed with surprising quickness; the
+chief were lines to Boston, New York, and Stanstead, Canada; lesser lines
+of coaches ran to the White Mountains, to Montpelier, Vermont, to
+Chelsea, Vermont, and elsewhere. The reason for this sudden growth of
+Haverhill was found in its position with regard to the neighboring
+country; the topography of upper New England made it a proper and natural
+travel centre.
+
+As many coaches came into Haverhill every night and started out early the
+next morning, as many passengers changed coaches there, it can be readily
+seen that the need of taverns was great, and a number at once were opened.
+Often a hundred and fifty travellers were set down daily in Haverhill. The
+Bliss Tavern was one of the first to be built and is still standing, a
+dignified and comfortable mansion, as may be seen from its picture on page
+314. Its landlord, Joseph Bliss, was a man of influence in the town, and
+held several important offices; his house was the headquarters where the
+judges of the court and the lawyers stopped when court was held; for
+Haverhill was a shire town, a county seat, from 1773. At some of the
+courts of the General Sessions of the Peace as many as twenty-two justices
+were present; and court terms were longer then than now, so justices,
+lawyers, clients, sheriffs, deputies, jurors, and witnesses came and
+remained in town till their law business was settled. Sometimes the
+taverns were crowded for weeks. The court and bar had a special dining
+room and table at Bliss's Tavern, to which no layman, however high in
+social standing, was admitted. On Sundays all went to the old
+meeting-house at Piermont, where there was a "Judges' Pew." Sometimes
+executions took place in town--a grand day for the taverns. When one
+Burnham was hanged there in 1805, ten thousand people witnessed the sight.
+Old and young, mothers with babes, lads and lasses, even confirmed
+invalids thronged to this great occasion.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Tarlton Inn.]
+
+
+Besides the court and its following, and the pampered travellers in
+stage-coaches, Haverhill taverns had by 1825 other classes of customers.
+Backward and forward from upper New Hampshire and Vermont to Boston,
+Portsmouth, and Salem, rolled the great covered wagons with teams of six
+or eight horses bearing the products of the soil and forest to the towns
+and the products of the whole earth in return. These wagons, which were
+the Conestoga wagons of Pennsylvania, made little appearance in New
+England till this century; they were brought there by the War of 1812; but
+they had there their day of glory and usefulness as elsewhere throughout
+our whole northern continent.
+
+The two-wheeled cart of the earliest colonists, clumsily built and
+wasteful of power, was used long in New England for overland
+transportation; though the chief transfer of merchandise was in the winter
+by "sledding." There seems to have always been plentiful snow and good
+sledding every year in every part of New England in olden times, though it
+is far from being so to-day. The farmer, at that season of the year, had
+little else to do, and the ancient paths were soon made smooth by many
+sleighs and sleds.
+
+Mr. Henry S. Miner gives me a very interesting account of these freight
+wagons in New England as he remembers them in ante-railroad days. Though
+the traffic was small in amount compared with that of the present day, it
+was carried on in a way which gave a sense of great life and action on the
+road. As even little towns furnished freight for several teams, the
+aggregate was large, and as they neared Boston the number of teams on the
+highway seemed enormous. These passed through towns on the turnpike every
+day, Sundays included. No vocation called for sturdier or better men. The
+drivers were almost invariably large, hearty, healthy Yankees, of good
+sense and regular habits, though they were seldom total abstainers. They
+could not be drunkards, for their life was too vigorous; long whip in
+hand, they walked beside their teams. The whip was a sign of office,
+seldom applied to a horse. They had to be keen traders, good merchants, to
+sell advantageously the goods they carried to town and to choose wisely
+for return trips. Country merchants seldom went to the cities, but
+depended wholly on these teamsters for supplies.
+
+
+[Illustration: Bliss's Tavern.]
+
+
+The wagons were of monstrous size, broad and high. Each horse had a ton of
+freight. No one was a regular teamster who drove less than four horses.
+But there were other carriers. A three-horse team called a "spike," a
+two-horse team called a "podanger," and a single horse with cart called a
+"gimlet," were none of them in favor with tavern-keepers or other
+teamsters. Still, if the smaller teams got stuck in the mud or snow, the
+regulars would good-humoredly help them out. Whatever accident happened to
+a teamster or his wagon or horses, his fellow-craftsmen assisted him,
+while stage-drivers, drovers, or any other travelling citizens were never
+looked upon for help.
+
+An old man who drove one of these teams in his youth says:--
+
+    "When these large teams were hooked to the wagons, the starting word
+    was 'whoo-up'; and the horses would at once place themselves in
+    position. Then, 'Order, whope, _git_.' To turn to the left, 'Whoa,
+    whoa,' softly; to the right, 'Geer there.' For a full stop, 'Whoa
+    who-oof,' in louder voice, and all would come to a standstill. It was
+    a fine sight to see six or eight good horses spread out, marching
+    along in each other's steps, and see how quick they were to mind the
+    driver's voice. Good drivers always spoke to their teams in a low
+    voice, never shouted. The teamsters walked beside their teams, twenty
+    miles a day the average. The reins were done up on each horse's hames,
+    allowing them to spread apart with ease, a check-rein from the bit
+    over the hames to keep them where they belonged. You could never teach
+    a horse anything that wasn't checked up. The wagons weighed from
+    eighteen hundred to twenty-two hundred pounds. Some wagons had an
+    adjustable seat called a lazy-board."
+
+With winter snows the wagons were generally housed; hundreds, yes,
+thousands of sleighs, pods, and pungs took their place. The farmer no
+longer sent to town by wagon and teamster; he carried his farm produce to
+town himself, just as his grandfather had in the days of the cart and sled
+before the Revolution. Winter brought red-letter days to the New England
+farmer; summer and autumn were his time of increase, but winter was his
+time of trade and of glorious recreation.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Sleigh with Double Dashboard.]
+
+
+Friendly word was circulated from farm to farm, spread chiefly at the
+Sabbath nooning, that at stated date, at break of day the long ride to
+market would begin. Often twenty or thirty neighbors would start together
+on the road to town. The two-horse pung or single-horse pod, shod with
+steel shoes one inch thick, was closely packed with farm wealth--anything
+that a New England farm could produce that could be sold in a New England
+town. Frozen hogs, poultry, and venison; firkins of butter, casks of
+cheeses,--four to a cask,--bags of beans, peas, sheep-pelts, deer hides,
+skins of mink, fox, and fisher-cat that the boys had trapped, perhaps a
+splendid bearskin, nuts that the boys had gathered, shoe pegs that they
+had cut, yarn their sisters had spun, stockings and mittens they had
+knitted, homespun cloth and linen, a forest of splint brooms strapped on
+behind, birch brooms that the boys had whittled. So closely packed was the
+sleigh that the driver could not sit; he stood on a little semicircular
+step on the back of the sleigh, protected from the cutting mountain winds
+by the high sleigh back. At times he ran alongside to keep his blood
+briskly warm.
+
+To Troy and Portland went some winter commerce, but Boston, Portsmouth,
+and Salem took far the greatest amount. On the old Cohos Turnpike trains
+of these farm sleighs were often a half mile long. The tavern-keepers
+might well have grown rich, had all these winter travellers paid for board
+and lodging, but nearly all, even the wealthiest farmers, carried their
+own provender and food. Part of their oats and hay for their horses
+sometimes was deposited with honest tavern-keepers on the way down to be
+used on the way home; and there was also plenty of food to last through
+the journey: doughnuts, cooked sausages, roast pork, "rye and injun"
+bread, cheese, and a bountiful mass of bean porridge. This latter, made in
+a tub and frozen in a great mass, was hung by loops of twine by the side
+of the sleigh, and great chunks were chopped off from time to time. This
+itinerant picnic was called in some vicinities tuck-a-nuck, an Indian
+word; also mitchin. It was not carried from home because tavern-fare was
+expensive,--a "cold bite" was but twelve and a half cents, and a regular
+meal but twenty-five cents; but the tavern-keeper did not expect to serve
+meals to this class or to such a great number of travellers. His profits
+were made on liquor he sold and sleeping room he gave. The latter was
+often simple enough. Great fires were built in barroom and parlor; each
+driver spread out a blanket or fur robe, and with feet to the fire, the
+semicircle slept the sleep of the healthy and tired and cider-filled. Ten
+cents this lodging cost; but the sale of rum and cider, toddy and flip,
+brought in dimes and dollars to the tavern-keeper. Many a rough story was
+told or old joke laughed at before the circle was quiet; quarrels, too,
+took place among so many strong and independent men.
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Passenger Pung.]
+
+
+It can readily be seen how important the tavern must have been in such a
+town as Haverhill, what a news centre, what an attraction, what an
+education. Newspapers were infrequent, but none were needed when newcomers
+from all points of the compass brought all there was to tell from
+everywhere. Mine host was the medium through which information was spread;
+he came into close contact with leaders in law, politics, and business,
+and dull he must have been if he did not profit in mental growth. But he
+could not be dull, he had to be companionable and intelligent; hence we
+find the tavern-keeper the leading man in town, prominent in affairs, and
+great in counsel, and it was to the stage-coach he owed much of his
+intelligence and influence.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+THE STAGE-DRIVER
+
+
+In a home-library in an old New England town there were for half a century
+two sets of books which seemed strangely alien to the other staid
+occupants of the bookshelves, which companions were chiefly rows of
+encyclopaedias, Scott's novels, the _Spectator_ and _Tatler_, a large
+number of books of travel, and scores of biographies, autobiographies and
+memoirs of pious "gospellers," English and American, chiefly missionaries.
+These two special sets of books were large volumes, but were not placed
+primly and orderly with others of their own size; they were laid on their
+sides thrust high up among the smaller books on the upper shelves as if to
+escape notice under the frames of the glazed doors. They were strictly
+tabooed to all the younger members of the family, and were, indeed, well
+out of our reach; but Satan can find library steps for idle and very
+inquisitive little souls to climb, and we had read them eagerly before we
+were in our teens. One set was that inestimable and valuable work _London
+Labour and London Poor_, which was held to be highly improper reading for
+the young, but which I found very entertaining, as being of folk as
+remote from my life as if they were gnomes and elves. The other volumes
+were Pierce Egan's _Book of Sports_; and one, a prince of wicked books,
+entitled _Life in London: or the Day and Night Scenes of Jerry Hawthorne,
+Esq., and his elegant friend Corinthian Tom accompanied by Bob Logic, the
+Oxonian, in their Rambles and Sprees through the Metropolis_. This also
+was by Pierce Egan.
+
+
+[Illustration: Relay House.]
+
+
+That this latter most reprehensible book (from the standard of the Puritan
+household in which it was found) should have been preserved at all must
+have been, I think, from the fact that the illustrations were by
+Cruikshank, and delightful pictures they were. Though this book was so
+ill-regarded in New England, its career in England was a most brilliant
+one. It was the most popular work in British literature in the years 1820
+to 1850; in fact, to many Englishmen it was _the_ book, _the_ literature,
+of the period. One claim it has to the consideration of the reading public
+to-day: it is perhaps the best picture existing of Society, or, as it was
+termed in the words of the day, of "Life, Fashion, and Frolic," in the
+times of George IV. Thackeray tells, in his article on George Cruikshank,
+of the lingering fondness he had for this old book, but even when he wrote
+could find no copy either in the British Museum or in London circulating
+libraries. It was dramatized by several hands, and had long runs on the
+stage both in England and the United States; and I do not doubt wealthy
+young men in the large American cities tried to emulate the sports of the
+London Tom and Jerry. In the peculiar affectations of the bucks and bloods
+of that day, from the king down, shown in the love of all low sports, in
+association, even familiarity, with low sportsmen, and in the domination
+of the horse in sporting life, we see the reason for the high perfection
+and participation of the rich in coaching in England--a perfection which
+was aped in some respects in America. Coaching is less talked about than
+other sports by Jerry and the elegant Corinthian Tom (whose surname is
+never once given), probably because their dissipations and sprees were
+those of the city, not of turnpike roads and green lanes. But the life of
+the day, perhaps the idlest, most aimless era of fashion in English
+history, the life most thoroughly devoid of any spirituality or
+intellectuality, yet never exactly unintelligent and never dull, lives
+forever in Pierce Egan's pages; and lives for me with the intensity of
+reality from the eager imprinting on the fresh memory of a little child of
+unfamiliar scenes and incomprehensible words, knowledge even of whose
+existence was sternly forbidden.
+
+I obtained from these books a notion of an English coachman, as an
+idealized being, a combination of Phoebus Apollo, a Roman charioteer, and
+the Prince Regent. I fancied our American coach-drivers as glorious
+likewise, though with a lesser refulgence; and I distinctly recall my
+disappointment at the reality of the first coachman of my first coach-ride
+from Charlestown, New Hampshire. A man, even on a day of Indian Summer,
+all in hide and fur: moth-eaten fur gloves, worn fur cap with vast
+ear-flaps and visor, and half-bare buffalo-hide coat, and out of all these
+ancient skins but one visible feature, a great, shining, bulbous nose. But
+even the paling days of stage-coaches were then long past; and the ancient
+coachman had long been shorn of his glory. In the days of his prime he was
+a power in the land, though he was not like the English coachman.
+
+From Mr. Miner and others who remember the great days of stage-coach
+travel, I learn that our American drivers were a dignified and interesting
+class of men. Imposing in bearskin caps, in vast greatcoats, and with
+their teams covered with ivory rings, with fine horses and clean coaches,
+they and their surroundings were pleasant to the eyes. They acquired
+characteristic modes of speaking, of thinking. They were terse and
+sententious in expression, had what is termed horse sense. They had
+prudence and ability and sturdy intelligence. They carried from country to
+town, from house to house, news of the health of loved ones, or of
+sickness when weary nurses were too tired to write. A kindly driver would
+stop his horses or walk them past a lane corner where an anxious mother or
+sister waited, dreading; and passengers in the coach would hear him call
+out to her, "John's better, fever's all gone."
+
+They were character-readers, of man and horse alike. They had great
+influence in the community they called home, and their word was law. They
+were autocrats in their own special domain, and respected everywhere. No
+wonder they loved the life. Harrison Bryant, the veteran Yankee whip,
+inherited a fine farm in Athol. He at once gave up his hard life as a
+driver, bade good-by to the cold and exposure, the long hours of work, the
+many hardships, and settled down to an existence of sheltered prosperity.
+On the third day of his life on the farm he stood at the edge of a field
+as a stage passed on the road. The driver gave "the Happy Farmer" a salute
+and snapped his whip. The horses started ahead on the gallop, a passenger
+on top waved good-by to him; the coach bounded on and disappeared. Farmer
+Bryant walked sombrely across the field to his new home, packed his old
+carpet-bag, went to the stage-office in the next town, and two days later
+he swept down the same road on the same coach, snapping his whip, waving
+his hand, leaving the miles behind him. He was thus one week off the
+coach-box, and at the end of his long life had a well-established
+record of over one hundred and thirty-five thousand miles of stage
+driving, more than five times round the world.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Relay.]
+
+
+A letter written by an "old-timer" says:--
+
+    "I remember many of the old stage-drivers. What a line was the old
+    'accommodation' put on by Gen. Holman and others! What a prince of
+    drivers was Driver Day! Handsome, dressy, and a perfect lady's man!
+    How many ladies were attracted to a seat on the box beside him! Then
+    such a team, and with what grace they were guided! How many young men
+    envied his grace as a driver! So, also, what gentlemen were the
+    tavern-keepers of that day! They studied to please the public by their
+    manners, though behind the scenes some of them could spice their
+    conversation with big words."
+
+A very vivid description of the dress of the old stage-drivers of
+Haverhill and other New Hampshire towns was given me by Mr. Amos Tarleton,
+an old inhabitant of the town. He says:--
+
+    "The winter dress of these old drivers was nearly all alike. Their
+    clothing was of heavy homespun, calfskin boots, thick trousers tucked
+    inside the boots, and fur-lined overshoes over the boots. Over all
+    these were worn Canadian hand-knit stockings, very heavy and thick,
+    colored bright red, which came up nearly to the thighs, and still over
+    that a light leather shoe. Their coats were generally fur or buffalo
+    skin with fur caps with ear protectors, either fur or wool tippets.
+    Also a red silk sash that went round the body and tied on the left
+    side with a double bow with tassels."
+
+Can you not see one of those hairy old bears peering out of his furs, vain
+in scarlet sash and tassels, and with his vast feet planted on the
+dashboard? What were on his fore paws? double-pegged mittens, leather
+gauntlets, fur gloves, wristlets, and muffettees?
+
+Mr. Twining declared that the skill of American drivers equalled that of
+English coachmen, though they had little of the smart appearance of the
+latter, "neither having the hat worn on one side, nor greatcoat, nor
+boots, but wearing coarse blue jackets, worsted stockings, and thick
+shoes."
+
+A traveller calling himself a Citizen of the World, writing in 1829, noted
+with pleasure that the drivers on American coaches neither asked for nor
+took a fee, but simply wished the passengers a polite good morning. Other
+Englishmen greeted this fact with approval. Mr. Miner tells us "tipping"
+was unknown--which was so customary, indeed so imperative, in England.
+Sometimes travellers who went frequently over the same route would make a
+gift to the driver.
+
+The custom of "shouldering," which was for the coachman to take the fare
+of a way-passenger--one who did not register or start at the
+booking-office--and pocket it without making any return to the coach agent
+or proprietor, was universal in England. Some coach companies suffered
+much by it, and it was a tidy bit of profit to the unscrupulous coachman.
+Shouldering was common also in the new world, and called by the same name.
+There were no "spotters" on coaching lines as on street railways.
+
+As in every trade, profession, or calling, stage-coaching had a
+vocabulary--call it coaching slang if you will. Among English coachmen
+"skidding" was checking with a shoe or drag or "skid-pan" the wheels of
+the coach when going down hill, thus preventing them from revolving, and
+slackening the progress of the coach. "Fanning" the horses was, in
+coachman's tongue, whipping them; "towelling" was flogging them; and
+"chopping" the cruel practice of hitting the horse on the thigh with the
+whip. "Pointing" was hitting the wheeler with the point of the whip. A
+"draw" was a blow at the leader. If the thong of the whip lapped round any
+part of the harness, it was called "having a bite." "Throat-lashing" was
+another term.
+
+
+[Illustration: View of Middletown, Connecticut.]
+
+
+Another and expressive use of the word bite was to indicate a narrow strip
+of gravel or broken stone on the near side of a winding road on a steep
+hill. The additional friction on the wheel on one side made a natural drag
+or brake, while the wheels of the ascending coach did not touch it.
+
+The drivers on local lines grew to be on terms of most friendly intimacy
+with dwellers along the route. They bore messages, brought news, carried
+letters and packages, transacted exchange, and did all kinds of shopping
+at the citywards end of the route. An old coach-driver in Ayer,
+Massachusetts, told me with much pride that he always bought bonnets in
+Boston for all the women along his route who could not go to town; and
+that often in the spring the bandboxes were piled high on the top of his
+coach; that he never bought two alike, and that there wasn't another
+driver on the road that the women would trust to perform this important
+duty save himself.
+
+The great bell-crowned hat which the driver wore in summer on lines
+leaving Boston often was crammed with papers and valuables, and one of the
+rules of the Eastern Stage Company at one time was, "No driver shall carry
+anything except in his pocket." It is said many of the drivers grew bald
+from the constant weight on their heads.
+
+The constant imbibing of ale, brandy, and rum-and-milk by English coachmen
+at coaching inns was echoed in America by drivers at every tavern at which
+the stage-coach stopped. The driver was urged to drink by coach passengers
+who had far better have implored him not to drink. Many an old driver
+showed by the benignant purple glow of his nose that the importunities of
+the travellers had been duly silenced by more than ample hard cider, gin,
+and New England rum.
+
+A great day on the coaches was when schoolboys and college boys went home
+on their vacations. The tops of the coaches were filled with their square
+boxes, which packed like cord-wood. On these boxes and within the coach
+swarmed the boys, pea-shooters in hand. A favorite target was the
+pike-keeper at the toll-gate, and those who left the coach first fared
+worst. Our boys have but a feeble imitation of these good times when they
+riot into a railway car together for a few hours of hurried travel to
+their city homes.
+
+The stage-drivers were universally kind and careful of all children placed
+under their charge; even young children, boys and girls, were intrusted to
+their care.
+
+One old gentleman tells me that in the days of his youth he rode by
+stage-coach to and from school, and so strong was his longing for a
+seafaring life, with such a flavor of salt water and tar did he englamour
+every unusual event, that it was inevitable with the imaginativeness of a
+child he should compare this trip by stage to a sea voyage; the roads and
+fields he mentally termed the ocean, the driver was the captain, the
+inside of the coach the cabin, the top the deck, and so on. He was honored
+by having a seat with the driver; and as the day waned, and the ship came
+to anchor, and all disembarked for supper at a stage tavern, he was
+further honored by eating supper with the driver and being treated to a
+glass of toddy. After the coach was again under way the driver had some
+tardy compunctions that the toddy had been rather strong drink for a
+growing boy, and said plainly that he feared the young traveller felt the
+liquor and might tumble from his high seat. He was not reassured when the
+boy answered dreamily, "Never mind, I can swim." After glancing sharply at
+him, the driver stopped his horses, and ignominiously forced the boy to
+descend and make the rest of the journey inside the coach.
+
+Nothing is more marked than the changes in travelling-bags and trunks from
+those of stage-coach days. When our ancestors crossed the ocean they
+transported their belongings in wooden chests--common sea-chests and
+chests of carved wood. I have seen no mention of _trunks_ in any old
+colonial inventories, though trunks existed and are named by Shakespere.
+These old trunks were metal coffers, and usually small. When Judge Sewall
+went to England in 1690, he bought trunks for his little daughters--trunks
+of leather or hide with their initials studded in metal nails. This shape
+of trunk lasted till the days of the railroad. Nearly all old families
+have one or more of these old trunks in their garrets. They were stout
+enough of frame, and heavy enough of frame to have lasted in larger
+numbers, and for centuries, but their heavy deerskin or pigskin covering
+often grew sorely offensive through harboring moths; and as they held but
+little, and were very heavy, they were of no use for a modern wardrobe.
+Their long narrow forms, however, were seen laden on every stage-coach, in
+company with carpet bags and leather sacks, and the schoolboy who owned
+one was a proud fellow.
+
+An ancient travelling bag is shown on page 333. It is of a heavy woollen
+homespun stuff ribbed like corduroy, mounted with green leather bindings,
+straps, handles, etc. It is shaped like a mail-bag, and the straps laced
+through large eyelet holes. This bag is believed by its owners to have
+held the possessions of John Carver on the _Mayflower_.
+
+
+[Illustration: Deer's Hide and Pigskin Trunks.]
+
+
+Not only were stage-drivers respected by all persons in every community,
+but they had a high idea of their own dignity and of the importance of
+their calling. Little Jack Mendum, who drove the Salem mail-coach, did
+not deem it an exaggeration of his position when he roared out angrily in
+answer to a hungry passenger who kept urging him to drive faster, "When I
+drive this coach I am the whole United States of America."
+
+One coachman who drove from Boston to Hartford was deeply tanned by summer
+suns and winter winds, and his mates spoke to each other of him as Black
+Ben. An English traveller, bustling out of the coach office with
+importance, shouted out: "I and my people want to go with Black Ben; are
+you the coachman they call Black Ben?" "Blackguards call me Black Ben,"
+was the answer, "but gentlemen call me Mr. Jarvis."
+
+The list of the coach-drivers employed by the Eastern Stage Company still
+exists, and has been printed by Mr. Rantoul. From it we learn that
+coach-driving went by families--it was an hereditary calling. Many
+families had two sons in this work, there were four Potter brothers, three
+Ackermans, and three Annables, all coachmen. Their names were often
+curious, Moses Caney, John Foss, Perley Annable, Eppes Potter, Ben Savory,
+Fortune Tozzer.
+
+Mr. Miner writes thus of stage-terms and stage-horses:--
+
+    "Every horse had a name. It was 'Git up, Jo; gwan, boys or gals; you
+    are shirky, Bill; you want touching up, Ben; if you don't do better,
+    Ben, I'll swap you for a mule.' All kinds of expressions. Some drivers
+    would fret a team to death, while others would get over the road and
+    you would never hear hardly a loud word to the team. It was just as
+    drivers themselves were constituted. All kinds of horses were used in
+    a stage team, runaways, kickers, biters, and all kinds of tricksters.
+    If the owners could not manage them they went on stage teams, and did
+    good work, and never died. They were seldom sick, as they were
+    well-fed and groomed, and had quick time and short trips. We had some
+    fine teams of matched horses, especially on the Connecticut River
+    roads, which would have sold for seven hundred to a thousand dollars a
+    pair. The horses were usually what were termed native horses, large,
+    full of muscle and gimp, of English descent."
+
+
+[Illustration: Old Carpet Bag.]
+
+
+It was the testimony of John Lambert, an English gentleman who travelled
+here in the early years of this century, that the horses used on coaches
+in all settled parts of the United States were as good as English
+coach-horses.
+
+It serves to show with force the pride and vanity of coach owners and
+drivers to be told that on the Boston and Salem line the coachmen
+sometimes attached false sweeping tails to the horses, to dress them up as
+it were and put on a good appearance--this is ante- if not anti-docking
+days.
+
+Elaborate rules for coach-driving are given in old-time and modern manuals
+of coaching. Mr. Fairman Rogers's descriptions are the plainest. Mr.
+Miner tells very simply of the old modes of driving in his day:--
+
+    "On four-horse teams were four reins. The near wheel-horse rein came
+    under the little finger of left hand, the leader over the next finger.
