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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of
+Lichfield, by A. B. Clifton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Lichfield
+       A Description of Its Fabric and A Brief History of the Espicopal See
+
+Author: A. B. Clifton
+
+Release Date: August 12, 2011 [EBook #37049]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF LICHFIELD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Brad Norton, David Garcia and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL FROM THE WEST.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF LICHFIELD
+
+A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL SEE
+
+
+BY A. B. CLIFTON
+
+
+WITH FORTY ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LONDON, GEORGE BELL & SONS, 1900
+
+
+  _First published February 1898_
+  _Second Edition revised February 1900_
+
+
+  W. H. WHITE AND CO., LTD.
+  RIVERSIDE PRESS, EDINBURGH
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL PREFACE
+
+
+This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the
+great English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated guide-books
+at a popular price. The aim of each writer has been to produce a work
+compiled with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to
+the student of Archaeology and History, and yet not too technical in
+language for the use of an ordinary visitor or tourist.
+
+To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case
+would be difficult and tedious in this place. But amongst the general
+sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful
+are:--(1) the great county histories, the value of which, especially
+in questions of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised;
+(2) the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in
+the Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archaeological Societies; (3)
+the important documents made accessible in the series issued by the
+Master of the Rolls; (4) the well-known works of Britton and Willis on
+the English Cathedrals; and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks
+to the Cathedrals originated by the late Mr John Murray; to which the
+reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, especially in
+reference to the histories of the respective sees.
+
+                                                         GLEESON WHITE,
+                                                  EDWARD E. F. STRANGE,
+                                               _Editors of the Series_.
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE
+
+
+Concerning any old Cathedral the mass of information is very great,
+and the authorities to be consulted many; and perhaps the almost total
+absence--as in this case--of a documentary history of the
+building of the fabric, makes for a larger bulk of pamphlets and of
+communications to the antiquarian journals. Whether or no theory be wiser
+than fact, it is certainly more voluminous. Besides the books and papers
+mentioned in their place, I have especially to express my indebtedness to
+the work on Lichfield by the Rev. William Beresford, one of the "Diocesan
+Histories" Series, and to the "Handbook of Lichfield Cathedral" by the
+late John Hewitt, the well-known antiquarian. I have also to thank Mr
+R. R. Redmayne of Lichfield for much valuable information, as also Mr
+C. Harradine, the Principal Verger, whose interest in and knowledge of
+the Cathedral are well known in Lichfield; and the Photochrom Co. Ltd.,
+Messrs S. B. Bolas & Co., and Mr F. G. M. Beaumont, for the excellent
+photographs they have allowed me to reproduce.
+
+                                                         A. B. CLIFTON.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                         PAGE
+  CHAPTER I.--History of the Cathedral                      3
+
+  CHAPTER II.--Description of the Exterior                 30
+    The Close                                              33
+    Bishop's Palace                                        34
+    Spires                                                 35
+    West Front                                             39
+    North Doorway                                          48
+    Lady Chapel                                            50
+    South Transept                                         51
+    Bells                                                  52
+
+  CHAPTER III.--Description of the Interior                54
+    Nave                                                   54
+    Pulpit, Lectern, etc.                                  64
+    North Aisle of Nave--Monuments and Glass               64
+    South Aisle of Nave--Monuments and Glass               67
+    Transepts                                              67
+    Organ                                                  71
+    Choir                                                  75
+    Screen and Stalls                                      84
+    Reredos                                                87
+    Sedilia and Pavements                                  88
+    Monuments and Glass in the Choir                       91
+    Lady Chapel                                            99
+    Sacristy and Chapel of St. Chad's Head                106
+    Chapter-House                                         110
+    Library                                               113
+
+  CHAPTER IV.--History of the See                         117
+
+  DIMENSIONS                                              136
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                         PAGE
+  Cathedral from the West                      _Frontispiece_
+  Arms of the See                                _Title page_
+  South Prospect of the Cathedral (Old Print)               2
+  Cathedral from Stowe Church (Old Print)                  13
+  Ancient Gateway in the Close                             17
+  South Transept in 1813--Exterior                         23
+  Cathedral from the South                                 31
+  Cathedral from the Minster Pool                          37
+  Great West Doorway in 1813                               42
+  Great West Doorway                                       43
+  Southern Doorway in West Front                           46
+  Bay of the Nave--Exterior                                48
+  North Entrance in 1813                                   49
+  Bay of the Choir--Exterior                               50
+  Doorway of South Transept                                51
+  Bay of the Nave--Interior                                55
+  Bay of the Choir--Interior                               56
+  Nave in 1813--Interior                                   57
+  Nave, looking East                                       59
+  Nave, looking West                                       61
+  North Aisle of Nave, looking East                        64
+  Arcade with Semi-Effigy                                  68
+  Detail of Semi-Effigy                                    69
+  Choir in 1820--Interior                                  77
+  Choir, looking East                                      79
+  South Choir Aisle                                        80
+  Choir, looking West                                      81
+  Under the Central Tower                                  85
+  Reredos                                                  89
+  The Sleeping Children                                    95
+  Fresco in South Choir Aisle                              97
+  Brackets in Lady Chapel                                  99
+  Lady Chapel                                             101
+  Brackets in Lady Chapel                                 104
+  Capital in Chapter-House                                108
+  Chapter-House                                           109
+  Arcade in Chapter-House                                 111
+  The Gospels of St. Chad                                 115
+  Monument to Dr Johnson                                  136
+  PLAN OF THE CATHEDRAL                                   137
+
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL
+
+
+The cathedral of Lichfield, as we now know it, was built at various times
+in the thirteenth century and the early part of the fourteenth; and but
+for some comparatively slight and obvious alterations, it is therefore
+entirely in the styles known as Early English and Decorated. Unhappily
+nearly all the early archives and documents belonging to the cathedral
+are lost, having been destroyed in the time of the Civil Wars by the
+soldiery who sacked the place after the siege of the close by the forces
+of the Parliament. The absence of all documentary evidence as to the
+dates of the various parts of the cathedral has been much regretted by
+antiquarians, since it would be hard to find a better example of the
+gradual change which English church architecture was undergoing during
+the very busy period when this cathedral must have been built. Here we
+have the rigid simplicity of the Early English style in the transepts,
+giving place in the nave to the luxury of the Early Decorated, with its
+geometrical tracery; while in the Lady Chapel and presbytery we find an
+example, in some respects unique, of the gorgeousness of the completely
+evolved Decorated style. To know exactly when each part was built would
+be to add to our knowledge of architectural chronology; but instead,
+we must employ what knowledge we already possess, and by a process the
+very converse of what we could wish to have been able to use, we can
+arrive at an approximate history of the structure of the cathedral.
+
+Not so long ago Oswy had the credit of having built the cathedral, and
+later it was set down to Roger de Clinton. Modern criticism as easily
+disposes of the claims of the latter as of the former, and there can be
+no doubt that no part of the present cathedral is of earlier date than
+1200 A.D.
+
+Much valuable information as to the cathedral, which Clinton may have had
+a part in building, was obtained in 1860, when, for the alterations which
+were then in progress, excavations were made in the choir. The result
+of his investigations Professor Willis published in an article in the
+_Archaeological Journal_ for 1861, entitled "Memoir on the Foundations
+of Early Buildings recently discovered at Lichfield Cathedral," and the
+theory which he there set out as to the history of the cathedral has been
+generally accepted by antiquarians. Nothing can be more interesting than
+this article, but it is too full of detail for anything beyond the bare
+results of Professor Willis's reasoning to be given here: these are set
+out in their place.
+
+Of the early Saxon church which was erected on this site practically
+nothing is known, but it is supposed to have been built by Bishop Hedda
+at the close of the seventh century, and of stone taken from Roman ruins
+in the neighbourhood, though there is really no evidence to support this
+theory. The desire to find another instance of the waste material and
+sites once dedicated to a pagan religion being used by the victorious
+Christian church may have something to do with such a legend. Nothing
+except tradition is left of this church, to which it is said the bones
+of St. Chad were removed from Stowe. Probably in the four or five
+hundred years which elapsed before the Norman cathedral was built,
+several churches succeeded one another on or about the present site:
+whatever happened, we know nothing.
+
+Our real knowledge commences with the Norman cathedral. The excavations
+already spoken of laid bare small portions of its foundations, and from
+these Professor Willis decided that the Norman choir had a semi-circular
+apse, and extended from the central tower to about the middle of the
+fifth bay of the present choir; while the exterior line of its side walls
+nearly corresponded with the interior line of the present aisle. The
+Norman building probably possessed transepts, but these certainly had
+no aisles; the rest is conjecture, but from other Norman cathedrals and
+churches which are in existence we can fairly well imagine what it was
+like. The altar probably stood over the centre of the semi-circle of
+the apse, while the bishop's throne was behind it, facing west, with
+the canons' stalls spreading out down the choir, and the choir stalls
+continuing them right down under the tower into the nave: or perhaps
+there were no seats for the choir in those days--we do not know; but
+there must have been a processional path round the altar. We can imagine,
+too, the massive masonry of the pillars with their heavy capitals and
+circular arches. To think of a Norman church is to think possibly of
+Peterborough; and Lichfield Cathedral, no doubt, was like that minster,
+but on a very much smaller scale.
+
+There is no record as to when the Norman church was built, but Robert
+de Lymesey, the bishop, is said in 1088 to have used a large quantity of
+silver, which he took from the church at Coventry, in extensive buildings
+in Lichfield; and Roger de Clinton is declared to have exalted the church
+as well in building as in honour, so he may have erected, or helped to
+erect, the Norman cathedral. Nothing whatever remains above ground of this
+building, which was probably taken down gradually while the cathedral
+which now stands in its place was being erected. Before this was done,
+however, there was added a rectangular chapel to the east of the Norman
+apsidal choir, which, with it, must have extended nearly to the end of the
+seventh bay of the present choir. Nothing is known of it beyond the fact
+that the foundations were discovered and examined by Professor Willis,
+who decided that it was probably built late in the twelfth century,
+and that its existence, if it was ever finished, must have been short.
+
+Very early in the thirteenth century the first part of the present
+building was begun by erecting a rectangular choir just outside the
+walls of the Norman choir, which must have been then removed. This
+new Early English choir (including the presbytery) extended from the
+central tower to the end of the seventh bay of the present choir. It
+will be found that the eastern portion of this was subsequently removed,
+but the western half still remains, and can readily be distinguished
+from the Decorated part. The high altar of this period must have stood
+just to the west of the space between the fifth piers, thus leaving the
+space between the fifth and sixth piers as a processional path between
+the two side aisles; while against the eastern wall were four altars,
+one at the end of each aisle and two between them. At the same time that
+this choir was built, was also built on the south side the sacristy,
+with the room adjoining it: these both remain.
+
+The next alteration took place about 1220, and was the erection of a new
+south transept in place of the Norman one, which, as has been said, almost
+certainly had no aisle; then followed in about twenty years the north
+transept and the chapter-house, with its vestibule, all these buildings
+being in the Early English style, though the difference in their times
+of erection is clearly marked in their details. Two royal licences to
+dig Hopwas stone for "the new fabric of the church at Lichfield" in 1235
+and 1238 are evidence that work was going on about this time; and the
+desire of Henry III. (which is more fully set out in the description
+of the interior of the transept) to have a roof at Windsor like that
+of Lichfield gives an almost documental certainty to the architectural
+theory that the transepts were built at the time above stated.
+
+No historical document exists that can apply to the building of the nave;
+but that must have come next, and have been in progress almost before the
+north transept could have been finished. The west front was commenced
+somewhere about the beginning of the last quarter of the thirteenth
+century, and, including the two towers which form such an important part
+of it, must have taken a very long time to complete. From the thorough
+examination made when the recent restorations were in progress, it was
+decided that these towers were built in three distinct stages--the lowest,
+which just included the row of kings, being assigned to about 1280; the
+next stage to 1300; and the upper part, including the belfry windows,
+to about 1330, while the spires were not finished till some time after.
+
+Walter de Langton became bishop in 1296, and of him it is distinctly
+recorded that he commenced the Lady Chapel. From an old register in the
+Salt Library at Stafford, it appears that Langton left £80, 13s. 3d. for
+the building of the chapel. He died in 1321. And, in 1323, there is
+another entry showing that the chapter came to some agreement with his
+executor by which each party should pay half the cost of finding a quarry
+for the stone; so that it does not appear that building operations had
+proceeded very far at his death. It is interesting to note, as the same
+source shows us, that the money left by the bishop was partly on loan
+to King Edward II. for the expenses of his wars with Scotland, which
+wars had ended so disastrously at Bannockburn. In the following reign,
+Edward III. was asked by the chapter to repay what was still owing of
+this money.
+
+The Lady Chapel was probably erected beyond the eastern end of the
+church as it then stood; and while this was being done, the Early English
+presbytery was taken down and rebuilt in the Decorated style to match the
+new Lady Chapel, and the old clerestory of the choir was also rebuilt
+in the same style. The main idea was to obtain uniformity; but as it
+apparently was not proposed to take down the sacristy on the south,
+nor the chapter-house on the north, it was not considered necessary to
+pull down the choir--_i.e._ the last three western bays--any lower than
+the triforium; for the lower parts would be hidden by these buildings
+from the outside, and inside various shifts were resorted to to obtain
+uniformity. The work almost certainly grew from east to west gradually,
+as the clerestory of the choir end is lighter than that of the eastern
+or presbytery end; so that no doubt the pulling down of the old choir
+clerestory was only done after the building of the eastern end made it
+seem better to alter the rest into uniformity. With regard to the inside
+effect, Professor Willis says: "The front half of their pier arches
+(those belonging to the three western bays), however was removed and
+mouldings given them corresponding to those of the new presbytery. Their
+piers also were slightly altered, although partially concealed by the
+choir stalls. By these arrangements the aspect of the whole interior
+of the choir and presbytery was made uniform." How far this theory is
+sound will be seen when the alterations early in the present century
+are considered in their place.
+
+Bishop Langton also erected the shrine of St. Chad at an expense of
+£2000. This shrine stood behind the high altar in the most eastern
+bay of the retro-choir, and, as was usual, had on its western side an
+altar dedicated to the saint. A similar arrangement can still be seen
+in Westminster Abbey, where the shrine of Edward the Confessor stands
+behind the reredos. The space behind the reredos, with the corresponding
+bays of the aisles, were in the past called the lady choir. This portion
+was separated from the rest of the choir by the reredos in the centre,
+and by screens in a line with the reredos in the aisles; there was a
+chapel in the lady choir at the end of each aisle, but to whom they were
+dedicated is doubtful. Stukeley, writing in 1715, says: "In St. Peter's
+Chapel, which is now a place to lay scaffolding and ladders, etc.,
+was painted upon the wall St. Peter crucified with his head downwards,
+and two other apostles, etc. And in this place is the noted St. Chad's
+tomb, though defaced, removed from the lady choir to be put here since
+the Restoration." The same writer also tells us that: "Over across the
+middle of the said choir was a rood loft, finely carved and gilded,
+and St. Chad's shrine, but destroyed in time of war."
+
+Professor Willis has pointed out the singular parallelism between the
+development of this cathedral and that of York. "The Norman Cathedral
+of York was built in 1080, and that of Lichfield at an uncertain
+date. Between 1154-1181, Archbishop Roger substituted for the original
+chancel at York a long, square-ended choir, with the aisle carried
+behind the end. At Lichfield, during the same period, the large chapel
+was built at the end of the Norman apse; and about the beginning of the
+thirteenth century the whole Norman eastern termination was, as at York,
+replaced by a long, square-ended choir with the low aisles behind. Next,
+at York the Norman transepts were rebuilt in Early English: the south
+transept, 1230-1241; followed by the north transept, 1241-1260. Also at
+Lichfield the Norman transepts were rebuilt in Early English, beginning
+with the south and ending with the north. The Early English work of this
+cathedral is shown by the licences to dig stone to have been in progress
+in 1235 and 1238. York nave and Lichfield were next rebuilt in Early
+Decorated--the first in 1291-1324. Lastly, at Lichfield, the elongation of
+the eastern part was begun at the extreme east, beyond the existing choir
+by the Lady Chapel, in late Decorated under Bishop Langton, 1296-1321,
+and followed by taking down the choir, and continuing the same work on
+its site westward. The works at York followed in the same order, but
+forty or fifty years later, by first erecting the presbytery outside the
+existing choir, and then taking down the latter and continuing the work
+of the presbytery to form the new choir. The plans of the two cathedrals
+rival each other in the simplicity of their proportions."
+
+One other important thing which Bishop Langton did was to fortify, or
+at any rate to add greatly to the fortifications of the cathedral.
+He surrounded the close with a high stone wall and constructed "two
+beautiful gates" on the west and south sides of the close. Truly, had
+he been able to see the result of his fortification, he might have said
+with the Preacher: "All is vanity and vexation of spirit"; for if there
+was one thing which brought down on the cathedral the extremities of
+hatred and violence in the Civil Wars, it was that it proved able to be
+held as a fortress against those who came up against it.
+
+Bishop Langton built also the palace, which for so long, with its towers
+and turrets, stood in the north-east corner of the close. It must have
+been a magnificent building, and we know that its hall was decorated
+with frescoes of scenes in the recent wars. It was destroyed after the
+siege of the close in 1643, and Fuller, writing about that time, speaks
+of it as the "invisible castle now vanished out of sight."
+
+Roger de Norburg completed the Lady Chapel and the new presbytery, and
+was succeeded by Robert de Stretton, who (as we discover from a document
+dated 1390, four years after his death) completed St. Chad's shrine;
+for that is the only meaning which can be given to the wording of the
+bond, that the vicar's choral should offer prayers for, amongst others,
+"Robert Stretton, bishop, for making St. Chadd's shrine, and for giving
+them £24 to continue amongst them."
+
+There has recently been discovered among the muniments of the chapter,
+an indenture dated in 1345 or 1346, and made between the sacrist on the
+one hand, and the dean and chapter on the other, for the safe custody
+of the goods in the sacristy. The "goods" are too numerous for a list
+of them to be given, but they include "the head of Blessed Chad, in a
+certain painted wooden case; also an arm of Blessed Chad; also bones
+of the said saint in a certain portable shrine." Then follows a list of
+the bones and relics of a large number of saints, including part of the
+sepulchre of Our Lord, and part of St. Peter's cross. There were also
+crosses, gold, and silver, and jewelled--a large number of many kinds,
+all set out separately--mitres, jewels, chalices, copes, and every kind of
+vestment of the most gorgeous description. Bishops and kings and queens
+had apparently showered their wealth and valuables upon the cathedral;
+and with the subscriptions of the diocese, known as Chad's Pennies,
+and the offerings of pilgrims, the riches of the cathedral seem to have
+been enormous. These "goods," in many cases with their donors' names,
+are all set out in the roll, which, it is interesting to notice, is dated
+in the year of the Black Death; possibly the enormous mortality of the
+time may have made it seem necessary that the mere memory of man should
+not be depended upon when so few seemed likely to survive. To read the
+list is to get some notion of the magnificence of the services; and it
+is no wonder that pilgrims came from all parts of the diocese, and of
+England, to worship where so many relics were collected. The mid-Sunday
+in Lent was originally the time, afterwards Whitsuntide, for the crowds
+to attend the cathedral. They were shown the head of St. Chad, probably
+from the little gallery in the south aisle of the choir, and then they
+laid their offerings at the great shrine, on which were lying the other
+relics of the saint.
+
+No doubt the early part of the fifteenth century was the period when the
+cathedral was most glorious within and without. Fuller, in his "Church
+History," published in 1655, from which quotation has already been made,
+after giving an account of the building of the cathedral, says: "But now
+in the time of the aforesaid William Heyworth, the Cathedral of Litchfield
+was in the verticall height thereof, being (though not augmented in the
+essentials) beautified in the ornamentals thereof. Indeed, the West front
+thereof is a stately Fabrick, adorned with exquisite imagerie, which I
+suspect our age is so far from being able to imitate the workmanship
+that it understandeth not the Historie thereof. Surely what Charles
+the Fifth is said to have said of the citie of Florence, that it is a
+pittie it should be seen save only on Holy-dayes; as also that it was
+fit that so fair a Citie should have a Case and Cover for it to keep it
+from wind and weather, so in some sort, this Fabrick may seem to deserve
+a shelter to secure it. But alas! it is now in a pittiful case--indeed,
+almost beaten down to the ground in our civil dissensions. Now, lest the
+Church should follow the Castle--I mean quite vanish out of view--I have,
+at the cost of my worthy friend here exemplified the Portraiture thereof;
+and am glad to hear it to be the design of ingenious persons to preserve
+ancient churches in the like nature (whereof many are done in this,
+and more expected in the next part of Monasticon), seeing when their
+substance is gone, their verie shadows will be acceptable to posteritie."
