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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Holidays & Happy-Days, by Hamish Hendry
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Holidays & Happy-Days
+
+Author: Hamish Hendry
+
+Illustrator: E. Florence Mason
+
+Release Date: August 26, 2011 [EBook #37216]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOLIDAYS & HAPPY-DAYS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards, Matthew Wheaton and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    HOLIDAYS AND HAPPY DAYS
+
+    H. HENDRY AND E. F. MASON
+
+
+    The Larger Dumpy Books for Children
+
+    II. HOLIDAYS AND HAPPY DAYS
+
+
+    Holidays & Happy-Days
+
+    BY
+
+    HAMISH HENDRY
+
+    WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY
+
+    E. FLORENCE MASON
+
+
+    LONDON
+    GRANT RICHARDS
+    1901
+
+
+
+
+    CONTENTS.
+
+
+     1. NEW YEAR'S DAY
+     2. TWELFTH DAY
+     3. ST. VALENTINE'S DAY
+     4. PANCAKE TUESDAY
+     5. ST. DAVID'S DAY
+     6. ST. PATRICK'S DAY
+     7. ALL FOOLS' DAY
+     8. PALM SUNDAY
+     9. MAUNDY THURSDAY
+    10. GOOD FRIDAY
+    11. EASTER SUNDAY
+    12. ST. GEORGE'S DAY
+    13. MAY DAY
+    14. ROYAL OAK DAY
+    15. MIDSUMMER'S EVE
+    16. ST. SWITHIN'S DAY
+    17. MICHAELMAS DAY
+    18. ALL HALLOW'S EVE
+    19. GUY FAWKES' DAY
+    20. LORD MAYOR'S DAY
+    21. ST. ANDREW'S DAY
+    22. CHRISTMAS EVE
+    23. CHRISTMAS DAY
+    24. BOXING DAY
+
+
+    London
+    Engraved & Printed
+    at the
+    _RACQUET COURT PRESS_
+    _by_
+    _EDMUND EVANS_.
+
+
+
+
+NEW YEAR'S DAY.
+
+
+Little children are usually snug in bed when the first holiday of the
+year arrives. It comes at midnight when all is dark out of doors.
+Sometimes the weather is very cold, here in England, with snow upon the
+ground; and as it nears midnight on the 31st December there is a great
+silence beneath the stars. The children are in bed; but in most homes
+there are grown-up people--fathers, mothers, uncles or aunts--who sit
+late and watch the clock. They watch; and when the clock strikes twelve
+they know that the first day of the New Year has arrived.
+
+Then it is no longer silent out of doors. The bells are ringing loudly,
+and ringing merrily; they are ringing a welcome to the Stranger. So the
+grown-up people, who have been watching the clock, rise up smiling and
+wish each other a Happy New Year. The father says to the mother: "I wish
+you a Happy New Year, my dear," and in saying this they shake hands,
+and kiss each other. Then the mother, if she has children in bed, goes
+upstairs. They are all asleep; so she does not waken them. She simply
+kisses them, each one, and smiles as she whispers: "A Happy New Year to
+all of you, my dears." That is how the New Year arrives in England. In
+Scotland there is more ceremony. There it used to be the custom for the
+whole household to sit up till twelve o'clock and bring in the New Year
+with singing and frolic. But that custom is dying out.
+
+You children, I hope, get to know about the New Year in the morning. You
+find that everybody is looking happy, and wishing happiness to other
+people. Even although the sun is not shining there is brightness in the
+house and in the street. People when they meet shake hands and joke and
+laugh. Your aunt will give you a good hug, and more than likely your
+uncle will put his hand into his pocket and give you something;
+something round and bright; something that will make you smile. Then you
+learn that the New Year brings gifts as well as gladness.
+
+But nowadays the giving of presents is not so common as it used to be.
+Far back in English history the grown-up people gave each other gifts on
+New Year's Day, and some of these gifts were very beautiful and very
+costly. Diamond necklaces, gold caskets, jewelled swords, embroidered
+mantles--these were the kind of gifts which rich people gave to each
+other at the feast of the New Year. Our English Kings and Queens, in the
+old days, received many such precious gifts. Queen Elizabeth got so many
+valuable presents in this way that a list of them was kept upon
+parchment, and in the history books it may still be read.
+
+This custom of giving rich presents to rich people on New Year's Day
+exists no longer in England; and that is well. For in many cases these
+costly gifts were given not from kindness but from selfishness; the
+gift-givers wanted some favour in return. Now, it is an ill thing to
+begin a New Year with a spirit of greediness. None of you children, I am
+sure, will do so. Be thankful that you have got the gift of another New
+Year's Day. It is the first clean page of a fine new book in which you
+can write just what you please. Write something cheerful; and see to it
+that there are no blots.
+
+
+
+
+TWELFTH DAY.
+
+
+The sixth day in each year is called Twelfth Day. That is a little odd
+is it not? Well, the reason is this: In very ancient times there was a
+great Christian Festival which began upon Christmas Day and lasted for
+twelve days. It was called the Feast of the Nativity, because it was
+held in honour of the coming of Christ to earth, and both the first day
+of the feast and the last day were held very sacred. On the last, or
+twelfth day, special honour was given to the Three Kings who are spoken
+of in the New Testament as the Three Wise Men who came from the east to
+Jerusalem, led by a star. The star guided these Three Kings to Bethlehem
+where they saw the young child Jesus and offered gifts to him of gold,
+frankincense and myrrh.
+
+At first this feast, which we call Epiphany, was of a very solemn
+nature, but in the Middle Ages it lost a great deal of its sacred
+character. The festival of the Three Kings became noisy and
+frolicsome, and sometimes it was arranged in the form of a little play.
+In this play three friars or monks were dressed up like Kings, with
+crowns upon their heads, and a golden star was carried before them.
+Within the church, near the altar, a manger would be arranged with an ox
+and an ass, in imitation of the manger at Bethlehem. Here, also, was the
+child Christ and his mother. To them would enter the Three Kings,
+accompanied by a merry crowd, and gifts were offered to the Babe--gold,
+frankincense and myrrh. It was a pretty sight, perhaps, but not at all
+devout.
+
+In later times still, Twelfth Day was almost wholly given up to frolic
+and feasting. Special plays were written to amuse the people, and it is
+probably for that reason we have Shakspere's play called "Twelfth
+Night." The chief custom of this merry day was the election of a King of
+the Bean; sometimes there was also a Queen. No doubt this making of a
+King had its connection with the honour done to the Three Kings in the
+early festival; it may also be connected with an old Roman custom. Here
+is how the King was elected on Twelfth Day. A large cake, called Twelfth
+Cake, was baked for the day, and inside the cake a bean was placed.
+When all the company were gathered to the feast the cake was cut up, and
+the fortunate person who got the piece of cake with the bean in it was
+made King of the Bean, and had charge of the revels. Sometimes the names
+of the company were put in a bowl, and each one received a piece of the
+cake as his or her name was drawn by lot.
+
+There was much fun and laughter, you may be sure, as the names were
+being drawn, the cake cut up, and the bean discovered. It is the kind of
+fun which you children would have enjoyed. For the Twelfth Cake, in the
+old days, was usually very large, baked into very queer shapes, and
+always very nice to eat. Nowadays, the cakes upon Twelfth Day have
+become much smaller, and in some households this merry day is forgotten
+altogether. You will agree with me, children, that this is a mistake. It
+is a mistake to forget the good old customs; and it is doubly a mistake
+when the custom is made cheerful with laughter and cake.
+
+
+
+
+ST. VALENTINE'S DAY.
+
+
+Not very much is known about St. Valentine. Indeed, there were several
+saints of that name who were set down in the calendar for loving
+remembrance on the Fourteenth day of February. One of them was a martyr,
+and died for the Christian faith at Rome. But these saints have no
+connection with the ceremonies of St. Valentine's Day except that the
+priests of the early Christian Church set that particular day apart for
+a special feast. This feast was meant to take the place of certain
+ceremonies practised by the common people of the old world in their
+worship of the Roman gods. But the people did not easily forget their
+old customs, and some of these were, until recent times, practised on
+St. Valentine's Day in a new form.