+    The off wheel-horse rein over third finger, right hand, leader over
+    first finger. Six horses would require two more reins, and one more
+    finger on each hand. Some drivers would wear mittens, and have one
+    rein over and one under the fingers. These among good reinsmen were
+    called Dummies or old Farmers. The whip was carried in the right hand,
+    horizontally pointing to the left, toward the ground, not as pictured
+    at the present day. A good driver who was interested in his team
+    always sat up straight, and kept his reins and whip in a stylish
+    manner. He talked to his horses as he would to a person. Every horse
+    knew him; they knew him by his voice whether they were late for cars
+    or early, and just where to make up time if late. A driver of this
+    kind always had a good team, able to respond under all conditions."
+
+Even the whip of good drivers was of regulation size. The rule of
+perfection was that it should be five feet one and one-half inches from
+butt to holder and twelve feet five inches long from holder to end of
+point of lash--so it was an imposing machine.
+
+On summer routes in the mountains of New Hampshire the stage-driver
+lingered long. Over the backbone of Vermont he guides in our own day a few
+rusty coaches.
+
+Among the popular stage-drivers of the New Hampshire mountains before the
+advent of frequent railroads, were Charles Sanborn, of Pittsfield, who
+drove between Centre Harbor and West Ossipee; and H. P. Marden, who drove
+between Plymouth and the Profile House, White Mountains, during the summer
+months; and James F. Langdon, of Plymouth,--the three being among the last
+to give up the reins and the whip, when called to that far-away country
+"from whence no traveller returns." In 1861, Mr. Sanborn drove between
+Centre Harbor and North Conway, a distance of thirty-five miles. He drove
+over that route eleven years, at first requiring but forty horses, while
+in 1872 no less than one hundred and twenty were in constant use, besides
+a large number of coaches, wagons, and sleighs. On one of his round trips,
+Mr. Sanborn took three hundred and fifty dollars in passenger fares alone,
+while the express business was proportionately large. Of course all this
+seems small to those who know little of the days before railroads ran by
+every man's dooryard, but those who have "staged it" in the old times will
+understand what a busy time the driver on such a route must have had. Mr.
+Sanborn was over six feet in height and of Herculean frame, his broad
+shoulders and sturdy gait betokening a strength which gave his passengers
+the greatest confidence in his ability to carry them safely through any
+accident. He seldom lost his temper, even under the most trying
+circumstances, and was a jolly man withal. Major Lewis Downing of Concord
+tells me that on his route Sanborn had the good-will of every one, and in
+Pittsfield, where was his home, he was highly esteemed for his sterling
+character and strict integrity.
+
+In England the coachmen and coaches had an Annual Parade, a coaching-day,
+upon the Royal Birthday, when coach-horses, coachmen, and guards all were
+in gala attire. In America similar annual meetings were held in many
+vicinities. In Concord, New Hampshire, which was a great coaching centre,
+an annual coaching parade was given in the afternoon and a "Stagemen's
+Ball" in the evening. "Knights of the whip" from New Hampshire and
+neighboring states attended this festival. The ball was held in the
+celebrated Grecian Hall--celebrated for its spring floor--which was built
+over the open carriage-houses and woodsheds attached to the Eagle
+Coffee-house, called now the Eagle Hotel. This dancing hall, built in
+1827, took its name from the style of its architecture. At one end was a
+great painting of the battle of New Orleans, with Jackson on horseback. It
+was the rallying-point for all great occasions,--caucuses, conventions,
+concerts, even a six weeks' theatrical season.
+
+Political economists solve the problem of a sudden loss of one trade by
+saying that others can easily be found. But it is difficult for a man
+learned in one handicraft to become proficient in others; and it is most
+difficult for the old or even middle-aged to learn a new trade.
+
+No more melancholy example of an entire class of workmen deprived of work
+and subsistence through no fault of their own can be found than in these
+old coachmen, especially in England. Their work left them with astonishing
+rapidity, and they refused to realize the fact that their occupation was
+going out of existence, and that railroads would supersede coaches. In
+England the employment of the drivers of coaches on the railroads was
+almost unknown; they ended their days as humble workers in stables or as
+omnibus drivers, or, worse still, upon carts working on the road; sorry
+lives compared to the cheery work on a coach. A few took to farming, and
+made pretty poor work of it.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign of David Reed's Tavern.]
+
+
+In America, especially in New England if they were young and strong and
+quick-witted enough to read coming events and adjust themselves early in
+the day to altered conditions, they obtained positions on the railroads,
+as brakemen, conductors, ticket-sellers, express-agents, depot-masters,
+never as engineers--driving horses does not fit a man to drive an engine.
+Often these brakemen and conductors advanced in position as the railroads
+grew. It was not unusual a decade ago in the obituary notices of men who
+had acquired wealth through the railways, to read that these men had in
+early life been stage-drivers; but they were usually men who had amassed
+some capital before the era of the railroad, or very young stage-drivers
+when steam carriage came.
+
+Benjamin Pierce Cheney, one of the wealthiest men of Boston, an owner of
+vast railroad properties, founder of the rich Cheney Express Company,
+chief owner of the American Express Company, one of the Wells-Fargo
+Company, one of the builders of the Northern Pacific and other great
+Western railroads, began his business life a strong boy of seventeen
+driving the coach from Exeter, New Hampshire, to Nashua. For six years he
+drove fifty miles every day; then he became stage agent, and agent for the
+Lowell and Nashua Railroad, then railroad owner. Chester W. Chapin
+(afterwards president of the Boston and Albany Railroad) ran a stage line
+between Springfield and Hartford. The early members of the firm which
+formed Harnden's Express were nearly all connected with stage-coach lines.
+
+Certainly much consideration was shown the old employees of the stage
+roads.
+
+It was said by an old coachman of the Eastern Stage Company that all its
+men were given positions on the railroads if so desired; "All who wished
+had something to do," and facilities were given them also to benefit by
+the new railroads. For instance, after the steam cars were running between
+Salem and Boston the stage-drivers from Portsmouth and other towns were
+given free passes on the railroad. They could thus go to Boston and
+transact their old "errand-business," from which they had so much profit.
+The fast-growing express companies of Harnden and Adams also employed
+many of the old workers on the stage-coach lines. Some resisted the new
+mode of travel. Major Shaw of Salem threatened to ruin the railroad with a
+new opposition stage line, but Americans in general have been ever quicker
+to accept changes and innovations than the English. They were more
+"uptaking," as the Scotch say,--that is, quicker to perceive, accept, and
+adopt; we breathe in that trait with the air of the new world; so American
+coach employees accepted the railroad and profited by it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+THE ROMANCE OF THE ROAD
+
+
+The traveller in the old stage-coach was not tantalized by the fleeting
+half-glimpse of places which we gain in railroad travel to-day. He had
+ample time to view any unusual or beautiful spot as he passed, he had
+leisure to make inquiry did he so desire, he had also many minutes, nay
+hours, to hear any traveller's tale that could be told him by a
+fellow-journeyer or by the driver. This last-named companion, going over
+the stage road day after day, talking constantly, querying frequently,
+grew deeply versed in its lore, its history. He knew the gossip, too, of
+each house he passed, he knew the traditions and tales of each locality;
+hence in his company every mile of the road had some point of deep
+interest.
+
+Roger Mowry's Tavern was the first one established in the town of
+Providence. It escaped destruction in King Philip's War, when nearly all
+the town was burned, and stood till the present day. When a coach started
+out from that old tavern, it passed the burying ground and a dense growth
+of barberry bushes which grew along the roadside. There seems to have
+been, in many places, a suspicion of uncanny reputation connected with
+barberry bushes. In one spot a dense group of bushes was said to harbor a
+vast snake; in another it shaded an Indian's grave; a third concealed a
+ghost. The barberry was not a native of America; it is an immigrant, and
+has the further ill name of blasting any wheat near which it is planted.
+The grewsome growth of barberry bushes near Mowry's Tavern was the scene
+of the first serious crime of the settlement of Providence Plantations.
+The town carpenter, a thrifty and much respected young man named Clauson,
+much beloved by Roger Williams, was found dying one winter morning in 1660
+near "a clump of barberry bushes" at the parting of the paths "near Roger
+Mowry's Tavern." His head was cloven open with an axe, and the dying man
+accused a neighbor named Herndon of being the instigator of the crime; and
+with a spirit never learned from his old master, the gentle Williams, he
+left a terrible curse upon the children and children's children of John
+Herndon, that they should ever "be marked with split chins and be haunted
+by barberry bushes." An Indian named Wanmanitt was arrested for having
+done this terrible deed, and was locked up in the Mowry Tavern. He was
+probably executed for it, though the town records only contain a
+preliminary story of his trial. With bills for interpreters and for a boat
+and guard and powder and shot and liquor, all to go with the prisoner to
+Newport jail, the Indian murderer vanishes down the bay out of history.
+John Herndon lived on peacefully for many years, branded, doubtless, in
+the minds of many; but there is no record that the futile imprecation of
+the dying man ever was fulfilled.
+
+As the stage-coach runs along through old Narragansett, it comes to
+another scene of crime, of horrible crime and horrible punishment--that of
+hanging in chains. This demoralizing sight was almost unknown in America.
+You can scarcely read a tale, a history of old English life, without
+hearing of men "hanging in chains." That most popular of children's books,
+_The Fairchild Family_, has a typical English scene, wherein the solemn
+English father, in order to make his children love each other the more,
+takes them through a lonely wood to see the body of a man hanging in
+chains on a gibbet, a horrible and revolting sight. Travellers on the
+Portsmouth Road in England, after the year 1786, passed at Hind Head a
+gibbet with three men swinging in chains, three barbarous murderers of an
+unknown sailor--not a pleasant outlook for tired riders on the coach. By
+the old South Ferry in Narragansett, a man was murdered by a
+fellow-traveller. At the inn where they had rested the last night one of
+them spent on this earth, a woman had dressed his hair, and she noted a
+curious white lock which grew like our artist Whistler's in a thick head
+of black hair. On this single identification was built a chain of evidence
+which ended in that unusual and terrible sight in the new world, the body
+of a criminal hanging in chains. It swung there till the poor bones
+dropped to the earth, and finally the great chains rusted apart. Then
+schoolboys took the heavy links which had bound a sight they had not
+seen, and with equal bravado and apprehension cracked open their winter
+store of hickory nuts and butternuts with the last emblem of an obsolete
+law.
+
+Not far from this scene is a crossroads which could be viewed from the
+stage-coach, but I trust no traveller saw there the execution of a law as
+obsolete and as barbaric as hanging in chains.
+
+For on this crossroads took place several of those eccentric, ridiculous
+performances known as "shift-marriages." Any widow, about to be married
+again, could be free from all debts of her dead husband's contracting by
+being married at the crossroads, "clad only in her shift." Sometimes she
+was enjoined to cross the King's Highway four times thus scantily clad.
+
+George Hazard, Justice, made entry in the town book of South Kingston,
+Rhode Island, that Abigail Calverwell on the 22d of February, 1719, was
+taken in marriage "after she had gone four times across the highway in
+only her shift and hair low and no other clothing." Think of this poor
+creature, on this winter's night, going through such an ordeal. Another
+Narragansett widow, Jemima Hill, was married at midnight "where four roads
+meet," clad only in her shift. Another entry in a town record-book
+specifies that the bride had "no other clothing but shifting or smock."
+Let me hasten to add that these marriages were not peculiar to Rhode
+Island; they took place in many of the colonies, certainly in Pennsylvania
+and in all the New England states.
+
+As the old Narragansett coach sped on through Connecticut, it passed
+lonely spots which were noted for other sad tales and traditions, but
+were ever of keen interest to all passers-by. For at the crossroads "where
+four roads meet," were buried suicides, with a stake thrust through the
+heart. This was a cruel old English and Dutch law. We learn from Judge
+Sewall all of the public obloquy and hatred of a suicide in Massachusetts.
+One poor fellow found dead was buried in disgrace under a pile of stones
+at a Connecticut crossroads, but the brand of self-destruction was taken
+from him at a later date, when much evidence was secured that he was
+murdered.
+
+If our Narragansett coach went over the Ridge Hill, the driver surely
+pointed out the spot where a lover once hid his coach and horses till
+there rode up from a bridle-path near by the beauty of Narragansett,
+"Unhappy Hannah Robinson," who jumped from her horse into the coach and
+drove off headlong to Providence to be married. An elopement should end
+happily, but the adjective ever attached to her name tells the tale of
+disappointment, and it was not many years ere she was borne back, deserted
+and dying, lying on a horse-litter, to the spacious old home of her
+childhood, which is still standing. And one day down this road there came
+hotly lashing his horses a gay young fellow driving tandem a pair of
+Narragansett pacers, and he scarcely halted at the tavern as he asked for
+the home and whereabouts of the parson. But the tavern loungers peeped
+under the chariot-hood and saw a beautiful blushing girl, and they stared
+at a vast, yawning, empty portmanteau, strapped by a single handle to
+the chariot's back. And soon two angry young men, the bride's brothers,
+rode up after the elopers, who had been tracked by the articles of the
+bride's hastily gathered outfit which had been strewn from the open
+portmanteau along the road in the lovers' hasty flight. Who that rides on
+a railway car ever hears anything about elopements or such romances!
+Parson Flagg, of Chester, Vermont, made his home a sort of Yankee Gretna
+Green; the old stage-drivers could tell plenty of stories of elopers on
+saddle and pillion who rode to his door.
+
+
+[Illustration: Midsummer along the Pike.]
+
+
+The traveller by the coach learned constant lessons from that great
+teacher, Nature. Even if he were city bred he grew to know, as he saw
+them, the various duties of country life, the round of work on the farm,
+the succession of crops, the names of grains, and he knew each grain and
+grass when he saw it, which few of city life do now. He saw the timid
+flight of wild creatures, rabbits, woodchucks, squirrels, sometimes a wily
+fox. My father once, riding on a stage-coach in Vermont, chased down a
+mountain road a young deer that ran, bewildered, before its terrible
+pursuer. At night the traveller heard strange sounds, owls and a smothered
+snarl as the coach entered the woods--a catamount perhaps. He heard the
+singing birds of spring and noted the game-birds of autumn; and in winter
+they could watch the broad and beautiful flight of the crows, free in
+snowy woods and fields from the rivalry of all fellow feathered creatures.
+He saw the procession of wild flowers, though he, perhaps, did not
+consciously heed them, and he knew the trees by name. The stage-driver
+showed his passengers "the biggest ellum in the county," and "the best
+grove of sugar-maples in the state." He pointed out a lovely vista of
+white birches as "the purtiest grove o' birch on the road," and there was
+a dense grove of mulberry trees, the sole survivors of silk-worm culture
+in which were buried so many hours and years of hard labor, so much
+hard-earned capital, so many feverish hopes. And towering a giant among
+lesser brothers, a glorious pine tree still showing the mark of the broad
+arrow of the King, chosen to be a mast for his great ships, but living
+long after he was dead and his ships were sunken and rotten, living to be
+a king itself in a republican land.
+
+
+[Illustration: A Vista of White Birches.]
+
+
+The foot-farer, trudging along the outskirts of the village, is often shut
+out by close stone or board barriers from any sight of the flowering
+country gardens, the luxuriance of whose blossoming is promised by the
+heads of the tall hollyhocks that bend over and nod pleasantly to him; but
+the traveller on the coach could see into these old gardens, could feast
+his eyes on all the glorious tangle of larkspur and phlox, of tiger lilies
+and candytuft, of snowballs and lilacs, of marigolds and asters, each
+season outdoing the other in brilliant bloom.
+
+And what odors were wafted out from those gardens! What sweetness came
+from the lilacs and deutzias and syringas; from clove-pinks and spice bush
+and honeysuckles; how weird was the anise-like scent of the fraxinella or
+dittany; and how often all were stifled by the box, breathing, says
+Holmes, the fragrance of eternity! The great botanist Linnaeus grouped the
+odors of plants and flowers into classes, of which three were pleasing
+perfumes. To these he gave the titles the aromatic, the fragrant, the
+ambrosial--our stage-coach traveller had them all three.
+
+From the fields came the scent of flowering buckwheat and mellifluous
+clover, and later of new-mown hay, sometimes varied by the tonic breath of
+the salt hay on the sea marshes. The orchards wafted the perfumes from
+apple blossoms, and from the pure blooms of cherry and plum and pear; in
+the woods the beautiful wild cherries equalled their domestic sisters.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Hollyhocks' Promise.]
+
+
+How sweet, how healthful, were the cool depths of the pine woods, how
+clean the hemlock, spruce, fir, pine, and juniper, and how sweet and
+balsamic their united perfume. And from the woods and roadsides such
+varied sweetness! The faint hint of perfume from the hidden arbutus in
+early spring, and the violet; the azalea truly ambrosial with its pure
+honey-smell; the intense cloying clethra with the strange odor of its
+bruised foliage; the meadowsweet; the strong perfume of the barberry; and
+freshest, purest, best of all, the bayberry throwing off balm from every
+leaf and berry. Even in the late autumn the scent of the dying brakes and
+ferns were as beloved by the country-lover as the fresh smell of the
+upturned earth in the spring after the farmer's plough, or the scent of
+burning brush.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Cool Depths of the Pine Woods.]
+
+
+Fruit odors came too to the happy traveller, the faint scent of
+strawberries, the wild strawberry the most spicy of all, and later of the
+dying strawberry leaves; even the strong and pungent onions are far from
+offensive in the open air; while the rich fruity smell of great heaps of
+ripe apples in the orchards is carried farther by the acid vapors from the
+cider mills, which tempt the driver to stop and let all taste new
+apple-juice.
+
+In the days of the stage-coach we had on our summer journeys all these
+delights, the scents of the wood, the field, the garden; we had the genial
+sunlight, the fresh air of mountain, plain, and sea; and all the wild and
+beautiful sights which made the proper time for travel--the summer--truly
+joyful. Now we may enjoy a place when we get there, but we have a poor
+substitute for the coach for the actual travelling--a dirty railway car
+heated almost to tinder by the sun, with close foul air (and the better
+the car the fouler and closer the air) filled, if we try to have fresh
+air, with black smoke and cinders; clattering and noisy ever, with
+occasional louder-shrieking whistles and bells, and sometimes a horrible
+tunnel--it has but one redeeming quality, its speed, for thereby the
+journey is shortened.
+
+
+[Illustration: Taylor's Tavern. 1777, Danbury, Connecticut.]
+
+
+Cheerful friends on the old roads were the milestones and guideposts.
+Milestones had an assured position in social life, a dignified standing.
+It would be told of a road as a great honor and distinction, and told
+fitly in capitalized sentences thus, "This Elegant road is fully Set with
+well-cut Milestones." A few of the old provincial milestones remain, and
+put us closely in touch with the past. In Governor Hutchinson's day
+milestones were set on all the post-roads throughout Massachusetts.
+Several of these are still standing; one is in Worcester, in the heart of
+the city, marked "42 Mls. to Boston, 50 Mls. to Springfield, 1771."
+Another is in Sutton. It is five feet high and nearly three feet wide. It
+is marked "48 mls. to Boston. B. W." The letters B. W. stand for
+Bartholomew Woodbury, a genial tavern-keeper of Sutton. It shows a custom
+which obtained at that date. It was deemed most advantageous to a tavern
+to have a milestone in front of it. Possibly the tale of the stone shown
+in its lettering urged wayworn travellers to halt and rest within the
+welcoming door. Bartholomew Woodbury's Tavern was a few rods from the spot
+marked for the stone, but the government permitted him to set this stone
+by his doorside, at his own expense, beside the great horse-block.
+Tavern-keeper and tavern are gone, and the old road sees few travellers.
+Occasionally some passer-by, inquisitive like myself of the presence of
+the old stone, will halt as did the traveller of old, and pull away the
+curtain of vines, and read the lettering of this gravestone of the old
+Woodbury Tavern.
+
+
+[Illustration: M. M. Taylor's Milestone.]
+
+
+Another landlord who appreciated that the milestone served as a magnet to
+draw customers to the tavern taproom was Landlord Taylor, who kept the old
+tavern known as "Taylor's," in Danbury, Connecticut. The house with the
+milestone is shown on page 350 and the milestone alone on page 351.
+
+
+[Illustration: Peleg Arnold's Milestone.]
+
+
+Judge Peleg Arnold was one of the most active patriots in northern Rhode
+Island during the Revolution; for many years he carried on a tavern at
+Union Village, a suburb of Woonsocket, and his house was noted for its
+excellence and hospitality. Not far from his tavern to the northward the
+"Great Road" from Smithfield into Mendon wound through woods and meadows
+and over the northern hills of Rhode Island.
+
+In 1666 this great road was a small foot-path through the woods, and was
+indicated by marked trees leading from cabin to cabin; but in 1733 it had
+taken upon itself the dignity of a cart-path and then became the subject
+of discussions on town-meeting days. Peleg Arnold had been one of the men
+to re-lay the old road, and it was near the northern boundary of his farm
+that he set up the old milestone shown here. For more than a hundred and
+twenty-five years this stone has served to brighten the hearts of
+travellers, for they have learned to know that this silent and inanimate
+guide can be relied upon as to distances with much more certainty than can
+the words of residents in the neighborhood.
+
+When Benjamin Franklin was Postmaster-general, he set an indelible
+postmark in many ways on the history of our country; and many mementos of
+him still exist. Among them are the old milestones set under his
+supervision. He transacted this apparently prosaic business with that
+picturesque originality which he brought to all his doings and which
+renders to every detail of his life an interest which cannot be exceeded
+and scarcely equalled by the events recorded of any other figure in
+history.
+
+He drove over the roads which were to be marked by milestones, seated in a
+comfortable chaise, of his own planning, and followed by a gang of men,
+and heavy carts laden with the milestones. Attached to the chaise was a
+machine of his invention which registered by the revolution of the wheels
+the number of miles the chaise passed over. At each mile he halted, and a
+stone was dropped which was afterward set. The King's Highway, the old
+Pequot Trail, was thus marked and set. A few of these milestones between
+Boston and Philadelphia are still standing, one in New London, another at
+Stratford, and are glanced at carelessly by the hundreds of thousands who
+glide swiftly past on wheels bearing more accurate cyclometers than that
+of Franklin.
+
+Guide-boards always stood at the crossings of all travelled roads; indeed,
+they stood where the roads were scarce more than lines among the grass and
+low shrubs. Since our day of many railroads, and above all, since the
+interlacing network of trolley lines has spread over all our Eastern lands
+where once the stage-coach ran, many guide-boards have disappeared and
+have not been replaced. You find them often at the angles of the road
+lying flat in grass and bushes; or standing split, one-sided, askew,
+pointing the road to the skies, or nowhere. When in trim and good repair
+in the days of their utility and helpfulness, they were friendly things,
+and the pointing hand gave them a half-human semblance of cheerful aid.
+Where the road led through woods or rarely frequented ways, they were
+friends indeed, for all ways looked alike, and one might readily go far
+astray. The mile of the guide-board was an elastic one, and sometimes a
+weary one.
+
+Guide-boards, even poor ones, are still most welcome. No one in the
+country ever has any correct estimate of distances; a distance "a little
+better than three miles" before you usually increases by an extraordinary
+law instead of decreases after you have driven nearly a mile to "about
+four mile." The next road-jogger says "nigh on to a mile"; and then you
+may be sure a few hundred feet farther on to jump back to a slow and wise
+rejoinder of the original distance, "hard on to four mile."
+
+
+[Illustration: The Watering Trough.]
+
+
+Another wayside friend of the traveller in coaching days was the watering
+trough. It was frequently a log of wood hollowed out, Indian fashion,
+like a dug-out, filled with the lavish bounty of untrammelled Nature by a
+cool pure rill from a hillside spring. One of these watering troughs is
+shown on this page. In the days of the glory of the stage-coach and
+turnpike, fine stone troughs chiselled like an Egyptian sarcophagus took
+the place of the log dug-out. They had their supply from a handled pump,
+which was a more prosaic vehicle than the pipe made of hollowed
+tree-trunks which brought the spring-water; but it had also a certain
+interest as the water spouted out in response to the vigorous pumping, and
+it has been immortalized by Hawthorne. Our artesian wells, and sunken
+pipes, and vast reservoir systems are infinitely better than the old-time
+modes of water supply, but we miss the pleasure that came from the sight
+of the water, whether it was borne to us on the picturesque well-sweep by
+wheel and bucket, or old chain pump; it was good to look at as well as to
+taste, and it refreshed man even to see cattle and horses drinking from
+the primitive trough.
+
+There is always something picturesque and pleasant in an old bridge, and
+of historic associations as well. The great logs such as form a wooden
+bridge over a narrow stream are the most natural waterspans, those of the
+primitive savages. By fallen tree-trunks placed or utilized by the
+Indians, the colonists first crossed the inland streams, adding parallel
+trunks as years passed on and helping hands multiplied; and finally
+placing heavy, flat cross-timbers and boards when hand-saws and sawmills
+shaped the forests' wealth for domestic use.
+
+The old arched stone bridges are ever a delight to the eye and the
+thoughtful mind. Look at the picture of the old Topsfield Bridge shown on
+the opposite page. It was built in 1760 over the Ipswich River. It shows
+the semicircle--simplest of all arched forms--which is happily within the
+compass and ever the selection of rustic builders. The shallow voussoirs
+speak of security and economy rather than of monumental effect; the
+irregular shape and size of the stones tell a similar tale, that there was
+ample and fitting material near by, in every field. The arched stone
+bridge is a primitive structure; the sort of construction that may be
+found in the so-called "Cyclopean" walls of earliest Greece; and this very
+simplicity is a distinct beauty, that, added to its fitness and
+durability, makes the bridge a thing of satisfaction.
+
+
+[Illustration: Topsfield Bridge.]