+
+In the fifteenth century a library was built outside the door of the
+north transept, but a little to the west; it was quite separate from the
+cathedral. This was one of the gifts of Dean Heywood (1457-1493). It is
+recorded that he gave £40 towards the building of it, but died before
+it was completed, and this was done by his successor, Dean Yotton,
+who also contributed to its erection. According to the statement in
+"_Anglia Sacra_" it was finished in the year 1500. It is marked in the
+plan of Browne Willis, 1727, and was taken down about 1750.
+
+Some time in this century saw a change in the tracery of many of the
+windows. It may be that the introduction of printing was responsible
+for this change, and that the greater amount of light admitted by the
+windows of the Perpendicular style made their insertion advisable; or
+it may be that the tracery of windows being naturally fragile, in many
+cases a renewal became necessary, and the new Gothic style was naturally
+considered the best. Whatever the reason, the new Perpendicular tracery
+was inserted in many of the windows just as it was in a large number
+of cathedrals and churches all over England.
+
+In reading the history of the building of this fabric, we cannot
+help noticing that even the great Gothic builders could not leave well
+alone. Then, as now, Fashion was the ruling power. Having a Norman church,
+they altered it into an Early English one; then they pulled down a good
+deal of this to get a more Decorated building; and finally they changed
+the windows in order to give the whole a Perpendicular appearance: side
+by side with other reasons that actuated them, they did their best to
+keep their cathedral in the fashion.
+
+In the sixteenth century, Henry VIII., the great destroyer of religious
+houses, made but little difference to the fabric of this cathedral, but
+he laid his hands on the valuables. The shrine of St. Chad was denuded
+of its jewels, and everything which could be turned into money was taken
+away, much of it was fortunately returned for the "necessary uses" of the
+cathedral, but the services and ritual must have been much impaired and
+their beauty diminished. During that century, however, the cathedral
+gradually recovered, and we know that early in the next the services
+were again very much on the same scale of magnificence as they had been
+when the good bishops Patteshull and Weseham directed the diocese.
+
+The next event in the history of the building is one which is necessarily
+referred to many times in this book. The siege of Lichfield Cathedral
+is probably the most famous incident in its long career; not only
+on account of the immense injury done to the fabric itself, to its
+monuments and its decorations, but also on account of the "miraculous
+intervention" on behalf of the holy building, an intervention which,
+viewed with nineteenth-century scepticism, does not appear to have done
+the cathedral any obvious good, but which at the time appears to have
+been treated with all the deference due to a genuine miracle.
+
+The great Civil War began on August 22, 1642, when Charles I. set up his
+standard at Nottingham. At Lichfield, as everywhere else in England,
+there were partisans of both sides. The cathedral group was naturally
+for the king, while others, for one reason or another, joined either the
+Royal Party or the Parliamentarian. After Edgehill, which was fought
+in the autumn, matters became more and more serious in the Midlands;
+and finally, in February 1643, the Royalists at Lichfield, hearing that
+at any moment an outbreak might take place, garrisoned the close, which
+ever since the days of Walter de Langton had been strongly fortified. They
+hoisted the king's flag on the great steeple, and waited the result. They
+had not long to wait. With March Lord Brooke, one of the fiercest of
+anti-churchmen, arrived in command of a strong body of Roundheads,
+and on the 2nd the siege commenced.
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM STOWE CHURCH.]
+
+Lord Brooke was a fanatic, and ever fierce against cathedrals: he had,
+according to the diary of Archbishop Laud, two years before, as he was
+passing in a boat upon the Thames, said he hoped to see St. Paul's
+with not one stone left upon another. It was in this spirit that he
+set about the siege of the cathedral, and of his fate there are many
+accounts. Perhaps the following, taken from Dugdale's "View of the Late
+Troubles in England," is as good as any:--"This lord (Lord Brooke)
+being strangely tainted with fanatic principles, by the influence of
+one of his near relations, and some schismatical preachers (though
+in his own nature a very civil and well-humoured man), became thereby
+so great a zealot  against the established discipline of the Church,
+that no less than the utter extirpation of Episcopacy, and abolishing
+all decent order in the service of God, would satisfy him; to which end
+he became leader of all the power he could raise for the destruction
+of the cathedral of that diocese of Coventry and Litchfield. In order
+whereunto, when he had marched within half a mile of Litchfield, he
+drew up his army, and then devoutly prayed a blessing upon his intended
+works; withal earnestly desiring that God would, by some special token,
+manifest upon them His approbation of that their design: which being done,
+he went on and planted his great guns against the south-east gate of the
+close, himself standing in a window of a little house near thereto, to
+direct the gunners in their supposed battery; but it so happened that,
+there being two persons placed in the battlement of the chiefest steeple
+to make shot with long fouling guns at the cannoniers, upon a sudden
+accident, which caused the soldiers to give a shout, this lord, coming
+to the door (completely harnessed with plate armour _cap-à-pie_) was
+suddenly shot into one of his eyes; but the strength of the bullet, so
+much abated by the glance thereof on a piece of timber which supported
+a pentiss over the door, that it only lodged in his brains, whereupon he
+suddenly fell down dead; nor is it less notable that this accident fell
+out on the second day of March, which is the festival of that sometime
+famous Bishop S. Chad, to whose memory Offa, King of the Mercians, first
+erected this stately church and devoutly dedicated it."
+
+Tradition has always asserted that the shot which killed Lord Brooke
+was fired by one of the sons of Sir Richard Dyott, who, with the Earl of
+Chesterfield, was commanding the cathedral garrison. This son was deaf and
+dumb, and was known as "Dumb Dyott." The gun is preserved in the family,
+and they are supported by other historians, disagreeing with Dugdale,
+in their account that the shot was no accidental one, but that Dyott,
+who was an accomplished marksman, recognising Lord Brooke, aimed at him
+and killed him.
+
+In those days--and indeed even to the present day--it was believed that
+one who was afflicted with dumbness, idiocy, or any natural disease
+which showed God's hand, was especially His agent. Dumb Dyott was looked
+upon as being the agent of divine vengeance, and the fact of its being
+St. Chad's Day strengthened the belief. Here is an extract from a very
+courtly letter written a few days afterwards by a young cavalier to Lady
+Dyer; in it the feeling that a miracle had been performed is clearly
+shown. The writer says: "We have had the honour in these parts to bring
+my Lord Brooke to a quiet condition. That enemy of our Church (March 2)
+was slain in his quarrel against our Church, by the God of our Church,
+with a shot out of the Cathedral, by a bullet made of Church lead, through
+the mouth which reviled our Church; and (if this be worth your reading)
+this Cathedral was dedicated to the memory of an old Saxon holy man
+(called Ceadda, commonly Chad); the blow of death came from St. Chad's
+Church upon St. Chad's Day. This, being a verity, is fit for a lady
+of rare worth." The incident is constantly referred to in contemporary
+literature, where the miracles claimed on behalf of the Royalist party are
+worthy of a better result. One more quotation will suffice. The celebrated
+preacher, Dr South, in his sermon on the text, "God hath loved the gates
+of Sion more than all the dwellings of Jacob," says: "Nor is that instance
+to be passed over of a commander in the Parliamentary army, who, coming
+to rifle and deface the cathedral at Lichfield, solemnly, at the head of
+his troops, begged God to show some remarkable token of His approbation
+or dislike of the work they were going about. Immediately after which,
+he was shot in the forehead by a deaf and dumb man; and this was on St.
+Chad's Day, the name of which saint that church bare, being dedicated to
+God in memory of the same: where we see that as he asked of God a sign,
+so God gave him one in the forehead, and that with such a mark as he is
+like to be known by all posterity."
+
+The house in which Lord Brooke was killed is in Dam Street, at a distance,
+it is said, of about 185 yards from the central spire of the cathedral;
+the late Mr Green caused the following inscription to be put up over
+the doorway:--
+
+"_March 2, 1643._--Lord Brooke, a general of the Parliament forces
+preparing to besiege the Close of Lichfield, then garrisoned for King
+Charles the First, received his death wound on the spot beneath this
+inscription by a shot in the forehead from Mr Dyott, a gentleman who
+had placed himself on the battlements of the great steeple to annoy
+the besiegers."
+
+The death of Lord Brooke was kept a secret as much as possible, for
+fear the soldiers should indeed take it for a sign; Sir John Gell was
+appointed in his place, and the siege continued. Under his direction
+"all such townsmen that had any sons, apprentises, or other servants
+within the close, and likewise all citizens' wives that had their husbands
+there, whether magistrates or other persons whatsoever," were collected
+together and put in the front of the soldiers against the close, but
+after a while, it not appearing to make much difference, they were all
+sent home again. The close meanwhile had been bombarded with cannon, and
+finally there arrived from Coventry a new engine, called a mortar, which
+cast burning shells. Most of these fell into the mill pool or went over
+the close altogether; but it is said to have caused so much fright, no one
+there having seen such an engine before, that the Earl of Chesterfield,
+knowing also that his provisions could not last another day, and that
+there was little likelihood of their being reinforced, decided to yield
+the close on the best terms he could. These included free quarter to all,
+and on the 5th March, after a siege of three days, the close was yielded.
+
+The damage that had been done was terrible; not only was the whole
+fabric much injured, and all the stained glass destroyed, but the great
+steeple had been blown down and had in its fall broken in the roof of
+the church in several places. But even now the work of desecration was
+not complete. The close having been taken, the Parliamentary forces and
+their prisoners were all housed in and round the cathedral, and the most
+sacrilegious conduct is attributed to the former. The wanton soldiers
+pulled down the curious carved work, and battered in pieces what was
+left of the beautiful old stained glass; they stripped the gravestones
+of their brasses, and destroyed the ancient records which were stored
+in the cathedral. These acts of destruction were no doubt due to the
+religious mania of the Roundheads against any form of ceremony or beauty
+in the House or Service of God; but their passion became keener when they
+found what rich spoils were ready to their hands. It happened during
+their riotous proceedings that one of the soldiers raised the covering
+of the tomb containing the remains of Bishop Scrope, and found in it
+a silver chalice and a crozier of considerable value. This discovery
+naturally excited the soldiers, and every tomb was at once taken to
+pieces and its contents scattered; it is not wonderful therefore that
+the tombs that remain to the present day are few in number and these
+terribly mutilated. The crozier was afterwards sold to Elias Ashmole,
+the antiquarian, who took so great an interest in Lichfield. Nor was
+the sacrilege confined to destruction and spoliation. Dugdale tells
+us that "every day they hunted a cat with hounds through the church,
+delighting themselves with the echo from the goodly vaulted roof; and
+to add to their wickedness, brought a calf into it, wrapt in linen;
+carried it to the font, sprinkled it with water; and gave it a name in
+scorn and derision of that holy sacrament of baptism."
+
+[Illustration: ANCIENT GATEWAY FORMERLY IN THE CLOSE.]
+
+Not for long, however, did the Roundheads remain in possession. Prince
+Rupert was sent from Oxford, the headquarters of the Royalist party at the
+time, to retake Lichfield. Having taken Bromicham on the way, he arrived
+at Lichfield with a strong force, and history repeated itself. The town
+offered no opposition, and Rupert had to lay siege to the close, which now
+was better garrisoned. The Royalists erected batteries on the north side,
+and kept up a heavy fire; they also attempted to undermine the walls,
+and finally succeeded in blowing up one of the towers of the close, and
+a fierce encounter took place, in which many men were slaughtered on both
+sides. At length, after ten days' siege, the close was surrendered to the
+king by the governor, who probably got better terms than he expected,
+as Rupert was required at Reading. The articles of capitulation are
+referred to by Clarendon as being most honourable, and are as follow:--
+
+"It is consented by Colonel Hastings, by the authority given him by
+his highness Prince Rupert, that, in consideration of the delivery
+and yielding up of the Close of Lichfield, Lieutenant-Colonel Russel,
+and all the Captains and Officers with him, shall march out of the said
+Close, to-morrow being the one and twentieth day of this instant April,
+by ten o'clock in the morning, with fourscore men and musquetts, with
+flying colours, and fourscore horsemen, with arms belonging to them, and
+all other persons within the said Close to be at liberty to goe whither
+they please; and for their better and safe conveyance, a free pass or
+convoy from his highnesse, and eleven carts to convey away such goods as
+belong to any of the officers or soldiers, with themselves, to the City
+of Coventry; and that all prisoners shall be released on both sides,
+which have been taken in the City of Stafford since the coming down of
+the Right Honourable Lord Brooke. In witness whereof, we have hereunto put
+our hand and seal, this twentieth day of April A.D. 1643. H. HASTINGS."
+
+Russel did not leave empty-handed, as he is said to have taken away
+the communion plate and linen, and whatever else was of value. He was
+succeeded in command of the close by Colonel Bagot, who held it until
+1646, when in the general ruin of the king's affairs the close was
+again taken.
+
+In "_Mercurius Aulicus_" there is an interesting anecdote which shows the
+state of feeling between the two parties. A certain Captain Hunt, who
+had a command in the neighbouring town of Tamworth, sent Colonel Bagot
+the following challenge:--"Bagot, thou sonne of an Egyptian ... meete
+mee half the way to-morrow morning, the half-way betwixt Tamworth and
+Litchfeald, if thou darest; if not, I will whippe whensoever I meete
+thee. Tamworth, this December 1644.--THOMAS HUNT." Colonel Bagot did
+not neglect the challenge, and though he did not succeed in taking him
+prisoner, he "whipped" him home to Tamworth.
+
+During the time Colonel Bagot was governor the post can have been no
+sinecure, for although there was no regular siege to be compared to the
+two just described, yet, lying as it did with so many Parliamentary
+strongholds in the immediate neighbourhood, this period cannot have
+been one of peace; and Dr Harwood, in his "History of Lichfield," goes
+so far as to say that the close was frequently in a state of seige at
+this period. The battle of Naseby was fought on the 14th June 1645, with
+disastrous effect to the king. Colonel Bagot was present with 200 men,
+and no doubt escorted the king back to Lichfield, for he lay there for
+at least one night, and received an address from his faithful citizens,
+which, from its wording, shows that there was little hope left in his
+side. The king came again later in the year, and about March in the
+following year, 1646, the last siege commenced. It was a desultory affair
+compared to the first two, and only ended when the Royalists, in July,
+finding that the king had practically no real army in the field anywhere,
+surrendered again on terms which were most honourable to both sides.
+
+The damage done to the cathedral in these times was estimated at £14,000,
+which was for those days a very large amount. Some of the losses are
+thus particularised:
+
+  For a pair of organs broke in pieces                             £200
+  The destruction of the vicars' seats                              600
+  The defacing of Lord Paget's tomb, which was executed in Italy    700
+
+But enough has been said to show that the cathedral was in a most ruinous
+state, and so it remained until a twelvemonth after the Restoration. From
+a manuscript in the Ashmolean Collection at Oxford, it appears that Elias
+Ashmole had an interview with the king in June 1660 as to the condition
+of the cathedral. The memorandum reads: "16 June 1660. This morning Mr
+Rawlins of Lichfield tould me that the Clearke Viccars of the Cathedrall
+Church had entered the Chapter-house and there said service; and this
+when the Vestry was the only place in the Church yt had a roof to shelter
+them. This very afternoon, I, having an opportunity to waite on the Kg,
+and being in his Closet, tould him that the aforesaid remaining number
+of poore Clearks Vicarrs had assembled in the aforesaid place, and there
+kept their Canonicall houres and prayd for his Maty, which he was pleased
+to heare. Upon further discourse, I acquainted him with the desolacion
+of the place, which he much lamented, and said he had been informed that
+Winchestre Cathedrall had exceedingly suffred in these late tymes, and
+that they had turnd it into Brewhouses, Malt-houses, etc." And again, on
+"July 18, 1660, Mr Dugdale moved Dr Sheldon to become an instrument for
+the repair of Lichfield Cathedral; and proposed that the prebends, etc.,
+that were admitted should part with one-half of their profits towards the
+repair of the fabrick, which would be no great burden to them; and by this
+example the gentry would be invited to join with them in some considerable
+contribution. _N.B._--I find this method succeeded accordingly."
+
+The see was vacant for nearly a year after the Restoration, as Bishop
+Frewen, who had been appointed to the see by Charles I., was almost at
+once made Archbishop of York. At last, in December 1661, John Hacket,
+Doctor of Divinity of Trinity College, Cambridge, was appointed, and
+he at once set himself to the repair of the dilapidated cathedral; on
+the very morning of his arrival at Lichfield he is said to have set his
+carriage-horses and servants to the work of clearing out the rubbish,
+and with his own hands to have set them an example at the start. The work
+to be done must have appeared to be almost impossible of completion, for
+the central spire was still lying in ruins over the chapter-house and
+choir, the roof was broken in, and the pavements completely destroyed:
+everything was ruinous, for the Parliamentary folk had during the
+Common-wealth seized all materials which seemed to be of use for the
+repair of the dwelling-houses in the close and neighbourhood. However,
+the work progressed; the bishop was so energetic that he was able to
+collect in the surrounding country about £8000, and so generous that he
+subscribed himself a sum of £1683, 12s.: and in eight years he succeeded
+in restoring the beauty of the cathedral.
+
+The service at which it was re-consecrated was of great solemnity and
+ceremony: "His lordship, being arrayed in his episcopal vestments,
+attended by the dean, dignitaries, prebendaries, and other members of
+the Church, accompanied by many of the nobility and gentry, the bailiffs,
+citizens, and other public officers of the city and county of Lichfield,
+with an immense concourse of people, entered at the great west doors of
+the Cathedral. The vicars, choristers, etc., first walked up the south
+aisle of the Church, where the bishop with a loud voice repeated the
+first verse of the 144th psalm. Afterwards the whole choir alternately
+sang the psalm to the organ. In the same order they proceeded to the
+north aisle. The bishop sang the 100th psalm, which was repeated by the
+whole company. Then the train passed to the body of the Church, where the
+bishop began the 102nd psalm, which when the vicars choral had concluded,
+he commanded the doors of the choir to be opened, and in the same form,
+first encompassed the south side. The bishop began the first verse of the
+122nd psalm; the company finished it, and with the like ceremony proceeded
+to the north side, and sang the 131st psalm." The procession over,
+the bishop knelt down in the centre of the choir and prayed silently;
+and then with a loud voice called on all the people to join with him in
+the Lord's Prayer, which was followed by other prayers suitable to the
+occasion. He then pronounced a solemn benediction on the act in which
+they were engaged, and upon all that were present. The usual service of
+morning prayer followed, with  two special anthems, and a collection--not
+for the cathedral--but for the poor of the parish. The bishop also gave
+three magnificent banquets--to the cathedral clergy, to the nobility of
+the neighbourhood, and to the principal citizens of the city.
+
+Thus concluded the ceremony of re-consecration, a work which left the
+cathedral, not, unhappily, as it was when the first siege took place,
+but still a very beautiful edifice, with more of the Perpendicular
+style about the windows than previously, and with grievous signs here
+and there of the terrible misfortunes it had weathered. Sir Christopher
+Wren is said to have designed the new central spire, and to have acted
+as architect to the re-builders; but this is almost certainly not the
+case: his advice may have been asked, but probably at the most he gave
+it with regard to rich altar-piece in the Corinthian style which was
+erected in front of the old screen behind the high altar. At any rate,
+his signature appears on one of the sixteen papers on this matter still
+preserved among the muniments of the cathedral.
+
+The king gave 200 fair timber trees out of Needwood forest, and his
+brother, the Duke of York, afterwards King James II., gave the money
+for the tracery of the great west window. This window remained until the
+recent alterations, when it was replaced by one more in accordance with
+the original thirteenth century style. The Duke of York's window, with
+its ill-proportioned geometrical tracery, need not be regretted any more
+than the removal of the heroic statue of his Majesty King Charles II.,
+which occupied the central niche above it. The statue was principally
+remarkable for its ugliness, and for the history of the stonemason who
+hewed it; he afterwards married a rich wife, and finally arrived at the
+dignity of knighthood. Bishop Hacket adorned the church with new stalls
+and with an organ which cost £600; and he also made arrangements for
+new bells worthy of the cathedral. He ordered six, and three of them were
+delivered in his life-time. Only one--the tenor bell--however, was hung
+in time for the good bishop to hear it. His biographer, Dr Plume, says:
+"The first time it was rung, the bishop was very weak; yet he went out
+of his bed-chamber into the next room to hear it: he seemed well pleased
+with the sound, and blessed God, who had favoured him with life to hear
+it; but at the same time observed that it would be his passing-bell,
+and retiring into his chamber, he never left it till he was carried
+to his grave." He died in October 1670.