+
+One of these customs was for young men and maidens to cast lots in the
+choice of partners. Upon the eve of St. Valentine's Day, in England, it
+was usual for young people to meet together, each one writing his or
+her name upon a piece of paper. When this was done the papers were
+rolled up tightly and put into two bowls. Then each young man drew the
+name of a girl and she was his _Valentine_, and each girl drew the name
+of a young man and he was her _Valentine_. It was little more than a
+merry mode of choosing partners for the festival of St. Valentine; but
+sometimes the young folks took this choice by lot quite seriously, and
+the partnership ended in marriage.
+
+With the English poets St. Valentine's Day has always been a favourite.
+You will find it mentioned by Chaucer, Shakspere, and many another of
+lesser note. At one time it was not uncommon for a young man to send a
+set of verses to his _Valentine_ on the morning of the 14th of February.
+Most of these were very poor verses, but sometimes a true poet sent a
+greeting to his Valentine. As when Drayton sent these happy lines:
+
+    Muse, bid the Morn awake,
+      Sad winter now declines,
+    Each bird doth choose a mate;
+      This day's St. Valentines
+    For that good Bishop's sake
+      Get up and let us see
+      What beauty it shall be
+    That fortune us assigns.
+
+Nowadays St. Valentine's Day has lost nearly all its popularity;
+certainly, it has lost all its merry charm. The time is not so
+distant--your fathers and mothers may remember it--when the postman's
+bag was laden with valentines upon St. Valentine's Day. Some of them
+were in large embossed envelopes and the valentines themselves were
+glittering things. There was nearly always a little gilt Cupid with his
+bow and arrows, and the mottoes and verses were always very very
+sentimental. Some of the valentines, also, were strange and ugly as they
+came from the postman's bag. These were what is called "mock"
+valentines, and the people who received them were sometimes very angry.
+Now the sending of valentines has fallen into disfavour, especially the
+pretty ones. As for the others, the ugly mock valentines, they are very
+ill-natured and foolish. Have nothing to do with them; they are not
+worthy of happy St. Valentine's Day.
+
+
+
+
+PANCAKE TUESDAY
+
+
+Pancake Tuesday is quite a nice name is it not? But it is not the only
+name for this holiday. It is also called Shrove Tuesday, Shrovetide,
+Fasting-tide, and Fasten-e'en or Fastern's-e'en. I shall try to explain
+to you why it has all these names. There is, as you must know, a great
+festival of the Christian Church called Easter. It is the festival of
+the resurrection of Christ, and to prepare for this solemn festival the
+ancient Church set apart a period of fasting which we call Lent. This
+fasting-time begins upon Ash Wednesday, and on the morning of the
+previous day, in the old times, people went to the priests to confess
+their sins and get shriven. Hence it was called Shrove or Shriven
+Tuesday; hence, also, it was called Fasten-e'en, because it was upon the
+eve of the Great Fast.
+
+After attending church in the morning the people were permitted to enjoy
+themselves to their heart's desire all the rest of Shrove Tuesday, and
+before the rigorous fasting-time of Lent began. During the Middle Ages,
+indeed, this merry-tide lasted for several days, and some idea of the
+jollity of Shrovetide can be gathered from the way in which the Carnival
+is held upon the Continent, even now. In England, during the old times
+before the Reformation, there were great feasts during Shrovetide, and
+all the old English games and pastimes went right merrily. Some of these
+pastimes were very rough and cruel--such as cock-fighting and
+bull-baiting--and would not be permitted to-day. But there were also
+such games as football and hand-ball; and in certain towns in Scotland
+the game of hand-ball is still played, sometimes very roughly, upon
+Fastern's-e'en.
+
+Of all the jollity and junketting of that festive time very little
+remains to us; almost nothing except the practice of baking and eating
+pancakes upon Shrove Tuesday. But nowadays the ceremonies connected with
+Pancake Tuesday are not so important and picturesque as they used to be.
+In the old days--the days when Shakspere lived--a bell was rung in the
+morning called the Pancake Bell. At the sound of the bell the
+preparation of the pancakes began. Wheaten flour mixed with water,
+spices, eggs and other nice things were dropped into the frying-pan as
+it sizzled over the fire. Then followed the tossing of the pancakes.
+This was a time of great fun, because it required a good deal of skill
+to toss the pancakes and catch them in the pan. In giving them a quick
+twirl round the pancakes sometimes dropped into the fire. But that did
+not greatly matter, because there were always plenty of pancakes for
+everybody; and also plenty of fun in the eating of them.
+
+There was only one person in the company who did not enjoy the fun. For
+the first pancake tossed in the pan was given to that member of the
+party who was considered the most lazy. It was seldom eaten, you may be
+sure, as the Lazy One found it the best plan to run away and hide. But
+it was a merry day, especially for young people at school and college.
+At Westminster School, for instance, the cook used to bring his
+frying-pan with a pancake in it right into the schoolroom and toss it
+among the boys. In the scramble that followed the boy who captured the
+pancake unbroken and carried it to the Dean received a guinea for his
+cleverness. That was a jolly game and it is only one of many that used
+to be popular on Pancake Tuesday. 'Tis a pity that much of this
+merry-making has disappeared.
+
+
+
+
+ST. DAVID'S DAY.
+
+
+There is a little corner of Wales which is very dear to all true Welsh
+folk. It is very close to the sea, near St. David's Head, and its
+interest gathers round an ancient cathedral of red stone and the holy
+man who is buried in this cathedral. This old building, with others,
+stands beside a little stream called the Alan, and here also is the city
+of St. David's, now a small village. It is all very lonely nowadays,
+this peaceful shrine near the restless sea, but in the Middle Ages it
+was a busy place. There were the comings and goings of great Kings and
+Queens with their followers, and many pilgrims of lesser name visited
+this shrine to do homage to the memory of the Welsh Saint. There are
+still many people who visit St. David's, the ancient Menevia, and the
+cathedral founded by the patron saint of Wales.
+
+A great number of legends--stories of marvel and miracle--have been told
+about St. David. An angel is said to have been his constant attendant
+in his youth, and to have ministered to all his wants. In later years he
+began to preach, making long journeys through Wales and England, and
+visiting Jerusalem. When he preached to the people, so the old legends
+tell us, a snow-white dove sat upon the shoulder of the saint. The power
+to work miracles also was ascribed to St. David; he is said to have
+healed all diseases, and even raised up the dead. Many other strange and
+marvellous things are set down in the old chronicles as having been
+accomplished by the saint.
+
+It is impossible to believe all these tales, and what we actually know
+to be true regarding St. David can be told in a few words. What is
+certain is that he was a great preacher and organiser in the early
+church, and his powers were so much approved that he was made Archbishop
+of Wales, taking up his residence at St. David's. We have also been told
+by the old chroniclers that he was a very good man, and this we can well
+believe. One of his biographers says of him that he was a guide to the
+religious, a life to the poor, a support to orphans, a protection to
+widows, a father to the fatherless. He is said to have died in A.D.
+601.
+
+Having been such a noble and good man the Welsh people have chosen to
+make St. David their patron saint. On the first day of March, in every
+year, they hold in remembrance the old preacher and teacher who lived so
+long ago beside the little stream in Menevia. They also keep in
+remembrance, by so doing, all that is good and noble in the history of
+the Welsh race. That is surely a right thing to do. For although Wales
+is now a part of Great Britain it has a history of its own, a language
+of its own, and a literature of its own. It is well that these things
+should be held in remembrance, both by the Welsh folk at home and those
+who have travelled into far lands, and they set apart St. David's Day as
+a special day for doing honour to all that is best in the ancient
+history of their country. It is a happy custom, alike for old and
+young.
+
+
+
+
+ST. PATRICK'S DAY.
+
+
+The national emblem of Ireland is a plant, the leaf of which has three
+small leaflets. This is called the Shamrock. It is beloved by Irish
+folks at all times, but most of them wear it conspicuously upon the 17th
+day of March. St. Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland, and that is
+St. Patrick's Day. There are very good reasons why the Saint should be
+honoured by Irishmen, yet it is a curious fact that he was not born in
+Ireland. Indeed, there is some doubt regarding both the time and place
+of his birth. Some people think that the Saint was born in France, while
+others hold that his birthplace was at Kilpatrick, near Dunbarton, in
+Scotland.
+
+But this we know for certain that St. Patrick, when he was a lad of
+sixteen years of age, was captured by pirates on his father's farm and
+carried by them to Ireland, where he was sold into slavery. The Irish
+Chief who bought the lad lived in County Antrim, near Sleamish
+Mountain, and he employed Patrick in herding swine. All the people who
+lived in that part of Ireland at this time--about the end of the 4th
+century--were heathen. Now, young Patrick had been trained by his father
+and grandfather in the Christian religion, and it made him very unhappy
+to think that his master, and the people of Ireland, were ignorant of
+the true faith; he was also unhappy when he thought of his home and his
+friends. But after six years he escaped from slavery, and sailed away
+from Ireland.