+
+
+How charming are the reflections in the stilly waters, the arch making the
+perfect circle, ever an attractive and symbolic form. How cool and
+beautiful is the shadowy water under these stone arches; but it cannot be
+reached by the rider in stage-coach or on horseback, as can the brook
+spanned by a wooden bridge. This has often a watering place which spreads
+out on one side of the road, a shoal pool of clear, crystal, dancing
+water. The bottom is cut with the ruts of travellers' wheels, but the
+water is pure and glistening; the pool is edged heavily with mint and
+thoroughwort and a tangle of greenery pierced with a few glorious scarlet
+spires of cardinal flowers, and some duller blooms. How boys love to wade
+in these pools, and dogs to swim in them, and horses to drink from them.
+The wooden bridge seems in midsummer a useless structure, fit only to
+serve as a trellis for clematis and sweet brier and many running vines,
+and to be screened with azalea, clethra, and elder, and scores of
+sweet-flowered shrubs that add their scent to the strong odor of mint that
+fills the air, as the sensitive leaves are bruised by careless contact.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Shadowy Water under the Arches.]
+
+
+There was a closeness of association in stage-coach travel which made
+fellow-passengers companionable. One would feel a decided intimacy with a
+fellow-sufferer who had risen several mornings in succession with you, at
+daybreak, and ridden all night, cheek by jowl. Even fellow-travellers on
+short trips entered into conversation, and the characteristic
+inquisitiveness was shown. Ralph Waldo Emerson took great delight in this
+experience of his in stage-coach travel. A sharp-featured, keen-eyed,
+elderly Yankee woman rode in a Vermont coach opposite a woman deeply
+veiled and garbed in mourning attire, and the older woman thus entered
+into conversation: "Have you lost friends?" "Yes," was the answer, "I
+have." "Was they near friends?" "Yes, they was." "How near was they?"
+"A husband and a brother." "Where did they die?" "Down in Mobile." "What
+did they die of?" "Yellow fever." "How long was they sick?" "Not very
+long." "Was they seafaring men?" "Yes, they was." "Did you save their
+chists?" "Yes, I did." "Was they hopefully pious?" "I hope so." "Well, _if
+you have got their chists_ (with emphasis) and they was hopefully pious,
+you've got much to be thankful for." Perhaps this conversation should be
+recorded in the succeeding chapter, but in truth the pleasures and pains
+of stage-coach travel ran so closely side by side that they can scarce be
+separated. Many pleasant intimacies and acquaintances were begun on the
+stage-coach; flirtations, even courtships, were carried on. One gentleman
+remembers that when he was a big schoolboy he rode on the coach from
+Pittsfield, New Hampshire, to Dover, and he cast sheep's-eyes at a pretty
+young woman who was a fellow-passenger. He had just gathered courage to
+address her with some bold, manly remark when the coach stopped and a
+middle-aged man of importance entered. Soon all other passengers got out
+and the three were left in the coach; and the Boy heard the Man recall
+himself to the Girl as having been her teacher when she was a child. He
+soon proceeded to make love to her, and made her a proposal of marriage,
+which she did not refuse, but asked a week's time to consider. "And during
+all this courting," said my informant, with indignant reminiscence after
+fifty years, "they paid no more attention to my presence than if I had
+been Pickwick's Fat Boy."
+
+The pleasures of coaching days have been written by many an English author
+in forcible and beautiful language. Thomas De Quincey sang in most glowing
+speech the glories of the English mail-coach. He says:--
+
+    "Modern modes of travelling cannot compare with the old mail-coach
+    system in grandeur and power. They boast of more velocity, not,
+    however, as a consciousness, but as a fact of our lifeless knowledge,
+    resting upon _alien_ evidence; as, for instance, because somebody
+    _says_ that we have gone fifty miles in the hour, though we are far
+    from feeling it as a personal experience; or upon the evidence of a
+    result, as that we actually find ourselves in York four hours after
+    leaving London. Apart from such an assertion, or such a result, I
+    myself am little aware of the pace. But seated on the old mail-coach
+    we needed no evidence out of ourselves to indicate the velocity....
+    The vital experiences of the glad animal sensibilities made doubts
+    impossible on the question of our speed. We heard our speed, we saw
+    it, we felt it a-thrilling; and this speed was not the product of
+    blind insensate energies that had no sympathy to give, but was
+    incarnated in the fiery eyeballs of the noblest among brutes, in his
+    dilated nostril, his spasmodic muscles and thunder-beating hoofs."
+
+Nothing more magnificent and inspiring could be written than his _Going
+Down with Victory_--the carrying the news of the victory at Waterloo on
+the mail-coach to English hamlets and towns; it is a gem of English
+literature.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+THE PAINS OF STAGE-COACH TRAVEL
+
+
+In describing the pleasures and pains, the delights and dangers, the
+virtues and vicissitudes of the travel of early days by stage-coach in
+America, I have chosen to employ largely the words and descriptions of
+contemporary travellers rather than any wording of my own, not only
+because any such description of mine would be simply a transcription of
+their facts, but because there is a sense of closeness of touch, a
+pleasant intimacy, and indeed a profound sympathy thereby established with
+those old travellers and modes of travel which cannot be obtained by
+modern wording; nor indeed can their descriptions and travellers' tales be
+improved. Careless or ignorant writers often portray early stage-coach
+travel in America in the same terms as would be used of similar travel in
+England, and as having the same accessories; it was in truth very
+different in nearly all of its conditions, as different as were the
+vehicles used in America.
+
+I do not believe that travellers in coaching days found much pleasure in
+long journeys by stage-coach. They doubtless enjoyed short trips, or
+possibly a day on a coach, as we do now, but serious travel was serious
+indeed. In winter it must have appeared a slow form of lingering death.
+
+Grant Thorburn, the New York seedsman, tells of the first journey he ever
+made by land. It was in the winter of 1831; he was then fifty-eight years
+old.
+
+    "We left Hoboken with about fifteen passengers closely packed in a
+    stage with wheels, and a very neat coach, and so foolish was I and
+    ignorant (never having travelled on land) I thought this same fine
+    close carriage would go through thick and thin with me all the way to
+    Albany: in two short hours my eyes were opened. We stopped in
+    Hackensack at a tavern grocery grogshop and post-office all under one
+    roof, for we carried Uncle Sam's letter bags, which was another
+    grievance, as we had to stop every few miles to change the mails. The
+    keeper of the office began to bluster and swear he had neither
+    carriages covered or uncovered to forward so many passengers. He said
+    the Jockey Club in New York took all the money and gave him all the
+    trouble. In short, says he, unless you remain here till four o'clock
+    P.M. you must go on with such conveyance as I can furnish. We applied
+    to our Hoboken driver. He said his orders were to drop us at
+    Hackensack and bring back the coaches; and sure enough he turned about
+    and back he went. I stepped into the barroom--a large place. In the
+    centre stood a large old-fashioned tin-plate stove, surrounded by
+    fifteen or twenty large lazy fellows. After waiting an hour we were
+    sent forward, viz. two in an open chair, four in an open wagon, and
+    the remainder, eight I think, in a common Jersey farming wagon, all
+    the machines being without covers. It now commenced raining, and by
+    the time we got to the next stage, we looked like moving pillars of
+    salt, our hats and coats being covered to the thickness of an eighth
+    of an inch with ice transparents. At the town of Goshen we changed
+    the mail, thawed our garments, and ate our dinner. As we got north the
+    sleighing got better, so we were accommodated with a covered box and
+    runners, but alas! it was like the man's lantern without a candle. The
+    cover was of white wood boards placed a quarter of an inch apart
+    without paint, leather, or canvas to protect them from the weather.
+
+    "We travelled all night. The rain and snow descending through the
+    roof, our hats were frozen to our capes, and our cloaks to one
+    another. In the morning we looked like some mountain of ice moving
+    down the Gulf Stream. I thought the machine used at the Dry Dock would
+    have been an excellent appendage to have lifted us bodily into the
+    breakfast room: and this is what the horse-flesh fraternity in New
+    York advertise as their _safe_, _cheap_, _comfortable_, and
+    expeditious winter establishment for Albany."
+
+
+[Illustration: Dalton Winter Stage.]
+
+
+This latter account is certainly a hard blow to the lover of the "good old
+times." Of tough fibre and of vast powers of endurance, both mental and
+physical, must have been our grandfathers who dared to travel overland in
+winter time. Coaches were often "snowed up" and had to be deserted by the
+passengers, who were rescued in old pods and pungs, such as are shown on
+pages 316 and 318, and the journey had to be continued in some of the
+awkward coach-bodies or "boobies" set on runners like those on pages 362
+and 364. Coaches were also overturned or blown off bridges by heavy winds.
+
+Somewhat varied was Captain Hall's experience on the trip from
+Fredericksburg to Richmond during the following January. The stage-coach
+was appointed to start at 2 A.M., but at the blank looks of the captain,
+the stage agent said, "Well, if it is so disagreeable to the ladies,
+suppose we make it five?" The fare was five dollars. It took seventeen
+hours to travel the sixty-six miles, and the coach stopped at ten taverns
+on the way. At each his fellow-passengers all got out and took a mint
+julep; perhaps he did likewise, which might account for the fact that he
+pronounced the trip a pleasant one, though it rained; "your feet get wet;
+your clothes become plastered with mud from the wheel; the trunks drink in
+half a gallon of water apiece; the gentlemen's boots and coats steamed in
+the confined air; the horses are draggled and chafed by the traces; the
+driver got his neckcloth saturated"--and yet, he adds, "the journey was
+performed pleasantly."
+
+
+[Illustration: Chepachet Winter Stage.]
+
+
+There were days in July, in midsummer, when in spite of the beauties of
+Nature, the journey by stage-coach on the unwatered roads was not a thing
+of pleasure. Whether on "inside" or "outside," the traveller could not
+escape the dust, nor could he escape the fervor of the July sun. And when
+the eye turned for relief to green pastures and roadsides, there was
+reflected back to him the heated gold of the sunlight, for the fields
+flamed with yellow and orange color. Sometimes accidents occurred. One may
+be described, using the contemporary account of it to show what danger was
+incurred and through what motive powers. In January, 1823, there was a
+sharp competition between the two stage lines running between Albany and
+New York, and apparently the stage-drivers on the rival lines could no
+more be kept from racing than the old-time steamboat captain. The accident
+was thus told in a newspaper of the day:--
+
+    "_To the Public_: The stage from New York to Albany was overset on the
+    Highlands, on Friday last, with six passengers on board; one of whom,
+    a gentleman from Vermont, had his collar-bone broken, and the others
+    were more or less injured, and all placed in the utmost jeopardy of
+    their lives and limbs by the outrageous conduct of the driver. In
+    descending a hill half a mile in length, an opposition stage being
+    ahead, the driver put his horses in full speed to pass the forward
+    stage, and in this situation the stage overset with a heavy crash
+    which nearly destroyed it, and placed the wounded passengers in a
+    dreadful dilemma, especially as the driver could not assist them, as
+    it required all his efforts to restrain the frighted horses from
+    dashing down the hill which must have destroyed them all. It was,
+    therefore, with the greatest difficulty, and by repeated efforts, the
+    wounded passengers extricated themselves from the wreck of the stage.
+    Such repeated wanton and wilful acts of drivers to gratify their
+    caprice, ambition, or passions, generally under the stimulus of ardent
+    spirits, calls aloud on the community to expose and punish these
+    shameful aggressions."
+
+It should be added, in truth, that accidents on stage-coaches were seldom
+with fatal results. Stage-coach travel was more disagreeable than deadly.
+A stage-coach driver who had driven three hundred days a year for
+thirty-five years, could boast that there had never been a serious
+accident while he was driving, and scarcely any injury had been received
+by any passenger.
+
+Before the days of the turnpike the miserable bridges, especially of the
+Southern colonies, added to the terrors of travel, though I have not
+learned of frequent accidents upon them. The poet Moore wrote in the year
+1800 of Virginia bridges:--
+
+  "Made of a few uneasy planks
+        In open ranks,
+  Over rivers of mud."
+
+Near Fayetteville, North Carolina, in 1812, a traveller by coach thus
+found the bridge:--
+
+    "Three large logs were stretched across the creek, called sleepers,
+    and these supported a number of misshapen pieces called rafters,
+    thrown on at random, without being fixed either by nails or pins.
+    They had been disturbed by a freshet, and the driver alighted to
+    adjust them. On entering the bridge, the fore wheels gathered the
+    rafters in a heap which stopped the progress of the coach. This was
+    just as the driver was whipping up the fore horses. They sprang
+    forward, and disengaging themselves with a jerk, by pulling out the
+    staple of the main singletree, they set off at full speed with the
+    singletree rattling at their heels."
+
+One horse was killed, the patient passengers alighted and pulled the coach
+free themselves. At the next creek the horses plunged in the water and
+swam across, while the passengers held up the mail-bags to keep them dry.
+Weld tells of similar bridges and experiences in 1795 in Virginia.
+
+Many of the bridges were rickety floating bridges. Mr. Twining experienced
+the sense of insecurity, the dread of sinking, which I have also felt in
+crossing a floating bridge in a heavy vehicle.
+
+Mr. Twining tells also of the constant necessity of trimming and balancing
+of the stage-wagon by all the passengers leaning to one side to prevent it
+from overturning in the deep ruts which abounded. Mr. Weld wrote that the
+driver "frequently called out, 'Now, gentlemen, to the right,' upon which
+all the passengers stretched their bodies halfway out of the carriage to
+balance on that side. 'Now, gentlemen, to the left,' and so on."
+
+One traveller tells of a facetious travelling companion,--
+
+    "'A son of Neptune and of Mars also,' and could adapt the technical
+    language of these professions to the different movements of the
+    stage. When the coach heeled to one side he would call out, 'To the
+    right and left and cover your flanks--Whiz!'--and when we passed a
+    stream or ford he would sing out, 'By the deep nine,' accompanied with
+    all the movements of heaving the lead. The day was clear, pleasant,
+    and healthy; and in this strain of merriment and good humor we
+    prosecuted our journey much to our satisfaction."
+
+Folk were easily amused in coaching days. One of the old stage-drivers
+tells the following incident of stage travel. He was driving from Dover,
+New Hampshire, to Haverhill, Massachusetts. During the spring months the
+roads were often in a bad condition, and six horses and sometimes ten were
+needed to draw the coach. In Epping, New Hampshire, was a particularly
+hard place, locally known as the "Soap mine." Through this mine of mud the
+driver hoped to guide his coach and six. But the coach was heavily loaded,
+and in spite of the efforts of the skilful driver the team was soon fast
+in the mud, the wheels settling to the hubs. All attempts of the horses to
+start the coach were in vain. The driver finally climbed down from his
+seat, opened the coach door and told the passengers the condition of
+things, and politely asked them to get out and thereby lighten the load.
+This they all positively refused to do; they had paid their fares and did
+not think it their duty to get out into the mud. The driver said, "Very
+well," quietly closed the door, and seated himself by the roadside. In a
+few minutes the passengers asked, "What are you doing there?" The
+driver calmly replied: "The horses cannot draw the load. There is only one
+thing I can do. I shall wait until the mud dries up."
+
+
+[Illustration: Advertisements from Connecticut Journal, July 3, 1815.]
+
+
+It is needless to say that they did not wait for the mud to dry.
+
+The state of the roads and the regard of some persons for stage-coach
+travelling is shown in a letter written early in this century by a mother
+to a girl of eighteen, visiting at Cambridge, and impatient to return
+home. As the roads were bad her father delayed his going for her. Her
+mother says:--
+
+    "Your papa would not trust your life in the stage. It is a very unsafe
+    and improper conveyance for young ladies. Many have been the
+    accidents, many the cripples made by accidents in those vehicles. As
+    soon as your papa can go, you may be sure he will go or send for you."
+
+There was one curious and most depressing, even appalling, condition of
+stage-coach travel. It seemed to matter little how long was your journey,
+nor where you were going, nor whence you started, your coach always
+started before daybreak. You had to rise in the dark, dress in the dark
+most feebly illumined, eat a hurriedly prepared breakfast in the dark, and
+start out in the blackness of night or the depressing chill of early
+morning. We read that the greatest number of deaths take place in the
+early morning, at daybreak, and it is not surprising, since it is the
+time, of all the hours of the day, when earth offers the least to the
+human soul to tempt it to remain here. It is no unusual thing to read in
+travellers' accounts of journeys by stage-coach, of riding ten miles on
+the coach, and then--breakfasting. We cannot wonder, therefore, at the
+records of incessant dram-drinking during coach travel which we always
+find in any minute accounts.
+
+An English eye-witness, Captain Basil Hall, thus described the beginning
+of a trip from Providence to Hartford in October, 1829:--
+
+    "The nominal hour of starting was five in the morning; but as
+    everything in America comes sooner than one expects, a great tall man
+    walked into the room at ten minutes before four o'clock to say it
+    wanted half an hour of five: and presently we heard the rumbling of
+    the stage coming to the door upwards of thirty minutes before the time
+    specified. Fortunately there were only five passengers, so we had
+    plenty of room; and as the morning was fine we might have enjoyed the
+    journey much, had we not been compelled to start so miserably early.
+    At the village of Windham we dined in a cheerful sunny parlour on a
+    neatly dressed repast excellent in every way, and with very pleasant
+    chatty company."
+
+So forehanded were American coach-agents and coach-drivers that such
+premature starts were not infrequent. Many a time an indignant passenger,
+on time, but left behind, was sent off after the coach in a chaise with a
+swift horse at full gallop.
+
+Josiah Quincy tells thus of a trip on the Lancaster road during the winter
+of 1826:--
+
+    "At three o'clock this morning the light of a candle under the door
+    and a rousing knock told me that it was time to depart, and shortly
+    after I left Philadelphia by the Lancaster stage, otherwise a vast
+    illimitable wagon, capable of holding some sixteen passengers with
+    decent comfort to themselves, and actually encumbered with some dozen
+    more. After riding till eight o'clock we reached the breakfast house,
+    where we partook of a good meal."
+
+
+[Illustration: "A Wet Start at Daybreak."]
+
+
+Longfellow wrote of his first acquaintance, in the year 1840, with the
+Wayside Inn, otherwise Howe's Tavern, at Sudbury, Massachusetts: "The
+stage left Boston about three o'clock in the morning, reaching the Sudbury
+Tavern for breakfast, a considerable portion of the route being travelled
+in total darkness, and without your having the least idea who your
+companion might be."
+
+Charles Sumner, writing in 1834 of a trip to Washington, says: "We started
+from Boston at half-past three Monday morning with twelve passengers and
+their full complement of baggage on board, and with six horses. The way
+was very dark, so that, though I rode with the driver, it was some time
+before I discovered we had six horses."
+
+The unfortunate soul who wished or was forced to travel from Boston to New
+York in 1802 was permitted a very decent start at ten in the morning. He
+arrived in Worcester at eight at night. Thereafter at Worcester, Hartford,
+and Stamford he had to start at three in the morning and ride till eight
+at night. We can imagine his condition when arriving in New York. The
+Lancaster and Leominster stages left Boston at sunrise. John Melish, the
+English traveller, in 1795, was called to start at two in the morning,
+when he set out from Boston to New York. Badger and Porter's Stage
+Register for 1829 gives the time of starting of the stage to Fitchburg as
+2 A.M.; the Albany stage was the same hour. The stage for Keene set out at
+4 A.M., and the one for Bennington at 2 A.M. The stage for Norwich,
+Connecticut, in 1833 started at 3 A.M. In 1842, the Albany coach left at 4
+A.M. When we remember the meagre "light of other days," the pale rays of a
+candle, usually a tallow one, the smoky flicker of a whale-oil lamp, the
+dingy shadow of an ancient lantern, we can fancy the gloom of that early
+morning departure; and when it was made in snow, or fog, or rain, there
+seemed but scant romance in travel by stage-coach. A fine picture by Mr.
+Edward Lamson Henry, "A Wet Start at Daybreak," is reproduced opposite
+page 370. It is interesting and picturesque--to look at; but it was not
+interesting to experience.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Wayside Inn.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+KNIGHTS OF THE ROAD
+
+
+It is impossible to read of the conditions of life on the public highway
+in England and not wonder at the safety and security with which all travel
+was carried on in the American colonies. In Great Britain shop-robbing,
+foot-padding, street assaults, and highway robberies were daily incidents.
+Stage-coach passengers were specially plundered. From end to end of
+England was heard the cry of "Stand and deliver." Day after day, for weeks
+together, the Hampstead, Islington, Dover, and Hackney coaches were
+stopped in broad daylight, and the passengers threatened and robbed. The
+mail from Bristol to London was robbed every week for five weeks. Scores
+of prisoners were taken, and scores more strung up on the gallows; many
+were shipped off to the Plantations because on hanging day at Tyburn,
+there was not room enough on the gallows for the convicted men. All
+classes turned outlaws. Well-to-do farmers and yeomen organized as
+highwaymen in the Western counties under the name of "the Blacks."
+Justices and landed gentry leagued with "the Owlers" to rob, to smuggle,
+and defraud the customs. Even Adam Smith confessed to a weakness for
+smuggling.
+
+Travellers journeyed with a prayer-book in one hand and a pistol in the
+other. Nothing of this was known in America. Citizens of the colonies
+travelled unhampered by either religion or fear. Men and women walked
+through our little city streets by night and day in safety. The footpads
+and highwaymen who were transported to this country either found new modes
+of crimes or ceased their evil deeds.
+
+Not only on convict ships came highwaymen to America. As redemptioners
+many rogues came hither, sure thus of passage across-seas and trusting to
+luck or craft to escape the succeeding years of bound labor. Among the
+honest men seized in English ports, kidnapped, and shipped to America were
+found some thieves and highwaymen, but all--whether "free-willers,"
+convicts, or "kids"--seemed to drop highway robbery in the new world. We
+were nigh to having one famous thief. Great Moll Cutpurse, had her
+resources been of lesser sort, had been landed in Virginia, for she was
+trapanned and put aboard ship, but escaped ere ship set sail. Perhaps
+'twould have been of small avail, for in Virginia, with its dearth of
+wives, even such a sturdy jade as Moll, "a very tomrig and rumpscuttle,"
+sure had found a husband and consequent domestic sobriety.
+
+There was one very good reason why there was little highway robbery in
+America. Early in our history men began to use drafts and bills of
+exchange, where the old world clung to cash. English travellers persisted
+in carrying gold and bank-notes, while we carried cheques and letters of
+credit. To this day the latter form of money-transfer is more common with
+Americans than with the English. Express messengers in the far West
+carrying gold did not have to wait long for a Jesse James. But our typical
+American scamp has ever been the tramp, formerly the vagabond, not the
+highwayman; though the horse thief kept him close companion.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Perkins Inn, Hopkinton, New Hampshire.]
+
+
+By this absence of the highwaymen, our story of the road has lost much of
+its picturesqueness and color. I have envied the English road-annalists
+their possession of these gay and dashing creatures. Their reckless
+buoyancy, their elegance, their gallantry, their humor, make me long to
+adopt them and set them on our staid New England roads or on Pennsylvania
+turnpikes. Dick Turpin, Claude Duval, Beau Brocade--how I should love to
+have them hold up Benjamin Franklin or John Adams!
+
+There was no lack of rogues in the colonies, but their roguery did not
+take the outlet of highway robbery. One Henry Tufts, a famous vagabond,
+has left an amusing and detailed history of his life and deeds. He stole
+scores of horses by sneaking methods, but never by open seizure on the
+road. He began his wrong-doing after the universal custom of all bad boys
+(but why be invidious?--of all good boys, too), by robbing orchards. He
+soon raised himself to be a leader in deviltry by the following manoeuvre.
+A group of bad boys were to have a stolen feast of bread and cucumbers;
+for the latter esteemed viand they raided a cucumber patch. As they seated
+themselves to gorge upon their ill-gotten fare, Henry Tufts raised a cry
+that the robbed cucumber farmer was upon them. All fled, but Tufts quickly
+returned and ate all the feast himself. He survived the cucumbers, but
+pretended to his confederates that he had been captured and had promised
+to work out the value of the spoils in a week's hard labor. This work
+sentence he persuaded them to share; he then farmed out the lot of young
+workmen at a profit, while they thought themselves nobly sharing his
+punishment. He lived to great old age, and, though at the last he "carried
+his dish pretty uprightly," it was by taking a hand at forgery and
+counterfeiting that he lived when burglary became arduous; his nature,
+though irretrievably bad, was never bold enough to venture his life by
+robbing on the highway.
+
+A very interesting thread of Tuft's story is his connection with the War
+of the Revolution; and it awakens deep compassion for Washington and his
+fellow-generals when we think how many such scamps and adventurers must
+have swarmed into the Federal army, to the disorder of the regiments and
+to their discredit and to the harassment alike of patriot officers and
+patriot soldiers. There were frequent aggressions at the hands of rogues
+in the Middle states, and they became known by the name of Skinners.
+Cooper's novel, _The Spy_, gives an account of these sneaking bands of
+sham patriots. Among those who allied themselves on the side of the King
+was a family of notorious scoundrels, five brothers named Doane.