+
+[Illustration: THE SOUTH TRANSEPT IN 1813.]
+
+For some time the cathedral has no history to be recounted. In 1750
+we know that the ancient library outside the north aisle, built by
+Deans Heywood and Yotton, was removed, and the churchyard levelled;
+we also know that the roof became very defective, and the rain came in,
+so that a new roofing was required. Pennant tells us that the dean and
+chapter were obliged to substitute slates instead of metal, on account
+of the narrow revenues left to maintain this venerable pile; and after
+the strictest economy, they were under the necessity of contributing
+from their own income in order to complete their plan.
+
+A few years later it was found that the fabric itself was in so
+dilapidated a condition that much more extensive repairs were necessary,
+and so Mr Wyatt, the celebrated architect, as Britton calls him, came to
+Lichfield and began that scheme of alteration which has been the object
+of so much ridicule and contempt. To lovers of church architecture at the
+end of the nineteenth century it seems astounding that the splendid and
+inimitable cathedrals and churches of this country should have been handed
+over every one to be destroyed and debased in the way Wyatt destroyed and
+debased them. But there is no doubt that Wyatt represented the spirit
+of the time, just as Sir Gilbert Scott represented the spirit of the
+middle of this century. Then it was a love of "vistas" which actuated
+the alterations, and caused the destruction of anything which came in
+the way of what was considered a fine view. In those days "vistas" were
+the all-absorbing consideration and the subject of discussion amongst
+those who considered themselves cultured, as may be seen in the novels
+of Jane Austen, and in "Mansfield Park" in particular. Later, the passion
+for replacing what was old or worn by time with something new, something
+which was supposed to be a reproduction of the old, has caused endless
+destruction. The later passion has not yet disappeared, unhappily; but
+thankfully we may note the signs of the times, and feel sure that in a
+few years neither a Wyatt with his vistas and Roman cement, nor others,
+who, having more knowledge, are therefore the less excusable, will be
+permitted under any circumstances to lay a finger on what it has here
+and there graciously pleased their forerunners to leave unspoiled. How
+little this is, can be judged by a visit to any cathedral church from
+Worcester downwards.
+
+The achievements of Wyatt are recounted by Britton, who does not appear
+to have entirely decided whether he approved or not. Some of them, no
+doubt, were necessary; and it would be unfair to indiscriminately blame
+any architect who had to deal, however violently, with a building which
+had deteriorated, not merely in the pass of time, but also by the shock
+of war. Also a great deal of what Wyatt did was done for the sake of
+warmth, though the object in view, it is said, was not attained. Britton
+says that not only was there a general restoration of doors, windows, and
+flooring throughout, but also "two of the spires were partly rebuilt, the
+ends of the transepts were strengthened by new buttresses, the external
+roofs of the aisles were raised, and five divisions of the stone roof in
+the nave were taken down and replaced with plaster. The Lady Chapel was
+united with the choir by removing the screen which had been erected by
+Bishop Hacket. On taking this away, the workmen discovered the beautiful
+old screen which formed in all probability the original partition when
+the Lady Chapel was completed by the executors of Walter de Langton. This
+elaborate piece of architecture was in a very mutilated state; but Mr
+Wyatt, having restored it by the assistance of Roman cement to a very
+perfect condition, appropriated part of it to the new altar-piece, and
+the remainder to the organ screen or partition which divides the nave from
+the Choir," and which took up the whole of the western bay of the choir.
+
+Since Britton's time it has been thought necessary to take another tone
+and to try to justify these alterations. Mr James Potter, the son of Mr
+Wyatt's chief assistant, who was afterwards architect to the cathedral,
+has endeavoured to prove that some of the alterations were unavoidable,
+and that the others were not made under Wyatt's advice, but in spite
+of it. Incidentally, in the course of a letter to the _Staffordshire
+Advertiser_, he speaks of the "unsightly and incongruous work of Wren's,"
+in referring to the wooden reredos, and states that Wren had previously
+closed the arches of the four most western bays of the choir in order to
+receive the stalls. He also says: "But so completely did Wren perform
+his work of blocking-up that he took care to conceal every vestige of
+moulding, both of the piers and the archivolts, leaving only in view
+the clustered shafts from which the vaulting of the roof sprang. I have
+before noticed that Mr James Wyatt's death occurred in A.D. 1813, and
+that this western portion of the choir remained in the state in which Sir
+Christopher Wren left it up to the following year. In the early part of
+that year the architect to the fabric, the late Mr Potter, was instructed
+by the dean and chapter to cause the entire removal of the old stall work
+and unmask the three arches (then concealed), this being the space on
+either side of the choir occupied by the stalls in question. The arches
+being much dilapidated and past restoration, Dean Woodhouse decided
+to have them made to correspond with the decorated bays in an easterly
+direction. This work was executed, as also the canopy of the new stalls,
+in Roman cement. I cannot myself think that Dean Woodhouse exhibited
+any degree of bad taste in adopting the existing decorated arches as his
+model for the new ones; and, as regards the canopies of the new stalls,
+they were exact resemblances of the old reredos, and surely no modern
+architect will presume to find fault with them. I must here observe
+that the choice of material was not confined to the architect employed
+to carry out the work, but was chosen by the dean and chapter, the state
+of the fabric fund, out of which the whole of the expenses were defrayed,
+being insufficient to meet the outlay of a more costly material."
+
+The above account is most interesting, and, assuming that the writer was
+correct in the facts as to what was done by Wyatt and by his father,
+we are confronted with a difficulty. From Professor Willis's account,
+already quoted, it is obvious that he was of opinion that the alteration
+in the style of the front of these pier arches was made in Gothic
+times. Mr Potter says it was done in the nineteenth century. It is,
+of course, possible for some alteration to have been made at both these
+times; but it looks as if the harmony was not complete until recently,
+probably because the height of the old stalls prevented the variations
+from being easily seen. As to Wren, Mr Potter probably was only repeating
+the recognised tradition that Wren was responsible for the rebuilding by
+Bishop Hacket, and no argument can be deduced on this point, the latest
+and best opinion being that there is, as already  stated, no evidence
+to prove that the great Sir Christopher had much to do with the cathedral.
+
+Soon after Wyatt's death the policy of Roman cement, which he had
+inaugurated, was continued, and the whole of the west front become
+one mass of stucco and paste. The row of kings was replaced in this
+way, as also the statues in the great porch, and all the mouldings and
+decorations were covered with cement, and practically the whole cathedral
+from end to end had its deficiencies added to in this way. This work was
+completed about 1822. From then to 1856 the cathedral did not receive
+much alteration; but in the latter year Sir Gilbert, then Mr. Scott
+was called in, and the extensive alterations were commenced, which
+may be said scarcely to have finished in this year of 1897. It is not
+necessary to discuss here this restoration. It is sufficient to say that
+it has been the aim of those in authority to restore the cathedral to
+the appearance and arrangement it presented at the beginning of the
+seventeenth century. Wyatt's alterations received scant courtesy,
+and the cathedral as we now see it may be declared to be a triumph
+for the restorer--so great a triumph, indeed, that in many parts the
+unsuspicious admirer might be led to conclude that he was looking at a
+brand new edifice. Still, the cathedral has some of its old work left,
+and perhaps in the nave we are confronted with more of the work of the
+original Gothic builders than in any other part. What has been done in
+the last forty years is specifically discussed in the description of
+the exterior and interior in the two next chapters; but here it will
+be well to show what the condition of the cathedral was in the middle
+of the century, just before the recent restoration. Canon Lonsdale has
+given us a splendid description in his "Recollections," and if anything
+can reconcile us to the wholesale renewal which then took place, it
+will be found in the account which he gives in this little pamphlet,
+from which are now quoted the following sentences. He says: "The Nave
+and Transepts were absolutely empty of furniture of any kind, except
+that the South Transept contained the fittings of the Dean's Consistory
+Court (since abolished), and in the North Transept, on the spot where
+the organ now is, stood the statue of Bishop Ryder, raised on a high
+pedestal, and looking as if it were about to tumble forward. The walls,
+arches, and pillars were one  uniform, dead, yellowish whitewash, many
+coats thick; as also the Choir from end to end, and from top to bottom,
+and indeed the whole of the interior.... The Nave was quite unused;
+indeed, except during service hours, the Verger's Silver Key alone gave
+admission to any part of the church.... The two parts of the building
+were altogether separate from each other. The Choir was entered by a
+door under a high partition, composed of remains of the original High
+Altar, fourteenth century screen, and of other materials. This partition
+filled the whole of the first bay of the present Choir. On each side of
+the entrance were Vestries for the Lay Vicars and the Choristers, and
+above these was placed the organ; the rest of the space up to the Roof
+being filled in with glass, so that the separation of Nave and Choir
+was complete.... In the Choir itself the remains of the Reredos, which
+stood at the spot where the present one is now fixed, had been removed
+by Wyatt at the end of the last century, and the Holy Table was carried
+to the extreme East of the Lady Chapel. On either side, from the screen
+up to the very entrance of the Lady Chapel, were pews made of oak lined
+with green baize and studded with brass nails. The Choir Aisles on either
+side were entirely shut out from the Choir, the arches being filled in
+by plaster, in order, as was imagined, to help towards warmth. In the
+three bays eastward from the screen--the second, third, and fourth, as
+they are now--stalls were fixed, composed of plaster, wood, rope, nails,
+and much else, with canopies of the same material over them, which the
+old Verger of that day used to call 'beautiful Tabernacle work.' The
+Dean and Canons' Residentiary had stalls facing eastward in the screen
+under the organ.... The Choir Aisles, shut out from the Choir, were long,
+narrow passages, never used, ending on the North side in a blank wall,
+and on the South with the monument of the 'Sleeping Children.'"
+
+This was the inside of the Cathedral: the outside was stucco. Such facts
+as these will have to be borne in mind when the next century passes
+judgment on Sir Gilbert Scott. For us, it should be sufficient that we
+have judged Wyatt.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE EXTERIOR
+
+
+Of all the cathedral churches of England, Lichfield may be said to be the
+most lovely. Other cathedrals are larger--indeed, this is the smallest of
+them all--grander, or more magnificent; but for simple beauty, for charm,
+for delicacy of construction and appearance, Lichfield may rightly claim
+to take the foremost place. Peterborough, when we stand inside the west
+door and look down its line of enormous columns, fills us with awe at
+its immensity and strength: a feeling which is perhaps a little impaired
+by the present position of its stalls. Salisbury appeals to us with its
+perfect simplicity and symmetry, and York with its unequalled grandeur
+and splendour; but after viewing all the cathedrals of England, it is
+Lichfield which is most likely to be remembered among them for something
+which may be most aptly called charm. What can be more delightful than the
+view which confronts the traveller who, approaching from the town, pauses
+to look across the sparkling water of the pool at the three graceful
+spires standing out amid a wealth of green trees and shrubs. Truly a
+picture to be long remembered. Here is, indeed, the precious jewel set
+in a silver sea.
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH.]
+
+The cathedral does not stand on high enough ground for any very fine view
+of the entire building to be obtained. But from whatever point in the
+neighbourhood of Lichfield we look we can see its three slender spires,
+grouping themselves, sometimes so that only two can be distinguished,
+sometimes so that they all appear in one cluster as though rising from
+one tower, and sometimes spreading out so that two seem to have very
+little connection with the third. For years they have been known as the
+"Ladies of the Vale"; they have looked down on many changes, and indeed
+have suffered changes themselves. They now rise from an almost new
+building--new at any rate in appearance. As we approach the cathedral
+either from Bird Street and face the west front, or from Dam Street and
+confront the south side of the Lady Chapel, the same sad feeling comes
+over us that all here is new. Even as these words are written the south
+side of the choir is being renovated, and no doubt what little of the
+old is still left will soon disappear. The west front, with its niches
+and images, is all new; the south side of the nave is new, and indeed
+everywhere it is its newness that first strikes one. One cannot help
+wondering if this extreme severity of restoration is absolutely essential;
+for if not essential, the vague disappointment might well turn to anger
+that in days when the art of architecture has become almost non-existent,
+it should be thought necessary to carry through such wholesale renewal
+of work, never to be replaced, belonging to the grand days of Gothic
+building. For this old work can never be replaced: it is a sad thought
+that in every art, the early groping days, when the new medium or the new
+method is hardly settled, and its limitations but imperfectly understood,
+produce the great work. It is so in literature, in music, in painting,
+in sculpture, and in architecture; but it is only to the last that we
+dare to offer the assistance of our own less artistic age. The cathedral
+as we see it to-day has met with many vicissitudes. Of its misfortunes
+in the Civil Wars much has already been said; and something of its
+sufferings at the hands of restorers. At present, after studying the
+west front and contemplating the extreme newness of its every detail,
+we can only hope that when age has somewhat staled the infinite variety
+of its modern ornament, future pilgrims to the shrine of St. Chad will
+not think too unkindly of an age given over to the rigours of restoration.
+
+=The Close.=--The cathedral stands in a close which was once surrounded
+by strong walls with bastions and a moat. Nature had supplied the moat
+on the south side, and the Cathedral Pool, as it is now called, is still
+there. The artificial moat has been drained, but its course can be easily
+traced running round the bishop's palace, and its water has been replaced
+by lovely gardens and gravel walks. Some bits of the old walls remain,
+the north-east bastion in the palace gardens and a turret on a house at
+the south corner: the "beautiful gates" of Bishop Langton are gone; but
+in the Vicars' Close at the west of the cathedral are two small irregular
+courtyards with houses so old that we feel sure that their wooden beams
+and plaster were there when the Royalists of the neighbourhood housed
+themselves within the fortified close.
+
+The close is not large, and of course, as Lichfield is a cathedral of
+the old establishment, there are no monastical buildings, no ruined
+cloisters. On the north side the ground rises rapidly in a grassy slope
+to a terrace, behind which are some of the canons' houses. Opposite
+the north transept is the deanery, a substantial red brick house in the
+style of the middle of the last century; next to it, and farther east,
+is the bishop's palace.
+
+=The Bishop's Palace= is of stone, and was built by Thomas Wood, the
+bishop who succeeded Hacket, and who is said to have been compelled
+to erect it as a fine for his neglect of the diocese. It bears on the
+front the date 1687. The old palace of Bishop Langton, which occupied
+the same position in the close, was swept away in the Civil Wars. The
+bishops of Lichfield had another palace at Eccleshall until the time
+of Bishop Selwyn, who sold it, and with a portion of the money erected
+here the two unsightly wings and the still more unsightly chapel. In the
+palace gardens, in the south-west corner, stood the old bell-tower of
+the cathedral, of whose destruction in 1315 we have a record. From the
+bishop's garden there is a charming view through the trees of Stowe pool
+and St. Chad's Church apparently standing at its farther edge: its old
+towers stand out finely, and the gravestones in the churchyard remind us
+that in far-off Mercian days St. Chad was laid to rest in this very spot.
+
+On the east side of the close is an unsightly white house which rises
+a blot on the otherwise beautiful view of the cathedral from Stowe;
+next to it is a charming old building with the turret already mentioned.
+
+On the south side is the entrance from Dam Street, with an old house
+at the corner. On this side also is the Theological College, a low
+ordinary-looking building, said to have been originally training-stables
+for race horses; and farther west are more houses of the cathedral
+clergy. And behind all these is the pool. One cannot help agreeing with
+Britton in thinking what a delightful thing it would be for the close if
+all the houses on this side could be pulled down so that the cathedral
+might have nothing but grass and trees between  it and the pool.
+Britton gives an imaginary view of the south side with all the houses
+cleared away.
+
+On the west side of the cathedral is another entrance to the close,
+which runs between the Vicars' Close already mentioned and the hideous
+college built by Andrew Newton for the widows and orphans of clergymen.
+
+=The Cathedral= is built of new red sandstone from quarries in the
+immediate neighbourhood of Lichfield itself. On Borrowcop, to the north
+(where tradition says two Mercian kings were killed, to be afterwards
+buried in the close), is the hole left by the cathedral; and on the
+other side, at Wheel Lane, is a quarry from which much stone, both red
+and white, has been taken for the recent repairs to the fabric. Its
+ruddy colour adds much to the picturesqueness of the building.
+
+Mrs Van Rensselaer, in her interesting account of the English cathedrals,
+says: "In any and every aspect, but more especially when foliage comes
+close about it, Lichfield's colour assists its other beauties. Grey
+is the rule in English churches--dark cold grey at Ely, for example;
+light yellow grey at Canterbury, and pale pearly grey at Salisbury;
+and although dark greyness means great solemnity and grandeur, and light
+greyness great delicacy and charm, they both need the hand of time--the
+stain of the weather and the web of the lichen--to give them warmth and
+tone; and the work of the hand of time has almost everywhere in England
+been effaced by the hand of the restorer. Red stone is warm and mellow
+in itself, and Lichfield is red with a beautiful soft ruddiness that
+could hardly be over-matched by the sandstone of any land."
+
+The plan of the cathedral shows a simple cross, with a chapter-house
+(joined by a vestibule to the choir) on the north side, and a sacristy
+on the south side. It may also be noticed that the nave and the choir
+(including the presbytery) have each eight bays or severies, and that
+if we regard the bay under the central tower as a double one, the two
+transepts together have eight bays. Thus the transverse arm of the cross
+is nearly of the same length as the eastern and the western arms. There
+is a Lady Chapel at the eastern end of the choir, and there are aisles on
+each side of the nave and choir and on the eastern side of the transepts.
+
+We have already seen that the cathedral has three =Spires=, and this
+is perhaps its most notable characteristic, for Lichfield is the only
+church now existing in England with this distinction. The cathedral at
+Coventry, so long the sister church of the diocese, and so ruthlessly
+destroyed by Henry VIII., had also three spires; as had Ripon Minster,
+but these were of lead, and have since been pulled down.
+
+Of the spires, one rises from the central tower and one surmounts each
+of the towers which flank the west front. The central spire dates only
+from the Restoration, the older spire having been entirely destroyed in
+the Civil Wars. There is no doubt that the original spire was different
+in appearance to the present one, which is an imitation of the western
+spires, carried out in the spirit of the Perpendicular style. What the
+earlier spire was really like is doubtful, neither is it quite certain
+when it was built, though the central tower was probably rebuilt about
+1250, when it is supposed that the intention was to retain the Norman
+nave. What the height and pitch of the roof of the old Norman nave must
+have been can be seen from the old housing course which remains to this
+day above the nave groining. "It was the custom," as Mr J. O. Scott
+explained in a lecture on the cathedral, "of old builders, as of modern
+builders, to insert in any wall against which a roof abuts a projecting
+course of stone, called a 'housing,' following the slope of the roof,
+the object being to keep the wet from getting in between the roof and the
+wall. And so when the central tower was rebuilt, there was the Norman
+nave to which the new work had to be fitted. Hence, at this time the
+builders inserted a 'housing course' of masonry into the west wall of
+the new tower, to protect the junction of the old Norman nave roof from
+the weather." These disused housing courses can constantly be seen in old
+churches, sometimes several, one above the other, showing the changes in
+the roofing of the church. The present spire is said vaguely to have been
+erected from the designs or under the direction of Sir Christopher Wren;
+but the tradition which connects this great modern architect with the
+cathedral is very uncertain.
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE MINSTER POOL.]
+
+The two western spires were probably built in Bishop Norburgh's time, and
+possibly were finished in the time of his successor; but the north-west
+spire has been rebuilt from the belfry windows upwards in imitation of the
+old work, but, like the central tower, in the Perpendicular manner. The
+south-west or Jesus Tower, which is a little higher than the other,
+has also had its two upper storeys rebuilt. The spires are octagonal,
+and are divided into six compartments. In the western spires the four
+lower compartments have windows of two lights each with acute crocketted
+pediments. There are only four windows in the lowest compartment;
+but in the second, third, and fourth compartments there is a window in
+each face; the fifth is panelled between crocketted ribs, and the top
+compartment is plain with small windows. All the spires are open all
+the way up without any inside supports.