+
+He went to another country, either Scotland or France, and there became
+a priest and a preacher of the Christian religion. Patrick was very
+successful, and after many years he was made a Bishop. But all this time
+he kept in remembrance the people of Ireland who had never heard the
+Gospel, and at last he determined to go and preach the good news in the
+country where he had been a slave and a swineherd. He was sixty years of
+age when he landed in Wicklow as the apostle of Christianity to Ireland,
+but Patrick was a strong old man and he had great faith in his message.
+Up and down the country he travelled converting the heathen Chiefs and
+their followers. As many as 12,000 people were baptised with his own
+hands, and by his efforts the Christian religion was firmly planted in
+Ireland. A great many marvellous stories are told about the Saint. It is
+said, for instance, that on one occasion he made a heap of snow-balls
+blaze up into a fire by simply breathing upon them; and there is also
+the well-known legend that he drove all the snakes from Ireland by the
+beating of a drum. The year of his death is uncertain, but we know that
+he must have been a very old man, and that he was buried at Downpatrick.
+
+This is the man who is held in honour by Irishmen in all parts of the
+world. On St. Patrick's Day they give themselves a holiday, and make
+merry,--those of them, at least, who still remain in the old Catholic
+Church. Surely that is well. For in honouring St. Patrick the Irish
+people do honour to themselves, and to all that is noble and brave in
+their long sad history.
+
+
+
+
+ALL FOOLS' DAY.
+
+
+He must have been a merry person who invented All Fools' Day, but no one
+can tell when he lived, where he lived, or what was his name. All we
+know about the matter is that the custom of fool-making upon the First
+of April is very old, and that it prevails over nearly the whole of
+Europe. Some people have tried to guess how this odd custom began, and
+they have found its origin in one of the old Miracle Plays that used to
+be played by the Monks in the Middle Ages at the Easter Festival. In
+this play Christ was represented as being sent hither and thither from
+one judge to another, from Annas to Caiaphas, and then from Pilate to
+Herod. This explanation is doubtful; it is more likely that the custom
+of fool-making had its origin in heathen times. In any case, it is a
+merry custom; and as the joker and the fool have many sons and daughters
+it is a custom that shall endure yet a while.
+
+The great thing on the First of April is to have a good memory. Most
+people know about April fooling, but many people forget about it when
+the special day arrives. Some of you children, no doubt, have forgotten;
+with the result that the joker with a good memory has made of you an
+April Fool. In coming down to breakfast you have been asked quite
+solemnly, let us say, why your hair is brushed to the wrong side. If you
+have gone and peeped into a looking-glass there was an instant burst of
+laughter, and then you have become aware that All Fools' Day has come
+round again. Some boys and girls get angry when they have been thus
+fooled; but that only adds to their foolishness. A good plan is to laugh
+with those who are laughing; and you can better this plan by catching
+the joker off his guard. By so doing you may, if you are clever at
+keeping a solemn face, make a fool of the joker in his turn. Then the
+laugh is with you, and you can feel quite pleased with yourself until
+the next All Fools' Day.
+
+This is the great festival of the Practical Joker, and all is well when
+his jokes are simple and amusing. To pin a piece of paper on someone's
+back, or to send the school Dunce into a bookseller's shop for a
+"History of Adam's Grandfather," is quite good fun. But there are some
+jokes which are carefully prepared in order to give pain to the persons
+upon whom they are played; they are not amusing, but merely cruel. It is
+not a good joke, for instance, to balance a bowl of water upon the top
+of a door, so that the first person to enter the room gets drenched.
+Neither is it nice fun to send an innocent boy upon an errand with a
+letter containing the instruction: "Send the fool another mile." This
+used to be a common form of April joke in Scotland, and it was not
+unusual to keep the poor boy trudging long distances for the greater
+part of the day. This is not fun, but a stupid form of cruelty; and of
+much the same character as the hoax that is played upon tradesmen who
+are asked to send goods to a particular house upon a particular morning.
+It is only when the vans choke up the street from end to end that
+someone remembers it is the First of April, and that the Practical
+Joker--a stupid and heartless person in this case--has again been
+exhibiting his foolishness.
+
+
+
+
+PALM SUNDAY.
+
+
+In the New Testament you have it written that Jesus entered Jerusalem
+for the last time riding on a colt, the foal of an ass. Two of his
+disciples, acting upon the instructions of their Master, had entered a
+village near the Mount of Olives, and there they found the colt by the
+door without, in a place where two ways met. They unloosed the animal,
+telling those that stood by and questioned them, that the Master had
+need of him. Then they brought the colt to Jesus, who mounted upon its
+back, after some of the disciples had spread their garments thereon. It
+was thus that Jesus rode into Jerusalem to his death. And when the great
+multitude of people who were gathered to the Passover saw him coming
+they cut branches from the palm trees by the side of the way, and spread
+them on the ground before Jesus, while they cried with joyful voices:
+"Hosanna; blessed be the King that cometh in the name of the Lord."
+
+In this incident you have the origin of Palm Sunday. It is the first day
+of Holy Week, the week which is dedicated by the Catholic Church to the
+commemoration of the sufferings and death of Jesus. With the early
+church throughout Europe it was the custom to lay the branches of a tree
+upon the altar on this day, and as the palm tree does not grow in
+Europe, the box, the yew, and especially the willow tree, were used
+instead. The branches were blessed by the priest, sprinkled with holy
+water, and then carried in procession through the town. As part of this
+procession it was sometimes arranged to have a figure representing Jesus
+sitting upon an ass--either a living figure or one made of wood, sitting
+upon a wooden animal. This wooden effigy was drawn along upon wheels,
+and the people in the street scattered the consecrated branches before
+it. Flowers were sometimes used as well as the branches of trees.
+
+It is a beautiful ceremony, this blessing of flowers and tree-branches
+upon Palm Sunday in memory of Christ's entry into Jerusalem, and it is
+one to interest all you children. But in the Middle Ages a great many
+unworthy things, such as the selling of palm-branches in order to avert
+diseases, became associated with Palm Sunday. Indeed, that whole week,
+the week that should have been so solemn and sacred, was turned into an
+occasion of feasting and frivolity. At the Reformation many of these
+unworthy things were abolished, and the ceremonies in connection with
+Palm Sunday were considerably modified here in England. Yet in some
+parts of the country it is still a custom to go a-palming--that is to
+say, to gather willow-branches--on the day before Palm Sunday.
+
+With the Roman Catholic Church, however, and especially in the
+ceremonies at Rome during Holy Week, an important place is given to Palm
+Sunday. The officiating priest blesses the branches, which are then
+distributed. In the solemn mass that follows, the people in the
+congregation hold the branches in their hands to the end of the service.
+In most cases these consecrated branches are taken home and preserved
+during the year; then they are burned and the ashes used upon Ash
+Wednesday.
+
+
+
+
+MAUNDY THURSDAY.
+
+
+There is another day in Holy Week that has old and interesting
+ceremonies connected with it. This is Maundy Thursday, which always
+falls, of course, on the day before Good Friday. It is the day which is
+set apart to commemorate the humility and tender loving-kindness of
+Jesus during that week of his suffering and death. You remember that,
+after the Master with his disciples, had partaken of supper in that
+upper room in Jerusalem, He rose up and laid aside his garments. Then He
+took a towel and girded himself. After that He poured water into a
+basin, and began to wash the disciples' feet, and to wipe them with the
+towel wherewith He was girded. In this beautiful act of humility you
+have the origin of Maundy Thursday; and its odd name is derived from the
+circumstance that, in the Ancient Church, the anthem _Maudatum novum_
+was sung at the ceremony.
+
+For the Early Church consecrated this day to acts of lowliness in
+imitation of Christ. The washing in public of the feet of the poor
+became the outward sign of humility in the whole church. In later times
+this washing was accompanied by gifts, and the ceremony was performed by
+Kings and Queens. Thus we find, here in England, that Queen Elizabeth
+performed the ceremony at her palace of Greenwich. The age of Her
+Majesty being thirty-nine, there were thirty-nine poor people chosen to
+assemble in her presence on Maundy Thursday. Then the yeomen of the
+laundry, the sub-almoner, and finally the Queen herself, washed each
+foot of the poor people in water mixed with sweet herbs, marked the sign
+of the cross above the toes, and then kissed it. Afterwards various
+gifts were distributed to these poor people in clothes, food, and money.