+
+The story of the Doanes is both tragic and romantic. They were sons of
+respectable Quaker parents of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and during the
+Revolutionary War became celebrated for their evil deeds. They were all
+men of remarkable physical development, tall, strong, athletic, and all
+fine horsemen. Before the war they were of good reputation, and it is said
+proposed to remain neutral; but the Doanes were not permitted to take a
+middle course, and soon enrolled themselves as Tories, which at once
+engendered a bitter feeling between them and their Whig neighbors. They
+began their career of infamy by robbing and plundering in the
+neighborhood, gradually extending their field of operations into
+neighboring counties. Sabine's _Loyalists_ gives the names of three other
+Doanes--kinsmen who were allied with the five brothers in their evil
+deeds. Their place in historical books and history comes to them through
+their services to the British officers during the war. In a dingy
+chap-book entitled _Annals of the Revolution, or a History of the Doanes_,
+full credit is assigned to Moses Doane for giving information to General
+Howe, and planning with him the stratagem which led to the victories of
+the British on Long Island. The Edge Hill skirmish, laid out by Doane and
+agreed to by Howe and Lord Cornwallis, was to be an important move of the
+British. The move was lost by the prompt and brave action of Mrs. Lydia
+Darrach, who overheard the plot and carried news of it to Washington. In
+the terrible massacre at Wyoming the Doanes took prominent part. The close
+of the war seemed but to increase their career of crime. Each brother had
+a sled drawn by four horses. There was heavy snow and a long season of
+sleighing in 1782, and they fairly raided the entire state, robbing again
+and again on the highway. At last an act was passed by the General
+Assembly of Pennsylvania "to encourage the speedy apprehending and
+bringing to justice of divers Robbers, Burglars, and Felons," naming the
+Doanes, and offering a large reward for their capture and a gift of L150
+to any person injured in helping to arrest them, or L300 to the family of
+such a helper should he be killed while aiding the cause of justice.
+
+Joseph Doane was finally secured in prison. He broke jail, however, and
+escaped to New Jersey, where, like many another thief and rogue of his
+day, he found occupation as a school-teacher. He then fled to Canada, and
+died peacefully at an advanced age. Two brothers, Abraham and Mahlon, were
+hanged in Philadelphia. Moses, the leader of the outlaws, had the most
+tragic end. He was the most cruel and powerful of them all; of famous
+athletic powers, it was said he could run and jump over a Conestoga
+wagon. In the latter part of the summer of 1783, the Doanes went to the
+house of one Halsey who lived on Gallows Run, and asked for something to
+eat, and Halsey sent his son to a neighboring mill to get flour for them.
+The boy told that the Doanes were at his father's house, and the miller
+sent the word to a vendue in the neighborhood. A party of fourteen armed
+and mounted men promptly started to capture them. The house was
+surrounded. On approaching the men saw through the clinks of the logs the
+Doanes eating at table, with their guns standing near. William Hart opened
+the door and commanded them to surrender, but they seized their arms and
+fired. Hart seized Moses Doane, threw him down, and secured him. Then
+Robert Gibson rushed into the cabin and shot Doane in the breast, killing
+him instantly. Colonel Hart sent the body of the dead outlaw to his
+unhappy father, who was also tried for sheltering the robbers, and burnt
+in the hand and imprisoned.
+
+
+[Illustration: Russel Tavern, Arlington, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+The most noted scourge of the eighteenth century was Tom Bell. He was for
+years the torment of the Middle colonies, alike in country and in town. He
+was the despair of magistrates, the plague of sheriffs, the dread of
+householders, and the special pest of horse-owners. Meagre advertisements
+in the contemporary newspapers occasionally show his whereabouts and
+doings. This is from the _New York Weekly Post Boy_ of November 5, 1744:--
+
+    "The noted Tom Bell was last week seen by several who knew him walking
+    about this city with a large Patch on his face and wrapt up in a Great
+    Coat, and is supposed to be still lurking."
+
+Two years later, in April 14, 1746, we read:--
+
+    "Tuesday last the famous and Notorious Villain Tom Bell was
+    apprehended in this city and committed to Jail on Suspicion of selling
+    a Horse he had hired some time ago of an Inhabitant of Long Island.
+    His accuser 'tis said has sworn expressly to his Person,
+    notwithstanding which he asserts his Innocence with a most undaunted
+    Front and matchless Impudence. We hear his trial is to come off this
+    week."
+
+His most famous piece of deviltry was his impersonation of a pious parson
+in New Jersey. He preached with as much vigor as he stole, and his
+accidental resemblance to the minister increased his welcome and his scope
+for thieving. So convinced was the entire community that it was the real
+parson who robbed their houses and stole their horses, that on his return
+to his parish he was thrust into prison, and a clerical friend who
+protested against this indignity was set in a pillory in Trenton for false
+swearing. Still, Tom Bell was not a highwayman of the true English stamp;
+he more closely resembled a sneak thief.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Gifford's Tavern.]
+
+
+In the year 1741 the little child of Cornelius Cook, the blacksmith of
+Westborough, Massachusetts, and of his wife Eunice, lay very close to
+death. As was the custom of the day, the good old parson, Dr. Parkman, and
+his deacons prayed earnestly over the boy, that the Lord's will be done;
+but his mother in her distress pleaded thus: "Only spare his life, and I
+care not what he becomes." Tom Cook recovered, and as years passed on it
+became evident by his mischievous and evil deeds that he had entered into
+a compact with the devil, perhaps by his mother's agonized words, perhaps
+by his own pledge. The last year of this compact was at an end, and the
+devil appeared to claim his own as Tom was dressing for another day's
+mischief. Tom had all his wits about him, for he lived upon them. "Wait,
+wait, can't you," he answered the imperative call of his visitor, "till I
+get my galluses on?" The devil acquiesced to this last request, when Tom
+promptly threw the suspenders in the fire, and therefore could never put
+them on nor be required to answer the devil's demands.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Wells' Tavern.]
+
+
+Tom Cook became well known throughout Massachusetts, and indeed throughout
+New England, as a most extraordinary thief. His name appears in the
+records of scores of New England towns; he was called "the honest thief";
+and his own name for himself was "the leveller." He stole from the rich
+and well-to-do with the greatest boldness and dexterity, equalled by the
+kindness and delicacy of feeling shown in the bestowal of his booty upon
+the poor and needy. He stole the dinner from the wealthy farmer's kitchen
+and dropped it into the kettle or on the spit in a poor man's house. He
+stole meal and grain from passing wagons and gave it away before the
+drivers' eyes. A poor neighbor was ill, and her bed was poor. He went to a
+thrifty farm-house, selected the best feather bed in the house, tied it in
+a sheet, carried it downstairs and to the front door, and asked if he
+could leave his bundle there for a few days. The woman recognized him and
+forbade him to bring it within doors, and he went off with an easy
+conscience.
+
+In Dr. Parkman's diary, now in the library of the American Antiquarian
+Society at Worcester, under the date of August 27, 1779, is this entry:
+"The notorious Thom. Cook came in (he says) on Purpose to see me. I gave
+him w{t} admonition, Instruction, and Caution I could--I beseech God to
+give it force! He leaves me with fair Words--thankful and promising."
+There came a time when his crime of arson or burglary led to his trial,
+conviction, and sentence to death. He heard the awful words of the judge,
+"I therefore sentence you to be hanged by the neck till you are dead,
+dead, dead," and he called out cheerfully, "I shall not be there on that
+day, day, day." And when that day came, surely enough, his cell was empty.
+
+Tom Cook was most attractive in personal appearance; agile, well formed,
+well featured, with eyes of deepest blue, most piercing yet most kindly in
+expression. He was adored by children, and his pockets were ever filled
+with toys which he had stolen for their amusement. By older persons he was
+feared and disliked. He extorted from many wealthy farmers an annual toll,
+which exempted them from his depredations. One day a fire was seen rising
+from the chimney of a disused schoolhouse in Brookline, and Tom was caught
+within roasting a stolen goose, which he had taken from the wagon of a
+farmer on his way to market. The squire took him to the tavern, which was
+filled with farmers and carters, many of whom had been his victims. He
+was given his choice of trial and jail, or to run a gantlet of the men
+assembled. He chose the latter, and the long whips of the teamsters paid
+out many an old score of years' standing.
+
+A very amusing story of highway robbery is told of John Buckman of
+Buckman's Tavern, of Lexington, Massachusetts (which is shown on page 23).
+An old toper bought a bottle of rum, and the by-standers jokingly asked
+him what he would do if he were attacked on the road. He answered solemnly
+that he would rather give up his life than his rum. John Buckman slipped
+out of the room, took a brass candlestick that had a slide that could be
+snapped with a noise like the trigger of a pistol. He waylaid the
+rum-lover not far from the tavern, and terrified him so that he quickly
+gave up his beloved bottle. This was a famous joke when John told it in
+the tavern taproom, but John did not laugh the next day when he was
+arrested for highway robbery and fined fifty dollars.
+
+In the year 1818 there took place the nearest approach to a highway
+robbery on the English methods that had ever happened in America. It was
+the robbery of the mail-coach which ran between Baltimore and
+Philadelphia. The story is thus told by one of the victims:--
+
+    "HAVRE DE GRACE,
+    "Thursday morning, 4 o'clock.
+
+    "JOHN H. BARNEY, Esq.,
+
+    "_Sir_: I take the earliest opportunity to send you by an express an
+    account of what happened to the mail last evening. About 2 miles from
+    this place the driver of your mail wagon and myself were attacked by
+    three highwaymen, each armed with a double barrelled pistol and a
+    dirk. They had, previous to our arrival, built a rail fence across the
+    road, and immediately on our driving up they leaped from behind the
+    same, where they lay concealed, and presented their pistols,
+    threatening to blow our brains out if we made any resistance. We were
+    then carried some distance from the road into the woods; there they
+    tied the driver and myself to a tree and commenced searching the mail.
+    Every letter was opened and all the bank notes taken out; they showed
+    me a large bundle of bills, and I much fear the loss will be found
+    very great. They were from 11 until 3 o'clock busily employed in
+    opening the letters. After they had done this they tied us to the back
+    of the wagon, mounted three of the horses and galloped off towards
+    Baltimore. They were all white men--had their faces blackened, and
+    neither of them appeared more than 20. I have just arrived at this
+    place and have stated the facts to the deputy postmaster, who will use
+    every exertion to recover the letters that remain in the woods. They
+    did not take anything belonging to me, & appeared not to wish anything
+    but bank notes. They were all dressed in sailor's trowsers and round
+    jackets, & were about the middle size; two wearing hats & the other
+    having a silk handkerchief tied around his head.
+
+    "I am your obt. servt.
+    "THOS. W. LUDLOW.
+
+    "P. S. They called each other by their several names--Johnson, Gibson,
+    and Smith, but I expect they were fictitious."
+
+At that date and season of the year the "Eastern mail," on account of the
+heavy roads, was carried in a light carriage called a dearborn, with four
+horses. This Lieutenant Ludlow of the United States Navy obtained
+permission to accompany the driver in this mail-carriage. They left
+Baltimore at three o'clock and were held up at eleven. One robber desired
+to shoot Lieutenant Ludlow and the driver, but the others objected, and,
+on leaving, offered the driver ten dollars. They took no money from
+Ludlow, and though they looked at his handsome gold repeater to learn the
+time, they carefully returned it to his pocket. The very next day two men
+named Hare, known to be journeymen tailors of Baltimore, entered a
+clothing shop in that city, and made such a lavish display of money that
+they were promptly arrested, and over twenty thousand dollars in money and
+drafts was found upon them. They were puny fellows, Levi Hare being but
+twenty years old, and contemporary accounts say "one person of average
+strength could easily manage them both."
+
+The total amount of bills and drafts recovered amounted to ninety thousand
+dollars, and made the robbery the largest ever attempted. A few days later
+a third brother Hare was arrested, and thirteen hundred dollars was found
+in his house. The third robber proved to be John Alexander.
+
+A Baltimore newspaper dated May 18, gives an account of the sentence of
+the three men after their interesting trial:--
+
+    "On Thursday last John Alexander, Joseph T. Hare, and Lewis Hare were
+    brought before Court to receive sentence. Judge Duval presided--first
+    addressed Lewis Hare and sentenced him to ten years' imprisonment--J.
+    T. Hare and Alexander sentenced to death. As Jos. T. Hare was
+    proceeding from the Court House to prison accompanied by the
+    constable, they had to cross Jones' Falls, over which the trunk of a
+    tree was laid for foot passengers to walk on; when they arrived in the
+    middle of the creek Hare made an attempt to release his hands from his
+    irons, and to knock the constable into the creek; it proved fruitless,
+    but in the scuffle Hare tore off the lappelle of the constable's coat.
+    After he reached prison he made an attack on the turnkey and nearly
+    bit off his finger."
+
+I have seen an amusing old chap-book entitled _The Life of the Celebrated
+Mail Robber and Daring Highwayman Joseph Thompson Hare_, and it has a
+comical illustration of "The Scuffle between Hare and the Constable," in
+which the constable, much dressed up in tight trousers, tailed coat, and
+high silk hat, struggles feebly with the outlaw as they balance like
+acrobats on the narrow tree-trunk.
+
+The whole account of this mail robbery has a decidedly tame flavoring. The
+pale tailors, so easily overcoming a presumably brave naval officer and a
+government mail-carrier; the leisurely ransacking of the mail-bags; the
+speedy and easy arrest of the tailors and recovery of their booty, and the
+astonishing simplicity of transporting the scantily guarded felon across a
+creek on a fallen tree as though on a pleasant country ramble, all combine
+to render it far from being a tale of terror or wild excitement.
+
+The account of the death of the highwayman is thus told in the _Federal
+Republican and Baltimore Telegraph_ of September 11, 1818.
+
+    "THE EXECUTION.
+
+    "Agreeably to public notice, the awful sentence of death was yesterday
+    inflicted on J. Thompson Hare and John Alexander, in the presence of a
+    vast concourse assembled to witness the ignominious ceremony. Their
+    lives have expiated the crime for which they suffered. Justice has no
+    demands on them in the grave.
+
+    "The gallows was sufficiently elevated above the walls of the prison
+    to afford a distinct view of the unfortunate men to spectators at the
+    distance of several hundred yards.
+
+    "Hare has made a confession which is now hawking about town for sale.
+    In it he observes that, 'for the last fourteen years of my life I have
+    been a robber, and have robbed on a large scale, and been more
+    successful than any robber either in Europe or in this country that I
+    ever heard of.'"
+
+This lying dying boast of Hare fitly closes his evident failure as a
+highwayman.
+
+An account of a negro highwayman is given in the _Federal Republican and
+Baltimore Telegraph_ of September 11, 1818.
+
+
+[Illustration: Relay House, Mattapan Tavern.]
+
+
+In the early years of this century there existed in eastern Massachusetts
+an organized band of thieves. It is said they were but one link in a chain
+of evil night-workers which, with a home or shelter in every community,
+reached from Cape Hatteras to Canada. This band was well organized, well
+trained, and well housed; it had skilful means of concealing stolen goods
+in innocent-faced cottages, in barns of honest thrift, and in wells and
+haystacks in simple dooryards. One mild-manered and humble house had a
+deep cellar which could be entered by an ingeniously hidden broad-side
+door in a woodshed; into this cave a stolen horse and wagon or a pursued
+load of cribbed goods might be driven, be shut in, and leave no outward
+sign. Other houses had secret cellars, a deep and wide one beneath a
+shallow, innocuous storage place for domestic potato and apple bins, and
+honest cider barrels. In a house sheltering one of these subterranean
+mysteries, a hard-working young woman was laboriously and discreetly
+washing clothes when surprised by the sheriff and his aids, who wisely
+invaded but fruitlessly searched the house. Nothing save the simplest
+household belongings was found in that abode of domesticity; but in later
+years, after the gang was scattered, a trap-door and ladder were found
+leading to the sub-cellar, and with chagrin and mortification the sheriff
+remembered that the woman's washing tubs stood unharmed upon the trap-door
+during the fruitless search.
+
+An amusing battering ram was used by another woman of this gang on the
+sheriff who came to her house to arrest one of those thieves. The outlaw
+fled upstairs at the approach of the officer, but his retreat was noted,
+and the man of law attempted to follow and seize him. The wife of the
+thief--his congenial mate--opposed the passage of the sheriff, and when he
+attempted to push her one side and to crowd past her, she suddenly seized
+the crosspiece over the staircase, swung back by her hands and arms,
+planted both feet against the officer's chest, and knocked him down with
+such a sudden blow and consequent loss of wind, that the thief was far
+away ere the sheriff could move or breathe.
+
+The leader of this band of thieves was an ingenious and delightful
+scamp--one George White. He was hard to catch, and harder to keep than to
+catch. Handcuffs were to him but pleasing toys. His wrists were large, his
+hands small; and when the right moment came, the steel bracelets were
+quickly empty. Locks and bolts were as easily thrust aside and left far,
+far behind him as were the handcuffs. At last he was branded on his
+forehead H. T., which stands for horse thief; a mean trick of a stupid
+constable who had scant self-confidence or inventiveness. Curling
+lovelocks quickly grow, however, and are ill in no one's sight; indeed,
+they were in high fashion in similar circles in England at that time, when
+various letters of the alphabet might be seen on the cheeks and brow of
+many a gay traveller on the highway when the wind blew among the long
+locks.
+
+
+[Illustration: Wilde Tavern, 1770. Milton, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+Term after term in jail and prison were decreed to George White when luck
+turned against him. Yet still was he pardoned, as he deserved to be, for
+his decorous deportment when behind bars; and he had a habit of being
+taken out on a writ of _habeas corpus_ or to be transferred; but he never
+seemed to reach his journey's end, and soon he would appear on the road,
+stealing and roistering. The last word which came from him to New England
+was a letter from the Ohio Penitentiary, saying he was dying, and asking
+some of his kin to visit him. They did not go, he had fooled them too
+often. Perhaps they feared they might put new life into him. But the one
+time they were sure he lied he told the truth--and his varied career thus
+ended.
+
+Flying once along a Massachusetts highway on a stolen horse, George White
+was hotly pursued. At the first sharp turn in the road he dismounted in a
+flash, cut the horse a lash with his whip, altered the look of his garment
+with a turn of his hand, tore off his hat brim and thus had a jaunty cap,
+and started boldly back on foot. Meeting the sheriff and his men all in a
+heat, he fairly got under their horses' feet, and as they pulled up they
+bawled out to know whether he had seen a man riding fast on horseback.
+"Why, yes," he answered ingenuously, "I met a man riding as though the
+devil were after him." They found the horse in half an hour, but they
+never found George White.
+
+He once stole a tavern-keeper's horse, trimmed the mane, thinned out the
+tail, and dyed the horse's white feet. He led the renovated animal in to
+the bereft landlord, saying innocently that he had heard his horse was
+stolen, and thought he might want to buy another. He actually sold this
+horse back to his owner, but in a short time the horse's too evident
+familiarity with his wonted stable and yard and the fast-fading dye
+revealed the rascal's work. To another tavern-keeper he owed a bill for
+board and lodging, which, with the incongruity of ideals and morals which
+is often characteristic of great minds, he really wished to pay. The
+landlord had a fine black horse which he had displayed to his boarder
+with pride. This horse was kept temporarily in a distant pasture. White
+stole the horse one night, rode off a few miles, and sold it and was paid
+for it. He stole it again that night from the purchaser, sold it, and was
+paid. He stole it a third time and returned it to the pasture from whence
+it never had been missed. He then paid his board-bill as an honest man
+should.
+
+
+[Illustration: Ashburnham Thief Detecting Society.]
+
+
+These gangs of horse thieves became such pests, such scourges in the
+Northern states, that harassed citizens in many towns gathered into bands
+and associations for mutual protection and systematic detection of the
+miscreants. A handbill of the "Ashburnham Thief Detecting Society" had an
+engraved heading which is reproduced on this page, which showed a mounted
+thief riding across country with honest citizens in hot pursuit. The Thief
+Detecting Society of Hingham had, in 1847, eighty-seven members. It used a
+similar print for a heading for handbills, also one of a boy stealing
+apples--as a severe lesson to youth.
+
+In the year 1805 an abrupt and short but fierce attempt was made at
+highway robbery and burglary in Albany. The story as told in a chap-book
+is so simple, so antique, so soberly comic, that it might be three
+centuries old instead of scarce one. The illustrations, though of the date
+1836, are of the standard of art of the seventeenth century.
+
+It seems a piece of modern Philistinism to spoil the story--as I must--by
+condensation. The title of the book is _The Robber, or Pye and The
+Highwayman_, and the irony of giving Pye place before the highwayman or
+any place at all will be apparent by the story. In this tale two sturdy
+Albany dames shine as models of courage and fearlessness by the side of
+the terror-stricken burghers of the entire town, whose reputation to a man
+was only saved from the branding of utter and universal cowardice by the
+appearance and manly carriage and triumph at the end of the night's fray
+of old Winne the pennypost.
+
+There put up that year in December at an Albany tavern a young man who
+gave his name as Johnson; he was aristocratic in bearing and dress, dark
+of complexion, sombre of aspect, but courteous and pleasant, "with a
+daring but cultivated eye." When questioned of himself and his business,
+however, Johnson was silent and taciturn. His magnificent horse and pair
+of splendid pistols were noted by the solid Dutch burghers and sharp
+Yankee traders who smoked and drank beer within the tavern walls; and one
+wintry afternoon the stranger was seen carefully cleaning the pair of
+pistols.
+
+On that bitter night, a man--none other than our black-browed
+highwayman--rode clattering up to the toll-gate two miles below the town,
+and called out to open the gate; when the wife of the toll-keeper appeared
+to do that duty he jumped from his horse, rushed in toward the house,
+demanding in a terrible voice all the money in the toll till and chest.
+The woman was terrified at this demand, yet not so scared but she could at
+his first approach throw the fat bag with all the accumulation of toll
+money under the porch, and do it unseen by the highwayman; and she at once
+asserted tearfully, with the alacritous mendacity born of sharp terror
+(the account says with great earnestness and womanish simplicity), that
+her husband had gone to the agent in town with all the month's
+collections, leaving her but a few shillings for change, which she
+displayed in the gate-drawer for proof. Disgusted but credulous, the
+villain rode off with loud oaths, baffled in the simplest fashion by Dame
+Trusty No. 1.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Williams Tavern.]
+
+
+He then went to the tavern of John Pye, the wealthy landlord, on the West
+Troy road. He found the house locked peacefully for the night, but forced
+a window and entered. In the barroom and kitchen, the fire was carefully
+covered to keep till morning. Lighting his dark lantern with the coals, he
+then poured water on both fires and extinguished them, and I have puzzled
+long in my mind wondering why he dallied, risking detection by doing this.
+He then went to the room where Pye and his wife were peacefully reposing,
+and rudely awakened them. Mrs. Pye, promptly assuming the role she
+carried throughout, jumped from her bed and asked him what he wished. He
+answered, the chap-book says, "silently," "I deal with your husband,
+Madam, not with you"--and a more fatuous mistake never issued from lips of
+highwayman. To Pye he then said, "Your money or your life." Pye, heavy
+with sleep--and natural stupidity--seemed to fancy some trick was being
+played on him in mischief, and to the highwayman's demand for money
+answered, half alarmed, half peevish, "It's damned little money you'll get
+out of me, my lad, as the thing is but indifferently plenty with me." But
+he was roused at last by the fierceness of threats and gestures, and
+whimpered that his money was below; and the two proceeded downstairs to
+the taproom by the light of the robber's lantern. The moment they left the
+room, Mrs. Pye ran softly to a bedroom where slept two sojourners at the
+inn, wakened them with hurried words of the robber's visit and her beloved
+Pye's danger, and made appeals for help; and as an emphatic wakener
+pulled them out of bed upon the floor. Then she ran swiftly back to bed.
+
+In the meantime the terrified Pye recalled that his wife had the keys of
+the taproom till which held his money, and he and the highwayman returned
+to her bedroom and demanded them from her. "I'll give the keys to thee nor
+no man else," she stoutly answered. "Thee must, I tell thee," whined Pye,
+"or worse may happen." "Pye, I'll not give up my keys," still she cried,
+and seized a loaded gun by the bedside; for fierce answer the highwayman
+fired his pistol at Pye. With lamentable outcries Pye called out he was a
+dead man, and his arm fell to his side. His wife thrust the gun in his
+hands, shouting, "Fire, Pye, fire! he's feeling for another pistol." "I
+cannot," he quavered out, "I cannot hold the gun." She pushed it into his
+hands, held up his arm, aimed for him, and between them they pulled the
+trigger. In a second all was utter darkness and stillness: they had hit
+the highwayman. He pitched forward, fell on his lantern, put it out, and
+lay as one dead. Here was a situation for a good, thrifty, staid Albany
+vrouw, a dying husband on one side, a dead highwayman on the other, all in
+utter darkness. She ran for coals to the barroom and kitchen fires. Both
+were wet and black. She had no tinder box, coals must be brought from a
+neighbor's. She suddenly bethought of an unusual fire that had been
+lighted in the parlor the previous evening for customers, where still
+might be a live coal. This was her good fortune, and with lighted candle
+she proceeded to the scene of attack. Pye lay in a swoon on the bed, but
+by this time the highwayman had vanished; and safe and untouched under the
+bed were five hundred dollars in gold and five hundred more in bills,
+which, it is plain, Pye himself had wholly forgotten in his fright.
+
+In the meantime where were the two "knights of the bedchamber," as the
+chap-book calls them? Far more silently than the robber they feared had
+they slid downstairs, and away from the tavern into hiding, until the
+highwayman rode past them.
+
+They then tracked him by trails of blood, and soon saw him dismounted and
+rolling in the snow as if to quench the flow of blood. Though they knew he
+was terribly wounded and they were two to one, they stole past him at a
+safe distance in silence to the protection of the town, where they raised
+the cry of "A robber! Watch! Murder! Help! A band of highwaymen! Pye is
+dead!" Oh, how bravely they bawled and shouted! and soon a hue and cry was
+started from end to end of Albany town.