+
+The central spire has the same number of compartments, with windows
+in all of them except the top; but there are only four windows in
+each compartment, facing north, east, west, and south. The top of the
+central spire is about 252 feet from the floor, and of the western spire
+about 193.
+
+But if Lichfield's three spires are unique, so also is Lichfield's =West
+Front=. It is not, of course, very large, and it is not indeed as large as
+it might have been had the same means been employed here as were employed
+at Wells, where an exaggerated idea of size is attained by placing
+the towers outside the lines of the nave aisles. Here the two towers,
+which form so important a part of the front, are in their lowest stage
+merely part of the aisles, so that the whole width of the west front is
+very little greater than the width of the nave itself. The west front of
+Lichfield is noted for the richness of its decorations, covered as it
+is with niches holding images and, it might almost be said, with every
+available inch covered with decorative work. The whole has a most superb
+effect, and at a distance, where the poverty of the modern workmanship
+is not easily discerned, its appearance cannot be very different now to
+that which it presented at the end of the fourteenth century. Once again
+the niches are filled with statuary; but this work is nearly all new,
+and it is by some considered doubtful if any of the original remained in
+this century. It is, however, generally supposed, and not without good
+reason, that the five old statues which form part of the highest row in
+the north-west tower may have been original, and have escaped the general
+destruction which followed the Puritan capture of the cathedral. Three
+of the old statues are represented in the picture of the west front in
+Britton's "Cathedral Antiquities"; and in the interesting picture in
+Fuller's "Church History," published in 1655, the west front is shewn
+with every niche filled; but there can be no doubt that this picture
+must have been made before the siege, or else it must have been drawn
+with the aid of memory from what remained afterwards.
+
+This west front is flat, with octagonal turrets at each side, and consists
+of two towers and a central part. The central part has a doorway, a large
+window, and an acute pediment, the top point of the pediment being almost
+on a level with the parapet of the towers where the spires commence. These
+rise from between square pinnacles, enriched with feathered panels and
+crockets at the angles of the towers. The front is in three stages; the
+lowest stage contains the three doorways, and is surmounted by a very
+elaborate arcading filled with statues of kings. The second is covered
+with two storeys of arcading, and is divided into two parts by the large
+west window, above which is the pediment. The third stage consists of
+the upper part of the two towers; these are surmounted with parapets with
+lozenge-shaped mouldings inclosing quatrefoil and trefoil panels. There
+are windows to the belfry floors in this stage. Altogether, including
+these two belfry windows, there are only three windows in this front;
+this is unusual, as there are commonly windows at the west end of the
+nave aisles.
+
+It is not easy to give a clear description of this front, or any which
+will convey its superb effect. As we see by the frontispiece, it is not
+only thickly covered with arcading and statues, but also it is very much
+enriched with trefoils, quatrefoils, and cinquefoils, especially in the
+spaces over the doors in the lowest stage, and in the pediment above
+the great window. The prevalence of the ball-flower decoration should
+not escape notice; upon the third stage and the spires it constantly
+occurs, although it is not encountered in the first and second stages,
+except in the modern tracery of the west window. The ball-flower is
+a fourteenth-century ornament: its constant use in the upper parts,
+contrasted with its total absence in the lower parts, supplies a
+very strong argument that a considerable time elapsed between the
+construction of the two lower stages and the upper. The very careful
+examination which took place when the whole front was lately restored
+revealed the fact that work was not proceeded with continuously; and by
+expert opinion the lowest stage is assigned to 1280, the next to 1300,
+while the upper stages are still later; and perhaps the whole was not
+completed until well on into the last half of the fourteenth century.
+
+As has been stated before, the present appearance of the west front is
+that of an entirely new building. In 1820 the front, which is said to
+have been then in a very dilapidated condition, was covered with Roman
+cement. So thoroughly was this done that the original stone facing only
+showed on the eastern side of the north-west tower. Careful drawings of
+the tracery there were made by Sir Gilbert Scott, and in 1877 the work
+of reconstructing was commenced. It took seven years, and the new west
+front was dedicated in 1884. Only five of the old statues remained, and
+it was decided to restore the others. There are in all one hundred and
+thirteen niches in the west front, including those on the north and south
+faces of the side turrets; all but four are now filled, and about one
+hundred are in view of any one standing facing the middle of the front.
+
+The large =West Window= has undergone several changes in its tracery;
+fortunately we have pictures showing all of them. In Fuller's "Church
+History" the tracery, as shown in Hollar's engraving, appears to be
+very simple. This tracery was all destroyed in the Civil Wars; and that
+which replaced it at the Restoration was provided by James II., when
+Duke of York, but it was so ugly and unsuitable to the whole spirit of
+the cathedral that it was removed in 1869, and is now replaced by work
+which, though greatly differing from the original, yet preserves the
+spirit of fourteenth-century work. The Restoration window may be seen
+in the beautiful engraving in Britton's "Cathedral Antiquities."
+
+There also is an engraving of the great west door as it was in the
+early part of the century, and before the Roman cement era of which
+mention has just been made. This doorway, one of the most beautiful
+in the country, has much in common with the "Prior's doorway" on the
+south side of Lincoln Cathedral. As Britton says: "Both are peculiarly
+rich and fanciful and calculated to excite the warmest admiration,"
+but in his time the sculptured foliage and the figures running round the
+architrave mouldings and between the columns were so much battered and
+injured that it was almost impossible to tell the characters of some of
+them. This doorway is a recessed porch, the outer arch, in line with the
+main walls, being cusped and foliated with elaborate carving; the inner
+portion is divided into two arches; the whole being most elaborately
+decorated with carvings. The central clustered supports has a figure of
+the Virgin and Child, and on either side of the doorway, standing on
+clustered pillars beneath canopies, are figures of St. Mary Magdalene
+(on the north) with the box of ointment, and on the south, Mary the wife
+of Cleophas; farther forward on each side are vacant pedestals, and in
+the front are St. John the Evangelist (on the north) and St. Paul (on the
+south). Whether these were the characters originally represented is open
+to doubt; Stukeley suggested that what was left in his time represented
+the Virgin in the centre, and the four Evangelists with Moses and Aaron.
+
+[Illustration: GREAT WEST DOORWAY IN 1813.]
+
+The =bas-relief figures= in the architrave already mentioned have
+been restored to represent the two genealogies of Christ as given by
+St. Matthew and St. Luke, on the north and south sides respectively,
+as follows:--
+
+North side: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Boaz, Jesse, David, Virgin and Child.
+
+South side: Adam, Seth, Enoch, Noah, Shem, Judah, and St. Joseph; the
+Virgin and St. Joseph being the two figures at the top of the arch.
+
+There is a very beautiful fourteenth-century bas-relief above the central
+pillar of the doorway, representing Our Lord in Glory, with an angel on
+each side, having a serpent under his feet.
+
+The doors are covered with fine iron work, which, with the exception of
+that on the lowest panel, is supposed to be original.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT WEST DOORWAY.]
+
+The two side doorways in the west front are deeply recessed in three
+orders with very finely-carved mouldings. These also have bas-relief
+figures in the architraves. Those in the northern doorway represent the
+principal princes and princesses who promoted Christianity in England,
+while those in the southern doorway represent the leading early
+missionaries to England.
+
+In the northern doorway, on the north side, are Ethelbert, Edwin, Oswald,
+Oswy, Peada, Wulphere; and on the south side, Bertha, Ethelburga, Hilda,
+Eanfled, Ermenilda, Werburga.
+
+In the southern doorway, on the north side, are St. Aidan, Finan, Diuma,
+Ceollach, Trumhere, Jaruman; and on the south side, Gregory, Augustine,
+Paulinus, Theodore, Cuthbert, Wilfrid.
+
+The corbels of the arches of these two doorways are interesting. Those
+of the north-west doorway represent Night on one side and the Morning
+Star on the other. The former is a female face with a reversed torch,
+and the Greek word NYX for night; the latter is a beautiful boy's face
+with a burning torch.
+
+Those on the south-west doorway are a blindfolded face and an open face,
+representing the Law and the Gospel respectively.
+
+Up to the time of the recent restoration a large statue of Charles
+II., who, by gifts of money and also of timber from Needham Forest,
+helped Bishop Hacket in the general repair after the Civil Wars,
+occupied the principal canopy in the middle of the central gable of
+the west front. This statue was the work of a certain stone-mason named
+William Wilson, who, by marrying a rich widow, "arrived at knighthood" in
+1681. The statue, which certainly was not a work of art from all account
+of it, was taken down, and the pedestal is now occupied by a figure
+of Our Lord. The two other large canopied niches in the gable being
+filled with statues of Moses and Elijah, on the north and south sides
+respectively; while the four smaller statues represent, on the north,
+St. Gabriel, with St. Uriel underneath; and on the south, St. Michael,
+with St. Raphael below.
+
+In giving the list of the statuary on the west front, which now follows,
+it is only necessary to say that there is no pretence that the characters
+now chosen were those originally represented. All that could be done in
+filling the niches was to study the plan of other similar facades, such
+as that at Wells, and to imitate the general idea. Tradition, however,
+had it that the long row of figures in the top of the lowest stage
+represented the Saxon and English kings, with St. Chad in the centre,
+and the tradition has been respected.
+
+[Illustration: THE SOUTHERN DOORWAY OF THE WEST FRONT.]
+
+The following is a list of all the statues not already mentioned on
+the west front, including these on the north and south faces of the
+flanking turrets. The statues are enumerated in rows from the north side
+to the south.
+
+On the northern tower the highest tier commences round the corner with
+two of the old figures already mentioned, then Aaron, Samuel, Hannah,
+another old figure, Deborah, Rachel, another old figure, Sarah, another
+old figure, and Eve.
+
+On the southern tower the highest tier commences with Adam, Abel, Abraham,
+Isaac, Jacob, Melchisedec, Enoch, Methuselah, Noah, Daniel, Job, and Shem
+(these two last being, of course, round the corner on the south side).
+
+Taking next the two rows on the northern tower to the north of the great
+west window, there are in the higher row, St. Editha, David, St. Helena,
+Solomon, St. Gabriel, Zechariah, Nahum, Amos, Jeremiah; and in the lower
+row, Dean Bickersteth, St. Mark, Queen Victoria, St. Luke, St. Uriel,
+Malachi, Habakkuk, Obadiah, Daniel (Jeremiah being just above Daniel,
+by the window).
+
+Taking next the two rows on the southern tower to the south of the
+great west window, there are in the higher row, Isaiah, Hosea, Jonah,
+Zephaniah, St. Michael, Bishop Hacket, Bishop Lonsdale, Bishop Selwyn
+(the niche round the corner is vacant), and in the lower row, Ezekiel,
+Joel, Micah, Haggai, St. Raphael, Bishop Clinton, Bishop Patteshall,
+Bishop Langton (the niche round the corner is vacant).
+
+Next again below is the long row of kings with St. Chad in the centre
+stretching right across the cathedral, the pre-Conquest kings on the south
+side of St. Chad, the post-Conquest on the north, as follows:--William the
+Conqueror, William Rufus, Henry I., Stephen, Henry II., Richard I., John,
+Henry III., Edward I., Edward II., Edward III., Richard II., St. Chad,
+Peada, Wulphere, Ethelred, Offa, Egbert, Ethelwolf, Ethelbert, Ethelred,
+Alfred, Edgar, Canute, Edward the Confessor.
+
+Lastly, there is the lowest row, which is broken three times by the doors;
+these are St. Cyprian, St. Bartholomew, St. Simon, St. James the Less,
+St. Thomas (then the northern door), St. Philip, St. Andrew (then the
+central door with its seven niches and five statues already described),
+St. Paul, St. Matthew (then the southern door), St. James the Greater,
+St. Jude, St. Stephen, St. Clement, St. Werburga.
+
+There is also a small figure of St. Antony over the belfry window on
+the south side.
+
+[Illustration: A BAY OF THE NAVE--EXTERIOR.]
+
+A tour of the cathedral, starting by the north side, leads past the nave
+with its buttresses and flying-buttresses looking picturesque in their
+unrestored state, and there can be seen outside the seventh bay of the
+nave the remains of the entrance to Dean Yotton's chantry. Coming to the
+front of the north transept, it will be noticed that the doorway has steps
+inside leading down into the cathedral, while on the opposite side it will
+be found that the steps lead from the south door down outside; the level
+of the ground on the two sides of the cathedral being very different.
+
+=The North Doorway= is extremely fine, and is deeply recessed. Like the
+other two main doorways of the cathedral,--that at the west end and that
+in the south transept--this doorway is double, the main arch being divided
+into two. The archivolts of these are lancet-shaped and covered with
+foliage, but not foliated as in the west door. Outside the double-arched
+doorway proper, the architrave is divided into five principal and
+several smaller mouldings; the larger ones being very finely carved,
+as to two, the second and fourth, with inter-twisted foliage and scroll
+work; and as to the other three, the inner, middle, and outer, with small
+lozenge-shaped plaques containing bas-relief figures. These figures in the
+inner moulding are angels, in the middle one probably they are patriarchs
+and prophets. In the outer one, on the left or eastern side, the figures
+show the genealogy of Christ, beginning with Jesse at the springing
+stone, and ending with the Virgin and Child near the crown; while on the
+right-hand side, opposite Jesse, is the figure of St. Chad baptising
+the sons of King Wulphere, and above, the Apostles from St. Matthias to
+St. Peter at the crown. The whole architrave is surmounted by a weather
+moulding in the form of a gable, with a recently executed cross in the
+style of the thirteenth century at the top. The pillars on each side
+of the doorway have finely carved capitals, and the outer pillars are
+separated by lines of dog-toothing. The central pillar is very graceful,
+and consists of four slender shafts with carved capitals. The whole forms
+a magnificent example of a doorway in the Early English style, but showing
+signs of its derivation from the Norman. There is a niche in the tympanum
+which was apparently in Britton's time empty; but it must soon after have
+been filled with an image of St. Anne in Roman cement; this has recently
+been replaced by a statue of the same saint by Mr W. R. Ingram, while
+above some Roman cement work in the top of the gable has been removed,
+and a vesica containing a bas-relief of Our Lord in Glory by Mr Bridgeman
+reproduces no doubt the original architect's idea. The doorway, though
+it has been considerably restored, was not so much injured as a great
+deal of the rest of the cathedral, and so contains some very charming
+carving of the thirteenth century. There are two figures in Roman cement,
+one on each side of the doorway, representing St. Jude with a scroll,
+and St. James the Less with a club. No doubt these will both disappear
+before long, and their place be filled with modern statues.
+
+[Illustration: THE NORTH ENTRANCE IN 1813.]
+
+Passing by the somewhat plain octagonal chapter-house, where we may
+perhaps wonder whether the small niches in the top of the buttresses
+which stick up like little turrets ever contained images, we come to
+the side of the choir and presbytery, which has not yet been restored,
+and then to the Lady Chapel.
+
+[Illustration: A BAY OF THE CHOIR--EXTERIOR.]
+
+The outside of the =Lady Chapel= has recently been very much altered;
+and the old buttresses, which but the other day were as left by Bishop
+Langton, with only the hand of decay showing on them, are now gone,
+and in their place are brand new buttresses, with brand new niches and
+saints. Those in the top row are the holy women of the Old Testament,
+while below them are the holy women of the New Testament. The lower
+row represent Priscilla, Anna, Dorcas, Mary, Martha, Lydia, Phoebe and
+Elizabeth; and above are Esther, Ruth, Naomi, Rizpah, Deborah, Miriam,
+Rachel, and Rebecca.
+
+On the south side of the Lady Chapel are the curious chapels--known as
+the mortuary chapels--with their gabled fronts lying in the three spaces
+between the buttresses. These are more fully described in their place
+in the next chapter.
+
+From this end of the cathedral can be well seen the arcaded parapet
+with its battlements, which runs round the top of the eastern half of
+the building and of the transepts, also the turrets of the sacristry
+with their high crocketted pinnacles; from here, too, can be seen, what
+Professor Willis draws attention to, "that the rebuilt clerestory of the
+western part of the choir betrays by the lighter colour of its stone that
+it was a work subsequent to the eastern part." On one of the buttresses
+of the choir on this side is an ancient image of a female figure, but
+it is too much decayed to afford any clue to the character represented,
+though it remains a very charming instance of Gothic sculpture. On the
+east corner of the sacristry there is a modern figure of Godefroi de
+Bouillon, and at the other corner is a figure of St. Chad.
+
+[Illustration: DOORWAY OF SOUTH TRANSEPT BEFORE THE LAST RESTORATION.]
+
+In the gable of the =South Transept= is a very beautiful rose window,
+which is hidden by the stone groining from the inside. Mr J. O. Scott,
+in a lecture already referred to, declared that "this rose window is so
+high up in the gable that it never could have been combined with any
+stone groining. But, by referring to York Minster, between which and
+Lichfield many curious parallels may be traced, it is seen at once how
+a rose window in this position may be brought into the general design.
+This is effected by using a particular kind of wooden groining, the
+part of which nearest to the gable wall is lifted up so as to exhibit
+the window from within the building."
+
+The large doorway in the south transept, which as seen from the outside
+is at the top of a flight of steps, very much resembles the doorway on
+the north side, but the carving is not so fine; it has been very much
+restored, and three shields have been in comparatively recent times carved
+in the tympanum. The shields show the arms of the see, of Bishop Lloyd,
+and Dean Addison, thus declaring this to have been done about 1700.
+
+To the right of this doorway, outside the southern end of the transept
+aisle, is an ancient monument, probably of an archdeacon. A carved figure
+lies in a recess surmounted by a stone canopy.
+
+The large heavy buttresses which disfigure the outside of this transept
+were the work of Wyatt at the end of the last century. The outside of
+the nave on this side presents a very different appearance to the other
+side. Here everything is new and uninteresting. The entrance to the bell
+tower is on this side, and a winding stair leads to the belfry stage.
+
+There are ten =Bells=, seven of which date from about 1687, and are
+therefore of the same age as the bishop's palace. In that year Hacket's
+six bells, which can only have been hanging some sixteen or seventeen
+years, were found to be useless, and a subscription was raised to replace
+them with a peal of ten. There is a letter from the dean and chapter
+to Elias Ashmole, in which it is stated that Henry Bagley of Ecton,
+the bell-founder, had "so over-sized the eight bells he had cast, that
+they had swallowed up all the metal for the ten," and that eighty pounds
+more would be required, but that they did not regret the mistake as it
+"would make extremely for the advantage and glory of the cathedral (the
+bigness of such a ring far more befitting the place)." Only seven of
+these bells are now in use; the other three are by Rudhall of Gloucester
+and Mears of London. In 1748 the belfry caught fire and the ninth bell
+cracked with the heat, but it was recast in the same year, and since
+then there has been no change.
+
+The story of the earliest cathedral bells is lost. It was usual in
+early days to hang the bells in a separate tower somewhere in the
+cathedral precincts. Here, we know that in 1315 the bell tower was burnt
+down,--"Combustum fuit campanile cum campanis in clauso Lichfeldensi." The
+site of this tower was lately discovered in the bishop's garden. Dean
+Heywood, in 1477, gave a large bell to the cathedral--it was known as
+the Jesus Bell; the gift is mentioned in the _Cantaria Sancti Blasii_,
+where the cost is stated to be one hundred pounds. The bell bore this
+inscription:--
+
+  _"I am the bell of Jesus, and Edward is our king,_
+  _Sir Thomas Heywood first caused me to ring."_
+
+This bell was hung in the south-west tower, which thus came to be called
+the Jesus-Bell Tower. The bell was destroyed during the Civil Wars. An
+ancient writer quoted by Shaw, after detailing the terrible fates
+of those who took part against religious houses and churches, says:
+"Nor shall I relate what happened to one, Pickins, a pewterer, who on
+July 26, 1653, knoct in pieces the fair bell called Jesus, at Lichfield,
+he being the chief officer appointed for demolishing that cathedral."
+
+There was also a bell called the "Clocke Bell," which was hung in the
+lowest storey of the Jesus spire. It is shown in the south view given
+in Fuller's "Church History," and particular attention is there directed
+to it. The clock bell and all the others are now hung in the top storey
+of the tower.
+
+There is also a small bell in the great central tower called "the
+Tantony": it formerly belonged to the Dyott family.
+
+In the south-west tower is also the new =Clock,= which was put up in
+1890. The face is underneath, in the west end of the south aisle of the
+nave; there is no outside face. The well-known Cambridge quarter chimes
+can, it is said, be heard at a distance of three miles.
