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diff --git a/37101.txt b/37101.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a27165 --- /dev/null +++ b/37101.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2464 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Humpback Whales in Glacier Bay National +Monument, Alaska, by United States Department of Commerce, Marine Mammal Commission + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Humpback Whales in Glacier Bay National Monument, Alaska + +Author: United States Department of Commerce, Marine Mammal Commission + +Release Date: August 15, 2011 [EBook #37101] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HUMPBACK WHALES IN GLACIER BAY *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE + National Technical Information Service + + PB80-141559 + + HUMPBACK WHALES IN GLACIER BAY NATIONAL MONUMENT, ALASKA + + MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION + WASHINGTON, D.C. + + FEBRUARY 1980 + + + + +QL 737 .C424 H86x + +Humpback whales in Glacier Bay National Monument, Alaska + + + + + Report No. MMC-79/01 + + HUMPBACK WHALES IN GLACIER BAY NATIONAL MONUMENT, ALASKA + + Marine Mammal Commission + 1625 I Street, N.W. + Washington, D.C. 20006 + + Published February 1980 + + Availability Unlimited + + Prepared by + + U.S. Marine Mammal Commission + 1625 I Street, N.W. + Washington, D.C. 20006 + + + + +NOTICE + +THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED FROM THE BEST COPY FURNISHED US BY +THE SPONSORING AGENCY. ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT CERTAIN PORTIONS +ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RELEASED IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING +AVAILABLE AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE. + + + + + REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE + +------------------------+---------------+----------------------------+ + |1. Report No. |2. |3. Recipient's Accession No.| + | | | | + | MMC-79/01 | | PB 80 141559 | + +------------------------+---------------+----------------------------+ + |4. Title and Subtitle |5. Report Date | + | | October 1979 | + | Humpback Whales in Glacier Bay +----------------------------+ + | National Monument, Alaska |6. | + +----------------------------------------+----------------------------+ + |7. Author(s) |8. Performing Organization | + | | Report No. | + | Marine Mammal Commission | | + +----------------------------------------+----------------------------+ + |9. Performing Organization Name |10. Project/Task/Work | + | and Address | Unit No. | + | | | + | Marine Mammal Commission +----------------------------+ + | 1625 I Street, N.W. |11. Contract or Grant No. | + | Washington, D.C. 20006 | | + | +----------------------------+ + +----------------------------------------+13. Type of Report | + |12. Sponsoring Organization Name | | + | and Address | Final Report | + | | | + | Same as above. +----------------------------+ + | |14. | + +----------------------------------------+----------------------------+ + |15. Supplementary Notes | + | | + | | + +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ + |16. Abstract | + | | + | The waters of Glacier Bay National Monument, Alaska, appear to be | + | an important humpback whale (_Megaptera novaeangliae_) summering | + | area. In 1979, fewer whales used Glacier Bay than expected, based | + | on previous observations. This report, of an Interagency Review | + | Meeting held in Seattle, Washington, on 12-13 October 1979, | + | discusses management and research activities relating to humpback | + | whales in Glacier Bay National Monument and surrounding waters. | + | | + +----------------------------------------+----------------------------+ + |17. Originator's Key Words |18. Availability Statement | + | Humpback Whales | | + | (_Megaptera novaeangliae_) | | + | Glacier Bay National Monument, Alaska | Availability unlimited | + | Southeast Alaska | | + | | | + +----------------------------------------+----------------------------+ + |19. U.S. Security |20. U.S. Security |21. No. of Pages |22. Price | + | Classif. of | Classif. of | | | + | the Report | This Page | | | + | | | | | + +-------------------+--------------------+-----------------+----------+ + This Form may be reproduced. + + + + + TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + Page + + PREFACE 1 + + INTRODUCTION 2 + + BACKGROUND 2 + + Distribution and Abundance of Humpback Whales + in the North Pacific 2 + + Glacier Bay 3 + + Humpback Whales in Glacier Bay 7 + + Human Use of Glacier Bay 10 + + POSSIBLE CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HUMAN USE + OF GLACIER BAY AND THE DISPLACEMENT OF HUMPBACK WHALES + FROM THE BAY 13 + + ADEQUACY OF EXISTING DATA 21 + + MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES TAKEN OR + UNDER CONSIDERATION 21 + + ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT ACTIONS 23 + + IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING THE MOST APPROPRIATE + RESEARCH/MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 24 + + AGENCY RESPONSIBILITIES AND NEED FOR COOPERATION + AND COORDINATION 26 + + SUMMARY 27 + + REFERENCES 29 + + APPENDICES + + + + + LIST OF TABLES + + + Page + + 1. Relative abundance and distribution of identified + humpback whales in southeast Alaskan waters 1967-79 8 + + 2. Number of humpback whales (individual census) + entering Glacier Bay during "influxes" 9 + + 3. Age composition of humpback whales per year in + Glacier Bay 9 + + 4. Juraszs' description of "stress behavior" 11 + + 5. Juraszs' vessel/aircraft classes 12 + + 6. Number of visitors and vessels to Glacier Bay + National Monument 14 + + 7. Number of vessel sightings per month in each + class as seen from the Juraszs' R/V GINJUR 15 + + 8. Average vessel sightings per day in each class + as seen from the Juraszs' R/V GINJUR 16 + + + + + LIST OF FIGURES + + + Page + + 1. Southeast Alaska, Alexander Archipelago 4 + + 2. Glacier Bay, Alaska 5 + + 3. Glacier Bay, Alaska showing former positions of + termini 1760-1966 6 + + 4. Commercial fishing vessel visits to Glacier Bay 17 + + 5. Commercial fishing activity Glacier Bay 18 + + 6. Fishing charter boats and private boat visits + to Glacier Bay 1970-1977 19 + + + + +PREFACE + + +In 1976, the National Park Service initiated a study to determine +whether increased boat traffic or boating activities were having an +adverse impact on humpback whales inhabiting Glacier Bay National +Monument during the summer months. In 1978, the whales entered the Bay +as usual, but left sooner than expected. The scientists conducting the +whale studies believed that the early departure of the whales was +precipitated by increased boat traffic in the Bay and, in 1979, the +Park Service, in consultation with the cruise ship industry, developed +and implemented operational guidelines for vessel course and speed in +designated areas, where it was felt that vessel interactions with +incoming whales could cause the most disturbance. + +Researchers spent many hours looking for whales in the Bay during the +early part of the 1979 summer season, but few whales were seen. +Several interactions between vessels and those whales present in the +Bay were observed and, on one occasion, a whale known to have had an +interaction with a vessel left the Bay. Monument personnel discussed +the problem with the area office of the National Park Service. A +number of options, including emergency closure of the Bay were +considered. It was decided to provide funds for a more thorough +analysis of the available information on whale/vessel interactions, +and to consult with the National Marine Fisheries Service pursuant to +Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. + +The NMFS was advised of the situation and, on 10 August 1979, NPS and +NMFS representatives met in Seattle, Washington to review available +information concerning the nature and possible causes of the departure +of whales from the Bay. Another meeting was held in late August to +discuss the problem with members of the cruise ship industry. It was +agreed that additional research was needed to better define the nature +and possible causes of the problem and that a meeting should be held +to discuss possible research approaches with other professionals in +the marine mammal field. These decisions led to the meeting described +in this report. + +Subsequent to the meeting reported here, the National Marine Fisheries +Service in a letter dated December 3, 1979, responded to the National +Park Service's request for a Section 7 consultation. A copy of the +NMFS's response is provided in Appendix D of this report. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +Humpback whales (_Megaptera novaeangliae_) inhabit the inland waters +of southeast Alaska, including Glacier Bay during the summer months +(June-August). In the years from 1967 through 1977, 20 to 25 +individually recognizable whales were observed feeding in Glacier Bay. +In 1978, the whales entered the bay but left earlier than expected. In +1979, only a few humpbacks entered Glacier Bay. The limited +information available suggests that increased human activity in the +Bay may have been responsible, at least in part, for the observed +shift in distribution. Increased human use of coastal waters is not +limited to Glacier Bay and the movement of humpbacks from Glacier Bay +to areas outside the Bay may be symptomatic of a larger problem. + +The purposes of this meeting were: (1) to review available information +concerning the nature and possible causes of the movement of whales +from Glacier Bay; (2) to review present and planned research and +management actions relating to humpback whales in Glacier Bay and +southeast Alaska; and (3) to identify additional research or +management actions that may be necessary to conserve and protect the +North Pacific population(s) of humpback whales. + +The meeting was held on the 12th and 13th of October 1979, at the +College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle. The meeting +agenda is included as Appendix A. Individuals who made formal +presentations at the meeting are identified on the agenda. A list of +the meeting attendees, their organizations, addresses, and telephone +numbers are listed in Appendix B. + + + + +BACKGROUND + + +=Distribution and Abundance of Humpback Whales in the North +Pacific=[1] + +Humpback whales are seasonal migrants found in all of the world's +oceans. In the North Pacific, humpback whales winter in tropical +regions over the shallow coastal shelfs associated with the Hawaiian +Islands, Baja California, central Mexico, the Ryukyu Islands, Bonin +Islands, and Mariana Islands. They summer in cold temperate regions, +also over shallow coastal shelfs, from Point Conception, California, +north through Alaska, west through the Aleutians, and south to Honshu +Island, Japan. Calving and probably breeding occur on the wintering +grounds. Feeding is believed to occur primarily in the summering +grounds. + +In Alaska, humpback whales are known to inhabit Prince William Sound, +the waters of the Alexander Archipelago, and the waters adjacent to +Kodiak Island and the Aleutians. Some whales may also overwinter in +the northern summering areas. + +The distribution, movements, abundance, and habitat requirements of +humpback whales are not well known. Based upon Japanese catch +statistics, the pre-exploitation population of humpback whales in the +North Pacific is estimated to have been approximately 15,000. Much of +the exploitation of humpback whales occurred in the twentieth century, +especially during the early 1960's. A small number of whaling stations +established in southeast Alaska took humpbacks between 1907 and 1922. +In 1966, the International Whaling Commission imposed a worldwide ban +on the taking of humpback whales. + +The present population of humpback whales in the North Pacific is +estimated to be about 1,000 animals. The number occurring in tropical +waters during the winter is thought to be about 600-700 in Hawaii, +200-300 in Mexican waters, and a "few whales" in the western North +Pacific. More than 100 individual whales have been identified in +the inland waters of southeast Alaska during the summer. Tagging +experiments with Discovery Marks indicate movement between +the Aleutian Islands and the Western North Pacific; recent +photo-identification studies have shown movement from Southeast Alaska +to both the Hawaiian Islands and Baja (and southern coastal) Mexico. +There is no substantive evidence to indicate whether the number of +humpback whales, on either summer or winter grounds, in the North +Pacific is increasing or decreasing. + + [Footnote 1: This summary is based on information provided at + the meeting by Drs. Michael Tillman and Louis Herman.] + + + + [Illustration: FIGURE 1. (from Jurasz and Jurasz, 1979)] + Map showing location of Glacier Bay, Lynn Canal and + Fredrick Hole in Southeast Alaska Alexander Archipelago + + + [Illustration: FIGURE 2. NOS Chart 17300] + Soundings in Fathoms Scale 1:209,978 + + + [Illustration: Figure 3. GLACIER BAY, ALASKA] + SHOWING FORMER POSITIONS OF TERMINI 1760-1966 + (from Hale and Wright, 1979) + + +=Glacier Bay=[2] + +Glacier Bay is located near the north end of the Alexander Archipelago +(Figures 1 and 2). The Bay opens into Cross Sound and Icy Strait of +the Inside Passage of southeast Alaska. When Vancouver discovered the +area in 1780, glacial ice filled the Bay to its mouth (Figure 3). In +1891, when the Bay was first mapped, Muir Inlet was still filled with +ice. Today the ice has retreated up the right (Muir Inlet) arm of the +"Y" shaped Bay to tide-water levels. Recently, glacial ice has started +to readvance in the upper reaches of the west inlets of the Bay. + +The Bay is defined by shallow sills at its entrance and the entrance +to Muir Inlet. Constricted channels in which tidal currents are +locally strong occur between sediment covered shores in the lower end +of the Bay and the east (Muir) inlet. Deep, unconstricted bedrock +channels and basins with weak currents occur in mid-Bay and the west +inlet. These features and the configuration of the bay produce a tidal +range of 8 meters. There is reduced mixing of waters within the Bay +and between the Bay and Cross Sound/Icy Strait. Annual precipitation +up to 4 meters, coupled with glacial melt water, create a surface +layer and flow of cold fresh water out of the Bay. Strong flood tides +push sea water into the Bay over the sills. The dynamics of the flow +may effect the behavior and timing of the movement of whales into (on +flood tides) and out of (on ebb tides) the Bay (see below). + +During the winter, an increase in sea water flow and mixing occur. +Increased nutrient levels and sunlight in spring/summer provide +sufficient nutrients and energy for phytoplankton "blooms" to occur. +In turn, zooplankters appear, especially in the open areas of mid and +lower Bay (e.g., euphausiids) and along glacial ice faces (e.g., +mysids and amphipods). By autumn, plankton concentrations diminish as +light and nutrient levels decrease. Small schooling fish, (e.g., +capelin, _Mallotus villosus_ and Pacific sand lance, _Ammodytes +hexapterus_), feed on the plankton when it becomes available. Both +fish and plankton are consumed by humpback whales as well as by other +predators. Other marine mammal species reported in the Bay are harbor +seals (_Phoca vitulina_), harbor porpoise (_Phocoena phocoena_), +killer whales (_Orcinus orca_), and minke whales (_Balaenoptera +acutorostrata_). + + [Footnote 2: This summary is based on information provided at + the meeting by Mr. Gregory Streveler.] + + +=Humpback Whales in Glacier Bay=[3] + +The distribution in and use of Glacier Bay by humpback whales was not +well known until Charles and Virginia Jurasz began observations in +1973. Prior to this, only personal recollections of Park Service +employees of the occurrence of humpback whales in the 1950's and the +1960's exist. In 1967, 60 identifiable humpback whales were observed +in three southeast Alaskan areas, i.e., Lynn Canal, Frederick Sound, +and Glacier Bay. The number of identifiable whales remained relatively +constant until 1974 in Lynn Canal, and 1978 (July 17) in Glacier Bay +(Tables 1-3). In the respective areas, the number of identified whales +decreased from 15 and 19 to 1 and 3, respectively. Concurrently, the +number of identified whales sighted in Frederick Sound increased. + + + TABLE 1. Relative abundance and distribution of identified humpback + whales in southeast Alaskan waters 1967-79[a] + + Year 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 + ------------------------------------------------------------------- + + Glacier Bay 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 19/3[b] 3 + ------------------------------------------------------------------- + + Lynn Canal 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 1 3 3 3 1/5 5 + ------------------------------------------------------------------- + + Frederick 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 35 40 40 40 40/50 80 + Sound + ------------------------------------------------------------------- + + Total 60 60 60 60 60 60 65 61 68 68 68 60/58 88 + ------------------------------------------------------------------- + + [Footnote a: Specific dates of censuses, sighting techniques and + sighting effort not given. Based on a table presented by the + Juraszs at the meeting.] + + [Footnote b: First number signifies number originally counted at + beginning of season/second number after decrease in number of + whales in Glacier Bay and increase in other areas. The + identified whales that left Glacier Bay are not necessarily the + same individuals that produced the increased numbers in Lynn + Canal and Frederick Sound later.] + + + TABLE 2. Number of humpback whales (individual census) entering + Glacier Bay during "influxes". + (modified from Jurasz and Jurasz, 1979) + + ------------------------------------------------------ + Year 1976 1977 1978 + + First Influx 9 7 7 + + Second Influx 11 17 16 + + Seasonal Maximum 20 24 23 + ------------------------------------------------------ + + + TABLE 3. Age composition of humpback whales per year in Glacier Bay + (modified from Jurasz and Jurasz, 1979) + + ---------------------------------------------------------- + YEAR 1976 1977 1978 + ---------------------------------------------------------- + + NO. OF CALVES 1 2 4 + + NO. OF IDENTIFIED ADULTS 14 14 18 + + NO. OF JUVENILES 6 1 + + TOTAL NO. OF ADULTS 19 19 18 + ---------------------------------------------------------- + + +Identifiable humpback whales were sighted in Glacier Bay each year, +1976-1977, for a six to twelve week period. In 1978, all but three +whales departed the Bay after 16 days. In the summers of 1976-1978 two +influxes of whales occurred (Table 2). The Juraszs' define an influx +of whales as those whales that enter and remain in the Bay for a +minimum of three weeks. The second influx arrived 7-14 days after +extreme low tides occurred in late June-early July and presumably +moved into the Bay on flood tides. In 1979, a single influx comprised +of 3 whales entered the Bay. The age composition of identified whales +using Glacier Bay was categorized by the Juraszs' for 1976-1978 (Table +3). + +During the period spent in the Bay, humpback whales have been observed +to feed on capelin, euphausiids (_Euphausia pacifica_), and pandalid +shrimp (_Pandulus borealis_). There appear to be three generalized +feeding relationships: 1) early-season feeding on shrimp in the upper +Bay; 2) mid-season feeding by concentrations of whales on capelin in +the lower Bay; and 3) late-season feeding (around August 5) by +concentrations of whales on euphausiids