+
+With an extraordinary lack of shrewdness which seemed to characterize the
+whole of this episode of violence, and which proved Johnson no trained
+"swift-nick," as Charles II. called highwaymen, instead of making off to
+some of the smaller towns or into the country, he rode back to Albany; and
+soon the night-capped heads thrust from the little Dutch windows, and
+terrified men leaning out over the Dutch doors, and the few amazed groups
+in the streets saw a fleet horseman, hatless, with bloody handkerchief
+bound around his head, come galloping and thundering through Albany, down
+one street, then back again to the river. When he reached the quay, the
+horse fearlessly sprang without a moment's trembling a terrible leap,
+eight feet perpendicular, twenty feet lateral, out on the ice. All
+screamed out that horse and rider would go through the ice and perish. But
+the ice was strong, and soon horse and rider were out of sight; but
+mounted men were now following the distant sound of hoofs, and when the
+outlaw reached what he thought was the opposite shore, but what was really
+a marshy island, one bold pursuer rode up after him. The robber turned,
+fired at him at random, and the Albany brave fled in dismay back to his
+discreet neighbors.
+
+But honor and courage was now appearing across the ice in the figure of
+Captain Winne, the pennypost, who was heard to mutter excitedly in his
+semi-Dutch dialect: "Mine Cott! vat leeps das horse has mate! vull dwenty
+feet! Dunder and bliksem! he's der tuyfel for rooning!" Winne was an old
+Indian fighter, and soon he boldly grappled the highwayman, who drew a
+dagger on him. Winne knocked it from his hand. The highwayman grappled
+with him, wrenched away his club, and hit the pennypost a blow on his
+mouth which loosened all his front teeth (which, the chap-book says,
+"Winne afterwards took out at his leisure"). Winne then dallied no longer;
+he pulled down the handkerchief from the robber's forehead, twisted it
+around his neck, and choked him. In the morning twilight the great band of
+cautious Albanians gravely advanced, bound the highwayman securely, and
+carried him in triumph back to jail. He was placed in heavy irons, when he
+said, "Iron me as you will, you can hold me but a short time." All thought
+he meant to attempt an escape, but he spoke with fuller meaning; he felt
+himself mortally wounded. They put an iron belt around his waist and
+fastened it by a heavy chain to a staple in the floor. They placed great
+rings around his ankles, chained them to the floor, and then chained
+ankle-bands and belt together. They would have put an iron collar and
+chain on him also, but he said, "Gentlemen! have some mercy!" and a
+horrible wound at the base of the brain made them desist.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Williams Tavern.]
+
+
+Poor Mrs. Pye visited him, with much distress of spirit, and sympathized
+with him and grieved over him as he lay face downward on the stone floor.
+And it arouses a sense of amused indignation to know that he asked
+earnestly for Pye and expressed deep regret at having injured him--he
+wasn't badly hurt, anyway. Our heroine, Dame Pye, certainly deserved a
+better and braver husband, and it is pleasant to know that she outlived
+Pye and found, if not a more courageous mate, certainly a very fine young
+one--her bar-keeper, forty years younger than herself.
+
+The highwayman escaped the tree, for he died in jail. There is reason to
+believe he was a Southerner of good birth. The horse was so widely
+described and exploited that his story reached a Virginia gentleman, his
+real owner, from whom he had been stolen. The sagacious animal had been
+trained to follow a peculiar whistle, and to jump at anything. The
+gentleman proved his ownership and took the splendid animal-hero home.
+
+In the year 1821 a highwayman was executed in Massachusetts, Mike Martin,
+or Captain Lightfoot, who really was a very satisfactory outlaw, a real
+hightoby-crack, though he was only an imported one, not a native
+production. His life, as given by himself, is most entertaining. He had to
+his father a Kilkenny Irishman, who apprenticed the boy early in life to
+his uncle, a brewer. The brewer promptly beat him, he ran home, and got a
+bigger beating. In truth, he was a most beatable brat. When sixteen years
+old he joined the Ribbonmen, a political organization that committed many
+petty crimes and misdemeanors, besides regulating landlords. When his
+father found out the kind of company kept by the young rascal, he beat him
+again. Mike promptly took as a salve five guineas from his father's trunk,
+opening it with a master-key which had been kindly made for him by a
+Ribbonman, and which he was enjoined to keep constantly with him as a
+conveniency. He says, "I had always stolen in a small way." With his five
+guineas he ran away to Dublin, and pretended reformation and remorse so
+successfully to a cousin that the latter employed him in a distillery. In
+return he stole petty amounts continually from his cousin's money chest,
+by help of his master-key. Soon he was a settled outcast, and at this
+juncture met at an inn a fine, handsome clergyman, about forty years of
+age, over six feet tall, dark-eyed, of great muscle and strength; his name
+was John Doherty. In spite of his black clerical dress he seemed somewhat
+mysterious in character, and after pumping Martin he disclosed in turn
+that he was the famous highwayman, Captain Thunderbolt.
+
+He at once claimed Martin as one of the real sort, and they were talking
+over a union of forces and schemes when a party of dragoons came to the
+inn in pursuit of Thunderbolt. He escaped through a window, but in a
+week's time came back dressed as a Quaker and joined his companion, who at
+the age of twenty-one thus blossomed out as a real knight of the road, as
+Captain Lightfoot, with a pair of fine pistols and a splendid horse, "Down
+the Banks," to keep company with Thunderbolt's "Beefsteak." Thus equipped,
+these two gentlemen rode as gentlemen should, to the hunt. There, alone,
+to prove what he could do, Mike Martin robbed four huntsmen, and to his
+pride was mistaken by them for Thunderbolt himself. But the huntsmen soon
+had their turn; sheriffs and soldiers drove the two knights to the woods;
+and after weeks of uncomfortable hiding Mike Martin was properly penitent
+and longed for an honest man's seat in a tavern taproom. There is no
+retreat, however, in this career; the pair of robbers next entered a
+house, called all the people together, and robbed the entire trembling
+lot. Through Scotland and Ireland they rode till the highways got too hot
+for them, advertisements were everywhere, a hue and cry was out, and
+Thunderbolt fled to America.
+
+Mike Martin, terrified at the multiplying advertisements and rewards,
+disguised himself, and sailed for New York. Quarrels and mutiny on
+shipboard brought him ashore at Salem, where he worked for a time for Mr.
+Derby. He soon received a sum of money from his father's estate and set up
+as a brewer. But Salem Yankees were too sharp for the honest highwayman,
+and he lost it all and had to take again to the road. From Portsmouth to
+Canada,--from pedlers, from gentlemen,--on horseback, in chaises,--he ran
+his rig; finally, in spite of advertisements in newspapers and printed
+reports and handbills at every country inn, he worked his way back to New
+Hampshire; and on a moonlight night he found himself horseless in the
+bushes. Two men rode up, and one held back as Mike Martin stepped forth.
+"Who's that?" said the foremost man. "I'm the bold Doherty from Scotland,"
+said he, taking Thunderbolt's name and not in vain. "And what are you
+after?" said the shaking traveller. "Stop and I'll show you." Mike then
+presented his pistol and demanded of the gentleman his money or his life.
+Promptly money and papers were turned over. "Stand back by the fence,"
+said the highwayman. "Here, Jack, look after this fellow," he swaggered to
+make the traveller think he had an accomplice; and he mounted the fine
+horse and rode off. He robbed some one in some way every few miles on the
+road till he was back in Salem. There he promptly acquiesced to the
+decorous customs of the New England town, and went to a lecture; on his
+way home from his intellectual refreshment, he asked the time of a
+well-dressed man. "Can't you hear the clock strike?" was the surly answer.
+"I'll hear your watch strike or strike your head," was the surprising
+reply. Out came watch and money with the cowardly alacrity ever displayed
+at his demands. From thence to the Sun Tavern in Boston, where he learned
+of a grand party at Governor Brooks's at Medford. He said in his
+confession, "I thought there might be some fat ones there and decided to
+be of the company." After an evening of astonishing bravado and
+recklessness, displaying himself at taverns and on the road, he held up
+Major Bray and his wife on the Medford turnpike, near the Ten Mile Farm
+which once belonged to Governor Winthrop. The gentlefolk were in "a
+genteel horse and chaise." Madam Bray began to try to conceal her
+watch-chain, but Captain Lightfoot politely told her he never robbed
+ladies. Major Bray turned over his watch and pocketbook, but begged to
+keep his papers. Martin said later, "The circumstances as given by Major
+Bray at the trial were correct, only he forgot to state that he was much
+frightened and trembled like a leaf." After stopping other chaises, he
+took the surprisingly foolhardy step of going to the tavern at Medford,
+where he found already much excitement about the robbery of Major Bray,
+and met many suspicious glances. He rode off, and soon a crowd was after
+him crying, "Stop Thief."
+
+
+[Illustration: Poore Tavern and Sign-board.]
+
+
+In his mad flight his stirrup broke, he fell from his horse and dislocated
+his shoulder; thence through fields and marshes on foot till he dropped
+senseless from pain and fatigue. When he recovered, he tied his suspenders
+to a tree at one end and the other end to his wrist and pulled the
+shoulder into place. Then by day and night through farms and woods to
+Holliston. In the taproom of the tavern he called for brandy, but he saw
+such a good description of himself with a reward for his capture, while he
+was drinking off his glass, it took away his appetite for the dinner he
+had ordered.
+
+He was then tired of foot travel, and stole a horse and rode to
+Springfield. Here he put up at a tavern, where he slept so sound that he
+was only awakened by landlord, sheriff, and a score of helpers who had
+traced the horse to Springfield. Major Bray's robbery was unknown there,
+but he was tried for it, however, when it was found out, on October 21,
+and convicted and sentenced to death. He cheerfully announced that he
+should escape if he could, but he was put in heavy irons. When in jail at
+Lechmere Point he struck the turnkey, Mr. Coolidge, on the head with his
+severed chain. He pushed past the stunned keeper, thrust open the door,
+and ran for his life. He was captured in a cornfield and Coolidge was the
+man who grabbed him. It was found that he had filed through the chain with
+a case-knife, filled the cut with a paste of tallow and coal-dust, and
+though the link had been frequently examined the cut had never been noted.
+He declared he would have escaped, only the heavy chain and weight which
+he had worn had made him lose the full use of his legs, and he had to run
+with one end of the chain and a seventeen-pound weight in his hand.
+
+
+[Illustration: Monroe Tavern, Lexington, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+He was executed in December and behaved with great propriety and
+sobriety. He showed neither cant, levity, nor bravado. He prayed silently
+just before his death, professed penitence, and went to the gallows with
+composure. He arranged his dress and hair carefully before a glass, showed
+a kind disposition to all, and finally gave the signal himself for the
+drop. A tall and handsome scamp, with piercing blue eyes and fine
+complexion, his marked intelligence and sweetness of expression made him
+most attractive. His frame was perfect in symmetry, and he was wonderful
+in his strength and endurance--truly an ideal highwayman; it must have
+been a pleasure to meet him.
+
+Thus it is very evident that neither highway robbery nor highwaymen
+thrived in America. They mended their ways very promptly--and apparently
+they wanted to. A very striking example of this is in the American career
+of Captain Thunderbolt, the friend and teacher of Mike Martin. When he set
+foot on American soil, he tamely abandoned all his old picturesque wicked
+ways. He settled first in Dummerston, Vermont, where he taught school and
+passed his leisure hours in seclusion and study. He then set up as a
+physician, in Newfane, Vermont, calling himself Dr. Wilson, and he moved
+from thence to Brattleboro, where his house stood on the present site of
+the railroad station. He married the daughter of a prominent Brattleboro
+farmer, but was too stern and reserved to prove a good American husband.
+He lived to be about sixty-five years old, and had a good and lucrative
+professional practice.
+
+I know two authentic cases of highway robbery of stage-coaches in New
+England; one was from the driver, of a large sum of money which had been
+entrusted to him. It was his wife who stole it. She was not prosecuted,
+for she returned the money, and it was believed she would not have taken
+it from any one else. The other theft was that of a bonnet. Just as a
+stage was to start off from a tavern door, a woman jumped on the step,
+seized the bonnet of a woman passenger, tore it from her head, and made
+off with it before the outraged traveller's shrieks could reach the driver
+and stop the coach; and--as the chronicler solemnly recounted to me--the
+robber was never heard of more. These two highwaywomen have the honors of
+the road.
+
+It may be deemed somewhat grandiloquent to term to-day this theft of a
+bonnet "highway robbery"; but I can assure you a fine bonnet was a most
+respected belonging in olden times, and if of real Dunstable or fine
+Leghorn straw and trimmed with real ostrich plumes it might be also a
+costly belonging, and to steal it was no light matter--indeed it was a
+hanging matter. For in Boston, when John Hancock was governor, a woman was
+hanged for snatching a bonnet from another's head and running off with
+it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+TAVERN GHOSTS
+
+
+England was ever the birthplace and abiding-place of ghosts. Thoroughly
+respectable most of these old residents were, their manifestations being
+stereotyped with all the conventionalities of the spirit world. When the
+colonists came to the new world the friendly and familiar spectres did not
+desert their old companions, but emigrated also, and "sett down satysfyed"
+in enlarged log cabins, and houses built of American pine, just as the
+planters did; and in these humbler domiciles both classes of inhabitants
+were soon as much at home as they had been in oaken manor houses and stone
+castles in the "ould countrie."
+
+In New England the tavern was often the chosen place of abode and of
+visitation of spirits; like other travellers on life's weary round, these
+travellers on the round of the dead found their warmest welcome at an inn.
+Naturally new conditions developed new phenomena; the spirits of unhappy
+peasants, of cruel barons, of hated heirs at law, of lovelorn ladies,
+found novel companions, among whom the manitous and wraiths of the red men
+cut the strangest figure. The ghosts of pirates, too, were prime
+favorites in America, especially in seaboard towns, but were never such
+frequent visitors, nor on the whole such picturesque visitors, as were the
+spirits of Indians:--
+
+    "The ghosts that come to haunt us
+  From the kingdom of Ponemah,
+  From the land of the Hereafter."
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Dewey Tavern.]
+
+
+I have known a good many tavern ghosts of Indians--though their deeds as
+recounted are often far from being original or aboriginal. Reuben Jencks
+owned a tavern that had a very good Indian ghost. This ghost was not one
+of the inconsiderate kind that comes when you are awake, and half scares
+you to death; this noble red man stole in silently by night, so silently
+that the sleeper never awakened, and hence was never frightened, for
+nothing seems overstrange, uncanny, or impossible in a dream. Even when
+the Indian brandished his tomahawk and seized the visited one by the hair
+of the head, it never seemed to be anything more than might be expected,
+nor did he ever appear overfierce in his threats and gestures.
+Nevertheless in course of time his appearances gave a name to the
+apartment he visited; it came to be known as the Indian Chamber. And
+travelling chapmen, pedlers, or traders who had been over the route
+frequently, and had heard the tale at every trip, sometimes objected to
+sleeping in the room--not that they were afraid--but it was somewhat of a
+nuisance.
+
+It was not known that any Indian ever had received aught of injury at the
+hands of any at the Black Horse Tavern, save the derivative injury from
+too frequent and liberal draughts of hard cider, which was freely dealt
+out to every sorry brave who wandered there. There were some simpletons
+who said that the Indian's visits were to resent the injury done to
+another old inn, a rival down the road, named The Pine Tree, but which
+bore the figure of an Indian on its sign-board, and was oftener known as
+The Indian Tavern. This was nonsense. The Pine Tree had no visitors
+because it did not deserve them, had a vile table and a worse stable,
+while the Black Horse Tavern gave the best of the earth to its guests.
+
+Reuben Jencks had not been born in this tavern. He inherited it from an
+uncle, and he was already married and had a family of small children when
+the tavern came to him. Another baby was born soon after, and as the
+Indian Chamber was the largest in the house, Mrs. Jencks quietly disposed
+of the objections of timid and superstitious chapmen and pedlers by taking
+the room for her own sleeping apartment.
+
+It would seem to be a brave warrior, albeit a savage and a ghost, who
+would enter a room as densely populated as that of Mr. and Mrs. Jencks.
+There was for the repose of landlord and landlady a vast four-post
+bedstead with curtains, valance, and tester of white dimity; and under
+this high bed was thrust by day a low trundle bed. At night it was drawn
+out, and upon it slept the three little daughters of the Jencks family.
+Upon an old high-backed settle set on rockers slept Reuben Jencks, Jr.,
+the deposed king of the family. Adjustable bars slipped in the front of
+this settle made it a safe crib. This stood on one side of the fireplace,
+and the new baby reposed, when he slept at all, in a deeply hooded
+mahogany cradle. There was a great fire ever and cheerfully burning in the
+fireplace--and yet to this chamber of infantile innocence and comfort came
+the saturnine form of the Indian ghost.
+
+
+[Illustration: Cutter's Tavern Sign-board.]
+
+
+He was, in one sense, a thoroughly satisfactory apparition, being suitably
+clad in full trappings of war, buckskin and turkey feathers, bear's teeth
+and paint; he was none of those miserable half-breed travesties of Indians
+who sometimes still sneaked round to the tavern kitchen, clad in vile
+clothes of civilization, so greasy and worn and dirty that a blanket
+would have been as stately in comparison as a Roman toga; Indians devoid
+of bravery, dignity, and even of cunning, whose laziness, high
+cheek-bones, and hair coarse as a horse's tail, and their unvarying love
+of rum, were the only proofs of Indian blood; whose skin, even, had turned
+from copper tawny to dingy yellow.
+
+To Mrs. Jencks, reposing in state among her abundant goose feathers on the
+high bedstead, came one night the spectre in her dreams, pulled off her
+nightcap, seized her by her long hair, dragged her downstairs and out of
+doors, pointed fiercely to the roots of the great cedar at the gate,
+muttering all the while in broken English of avenging an insult to his
+race. As Mrs. Jencks awoke wholly uninjured, she merely laughed at her
+vision, saying that all the talk she had heard had made her dream it. But
+when she had dreamt it three times, three nights running, and the ghost
+kept speaking of an act of insult to him, that it must be avenged,
+removed, etc., and kept ever pointing to the base of the cedar tree, Ben
+Jencks insisted on digging for what he felt sure was hidden treasure. He
+and his menials dug deep and dug wide, and nearly killed the splendid old
+cedar, but found nothing. The next time the ghost appeared he dragged the
+astral body of Mrs. Jencks down to the other cedar tree on the right-hand
+side of the gateway. Ben Jencks dug again with the same result. Neither he
+nor the ghost was daunted, and a fine apple tree in the garden next the
+orchard was the next victim. It was a Sapson apple tree, the variety
+which all the children loved, and it ceased bearing for several years. As
+it wilted and pined after the rough spading at its roots, Mrs. Jencks
+doggedly vowed never to repeat any of the ghost's lies again.
+
+
+[Illustration: Clock with Painting of Pahquoique House.]
+
+
+We must not be too contemptuous of this unprincipled Indian spirit. He
+simply belonged to a class of ghosts of whom Andrew Lang says
+complainingly that they have a passion for pointing out places and saying
+treasures or skeletons are buried within; whereas it always proves that
+nothing of the sort is ever found. There are liars among the living as
+well as of the dead, and Mrs. Jencks's Indian never said it was a
+treasure--he only hinted darkly at the buried thing being associated with
+some degradation or insult to the Indian race. The treasure was all in Ben
+Jencks's brain--and the brains of his friends. Mrs. Jencks's silence to
+her husband did not prevent her however from having several treasure-hunts
+alone by herself, after the Indian's renewed visits and pointing finger,
+for he changed nothing in his programme save the spot he indicated. She
+spent an entire day pulling and poking among the attic rafters. She
+rolled out several empty cider barrels from a distant cellar corner, and
+even dug a hole there secretly. Her husband at last discovered her
+mysteriously poking a hole down a disused well, and promptly had the well
+cleaned out; but of course nothing was found save the usual well contents,
+and thus the years rolled on.
+
+One morning Lucy Jencks whimpered that the Indian had pulled her out of
+bed in the night and pointed out to her where to hunt. Lucy was nearly
+eleven years old; a clever, sharp, active little Yankee, who helped to
+shell peas and string beans and scour pewter, and who could knit famously
+and spin pretty well. This brought her naturally in the company of her
+elders, and she proved the influence of the ghost talk she had heard by
+repeating the Indian's words that "the derision of his ancient race, the
+degradation of his ancient customs, must be avenged." Derision and
+degradation are too big words for a little girl to use untutored, or for
+an Indian ghost either; and in truth they were not the precise words he
+had spoken at first. But Parson Pillsbury had been present at the digging
+under the Sapson apple tree, a piously sceptical but secretly interested
+spectator, and he had thus explained the somewhat broken "Injun-talk"
+which Mrs. Jencks reported. It proves the tractability and intelligence of
+this ghost of a heathen that he ever after used the words of the Puritan
+minister.
+
+The ghost pointed out to Lucy Jencks a very inaccessible spot to be
+searched. It was the farther end of a loft over a shed, and had to be
+entered by a short ladder from a leanto. This loft was packed solidly
+with the accumulated debris of three-quarters of a century, portions of
+farm tools, poor old furniture, boxes, barrels, every old stuff and piece
+that was too mean even for the main attic, in which were poor enough
+relics. It had never been searched or sorted out since Ben Jencks came to
+the tavern, and I doubt whether Mrs. Jencks would have listened to a
+ransacking then but for one circumstance, the Jencks family were going to
+leave the Black House Tavern--and they really ought to know exactly what
+was in it ere they sold it with its contents. They had not been driven
+from the family home by this Indian spirit of dreams, but by a more
+powerful spirit--that of emigration. Neighbors and friends in Rutland and
+Worcester were going to Ohio--that strange new territory, and they would
+go too. A single dead Indian, and such a liar, too, seemed of but little
+account when they thought of the infinite bands of very live Indians in
+their chosen home.
+
+
+[Illustration: Wright Tavern, Concord, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+Mrs. Jencks and Lucy climbed the ladder to the loft, opened the single
+shutter, and let in a narrow dancing ray of dusty sunlight on the crowded
+desolation within. Lucy pointed between bars and barrels and bags, with
+slender white finger, at a large and remote box which a slender, strong,
+copper-colored hand had pointed out to her in her dreams. Her mother
+sternly sent her below to do her stent at quilt-piecing, and she tearfully
+and unwillingly descended. It was nearly an hour ere the strong arms of
+Mrs. Jencks had dislodged and repacked the unutterable chaos to the extent
+of reaching the box. Clouds of dust dimmed the air. She untied and
+removed a rotten rope that bound the box, which even in the dim litter
+looked like the upper half of a coffin. Within lay something swathed in
+linen bands and strips of old flannel--newspapers were then too precious
+for wrappings. She struck it, and there came a faint rattle of metal. The
+thought came to her of the description of a mummy which she had read a few
+nights before in the almanac. She paused; then twisted in and among the
+boxes to the head of the ladder. She could hear the sound of Perseverance
+singing a hymn. Perseverance Abbott was the "help," the sister of a farmer
+neighbor, and she was baking "rye and Injun" bread for the teamsters who
+would stop there at nightfall. Mrs. Jencks called down, "Persy, come here
+a minute!" "I'll tell her to come," piped up the shrill voice of Lucy, who
+was hovering at the base of the ladder and evidently meant to be "in at
+the death." Perseverance appeared, floury and serene, at the foot of the
+ladder. "I'll come," she said, in answer to Mrs. Jencks's appeal for
+assistance, "because I know you're scairt, and I ain't a-goin' to see Ben
+Jencks a-huntin for them Indian bones again. I've been dyin', anyway, to
+clear this out ever since I come here, an' this'll be the beginnin'."
+"Persy," said Mrs. Jencks, hesitatingly, "it seems to be something dead."
+"Dead!" answered her hand-maid, "I'll bet it's dead after layin' here
+forty, perhaps a hundred year!" An atmosphere of good sense and
+fearlessness seemed to halo her about; still both women unwrapped the
+heavy thing, the mummy, with care. A bare shining scalp came first to
+view. "It's a wig-block," shouted Perseverance in a moment, "yes, and
+here's curling irons and wire wig-springs."
+
+It was "grandpa's wig-block," so Reuben Jencks said, when he saw it later;
+his grandfather had added to his duties of tavern-keeper, roadmaster,
+selectman, and deacon, that of wig-maker. And in that day, when all men of
+any station wore handsome flowing wigs, and all, even poor men, wore wigs
+of some kind, it was a calling of importance. Moreover, an Indian with a
+tomahawk cut but a sorry figure when he tried to scalp a man who wore a
+wig; it was a deriding insult to the warlike customs of the whole Indian
+race.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of Moses Hill's Inn.]
+
+
+There is a fine old brick tavern still standing in a New England seaboard
+town, and now doing service as a rather disreputable road house. It is a
+building rigidly square, set due north, south, east, and west, with four
+long, narrow doors opening over broad door-stones to the four ends of the
+earth. A long tail of summer and winter kitchens, a wash-room, brew-house,
+smoke-house, wood-rooms, sheds, barns, piggeries, pigeon-houses,
+hen-houses, once stretched a hundred feet or more adown the road, part of
+which is now torn down. Each joint of the tail helped loyally in olden
+times to furnish good cheer to the traveller. The great square rooms of
+the main house are amply furnished; one was a taproom, and in each
+second-story room still are two double beds, save in the corner room next
+the kitchen tail of the house, where stands nailed firmly to the floor of
+the room a somewhat battered oaken table. A little open staircase in the
+corner of this room leads down to the working end of the house, and was
+used in olden days to carry supplies to the upper table from the lower
+kitchen.
+
+It has been many a year since good cheer was spread on that broad oaken
+board, though at one time it was the favorite dining place of a choice
+brotherhood of old salts, called the Mariners' Club, who gathered there
+when on shore to tell tales of wild privateering, and of sharp foreign
+trade, and to plan new and profitable ventures. Many of these Mariners'
+Clubs and Marine Societies existed in seaport towns at that golden time in
+New England's marine commercial history.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board of John Nash's Tavern.]