+Since James II. no English monarch has performed this ceremony, but in
+Spain and Austria the yearly foot-washing upon Holy Thursday is still
+performed by the Head of the State.
+
+In England the giving of gifts on Maundy Thursday has taken the place of
+foot-washing. During the reign of George II. the old men and women who
+gathered in the Banqueting House, at Whitehall, received half-quartern
+loaves, boiled beef and mutton, herrings red and white, with small
+bowls of ale. They were also given shoes and stockings, cloth to make
+dresses, and a leathern bag filled with money. The money was in
+silver-pieces, of the value of a penny and upwards; and these coins
+being made at the Mint for this special purpose were called Maundy
+Money. During the Reign of Queen Victoria the giving of meat and clothes
+was discontinued, but the poor people still received their dole or
+maund.
+
+It is to be hoped that King Edward VII. will continue this practice
+for--unlike some of the old customs--it is well worthy of being
+continued. Most people are inclined to be proud, and when people are
+proud they are usually greedy and selfish. Therefore, it is a good thing
+to have at least one day in the year set apart to help us to remember
+that true greatness, the greatness which Jesus Christ expects from his
+disciples, is only to be attained by lowliness and unselfishness.
+
+
+
+
+GOOD FRIDAY.
+
+
+Good Friday is the Friday before Easter, and by the Christian Church it
+is regarded as one of the most sacred days in the whole year. From a
+very early time it was regarded, in a special degree, as a day of
+fasting and mourning, because upon this Holy Friday the crucifixion of
+Jesus is commemorated. In the Church of England before the Reformation,
+and in the Roman Catholic Church still, the church service upon Good
+Friday is peculiar. Everything is made to appear mournful. The priests
+are dressed in black, at the elevation of the Host a wooden clapper is
+used instead of a bell, all the glittering ornaments are removed from
+the altar, and the music is more than usually sad.
+
+But even more strange than that is the chief ceremony. In old times, it
+used to be that the priests had a figure of Christ fixed to a crucifix
+which they carried round the church, treated with great reverence, and
+ultimately buried solemnly by torchlight. Nowadays, this ceremony has
+been somewhat changed. On Good Friday the crucifix, in the Roman
+Catholic Church, is placed before the altar. Then the priests, followed
+by the whole congregation, approach the figure upon the crucifix
+creeping upon their knees, and reverently kiss its feet. This ceremony,
+and the chanting of the _Miserere_, have a very solemnizing effect upon
+all who are present.
+
+Long ago, here in England, there was an odd ceremony performed by the
+King upon Good Friday. This was called Blessing the Cramp-rings. The
+ceremony is said to have originated in a wonderful ring, presented by a
+pilgrim to Edward the Confessor, and long used in Westminster Abbey as a
+cure for falling-sickness and cramp. On Good Friday the King of England
+used to go in state to his private chapel, and creep humbly upon his
+knees towards the crucifix. Following him came the King's Almoner with a
+silver basin in which were a number of gold or silver rings, and these
+rings the King blessed. Thereafter, they were given away to be used as
+an unfailing cure for cramp and epilepsy. In those days everybody
+believed that cramp-rings had the power to cure cramp, and in England
+to-day there are still a few people who so believe.
+
+You children, however, do not think of rings upon Good Friday; it is
+much better to think of hot cross buns. If you ask how it is that buns
+came to be eaten on this day I cannot answer. All that can be said is
+that bread, in one or another form, has always formed part of religious
+observances; and it may be that the spicy buns which you eat on Good
+Friday are connected with a religion that is older than Christianity.
+All things change, you know, and even the desire for hot cross buns is
+not so great as it used to be when people struggled in crowds at the
+doors of the famous Chelsea bun-houses. On Good Friday we do not so
+often hear the cry:
+
+    One a penny, buns,
+    Two a penny, buns,
+    One a penny, two a penny,
+    Hot cross buns!
+
+
+
+
+EASTER SUNDAY.
+
+
+On Good Friday the death of Jesus is commemorated, and that being so it
+is a day of gloom and sadness. On Easter Sunday the rising of Jesus from
+the dead is commemorated, and that being so it is regarded by the
+Christian Church as a day of great joy. In the old times, indeed, it was
+called the Sunday of Joy, and in the Eastern world it is still called
+the Bright Day. When friends met each other upon Easter Sunday the
+favourite salutation used to be: "He is risen," and to this was given
+the reply: "Verily he is risen." Everywhere there was happiness, and
+this happiness was shown in many ways. At Easter slaves used to receive
+their freedom, while at the present day, in Russia, birds that have been
+shut up in a cage have their cage-doors opened, and are permitted to fly
+away. That is a beautiful custom; an emblem of the freedom that Jesus
+brought to the world when he broke the power of Death in rising from the
+grave. In England this happiness is expressed in a practical manner by
+many marriages at Eastertide.
+
+Easter Sunday is what is called a movable feast; it is not held each
+year upon the same day of the month. The rule is, that Easter Sunday is
+always the first Sunday after the full moon that happens upon, or next
+after, the 21st of March; and if the full moon happens upon a Sunday,
+Easter Day is the Sunday after. As regards the name "Easter," it is very
+likely derived from an old Saxon deity called Eastre; for when the
+Christian religion was first preached to the heathen the missionaries
+often took an old heathen festival and turned it into a new Christian
+festival. Now, in the ancient heathen world there was always great joy
+and feasting in the spring-time when the sun began to rise higher and
+higher in the heavens, and there is little doubt that the early
+missionaries, when they converted the heathen, gave a new meaning to the
+old joy. Jesus, the Sun of Righteousness, had risen from the dead; that
+was the new gladness.
+
+But Christianity did not quite remove all the rites and ceremonies of
+the heathen worship; some of them, indeed, linger to this day. The
+ceremonies connected with fire, for instance, were very prominent in
+the heathen ritual, and in some parts of Europe bonfires are lit at
+Easter, while in the Roman Catholic Church great importance is given to
+the lighting of candles and tapers. Then again, there are the Pasch or
+Easter eggs--boiled hard and dyed in various colours--which are so
+interesting to children. This name of Pasch is derived from the Jewish
+festival of the Passover, and the egg we now regard as an emblem of the
+resurrection; but all the old peoples of the world looked upon the egg
+as a symbol of new life coming forth with blessing. It was, in some
+respects, a sacred thing in the old heathen world of the Egyptians and
+Persians; while here in this country the Easter eggs used to be blessed
+by the priests at the altar, and kept all the year as a charm against
+various ailments. Is it not curious to think, children, how races and
+religions have come to be linked together by small things? These
+coloured eggs which please you so much at Easter link you with strange
+old peoples and their strange old customs.
+
+
+
+
+ST. GEORGE'S DAY.
+
+
+On the back of some old English coins you will find the figure of a
+warrior on horseback, and in his hand a long spear with which he is
+slaying a dragon. That figure with the helmet and spear is St. George,
+the patron saint of England, and the patron saint of all that is
+chivalrous in Christianity. Regarding this hero and martyr we know very
+little; and indeed there are two men who have claims to be regarded as
+St. George. The most noble of these, and probably the true saint, was
+born of Christian parents in Cappadocia, became a warrior prince, and
+having testified for the Christian faith, was put to death at Nicomedia
+on April 23rd, 303 A.D., by the Roman Emperor Diocletian. From this
+time, and for that reason, he was venerated by all the Christian
+Churches, until about the year 494 A.D. George of Cappadocia was
+formally made a saint by Pope Gelasius.
+
+A great many legends have gathered round the name of St. George. The
+most famous of these, of course, is the story of how this Christian
+warrior slew a dragon that was about to kill and devour a young girl.
+With heavy labour, and at great risk to himself St. George is said to
+have rescued the maiden and destroyed the dragon. It is a very
+interesting adventure, but unfortunately it cannot be accepted as
+literally true. In these old days it was quite common to attribute to
+brave men the slaying of a dragon, and that St. George was the bravest
+of the brave we need not doubt. There is also no doubt that, as a
+Christian warrior, he fought against all that was sly, cruel and
+ravenous--these being the evil characteristics of a dragon.