in mid-Bay. + +Behaviorally, humpback whales appear to lunge up through concentrated +schools of prey during mid-season and use "bubble-netting" as a means +of concentrating less dense and/or numerically fewer prey earlier and +later in the season. In other areas of southeast Alaska, humpbacks are +reported to also feed on herring (_Clupea harengus pallasi_), shrimp, +and possibly other small schooling (swarming) prey. The Juraszs' +believe that humpbacks establish feeding territories in the Bay, and +have described eight "stress behaviors" associated with violations of +those territories (Table 4). The data collected by the Juraszs are +extensive (including human use of Glacier Bay) but have not yet been +completely analyzed. + + [Footnote 3: This summary is based on information provided at + the meeting by Charles and Virginia Jurasz.] + + +=Human Use of Glacier Bay=[4] + +John Muir popularized Glacier Bay, leading to tourist activity into +the early 1900's, when loose ice resulting from earthquake activity +prevented cruise vessels from operating within the Bay. Glacier Bay +was designated a National Monument February 26, 1925, the area being +added to April 18, 1939. + +Vessel and tourist numbers remained low until the late 1960's-early +1970's. Close to 100 percent of the visitors to the Bay use vessels, +either entering the Bay aboard them or making use of them to tour the +Bay after arriving by aircraft. The Juraszs' developed a +classification scheme for vessels and aircraft based upon activities +of the craft in the Bay, their size, hull design, and engine +characteristics (Table 5). + + TABLE 4. Juraszs' description of "stress behavior" (Progressing from + the least "stressful" to the most "stressful") + (modified from Jurasz and Jurasz, 1979.) + + --------------------------------------------------------------------- + Mode Description + --------------------------------------------------------------------- + + Vocalization Bellowing or trumpeting noise produced by a whale + and heard above and below the water. Emanates from + the blowhole at the time of the expiration. + + Bubbling Premature or underwater release of breath in a + straight line or as a single "belch" allowing the + whale to avoid having a visible blow. Bubbles + released usually 2-3 m below the water's surface. + + Finning Flipper slapping; the striking of the water's + surface with the pectoral fins. + + Tail Lobbing Raising the flukes well out of the water and + crashing or slapping them back flat against the + water's surface producing a loud sound. + + Tail Rake A subset of the tail lobbing is the rake in which + the flukes are raked laterally across the water's + surface. + + Half or Full A leap from the water in which a portion of the + Bodied Breach whale's body emerges from the water only to reenter + with a large splash. + + Avoidance The temporary leaving of an area or a change in the + direction of travel. + + Abandonment Leaving an area prematurely and not being seen + again for at least one season in that area. + --------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + TABLE 5. Juraszs' vessel/aircraft classes + (after Jurasz and Jurasz, 1979) + + -------------------------------------------------------------------- + + Class 1 Touring Vessel Over 10k Tons + + Class 2 Touring Vessel 5k-10k tons + + Class 3 Commercial Fishing/Crabbing + + Class 4 Charter & Pleasure + + Class 5 Cabined High RPM Outdrive Units + + Class 6 Sailboat Using Aux. Power + + Class 7 Utility Craft, Outboard Engine + + Class 8 Kayak, Sailboat (no engines) + + Class 9 Aircraft, Fixed + + Class 10 Aircraft, Rotor + + Class 11 Aircraft, Jet + + Class 12 Hydrofoil + + Class 13 Another Humpback + + Class 14 Killer whales + + Class 15 Minke Whales + + Class 16 R/V GINJUR (Juraszs' research vessel) + + Class 17 Wake Only + + +The increase in visitors and vessels to Glacier Bay is presented in +Tables 6-8. (Data included in Table 6 cannot be compared to data +presented in Table 7 because of difference in methods of data +collection, sample area, time, effort, etc.) + +Commercial fishing vessel activity in the Bay was probably low until +the 1970's. Since 1972 (it is not known whether data are available +prior to 1972) commercial fishing vessel visits have fluctuated +(Figure 4), but fishing activity has been greatest during the summer +months (Figure 5). Sport fishing visits have increased during the same +time period (Figure 6). + + [Footnote 4: This summary is based on information presented at + the meeting by Mr. John Chapman and Charles and Virginia + Jurasz.] + + + + +POSSIBLE CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HUMAN USE OF GLACIER BAY +AND THE DISPLACEMENT OF HUMPBACK WHALES FROM THE BAY[5] + + +The meeting participants agreed that the observed decrease in the +number of whales in Lynn Canal in 1974 and Glacier Bay in 1978 may be +attributable to a number or combination of factors. Available evidence +suggests human activity was at least one of the causes, or served to +trigger otherwise "natural events". In Lynn Canal, humpback whales +were known to feed on herring (_Clupea harengus pallasi_). In 1974, +the year a herring fishery began, the number of humpback whales +dropped to one (Table 1). Between 1974 and 1978 fishing continued. +There was no fishing in 1979. + +Use of the Canal by Class 5 vessels (cabin cruisers with high RPM +outdrive units) increased by 15-20 percent each year after 1970 +(Jurasz and Jurasz, 1979, p. 85). Three humpback whales were seen in +Lynn Canal during the 1975-1977 seasons, the number increasing to five +in 1978-1979. The relationship between vessel activity, fishing +effort, fish take, fish abundance, and the presence and activity of +whales in Lynn Canal does not appear to be documented. + +In Glacier Bay, increased vessel traffic may be one of the factors +responsible for the movement of humpback whales from the Bay in 1978 +and 1979. The Juraszs' data, while not evaluated fully, suggest that +there has been a general increase in avoidance by humpback whales of +Class 1 through 5 vessels over the three year period, 1976-1978. + +TABLE 6. Number of visitors and vessels to Glacier + Bay National Monument.[a] + + --------------------------------------------------------------------- + Cruise Ships Private Vessels + Juraszs' (incomplete count) + Year Visitation Increase Classes 1-2 Juraszs' Classes 4-8 + --------------------------------------------------------------------- + + 1965 1,800 + --------------------------------------------------------------------- + + 1969 16,000 789% over 1965 450 + --------------------------------------------------------------------- + + 1970 29,700 86% over 1969 + --------------------------------------------------------------------- + + 1972 33 + --------------------------------------------------------------------- + + 1978 109,500 269% over 1970 123 1800 + 584% over 1969 + --------------------------------------------------------------------- + + 1979 123 + --------------------------------------------------------------------- + + [Footnote a: Based on a table and information provided at the + meeting by Mr. John Chapman, National Park Service. + (Modified by adding Juraszs' classes of vessels.)] + + + TABLE 7. Number of vessel sightings per month in each class as seen + from the Juraszs' R/V GINJUR. (from Jurasz and Jurasz, 1979) + + --------------------------------------------------------------------- + 1977 1978 + ---------------------------- ------------------------------- + Vessel + Class June July August TOTAL June July August TOTAL + --------------------------------------------------------------------- + + 1 20 22 11 53 17 25 8 50 + + 3 67 18 6 91 62 31 64 157 + + 4 37 42 30 109 29 125 64 218 + + 5 38 45 17 100 27 61 24 112 + + 6 3 14 0 17 0 29 19 48 + + 7 6 4 6 16 8 4 5 17 + + 8 7 2 7 16 2 12 3 17 + + 12 4 3 7 + + + TABLE 8. Average vessel sightings per day in each class as seen from + the Juraszs' R/V GINJUR. (Modified from Jurasz and + Jurasz, 1979) + + + ----------------------------------------------------------- + Vessel Percent Percent + Class 1977 1978 Decrease Increase + + 1 3.90 3.20 18% + + 3 5.74 13.47 135% + + 4 8.38 16.87 101% + + 5 6.93 8.19 18% + + 6 1.11 3.99 259% + + 7 1.21 1.38 14% + + 8 1.24 1.18 5% + ----------------------------------------------------------- + + + [Illustration: Figure 4. COMMERCIAL FISHING VESSEL VISITS TO + GLACIER BAY (from Hale and Wright, 1979)] + + + [Illustration: Figure 5. COMMERCIAL FISHING ACTIVITY GLACIER BAY + (from Hale and Wright, 1979)] + + + J F M A M J J A S O N D + + =SALMON= + + King L L L L M H H H M L L L + |--------------------------------------------------------| + + Red L M M M L + |---------------------| + + Coho H H H H + |----------------| + + Pink L H H H M + |---------------------| + + Chum L H H M M + |---------------------| + + =HALIBUT= |---------------------| + + =CRAB= + + Tanner ------------------| |-------- + + King -------| |--------------- + + Dungeness |----------------| + + + Key + |---------| commercial fishing occurs + L Low level + M Medium level + H High level + + +[Illustration: Figure 6. FISHING CHARTER BOATS AND PRIVATE + BOAT VISITS TO GLACIER BAY 1970-1977 + (from Hale and Wright, 1979)] + + +Natural changes in the environment and/or in the behavior of whales +have occurred concurrently with increased human/vessel activity in +Glacier Bay. Such natural changes include spatial and temporal trends +or cycles in the physical (temperature, tides, currents, turbidity, +etc.), chemical (salinity, dissolved gases, inorganic/organic +substances--nutrients, etc.) or biological (primary productivity, +zooplankton, nekton, benthic species, predators, etc.) properties or +characteristics of the waters within and outside the Bay. Temporal +and/or spatial differences in relative abundance of three different +prey species within and outside the Bay may