+
+In the green grass of the close are many tombstones, and round about
+the cathedral stone coffins have been dug up; on the north side of the
+choir is the traditional burying-place of two Mercian kings.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE INTERIOR
+
+
+Lichfield is one of the smallest cathedrals in England. In length it only
+measures 370 feet from the inside of the west door to the extreme end of
+the inside of the Lady Chapel, while the interior of the nave, with its
+aisles, is only a little more than 68 feet wide; and yet its smallness
+is not the first fact that will strike the visitor on entering the west
+door: rather, on the other hand, its immense length in proportion to its
+height and width will be noticed, but probably all other feelings will
+be forgotten in the beauty of the vista that lies before him. The long
+line of arches and the long low roof, with its almost countless bosses,
+lead the eye down to the Lady Chapel, where a mass of blue and red shows
+that the cathedral has some of the most beautiful glass in the kingdom.
+
+The orientation of the nave and choir are not the same--the choir and
+Lady Chapel being considerably inclined to the north. Many have been the
+theories raised by the curious discoveries made as to the deflections
+of various parts of this cathedral. They are too numerous to quote here,
+and it will be sufficient to note that the total deflection of the east
+end from the true east is about ten degrees.
+
+[Illustration: A BAY OF THE NAVE--INTERIOR.]
+
+=The Nave.=--The view of the interior of the cathedral from the inside
+of the west door is, as we have said, extremely beautiful. This beauty
+is much enhanced by the general appearance of unity in the whole
+design. There seems to be no mixture of styles, and though a closer
+examination of the details of the interior shows that there is a very
+marked difference between the style in which the nave is built and that
+which was in vogue when the Lady Chapel and presbytery were erected;
+yet the whole, having been built at a time when the Early English style
+was giving place gradually to the Decorated, or, in the more eastern
+portion, when that later style was well established, the general effect of
+the cathedral, seen from this aspect, is one of unity. The exact date of
+the nave cannot be determined, and there is no direct evidence on which
+to base a theory; but it is very clear, from a comparison of its style
+with that of churches whose history is known, that it must have been
+commenced and carried to a speedy conclusion about the middle of the
+thirteenth century. Professor Willis gives the date as 1250, and other
+archaeologists at various dates between that and 1280. There is no doubt,
+at any rate, that it was built at the transitional period of the Early
+English style, and it would be described by some as belonging to the
+Early Decorated period, and by others as belonging to the geometrical
+period of the Decorated style. The nave, including the western front,
+consists of eight bays, having aisles on the north and south sides,
+with the same number of bays; but the spaces underneath the two western
+towers are considerably larger than the other aisle bays, though not
+large enough to be looked upon as western transepts, as is possible in
+some churches where there is a similar arrangement. Many writers have
+complained of the insufficient height of the nave, and that the general
+effect is thereby spoilt, and to a very limited extent this may be true.
+Probably the nave roof was at one time of much higher pitch; the course
+on the outside of the great tower suggests it, as also does the fact
+that the great west window runs into the roof. Probably the roof was
+lowered when the presbytery was built, and the whole roofing of the
+cathedral brought down to the same level.
+
+[Illustration: A BAY OF THE CHOIR--INTERIOR.]
+
+The piers are large, and consist of clustered shafts, lozenge-shaped in
+plan, set on much moulded bases, and having beautifully carved foliated
+capitals from which spring architrave mouldings of great variety.
+From the base and up the centre of each pier runs a cluster of three
+fine columns to capitals, also foliated, at the top of the triforium;
+from these spring five vaulting ribs, three of which diverge to an
+ornamental central rib, and two to a small similarly decorated transverse
+rib. There are finely carved bosses at the intersection of all the various
+ribs. The top of each arch touches the string course, above which is
+the beautiful triforium. This consists of a row of double arches, each
+arch being sub-divided into two lights with geometrical tracery above.
+The mouldings are highly decorated with dog-toothing, and the string
+course between the triforium and the clerestory, as well as the moulding
+enclosing the clerestory windows, has this same ornament, which is
+freely used and produces a very rich effect. The clerestory windows
+are spherical triangles enclosing three circles with quatrefoil cusps;
+the form of these windows is somewhat rare, but similar windows are to
+be seen at Westminster, Hereford, Carlisle, and York. The spandrels of
+most of the pier arches are ornamented with a large circle with five
+cusps, across which the vault shafts pass; this decoration will be seen
+again in the choir. A notable feature in these bays is the size of the
+triforium in proportion to the size of the pier arches and clerestory;
+this gives it unusual importance in the general scheme. At Lincoln, where
+there is a similar triforium, a very different effect is produced by its
+comparative smallness. The open tracery here is very much like that in
+Westminster Abbey. It will be seen that the dripstones of the arches and
+windows terminate in small sculptured heads: a usual arrangement at this
+period. It may be added that the beautiful capitals have scarcely been
+restored at all; so little damage had been done  to them, that when the
+whitewash was removed during the recent restorations, they were found to
+have been hardly touched either by decay, Puritans, or previous restorers.
+
+[Illustration: THE NAVE IN 1813.]
+
+[Illustration: THE NAVE, LOOKING EAST.]
+
+The roof of the nave was greatly damaged at the time of the Civil
+Wars--indeed, it has been said that the central spire, in its fall,
+completely smashed it in; but this is probably not the case, as the spire
+almost certainly fell on the other side of the tower. Still, it is not
+difficult, after reading an account of the siege, to understand that the
+roof would be much injured. About a century after its repair by Bishop
+Hacket, it was found that the great weight of the stone groining was
+forcing out the clerestory walls, already much weakened by rough usage,
+and, in consequence, Wyatt removed the stone work in several bays,
+and replaced it with lath and plaster work made to imitate the rest
+of the roofing. Sir Gilbert Scott was urged to restore the old stone
+vaulting, but he decided that without great structural alterations,
+principally to the buttresses, which he did not feel justified in
+making, this could not be done. The vaulting has been coloured so that
+the difference between the stone compartments--the most eastern and the
+two western ones--and the plaster compartments might not be noticed;
+it will easily be seen how much the clerestory walls have been thrust
+out. It is also interesting to note that at about the same time Wyatt
+restored the roof of the aisles to its old pitch. Originally, as now,
+the aisle roof ascended so as to reach to just below the clerestory
+windows. In Hollar's picture the upper portion of the triforium windows
+can be seen, so that they must have become practically a portion of the
+clerestory during this time. Investigation of the windows themselves
+proves that they have been glazed, and this confirms what otherwise,
+considering the great inexactness of the pictures of the period, could not
+be inferred with certainty. There is a view of the cathedral as late as
+1781 showing this arrangement; but in Jackson's "History of Lichfield,"
+1796, the aisle roof hides the whole of the triforium as at present.
+
+The windows of the aisles agree well with the other windows of the nave,
+and have three lights with trefoiled circles in the head, while below
+the windows is an arcade resting on a bench, the arches of which are
+surmounted with pediments richly carved. There are six of these arches in
+each bay, and between the bays rise triple vaulting shafts with carved
+capitals of leafage; from these spring three ribs running to a central
+rib on which are beautiful bosses like those in the nave.
+
+[Illustration: THE NAVE, LOOKING WEST.]
+
+=The Great West Window.=--The tracery of this window has already been
+discussed in the description of the exterior. The present glass was
+placed there in 1869, to the memory of Canon Hutchinson, who, perhaps,
+of all was most eager for the restoration of the cathedral, and to whose
+untiring energy, it is said, is due the wholesale renovation of the
+interior by Sir Gilbert Scott. This window was the result of a public
+subscription, and is the work of Messrs Clayton & Bell. The six large
+figures represent St. Michael, St. Joseph, St. Mary, and the Three Magi,
+while underneath are small pictures of the Annunciation, the Angel warning
+Joseph, the Nativity, the Journey of the Magi, the Magi inquire of Herod,
+and the Flight into Egypt. As to the previous glass in this window, there
+seems to be no record of that which must have decorated it before the
+Civil Wars. In Shaw's "History of Staffordshire," there are long lists
+of the glass to be found in the cathedral; but it is difficult to decide
+which window is being described. After the Restoration, we have in a
+Bodleian MS. the following record:--"Oct. 6, 1671. Arms in the Great West
+Window, Arms of King Charles the Second, Crest and Supporters; Arms of
+James Duke of York, his brother, Crest and Supporters. And beneath them,
+_Serenissimus princeps Jacobus dux Ebor hanc fenestram. F.F._" Britton
+says it was afterwards filled with painted glass, the work of Brookes,
+by the legacy of Dr Addenbroke, who died dean of this cathedral in 1776.
+
+Over the great west door in the inside of the cathedral was
+formerly inscribed:--
+
+  _Oswyus est Lichfield fundator, sed reparator_
+    _Offa fuit; regum fama perennis erit:_
+  _Rex Stephanus, rex Heniricus primusque Richardus,_
+    _Rex et Johannis, plurima dona dabant._
+
+  _Pene haec millenos ecclesia floruit annos,_
+    _Duret ad extremum nobilis usque diem,_
+  _Daque deus longum, ut floreat hae sacra aedes_
+    _Et celebret nomen plebs ibi sancta tuum._
+
+  _Fundata est ecclesia Merciencis_
+   _Quae nunc Lichfieldia dicitur_
+        _Facta Cathedralis_
+           _Anno Domini_
+             _DCLVII_
+
+Dugdale, in his "Visitation of Staffordshire," gives us this inscription.
+It has long since disappeared. Pennant mentions a curious or, as he calls
+it, "droll" epitaph on the floor near the west door, but there is no sign
+of it now:--"_William Roberts of Overbury, some time malster in this town
+(tells you) for the love I bore to choir service, I chose to be buried
+in this place._ He died Decr. 16th, 1768."
+
+From a MS. quoted by Shaw we learn that before the Great War "on a fair
+marble gravestone, placed on the right-hand at the entrance into the
+choir, is this inscription on a brass plate:--
+
+"_Here lyeth George Bullen lat dean of this church who made his own
+epitaph--viz._,
+
+  _Lo here in earth my body lyes,_
+  _Whose sinfull lyfe deserves the rod:_
+  _Yet I believe the same shall rise,_
+  _And praise the mercies of my God._
+  _As for my soule let none take thought,_
+  _It is with him that hath it bought;_
+  _For God on me doth mercy take_
+  _For nothing else but Jhesus sake._"
+
+Bullen or Boleyn was dean during the greater part of the reign of
+Elizabeth, who offered him the bishopric of Worcester, which he
+refused. Elizabeth, it will be remembered, was the daughter of Anne
+Boleyn, whose kinsman the dean was.
+
+=The Font= stands between the first and second pillars from the west
+door on the north side of the nave. It is quite modern, and is the gift
+of the Honourable Mrs Henry Howard, widow of the late dean. It is made
+of alabaster and Caen stone, and is supported on marble pillars. There
+are four sculptured panels in relief, representing--"The Entry into
+the Ark," "The Passage of the Red Sea," "The Baptism of our Lord," and
+"The Resurrection." Between these there are niches containing figures
+of St. Mary, St. Peter, St. Chad, and St. Helen.
+
+A curious old font was discovered in 1856 immediately under the place
+where the present altar stands. It was very simple in form, being about
+a yard and a half square and two feet thick, with a hemispherical cavity
+in it. It had been coloured bright red, and was much cracked, as though
+it had been subjected to intense heat. How it came where it was is not
+known. It may have been discarded as rubbish or hidden as a relic.
+
+=The Pulpit= is in the nave, and is fixed to the north-western pier of the
+tower. Its design and execution were by Sir Gilbert Scott and Mr Skidmore
+respectively, who were also responsible for the choir screen. The pulpit
+is of wrought-iron, brass, copper, enamels, and marble. In the middle
+there is a bronze group representing St. Peter preaching on the Day
+of Pentecost. There are stairs on each side of the pulpit. The brass
+=Lectern= is also modern, and is in the usual form of an eagle. It was
+presented by the members of the Lichfield Theological College, and was
+executed by Mr Hardman of Birmingham. The =Litany Desk= is by Messrs
+Rattee & Kett of Cambridge, the well-known carvers; and the =Bishop's
+Chair=, which stands under the great tower, was presented by the clergy
+of Derbyshire when that county was transferred from this diocese to the
+new diocese of Southwell. The chair is not of striking beauty.
+
+[Illustration: NORTH AISLE OF NAVE, LOOKING EAST.]
+
+In the North Aisle of the Nave there are several monuments and some
+modern glass. The window in the north-west tower has recently been
+adorned with glass to the  memory of Bishop Lonsdale, under whom the
+recent restoration commenced. The subject is "The Presentation of Christ
+in the Temple," and it is the work of Messrs Burlison & Grylls. Close to
+this is a tablet, originally placed in the north transept by order of Ann
+Seward, who had considerable fame as a poetess in the last century, to
+the memory of her father, Canon Seward, his wife and daughter Sarah. It
+also commemorates her own death. The lines are by Sir Walter Scott,
+but it is impossible to be enthusiastic over them. They end--
+
+  "_Honour'd beloved, and mourn'd here Seward lies;_
+  _Her worth, her warmth of heart, our sorrows say,--_
+  _Go seek her genius in her living lay._"
+
+There is a representation of the poetess mourning her dead relatives,
+while her harp is hanging neglected on a tree. On the other side is
+a memorial tablet to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who was a native of
+Lichfield. In these days of anti-vaccination agitations it is interesting
+to read the inscription which runs:--
+
+    "_The Right Honourable Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who happily
+    introduced from Turkey into this country the Salutary Art of
+    inoculating the Smallpox. Convinced of its efficacy, she first
+    tried it with success on her own children, and then recommended
+    the practice of it to her fellow-citizens. Thus, by her example
+    and advice, we have softened the Virulence and escaped the
+    danger of this Malignant Disease. To perpetuate the memory of
+    such benevolence, and to express the gratitude for the benefit
+    she hereby has received from this Alleviating Art, this Monument
+    is erected by Henrietta Inge, Relict of Theodore William Inge,
+    Esq., and Daughter of Sir John Wrotesley, Baronet. In the year
+    of Our Lord, 1789._"
+
+Close at hand is a tablet in memory of Mr Gilbert Walmesley, who
+was registrar of the diocese, and an early and close friend of Dr
+Johnson. Of him the latter wrote, in his life of Edmund Smith (one of
+the well-known "Lives of the Poets"), that passage which contains the
+celebrated sentence about David Garrick so often quoted. Speaking of
+Gilbert Walmesley, he says that he is "not able to name a man of equal
+knowledge. His acquaintance with books was great; such was his amplitude
+of learning, and such his copiousness of communication, that it may be
+doubted whether a day now passes in which I have not some advantage
+from his friendship. At this man's table I enjoyed many cheerful and
+instructive hours with companions such as are not often found; with
+one who has lengthened, and one who has gladdened life; with Dr James,
+whose skill in physic will be long remembered, and with David Garrick,
+whose death has eclipsed the gaiety of nations, and impoverished the
+public stock of harmless pleasure."
+
+There are other monuments in this aisle, but they are scarcely of such
+general interest. Here are tablets in memory of Jane and Catherine Jervis
+and of Elizabeth and Arabella Buchanan. There is a stained glass window
+by Messrs Burlison & Grylls containing three large figures of Joshua,
+St. Michael, and the Centurion, with, underneath, pictures of the Angel
+appearing to Joshua, the Centurion at the Cross, and the Centurion coming
+to Our Lord; above, in the tracery of the window, are angels. This window
+was the gift of the officers of the 38th (1st Staffordshire) Regiment;
+on one side are their Peninsular, and on the other their Crimean colours,
+which the dean and chapter received from the regiment with much ceremony
+in 1886 and 1887 respectively. Beneath the window is a brass in memory
+of those members of the regiment who died in the Peninsula, first Burmah,
+Crimean, and Egyptian (1882) wars, and the Indian Mutiny. There are also
+brasses to Lieutenant-Colonels Sinclair and Eyre and the officers and
+men of this regiment who fell in the first Soudan war, and also brasses
+to Colonel Bromley Davenport and Sir Arthur Scott, Bart. Here, too, is a
+window in memory of Canon Madan, his wife and children: the subject being
+Faith, Hope, and Charity. In the window next the transept is some quite
+new glass in memory of Canon Curteis, the large figures representing
+Samuel, St. Paul, and Origen, while below are Samuel teaching the Sons
+of the Prophets, St. Paul saying farewell to the Elders at Miletus,
+and St. Catherine and the Philosophers of Alexandria.
+
+The famous Dr Stukeley, writing about 1715, says: "As you walk down the
+north aisle, by a little doorway, formerly a chapel, where lay several
+figures now demolished, yet one remains, who was dean Yotton, his coat
+of arms at his head and Yot with a tun by it which shows his name." The
+only remaining sign of this chapel is the entrance, which can be plainly
+seen from the outside of the cathedral.
+
+In the =South Aisle of the Nave=, at the west end, there is a monument
+to Dean Addison, the father of the great essayist and poet; he died in
+1703. His memorial slab is now under the Jesus Tower, but formerly it was
+on the north of the west door. The glass in the window of the tower is
+in memory of Dean Howard, during whose time as dean so much of the work
+of restoration was done, and who so munificently aided the work. This
+glass, which is by Messrs Burlison & Grylls, represents St. Michael and
+the Dragon, and St. Chad. The other glass on this side is the window of
+the fifth bay, by Messrs Clayton & Bell, the subjects being Our Lord and
+Lazarus, Our Lord and Mary and Martha, and Mary Magdalene washing Our
+Lord's feet; in the next bay the glass, by Messrs Ward & Hughes, shows
+Faith, Hope, and Charity; in the seventh bay the glass is by Messrs
+Clayton & Bell, and has David and Goliath for its subject, and is in
+memory of the officers of the 64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment who fell
+in the Indian Mutiny. There is in the eighth bay a window by Hardman in
+memory of Helen, wife of Josiah Spode. Between the aisle and the nave
+there is a brass in the floor in memory of the late Earl of Lichfield,
+placed there in 1854. There are several other modern brasses and tablets.
+
+In this aisle are two of the three semi-effigies to be seen in the
+cathedral. These show only the heads and the feet. Britton says: "They
+are said to represent two old canons of the church; and are evidently
+of ancient date, as they appear to have been placed in the present
+situation at the time of building or finishing the nave." One of these
+is in a better state of preservation than the other, and shows in the
+drapery the remains of colour.
+
+=The Transepts= are earlier than the nave in style, having been built in
+the beginning of the thirteenth century: the south transept first, and
+then the north. It must have been for these transepts that Henry III.,
+in 1235 and 1238, granted licences to the dean and chapter of Lichfield
+to dig stone from the royal forest of Hopwas for the new fabric of the
+church of Lichfield. Whether these ecclesiastics did more harm than the
+king liked in digging on the first occasion cannot be said, but on the
+second occasion they are permitted "fodere petram ad fabricam ecclesiae
+suae de Lichefeld in quarrera de Hopwas; ita tamen quod hoc fiat sine
+detrimento forestae nostrae"--that is to say, they were to do as little
+damage as possible.
+
+[Illustration: ARCADE, WITH SEMI-EFFIGY, IN SOUTH AISLE.]
+
+The transepts have three bays each, with eastern aisles, the aisle
+belonging to the north transept being very much the larger. There can
+be no doubt that when the Norman transepts were standing there were
+no aisles; nor were any contemplated when the choir was built, for, as
+Professor Willis says: "The side walls of the choir are continued to the
+transepts, and had windows in the part looking into the present transept
+aisles. Probably when the choir was built Norman transepts were standing,
+and had each an apsidal chapel looking east in the usual manner."
+
+The history of the roof is extremely interesting. We know that "in
+1243 King Henry III. issued a commission to Walter Grey, Archbishop
+of York, to expedite the works at St. George's Chapel, Windsor, in
+which he orders a lofty wooden roof, like the roof of the new work at
+Lichfield, to appear like stone work, with good ceiling (_celatura?_) and
+painting. The transepts of Lichfield have now stone vaults, considerably
+later than the walls, and, therefore, may have had a wooden vault at
+first. The date would suit the transepts better than the choir, and it
+may be remarked that the early abacus of the vault shaft (at least, in
+the south transept) is surmounted by a second abacus in the Perpendicular
+style, which shows the later construction of the springing stones of the
+present stone vault." The low stone vaulting has destroyed the effect
+which the original windows in the north and south ends of the transepts
+must have produced. At the south end was probably  a large five-light
+Early English window, surmounted by a rose window. The rose window still
+remains, but, being above the present groining, cannot be seen from inside
+the cathedral; the five lights are replaced by a nine-light obtuse-headed
+window, which seems much too large for the transept; and this effect is
+increased by the extreme whiteness and transparency of its glass. At the
+north end, the five-light window is surmounted with three small lights,
+but these last again are hidden in the roof.