+
+Several nations adopted St. George as their patron saint, for his
+bravery was known all over Christendom, and he was specially honoured
+during the Crusades. It was in England, however, that the saint was held
+in highest esteem. In 1222 A.D. the 23rd April became a great national
+festival by order of the Council of Oxford; while in the reign of Edward
+III. the famous Order of St. George, or the Blue Garter, was instituted.
+This is an Order of Knighthood, and when it was formed there was a great
+tournament in which forty of the stoutest and bravest of England's
+knights held the field against all the foreign knights who had been
+summoned to enter the contest. This Order of St. George, better known as
+the Order of the Garter, still exists, and its motto is still the same:
+_Honi soit qui mal y pense_.
+
+In recent times St. George's Day has not been generously honoured by the
+English people. This is, indeed, a very great pity, because the saint is
+closely linked with English history; because his emblem--the red cross
+on a white ground--is to be seen wherever the British flag flies; and
+because he represents all that is best and bravest in the English
+character. "God and St. George"; "Saint George and Merrie
+England"--these were the stout battle cries which led on to victory when
+the foundations of the British Empire were laid. He is a good patriot,
+therefore, who remembers St. George's Day.
+
+
+
+
+MAY DAY.
+
+
+If there is one month in the year that is more joyful than another it is
+the month of May--the merry month of May. And it is not difficult to
+understand why it should be so. In Europe it is the month when nature
+out-of-doors awakens into life; when leaves appear upon the trees; when
+flowers in profusion peep from among the grass; when the little birds in
+lane and woodland sing their sweetest. Nature is joyously astir; and in
+the sunshine of the open sky all people, especially young people, find
+it good to be alive. That is the reason why May is the merry month. It
+is Nature's holiday time; the time when she calls upon all folk who are
+weary of winter and rough weather, to come out of their stuffy houses
+and enjoy themselves for a little in green places, under the blue tent
+of the sky.
+
+It is the sun that brings all this new life and gladness as it goes
+higher in the heavens and shines brighter. So it happened that the
+ancient inhabitants of these islands, not knowing any better, held a
+great festival on the First of May to the praise and glory of the
+sun-god. A relic of this worship lingered until recently in the Beltane
+fires that were lit on the high hills of Scotland and Ireland. It was
+the same with the old Romans. They had a goddess of flowers called
+Flora, and about the beginning of May they held a festival in her
+honour. The houses were decked with garlands, there was much feasting
+and dancing out-of-doors, and at these feasts the goddess herself was
+represented by a beautiful maiden crowned with flowers.
+
+There is reason to think that some of our May Day customs were derived
+from these ancient peoples. In any case, it has always been a joyful day
+in England, especially in the ancient times before the Puritans
+abolished May-poles and merry-making. Not only the citizens of London,
+but also the lords and ladies of the Court, used to go out to the woods
+around the city--it was a very much smaller city then--and gather
+hawthorn blossom. This they called going a-Maying, and the flower of the
+hawthorn came to be called May-blossom. It was brought into hamlet,
+town, and city with great rejoicing, and to the sound of music.
+
+Then the whole day thereafter was spent in merry-making. In every town
+and village there was a tall pole fixed, called a May-pole; and on May
+Day this pole, the centre of all the frolic, was made gay with great
+garlands of flowers. Every town and village, also, had a Queen of the
+May, a maiden who was chosen for her beauty, and who sat apart crowned
+with flowers, an object of envy and admiration. The lads and lassies
+sang carols, played at such games as kiss-in-the-ring, and danced the
+morris dance. Not many of these customs now remain; the May-poles have
+disappeared; and very few of you children, I suppose, go a-Maying. Do
+you not think that is a mistake? I do; the work-a-day world is not such
+a mirthful place that we can afford to forget the cheery old customs,
+and there are surely many worse ways of spending a day than in dancing
+round a May-pole. I am sure that you children would like to have the
+merry-making of May Day brought back again.
+
+
+
+
+ROYAL OAK DAY.
+
+
+In your English history-book you will find some account of Oliver
+Cromwell and the many battles he fought against the royal house of
+Stuart and the cavaliers. One of the most famous of these was the battle
+of Worcester, fought near the town of that name on the 3rd September,
+1651, in which the army of King Charles II. was utterly defeated. As the
+result of this defeat by Cromwell, all the followers of the King were
+placed in danger, and the King's life was in great jeopardy. The only
+thing he could do was to flee out of England, but that was no easy
+matter because his enemies were numerous, and they searched for him with
+great diligence. His first plan was to try to reach London before the
+news of his defeat, and by proceeding from there in disguise he hoped to
+get a ship on the south coast that would carry him to France. This plan
+was in part successful, but before he embarked at Shoreham, near
+Brighton, the fugitive king had many strange adventures and hair-breadth
+escapes.
+
+One of the most notable of these was connected with a large country
+house called Boscobel, situated in Shropshire, and about thirty-seven
+miles from Worcester, where the great battle was fought. In fleeing
+northward after the fight Charles was accompanied by many of his
+followers, but in order to give him a better chance to escape the king
+was advised to leave all the others and make his way to Boscobel where
+the folk were all friendly. This he did, with trusty Richard Penderel
+for his guide; and as the house was a lonely place set among woods, the
+king hoped that he would not be disturbed. But the pursuit after him was
+very hot, and the soldiers of Cromwell arrived in the neighbourhood. So
+the king had to seek a hiding-place somewhere out of doors, and one of
+his friends, Colonel William Careless, suggested that they should
+conceal themselves among the branches of a large bushy oak-tree that
+stood near the house. There the two remained for a whole day, with
+little to eat except bread and cheese, and with the constant fear of
+being discovered. From where they sat among the branches they could peep
+through the leaves and see the soldiers searching the woods around. But
+they were not discovered, and at length the king escaped from that
+neighbourhood dressed like a countryman in leathern doublet and green
+jerkin.
+
+After many years, as you all know, the man who hid in the oak-tree was
+invited to return to England, where he reigned as Charles II. It was on
+the 29th May, 1660, and the king's thirtieth birthday, that he entered
+London in triumph. The story of his adventure in the oak-tree having
+become known, garlands of oak-branches, and the Royal Oak used as a
+symbol, were prominent in the coronation ceremonies; while from
+thenceforth the 29th May was established as Royal Oak Day, or Oak-Apple
+Day. During the Restoration Period, and for long afterwards, it was the
+custom to go forth into the woods on the morning of that day and gather
+branches of oak. In town and village the houses were decorated with the
+woodland spoil, and thus did the people of England exhibit their loyalty
+to the House of Stuart. Even now the old custom lingers in
+out-of-the-way hamlets, and the sign of the Royal Oak may still be seen
+on many an old inn, but the oak-leaf and the acorn have lost all their
+significance in the world of politics. Oak-Apple Day, I fear, will never
+again become a general holiday.
+
+
+
+
+MIDSUMMER'S EVE.
+
+
+Midsummer Day is the 24th June; this is also the day upon which the
+birth of St. John the Baptist is celebrated by the Christian Church.
+During the Middle Ages it was a joyous time of feast and merry-making,
+for in these old times, as you must have gathered from this little book,
+people did not work and worry so much as they do nowadays. But here is a
+curious thing: nearly all the ceremonies connected with this holiday
+were performed the night previous--variously called Midsummer's Eve, or
+St. John's Eve. These customs and ceremonies were observed in various
+forms throughout Christendom, and some of them were very strange. I have
+often had to tell you that many of our holiday practices and usages were
+founded upon ancient heathen rites and ceremonies; this is perhaps more
+observable in connection with Midsummer Eve than upon any other holiday
+occasion.
+
+Flowers and fire were two things that became of great importance on
+Midsummer's Eve. Nearly every town and village had its bonfire lit in
+the market-place, and at one time these fires were formally blessed by
+the priests of the church. One practice connected with these fires, a
+practice that carries us far back into heathen times, was the way in
+which the boys and girls leaped through and over the flames. It was also
+customary to fling flowers and garlands into the fires, while the
+people, young and old, circled round the blaze with merry antics and
+gleeful songs. Great processions were also formed to visit the woods and
+bring back green boughs wherewith to decorate the houses on St. John's
+Eve. The boughs were hung round doors and windows with joyful shoutings,
+in recognition of the prophecy that many would rejoice at the birth of
+John the Baptist.