have occurred and been +responsible, at least in part, for the movement of humpbacks from +Glacier Bay. At this time, data are inadequate to relate the movement +of humpback whales from Glacier Bay in 1978 and 1979 to physical, +chemical, or biological factors. Meeting participants felt that +physical and chemical factors were unlikely to have changed +sufficiently between 1976 and 1978 to affect humpback whales, while +biological factors, perhaps as a result of physio-chemical changes, +could have changed sufficiently to have caused or contributed to the +movement. + +Human activity may have caused changes in the physical, chemical, or +biological environment, effecting humpbacks directly or indirectly. +Human and vessel activities may have occurred such that the space +(vertical and/or horizontal) available to whales for normal activities +was less than that necessary (below some threshold level or value). +"Too many" vessels may have transited an area and/or approached whales +"too closely" for "too long" a period of time, producing visual, +acoustic, tactile, chemical, or other as yet unknown stimuli at levels +or values (magnitude, intensity, duration, frequency, interval, etc.) +greater than the whales would tolerate. The physical-acoustic +environment may have changed as a result of sounds produced by +vessels. Vessel sounds may be modified, amplified, intensified, etc., +as a result of the geological/topographical features of Glacier Bay +(and perhaps Lynn Canal as well). Direct interference with the whales' +own sounds may have occurred or "environmental" sound levels may have +exceeded certain thresholds. Basic data on the acoustic properties and +characteristics of Glacier Bay with and in the absence of vessels are +lacking. + +Changes in water quality may have occurred through pollution. Data are +insufficient to document the past or present levels of pollution, but +they were thought by meeting participants to be relatively low. + +Changes in the biological environment induced by human activity may be +contributory to the movement of whales. Movement from Lynn Canal may +have resulted from direct competition for the same resource at the +same time, by depletion of the resource below levels sufficient to +support humpbacks or as a result of noise or the presence of fishing +vessels. Fishing activity or overharvesting (depletion of resource) of +other species at other trophic levels may indirectly impact humpbacks +through the food web/chains. There are insufficient data to prove or +disprove such hypotheses at this time. + +In summary, a best interpretation of the available data is that +uncontrolled increase of vessel traffic, particularly of erratic +charter/pleasure craft, may have adversely altered the behavior of +humpback whales in Glacier Bay and thus may be implicated in their +departure from the Bay the past two years. The causal mechanism of +this adverse reaction to increased vessel traffic remains unknown. The +effects of increasing vessel traffic apparently are exacerbated by the +narrow physical confines of Glacier Bay. This analysis is not +clear-cut, however, and may be confounded, at least in 1979, by +possible shifts in the occurrence and availability of preferred prey +species of humpback whales. + + [Footnote 5: This summary is based on information presented at + the meeting and resulting discussions.] + + + + +ADEQUACY OF EXISTING DATA + + +In the Background and Possible Cause and Effect sections it +was stated that insufficient data exist to indicate cause and effect +relationships. Data are not sufficient in many areas, e.g.: + + 1) environmental baseline data (biological, chemical, and + physical) are inadequate; + + 2) data available (i.e., Juraszs') have not been analyzed fully; + + 3) changes in human use of areas are not adequately quantified + (e.g., for fishing, cruising, touring, pleasure boating); and + + 4) data on the acoustic characteristics of Glacier Bay or the + vessels occurring in the Bay are not available. + + + + + +MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES +TAKEN OR UNDER CONSIDERATION[6] + + +The National Park Service (NPS) is responsible for managing and +overseeing the use of Glacier Bay National Monument in support of the +objectives defined for the Service, when it was established in 1916; +an excerpt from the Act creating the Service in 1916 states that the +purpose of the Service is: + + "To conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects + and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the + same in such manner and by such means as will leave them + unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations." + + +The intent in establishing the Monument is defined in the +Proclamations of 1925 and 1939, sections of which are excerpted and +presented below. + + "Whereas, there are around Glacier Bay ... a number of + tide-water glaciers of the first rank in a magnificent setting + of lofty peaks, and more accessible to ordinary travel than any + similar regions of Alaska, + + "And, Whereas, the region is said by the Ecological Society of + America to contain a great variety of forest covering consisting + of mature areas, bodies of youthful trees which have become + established since the retreat of the ice which should be + preserved in absolutely natural condition, and great stretches + now bare that will become forested in the course of the next + century, + + "And, Whereas, this area presents a unique opportunity for the + scientific study of glacial behavior and of resulting movements + and development of flora and fauna and of certain valuable + relics of ancient interglacial forests." (Proclamation + establishing Glacier Bay National Monument, February 26, 1925.) + + "Whereas, it appears that certain public lands, part of which + are within the Tongass National Forest ... have situated thereon + glaciers and geologic features of scientific interest; and + + "Whereas, a portion of the aforesaid public lands ... are + necessary for the proper care, management, and protection of the + objects of scientific interest situated on the lands...." + (Proclamation of April 18, 1939, adding lands to the Monument.) + + +The management plans developed by the National Park Service for the +Glacier Bay National Monument did not anticipate, and apparently have +not been adequate to deal with, the increased visitor and vessel +traffic and their use of the marine environment in the 1970's. Title +36 of the Code of Federal Regulations, under which the National Park +Service operates, contains a section requiring any commercial business +conducted or operating within the boundaries of Service area to have a +permit issued by the Service. The cruise ship industry companies have +not as yet been placed under a permit system. However, it is the +intent of the Service to establish a regular system in the future. All +other commercial ventures operating on lands and waters of the +Monument are under contract or permit. Fishing vessel activity is +unregulated although the take of Pacific halibut, (_Hippoglossus +stenolepis_) is regulated by the International Pacific Halibut +Commission, and the take of salmon and other finfish and shellfish is +regulated by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG). The need +for additional resource/use plans and regulatory programs is +recognized by the National Park Service. + +The NPS funded field studies of humpback whales by the Juraszs in +1976-1979, analysis of some of the Juraszs' data, and Hale's and +Rice's (of the NPS Alaska area office) report, "The Glacier Bay Marine +Ecosystem--A Conceptual, Ecological Model" completed in April 1979. + +The movement of humpback whales in 1978 from Glacier Bay to +surrounding waters and the suggestion by the Juraszs' field +observations, that there may be a cause and effect relationship +between vessel activity and the whales' movement, led the NPS to +restrict some vessel activities in the 1979 season, and to seek +Endangered Species Act Section 7 consultations with the National +Marine Fisheries Service in August 1979. The Section 7 consultations +were not completed at the beginning of the meeting. Based in part upon +NMFS's recommendations, the NPS will consider various future +management alternatives. Restrictions imposed in 1979 were temporary +(emergency closure authority under Title 36 C.F.R.). Any regulations +imposed for 1980 cannot be under emergency closure authority (unless +an emergency does arise which was unforeseen in setting up regulatory +systems). Regulations which can be foreseen at this time as being +necessary would have to proceed through the normal Federal Register +publication process. Enforcement of all Federal laws and regulations +within Glacier Bay is considered to be the responsibility of the NPS. + +The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has overall +responsibility, under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, for +the conservation and protection of all whales including humpback +whales. The National Marine Fisheries Service in cooperation with the +Juraszs has conducted censuses of humpback whales in southeast Alaskan +waters in 1975 and 1976, used radio tags to follow individual whales +in Alaskan waters in 1976-78, maintains a catalogue of humpback +whale photographs and has developed a computerized retrieval +photo-identification system. No research was conducted by NMFS in +1979. NMFS enforcement of laws and regulations is conducted by a few +people responsible for large areas in southeast Alaska. A contract +with the State of Alaska until August 1, 1979, provided a broader +presence of enforcement personnel. That contract was not renewed. The +NMFS is now fully responsible for enforcement activities relating to +humpback whales except in areas such as Glacier Bay where the +responsibility is shared. + + [Footnote 6: This summary is