+
+
+This room was the scene about seventy-five years ago of a somewhat unusual
+expression of feminine revolt--that is, both the expression and the revolt
+were unusual. One of the most constant frequenters of the tavern, the
+heaviest eater and deepest drinker, the greatest money-spender at these
+Mariners' dinners, was one Captain Sam Blood, who ran a large coasting
+brig, which made but short trips to Atlantic seaports. Thus he was ever
+on hand for tavern fun. He had a large and rather helpless family which he
+kept somewhat in retreat on a gloomy farm two miles inland; his mother old
+and feeble, yet ever hard-working; a large number of untidy children, and,
+worst of all, a sickly wife, a tall, gaunt woman who whined, and whined,
+and ever whined from her patch-covered couch, over the frequent desertions
+of her spouse to the tavern-table, and his wilful waste of money, while
+she could never leave the house. One night a specially good dinner was set
+in the Mariners' room, roast and boiled meats, pies and puddings, a grand
+array of full pitchers, decanters, and bottles; the assembled group of old
+salts were about to ascend from the taproom to seat themselves comfortably
+at the round table for solid work, when a terrible crash and scream were
+heard, each seeming louder than the other, and before the startled eyes of
+the landlord and his guests, as they rushed up and into the room, there
+were all the steaming dishes, all the streaming bottles, with table-cloth
+and plates in a disorderly hopeless wreck on the floor. "Who could have
+done it?" "There he goes," shouted one captain, as he ran to the window;
+and, surely enough, a slender man in nautical garb was seen striking out
+from under the sheltering walls of the ell-kitchens and sheds, and running
+desperately across the snowy fields. Full chase was given and the marauder
+finally captured; he was swung roughly around with oaths and blows, when
+sudden silence fell on all. It was Sam Blood's wife in Sam Blood's togs.
+"I'll settle for this dinner," said Sam Blood, blackly.
+
+On his next voyage Mrs. Blood sailed with the captain. With the usual
+ethical inconsistencies which prevail in small communities, Mrs. Sam Blood
+the despoiler attracted more attention and sympathy than Mrs. Sam Blood
+the poor, hard-working, sickly wife; it was the universal talk and
+decision of all the women in town that the captain's wife needed a change
+of scene; and she had to take it in that ironical form decreed to the
+wives of old-time ship-owners, in a voyage of uncertain length and certain
+discomfort on a sailing vessel, with no woman companion and the doubtful
+welcome of the male members of the crew. Off she went to Savannah. At that
+port she was no better, cried all the time (the first mate wrote home),
+and seemed little like the woman of spirit who had wrecked the Mariners'
+dinner. The captain decided to go with a cargo to South America to see how
+the tropics would serve the ailing woman. His old home crew shipped back
+to Boston, not caring for the trip far south, and a crew of creoles and
+negroes was taken on the supplemental trip.
+
+When Captain Blood and his schooner at last came into port at home, he
+landed with sombre countenance, a mourning widower, and soon was properly
+clad in trappings of woe. Mrs. Sam Blood was no more. Her husband stated
+briefly that she had died and was buried at sea off the island of Jamaica.
+A discreet and decent term of mourning passed, and Mrs. Blood, as is the
+way of the living--and of the dead--was quite forgotten. Once more the
+Mariners' Club was to have a dinner, and once more the table in the
+Mariners' room was spread with good cheer and ample drink. Captain Blood,
+in somewhat mitigated bereavement, was among the thronging guests who
+lingered over a final stomach-warmer at the bar. The landlord ran out of
+the room and roared down the main stairs that dinner was ready, and even
+as he spoke, crash! smash! came a din from the Mariners' room, and there
+was all the dinner and all the broken bottles with the table-cloth and the
+upset table on the floor. It was a very unpleasant reminder to Sam Blood
+of a very mortifying event, and his friends sympathized with him in
+silence. This time no miscreant could be found in house or on farm, but
+the landlord suspected a discharged and ugly servant, who might have run
+down the little corner staircase, as Mrs. Blood had before him.
+
+The ruined dinner was replaced by another a week later. The guests were
+gathered, the landlord was bearing a last roast pig aloft, when smash!
+crash! came again from the Mariners' room. Every one in the house rushed
+up in tremendous excitement: the table-cloth was off, table upset, bottles
+smashed. An ominous silence and a sense of the uncanny fell on all in the
+room; some glanced askance at Sam Blood. More than one sharp-eyed old salt
+noted that the great, hairy, tattooed hands of the widower shook
+amazingly, though his face was the calmest of all the bronzed,
+weather-beaten figure-heads staring around.
+
+_There has never been a meal served from that table since_, though many a
+meal has been spread on it. The landlord, a stubborn man of no nonsense
+and no whims, grimly nailed the legs of the table to the floor, and
+proceeded to set the succeeding dinner on the bare boards. It mattered
+not, cloth or no cloth, every dinner small or great was always wrecked.
+Watchers were set, enjoined not to take their eyes from the table, nor
+themselves from the room. Something always happened, an alarm of fire, a
+sudden call for help, an apparent summons from the landlord--this but for
+a single moment, but in that moment smash! crash! went the dinner.
+
+Captain Blood lived to a rather lonely and unpopular old age, for he was
+held responsible for the decay and dissolution of the Mariners' Club; and
+unjustly enough, for Neptune knows it was no wish of his. When occasional
+dinners and suppers were given by nautical men in wholly mundane rooms in
+other taverns, with no spiritual accompaniments,--that is, in the form of
+ghosts,--the captain was left out. Men did not hanker for the
+companionship of a man who left port with a wife and came home with a
+ghost. He has been dead for decades, and is anchored in the old Hill
+graveyard, where he sleeps the quiet sleep of the righteous; and the name
+and virtues of Elvira, his beloved wife, are amply recorded on his
+tombstone. But her ghost still walks, or at any rate still wrecks. I don't
+like ghosts, but I really should like to meet this lively and persistent
+Yankee wraith, clad in the meek and meagre drooping feminine attire which
+was the mode in the early part of this century, or perhaps tentatively
+mannish in peajacket and oilskins as in her day of riot of old. I really
+wish I could see the spry and spiteful spirit of Mrs. Sam Blood, with her
+expression of rampant victory as she twitches the table-cloth off, and
+wrecks the bottles, and says in triumphal finality, "I'll settle for this
+dinner"; thus gaining what is ever dear to a woman, even to the ghost of a
+woman--the last word.
+
+
+[Illustration: Montague City Tavern.]
+
+
+Late on a November night in the early part of this century the landlord
+and half a dozen teamsters sat drinking deep in the taproom of the Buxton
+Inn. These rough travellers had driven into the yard during the afternoon
+with their produce-laden wagons; for a heavy snow was falling, and it was
+impossible wheeling, doubtful even whether they could leave the inn in
+forty-eight hours--perhaps not for a week. Their board would not prove
+very costly, for they carried their own horse-provender, and much of their
+own food. Some paid for a bed, others slept free of charge round the fire;
+but all spent money for drink. It was a fierce storm and a great fall of
+snow for the month of the year--though November is none too mild any year
+in New England. Though this snow was too early by half to be seasonable,
+yet each teamster was roughly merry at the others' expense that he had not
+"come down" on runners.
+
+With dull days of inaction before them there was no need for early hours
+of sleep, so all talked loud and long and drank boisterously, when
+suddenly a series of heavy knocks was heard at the front door of the inn.
+Bang! bang! angrily pounded the iron knocker, and the landlord went slowly
+into the little front entry, fumbled heavily at the bolt, and at last
+threw open the door to a fine young spark who blustered in with a great
+bank of snow which fell in at his feet, and who was covered with rolls and
+drifts of snow, which he shook off debonairly on all around him,
+displaying at last a handsome suit of garments, gold-laced, and very fine
+to those country bumpkins, but which a "cit" would have noted were
+somewhat antiquated of cut and fashion.
+
+He at once indicated and proved his claim to being a gentleman by swearing
+roundly at the landlord, declaring that his horses and servant were housed
+ere he was, that they had driven round and found shelter in the barn
+before he could get into the front door. He could drink like a gentleman,
+too, this fine young fellow, and he entered at once into the drinking and
+singing and story-telling and laughing with as much zest as if he had been
+only a poor common country clown. At last all fell to casting dice. The
+stakes were low, but such as they were luck all went one way. After two
+hours' rounds the gentleman had all the half-dollars and shillings, all
+the pennies even, in his breeches pocket; and he laughed and sneered in
+hateful triumph. Sobered by his losses, which were small but his all, one
+teamster surlily said he was going to sleep, and another added, "'Tis high
+time." And indeed it was, for at that moment old Janet, the tavern
+housemaid, came in to begin her morning round of work, to pinch out the
+candles, take up part of the ashes from the chimney-hearth, fill the
+kitchen pots and kettles, gather in the empty bottles and glasses; and as
+she did so, albeit she was of vast age, she glanced with warm interest at
+the fine figure of fashion slapping his pockets, sneering, and drinking
+off his glass. "Why, master," she said, staring, "you do be the very cut
+of Sir Charles off our sign-board." "Let's see how he looks," swaggered
+the young blade; "where's a window whence we can peep at him?" All trooped
+to a nigh window in the tavern parlor to look at the portrait of Sir
+Charles Buxton on the swing-sign, but to no avail, for there was yet but
+scant light without, and they peered out only on thick snowdrifts on the
+window panes. But when they reentered the kitchen, lo! their gay companion
+was gone. Gone where? Back on the sign-board, of course. All who heard the
+oft and ever repeated wonder-tale would have scoffed at the fuddled
+notions of a drunken group of stupid teamsters, but the dollars and
+shillings and pennies were gone too--the devil knows where; and who was to
+pay the score for the double bowl of punch and the half-dozen mugs of
+flip Sir Charles Buxton had ordered while the dicing was going on, and a
+large share of which he had drunk off with all the zest of flesh and
+blood? Besides, Janet had seen him, and Janet's eye for a young man could
+never be doubted.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Old Abbey, Bloomingdale Road, New York.]
+
+
+I spent one night a few summers ago in a tavern haunted by the ghost of a
+dead past. A sudden halt in our leisurely progress from town to town,
+caused by a small but unsurmountable accident to our road-wagon, found us
+in a little Massachusetts village of few houses. The blacksmith had gone
+to a neighboring village to spend the night. It was twilight, and we
+decided not to attempt to reach our intended place for sojourning, six
+miles distant. We asked of a passer-by which house was the tavern. "There
+isn't any," was the cheerful answer; "if you stay here over night you'll
+have to stay at the poorhouse." Now this was rather an unalluring
+alternative to any self-respecting citizen, but the night was coming on,
+and, after vainly searching for some resident who had ever had summer
+boarders, we determined to investigate the poorhouse. We found it the best
+house in the village. It was the almshouse, but it had been for half a
+century a tavern in reality, when the post-road lay through the town and
+travellers were more frequent than to-day. There was evidence of its
+tavern days in the old taproom, which had been converted into a
+store-room. The house with twenty acres of land had been bequeathed to the
+town by one of the old Bourne family that had lived in it so long. This
+last Bourne owner was a childless widower, a St. Louis man, who had been
+away from the home of his youth since early childhood and had little love
+of it from old associations.
+
+
+[Illustration: Tavern Pitcher. Apotheosis of Washington.]
+
+
+The poormaster and his wife we found to be tidy, respectable folk, even
+folk of a certain dignity, who owned the adjoining farm. Their own house
+had burned down. So for ten years they had run the poorhouse. It had not
+proved a very difficult task. Often there were no occupants; one year
+there were two Portuguese cranberry pickers, stricken with rheumatism from
+exposure in the cranberry bogs. Now both are married to American wives
+and own prosperous cranberry bogs of their own. The poorhouse had its
+usual quota on the night of our sojourn; we found two paupers living
+there.
+
+
+[Illustration: After the Shower.]
+
+
+There was not time to prepare an extra meal of extra quality for the
+travellers who came so suddenly for a night's shelter, but the good tea,
+plentiful milk, fine bread and butter, honey, hot griddle-cakes, and fried
+bacon bore testimony of ample fare and good housewifery. The two paupers
+sat at the table and ate with us--a silver-haired old man of exquisite
+cleanliness, and a grotesque little humpback. We noted that the old man
+was ever addressed by all who spoke to him as Mr. Bourne, and during his
+short absence from the room after supper the poor-mistress told us that
+the almshouse had been the home and this the farm of his grandfather. The
+supper was served in the great kitchen, and here we sat till a curfew bell
+rang from the little church belfry at nine o'clock.
+
+Considerable jealousy was shown by both paupers in their eager desire to
+talk with us, and we learned that the dwarf was regarded as a genius; he
+composed wonderful epitaphs, and had written poetry for the county
+newspaper. He could set type, and could thus earn his living, but was
+temporarily more feeble than usual, on account of a weight falling on his
+back; after a few months he would go to work again. He represented the
+brilliant and intellectual element of communal life, but was hopelessly
+plebeian; while Mr. Bourne stood for blood and breeding. This the dwarf
+Peter scorned, being a Socialist in his creed. A curious and touching
+atmosphere of simplicity and confidence filled the old kitchen. The farmer
+and his wife were deeply solicitous for the comfort and health of their
+two charges; and as I sat there, tired by my long drive, a little lonely
+from the strangeness of the surroundings, there was nevertheless a
+profound sense that this poorhouse was truly a home.
+
+
+[Illustration: Sign-board Grosvenor Inn.]
+
+
+It was in the middle of this night that the experience came to me of the
+greatest sense of passive comfort that I have known--and think of the
+absurdity, in a poorhouse! We heard at midnight a light patter of quick
+rain, and soon soft footsteps entered and our window shutters were
+carefully closed. "It's me," said our landlady, ungrammatically and
+pleasantly. "I didn't mean to wake you, but I always go to Mr. Bourne's
+room when it rains to close his window for fear he'll take cold, so I
+looked at yours," and the old-time figure in petticoat, shawl, and ruffled
+nightcap withdrew as quietly as it had entered. Then came the hour of
+half-sleep, a true "dozy hour," as Thackeray said. In this poorhouse, with
+no book, no ready light, I fain must lie in silence, hence an hour such as
+has been told in perfection in a simple yet finished piece of descriptive
+English; let me give the classic prose of Sam Pepys--the words are
+his--but the happy hour was mine as well as his:--
+
+    "Rode easily to Welling, where we supped well, and had two beds in the
+    room, and so lay single, and still remember it that of all the nights
+    that I ever slept in my life I never did pass a night with more
+    epicurism of sleep; there being now and then a noise of people
+    stirring that wakened me, and then it was a very rainy night, and then
+    I was a little weary, that what between waking, and then sleeping
+    again one after another, I never had so much content in all my life."
+
+When we awoke the following morning Mr. Bourne was awaiting our coming
+with some eagerness. The dwarf was absent, and the old man apologized for
+one or two of Peter's remarks the night before which had seemed to him
+uncivil. These were, however, only some of Peter's mild bitternesses about
+division of property, the injustice of modern laws, the inequalities of
+taxation, etc., which had seemed harmless enough in the mouth of a pauper.
+
+While waiting the leisurely repairs of our vehicle at the hands of the
+captured blacksmith, I yielded to Mr. Bourne's eager invitation to come
+with him to see a piece of land he owned. "It's been in the family near
+two hundred years," he said proudly. "Peter says I ought to be ashamed to
+tell of my folks' grasping all them years God's gift of the soil that
+ought to be just as free as the ocean and the sky; but I'm glad I've got
+it. Peter's folks came from Middleboro way, and never did own no land nor
+nothin', and I've noticed it's them sort that's always maddest at folks as
+does have family things." After a few minutes of silence he added: "Peter
+can't help it. It's born in him to feel that way, just as it's born into
+me to feel proud of my property." We walked along the sandy road under the
+beautiful autumnal sky. A dense group of stunted cedars and one towering
+fir tree rose sombrely in a little enclosed corner below the church. "This
+is my property," said the old man, cheerfully, "and they're all Bournes
+and Swifts in it. There lies my great-grandfather, the old parson, under
+that flat stone come from England. Here is my mother. That slate headstone
+over there is for my brother lost at sea on one of his voyages. I am going
+to be put exactly here. Them four stones I put to mark it. And Peter
+hasn't any graveyard--don't even know where his father is buried--so he's
+going to lie over here in this corner. He's the only one as ain't a Swift
+or a Bourne, and it's a great honor to him. He's had to pay me for it,
+though; he's written me an epitaph, and it's a good one; it'll be the best
+one in the whole graveyard."
+
+
+[Illustration: The Parting of the Ways.]
+
+
+
+
+Index
+
+
+  Abbott's Tavern, 111-112.
+
+  Accidents on coaches, 365 _et seq._
+
+  "Accommodation," service in travel, 273, 298.
+
+  _Adam and Eveses Garden_, 157.
+
+  Adams, John, quoted, on landlord, 69;
+    on drinking habits, 103, 112;
+    on Revolutionary sentiments, 170-173, 175;
+    on Revolutionary song, 173.
+
+  Addison, quoted, 140-141.
+
+  Ah-coobee, 101.
+
+  Albany, N. Y., tavern at, 85-86;
+    foot post to, 275;
+    stage line at, 365-366;
+    highway robbery in, 394 _et seq._
+
+  Ale, use of, 123.
+
+  Alexander, John, highway robbery by, 384 _et seq._
+
+  Alexandria, Va., turnpike at, 232.
+
+  Alleghany Mountains, pack-horses on, 242.
+
+  Almshouse, ghost story of, 430 _et seq._
+
+  American House, Springfield, fare at, 88.
+
+  Ames, Nathaniel, tavern of, 164 _et seq._;
+    almanacks of, 164;
+    sign-board of, 165.
+
+  Amherst, Mass., sign-boards at, 123, 421.
+
+  Anchor Inn, 5.
+
+  Andover, Mass., tavern license in, 64-66.
+
+  Andros, Sir Edmund, wine list of, 136;
+    coach of, 256.
+
+  Angel Tavern, 157.
+
+  Animals, at taverns, 197-198.
+
+  Animals' heads, sign-boards of, 138.
+
+  Annals of the Revolution, 377.
+
+  Annual parade, 336.
+
+  Apples, in New England, 125;
+    in Virginia, 129;
+    in New York, 130;
+    names of, 130.
+
+  Arcade Tavern, 294.
+
+  Arlington, Mass., taverns at, 180.
+
+  Armitage, Joseph, ordinary-keeper, 5.
+
+  Arnold, David, tavern of, 215.
+
+  Arnold, Peleg, tavern of, 352;
+    roads of, 352;
+    milestone of, 352-353.
+
+  Artists, as sign-board painters, 142 _et seq._
+
+  Ashburnham Thief Detecting Society, handbill of, 393.
+
+  Ashton, John, cited, 193.
+
+  Auctions. _See_ Vendues.
+
+  Ayers, John, 170 _et seq._
+
+
+  Bacchanalians, 141.
+
+  Backgammon, at coffee-houses, 49.
+
+  Badger and Porter's Stage Lists, 273, 372.
+
+  Bag-o'-Nails, 141.
+
+  Balancing on stage-coach, 367-368.
+
+  Balch, John, post-rider, 309.
+
+  Balloons, at taverns, 198;
+    on railroads, 285.
+
+  Baltimore, Md., taverns in, 32;
+    wine prices at, 88-89;
+    turnpikes in, 232;
+    Conestoga wagons at, 247;
+    highway robbery in, 384 _et seq._
+
+  Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 284.
+
+  Bannocks, Tuggie, 95-96.
+
+  Bar, in taverns, 43.
+
+  Barbadoes, rum in, 100.
+
+  Barbadoes brandy, 101.
+
+  Barbadoes liquor, 101.
+
+  Barberries, superstitions about, 340-341.
+
+  Barge, use of word, 266-267.
+
+  Barnum, P. T., quoted, 130.
+
+  Barnum's Hotel, Baltimore, prices at, 88-89.
+
+  Barre, sign-board at, 168.
+
+  Barre, Colonel, 173.
+
+  Barre and Worcester Stage Line, 305.
+
+  Barrington, R I., prices at, 79-80.
+
+  Bartlett, Eliphalet, tavern of, 47.
+
+  Bay Path, 224-225.
+
+  Beakers, glass, 44.
+
+  Beal, Thomas, coach line of, 271-272.
+
+  Bear, as a mark, 208.
+
+  Beaumont, quoted, 207.
+
+  Beehive Tavern, 154.
+
+  Beer, brewing regulated by law, 4;
+    price established, 4;
+    in New York, 121;
+    in Virginia, 121-122.
+
+  Bell Savage, 141.
+
+  Bell teams, 247.
+
+  Bell, Tom, story of, 380-381.
+
+  Bellarmine jug, 44.
+
+  Bellows-top, 109.
+
+  Bells, on pack-horses, 243;
+    on Conestoga wagons, 247-248.
+
+  Bennett, quoted, 103, 128, 256-257.
+
+  Berkeley, Governor, quoted, 122.
+
+  Bethlehem, Penn., tavern at, 57 _et seq._
+
+  Beverige, 131-132.
+
+  Beverly, Mass., ordinary at, 2.
+
+  Bible and Key, 157.
+
+  Bible and Peacock, 157.
+
+  Biblical names, of towns, 58;
+    of taverns, 157.
+
+  Bickerdyke, quoted, 132.
+
+  Bilboes, 8, 215.
+
+  Billiards, forbidden, 5.
+
+  Bills of fare, 87-88.
+
+  Bingham house a tavern, 53.
+
+  Birch, beer of, 123;
+    vistas of, 346.
+
+  Bispham's Tavern, Trenton, 83-84.
+
+  Bissell's Tavern, 150-151.
+
+  "Bite," 327.
+
+  Black Ben, anecdote of, 332.
+
+  Black, William, quoted, 116.
+
+  Black Horse Tavern, Winchester, 180.
+
+  "Blacks," 373.
+
+  Black Horse Tavern, 39;
+    shows at, 197.
+
+  Black jacks, 14.
+
+  Black Sam. _See_ Samuel Fraunces.
+
+  Black strap, 104.
+
+  Bladensburgh, Md., tavern at, 32.
+
+  Bliss, Joseph, 311.
+
+  Bliss Tavern, Haverhill, N. H., 311, 314.
+
+  Blood, Sam, ghost story of, 420 _et seq._
+
+  Blue Anchor Tavern, Boston, names of chambers, 18;
+    landlord of, 62.
+
+  Blue Anchor Tavern, Cambridge, bills at, 81.
+
+  Bogus, 104.
+
+  Bonaparte, Jerome, 186.
+
+  Bonnets, bought by stage-drivers, 328;
+    highway robbery of, 408.
+
+  Book auctions, 197.
+
+  Boreel Building, 35.
+
+  Boston, ordinaries in, 6, 9, 10-11, 13, 17-19;
+    night watch in, 6;
+    smoking fined in, 13;
+    ale-houses in, 20;
+    liquor sellers in, 25;
+    disorder in, 26-27;
+    taverns in, 154;
+    oldest inn in, 180;
+    pillory in, 218;
+    bridges in, 228 _et seq._;
+    coaches in, 256 _et seq._;
+    stage-coach lines from, 271 _et seq._, 371 _et seq._
+
+  Boston, Sarah, 96-99.
+
+  Boston and Hartford Stage Line, 291 _et seq._
+
+  Boston and Lowell R. R., 287.
+
+  Boston and Providence R. R., 287.
+
+  Boston and Worcester R. R., first cars on, 287.
+
+  Boston _Courier_, objects to railroads, 289.
+
+  Boston Tea Party, 181.
+
+  Boston _Traveller_, 273.
+
+  Bound children, 221.
+
+  Bowen Inn, prices at, 79-80.
+
+  Bowls, forbidden, 5.
+
+  Box, fragrance of, 347.
+
+  Brackett, Landlord, 84-85.
+
+  Braddock, General, horses and wagons for, 242 _et seq._
+
+  Braddock's trail, 243.
+
+  Bradford, printer, of Philadelphia, 49-50.
+
+  Bradish, Sister, encouraged in brewing, 122.
+
+  Bradstreet, Simon, bills of, 5;
+    rides in coach, 256.
+
+  Brakes, early, 288.
+
+  Brandy-wine, 101.
+
+  Bray, Major, robbery of, 405 _et seq._
+
+  Brazil, story of, 298 _et seq._
+
+  Breck, Samuel, cited, 218.
+
+  Bridges, sign-boards on, 149;
+    of fallen trees, 223, 356;
+    building of, 228;
+    of stone, 356;
+    of wood, 357-358;
+    insecurity of, 366 _et seq._
+
+  Bridle-paths, 223.
+
+  Brissot, quoted, 67.
+
+  _British Apollo_, 139.
+
+  Brookfield, Mass., tavern at, 140;
+    war at, 170 _et seq._
+
+  Brookline, Mass., turkey-shoot in, 208;
+    tavern, anecdote of, 383-384.
+
+  Brown, John, chariot of, 258-259.
+
+  Browner, Deb., 94-95.
+
+  Bryant, Harrison, anecdote of, 324-325.
+
+  Buck Horn Tavern, 169.
+
+  Buckman Tavern, 23, 179-180, 384.
+
+  Bucks County Historical Society, Pennsylvania, 239, 252.
+
+  Buffalo Bill, coach of, 265.
+
+  Buggy, 258.
+
+  Bull and Mouth, 141-142.
+
+  Bull-baiting, 209.
+
+  Bully Dawson, punch recipe of, 119-120.
+
+  Bunch of Grapes, lecture at, 198, 204-205.
+
+  Bunting, 92.
+
+  Burke, Edmund, quoted, 103.
+
+  Burlington, Mass., tavern at, 182-183.
+
+  Burnaby, quoted, 90.
+
+  Burning at stake, 218-219.
+
+  Burns, George, 36.
+
+  Bush, as tavern-sign, 169.