+
+Midsummer's Eve was regarded as a time when the strangest things might
+easily happen. That is probably the reason why Shakspere called his play
+"A Midsummer Day's Dream," and make Puck and the other fairies play such
+pranks with the mortals that they found wandering out-of-doors. It used
+to be a common belief in Ireland, and the superstition still lingers,
+that on this night the souls of all sleeping people left their bodies,
+and went wandering into strange places, sometimes never to return. To
+avoid this dangerous possibility it was usual to keep awake during that
+night. But to keep watch did not always prevent the watcher from having
+gruesome experiences. In England it was quite a prevalent opinion that
+if you sat in the church porch all St. John's Eve you would see the
+spirits of those who were soon to die in the parish come and knock at
+the church door.
+
+There were various other superstitious practices and beliefs associated
+with Midsummer's Eve--most of them weird and heathenish--which you will
+read about when you grow older. They belong to a time when people were
+very ignorant, and therefore very credulous. Happily, we are forgetting
+all these foolish beliefs; and for my part I find Midsummer's Eve
+interesting and beautiful because the light is slow to fade from the
+sky, because the wild roses make a pleasant scent in the lanes, and
+because the nightingale from the copsewood brims the darkness with
+melodious joy.
+
+
+
+
+ST. SWITHIN'S DAY.
+
+
+In Europe there are various saints who are supposed to have had some
+influence upon the weather; France has its St. Medard, and England has
+its St. Swithin. Our actual knowledge of this old English saint is very
+scanty, and the grounds upon which he has been associated with dry and
+wet weather are of dubious origin. We are told that St. Swithin was a
+monk in the Old Abbey of Winchester, and that because of his zeal he
+became prior and then bishop of that See. We are told, also, that he
+erected numerous churches, while his piety and learning were such that
+Egbert, King of Wessex, gave him his son and successor to educate. As
+was usual with good men in those days, many miraculous deeds were
+attributed to St. Swithin, and finally he died in the year 862 A.D. He
+was buried in the churchyard at Winchester, in a humble spot of his own
+selection.
+
+More than a hundred years afterwards the clergy of the diocese of
+Winchester thought that the Saint deserved more honour than a grave
+under the dripping eaves of the Cathedral. Accordingly, they arranged to
+remove the body inside with great ceremony, and the date selected for
+this event was the 15th July. Thereafter this day was regarded as St.
+Swithin's Day because, if we are to believe popular legend, he objected
+to have his body removed from the humble place in the graveyard chosen
+by himself. In order to give outward and visible sign of his displeasure
+violent rains descended on that 15th of July, and the torrent continued
+for forty days, so that the ceremony of removing the Saint's body was
+delayed, while the clergy of the diocese were thus rebuked for their
+presumption. Hence there grew up the popular belief which finds
+expression in the old rhyme:
+
+    St. Swithin's Day, if thou dost rain,
+    For forty days it will remain:
+    St. Swithin's Day, if thou be fair,
+    For forty days 'twill rain nae mair.
+
+There is, of course, no truth in this old adage, although there are some
+people who still profess to believe in it. The men whose business it is
+to watch the weather day by day and write down all they observe, will
+tell you that it does not matter in the least, as far as the rain of the
+following forty days is concerned, whether it is wet or dry on the 15th
+July. It is even very doubtful whether the ceremony of removing the
+Saint's body was marked by any special downpour of rain; the fact is not
+mentioned by the chroniclers of that time. Like many other things
+connected with holidays and holy days this legend regarding St. Swithin
+has its origin, probably in the heathen times that preceded
+Christianity. That would account, at least, for the curious fact that
+there are several rainy Saints in Europe.
+
+
+
+
+MICHAELMAS DAY.
+
+
+The 29th September is dedicated as a feast day in the Christian Church
+to St. Michael and All Angels. In the Bible the Angel Michael is
+mentioned several times, and always as a fighter, especially against
+Satan. Thus you find it stated in the Epistle of Jude that Michael the
+Archangel contended with the Devil regarding the body of Moses. In the
+book of the Revelation of St. John, again, you will find it written that
+there was war in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the
+dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels, and prevailed not; neither
+was their place found any more in heaven. And the great dragon was cast
+out, that old Serpent, called the Devil. He was cast out into the earth,
+and his angels were cast out with him.
+
+You will gather from this that St. Michael always appears in the
+character of a warrior; and as the Christian Church accomplished a great
+deal of fighting, especially during the time of the crusades, it can
+easily be understood that the warlike Archangel was popular. In old
+pictures he is usually represented in a coat of mail, and with a short
+spear in his hand, hurling Satan downwards to the earth. John Milton, in
+his "Paradise Lost," makes full use of this conception of the Archangel,
+only that he puts a great and marvellous sword into his hand:
+
+                                "The sword
+    Of Michael from the armoury of God
+    Was given him tempered so, that neither keen
+    Nor solid might resist that edge; it met
+    The sword of Satan, with steep force to smite
+    Descending, and in half cut sheer; nor stayed,
+    But, with swift wheel reverse, deep entering shared
+    All his right side: Then Satan first knew pain."
+
+In old times it was usual to have a saint or an angel for one's
+guardian, and as Michael, according to the Church, was both of these he
+was popular as a heavenly protector. But an earthly protector was also
+required, and thus it came about--whether by accident or intentionally I
+cannot tell--that magistrates were chosen upon Michaelmas Day. Thus you
+find that the Lord Mayor of London is elected on the 29th of September.
+This day is also one of the four quarterly terms; the day upon which
+many people pay their rent; and not always, therefore, a day of joy. In
+old times when the farmer took his rent to the lord of the manor it was
+usual for him to carry a fat goose in his hand as a present. From this
+practice it has established itself as a custom to have a goose for
+dinner on Michaelmas Day; another good reason is that geese, when fed
+upon the chance grain of autumn's stubbled fields, are always at their
+fattest and best. It is curious to note, how that, although a holy day
+or a holiday may have begun with the adoration of saint or angel, it
+usually survives for us in some form of eating. But you children, I am
+sure, do not object.
+
+
+
+
+ALL HALLOW'S EVE.
+
+
+The night of the 31st October has a character peculiar to itself, and to
+you children it has some ceremonies that possess special interest. In
+England it is known as All Hallow's Eve; while in Scotland, where its
+customs are most varied and remarkable, it is known as Halloween. It is
+the Eve of All Saints' Day, but there is little or nothing connected
+with the popular practices of that night that suggest Christianity. On
+the contrary, they suggest some old pagan worship and a mysterious
+impish world that holds high carnival for that one night. Many of the
+customs and rites connected with this revel--described vividly and
+amusingly by Robert Burns in "Halloween"--are not known to the Scots
+people of the present day; but some few of them are still practised,
+even in England.
+
+Nuts and apples become of great importance upon All Hallow's Eve. The
+nuts are not for eating--although that were probably a wise use to
+which to put them--but to play a mysterious part in deciding the fate of
+lovers. For this purpose two nuts are dropped into a bright red fire,
+side by side, and the name of the lad and lass, whose fates are to be
+decided, is given to each nut. The nuts themselves give the decision. If
+they burn quietly together then all is well; but on the other hand, if
+the nuts (or one of them) jump out of the fire, then things will go ill
+with the two lovers. Here is how Burns describes the practice:
+
+    "The auld guidwife's weel-hoordet nits
+      Are round and round devided,
+    And mony lads and lasses fates
+      Are there that night decided:
+    Some kindle, couthie, side by side,
+      And burn together trimly;
+    Some start awa, with saucy pride,
+      And jump out ower the chimlie
+                    Full high that night."
+
+Apples have a quite different use. On Halloween they are placed in large
+quantities in a big tub nearly full of water. The apples are then
+stirred round vigorously, while the boys and girls, each in turn, try to
+snatch an apple from the water, not using their hands, but their teeth
+alone. Sometimes one has to dip one's head right down to the bottom of
+the tub in chase of a big apple, and that is rather a chilly experience,
+as I am able to testify. The modern plan of dropping a fork into the
+tub, over the back of a chair, may spoil, just a little, the apples that
+are impaled, but it is a good preventitive of a cold in the head--the
+usual result of ducking for apples.
+
+There are many other customs connected with Halloween, some of them
+mysterious and uncanny, which you will learn by and bye. But these two,
+the burning of nuts and the hunting of apples will do you no possible
+harm. On the contrary, where there is a lot of you children present,
+they will give much innocent fun and laughter.
+
+
+
+
+GUY FAWKES' DAY.