based on information presented at + the meeting by National Park Service and National Marine + Fisheries Service Personnel.] + + + + +ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT ACTIONS + + +Based on available information, vessel activity may have been a factor +contributing to the movement of whales from Glacier Bay in 1978 and +1979. Alternatives available to manage vessel traffic (assuming +increased traffic has had or will have an adverse effect on humpback +whales) include: + + 1. Total closure of Glacier Bay to all vessels. + + 2. Closure to all vessels during the whale season. + + 3. Closure to all vessels during part of the whale season. + + + 4. Total closure to all but certain classes of vessels--e.g., + cruise vessels + charter vessels + fishing vessels + + 5. Seasonal closure to all but certain classes of + vessels--e.g., + cruise vessels + charter vessels + fishing vessels + + 6. Partial season closure to all but certain classes of + vessels--e.g. + cruise vessels + charter vessels + fishing vessels + + 7. Alternatives 4, 5, or 6 with limitations on total numbers of + vessels of various classes given access + + 8. Alternatives 4, 5, 6 or 7 with restrictions applying only to + certain areas of the Bay + + 9. Establishment of a ceiling for all vessels or certain classes of + vessels during all or part of the whale season + + 10. No restrictions on access but certain activities prohibited or + limited to certain areas or vessel classes--e.g.: establish + traffic lanes and permit "deliberate" whale-watching only by a + few trained and licensed charter-boat operators. + + 11. No restrictions. + + + + +IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING THE MOST APPROPRIATE +RESEARCH/MANAGEMENT STRATEGY + + +Factors that should be considered in making research/management +decisions include (1) that the humpback whale is an endangered +species; (2) that there are statutory requirements to protect the +whales and their habitats; (3) that the cause of the present problem +is uncertain; (4) that the purpose of the Monument is to provide for +educational, recreational, and scientific experiences; and (5) that +limiting access or restricting or closing the Monument to some or all +vessel activity could affect commercial and private enterprises, +including fishing. + +Additionally, there are a number of types and possible consequences of +decision errors that should also be considered--e.g., + + 1. If Glacier Bay is a critical habitat, and if the movement of + humpbacks is in response to whale watching vessels, pleasure + boats, cruise vessels, etc., and if the movement is or will be + irreversible; then the humpback whale population will be adversely + impacted (e.g., carrying capacity reduced) if no action is taken. + + 2. If Glacier Bay is not a critical habitat, and if movement is due + to whale watching vessels, etc., and it is or will be irreversible; + then only the quality of visitor experience/value of monument is + decreased if no action is taken. The impact on the population of + humpbacks is not critical so long as suitable habitat is available + elsewhere. However, the NPS mandate established in the 1916 Act + still would not be fulfilled. + + 3. If all, or a specific type of, vessel traffic is prohibited or + regulated, and the movement from the Bay is not caused, directly + or indirectly by such traffic; then there will be decreased + opportunity for human activity within the Bay, and increased + economic impacts on fishermen and commercial operators that may + have been unnecessarily restricted. + + +The optimal short-term research/management strategy would minimize the +risks associated with the kinds of errors discussed above, and include +actions such as the following: + + 1) by early 1980, compile and complete the analysis and evaluation of + all existing and relevant data; + + 2) based upon the evaluation of the best available data, promulgate + temporary (one season) whale watching regulations and/or restrict + access by all or certain classes of vessels or the number, + frequency, or duration of visits of all or certain classes of + vessels to certain areas at certain times of the year, as may be + appropriate; + + 3) continue and, if appropriate expand, surveys of whale/vessel + numbers, distribution, movements, behavior and interactions in and + outside Glacier Bay; + + 4) identify and initiate additional research that is needed to + identify and mitigate the cause or causes of the observed humpback + whale movement from the Bay, e.g., + + a. characterize the acoustical environment of Glacier Bay and + other areas in which humpbacks occur; + + b. characterize the sounds generated by various classes of vessels + and aircraft; + + c. design and conduct sound playback experiments to test hypotheses + concerning the possible effects of vessel activities on humpback + whale movements and behavior; and + + d. assess and monitor the physical, chemical, and biological + characteristics of Glacier Bay, especially the distribution and + abundance of prey species upon which humpback whales feed. + +The optimal long-range research/management strategy would include: + + 1) the development and implementation of a humpback whale recovery + plan to include humpback whales in all of Glacier Bay, all of + southeast Alaska and the North Pacific in general, including: the + identification, designation and protection of critical humpback + whale habitat; + + 2) the development of a universal and/or site-specific definition + of "harassment" to apply to humpback whales in Glacier Bay, + southeast Alaska and the North Pacific in general; + + 3) the development and implementation of a long-range + research/management plan for the Monument including whale and + environmental monitoring; + + 4) a determination as to the direct and indirect effects of + incidental take, whale watching, fishing activity, etc. on humpback + whales in Glacier Bay, Southeast Alaska and the North Pacific in + general; and + + 5) a determination as to the long-term cumulative impacts of the + degradation and destruction of habitat on the survival of the + humpback whale throughout its range in the North Pacific. + + + + + +AGENCY RESPONSIBILITIES AND NEED FOR +COOPERATION AND COORDINATION + + +There are many individuals, groups and organizations interested or +involved in finding solutions to problems associated with humpback +whales and human activities in Glacier Bay. The need for management +planning and research programs has been identified. The +identification of interested and responsible organizations is +necessary so that cooperative, coordinated planning and research can +occur. Hopefully, by developing such plans or projects, minimum +resources will be expended to obtain satisfactory solutions. In +addition, by involving all interested and responsible individuals, +groups, or organizations at an early stage, cooperative efforts can be +maximized and disagreements identified and minimized. + +The prime responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service +and the National Park Service have been identified. Other Federal +agencies that should or might profitably be involved include the +Bureau of Land Management, the Office of Coastal Zone Management, Sea +Grant, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, +the U.S. Coast Guard, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the +Army Corps of Engineers. State agencies that should or might be +profitably involved include the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, +the State Coastal Zone Management Commission, and the Alaska +Department of Natural Resources. Commercial and recreational companies +that organize fishing, tour, and charter activities, private boaters, +academic/scientific communities, and environmental organizations are +also important. Some of these organizations have on-going, or plan to +initiate, research projects, which may provide data and information of +importance to the problems discussed in this report. + +The Bureau of Land Management, New York Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) +Office, is presently initiating noise effects studies on marine +mammals. The U.S. Geological Survey at Tacoma, Washington and Menlo +Park, California is describing and mapping marine sediment +distribution, thickness and characteristics within Glacier Bay. J. P. +Mathews, of the Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, is +summarizing the physical characteristics, especially water mass +characteristics and dynamics, of Glacier Bay. If possible, these +studies should be coordinated such that a maximum amount of +information can be obtained and used in the management and research +activities related to Glacier Bay National Monument and the humpback +whale. + + + + +SUMMARY + + +Humpback whales in the North Pacific are migratory, spending the +summer months in northern waters including the inland waters of +southeast Alaska. Records have been maintained on the number of +identifiable humpbacks seen in these waters including Glacier Bay. In +1978, humpbacks departed Glacier Bay after being "in residence" for a +far shorter time period than recorded previously; all but three whales +left the Bay within 24 hours of entering in 1979. + +There has been an increase in vessel traffic and activity within +Glacier Bay during the 1970's. Such activity may have been a factor in +the movement of humpbacks from Glacier Bay. Other factors which may +have been at least contributing but for which no known information +exists, or is inadequate at best, include: natural environmental +changes (chemical, physical, biological) or natural changes in the +movement of the whales. + +Present management and research plans and activities did not +anticipate and, therefore, are inadequate to deal effectively with +present day problems associated with a rapidly growing influx of +people and vessels/aircraft into any environment with limited space +and resources. Some human activities and the activities and behavioral +patterns of humpback whales may be mutually exclusive. + +The most apparent important short-term research need is to analyze and +evaluate all available data, in order to develop short and long term +management plans and research programs. + + + + +REFERENCES + + + Hale, L. Z. and R. G. Wright, 1979. The Glacier Bay Marine + Ecosystem. A Conceptual Ecological Model. U.S. Department of the + Interior, NPS, Anchorage Office. 