+
+  Butchers, as letter-carriers, 274.
+
+  Butler, coach-driver, 268.
+
+  Buxton Inn, ghost story of, 426 _et seq._
+
+  Bynner, Edwin Lasseter, quoted, 196-197.
+
+
+  Cable cars, 285.
+
+  Calash, described, 257.
+
+  Calibogus, 104.
+
+  Calves' head soup, 89.
+
+  Cambridge, Mass., seating meeting at, 16-17;
+    first landlord at, 63;
+    first liquor license at, 63;
+    selectmen's bills at, 81;
+    negro burned in, 218-219.
+
+  Canajoharie, N. Y., stages at, 236;
+    spelling of name, 237.
+
+  Canary, use of, 32.
+
+  Canton, Mass., flip in, 109.
+
+  Captain Lightfoot, 402.
+
+  Captain Thunderbolt, 402-403, 407.
+
+  "Carding," forbidden, 5.
+
+  Carriages, for pleasure, 227;
+    in Philadelphia, 256.
+
+  Cars on railroads, 285 _et seq._
+
+  Carts, near Boston, 257;
+    in New England, 313.
+
+  Cart-bridges, 228.
+
+  Cartways, 222.
+
+  Castle Inn, scene at, 28-29.
+
+  Cat and Wheel, 141.
+
+  Catfish suppers, 90-91.
+
+  Catherine Wheel, 141.
+
+  Cato's House, 40-41.
+
+  Cattle tracks, 223.
+
+  Cavalry corps, in Massachusetts, 226.
+
+  Central Hotel, Worcester, 303.
+
+  Centrebrook, Conn., tavern at, 152-153.
+
+  Chain bridge, Newburyport, 230.
+
+  Chair, described, 258.
+
+  Chaise, described, 257-258;
+    French, 258.
+
+  Chalking his hat, 233.
+
+  Chapin, C. W., 338.
+
+  Chariots, 253, 258-259.
+
+  Charles River, bridge over, 228 _et seq._
+
+  Charlestown, Mass., great house at, 15.
+
+  Charlestown, N. H., tavern at, 154;
+    coachman at, 323.
+
+  Cheney, B. P., 338.
+
+  Chester, Vt., marriages at, 345.
+
+  "Chopping," 327.
+
+  Church, Dr., a traitor, 181.
+
+  Cider, use of, 103 _et seq._;
+    price of, 125, 128, 129;
+    manufacture of, 128.
+
+  Ciderkin, 130.
+
+  Cider-royal, 130.
+
+  City Hotel, Hartford, bill of fare, 89.
+
+  City Hotel, New York, 37 _et seq._
+
+  City Tavern, New York, 33 _et seq._
+
+  Claret, use of, 136.
+
+  Clark's Inn, Philadelphia, 55 _et seq._
+
+  Clawson, John, murder of, 341-342.
+
+  Clifford's Tavern, thief sold at, 219-220.
+
+  Clubs, in taverns, 35.
+
+  Cluffe, Richard, anecdote of, 4-5.
+
+  Coachee, described, 257.
+
+  Coaches, in England, 253-256;
+    objections to, 254;
+    books about, 255-256;
+    in America, 256 _et seq._;
+    in Scotland, 283.
+
+  Coachmen, in England, 323, 328, 336-337.
+
+  Coast Path, 224.
+
+  Cochran, Mordecai, 233.
+
+  Coffee, introduction of, 48;
+    abuse of, 48.
+
+  Coffee-houses, in London, 47-48;
+    in New York, 48-49;
+    in Philadelphia, 49-50;
+    in Boston, 50-51.
+
+  Coffyn, Tristram, keeps ordinary, 2.
+
+  Cohos Turnpike, 309.
+
+  Cohos Valley, 308.
+
+  Cole, Samuel, keeps ordinary, 180.
+
+  Coles, Robert, two sentences of, 8.
+
+  Collier, William, wine seller, 63.
+
+  Collin's Tavern, 92.
+
+  Comfortier, 46.
+
+  Commutation, in travel, 298.
+
+  Concerts, at taverns, 203.
+
+  Concord, Mass., lack of ordinary in, 2;
+    tavern at, 179.
+
+  Concord, N. H., coach-making in, 264-265;
+    stagemen's ball at, 336.
+
+  Conestoga wagons, first appearance in history, 242-243;
+    payment for use of, 242;
+    a pride, 245;
+    shape of, 246;
+    equipment of, 247-248;
+    number of, 249;
+    in Revolution, 250;
+    in War of 1812, 250;
+    in New England, 312 _et seq._
+
+  Conkey Tavern, 186-188.
+
+  Connecticut, laws in, 2;
+    apples in, 125.
+
+  Convicts sent to America, 374.
+
+  Cook, Tom, 381 _et seq._
+
+  Coolidge, turnkey, 406.
+
+  Cooper, James Fenimore, quoted, 68-69.
+
+  Cooper Tavern, 180.
+
+  Corduroy roads, 227-228.
+
+  Courts held in taverns, 213-214.
+
+  Cowper, quoted, 266.
+
+  Cox, Lemuel, bridges of, 229 _et seq._
+
+  Craft's Tavern, 205.
+
+  Creels, transportation by, 283.
+
+  Criminals, public punishment of, 214 _et seq._;
+    sale of, 219-220.
+
+  Cromwell's Head Tavern, 84-85.
+
+  Crosby, J., advertisement of, 117-118.
+
+  Curricle, described, 257-258.
+
+  Cutpurse, Moll, 374.
+
+  Cutter, Joseph, tavern of, 153.
+
+
+  Danbury, Conn., railroad incident at, 287.
+
+  Dancing, forbidden, 4, 6;
+    at New York ball, 39.
+
+  Danforth, Nicholas, sells wine, 63.
+
+  Danforth, Samuel, anecdote of, 10.
+
+  Dankers, quoted, 130.
+
+  Darrach, Mrs. Lydia, action of, 378.
+
+  Daughters of Liberty, 173.
+
+  Davenport, George, tavern bill of, 177-178.
+
+  Deer seen from coach, 345.
+
+  De Lanceys, house of, 35-36, 183-184.
+
+  De Lancey Arms, bull-baiting at, 209.
+
+  Dennie, Joseph, 206-207.
+
+  De Quincey, quoted, 360.
+
+  Dicing forbidden, 5.
+
+  Dickens, Charles, quoted, 255.
+
+  Distances, elastic, 354.
+
+  Doanes, story of, 377 _et seq._
+
+  Dogs, turnspits, 55-57.
+
+  Doherty, John, 402.
+
+  Doolittle Tavern, 153.
+
+  Door-latch, iron, 42.
+
+  Dorchester, Mass., tavern at, 175.
+
+  Drafts, in America, 374-375.
+
+  "Draw," 327.
+
+  Dress of stage-drivers, 325-326.
+
+  Drift of the forest, 210.
+
+  Drivers, rivalry of, 269;
+    of wagons in New England, 313.
+
+  Driving, rules for, 333-334.
+
+  Drunkenness, laws about, 7 _et seq._, 34-35;
+    of coachmen, 295, 328.
+
+  Dunbarton, N. H., 219-220.
+
+  Dunton, John, quoted on landlord, 5, 62;
+    on punch bowl, 116.
+
+  Dutch, drink of, 103.
+
+  Duxbury, Mass., ordinary at, 3, 64.
+
+  Dwight, Dr., quoted on landlords, 66.
+
+
+  Eagle Coffee-house, Concord, N. H., 336.
+
+  Eagle Tavern, East Poultney, Vt., 46.
+
+  Eagle Tavern, Newton, N. H., 46-47.
+
+  Ear-bells, 247.
+
+  Earl of Halifax Tavern, 175-177, 278.
+
+  Early start of stage-coaches, 294, 369 _et seq._
+
+  East Poultney, Vt., taverns at, 46.
+
+  East Windsor, Conn., tavern at, 150-153.
+
+  Eastern Stage Company, 273 _et seq._;
+    drivers of, 332, 338.
+
+  Eastern Stage House, 199.
+
+  Ebulum, 132.
+
+  Egan, Pierce, books of, 321-322.
+
+  Egg-hot, 111
+
+  Egg-nogg, Cato's, 41.
+
+  Egg-nogg stick, 114.
+
+  Eicholtz, sign-board by, 153.
+
+  Electrical machines, at taverns, 198.
+
+  Ellery Tavern, Gloucester, accounts at, 80-81.
+
+  Elopements, 344-345.
+
+  Emerson, Joseph, ownership of a "shay," 259-260.
+
+  Emerson, R. W., anecdote told by, 358-359.
+
+  Endicott, Governor, bills of, 5;
+    apples planted by, 125.
+
+  Enlisting, 188 _et seq._
+
+  Epping, N. H., anecdote of coaching at, 368-369.
+
+  Ernst, C. W., quoted, 227, 267, 280.
+
+  Essex Bridge, 229.
+
+  Essex Turnpike, 231.
+
+  Everett, David, 207.
+
+  Exchange Coffee-house, Boston, 50 _et seq._, 199.
+
+  Exchange Hotel, Worcester, 300.
+
+  Exchange Tavern, Boston, 45.
+
+  Execution Day, 217, 312.
+
+  Experiment railroad, 284.
+
+
+  Falstaff Inn, 155.
+
+  Farming, 327.
+
+  Farrar, Major John, keeps tavern, 293.
+
+  Father of the Turnpike, 297.
+
+  Fayal wine, use of, 32.
+
+  Fayetteville, N. C., bridge at, 366-367.
+
+  Federal Convention Inn, 145 _et seq._
+
+  Ferries, ordinaries at, 2;
+    establishment of, 228;
+    frozen in, 279.
+
+  Fessenden, T. G., 207.
+
+  Fiennes, Celia, quoted, 244-245.
+
+  Finlay, Hugh, quoted, 277-278.
+
+  Fireplaces, 41-42.
+
+  Fisher, Joshua, 164.
+
+  Fitchburg, Mass., tavern at, 16.
+
+  Fitzhugh, Colonel, apple trees of, 129.
+
+  Flagg, Parson, marriages of, 345.
+
+  Flip, description of, 108;
+    early note of, 108;
+    in Canton, Mass., 109;
+    in England, 110;
+    recipe for, 111;
+    price of, 112;
+    taste of, 113.
+
+  Flip dog, 112.
+
+  Flip glasses, 109-110.
+
+  Flip iron, 112.
+
+  Floating bridges, 228, 367.
+
+  Flowers, of gardens, 347;
+    of fields, 347;
+    of orchards, 348.
+
+  Flying machines, 261.
+
+  Flying Mail Stages, 261.
+
+  Flying wagons, 261.
+
+  Foot-bridges, 228.
+
+  Foot-paths, 223, 225.
+
+  Foot-port, 275.
+
+  Fountain Inn, Baltimore, Md., 32.
+
+  Fountain Inn, Medford, Mass., 53 _et seq._
+
+  Four Alls, 160-161.
+
+  Fox and Hounds, 168.
+
+  Fox-chase, 209, 210.
+
+  Franklin, Benjamin, home of, a tavern, 53;
+    quoted, 69-70;
+    on sign-board, 152;
+    at tavern, 195;
+    secures wagons for Braddock's Army, 242-243;
+    milestones of, 353;
+    cyclometer of, 353.
+
+  Franklin Inn, 159.
+
+  Fraunces, Samuel, 183-184.
+
+  Fraunces Tavern, 183-184.
+
+  Freemasons, at tavern, 180, 203 _et seq._
+
+  Freight cars, 287.
+
+  Frey, S. L., cited, 211.
+
+  Furs, 243.
+
+
+  Games, prohibited, 5.
+
+  Gardens, 347.
+
+  Garrigues Ferry, 91.
+
+  Gates on turnpikes, 237.
+
+  General Ticket Office, of Pease, 298.
+
+  Genessee Valley, 234.
+
+  Gentlemen sailors, 189 _et seq._
+
+  Germantown, Penn., 155.
+
+  Ghosts, in England, 409;
+    in taverns, 410;
+    of Indians, 410.
+
+  Gig, 226.
+
+  Gimlet team, 314.
+
+  Gin, use of, 103.
+
+  Gloucester, Mass., tavern bills at, 80-81.
+
+  Goat and Compass, 141.
+
+  _Going Down with Victory_, 360.
+
+  Golden Hill Inn, 184-185.
+
+  Golden Lion, 163.
+
+  Good Intent Coach Line, 268.
+
+  Good Woman, 162-163.
+
+  Grafton, Mass., Indians at, 96.
+
+  Grease-pot. _See_ Tar-lodel.
+
+  Green Bush, 169.
+
+  Green Dragon Inn, 180-181.
+
+  Greenfield, Mass., tavern at, 153.
+
+  Gregory's Tavern, Albany, 85-86.
+
+  Greyhound Tavern, 10, 24.
+
+  Grog, 104.
+
+  "Grub," 249.
+
+  Guide-boards, 354.
+
+  "Gumption," 130.
+
+
+  Hall, Basil, quoted, 67, 79, 208-209, 290, 370.
+
+  Hall, Francis, quoted on landlords, 66.
+
+  Hammond, John, quoted, 131-132.
+
+  Hancock, John, on sign-board, 152;
+    at Liberty Tavern, 175.
+
+  Hancock Tavern, 152.
+
+  Handkerchief with postal lists, 281 _et seq._
+
+  Hanging in chains, 342.
+
+  Hardy, Governor, dinner to, 36.
+
+  Hare Brothers, highway robbery by, 386 _et seq._
+
+  Harnesses of Conestoga wagons, 247.
+
+  Harrington Tavern, Shrewsbury, Mass., 299.
+
+  Hartford, Conn., tavern at, 43-44;
+    ordination bill at, 82.
+
+  Harvard College, cider at, 125;
+    Commencement at, 128;
+    love-making in, 216-217;
+    pillory in, 218.
+
+  Harvey, Governor, complaint of, 32.
+
+  Hat Tavern and Sign-board, 147.
+
+  Hatch, Israel, coach lines of, 271-272.
+
+  Haverhill, N. H., tavern and stage life in, 309-319.
+
+  Hawthorne, quoted, 218.
+
+  Hayden Tavern, sign-board of, 28, 150.
+
+  Hays' Tavern, Brattleboro, 65.
+
+  Hen and Chickens, 151-152.
+
+  Henry, Edward Lamson, collections of, 32-33.
+
+  Herndon, John, curse of, 341.
+
+  Hicks, sign-board by, 239.
+
+  Highwaymen, in England, 373, 375;
+    in America, 374 _et seq._
+
+  Highwaywomen, 408.
+
+  Hingham, Mass., Thief Detecting Society of, 393.
+
+  Histrionic academies, 200.
+
+  Hogarth, sign-board by, 160.
+
+  Holden, Mass., flip at, 111-112.
+
+  Holland, J. G., quoted, 225.
+
+  Holyhead Road, 230-231.
+
+  Horns as tavern-signs, 169.
+
+  Horse-bridges, 228.
+
+  Horse-cars, 285.
+
+  Horse-paths, 237.
+
+  Horse thief, 211 _et seq._
+
+  Horses as tavern-signs, 152;
+    rearing of, 226;
+    plenty of, 227;
+    of Conestoga breed, 247;
+    in Boston, 257;
+    on New England wagons, 315;
+    on stage-coaches, 332-333;
+    false tails on, 333.
+
+  Hotels, evolution of, 51-52.
+
+  Hottle, 112.
+
+  Hound-handle pitcher, 26.
+
+  Hundredth Town, 96.
+
+  Hutchinson, Governor, milestones set by, 350.
+
+
+  Ibbetson, sign-board by, 142.
+
+  Indian Queen Tavern, Bladensburg, 32.
+
+  Indian Queen Tavern, Philadelphia, 52-53.
+
+  Indians, sale of rum prohibited to, 7, 103;
+    leniency to, 92 _et seq._;
+    on sign-boards, 154;
+    attack on Brookfield, 170 _et seq._;
+    wars of, 170 _et seq._;
+    paths of, 223 _et seq._;
+    as mail-carriers, 274-275;
+    ghosts of, 410.
+
+  Inn, use of word, 30.
+
+  Insurance office in tavern, 198.
+
+  Inveigling of girls' affections, 216-217.
+
+  Ipswich, Mass., landlord at, 69;
+    shipping at, 217.
+
+  Ipswich River, bridge on, 358.
+
+  Irish workers on roads, 233-234.
+
+
+  Jackasses, sale of, 197.
+
+  Jacks. _See_ Black-jacks.
+
+  Jansen, quoted, 263.
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, quoted, 232.
+
+  Jencks, Reuben, tavern of, 410 _et seq._
+
+  Jencks Tavern, ghost story of, 410-419.
+
+  Johnstown, N. Y., tavern at, 85.
+
+  Jokes, of landlords, 70 _et seq._;
+    at taverns, 92.
+
+  Jordan, John V., account of The Rose Tavern, 57.
+
+  Josselyn, John, quoted, 69, 129.
+
+  Joyce, Herbert, quoted, 281.
+
+  June Bug, coach line, 268.
+
+
+  Kalm, quoted, 130.
+
+  Kennebunk Road by the Sea, 224.
+
+  Kentucky, metheglin in, 124.
+
+  "Kids," 374.
+
+  Kieft, Director, quoted, 33.
+
+  Kill devil, 100, 101.
+
+  King's Arms, Boston, inventory of, 17 _et seq._
+
+  King's Arms, Newport, play at, 200 _et seq._
+
+  King's College, services at, 36.
+
+  King's Head Tavern, Brooklyn, 209-210.
+
+  Kittery, Me., makes road, 224.
+
+  Knights, Sarah, quoted, 76 _et seq._;
+    journey of, 76.
+
+  Knot bowl, Indian, 44.
+
+
+  Lackawanna, pauper sold at, 221.
+
+  Lafayette, on sign-boards, 152;
+    at taverns, 186, 195, 301.
+
+  Lamb, Charles, quoted, 119.
+
+  Lamb Tavern, 199.
+
+  Lambert, John, quoted, 333.
+
+  Lancaster, Mass., cider at, 128.
+
+  Lancaster, Penn., taverns in, 143 _et seq._, 213-214;
+    sign-boards in, 143;
+    Conestoga wagons in, 243, 252;
+    pack-horses at, 245;
+    steam cars at, 287;
+    stage-coach at, 370-371.
+
+  Lang, Andrew, quoted, 414.
+
+  Langdon, J. F., 334.
+
+  La Rochefoucauld, cited, 227.
+
+  La Tour, indignity to his companion, 11.
+
+  Lay Preacher, 206-207.
+
+  Lebanon Tavern, 157.
+
+  Lecture Day, 218.
+
+  Lemons, sign of, 139.
+
+  Lemons, 117.
+
+  "Leveller," 382.
+
+  Lexington, Mass., taverns at, 179-180;
+    highway robbery at, 384.
+
+  Ley, Lord, at Boston ordinary, 6.
+
+  Liberty poles, 173.
+
+  Liberty trees, 173 _et seq._
+
+  License, of taverns, 64 _et seq._
+
+  _Life in London_, 321-322.
+
+  Lighthouse, Sandy Hook, 36-37.
+
+  Lime Rock, R. I., tavern at, 44.
+
+  "Limited" service, of travel, 298.
+
+  Linnaeus, classification of, 347.
+
+  Literary Club of Walpole, 205-207.
+
+  Little Falls, N. Y., fare at, 85.
+
+  Lloyd, Governor, house a tavern, 53.
+
+  Locomotives, early, 284, 286.
+
+  Loggerhead, 108-109.
+
+  Loggets, forbidden, 5.
+
+  London Coffee-house, Philadelphia, 49.
+
+  Londonderry, Ireland, bridge at, 229.
+
+  _London Labour and London Poor_, 320.
+
+  Longfellow, quoted, 371.
+
+  Lottery, for Sandy Hook Lighthouse, 36;
+    at taverns, 203.
+
+  Louis Philippe, at tavern, 181.
+
+  Lowell, quoted, 113.
+
+  _Loyal Garland_, 133.
+
+  _Loyalists_, 377.
+
+  Lucas, John, chariot of, 258.
+
+  Ludlow, Lt., robbery of, 384 _et seq._
+
+
+  Macadamized roads, 231 _et seq._
+
+  Macraby, Alexander, quoted, 49.
+
+  Madeira, use of, 32, 103;
+    prices of, 88, 89.
+
+  Madigolum, 58.
+
+  Madison's War, 191.
+
+  Mail, transportation of, 269;
+    by butchers, 274;
+    by Indians, 275;
+    by post, 275;
+    irregularity of, 275;
+    conditions of service, 277-278;
+    in England, 281;
+    in Scotland, 283 _et seq._;
+    in United States, 297, 305.
+
+  Mail-coaches, on Holyhead Road, 230-231;
+    at Whitestown, N. Y., 236;
+    at Canajoharie, 237;
+    in England, 255, 280;
+    in America, 269, 280 _et seq._;
+    glories of, 360.
+
+  Mail Stage Carriages, 261.
+
+  Maize, beer from, 121, 122.
+
+  Malaga, use of, 30.
+
+  Malden Bridge, 229.
+
+  Man Full of Trouble, 159 _et seq._
+
+  Man Loaded with Mischief, 159 _et seq._
+
+  Man Making his Way through the World, 161-162.
+
+  Manners at taverns, 78.
+
+  Mansion House, Philadelphia, 86-87.
+
+  March, Hugh, keeps an ordinary, 2-3.
+
+  Marden, H. P., 335.
+
+  Mariners' Club, 420.
+
+  Market, winter ride to, 316-320.
+
+  Markham, Gervayse, 133.
+
+  Marlborough, Mass., 224.
+
+  "Marmalet-madams," 6.
+
+  Martin, Mike, career of, 401 _et seq._
+
+  Maryland, road house in, 33;
+    pillory in, 218;
+    turnpikes in, 232, 234;
+    railroads in, 284-285.
+
+  Massachusetts Grand Lodge, 204.
+
+  Mather, Cotton, quoted, 20.
+
+  Mather, Increase, quoted, 102.
+
+  Mather, Samuel, quoted, 117.
+
+  May, Silas, opens stage line, 309.
+
+  McAdam, James, 231.
+
+  McAdam, Loudon, 231.
+
+  McGowan's Tavern, 249-250.
+
+  Mead, use of, 123-124.
+
+  Meals, price of, 4;
+    at early taverns, 76-77, 317.
+
+  Medford, Mass., tavern at, 53 _et seq._
+
+  Meeting-house, relation to tavern, 13-14;
+    discomforts of, 14.
+
+  Melish, John, quoted, 85, 230, 371.
+
+  Mendenhall Ferry Tavern, 90-91.
+
+  Mendum, Jack, anecdote of, 331-332.
+
+  Merchants' Coffee-house, 49.
+
+  Metheglin, use of, 124-125;
+    price of, 124.
+
+  Mileposts, in Massachusetts, 350-351;
+    in Connecticut, 351-352;
+    in Rhode Island, 352.
+
+  Militia, 249.
+
+  Miller, "Devil" Dave, 73-74.
+
+  "Mimbo," 104.
+
+  Miner, H. S., quoted, 313, 332, 334.
+
+  "Mitchin," 317.
+
+  Mohawk Turnpike, 234 _et seq._
+
+  Molasses, rum from, 103;
+    beer from, 122.
+
+  Monk, George, 62.
+
+  Monroe Tavern, 179.
+
+  Monteith punch bowl, 115.
+
+  Moore, Thomas, quoted, 366.
+
+  Moose, exhibited, 197-198.
+
+  Morland, George, sign-board by, 142.
+
+  Morton, Thomas, punished in bilboes, 215.
+
+  Mowry, Roger, tavern of, 340.
+
+  Mowry's Inn, 44.
+
+  Mulberry trees, 346.
+
+  Mulled wine, recipe for, 136.
+
+  Murline, Jacob, love-making of, 216-217.
+
+
+  Nahant Hotel plate, 206.
+
+  Naming of chambers, 17-18.
+
+  Nangatuck, Conn., tavern at, 92.
+
+  Narragansett, travel in, 341, _et seq._;
+    murder in, 342;
+    shift marriages in, 343;
+    elopement in, 344-345;
+    burial of suicide in, 344.
+
+  Narragansett Pacers, 226.
+
+  National Line, 268.
+
+  National Road, travellers on, 195, 233;
+    construction of, 232 _et seq._;
+    coach lines on, 268 _et seq._
+
+  Negro highwayman, 388.
+
+  Negus, 137.
+
+  Neighborliness, of colonists, 1.
+
+  Newbury, Mass., ordinary at, 2.
+
+  Newburyport, Mass., tavern at, 145;
+    bill at, 177-178;
+    bridge at, 230.
+
+  Newburyport Turnpike, 231.
+
+  New Connecticut Path, 224.
+
+  New Exchange, N. Y., 48-49.
+
+  New Hampshire, stage-drivers in, 334-336.
+
+  _New Liberty Song_, 173.
+
+  New London, Conn., milestone at, 353.
+
+  New Netherland, taverns in, 33.
+
+  Newport, R. I., turtle-feast at, 90;
+    play at, 200 _et seq._
+
+  Newspapers, at taverns, 91-92.
+
+  New York, taverns in, 33 _et seq._, 90;
+    just from, 275.
+
+  Night-watch, rules in Boston, 6;
+    in Bethlehem, Penn., 58 _et seq._;
+    rhymes of, 60.
+
+  Ninepins, forbidden, 5.
+
+  Nipmuck Trail, 224.
+
+  Noah's Ark, 157.
+
+  Norfolk, Va., impressment in, 191-192.
+
+  _Notions of the Americans_, 68, 82-83.
+
+  Nutmeg-holders, 137.
+
+  Nutmegs, use of, 136-137.
+
+
+  "Ocuby," 101.