+
+
+There is another name for this day; it is sometimes called Gunpowder
+Plot Day, and that name informs us how it happened that the 5th November
+became famous in English history. That was the day upon which a few
+Catholic gentlemen, over-zealous for their religion, determined to
+destroy King James I., and the Houses of Lords and Commons, by means of
+gunpowder. It was a gentleman named Catesby who conceived this murderous
+plot, and he was joined by several other conspirators. The most famous
+of these, although he can scarcely be regarded as the most guilty, was a
+gentleman called Guy Fawkes who had fought bravely with the Spanish army
+in Flanders. He was brought over to England in order to carry out the
+plot, and like all the other conspirators he took a vow of secrecy.
+
+In itself the plot was very simple. The conspirators hired a house near
+to the building where Parliament met, and their intention was to dig an
+underground passage-way between the two buildings, and to prepare under
+Parliament House a large mine charged with gunpowder. They found
+difficulties, however, in carrying out this scheme, chief of these being
+the thickness of the wall through which they had to pierce. Eventually,
+the digging of this underground passage-way was abandoned, because the
+conspirators found that they could hire a cellar right under the House
+of Lords. This would be far more convenient, they thought; so they hired
+it from a coal-dealer, and put thirty-six barrels of gunpowder into it.
+The barrels were carefully covered with faggots, and in the month of
+May, 1605, all was ready to blow the King and his Parliament into the
+air.
+
+But Parliament did not meet until the 5th November, and by that time the
+secret had leaked out. There have been great differences of opinion
+regarding the manner in which the plot was revealed. It appears,
+however, that a mysterious letter was sent by Mr. Francis Tresham, one
+of the conspirators, to his brother-in-law Lord Monteagle, warning him
+regarding the coming disaster. This letter is said to have led to a
+search in the cellars under Parliament House, but it is quite probable
+that the plot was revealed in a more direct manner. In any case, the
+gunpowder was discovered in the cellar, and beside it was Guy Fawkes. He
+was arrested on the early morning of the 5th November by a Westminster
+magistrate and a party of soldiers. When the other conspirators heard
+that the plot had failed they fled into the country, but the most of
+them were captured, tried for high treason along with Guy Fawkes, and
+with him were hanged as traitors in St. Paul's Churchyard.
+
+For many years after this plot was discovered the 5th day of November
+was kept as a national holiday, and the people expressed their
+patriotism and their Protestantism in huge bonfires, with shoutings and
+the ringing of bells. Also, it was regarded as the proper thing on this
+day to parade a scarecrow effigy of Guy Fawkes, which was finally burned
+as a warning to traitors. Now the day is only remembered by boys who are
+bent upon a frolic, for this old rhyme has lost much of its
+significance:
+
+    Remember, remember!
+    The fifth of November,
+    The Gunpowder treason and plot;
+    There is no reason
+    Why the Gunpowder treason
+    Should ever be forgot!
+
+
+
+
+LORD MAYOR'S DAY.
+
+
+In London the 9th of November has been regarded, for many centuries, as
+a day of special importance. It is Lord Mayor's Day. That is to say, the
+new Lord Mayor of the City of London, who was elected by the freemen of
+the City Guilds on Michaelmas Day, goes in his state coach to the Law
+Courts to be "sworn into" office by His Majesty's judges. Until recent
+times the Law Courts were situated at Westminster, and in old
+Westminster Hall some of the greatest trials in English history took
+place,--such as the trials of Lord Cobham, Strafford, and Warren
+Hastings. Now the Law Courts are situated in the Strand, near to the
+spot where stood Temple Bar.
+
+The Lord Mayor of London has still a certain amount of authority within
+the City bounds, but nothing like what he used to possess. At one time,
+indeed, in his capacity of Head of all the great trade guilds, he was
+more powerful than any of the king's nobles, and in London he
+exercised almost as much authority as the king himself. From this you
+will understand that when he, in the old times, journeyed from the City
+of London to the City of Westminster it was a great occasion, because
+the Lord Mayor was in truth a great man. The stately pageants wended to
+Westminster on Lord Mayor's Day both by coach and water-barge;
+glittering pageants that had a real significance. In many cases they
+were devised by clever play-wrights, and their glories recorded in the
+verses of the poet laureates.
+
+In the year 1616 Sir John Leman, of the Fishmongers' Company, was Lord
+Mayor, and part of his pageant was a fishing-boat with fishermen drawing
+up their nets laden with living fish which they distributed among the
+people. This boat, set upon a wheeled stage, was followed by a dolphin
+with a youth on its back; then the King of the Moors, with six tributary
+kings on horseback; then a lemon-tree (the Mayor's name was Leman) laden
+with fruit and flowers; then a bower adorned with the names and arms of
+all members of the Fishmongers' Company; then an armed officer, with a
+representation of the head of Wat Tyler; lastly there was a great car
+drawn by mermen and mermaids, and on the top of it was a victorious
+angel, with a representation of King Richard surrounded by figures that
+symbolized all the royal virtues.
+
+Some of the Lord Mayor's pageants were even more splendid than this one.
+Gilded chariots, giants, bowers wreathed with flowers, men in armour,
+full-rigged ships, satyrs, bannermen--these things, and many other
+fanciful contrivances, found a place in the Lord Mayor's procession. And
+this procession still forms a part of London life, but it has lost all
+its significance; and a great deal of its interest, even as a show. On
+the 9th day of each November the Lord Mayor's gilded coach, with a few
+mounted soldiers, the heralds, the aldermen in coaches, the City
+firemen, and a few symbolical cars block the traffic of London from east
+to west. It is not an occasion of great historical interest, yet it
+still draws great crowds, for your true Londoner loves a procession that
+goes to the sound of brazen music. The Lord Mayor's Show is also--just
+like a circus procession--beloved of all boys and girls.
+
+
+
+
+ST. ANDREW'S DAY.
+
+
+In this little book you have already been presented to three patron
+saints. There was St. David, the patron saint of Wales; St. Patrick, the
+patron saint of Ireland; and St. George, the patron saint of England.
+Now we come to St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland, who is honoured
+by Scotsmen on the 30th November in each year. The first mention of this
+Saint is in the New Testament where he, with his brother Simon Peter,
+became a disciple of Christ, after having been a disciple of John the
+Baptist. After the death of Christ this first disciple of his became a
+missionary in many lands. From tradition we learn that St. Andrew
+travelled and preached the gospel in Scythia, Thrace and Asia Minor.
+Finally, we are told that he suffered martyrdom for the Christian faith
+at Patrae, in Achaia. The cross on which he died was in the form of an X,
+and that is now known as the St. Andrew's cross.
+
+But how did this Saint come to be connected with Scotland? Well, the
+story told is this: There was once a monk who lived in the fourth
+century called Regulus, or Rule, who brought the bones of St. Andrew
+from Constantinople--where they had been deposited in a church by the
+Emperor Constantine--and buried them near the sea on the east coast of
+Scotland. There he built a church, and round the church there gradually
+gathered a little hamlet. In course of time, the hamlet became a City
+with a cathedral and a university, and in your geography books you will
+find it called St Andrews. I am not sure that I can ask you to believe
+all this story, for it is only a monkish legend. But at least part of it
+is true. If there was no such monk as Regulus, there is certainly a very
+pleasant city called St. Andrews, in which there is a building called
+St. Rule's Tower.
+
+Here is another sure thing that I can tell you. There is an Order of
+Knighthood called the Order of St. Andrew, although it is more often
+called the Order of the Thistle. It was created by James II. in 1687,
+and it includes the King and sixteen knights. The insignia of the Order
+consists of a gold collar composed of thistles interlaced with red; the
+jewel is a figure of St. Andrew in the middle of a star of eight
+pointed rays; and the motto of the Order is _Nemo me impune lacessit_.
+This is a motto which Scotsmen carry with them all over the world.
+
+All over the world, also, Scotsmen keep in remembrance two days; and on
+these days they meet together to express love of the old home. One of
+these days is the 30th November--St. Andrew's Day. Curiously enough, it
+is not a holiday in Scotland, nor do the people there hold it much in
+remembrance. But when a Scotsman goes into a strange country--though it
+be no further than London--he begins to think a very great deal of his
+homeland, and all the ill things he said of it when he lived there are
+quickly forgotten. Bleak and barren it may have been to them once, but
+when Scotsmen meet on St. Andrew's Day, or on the birthday of Robert
+Burns, they discover that Scotland is the most lovely country in the
+world. This is just as it should be. I hope that all you children,
+wherever you may travel, will keep a great love for the land where you
+were born.