177 pp. + + Jurasz, C.M. and V. Jurasz. 1979. Ecology of Humpback Whales. Draft + final report to the National Park Service. + + + + +APPENDIX A + + +AGENDA + + Meeting to Review Information and Actions + Concerning Humpback Whales in + Glacier Bay National Monument, Alaska + 12-13 October 1979 + Room 208, College of Fisheries + University of Washington, Seattle, Washington + + + =12 October 1979= + + 9:00 Discussion of meeting objectives, agenda, and procedures + (Dr. Robert Hofman, Marine Mammal Commission) + + 9:15 Overview of available information on the distribution, + abundance, and habitat requirements of humpback whales in the + North Pacific (presentation by Dr. Michael Tillman, National + Marine Fisheries Service) + + 9:30 Physical/chemical characterization and history of Glacier + Bay (presentation by Mr. Gregory Streveler, Glacier Bay + National Monument) + a. location, dimensions, geomorphology + b. geologic history and structure of the basin + c. glaciology + d. current patterns + e. water characteristics (temperature, salinity, + nutrients) + f. climate + + 10:00 Review of available information concerning the past and + present utilization of Glacier Bay by humpback whales + (presentation by Mr. Charles Jurasz) + a. historical distribution, movement, and abundance + b. present distribution, movement, abundance, and + behavior + + 10:30 Coffee Break + + 10:45 Review of information concerning the past and present human + use and its possible effects on Glacier Bay (presentation by + Mr. John Chapman) + + 11:15 Possible reasons for observed changes in utilization of Glacier + Bay by humpback whales (discussion led by Dr. Robert Hofman) + + 12:15 Lunch + + 1:30 Review of on-going and planned research and management + activities in Glacier Bay and contiguous waters + a. 1:30--National Park Service (presentation by Mr. Jim + Larson and/or Mr. John Chapman) + b. 1:50--National Marine Fisheries Service (presentation + by Mr. Milsted Zahn and/or Dr. Michael Tillman) + + 2:15 Identification of additional research/management actions, if + any, needed to protect humpback whales in Glacier Bay, e.g.: + a. Research + 1. Physical + i. acoustic characteristics of the Bay + ii. water currents and tidal factors + 2. Biological + i. identification of whale food and its distribution + and abundance + ii. additional whale behavior studies including + harassment indicators + 3. Human Factors + i. acoustic characteristics of vessels + b. Management + 1. comprehensive monitoring of vessel use patterns + throughout the Bay + 2. vessel routing, number, and speed controls + 3. seasonal and/or area closures + + 4:30 As possible, summarize and rank research and management + activities not included in on-going or planned activities. + + 5:00 Adjourn + + + =13 October 1979= + + 9:00 Continue discussion on ranking research and management + activities not included in on-going or planned activities + + 10:00 Coffee Break + + 10:15 As possible, identify target initiation dates, target + completion dates, optimal methods, time, money, personnel, + logistic support, and equipment needed to initiate and complete + ranked research and management projects + + 11:45 Closing Remarks + + 12:00 Adjourn + + + + + APPENDIX B + + +LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT MEETING TO REVIEW INFORMATION AND ACTIONS +CONCERNING HUMPBACK WHALES IN GLACIER BAY NATIONAL MONUMENT + + + Mr. James A. Blaisdell + National Park Service + Fourth & Pike Building, Room 601 + Seattle, Washington 98101 + 206/442-1355 + FTS: 399-1355 + + Mr. Rob Bosworth + Institution for Marine Studies--HA-35 + University of Washington + Seattle, Washington 98105 + 206/543-7004 + + Mr. John F. Chapman + Superintendent + Glacier Bay National Monument + P.O. Box 1089 + Juneau, Alaska 99802 + 907/586-7137 + + Dr. William C. Cummings + Scripps Institution of Oceanography + Marine Physical Laboratory (A005) + La Jolla, California 92093 + 714/452-2852 + and + Oceanographic Consultants + 5948 Eton Court + San Diego, California 92122 + 714/453-3257 + + Dr. Frederick C. Dean + Professor of Wildlife Management + Cooperative Park Studies Unit + Room 210, Irving Building + University of Alaska + Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 + 907/479-7672 + + Dr. Donald R. Field + Regional Chief Scientist + National Park Service + Pacific Northwest Region + Fourth & Pike Building, Room 601 + Seattle, Washington 98195 + 206/442-1355 + FTS: 399-1355 + + Mr. Robert Giersdorf + President + Glacier Bay Lodge, Inc. + Park Place Building, Suite 312 + Seattle, Washington 98101 + 206/624-8551 + + Dr. Louis Herman + University of Hawaii, Kewalo Basin + Marine Mammal Laboratory + 1129 Ala Moana + Honolulu, Hawaii 96814 + 808/537-2042 + + Mr. Larry Hobbs + Wildlife Biologist + U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service + National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory + Smithsonian Institution + Washington, D.C. 20560 + 202/343-4516 + + Mr. Charles M. Jurasz + Ms. Virginia Jurasz + Sea Search + P.O. Box 93 + Auke Bay, Alaska 99821 + + Mr. James W. Larson + Deputy Regional Chief Scientist + National Park Service + Alaska Area Office + 540 W. 5th Avenue + Anchorage, Alaska 99501 + 907/271-4243 + + Mr. Paul A. Larson + Chief Resource Management and + Visitor Protection + National Park Service + Pacific Northwest Region + Fourth & Pike Building, Room 601 + Seattle, Washington 98101 + 206/442-5670 + FTS: 399-5670 + + Mr. William Lawton + National Marine Mammal Laboratory + NOAA/NMFS + 7600 Sand Point Way, N.W., Building 32 + Seattle, Washington 98115 + 206/442-5215 + + Dr. Jack W. Lentfer + Alaska Department of Fish and Game + 210 Ferry Way + Juneau, Alaska 99801 + 907/586-6702 + + Dr. Katherine Ralls + Office of Zoological Research + National Zoo + Smithsonian Institution + Washington, D.C. 20008 + 202/381-7315 + + Mr. Dale W. Rice + National Marine Mammal Laboratory + NOAA/NMFS + 7600 Sand Point Way, N.E., Building 32 + Seattle, Washington 98115 + 206/442-5004 + + Mr. G. P. Streveler + Research Biologist + Glacier Bay National Monument + Gustavus, Alaska 99826 + 907/697-3341 + + Mr. Steven L. Swartz + 1592 Sunset Cliffs Boulevard + San Diego, California 92107 + 714/222-9978 + + Dr. Michael F. Tillman, Director + National Marine Mammal Laboratory + NOAA/NMFS + 7600 Sand Point Way, N.E., Building 32 + Seattle, Washington 98115 + 206/442-4712 + FTS: 399-4711 + + Mr. Douglas G. Warnock + Deputy Director Alaska Area + National Park Service + 540 West 5th Avenue, Room 202 + Anchorage, Alaska 99501 + 907/271-4243 + + Mr. Roland H. Wauer + Chief, Division of Natural Resources + National Park Service + 1100 L Street, N.W. + Washington, D.C. 20240 + 202/523-5127 + + Dr. A. R. Weisbrod + Endangered Species Coordinator + National Park Service + 1100 L Street, N.W. + Washington, D.C. 20240 + 202/523-5127 + + Mr. Allen A. Wolman + National Marine Mammal Laboratory + NOAA/NMFS + 7600 Sand Point Way, N.E., Building 32 + Seattle, Washington 98115 + 206/442-4583 + + Mr. Milsted C. Zahn + Enforcement Division + Alaska Regional Office + National Marine Fisheries Service + Box 1668 + Juneau, Alaska 99802 + 907/586-7228 + + + + +APPENDIX C + + +Data/Information and Research Needs Relative to Humpback Whales in +Glacier Bay and Elsewhere (these lists are examples and not +necessarily all inclusive). + + A. Compilation and analyses of existing data (available data + presently are not in a form that is optimally useful) + + I. =Whales= + + a. whale distribution and abundance in Glacier Bay and + surrounding areas--by year, season, time of day, age, + sex, weather (tide, rain, etc.), birds, boats (by total + and by class), depth of water, distance from shore, prey + species, effort,---- + + b. movements/habitat use patterns--home range, + temporal/spatial distribution of sightings of + individually recognizable animals--are there resident, + migratory and/or transient animals in the Bay or + surrounding waters--do individuals have seasonal, annual + cycles as to when/where they occur + + c. undisturbed ("normal"--baseline) whale behavior--by age, + sex, group size, group composition, time of day, season, + location (descriptive and quantitative) + + 1. resting dive times/breathing a. vocalization + 2. traveling 1. + 3. feeding 2. + i. lunge-feeding 3. + ii. bubble net-feeding " + iii. other b. tail lob + c. raking + d. finning + e. breaching + f. avoidance + g. other + + 4. interaction with other whales/social organization + of whales + + d. disturbed whale behavior--stimulus/response--behavior + (as above) before, during and after an event--response + distance (by age, sex, pre-event activity, location, + time between events, time of day, season, weather, + etc.)