+
+  Ohio Company, organization of, 205.
+
+  Ohio, settlement of, 234 _et seq._;
+    emigration to, 416.
+
+  Old Connecticut Path, 224.
+
+  Oldmixon, quoted, 125.
+
+  Olmstead, Nicholas, in pillory, 218.
+
+  Olney Tavern, 174.
+
+  Omnibus, 273.
+
+  Ordinaries, use of word, 1, 30;
+    reasons for establishment of, 2;
+    inducements to keep, 2;
+    restrictions upon, 3-4, 7, 10-11.
+
+  Ordination ball, 82.
+
+  Ordination beer, 82.
+
+  Ordination Day, 82;
+    liquor at, 116.
+
+  "Owlers," 373.
+
+
+  Pack-horses, in England, 241, 244;
+    on Alleghany Mountains, 242-244;
+    common carriers, 245.
+
+  Paddock, coaches of, 280.
+
+  Palmer, starts mail-coaches, 280.
+
+  Parkman, Dr., diary of, 383.
+
+  Parley, Peter, quoted, 186, 284-285.
+
+  Parlor, of tavern, 41-42.
+
+  Patriot Brothers, sign-board, 149.
+
+  Paulus Hook, stage-coaches from, 262.
+
+  Paupers, sale of, 220-222.
+
+  Peachy, 132.
+
+  Pease, Levi, 293 _et seq._
+
+  Pease Tavern, 291 _et seq._
+
+  Peg Mullen's Beefsteak House, 203-204.
+
+  Pelham, Mass., tavern at, 186-188;
+    tolls at, 240.
+
+  Pembroke Tavern, sign-board of, 217.
+
+  Penn, Richard, home a tavern, 53.
+
+  Penn, William, quoted, 104.
+
+  Pepys, Samuel, quoted, 433.
+
+  Pequot Trail, milestone on, 353.
+
+  Perkins Inn, sign-board of, 152.
+
+  Perry, 132.
+
+  Persimmons, beer from, 122.
+
+  Phelps, Joseph, 150.
+
+  Philadelphia, Penn., taverns in, 33, 86-87;
+    as a port, 33;
+    sign-boards in, 163;
+    freemasons in, 203;
+    courts in, 213;
+    carriages in, 256;
+    lines of stages, 261, 267-268.
+
+  Phillips House, 45.
+
+  Pick-a-back, across rivers, 223-224.
+
+  Pig and Carrot, 141.
+
+  Pillion, 226.
+
+  Pillory, 218.
+
+  Pine trees of the King, 346.
+
+  Pine Tree Tavern, 46.
+
+  Pioneer Line, 268-270.
+
+  Pipe-tongs, 46.
+
+  Pitcairn, Major, anecdote of, 179.
+
+  Pitt, William, sign-board of, 151, 156, 173, 177.
+
+  Pitt Tavern, 151.
+
+  Plays, at taverns, 200 _et seq._
+
+  Plymouth, Mass., first wine sellers in, 63.
+
+  Plymouth Path, 224.
+
+  "Pod," 316.
+
+  "Podanger," 314.
+
+  "Pointing," 327.
+
+  Pompoins. _See_ Pumpkins.
+
+  Poore Tavern, 159.
+
+  Portsmouth, N. H., tavern at, 175-176;
+    stage line at, 278 _et seq._
+
+  Portsmouth Road, 342.
+
+  Post, riding with, 76;
+    by foot, 275-276;
+    duties of, 275;
+    in Haverhill, N. H., 309.
+
+  Postal rates, 282.
+
+  Postlethwaite's Tavern, 213-214.
+
+  Postmaster, salary of, 277.
+
+  Post-riders, 276-277.
+
+  Potatoes, beer from, 122.
+
+  Potter, Paul, sign-board by, 142-143.
+
+  Pottle, 84.
+
+  Prairie schooner, 252.
+
+  Pratt, Matthew, sign-board by, 146.
+
+  Prescott, Mass., tavern at, 186-188.
+
+  Press-gang, 191-192.
+
+  Prices of tavern fare, 4, 5, 31, 79-82, 84, 85, 88-89.
+
+  Products, of New England farm, 316-317.
+
+  Providence, R. I., first ordinary at, 16, 340;
+    Liberty Tree at, 174;
+    rival coach lines from, 271 _et seq._
+
+  Providence Path, 224.
+
+  Province Arms, New York, 35 _et seq._
+
+  Province House, Boston, a tavern, 53.
+
+  Prygman, 219.
+
+  Pseudonyms, 207.
+
+  Pumpkins, beer from, 122, 123.
+
+  Punch, use of, 103, 115, 116;
+    derivation of, 114;
+    recipe for, 116-117, 120;
+    price of, 118, 177;
+    names of, 118-119.
+
+  Punch bowls, 114 _et seq._
+
+  Punch Bowl Tavern, turkey-shoot at, 208.
+
+  Punch-tasters, 118.
+
+  "Pung," 316.
+
+  Punishments, 214 _et seq._
+
+  Putnam, Israel, a landlord, 145.
+
+  Pye, John, robbery of, 394 _et seq._
+
+  Pygarg, 197.
+
+
+  Quakers, whipped, 217.
+
+  Quarles, quoted, 29.
+
+  Quawbang, 170.
+
+  Queen's Birthday, celebration of, 26.
+
+  Queen's Head, 183.
+
+  Quick, Elmira, sold as pauper, 221-222.
+
+  Quincy, Eliza S., quoted, 276.
+
+  Quincy, Josiah, quoted, 104, 294-295, 370-371.
+
+  Quincy Railroad, 284.
+
+  Quoits, forbidden, 5.
+
+
+  Rabbit, on sign-board, 153.
+
+  Railroads, early, 284 _et seq._;
+    objections to, 288-290;
+    discomforts of, 349.
+
+  Rainbow Coffee-house, 48.
+
+  Raleigh Inn, 155.
+
+  Rambarge. _See_ Rumbarge.
+
+  Rambooze. _See_ Rumbooze.
+
+  Ramsey, landlord, 74-75.
+
+  Recruiting offices, taverns as, 188 _et seq._
+
+  Redemptioners, 374.
+
+  Red Rose of the Olden Time, 57 _et seq._
+
+  Reed, President, quoted, 250.
+
+  Regulars, 249.
+
+  Reins, on Conestoga wagons, 248;
+    on stage-coaches, 334.
+
+  Revere, Paul, engraving by, 84;
+    quoted, 181.
+
+  Rhymes, of taprooms, 45;
+    of night-watch, 60-61.
+
+  Ribbonmen, 401.
+
+  Riedesel, Baron, quoted, 103.
+
+  Road-bed of early railroads, 288.
+
+  Road house, 33.
+
+  Road wagon, 260.
+
+  Roads, earliest, 223;
+    quality of, 227;
+    in England, 230 _et seq._
+
+  Robinson, Hannah, elopement of, 344.
+
+  Robinson's Tavern, 175.
+
+  Rogers, Fairman, quoted, 265.
+
+  Rose Tavern, 57.
+
+  Royal Exchange Tavern, Boston, 204.
+
+  Rum, first use of word, 100;
+    derivation of word, 100;
+    varying prices, 102, 103;
+    in mixed drinks, 104 _et seq._
+
+  Rumbarge, 101.
+
+  Rumbooze, description of, 101.
+
+  Rum bottles, 102.
+
+  Rumbowling, 101.
+
+  Rumbullion, 100.
+
+  Rumfustian, description of, 101.
+
+  Russel Tavern, 180.
+
+  Rye, N. Y., ordinary at, 77.
+
+
+  Sack, selling prohibited, 4;
+    early mention of, 133 _et seq._;
+    application of name, 133;
+    price of, 134;
+    in America, 135 _et seq._
+
+  Sack-posset, use of, 134;
+    recipe for, 134-135.
+
+  Sail boats, on sign-boards, 159.
+
+  Sailors, on sign-boards, 158-159.
+
+  Salem, Mass., tavern bill of, 16;
+    sign-board in, 19-20;
+    woman keeps tavern in, 20;
+    animal shows at, 197.
+
+  Salem, N. J., tavern prices at, 118.
+
+  Salem and Boston Turnpike, 231.
+
+  Salt, on pack-horses, 244.
+
+  Saltonstall, Nathaniel, protest of, 21-22.
+
+  Sanborn, Charles, 334.
+
+  Sandy Hook Lighthouse, 36-37.
+
+  Sangaree, 134.
+
+  Sassafras, beer of, 123.
+
+  Scents, of woods, 348;
+    of gardens, 348-349;
+    of fields, 347-349;
+    of fruits, 349.
+
+  Schoolboys on coaches, 329-330.
+
+  Schuylkill Bridge, 230.
+
+  Scotchem, 105-108.
+
+  Seabury, liquor seller, 64.
+
+  Sea terms in land travel, 267.
+
+  Seating the meeting, 16-17.
+
+  Selectmen, bills of, 80-81.
+
+  Sewall, Samuel, Judge, compared with Pepys, 24;
+    character of, 24-25;
+    on a wedding, 135-136;
+    buys trunks, 330;
+    on suicide, 344.
+
+  Shad, planked, 89.
+
+  Shaffer, anecdote of, 272.
+
+  Shaw, Major, on railroads, 339.
+
+  "Shay," 258;
+    cost of, 259.
+
+  Shays's Rebellion, 186 _et seq._
+
+  Sherris-sack, 134.
+
+  Shift marriages, 343.
+
+  Ship in distress, 159.
+
+  Shouldering, 326.
+
+  Shows, in taverns, 28.
+
+  Shrewsbury, Mass., tavern talk at, 172;
+    taverns at, 291 _et seq._
+
+  Shuffle-board, forbidden, 5.
+
+  Sign-boards, in early ordinaries, 19-20;
+    use of, 138 _et seq._;
+    materials of, 138;
+    in business, 138-139;
+    incongruity of, 139 _et seq._;
+    on bridges, 238-239.
+
+  Sign-posts, established, 138.
+
+  Sikes. _See_ Sykes.
+
+  Silent Woman, 162.
+
+  Singing, forbidden, 4.
+
+  Skidding, 327.
+
+  Skinners, 377.
+
+  Slat sign, 149.
+
+  Sledding, 313.
+
+  Sledges, transportation by, 241, 283.
+
+  Sleeping accommodations, 77-79, 318.
+
+  Slide-groat, forbidden, 5.
+
+  Sling, 104.
+
+  Small drink, described, 121.
+
+  Smith, Adam, on smuggling, 373.
+
+  Smoking-tongs, 46.
+
+  Snake heads, 286.
+
+  Sniggers and Vesta's Gap, turnpike to, 232.
+
+  Snow-shoes, post on, 275;
+    mail carried on, 297.
+
+  Sons of Liberty, 37, 173.
+
+  South Kingston, R. I., shift manages at, 373.
+
+  Southworth, Constant, wine seller, 63.
+
+  Sowrings, 117-118.
+
+  _Spectator_, 140.
+
+  Spike team, 314.
+
+  Sports of the innyards, 5.
+
+  Sprague, Francis, ordinary-keeper, 64.
+
+  Springfield, Mass., fare at, 88.
+
+  Spruce, beer of, 122-123.
+
+  Stadt Harberg, 33.
+
+  Stage, use of word, 265-267.
+
+  Stage-chair, 278.
+
+  Stage-chaise, 261.
+
+  Stage-chariot, 261.
+
+  Stage-coaches, of year 1828, 218;
+    in England, 255, 274;
+    in Boston and Rhode Island, 260-261;
+    in Pennsylvania, 263;
+    of year 1818, 263-264;
+    application of word, 265;
+    in Pennsylvania, 268;
+    rates on, 270, 273;
+    rates in England, 271;
+    from Portsmouth, 278 _et seq._;
+    sights from, 345 _et seq._;
+    courtship on, 359-360.
+
+  Stage-drivers, 323;
+    characteristics of, 324 _et seq._;
+    dress of, 325-326;
+    shopping done by, 328;
+    drinking habits of, 328;
+    names of, 332;
+    on railroads, 387;
+    tales of, 341.
+
+  Stage-lists, 273.
+
+  Stage-men's Ball, 336.
+
+  Stage-wagons, in England, 251, 255;
+    out of Boston, 261;
+    in Pennsylvania, 262, 268.
+
+  Stamp Act, 37.
+
+  Stark, General, victory of, 205.
+
+  State House Inn, Philadelphia, 55.
+
+  Stavers Coaching Line, 278 _et seq._
+
+  Stavers Inn, 175-178, 278-279.
+
+  Stickney Tavern, sign-board of, 203.
+
+  St. John's Lodge, 204.
+
+  Stocks, use of, 8, 215.
+
+  "Stogies," 245-246.
+
+  Stone wall, 130.
+
+  Stow, quoted, 253.
+
+  Stratford, Conn., milestone at, 353.
+
+  Stratton, Arad, tavern of, 151.
+
+  Streets, naming of, 138.
+
+  Strong waters, selling prohibited, 4.
+
+  Struggling Man, 161-162.
+
+  Stuart, Gilbert, sign-board by, 145.
+
+  Stuyvesant, Governor, laws of, 34.
+
+  Sudbury, Mass., tavern at, 43, 180, 371.
+
+  Suicides, burial of, 344.
+
+  Sumner, Charles, quoted, 369.
+
+  Sun-line house, 46.
+
+  Suspension Bridge, 230.
+
+  Swift, Dean, quoted, 132, 266.
+
+  "Swiftnicks," 398.
+
+  Switchel, 132.
+
+  Sykes Coffee-house, 300.
+
+  Sykes, Reuben, 293 _et seq._, 300.
+
+
+  Talleyrand, at tavern, 181.
+
+  Tally, forbidden, 5.
+
+  Tally-ho, use of word, 266.
+
+  Tap-houses, New York, 34-35.
+
+  Taproom rhymes, 45.
+
+  Taprooms, 19, 42 _et seq._
+
+  Tar-bucket. _See_ Tar-lodel.
+
+  Tar-lodel, 246-247.
+
+  Tarleton Arms, 310.
+
+  Tarleton Inn, story of, 309-310;
+    sign-board of, 310, 312.
+
+  Tarleton, Wm., 309-310.
+
+  Tavern behind Nazareth, 57.
+
+  Taverns, use of word, 30;
+    in Southern colonies, 30 _et seq._;
+    establishment of laws about, 31, 34-35;
+    prices at, 31, 42, 118, 177-178;
+    names of rooms in, 17;
+    in New Netherlands, 33 _et seq._;
+    names of, 35;
+    as war rendezvous, 172;
+    as auction rooms, 197;
+    as business exchanges, 198;
+    as insurance offices, 198;
+    as jails, 212, 303;
+    on Albany Turnpike, 235;
+    in Scotland, 283.
+    Also see names of Towns and Ordinaries.
+
+  Taylor, M. M., milestone of, 351;
+    tavern of, 352.
+
+  Taylor, the Water Poet, quoted, 255.
+
+  Taylorsville, Penn., bridge sign-board at, 239.
+
+  Teamsters, 249.
+
+  Thackeray, W. M., cited, 322.
+
+  Thief Detecting Societies, 393.
+
+  Thieves, band of, 388 _et seq._
+
+  Thomas' Exchange Coffee-house, 300.
+
+  Thorburn, Grant, quoted, 72-73, 362-363.
+
+  Three Broiled Chickens, 183.
+
+  Three Crowns, Lancaster, Penn., 143-144.
+
+  Three Jolly Sailors, 158.
+
+  Three Loggerheads, 142.
+
+  Throat-lashing, 327.
+
+  Tipping, 326.
+
+  Tippling-houses, 31.
+
+  Tithing-man, duties of, 9.
+
+  Tobacco, restrictions on use of, 12-13;
+    as payment, 31;
+    drawers for, 45.
+
+  Toby Fillpots, 134.
+
+  Todd, Margaret, 40.
+
+  Todd, Robert, 39-40.
+
+  Toddy, derivation of word, 39-40;
+    made of rum, 104;
+    price of, 178.
+
+  Toddy-stick, description of, 114.
+
+  Toll-boards, 237, 238.
+
+  Toll-gates, on Mohawk Turnpike, 237.
+
+  Tolls, rates of 237-238;
+    commuted, 298.
+
+  Tontine Association, 37.
+
+  Topsfield Bridge, 356.
+
+  "Towelling," 327.
+
+  Transportation, by water, 241;
+    on horse-back, 241 _et seq._
+
+  Travelling-bags, 331.
+
+  Trenton, N. J., tavern fare at, 83, 84;
+    bridge at, 230.
+
+  Trout, boiled, 89.
+
+  Troy coaches, 269.
+
+  Trunks, old time, 330.
+
+  Tryer, on punch, 114.
+
+  "Tuck-a-nuck," 317.
+
+  Tufts, Henry, story of, 375 _et seq._
+
+  Turkey-shoot, 207-209.
+
+  Turnpikes, 231 _et seq._, 297 _et seq._;
+    in Scotland, 284, 297;
+    profits on, 297;
+    desertion of, 297.
+
+  Turnspit dogs, 55-56.
+
+  Turtle, as gifts, 90.
+
+  Turtle-feasts, 90.
+
+  Tuttle, Sarah, love-making of, 216-217.
+
+  Twining, Thomas, quoted, 263, 326, 367.
+
+  Twist, slang term, 142.
+
+  Twitchell, Ginery, career of, 301 _et seq._;
+    coach of, 303;
+    description of, 304;
+    makes election returns, 304;
+    obtains mail contracts, 305.
+
+  Tyler, Royall, 207.
+
+
+  Union Place Hotel, New York, fare at, 88.
+
+
+  Vardy, Luke, 204.
+
+  Veazie Road, 286.
+
+  Vendues, at coffee-houses, 49, 197;
+    at taverns, 219;
+    of thieves, 220;
+    of paupers, 221 _et seq._
+
+  Victuallyng-house, 2.
+
+  Virginia, ordinaries in, 30 _et seq._;
+    metheglin in, 125.
+
+
+  Wadsworth Inn, Springfield, 43-44.
+
+  Wagons, going to Ohio, 235 _et seq._;
+    in England, 250;
+    rates on, 271;
+    in New England, 312-315.
+
+  Walker's Tavern, 154, 162.
+
+  Wall decorations, 42.
+
+  Walnut tree chips, beer from, 123.
+
+  Walpole, N. H., literary life in, 205-207.
+
+  Wanmanitt, trial of, 341.
+
+  Wardwell, John, stage-coach line of, 260-261.
+
+  Wardwell, Lydia, whipped, 217.
+
+  Warning out of town, 4.
+
+  Warren, General, at tavern, 181.
+
+  Warwick, R. I., stocks at, 215;
+    chariot at, 258-259.
+
+  Washington bowers, 156.
+
+  Washington Crossing the Delaware, 149.
+
+  Washington, George, at Boston, 84;
+    farewell to army, 184;
+    at taverns, 195, 293, 300-301;
+    news of death, 278.
+
+  Washington Tavern, Lancaster, Penn., 73;
+    Philadelphia, Penn., 149, 154;
+    Westfield, Mass., 42;
+    Holmesburgh, Penn., 148-149;
+    Wilbraham, Mass., 196.
+
+  Washingtonian Reform, 127.
+
+  Watch. _See_ Night-watch.
+
+  Water, travel by, 241.
+
+  Water-cider, 130.
+
+  Watering-troughs, 354-356.
+
+  Waterloo Tavern, Lancaster, Penn., 143-144.
+
+  Watson, quoted, 147, 256.
+
+  Wayside Inn, 43, 180, 292, 371.
+
+  Webster, Daniel, cited, 182;
+    at taverns, 195-196.
+
+  Weddings, at ordinary, 5.
+
+  Weed, Thurlow, quoted, 79.
+
+  Weld, quoted, 257, 367.
+
+  Weller, Tony, quoted, 290.
+
+  Wells' Tavern, sign-board of, 382.
+
+  West, Benjamin, sign-boards by, 143 _et seq._
+
+  Westborough, Mass., tavern at, 136.
+
+  West Boston Bridge, 230.
+
+  Westfield, Mass., tavern at, 42.
+
+  Whig Tavern, 205.
+
+  Whip, of Conestoga teamsters, 248;
+    of stage-drivers, 334.
+
+  Whipping-post, 215-216.
+
+  Whirlicote, 253.
+
+  Whiskey, described, 258.
+
+  Whistle-belly-vengeance, 132.
+
+  White, Captain, keeps ordinary, 3.
+
+  White, George, exploits of, 390 _et seq._
+
+  Whitestown mail stages, 236.
+
+  Whittier, quoted, 188.
+
+  Wickford, R. I., tavern at, 45.
+
+  Wilder, Joseph, cider of, 128.
+
+  Willet, Edward, 35.
+
+  Williams, Roger, quoted, 128.
+
+  Williams Tavern, sign-board of, 152-153.
+
+  Wilson, Richard, sign-board by, 142.
+
+  Wines, in Virginia, 32;
+    prices of, 88-89.
+
+  Winn, John, home of, 182 _et seq._
+
+  Winn, Joseph, in Revolution, 183.
+
+  Winne, the penny-post, bravery of, 399-400.
+
+  Winter, coach travel in, 362 _et seq._
+
+  Winthrop, John, on a disturbance in Boston, 10-11;
+    on health-drinking, 15;
+    quoted, 115;
+    pick-a-back, 224.
+
+  Winthrop, John, Jr., owns a coach, 256;
+    sends letters, 274.
+
+  Wolcott, Governor, apples planted by, 125.
+
+  Wolcott, Oliver, at tavern, 186.
+
+  Wolfe, General, sign-board of, 145, 211.
+
+  Wolfe Tavern, Brooklyn, Conn., 145;
+    Boston, Mass., 145;
+    Newburyport, Mass., 145;
+    sign-board of, 211;
+    bill of, 177.
+
+  Wolf-rout, 210.
+
+  Women, as tavern-keepers, 20, 40;
+    burned at stake, 218;
+    on horse-back, 226;
+    in stage-coaches, 369;
+    as highway robbers, 408;
+    hanged in Boston, 408.
+
+  Woodbury, Bartholomew, 351.
+
+  Woodbury Tavern, milestone at, 351.
+
+  Woodman Tavern, 155.
+
+  Woodside, sign-boards by, 148.
+
+  Woodward, James, punished, 8, 215.
+
+  Worcester, Mass., singing at, 173;
+    milestone in, 350-351.
+
+  Wright, Robert, punished, 8.
+
+  Wright Tavern, 179.
+
+
+  Yale College, cider at, 126.
+
+  Yard of Flannel, 111.
+
+  Yellow Cat, 163.
+
+  Yellow Cottage, 155-157.
+
+  York, Me., sign-board at, 172;
+    road at, 224.
+
+  York County, Penn., tavern rates in, 105.
+
+
+  Zinzendorf, Count, night-watch rhymes of, 59 _et seq._
+
+
+
+
+HOME LIFE IN COLONIAL DAYS
+
+By ALICE MORSE EARLE
+
+Illustrated by photographs, gathered by the author, of real things, works,
+and happenings of the olden times
+
+  Crown 8vo.    Cloth.    Gilt top.    $2.50
+
+The Mail and Express:
+
+"The volume is unique; nothing quite like it has ever been attempted
+before. The result is a valuable as well as an entertaining work. It is
+full of information, much of it curious, and all of importance to one who
+desires to know how his forefathers lived."
+
+The Dial:
+
+"The work is mainly and essentially an antiquarian account of the tools,
+implements, and utensils, as well as the processes of colonial domestic
+industry; and it is full enough to serve as a moderate encyclopaedia in
+that kind.... This useful and attractive book, with its profuse and
+interesting pictures, its fair typography, and its quaint binding,
+imitative of an old-time sampler, should prove a favorite."
+
+Education:
+
+"Mrs. Earle has made a very careful study of the details of domestic life
+from the earliest days of the settlement of the country. The book is
+sumptuously illustrated, and every famed article, such as the
+spinning-wheel, the foot-stone, the brass knocker on the door, and the
+old-time cider mill, is here presented to the eye, and faithfully pictured
+in words. The volume is a fascinating one, and the vast army of admirers
+and students of the olden days will be grateful to the author for
+gathering together and putting into permanent form so much accurate
+information concerning the homes of our ancestors."
+
+Literature:
+
+"Mrs. Earle's fidelity in study and her patient research are evident on
+every page of this charming book, and her pleasantly colloquial style is
+frequently assisted by very beautiful illustrations, both of the houses of
+the colonists, from the primitive cave dug-out of the hillside and made to
+answer for warmth and shelter, to the more comfortable log cabin, the
+farmstead with its adjacent buildings, and the stately mansion abiding to
+our own day."
+
+
+CHILD LIFE IN COLONIAL DAYS
+
+By ALICE MORSE EARLE
+
+_Profusely Illustrated_
+
+  Crown 8vo.    Cloth.    Gilt top.    $2.50
+
+Commercial Advertiser:
+
+"Once more Mrs. Earle has drawn on her apparently inexhaustible store of
+colonial lore, and has produced another interesting book of the olden
+days.... Mrs. Earle's interesting style, the accuracy of her statements,
+and the attractive illustrations she always supplies for her books make
+the volume one to be highly prized."
+
+Buffalo Express:
+
+"Mrs. Alice Morse Earle performs a real historical service, and writes an
+interesting book. It is not a compilation from, or condensation of,
+previous books, but the fruit of personal and original investigation into
+the conditions of life in the American colonies."
+
+American Hebrew:
+
+"Alice Morse Earle has written much to place us in intimate knowledge with
+the life of old America. The most charming volume of all, however, is her
+latest, 'Child Life in Colonial Days.'"
+
+
+  THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
+  66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
+
+Superscripted characters are indicated by {superscript}.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Stage-coach and Tavern Days, by Alice Morse Earle
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