+
+
+
+
+CHRISTMAS EVE.
+
+
+Of all nights of the year there is not one that is more anxiously
+awaited by young people than the night that precedes Christmas. Then
+begins the great festival of the year; the festival in honour of the
+birth of Christ; the festival that reminds us of the Child born in a
+manger, of the shepherds near Bethlehem watching their flocks by night,
+and of the angels that sang of peace and goodwill to men. It is the most
+joyous of all holiday seasons; prepared for long before, and remembered
+pleasantly long afterwards. This is true of England to-day, and it was
+even more true of the England of the olden times--as you will find if
+you read Sir Walter Scott's poem of _Marmion_:
+
+    "England was merry England, when
+    Old Christmas brought his sports again.
+    'Twas Christmas broached the mightiest ale;
+    'Twas Christmas told the merriest tale;
+    A Christmas gambol oft would cheer
+    The poor man's heart through half the year."
+
+At midnight on Christmas Eve the bells are rung, and in Roman Catholic
+churches the first of the three masses is celebrated,--Christ's masses.
+But although this is a Christian festival there are curious customs
+observed which take us back into the old heathen world. There is the
+miseltoe bough, for instance, which you hang up in the hall; and there
+is the Yule log. The old Druids had a feast at this season--the time of
+the winter solstice--when the chief Druid cut the miseltoe from the
+oak-tree, where it grew, and divided it among the people, who hung it up
+over their doorways as a charm to bring good-fortune. Then, again, the
+Yule log is a relic of the ceremony in which the Norsemen lighted great
+bonfires in honour of their gods. To bring home the Yule log on
+Christmas Eve is not so common as it used to be, but it deserves to be
+remembered as one of the most joyous of old English customs.
+
+So, also, are the carols, the waits, the mummers, and the games of
+Christmas time. Some of these games and mummeries were a little too
+boisterous for our modern taste, probably because they had their origin
+in the heathen Saturnalia of old Rome. But we still love to hear the
+waits tuning up on a clear frosty night, the game of snap-dragon is
+still a noisy joy, and the carol-singers are still welcome. I am sure
+you like that old carol which begins:
+
+    "God rest you merry, gentlemen,
+      Let nothing you dismay
+    For Jesus Christ our Saviour
+      Was born upon this day
+    To save us all from Satan's power
+      When we were gone astray."
+
+But probably the best thing you children like about Christmas Eve is the
+ceremony of hanging up your stockings in expectation of all the things
+that are to come to you from the wallet of Santa Claus. That is the
+great event. Some of you, I believe, try to lie awake until Santa Claus
+comes with the fruit and the toys. But that is never a success. All the
+best gifts come to us when we do not peep and watch.
+
+
+
+
+CHRISTMAS DAY.
+
+
+On Christmas Day, in most households, the children are the first to make
+themselves heard. There are shouts of wonder and glee from the nursery
+bedrooms when it is discovered that Santa Claus has actually paid his
+long-talked-about visit, and that he has brought in his wallet just the
+things that were desired. The shouts of one awakens all the others, and
+the chatter is great as the children rush about displaying their
+new-found treasures to one another. This morning the nursery rules are
+disregarded, because Christmas comes but once a year. Children are
+permitted to run upstairs and downstairs in their night garments; to
+skip about and laugh and chatter; and even to appear late at the
+breakfast table. It is more than likely, indeed, that the breakfast
+itself will be late, for the grown-ups in most households are usually as
+excited as the children. But it is Christmas Day, a day of joy for
+everybody. All the old stiff rules are relaxed for this happiest day of
+all the year.
+
+Yet the church must not be neglected, nor must it be forgotten that
+Christmas is a sacred festival. To do honour to the Babe Jesus that was
+born in a manger at Bethlehem--that is the real meaning of the gladness
+of Christmas Day. So all you children should love to go to the church in
+the forenoon. It will be pleasant for you in many ways, especially if
+the air is clear, with a touch of frost in it, and the winter sun
+shining brightly. In any case you will find that the service in church,
+like the church itself, is brighter on Christmas Day than at ordinary
+times. You will like to see the old church trimmed up with holly and
+holly-berries; you will join in the cheerful Christmas hymns with more
+than your usual heartiness. It will be pleasant for you to think that
+all over the world, men and women of every nation are doing honour to
+One who was once a child like yourselves.
+
+Then it is home to dinner, a real Christmas Dinner. I do not suppose
+that you will dine with a boar's head on the table, or that you will be
+permitted to taste a peacock stuffed with spices and sweet herbs. These
+were two of the dishes that figured in the good old times, but they
+have long been discarded. Yet the Christmas goose is still popular, and
+in almost equal favour is the roast beef of Old England. With you
+children, however, the plum-pudding and the mince pies and the fruit
+will be in most demand. How many helpings? I dare not say how many, for
+Christmas Day brings its own appetite, but you must try--just a very
+little--not to be greedy when the pudding comes in ablaze.
+
+Because greediness is ugly, and also because Christmas does not end with
+dinner-time. There is the evening with its romps, its games, its dances
+and its Christmas Tree. It is the Christmas Tree, probably, that will
+give you most pleasure, with all its glittering ornaments, its coloured
+flags, and its lighted candles. This is a pleasure which English
+children, in the old times, did not share, because the Christmas Tree
+for children was only introduced to this country in the reign of Queen
+Victoria. Indeed, the whole tendency nowadays is to make of Christmas a
+children's holiday. This is well; because by so doing--by making the
+lives of all children, and especially all poor children, brighter at
+this season--we shall give most honour and praise to the Babe that was
+born in lowly Bethlehem.
+
+
+
+
+BOXING DAY.
+
+
+When people are in a good humour--and everybody is supposed to be in a
+good humour at Christmas--they find it easy to give little gifts to
+their relations, friends, children and servants. On Christmas Day these
+gifts are given to friends and the children of the household, but on the
+day after Christmas the servants and dependents obtain their share of
+the gifts in what is called a Christmas Box. Hence the 26th December has
+come to be recognized as Boxing Day. This is a very old custom, and
+probably it has its origin in certain customs that were observed by the
+Romans during the Saturnalia. At that season presents were distributed
+to all, and for one day, at least, the Roman slaves received the gift of
+freedom. That was a good custom.
+
+It was wise for the early Christian Church to adopt this method of
+giving presents at Christmastide, but the custom has lost some of its
+wisdom by use. The art of giving wisely is a very difficult art;
+almost as difficult as the art of receiving wisely. At Christmas time
+this becomes very plain to us, and it is especially obvious to us on
+Boxing Day. Many of the gifts bestowed on that day are bestowed with a
+grudge, and received as a matter of right. That is not as it should be,
+for all pleasure is lost when a gift is bestowed in a stingy spirit, and
+taken with a thankless hand. I feel sure that you children do not give
+or receive your Christmas boxes in that manner. If you have any little
+gift to bestow upon the people who do you a service throughout the year,
+you will do it cheerfully. And if any one gives you a little gift, do
+not turn it over and over looking at all sides, but accept it with
+thankfulness and a cheerful countenance. By so doing you will find that
+Boxing Day is one of the most pleasant days in all the year.
+
+For a London child there is an interesting event that always happens on
+the 26th December. The pantomimes begin upon Boxing Day. Your old
+friends the Harlequin, the Clown, the Pantaloon bounce upon the stage
+with all their old antics and most of their old jokes. But the more
+ancient the jokes are, I think you like them the better. When I was a
+boy I liked to see the Clown play tricks upon the policeman, and startle
+innocent people with a red-hot poker. I am sure that you feel just like
+that to-day, and that you laugh as heartily as I did. There is nothing
+better than laughter; and throughout England, in every playhouse, a
+great tide of laughter begins upon Boxing Day.
+
+And now we have reached almost the last day of the year, and quite the
+last page of this little book. Since New Year's Day we have travelled
+together, and I have tried to explain to you the meaning of the various
+Holy Days and Holidays. I have tried to make the explanations
+interesting, and not exactly like the dull books that grown-ups read.
+But I am not sure that I have succeeded; holidays are stupid things when
+they are set down in print. It is far better to take them just as they
+come along, and enjoy the good things they bring. Holidays are like the
+pictures in a dry book. When I was a boy I sometimes skipped the reading
+and enjoyed the pictures. You can skip the reading in this book if you
+like.
+
+    FINIS.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Holidays & Happy-Days, by Hamish Hendry
+
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