--recovery time (by age, sex, etc.). + + II. =Boat and Aircraft Traffic= + + a. distribution and abundance in Glacier Bay and + surrounding areas--by type (class), year, season, + time of day, weather + + b. movements/use patterns--by type, year, etc. + + c. activities (behavior)--by type, year, etc. + 1. whale watching + 2. fishing (sport/commercial) + + III. =Habitat= (physical, chemical, biological environment--by + year, season, etc.) + + a. physical--water temperature, sediment load + + b. chemical--salinity, oxygen content, inorganic nutrient, + pollutants + + c. biological + 1. distribution and abundance of primary and secondary + prey species--by year, season, time of day + 2. distribution, size, and species composition of fish + catch, including by-catch--by year and season + 3. distribution and abundance of predators (killer + whales) and competitors other than man--by year, + season, time of day, etc. + + B. Improve base line data + + I. =Acoustic= + + a. ambient noise levels--representative areas (in and + outside Bay), seasons, time of day, weather and tide + conditions, sea state + + b. boat- and plane-related noise--representative types, + representative areas (in and outside Bay), speed + (prop rpm), season, time of day, sea state + + II. =Whales=--in and outside the Bay + + a. abundance + + b. distribution + + c. movements (habitat use pattern) + + d. activity patterns + + e. behavior vocalization + + f. habitat requirement/areas of special significance + + III. =Boats and Planes=--in and outside the Bay + + a. abundance--by type, season, time of day + + b. distribution-- " " " " + + c. movements-- " " " " + + d. activity in patterns " " " + + IV. =Habitat= + + a. physical + + b. chemical--pollutant levels + + c. biological + + 1. distribution, abundance and dynamics of primary + and secondary prey species--in and outside the Bay + + 2. distribution, size and species composition of fish + catch--in and outside the Bay + + 3. distribution, abundance and movements of competing + and predatory species + + C. Experiments to validate hypothesis concerning possible effects + of various stimuli on whales--representative stimuli, + representative whales (age, sex), representative + activities/behaviors (resting, feeding, traveling, vocalizing, + etc.), representative areas, seasons, times of day, weather and + environmental conditions. + + D. Long-term monitoring (at regular intervals) + + I. =Environment= (physical, chemical) + + II. =Whales= (distribution, abundance, movements, activity + patterns, vocalization patterns, cow/calf ratios) + + III. =Boat/Planes= (abundance, type, distribution, movements, + activities) + + IV. =Prey species= + + V. =Fish catch= + + + + +APPENDIX D + + + [NOAA Letterhead--Cut off] + National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration + NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE + + Washington, D.C. 20235 + + DEC 3 1979 F6:TRL + + + Mr. John Chapman + Superintendent + Glacier Bay National Monument + National Park Service + P.O. Box 1089 + Juneau, Alaska 99802 + +Dear Mr. Chapman: + +This letter responds to your August 4, 1979, request for consultation +pursuant to Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as +amended, relative to the population of the humpback whale in Glacier +Bay, Alaska. + +Your problem statement of the same date outlines the basic issue of +human activity in Glacier Bay National Monument that might be +affecting humpback whales. Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act +requires that each federal agency insure that its actions do not +jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species or result in +the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat of such +species. The consultation process requires our comment and opinion on +the problem. + +Within this context, our response addresses those National Park +Service (NPS) actions controlling human activity that may, in turn, +affect the humpback whales within Glacier Bay. + + +=Biological Background= + +In the North Pacific, the summer range of the humpback whale +encompasses the area from Bering Strait south to the Subarctic +Boundary (ca. 40 deg. N lat) and extends in the east to about Point +Conception, California, and the Sanriku Coast of Honshu Island in the +west. Humpbacks range into shallow coastal waters more frequently than +do most other balaenopterids and regularly occur in sheltered inside +waters of Prince William Sound and the Alexander Archipelago of +southeastern Alaska. + +The wintering grounds of humpbacks in the North Pacific are centered +in three areas: (1) the coast and adjacent islands of west-central +Mexico; (2) the main Hawaiian Islands; and (3) the Bonin, Ryukyu, and +Mariana Islands in the western North Pacific. Some humpbacks that +summer in southeastern Alaska are known to migrate to both the Mexican +and Hawaiian wintering grounds, although others are found in +southeastern Alaska during all months of the year. + +Prior to the rise of modern whaling in the late 1800's, the world +population of humpback whales exceeded 100,000, mostly in the Southern +Hemisphere. The North Pacific population probably numbered roughly +15,000 at the turn of the century. + +Whaling in southeastern Alaska began in 1907 with the establishment of +two land stations. The number of humpback whales at the start of this +earliest exploitation is unknown. Consistent catch records are +available only for 1912-1922, during which time 185 humpbacks were +taken, with a peak catch of 39 in 1916. + +Since 1922, no whaling has been conducted in the territorial waters of +southeastern Alaska. However, the humpback whales of the inside waters +were exposed to additional exploitation as they migrated across the +high seas or through the coastal territorial waters of British +Columbia, Washington, California, and Baja California. + +By 1966, when humpbacks were accorded complete legal protection by the +International Whaling Commission, the world population of the species +had been reduced to about 5,000. The North Pacific population now +numbers about 1,000, of which 600 or 700 winter in the Hawaiian +Islands, and 200 or 300 winter in Mexico. Only a few humpbacks have +been sighted on the western North Pacific wintering grounds in recent +years. Since 1966 no trends in abundance have been observed either for +the North Pacific population as a whole or on any of its wintering or +summering grounds, including southeastern Alaska. + +Based upon aerial and vessel surveys, the population that spends the +summer in the inside waters of southeastern Alaska numbers at least +70. Photoidentification studies now underway tentatively reveal that +the population may exceed 100. Although it ranges throughout the area +from Sumner Strait northward, its main concentration areas are +Frederick Sound-Stephens Passage, where a minimum of 40 whales occurs, +and Glacier Bay, where 20-25 whales occur. Humpback whales congregate +in these areas to feed upon the summer blooms of euphausiids, herring, +and capelin. Some whales arrive in June and stay on through early +September, although as mentioned earlier, other animals appear to +remain through the winter months. + +When humpback whales historically began occupying Glacier Bay is +unknown, but they have occurred there every summer over the past seven +years of investigation. Photoidentification techniques indicate that +certain individuals repeatedly return to feed there. + +The availability of these and other feeding areas in southeastern +Alaska has not been constant over the years. Although Glacier Bay has +lately been a prominent feeding area, this was not always so since the +area was covered by an ice sheet during the 18th century; at that time +the humpback population was presumably at its maximum pre-exploitation +level. There is some indication that a seasonal feeding area in Lynn +Canal was avoided by humpbacks coincident with the onset of a herring +fishery in 1972. With the cessation of that fishery, humpbacks +reoccupied the area in 1979. The possibility cannot be discarded that +these events are related. + + +=Present Glacier Bay Situation= + +The NPS records indicate that during 1976 and 1977, 20-24 individual +humpback whales moved into Glacier Bay during June and remained there +into August. In 1978 this pattern of use changed when most of the +animals departed by mid-July. In 1979 this use was modified further +with fewer whales entering the Bay and very few of those remaining in +the Bay. Observations prior to 1976 are more general in nature, rather +than numerical counts of record. + +Human use of the Bay is reflected in NPS records, to wit: + + Visitor Large Private Fishing + Year Days Ships Boats Vessels + ---- ------- ----- ------- ------- + 1965 1,800 + 1969 16,000 115 + 1970 30,000 165 + 1975 72,000 113 353 824 + 1976 85,000 123 318 656 + 1977 120,000 142 534 523 + 1978 109,000 123 699 458 + + +Most visitor use is via water access, with cruise ship and +recreational craft visitation levels increasing rapidly in recent +years. + +The recent NPS study indicates that increasing vessel traffic in +Glacier Bay may be implicated in the apparent departure of whales from +Glacier Bay in 1978 and 1979. Data on the number of observed +whale-vessel interactions in Glacier Bay enables calculation of the +following "interaction" index (data for 1979 not available): + + Whale-vessel Hours Index + Year Interactions Observed (interactions/hour) + ----- ------------ -------- ------------------- + 1976 98 261.1 0.38 + 1977 201 407.1 0.49 + 1978 268 397.5 0.67 + + +Thus the occurrence of whale-vessel interactions increased 29 percent +and 76 percent respectively in 1977 and 1978 over the 1976 base level. +Despite mitigative regulations in 1979, observers noted that +whale-vessel interactions continued at substantial frequencies. + +The NPS data indicate that behavior of the humpback whales in Glacier +Bay changed significantly in 1978. Comparison of the frequency +distributions of behavioral responses indicates that, whereas +distributions were the same in 1976 and 1977, both years were +statistically different from 1978. In 1978, more avoidance behavior +occurred than in previous years, suggesting that the whales reacted to +the increased level of vessel traffic in 1978. However, the causal +mechanism for these reactions (whether it be increased noise or visual +stimuli) remains unknown. + +All classes of vessels were not implicated equally in the increased +level of