+
+[Illustration: DETAIL OF A SEMI-EFFIGY.]
+
+The windows in the transepts have seen many changes, and are now mostly
+in the Perpendicular manner, the exceptions being in the west wall of the
+south transept, and the north window just referred to. Until 1892 this
+was a large Perpendicular window--which, though early, and prior to the
+Civil War, was a manifest intrusion on the space originally occupied
+by an Early English window. The old design, which is not unlike that
+of the famous window at York, has again taken its place. Canon Lonsdale
+says that this change is "in every sense a restoration: for, on taking
+out the Perpendicular window, and removing such of the stone work as was
+defective on either side, the headings of the five Early English lights,
+which had unquestionably composed the original window, were discovered,
+hidden away by the later workmen. The cusps, or headings, of the lights,
+as they are now seen from the inside, are, with the exception of six
+stones, the very identical material which the Early English builders
+carved, and placed in that spot. Of these six missing stones, three have
+since been discovered during the work going on in the south transept."
+
+There can be no doubt that some of the Perpendicular work in the cathedral
+is due to the general repair at the Restoration; but Professor Willis
+declares that many of the changes are earlier, and that they were
+perhaps effected in the time between Bishops Heyworth and Blythe,
+1420 to 1503. The engravings of Hollar, already referred to, were
+published before 1660, and show Perpendicular windows in the gable of
+the south transept and in the clerestory; and though from these pictures
+nothing can be gleaned about the north transept, the character of the
+Perpendicular work was such that it also, as has just been stated,
+must have been prior to the Rebellion. It is possible, on the outside
+western face of the north transept, to trace the old lancet windows,
+which must have been arranged in groups of three, while the lower windows
+on the west side of the south transept are still in their old form,
+though on this side there are only two lancets to each bay. It may
+be mentioned here that underneath these last windows, on the outside,
+there is an arcading with simple pointed arches which does not appear on
+the other transept. Inside the arcading differs in the two transepts;
+in the south and older one the pointed arches are plain, while on the
+north they are cusped. This arcading is almost entirely new; what there
+was of it until recently was principally of plaster.
+
+From the ground plan of this cathedral published by Browne Willis in 1727,
+we see that the whole of the aisle of the north transept is described as
+"The Bishop's Consistory Court and St. Stephen's Chapel," while the aisle
+of the south transept is divided into two parts, the southern being called
+"The Dean's Consistory Court," the northern "The Vicar's Vestry." St.
+Stephen's Chapel was in the inner bay of the aisle; and it has been
+suggested that "the chantry of St. Anne and the image of Jesus" was in
+the rood loft of the same transept.
+
+In the =North Transept= are many memorial tablets, but it cannot
+be said that they are of general interest either from their beauty,
+age, or on account of the eminence of the persons commemorated. On
+the west side of the steps down from the north door is the curious
+monument to Dean Heywood, who died in 1492, and whose benefactions are
+mentioned in their proper places. The monument is sadly decayed, but
+there is a print of it in Shaw's "Staffordshire," taken, says Britton,
+from Dugdale's "Visitation." From this we know that the upper part is
+now missing; the lower part, which remains, shows the skeleton of the
+dean--his body after death--while above was his representation  in full
+canonical costume. Similar monuments may be seen at St. John's College,
+Cambridge, in the chapel, and at Exeter and Lincoln Cathedrals. On the
+other side of the door is a large modern monument to Archdeacon Iles,
+who died in 1888: the figure is recumbent. Above the door is a marble
+tablet to Dean Woodhouse; he gave the glass--now in the Guildhall--which
+filled the Perpendicular window recently replaced by the present Early
+English window. The new glass, and indeed the new window, was given by
+Mr James Chadwick of Hints Hall, near Tamworth; it is known as the Jesse
+window, and gives the genealogy of our Lord according to St. Matthew. The
+figures beginning from the west side represent (1) Achaz, Asa, Abia; (2)
+Ezekias, Solomon, Roboam; (3) the Virgin Mary and Child, Salathiel, David,
+Jesse; (4) Josias, Josaphat, Joram; (5) Manasses, Joatham, Ozias; with
+angels in the four side lights. The inscription under the window says:
+"Hanccine fenestram Jacobus Chadwick de vico Hints reficiendam vitroque
+picto ornandam impensis suis curavit. A.D. MDCCCXCIII." Messrs Clayton &
+Bell are responsible for this window.
+
+The whole of the aisle of this transept is taken up with the organ,
+in front of which a metal screen or gryll was placed in 1881 by the
+officers and men of the 80th Regiment, in memory of their comrades who
+fell in the Zulu War. The screen is ornamented with imitations of Zulu
+shields and assegais. There are many tablets in this aisle, but they
+are entirely hidden by the organ.
+
+=The Organ= was presented by Mr Spode of Hawkesyard Park, near Lichfield,
+in 1860, and was first used at the reopening in 1861; in 1884 it
+needed repair, and was then very much enlarged by Messrs Hill & Son,
+the well-known organ-builders of London, the expense being defrayed
+by voluntary subscriptions. It was dedicated, at the same time as the
+restored west front, in the presence of a vast concourse of people,
+on May 29th, 1884. The console of the organ is now behind the stalls
+in the first bay of the south aisle of the choir. It is interesting to
+learn from Canon Lonsdale that, when it was found necessary to build
+an engine-house in the close to supply motive power to the organ, in
+digging out the chamber, somewhat to the east of the steps leading to
+the north door, two or three cannon balls and the remains of a shell
+were unearthed at a short distance from the surface.
+
+The present organ is the successor to many other organs. The first of
+which there is any record was given to the cathedral by Dean Heywood,
+as is known from this entry in the _Cantaria S. Blasii_, in the
+cathedral library: "Magna organa in pulpito. Item cito post festum
+nativitatis Sancti Johannis Baptiste. Anno domini MCCCC. octogesimo
+secundo. ex providencia et sumptibus magistri Thome Heywode
+decani antedicti. conferuntur ecclesi cath lich organa nova magnae
+quantitatis. et formae decentis. ad honorem sancti cedde et ornamentirm
+ecclesiae precij xxvi. Li. iij.s. iiij.d. totalitur de sumptibus et
+expensis predicti decani. Sma xxvj. Li. iij.s. iiij.d."
+
+Dean Heywood also presented another organ, which was known as the Jesus
+organ; but it was much smaller presumably, as it cost rather less than
+half as much.
+
+The next time there is mention of an organ is in 1634, when, in an account
+of their travels by three tourists, they say: "The organs and voices
+were deep and sweet, their anthems we were much delighted with, and of
+the voyces, 2 Trebles, 2 Counter-tenors, and 2 Bases, that equally on
+each side of the Quire most melodiously acted and performed their parts."
+
+The organ here referred to, however "deep and sweet," was not considered
+good enough, for in 1636, according to a deed still preserved in the
+cathedral, the dean and chapter purchased an organ from Robert Dallam
+of Covent Garden, which, no doubt, "was the pair of organs valued at
+£200" destroyed by the Puritans. The organ that Hacket set up was
+obtained by the subscriptions of ladies; the bishop writes: "An Organ
+is bespoke at £600 price, to be call'd the Ladies Organ, because
+none but the honourable and most pious of that sex shall contribute
+to that sum." The names of the chief subscribers were written on
+the organ: "Illustrissima heroina Francisca ducissima Somersetensis.
+Honoratissima domina, comitissa Devon: Clarissima domina, Jana, domina
+de Gerard Bromley," and many others, as set out by Ashmole, who also
+tells us that there were "coats of arms under the organ at the entrance
+into the choir," showing that the organ loft was situated between the
+two eastern piers of the tower. Harwood, in his "History of Lichfield,"
+tells us of another organ "which was removed in A.D. 1740 to the vicar's
+hall, and became at length an ornament to Mr Greene's museum," whence it
+afterwards found its way  to the church at Hamstall Ridware. While in
+the vicar's hall it was damaged by soldiers quartered there in the
+'45. It is now in the bishop's palace. In 1740 it was replaced in the
+cathedral by an organ by Schwarbrook, which in turn, in Wyatt's time,
+was superseded by one by Samuel Green--this was much larger, and took
+up the whole of the western bay of the choir. The present organ is much
+the largest the cathedral has possessed, and, compared to the old one
+in the palace, is so large that, according to Mr Hewitt, the whole of
+the latter would go inside the pedal pipes of the former.
+
+The south transept has its full share of monuments, two of which are of
+great interest. These are the memorials to Dr Johnson and to his friend,
+David Garrick, the actor. The busts are both by Sir Richard Westmacott,
+R.A. The inscription to the first says:
+
+    _The Friends of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. (a native of Lichfield),
+    erected this Monument as a tribute of respect to the Memory
+    of a man of extensive learning, a distinguished Moral Writer,
+    and a Sincere Christian. He died the 13th of December 1784;
+    Aged 75 years._
+
+The other reads:
+
+    _EVA MARIA, Relict of DAVID GARRICK, Esq., caused this Monument
+    to be erected to the Memory of her beloved Husband, who died
+    the 20th January 1779: Aged 63 years._
+
+Garrick had not only the amiable qualities of private life, but such
+astonishing dramatic talents as to well verify the observations of his
+friend, which have already been quoted (p. 66), in reference to the
+memorial of Gilbert Walmesley.
+
+Samuel Johnson was born in Lichfield, where his father was a bookseller;
+his shop is still standing, scarcely altered, on the west side of the
+Market Place, close to the monument of his famous son (see p. 136). David
+Garrick came with his parents to live in Lichfield when very young, and he
+and Johnson attended the Grammar School together. There was a difference
+of several years in their ages, but their life-long friendship must
+have begun early, seeing that Johnson wrote the Prologue for Garrick's
+performance of Farquhar's comedy, "The Recruiting Officer," which took
+place at the Bishop's Palace when Garrick was only eleven years old. Some
+years  after, when Johnson had left Oxford and had set up a school in
+the neighbourhood of Lichfield, Garrick joined him as a pupil; but the
+venture did not prove successful, and master and pupil left Lichfield
+for London, where each in his own line reached the highest summit of fame.
+
+These memorials stand side by side in the aisle; for some reason, the
+busts were removed to the library when the interior was being restored
+by Sir Gilbert Scott, but they have once again been replaced in the spot
+originally chosen for them. The friendship of Johnson and Garrick was
+long and cordial: it is fitting we should see that in their death they
+were not divided.
+
+In this aisle, which until recently was used as the Dean's Consistory
+Court, is another monument by Westmacott; this is in memory of Andrew
+Newton, who was so munificent a friend to his native Lichfield. He
+founded the institution on the west side of the close for the widows and
+orphans of clergymen, which he also endowed; and on his death, in 1806,
+he left a library of books to the cathedral.
+
+In the first bay of the aisle is a monument to the officers and men of
+the 80th Regiment (Staffordshire Volunteers). The design is Egyptian, and
+is surmounted by a sphinx. Over the monument hang colours taken from the
+Sikhs, and on the wall behind are the old regimental colours. At the south
+end is a very fine and costly altar tomb--to Admiral Sir William Parker,
+who, when he died in 1866, was the last survivor of Nelson's captains. The
+slab of Pyrenean jasper is inlaid with a gold cross, and the front is
+adorned with stones of porphyry and lapis lazuli. The window above has
+some of the Herkenrode glass left over from the Lady Chapel, together with
+some modern glass. The great south window, which, as has just been stated,
+is in the Perpendicular style, was in 1895 adorned with new glass; this
+was the gift of Mr A. P. Heywood-Lonsdale, in memory of his father and
+his uncle, Bishop Lonsdale. The subject is "I am the vine, ye are the
+branches," and represents Our Lord in the centre surrounded by angels,
+with the principal bishops of the Early Christian Church. The six early
+British bishops: St. Columba, Scotland; St. Wulstan, Worcester; St. Chad,
+Lichfield; St. Augustine, Canterbury; St. Aidan, Northumbria; St. Hugh,
+Lincoln, are at the feet of Our Lord. The other bishops are St. Basil,
+Caesarea; St. Cyril, Jerusalem; St. Patrick, Ireland; St. Ignatius,
+Antioch; St. Polycarp, Smyrna; St. Boniface, Germany; St. Martin, Tours;
+St. David, Wales; St. Gregory, Rome; St. Augustine, Hippo; St. Athanasius,
+Alexandria; St. Cyprian, Carthage; St. Isidore, Spain; St. Chrysostom,
+Constantinople; St. Ambrose, Milan; and St. Vigilius, Aries. This glass
+is by Mr C. E. Kempe. On the west side are several brasses and tablets,
+including one to John Saville, vicar choral of the cathedral, who died in
+1803. The lines underneath are by the Miss Seward whose own memorial is in
+the north aisle of the nave; they, like so much of the elegiac poetry of
+the period, owe not only their style, but a good many of their phrases,
+to the poet Gray.
+
+=The Choir=, with the presbytery and retro-choir--that is to say,
+the whole extent of that part of the cathedral between the central
+tower and the entrance to the Lady Chapel--has eight bays. The most
+noticeable difference between it and the nave, is the absence of a
+triforium. Professor Willis says: "The entire height of the severey
+(or bay) is divided into two nearly equal parts, of which the lower is
+given to the pier arches, the upper to the clerestory. The window-sills of
+the latter are high, and there is a passage in front of them immediately
+above the tablement or string course over the pier arches. This passage,
+the veritable triforium, pierces the great piers of masonry which sustain
+the vault. The high sills receive the sloping roof of the side aisles,
+and have three plain open arches in each severey to air the roof." These
+sills are panelled with a foliated arcading, and in front of the passage
+there is an open trefoil work parapet. The effect of the windows inside
+is much enhanced by the lovely quatrefoil ornamentation with which
+their splays are decorated. In the single window--the east on the
+south side--where the original tracery remains, it is very beautiful
+and graceful, and is a good example of the Decorated period; but into
+the other windows Perpendicular tracery has been introduced.
+
+The vaulting is very much the same as in the nave, but the vaulting shafts
+divide into seven instead of five ribs. The bosses, as everywhere else
+in the cathedral, are very deeply and richly carved.
+
+On the four eastern sets of piers long slender shafts run up from the
+base of the piers in the same way as in the nave, and similarly the
+spandrels are ornamented with foliated circles, of which nearly all
+trace had disappeared before the recent restoration. This, however,
+is not the arrangement on the three western pairs. It was found here
+that these shafts did not reach the ground; and so Sir Gilbert Scott,
+having discovered a portion of the sculptured wing of an angel just
+above the dean's present stall, decided upon finishing the shafts with
+corbels in the form of angels occupied in minstrelsy. Above each of
+these angels--which were innovations--he placed, under richly crocketted
+canopies and standing on very finely-carved brackets, the figures of six
+saints. These were not innovations, though no signs of them appear in
+the engraving in Britton's "Cathedrals," where, indeed, the incomplete
+shafts just mentioned are to all appearance complete. But in Pennant's
+"Journey from Chester to London," 1782, the six statues are mentioned,
+and he tells us not only their names, but also that they were richly
+painted. The new statues represent the same original characters: St. Mary,
+St. Mary Magdalene, and St. Peter on the north side; St. James, St.
+Philip, and St. Christopher on the south: these with their niches have
+been executed partly from the old description of them and partly by
+reference to the niches remaining in the Lady Chapel.
+
+An investigation of the roof proved that its bosses had been originally
+profusely gilded and painted, and that the ribs had been painted
+in tri-colour, though, oddly enough, this apparently had not been
+the case in the Lady Chapel. Mr Dyce, R.A., was called in to give an
+opinion, and suggested a large scheme, upon which he actually started,
+but after having proceeded only a small way, difficulties arose and he
+departed. What little paint had been applied to the ribs was removed;
+but a few of the more easterly bosses remain gilt to this day, and
+afterwards the others were reddened to bring out the sculpture.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR IN 1820.]
+
+The architectural history of the choir and presbytery is very
+interesting. There is practically no documentary evidence at all to tell
+when and how it was built; and what we know about it now is due to the
+antiquarian skill of the late Professor Willis. Nothing can have been more
+fortunate than that he should have been able to make an inspection of
+the foundations of the choir, for no man had a greater genius for using
+the smallest discoveries to the greatest advantage. Numerous stories
+are told of his extraordinary gift for divining what was to be found. As
+Canon Lonsdale says: "He knew, as it were, by instinct what was hidden
+under the soil. 'Dig there,' he said, and the base he wanted came to
+light. 'Open out the earth here,' and the solid piece of stone which
+he had been looking for to complete his imaginary plan was straightway
+disclosed to view." He came here in August 1859, when excavations were
+being made in the choir, and on what he saw then he based the theory of
+the growth of the cathedral which has found favour with everyone ever
+since. The nature of his discoveries here, and the conclusions he drew
+from them, have been briefly given in the section of this book devoted to
+the history of the cathedral, so that it is unnecessary to further discuss
+them, except when they apply to buildings which are now in existence.
+
+The present choir was commenced at the very beginning of the thirteenth
+century. Of this choir only the lower portions of the three bays nearest
+the tower remain above ground, but there is no doubt that the original
+eastern termination had been removed to make way for the beautiful
+presbytery which now remains and extends eastward, with its vaulting
+at the same elevation as that of the choir. This was done probably
+immediately after the Lady Chapel had been built, or at the same time, and
+it is supposed that the work proceeded from the east end and the old choir
+was gradually pulled down, leaving the three western bays standing, and
+that then the clerestory of these bays was replaced by work in uniformity
+with that in the new presbytery; at the same time the front half of their
+pier arches was removed and mouldings given to them corresponding to
+those in the presbytery, their piers were also slightly altered. In this
+way the choir and presbytery acquired a uniform appearance, both inside
+and out; for the portion of the old side aisle on the south is hidden by
+the sacristry, and that on the north by the chapter-house and vestibule.
+
+As has been said, only one of the original Decorated clerestory windows
+now remain; the others, it may be supposed, were destroyed in the sieges
+of the Civil War, for they have been replaced with Perpendicular tracery
+which belongs to a period when this style was only being imitated;
+it was probably put in at the Restoration.
+
+The high altar is now placed between the sixth pair of piers (counting
+from the west). This is probably the old arrangement, but until the
+recent restorations the altar was placed in the Lady Chapel: the pier
+arches of the choir were walled up, and a large screen placed in the
+eastern tower arch; so that the choir and Lady Chapel were converted
+into one long aisleless chapel.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.]
+
+It is very interesting to note the signs in the choir of the attempt
+to combine the two styles which, as has been explained, met here. The
+third piers stand on the line of demarcation between the part retained
+and the part rebuilt, and consequently carry an Early English arch to
+the west and a Decorated arch to the east. The Early English column was
+partially cut away and partially used in the new work, as may be seen
+on inspection of these piers. It will also be seen that the vaulting in
+the aisles is much rougher in the old part than in the eastern bays. The
+plaster used to hide this; but Sir Gilbert Scott caused it to be removed,
+and is said afterward to have regretted having done so.
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH AISLE OF CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.]
+
+Another interesting junction between two buildings of different dates
+is the entrance to the vestibule of the chapter-house. This entrance is
+in the third bay of the north aisle, and is obviously a combination of
+doorway and window, as may be seen by comparing the window of the first
+bay with it.
+
+Again, in the first bays of the aisles there are windows in the Early
+English style, but they look only into the aisles of the transepts;
+showing, as has before been stated, that the transept aisles were not
+originally contemplated, and certainly did not take the place of earlier
+Norman aisles.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR, LOOKING WEST.]
+
+The arch at the west end of the north choir aisle is decorated with a
+double chevron moulding--evidence that it is one of the oldest pieces
+of work left in the cathedral. This arch has at a more recent date been
+lined with another arch of the Decorated period, probably in order to
+strengthen it.
+
+The arcading in the aisles is very interesting. In the first three western
+bays in both aisles the large arcading, with its plain trefoiled arches,
+is clearly Early English. The arcading in the other bays is equally
+clearly of the Decorated period, and is considerably smaller. In the four
+eastern bays in each aisle the arches go right up to the course which
+forms the top of the arcading, and the triangular spandrels thus formed
+are ornamented each with a curious little head, having queer headgear;
+the rest of the spandrel is carved with foliage, and in the plates of the
+foliated arches are quaint animals. The arcading in the remaining bay is
+similar, but angels' heads with wings take up the whole spandrel. Some
+of the arcading, notably that in the three easterly bays of the south
+aisle, is unrestored. The inferiority of the modern work in the next
+bay is only too patent.
+
+In the south choir aisle the third window from the east has very beautiful
+carved work, the splays being covered with two bands of richly-carved
+foliage. Under the window is now the tomb of Bishop Hacket, and Dean
+Heywood's monument is said to have also been in this place.
+
+In the south aisle, over the entrance to the sacristy, there is a
+very charmingly-proportioned gallery which is known as the "minstrel
+gallery." A gallery of this kind, though not unique, is very rare,
+but Exeter Cathedral has two--one in the north transept and another
+in the nave. In this case the arcading has been altered to accommodate
+this obviously later addition, made probably in the early part of the
+fifteenth century. Three shafts from the arcade have been left, which
+support a fan-shaped vaulting, upon which the gallery rests. There is
+little doubt as to the object of the gallery, though various theories
+have been advanced. By some it is supposed that it was used by the priest
+whose duty it was to watch the lights burning on the various altars;
+others suggest that it was indeed used by the instrumentalists to keep
+time during the procession, etc.; but, as it is immediately in front
+of the chapel of the Head of St. Chad, it was no doubt intended for the
+exhibition of the head to those below in the aisle. However, it may be
+said that the raised galleries in mediæval halls were always called
+by the name of "minstrel gallery," and so the name came to be used of
+galleries generally. This gallery is reached by the staircase in the wall
+which leads to the upper floor of the sacristy. Just against the entrance
+to this staircase, in the wall of the aisle, is an ancient piscina. Its
+presence here is unexplained, as there is no record of a chapel at this
+spot; though it has been suggested that the altar dedicated to St. Blaise
+occupied a position in this aisle.
+
+It is perhaps worth noticing that in the old days the two bays of the
+cathedral between the high altar and the Lady Chapel, together with their
+portions of the aisles, were generally spoken of as the Lady Choir, and
+are marked as such in old plans; other writers again speak of this part
+of the building as "the cross aisle." There were gates across the choir
+aisles in a line with the reredos, and these are marked in the plan of
+the cathedral published somewhere about 1720. No doubt the eastern ends
+of the choir aisles in still earlier days were spoken of as St. Andrew's
+Chapel or St. Nicholas' Chapel; but, though it is almost certain that the
+east end of the north choir aisle was dedicated to St. Andrew, there is
+no certain information as to the dedication of the corresponding chapel
+in the south aisle, but it is generally believed to have contained an
+altar to St. Nicholas.
+
+=The Choir Screen= was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott and Mr J. B.
+Phillips, and executed by Mr Skidmore of Coventry. It is a very
+highly-ornamented structure in wrought-iron, copper, and brass, and is
+said to have been the first screen of this kind; but other screens of the
+same character are now to be seen at Salisbury, Worcester, Hereford, and
+other churches. The capitals are of hammered copper; there are imitations
+of various fruits in ivory, onyx, and red and white cornelian: on the
+upper part, on each side, are eight angels with instruments of music;
+the whole is surmounted with a frieze of open scroll work, and a cross
+rises from the top of the pedimented gate-way in the centre. The side
+iron gates into the choir aisles were also executed by Mr Skidmore.
+
+[Illustration: UNDER THE CENTRAL TOWER.]
+
+=The Stalls= are modern, and are somewhat disappointing. The canons'
+stalls have no canopies, and their absence certainly deprives the choir
+of a feature generally to be found in cathedrals. Otherwise, the stalls
+are a satisfactory instance of modern carving, and were carried out
+by Mr Evans of Ellastone in Derbyshire. He is always said to have been
+the original of Seth in "Adam Bede," and he certainly was a cousin of
+the great authoress. There is much natural foliage in the carving, with
+figures of apostles, kings, and bishops, and panels representing scenes
+from Old Testament history. The =Bishop's Throne= is by the same artist.
+
+=The Reredos= is a very gorgeous piece of work, but it must be confessed
+that the effect is again not wholly satisfactory. It might even be said
+that in the endeavour to attain magnificence, over-elaboration has ended
+in a tawdry appearance. However, tastes differ, and this reredos has its
+admirers. It was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott, and cost £2000, which
+sum was raised by the Honourable Mrs H. Howard, the wife of the dean. It
+was part of the scheme that all the materials for the reredos should
+come from the diocese, and with the exception of the green malachite,
+this idea has been carried out. The alabaster came from near Tutbury,
+and the marbles from Derbyshire (then in the diocese): and the Duke of
+Devonshire was induced to give some of the beautiful red marble, which
+bears the name of the "Duke's red," from his quarry, so rarely opened.
+
+In the centre is a bas-relief of the Ascension, with, a figure of "The
+Lamb" underneath; on each side are two compartments containing the
+emblems of the four evangelists. All five compartments are surmounted
+with very highly-decorated pediments, the central one being the largest
+and most magnificent; above it rises a very elaborate pinnacle, ending
+in a cross. There is an open arcading on each side, extending to the
+piers of the presbytery. The pediments have each a head in the centre,
+and between the pediments are angels with ivory trumpets.
+
+The reredos has purposely been kept very low, so that the view of the
+glass in the Lady Chapel may be intercepted as little as possible. One
+cannot help feeling that too much was sacrificed to that idea. One of
+the main principles of the Gothic builder, it has been said, was to
+suggest an air of mystery. The light screen and the low reredos have the
+very opposite effect; and it may be prophesied that the days of their
+admiration are rapidly coming to an end.
+
+=The Sedilia= are interesting on account of the canopies, which are old,
+and probably formed part of the original high altar screen. Their style
+is that known as Perpendicular, but they obviously belong to its early
+period. No doubt the screen suffered grievously after the siege; and at
+the Restoration of the monarchy and the cathedral a wooden screen was
+erected in front of it. Pennant, who saw it in 1780, says: "The beauty
+of the choir was much impaired by the impropriety of a rich altar-piece,
+of Grecian architecture, terminating this elegant Gothic building."
+
+This arrangement came to an end in 1788, when Wyatt threw the choir and
+Lady Chapel into one long chapel, and the old altar screen was utilised
+in the choir screen and helped to support the organ. When this screen in
+turn was taken down, the old canopies, much battered and largely repaired
+with plaster, were examined, and found to be of Bath stone, and in this
+the repairs were executed. Six of them were used for the sedilia, and the
+other three are to be found just behind, over the effigy of Dean Howard.
+
+=The Pavement= between the stalls is of tiles, made after the pattern
+of old tiles which were found in the cathedral. The modern ones are
+by Messrs Minton. There is some record of how the cathedral has at
+various times been paved, as Dr Plot tells us that "the old floor of
+the choir was paved lozengy with cannel coal and alabaster, the former
+got at Beaudesert," and at one time the nave and aisles were paved with
+brick. Some of the old tiles and two slabs of coal are preserved in the
+floor of the consistory court.
+
+The pavement in the presbytery is different, and is made principally
+of incised stone, with marble borders. There are four large medallions,
+which show scenes in the history of the diocese, and these are surrounded
+with representations of kings and bishops who have had some connection
+with the see. The general scheme was arranged by Sir Gilbert Scott,
+but the medallions were designed by the Rev. J. Pitman, headmaster of
+Rugeley Grammar School. The first medallion represents the consecration
+of St. Chad as Bishop of York; round it are Oswy, King of Northumbria
+and Mercia, who was the principal instrument in introducing Christianity
+into Mercia; Diuma, first Bishop; Wulphere, King of Mercia; and Jaruman,
+Bishop of Mercia, the immediate predecessor of St. Chad.
+
+[Illustration: REREDOS.]
+
+The second medallion gives the well-known story of Theodore, the great
+archbishop, setting St. Chad on a horse; around are Ethelred, king of
+Mercia after Wulphere; Sexwulf, the bishop who divided up the diocese;
+Offa, King of Mercia, who made Lichfield an archbishopric, and Higbert,
+the archbishop.
+
+The third medallion shows the translation of St. Chad's bones from Stowe
+Church, where they were buried, to the cathedral; around are Stephen,
+who was king when Bishop Roger de Clinton built the Norman cathedral;
+Henry III., who gave stone for the transept; and Bishop Langton, who
+built the Lady Chapel.
+
+The fourth medallion shows the procession to the chapter-house for
+divine service at the Restoration (1660); around are Charles II. and
+Bishop Hacket, who then restored the cathedral; Queen Victoria and Bishop
+Lonsdale, who was bishop at the time of the recent restorations.
+
+The altar space is covered with encaustic tiles, given by Mr C. Minton
+Campbell. In the centre is the Feast of the Passover, and around are shown
+Cain and Abel, Melchisedec blessing Abraham, Abraham and Isaac, Joseph
+and his brethren, Moses striking the Rock, and the Brazen Serpent--all
+Old Testament types of the Divine Sacrifice.
+
+=The Monuments= in the south choir aisle are particularly
+interesting. Commencing from the west end, there is on the south side an
+altar tomb in memory of Archdeacon Hodson, who died in 1855. The slab is
+of Serpentine stone, with a brass cross inlaid, and there are alabaster
+plaques representing the Crucifixion, the Entombment, the Resurrection,
+and the Ascension. Opposite is a monument to his son, Major Hodson,
+known as "Hodson of Hodson's Horse," who played a dramatic part in the
+Indian Mutiny, where he received his death wound. The coped top forms a
+cross, and underneath are represented the King of Delhi surrendering his
+sword to Major Hodson, with allegorical figures of Justice, Fortitude,
+Temperance, and Mercy; and at the corners statuettes of Joshua, David,
+St. Thomas of India, and St. George of England. Both these monuments
+are by Mr G. E. Street, R.A., the well-known architect of the Law Courts
+in London.
+
+Close to the gate is a medallion to Erasmus Darwin, "a skilful observer
+of Nature," and the author of several books. He died in 1802, and was
+the grandfather of Charles Darwin, the celebrated biologist, whose name
+is a household word. The memorial to the grandfather directs attention
+to the hereditary obligations of the grandson.
+
+In the second bay, between the pier arches, is the monument of Bishop
+Langton, who died in 1296. This originally stood to the south of
+the high altar. The figure is of Purbeck marble, and is habited _in
+pontificalibus_; the head lies on a plain cushion in a kind of frame. The
+mitre and shoes were probably once richly jewelled, and the whole,
+as we know from Sir William Dugdale's "Visitation," had a pedimented
+canopy. Now nothing remains but the mutilated effigy.
+
+In a similar position in the third bay is the effigy of Bishop Patteshull,
+who died in 1241. This is also of Purbeck marble, and was probably
+jewelled. There are ministering angels outside a pediment at the head;
+the figure has the pastoral staff in the left hand, while the right
+is obviously raised in benediction, though only the fingers are left,
+the second wearing the episcopal ring. Pennant and others have drawn
+attention to the fact that this effigy has the "stigmata" or marks of Our
+Lord's wounds on his hands and feet. Some antiquarians think that this
+is the monument of Bishop Weseham, and not of Bishop Patteshull. There
+are engravings and descriptions of these last two monuments in Gough's
+"Sepulchral Monuments in Great Britain," 1796, but it is certainly strange
+that Langton's monument is described as Patteshull's, and _vice versa_.
+
+Opposite to Bishop Langton is the most curious monument in the
+cathedral. It has now been identified as the tomb of Sir John Stanley
+of Pipe. The effigy represents a knight naked to the waist, below which
+was formerly a deep skirt painted with the arms of Stanley, the legs
+being in armour, while under the head is a buck's horn, and a similar
+horn is placed beneath the feet. The whole subject of this tomb is
+one presenting many difficulties, but they have now been cleared up,
+and in a communication to the "Archaeological Journal," vol. 24, Mr J.
+Hewitt has given much interesting information. From it the following
+account is taken:--The monument was always known as that of "Captain
+Stanley," who for some offence had been excommunicated, and who, after
+atonement, had been admitted to sepulture in holy ground on condition
+that the evidence of his punishment should appear on his sepultured
+effigy. The mutilations  of the Civil Wars have so defaced the monument
+as to make this story extremely doubtful, until among papers belonging
+to the Earl of Winchelsea was found a coloured drawing of this effigy,
+done by Sir William Dugdale just before the wars for Sir Christopher
+Hatton. This sketch showed that the skin was bare, and that the skirt
+had the Stanley arms. But this did not clear up the difficulty. Pennant,
+in his "Journey from Chester to London," describes the tomb and gives
+the story, and then says: "I find a Sir Humphrey Stanley of Pipe, who
+died in the reign of Henry VII., who had a squabble with the Chapter
+about conveying water through his lands to the close ... so probably
+this might be the gentleman who incurred the censure of the church for
+his impiety." Shaw, in his "History of Staffordshire," declares that
+the arms on the base of the tomb show "the arms of Stanley impaling or,
+three chevronels gules (Clare)," which means that the person represented
+married a Clare. This Sir Humphrey did not do, and, moreover, he was
+buried in Westminster Abbey, where his brass still remains. Further
+investigation showed that the arms of Clare are also the arms of Gerard,
+and then that Sir John Stanley of Pipe married Margaret, the daughter
+of Sir Thomas Gerard. Pipe is a domain about a mile from Lichfield,
+so that the family of the dead knight would naturally have desired his
+interment in the cathedral of that city.
+
+It does not appear that there was any ignominy implied in scourging as a
+public penance. On the contrary, many royal personages have submitted to
+it, and everyone will remember that Henry II. underwent a scourging upon
+his naked shoulders by the hands of the monks of Canterbury. There is a
+stained-glass window in the Bodleian Library at Oxford showing this scene.
+
+Dr Rock, in the same volume of the "Archaeological Journal," says that
+to his thinking "this Stanley, of knightly rank, had drawn upon himself
+the greater excommunication through the spilling of blood in Lichfield
+Cathedral on some occasion, from a blow on the face with his hand or
+possibly by a slight stab with his avelace on the person of one with
+whom he had quarrelled. He lies bareheaded and naked as far down as the
+girdle. His upraised hands, according to the representation given by
+Pennant, and copied in Shaw's 'History of Staffordshire,' held a scroll
+which must have been the document ... signifying under the bishop's hand
+that, having undergone the canonical penance, the offender was again
+admitted to all Christian privileges."
+
+Farther east than the "minstrel gallery" there is a window in memory of
+Bishop Rawle, who was consecrated Bishop of Trinidad in this cathedral by
+Bishop Selwyn. The subjects depicted in the window are Christ's Appeal
+to St. Peter, St. Paul's Vision, and The Baptism of the Ethiopian by
+St. Philip. Underneath the window is a highly-ornamented altar tomb
+designed by Sir Gilbert Scott in memory of Archdeacon Moore, whose
+effigy lies on the top. He died in 1876. Opposite, in the next bay,
+is the monument of Dean Howard, who died in 1868; the effigy of the
+dean, in marble, lies under a triple canopy formed from portions of
+the old screen. These last two effigies were the work of H. Armstead,
+R.A. It was here that Bishop Langton's monument once stood, and here
+also was Bishop Hacket's. This last now stands on the opposite side
+under the very beautiful window of the sixth bay of this aisle: it is
+in the Jacobean style, and is much painted and gilded. An effigy of the
+Bishop lies on an altar tomb under a canopy, while in front is a lengthy
+inscription in Latin.
+
+Near this place, with other monuments, is one to the memory of Colonel
+Richard Bagot, who received his death wound at the battle of Naseby,
+1645, and was buried in the cathedral. His father was Sir Hervey Bagot,
+Governor of the Close on behalf of the king.
+
+In the seventh bay is another of the semi-effigies, two of which are in
+the south aisle of the nave, but this one is much more damaged; it is
+supposed to be the monument of Canon Strangeways. In Jackson's "History
+of Lichfield," which was published in 1805, it is stated that the name,
+though not then distinguishable, had only recently become obliterated,
+and was known and remembered to be Strangeways.
+
+On the south wall, towards the east are, amongst others, brasses to Dean
+Champneys, 1875, and Dean Bickersteth, 1892, and above these there is
+a monument to Canon Horton, who died in 1728.
+
+Two windows have recently been ornamented with new glass by Mr Kempe,
+showing scenes taken from the Acts of the Apostles; one, in memory of
+Dr H. W. Hewitt, represents Peter and Paul healing the lame man at the
+Beautiful Gate of the temple. The other is in memory of Mr J. T. Godfrey
+Faussett, and represents Stephen before the Council, having delivered
+his apology, looking up and declaring "Behold I see the heavens opened,
+and the Son of Man standing on the right hand of God."
+
+At the east end of this aisle, on the spot where probably once stood
+the altar of St. Nicholas, is the famous monument known as "The Sleeping
+Children." This was executed by Sir Francis Chantrey, R.A., and set up
+in 1817. It is said that this monument established his fame. Britton,
+in 1820, devotes more than two large quarto pages--a great space for
+him--to ecstasies over it, and no doubt the taste of the time demanded
+undiluted admiration. Now we may prize it as an early example of the
+new style which, in art as well as in literature, was to supersede the
+artifice of the eighteenth century: the essence of that new style was,
+Mr Walter Pater tells us, "an intimate consciousness of the expression
+of natural things."
+
+[Illustration: THE SLEEPING CHILDREN.]
+
+The monument is in memory of the two daughters of the Reverend William
+Robinson, Prebendary of the cathedral, and represents the young children
+locked in each other's arms.
+
+Behind it is a wall memorial to their father, and to the side is a
+piscina, which has at the back of it an old fresco, probably of the
+fourteenth century. The subject is the Crucifixion, with figures of
+St. Mary and St. John, one on each side of our Lord. The illustration is
+from a drawing preserved in the National Art Library, South Kensington
+Museum. The window at the end of the aisle contains some of the old
+Flemish glass, which has in the centre a curious representation of
+the Trinity.
+
+In leaving this aisle it may be noted that tradition has it that between
+the pillars of the eighth bay was the monument of Lord Basset: that the
+tomb of Bishop William de Corkhull was between the pillars of the seventh
+bay, and that, in a similar position in the fifth bay, was buried Bishop
+de Molend. The Ashmolean MSS. give a long description of Lord Basset's
+monument: "Between the choir and the chapel of the Blessed Mary is the
+monument of Ralph, Lord Basset. He is lying in complete armour, his
+hands erected, and thereon his gauntlets. On his head, which is laid
+upon his helm and crest, viz., a boar, is a steel cap, and on his right
+shoulder a square shield of his arms. His dagger is laid by his right
+side, and his feet are resting upon a boar." He died in the reign of
+Richard II. It is always said that Sir Walter Scott had this monument
+in his mind when he described Lord Marmion's monument:--
+
+
+              "Fitz-Eustace care
+  A pierced and mangled body bare
+  To moated Lichfield's lofty pile;
+  And there, beneath the southern aisle,
+  A tomb, with Gothic sculpture fair,
+  Did long Lord Marmion's image bear,
+  (Now vainly for its sight you look;
+  'Twas levell'd when fanatic Brook
+  The fair cathedral storm'd and took;
+  But thanks to Heaven and good St. Chad,
+  A guerdon meet the spoiler had!)
+  There erst was martial Marmion found,
+  His feet upon a couchant hound
+    His hands to Heaven upraised;
+  And all around, on scutcheon rich
+  And tablet carved, and fretted niche,
+    His arms and feats were blazed."
+
+
+[Illustration: FRESCO-PAINTING OF THE CRUCIFIXION IN THE SOUTH CHOIR
+AISLE.]
+
+The accounts do not entirely tally, so that it may be the tomb described
+was as little Lord Basset's as it was really Lord Marmion's.
+
+Not very far from this last tomb was the monument of William, Lord Paget,
+who was not buried here but at Drayton. He was ambassador from Henry
+VIII. to Charles V., and held other important posts under that king
+and his daughter, Queen Mary; he died in 1563. There is an engraving
+of his monument in Shaw's "Staffordshire," which shows it to have been
+very magnificent.
+
+The monuments in the =North Choir Aisle= are not only more scanty
+than those in other parts of the cathedral, but they are of less
+interest. At the east end is the kneeling figure of Bishop Ryder, who
+died in 1836. This monument is in white marble, and one of Chantrey's
+latest works, just as the more famous monument in a similar position in
+the south aisle is one of his earliest. It was originally intended that
+the figure should be on a higher pedestal, and no doubt the effect is
+not increased by its lower position.