interactions which occurred in 1978. Cruise ship visitations +actually decreased 14 percent in 1978 from the 1977 high, while +charter/pleasure craft visitations increased 120 percent between 1976 +and 1978. Commercial fishing vessel traffic decreased 30 percent +between 1976 and 1978. Charter/pleasure craft were often observed to +change direction and travel toward whales for a closer look. Cruise +ships and commercial fishing vessels, on the other hand, neither +paused for nor actively followed whales. Thus the most likely source +for increased interaction would appear to be the increased visitations +by charter/pleasure craft in 1978. + +This conclusion seems to agree with the perceptions of scientists +examining other similar situations. The workshop on problems related +to Hawaiian humpback whales, sponsored by the Marine Mammal Commission +in 1977, concluded that vessel traffic not oriented toward whales did +not ordinarily seem to disturb them. Indeed, it was concluded that +whales seem readily to habituate to constant or familiar noises such +as those produced by ships of passage. A recent review on the possible +effects of noises emanating from offshore oil and gas development +concluded that, unlike the abrupt response to sudden disturbances, +most whales become habituated to low-level background noises such as +would be associated with ship traffic (Geraci, J. R., and D. J. St. +Aubin, "Possible Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development on Marine +Mammals," prepared for the Marine Mammal Commission, August 1979.) +Moreover, it was noted that such behavior forms the underlying basis +for the success of whale watching cruises. Thus the erratic actions of +charter/pleasure craft rather than the more constant action of cruise +ships may be the major factor in possible harassment by vessels within +Glacier Bay. + +Cruise ships also may be implicated as potential sources of +disturbance due to the physical setting within Glacier Bay. A direct +analogy may be seen in the lagoons of Baja California where gray +whales calve. Heavy barge and freighter traffic associated with the +salt industry, as well as a dredge operating continuously in the +lagoon's mouth, apparently drove gray whales out of Laguna Guerrero +Negro between 1957 and 1967. The whales reinvaded in substantial +numbers when vessel traffic was eliminated. The continued high use of +Laguna Ojo de Liebre by gray whales suggests that the movement of salt +barges, beginning there in 1967, may not have been such a nuisance. +However, since Laguna Ojo de Liebre is a much larger area than Laguna +Guerrero Negro and has a much wider entrance, the whales there may +simply have been able to move and coexist next to the barges. Such +luxury of space may not be available to the humpback whales of Glacier +Bay and, due to geological configurations of its basin, vessel noise +may be accentuated there. These factors may account for the unexpected +reaction of humpbacks to cruise ships in Glacier Bay. + +The apparent departure of humpback whales from Glacier Bay in 1978 and +1979 may also be due in part to a change in the availability of food. +Euphausiids have historically been the primary feed within Glacier Bay +in July-August, although little research has been done to compare +yearly levels of this feed or to determine what level is necessary to +support the whales. The only available information derives from +vertical plankton tows by the REGINA MARIS in August 1979, which +indicated that fewer euphausiids (5 percent) occurred in Glacier Bay +as compared to Frederick Sound-Stephens Passage. The humpbacks may +have found the Glacier Bay food levels to be too low, particularly in +the face of continued high vessel use, and simply departed to search +for better concentrations elsewhere. + +A similar abandonment of a prime feeding area, the Grand Banks, was +observed for the Northwest Atlantic humpback population and was +thought to be associated with the overfishing of capelin stocks there. +Consequently, the occurrence and distribution of humpback whales may +be generally dependent upon the occurrence and availability of its +desired prey species. + +In a worst case analysis, Glacier Bay is a feeding ground, and its +long-term abandonment would not be conducive to the conservation of +the humpback whale. Up to 20 or 25 individual whales would relocate to +other areas, increasing competition for food there. In such case a +greater expenditure of energy might be required to obtain the same +quantities of food than would be required in Glacier Bay. An increased +energy expenditure would tend to decrease the likelihood of humpbacks +successfully increasing their numbers, since growth and the onset of +sexual maturity would be delayed. + + +=Conclusions= + +Our present interpretation of the available data is that uncontrolled +increase of vessel traffic, particularly of erratically traveling +charter/pleasure craft, probably has altered the behavior of humpback +whales in Glacier Bay and thus may be implicated in their departure +from the Bay the past two years. Our conclusion, then, is that +continued increase in the amount of vessel traffic, particularly +charter/pleasure craft, in Glacier Bay is likely to jeopardize the +continued existence of the humpback whale population frequenting +Southeast Alaska. The alteration in the distribution of the whales in +Southeast Alaska can be expected to appreciably reduce the likelihood +of the recovery of the North Pacific humpback population, especially +when viewed as an incremental aggravation of the problem of +humpback/human interaction in general. + + +=Recommendations= + +Until research reveals the need for more specific action, if any, we +offer the following as reasonable and prudent alternatives that the +NPS should institute in Glacier Bay to avoid jeopardizing the +continued existence of the North Pacific population of humpback +whales: + +We recommend that total vessel use of the Bay be restricted to 1976 +levels, at the very least, since that year preceeded the high point of +visitor use in Glacier Bay during 1977. Commercial use of the Bay is +predicated on a permit system that should offer good control and +accountability of the tour industry. The routing of large vessels is +relatively easy to regulate. Recreational craft present the greater +challenge to management control. The continuing increase in the amount +of recreational traffic in the Bay lends considerable urgency to +establishing effective controls. + +Collectively, regulations should address vessel routing and vessel +maneuvering. The NPS has already regulated these activities to some +extent. Specific routes should be published, but the system should be +flexible enough to accommodate changes of areas of concentrated +feeding activity. + +We further recommend curtailment of vessel operator discretion in +pursuing, or approaching, whales. General guidelines prohibiting the +pursuit or willful or persistent disturbance of whales through vessel +maneuvering probably would offer better enforceability and public +compliance than would detailed regulations based on specified +distances. Vessel operator behavior should receive a thorough public +educational effort, possibly through an informative notice to each +vessel. + +Finally, we recommend that monitoring of the humpback population and +of whale-vessel interactions be continued and that all current data be +fully analyzed. New research should also be undertaken (1) to +characterize the food and feeding behavior of humpback whales in +Glacier Bay and other areas; (2) to ascertain the acoustic +characteristics of vessels within the Bay and in other areas with the +aim of identifying equipment and/or modes of operation which are +inimical to the whales; and (3) to compare behavioral responses of the +humpbacks to vessels in Glacier Bay with those observed in other areas +of southeastern Alaska. + +The conclusions and recommendations stated herein constitute our +biological opinion, and we consider consultation on this matter to be +at an end. Should significant new information or factors not +considered in this opinion arise, however, either we or NPS are +obligated to reinitiate consultation. + +Sincerely yours, + + [signature] + Terry L. Leitzell + Assistant Administrator + for Fisheries + + + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes + +The text herein presented is essentially that in the original report. +To preserve continuity, some text was moved to rejoin text which had +been split by Figures or Tables. Footnotes were moved to the end of +the section in which they occur. To help distinguish them from text +body footnotes, Table footnotes were changed from numbers to lower +alpha characters. Three typos were corrected (see below). In order to +present some of the tables in the allotted 70 character width, some of +the text was rearranged. + +Emphasis Notation: + + _Text_ -- italicized + + =Text= -- underlined + +The original report appears to have been a typewritten document and +species names were underlined instead of italicized as is usually the +case. Some other text is also underlined, the assumption was made that +the text would have been underlined (and/or bold). + +Typographical Corrections + +Page 11 (TABLE 4.): visable => visible + +Page 25 (Item 1.): move- => movement + +Page 33 (3rd Item): Wildlive => Wildlife + + * * * * * + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Humpback Whales in Glacier Bay +National Monument, Alaska, by United States Department of Commerce, Marine Mammal Commission + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HUMPBACK WHALES IN GLACIER BAY *** + +***** This file should be named 37101.txt or 37101.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/1/0/37101/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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