+
+Behind, on the east wall, is an inscription in memory of the bishop. The
+window above this contains some old Flemish glass, which has a figure
+of St. Christopher in the centre. The window in the north side in the
+corner is by Mr C. E. Kempe, in memory of Mr Patterson, late sub-chanter
+of the cathedral. The glass shows King David teaching the singers of
+the House of the Lord. Beneath is an ancient aumbry.
+
+Opposite, between the pillars, is the traditional site of the burial-place
+of Bishop Stretton; he is said to have been buried in St. Andrew's
+Chapel. There is little doubt that the end of this aisle contained an
+altar dedicated to that saint.
+
+Between the next pair of pillars westward, it is said that Bishop Blythe
+was buried, but his monument at one time stood in the other aisle of
+the choir.
+
+On the north side of the altar is the monument to the memory of Bishop
+Lonsdale, who died in 1867. The monument, which is highly decorative,
+consists of an effigy of the bishop lying on an altar-tomb of marble and
+alabaster. The effigy is by Mr G. F. Watts, R.A., the celebrated artist,
+and the tomb was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott, who is said to have taken
+the idea of the canopy, with its triple pediment, from the monument of
+John of Eltham in Westminster Abbey.
+
+In the space between the next pair of pillars westward, Archbishop Scrope,
+formerly bishop of this diocese, is said to have been buried. He was
+beheaded in 1405 by Henry IV.
+
+In the most easterly bay but one of this aisle there must have been a
+doorway leading into the chapel which Dr Stukeley speaks of: "In the
+chapel over against the lady choir was the burying-place of two Mercian
+Kings; but it is now chosen for a burying-place by Dr Chandler, present
+bishop of Lichfield, who has there buried one child."
+
+=The Lady Chapel= has always most justly been admired by architects and
+antiquarians. Not only is it peculiarly beautiful in its construction,
+but also its windows are now filled with some of the most charming old
+glass to be seen in England. In shape it forms a symmetrical extension,
+both in height and width, to the choir, but without aisles; and it has
+an octagonal apse--the only example, it is said, of such a termination
+in the country. It is lighted by nine high windows, with Decorated
+tracery. This tracery has recently been restored in the style of that in
+the three end windows; until this was done most of the windows contained
+Perpendicular tracery.
+
+[Illustration: BRACKETS IN THE LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+The windows rest on an arcade of very beautiful design. The arcade may
+be said to consist of a series of small decorated canopies, supported by
+shafts with carved capitals, and separated by ornamented buttresses. The
+canopies, which bow forward, have trefoil ogee arches, surmounted with
+crockets and finials. Above the arcade is a similar embattled parapet
+to that in the choir, with a similar passage round the chapel behind it.
+
+The vaulting of the roof is like that in the choir; the same number
+of ribs diverging from the slender shafts which run right down to the
+bends of the arcade. Half-way up these shafts are niches, the brackets
+and canopies to which are beautifully carved. These are old, but until
+recently were empty, and no authentic record remained as to what were
+the characters represented. Dr Stukeley believed that the figures had
+been those of the five wise and five foolish virgins. This theory has
+not, however, found sufficient favour to lead to a reproduction of their
+effigies, for in 1895 the niches were filled with figures of ten virgin
+saints and martyrs. These were executed by Messrs Farmer & Brindley, from
+designs by Mr C. E. Kempe, and they may be warmly congratulated on their
+work. The statues are really beautiful, and are infinitely superior to
+most of the other modern sculpture in the cathedral. It will be noticed,
+too, that the figures seem the right size for the niches, instead of
+being much too large, as in many other cases. The statues are as follow:--
+
+1. St. Werburga, with pastoral staff and book, and a model of Chester
+Cathedral at her feet.
+
+2. St. Cecilia, with organ.
+
+3. St. Prisca, with palm branch, and lion at her feet.
+
+4. St. Faith, with sword and rack.
+
+5. St. Catherine, with sword and wheel and open book, treading on
+a monster.
+
+6. St. Margaret, with book and cross, treading on a dragon.
+
+7. St. Lucy, with palm branch and lamp.
+
+8. St. Agnes, with palm branch and book, and lamb at her feet.
+
+9. St. Agatha, with palm branch and tongs.
+
+10. St. Etheldreda, with crown and pilgrim staff, and pastoral staff
+and a model of Ely Cathedral at her feet.
+
+[Illustration: THE LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+The present altar-piece, which is in the form of a triptych, has scenes
+connected with the birth of Our Lord carved in relief. These are:
+The Annunciation, the Salutation of Elizabeth, the Nativity, the
+Presentation in the Temple, and the Adoration of the Magi. The doors,
+which can be closed, have paintings on the back representing David,
+Isaiah, St. John the Baptist, and St. Chad. There are four carved figures
+of St. Ambrose, St. Jerome, St. Augustine, and St. Gregory supporting
+the central panel. The altar rails are of alabaster. Before the recent
+alterations there was a plaster reredos, which had been placed there
+by Wyatt, and the continuity of the arcading and open carved work,
+which originally went right round the chapel, was thus broken. Sir
+Gilbert Scott is said to have been anxious not to remove the reredos,
+partly, perhaps, on account of the glass behind, which was known to be
+plain. However, the restoration to the original style has been made, and
+the plain glass replaced by a very excellent imitation of the Herkenrode
+glass, representing the three Marys. This was done by Messrs Burlison
+& Grylls with great skill. There was a screen between the Lady Chapel
+and the rest of the cathedral in old days. Stukeley mentions it in his
+notes. He says: "The partition there betwixt the two choirs is a fine
+piece of architecture, but demolished also in time of war; and, though
+the figures are destroyed, and at the foot of the same every cherub
+defaced, yet it may be perceived to be a fine piece of work; for though
+it be uniform from top to bottom, yet every capital and pedestall are
+different works within and without."
+
+What is known of the building of the Lady Chapel has already been told in
+Chapter I. and in the account of the choir and presbytery. The founder of
+the chapel, Bishop Langton, was buried here, but his tomb was afterwards
+removed to the south side of the high altar. Shaw tells us of the monument
+at one time "in the east part of the chapel, towards the south," of Robert
+Master and Catherine, his wife, and says that "the drawing in Dugdale's
+'Visitation' represents them each under a round arch, in the attitude
+of prayer at a desk." No trace is left of this monument.
+
+As might be expected from what has been given of the history of the
+cathedral, there is none of the old glass belonging to it remaining;
+but in spite of this, all the nine windows of the Lady Chapel have very
+beautiful old glass in them. This glass is not Mediæval, but belongs
+to the sixteenth century, and the whole of it is a comparatively recent
+acquisition for the cathedral. That in the seven most eastern windows,
+and known as the Herkenrode glass, was put in at the beginning of the
+century; and the other two windows which, until recently, held modern
+glass, bearing the arms of various dignitaries of the cathedral, have
+recently been enriched by old glass of probably very nearly the same
+period as the other.
+
+The nine windows, for the purposes of explanation, may be numbered in
+succession 1 to 9. No. 1, being the first window on the north, and No. 9,
+the first on the south, contain, therefore, the more recently acquired
+glass. This is supposed to have come from the Low Countries; but, at
+any rate, about the middle of the century it was brought to England,
+and lay for years in some cellars in London, where it was forgotten.
+Finally, it was purchased from the representatives of the Marquis of
+Ely. The glass shows the arms of the kingdom of Aragon, and amongst
+other mottoes, that of Charles V.
+
+No. 1. The lower compartment is a symbolic picture on the subject of
+Baptism. Out of the waters in the fountain come the children, to be
+received by their guardian spirits, while above are figures representing
+Faith, Fortitude, and Love, and still higher is a representation of the
+Divine Presence. No. 9 is a pictorial representation of the legendary
+Death of the Virgin Mary. The Virgin is represented lying in a canopied
+bed, surrounded by the apostles, who have been summoned to gather round
+her death-bed: they are all present except St. Thomas, who has been
+detained at the baptism of a royal prince. Above is a representation of
+the Virgin entering into glory.
+
+As stated above, these two windows had originally coats of arms in them,
+and a reproduction of the arms appears in the tracery of the windows,
+No. 1 having those of the dean and chapter in 1803, and No. 9 those of
+the bishops of the diocese from Bishop Hacket to that date.
+
+The glass in the other seven windows--the Herkenrode glass--was
+purchased in 1802 by Sir Brooke Boothby, who discovered it in Belgium,
+where it had been hidden for protection from the French. It had been
+taken from the dissolved Abbey of Herkenrode, near Liege. There were
+three hundred and forty pieces, each about twenty-two inches square,
+and some of them are marked with dates between 1530 and 1540. Sir Brooke
+is said to have given two hundred pounds for it; but it has since been
+valued at fifteen thousand pounds. He, however, most generously sold it
+to the dean and chapter for the modest sum he had paid for it. It turned
+out that there was enough to fill the seven windows it now occupies in
+the Lady Chapel. Some portions have been used in other windows of the
+cathedral, which have been already described.
+
+There is a considerable difference in appearance between this glass and
+that in the other two windows. The subjects depicted in the latter are
+very distinct, while in the former they are more confused, and it must
+be said that the Herkenrode glass is much faded. Still, the whole of
+it is very beautiful, and if it does not satisfy those who crave after
+the Mediæval stained glass, it is certainly some of the finest glass
+of the kind to be found in England. The designs have been conjectured
+to be by Lambert Lombard, the first, and one of the most famous, of the
+Italianised Flemish School of the sixteenth century; and the other glass
+belongs to the same period.
+
+[Illustration: BRACKETS IN THE LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+The abbey at Herkenrode was founded in 1182, and belonged to the
+Cistercian Order. It became noted for the miracles performed there;
+from which reason, no doubt, it acquired great wealth, and increased so
+much in size that it was almost like a small town. All the nuns were of
+noble family. A history of the abbey was published in 1744, and a copy
+was presented to the cathedral library by Sir Brooke Boothby. The book
+contains a view of the abbey buildings, in the centre of which is seen
+the church. In the third window of the Lady Chapel is a similar picture
+of the church. Windows Nos. 2 and 3 contain portraits of founders and
+benefactors of the abbey, with their patron saints. The other five
+windows, Nos. 4, 5, 6, and 7 show scenes in the life of Christ.
+
+The following is a brief description of these windows:--
+
+No. 2. In this window the glass is in four pictures. In the lower
+left-hand compartment is Cardinal Evrad de la Marck, Bishop of Liege,
+supported by St. Lambert; and in the corresponding space to the right is
+Floris Egmont, Count de Buren, with his wife, attended by St. Christopher
+and St. Margaret. The picture above is of Maximilian Egmont, Count de
+Buren, kneeling before an altar, and attended by St. Christopher and
+St. Barbara. The remaining picture on the left has John, Count de Horn,
+and his wife Anne, also kneeling before an altar. They are attended by
+St. John the Evangelist and St. Anne the mother of the Virgin.
+
+No. 3 contains six pictures, which go right across the window--(1) the
+lowest, has the church of the abbey already mentioned, with an abbess
+and two nuns, and the Virgin and Child; (2) the Virgin and Child again,
+with an angel bearing a shield; (3) the Virgin and Child, an abbot and
+abbess of the Cistercian Order, and the Emperor Lotharius II.; (4) Agnes
+Mettecoven and her husband kneeling to St. Agnes, with her lamb; (5)
+St. John the Evangelist and St. Barbara, St. John the Baptist, and St.
+Margaret, with members of the Mettecoven family; (6) the highest, has
+Henry de Lechy and his wife, with St. Henry and St. Christina.
+
+No. 4. Christ scourged, Christ crowned with thorns, the Annunciation.
+
+No. 5, the central window. The Ascension, Christ and the two Disciples
+at Emmaus, the Three Marys (modern glass).
+
+No. 6. The Last Supper, the Entry into Jerusalem, the Betrayal of Christ
+in the Garden of Gethsemane.
+
+No. 7. The Day of Judgment, the Day of Pentecost, St. Thomas is reproved
+for his doubt.
+
+No. 8. Pilate delivering Christ to be crucified, Christ bearing his Cross,
+the Descent from the Cross, the Resurrection.
+
+On the south side of the Lady Chapel, between the buttresses, are three
+erections, which were no doubt built at the same time as the Lady Chapel
+itself. They have been known as "the Mortuary Chapels," and also as
+"the Vestries." They were probably built for the former purpose.
+
+They have recently been restored as a memorial to Bishop Selwyn, who died
+in 1878. All three chapels have groined roofs, with ribs and bosses, and
+in the floor some of the old encaustic tiles still remain. The central
+chapel is the largest, and is lighted by two small windows. It is only
+entered from the eastern chapel by means of a doorway cut right through
+the buttress. In this central chapel lies the effigy, in Derbyshire
+alabaster, of Bishop Selwyn. During his life he had expressed a wish to
+be buried here, but this was  found to be illegal, and he was buried in
+the close just outside. The effigy is by Mr Nicholls, and the decorations
+of the walls of the chapel are by Messrs Clayton & Bell. These show the
+arms of the bishopric of New Zealand, to which the bishop was originally
+consecrated, and the arms of the dioceses formed out of it, and there
+are more than usually hideous frescoes showing the labours of the bishop
+among the Maories and among the pitmen of the English diocese. Here he
+is not likely to be forgotten; and at Cambridge there is a college known
+as Selwyn College, founded with a similar idea to that which at Oxford
+caused Keble College to be erected to the memory of another great modern
+churchman: there also his memory will remain.
+
+The western chapel has, at its north-western corner, a stair-way leading
+to three cryptal chambers whose flooring is the solid rock.
+
+=The Sacristy.=--The building on the south side of the choir, which is
+generally known as the "sacristy," is a very interesting part of the
+cathedral. Professor Willis decided that it was erected at the same time
+as the original Early English choir, and no doubt it belongs to the same
+period. A careful inspection, however, especially of the entrance from
+the "minstrel gallery" to the chapel of St. Chad's Head, which now forms
+the top storey, shows unmistakable signs that, like the entrance to the
+vestibule in the corresponding bay of the north choir aisle, this doorway
+was once a window, similar, no doubt, to those two still remaining--one
+in each aisle--which look into the aisles of the transepts. This being so,
+it is obvious that the "sacristy," or, at any rate, the upper storey, was
+an afterthought, and that it is later, though perhaps only a little, than
+the choir, its date corresponding perhaps with that of the south transept.
+
+The upper storey, which until recently was used as the muniment room,
+was originally the chapel of St. Chad's Head. It has now been restored
+as a chapel through the zeal and munificence of the present dean, Dr
+Luckock, and was re-dedicated and re-opened on St. Chad's Day, March
+2nd of this year, 1897. In the order of service of that day the dean
+gave an account of the chapel as follows:--
+
+"The Chapel of St. Chad, first Bishop of Lichfield, and, with the
+Blessed Virgin Mary, patron of our Cathedral Church, was destroyed in all
+probability when the rest of the Cathedral was laid in ruins in 1643,
+the siege beginning on St. Chad's Day, March 2nd of that year. Little
+was left: the four walls remained in a broken condition, with the
+vaulting-shafts and caps for the springers of the stone groining, and
+the wall-ribs, to mark its original lines; also the very beautiful
+Early English windows--twelve lancets in groups of three--which,
+singularly enough, were little injured. Externally these are very plain,
+but internally they are full of interest, and there is nothing better of
+the kind in the Cathedral. The site of the old altar is clearly marked;
+indeed, a small portion of it has been preserved. The piscina also still
+remains. After the destruction the chapel must have been left roofless
+for years, as, on breaking up the floor which had been raised by some
+accumulation of rubbish, the workmen found roots of shrubs embedded
+in it. At some time quite unknown, the chapel was roofed in again,
+and the tops of the walls rebuilt where they had been broken down. A
+flat plaster ceiling was inserted, and being divided into two rooms,
+the old chapel was filled with cupboards and used till last year for
+the custody of the muniments. The aumbry remains in which antiquarians
+suppose that St. Chad's relics were preserved. Dr Cox, in his Catalogue
+of the muniments, page 90, throws some light upon the subject, from the
+Chapter Act Books, quoting from F. 4 in the year 1481:--'Two monstrances
+given to the Cathedral in charge of William Hukyns, the custodian of the
+Head of St. Chad by Dean Heywood, for keeping relics.' And he appends the
+following note:--'This very likely gives the date of the stone gallery
+in front of the muniment room in the South Choir aisle (then the chapel
+of the head of St. Chad). This gallery is of Perpendicular work, and
+was chiefly intended for the exhibition of relics, in monstrances, to
+the pilgrims in the aisle below; the second staircase, that allowed of a
+flow of pilgrims to the upper chapel, being at this time removed.' All
+the stone groining and the wood and iron work have been completely
+restored under the direction of Mr J. Oldrid Scott. There are some very
+old pieces of stone figure-work, which have been preserved. The new bosses
+and corbels have been carved with subjects from the history of St. Chad,
+the chief of which show his being mounted on horseback, by Archbishop
+Theodore; his protection of the hart that fled to him for refuge; and his
+death in his cell, surrounded by angels. The reredos, of Staffordshire
+alabaster, replacing one the existence of which at the east end is
+clearly indicated, is of a very uncommon design, by Mr C. E. Kempe. It
+consists of an altar-piece of ornamental arcading, surmounted by three
+tall canopied niches in which are placed sculptured figures representing
+the Crucifixion, St. Mary, and St. John. These are supported by angels
+bearing shields. All the windows are filled with stained glass by Mr
+Kempe, and contain Choirs of Angels singing the Confessor's hymn, or
+Psalm cxii., _Beatus vir_, which runs in scrolls through nine of the
+lights. The angels over the crucifix in the east window bear a scroll
+with the words of Psalm xxi. 3, _Posimisti in capite_, etc. St. Chad is
+represented in the centre lancet of the west wall."
+
+[Illustration: CAPITAL IN CHAPTER-HOUSE.]
+
+This chapel is now approached by a staircase, leading from a doorway in
+the fourth bay on to the gallery, usually and incorrectly known as the
+"minstrel gallery," from which again two short flights of steps, right
+and left, lead into the chapel.
+
+The lower storey was originally the sacristy: it is now used as the
+consistory court. Against the west wall are some of the old Jacobean
+stalls, which were put into the choir in Bishop Hacket's time; while
+in the corner are let into the floor some of the old tiles and slabs
+of cannel coal with which, and alabaster, the cathedral was at one time
+paved. The windows are filled with Perpendicular tracery, replacing the
+old Early English windows. Underneath, and reached by a staircase in
+the south-east turret, now closed, is a vault, at present used as the
+burial vault of the Paget family. Probably it was once a dungeon.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHAPTER-HOUSE.]
+
+In the west wall can be seen the place where a doorway led into a chamber
+built in between the sacristy and the south transept aisle. This was no
+doubt the treasury of the cathedral, where all the most precious relics
+and valuables were kept. It is now entered by a doorway in the choir
+aisle. At present it appears to be a receptacle for odds and ends, and
+cupboards are placed along the walls. On the west side are several large
+aumbries, in which, no doubt, the relics were kept. The floor in this
+chamber has been raised at some time or other, and it is now much higher
+than that of the adjoining consistory court, so that there are steps in
+the south-east corner leading to a door into the consistory court. This is
+not the old doorway already mentioned, which is blocked up, but probably a
+much later entrance. Some old cannon balls which have been discovered in
+and round the cathedral may be seen in the treasury. On the north wall
+in both the consistory court and the treasury can be seen the remains of
+an old course or housing which, though in both cases incomplete, appears
+to have a semi-circular form. No theory seems to have been advanced as
+to these remains, and in this book it were wiser to follow precedent.
+
+=The Chapter-House=, which lies to the north of the choir, is approached
+by a vestibule which has a doorway, already described, into the third
+bay of the north choir aisle. Both the chapter-house and the vestibule
+were built at the same time as the north transept--that is, somewhere
+near the middle of the thirteenth century--and the style is therefore
+that known as the Early English, but it is a later instance than that
+part of the choir into which the doorway leads. That the vestibule was
+not built when the early part of the choir was finished is evident,
+as "its walls abut against those of the choir with a straight joint,
+and the arch of entrance in the side aisle is a manifest intrusion into
+the space once occupied by a window." The north end of the vestibule
+has also been altered, there having been a doorway where now there is
+a window; the former existed until nearly the end of the last century,
+but it had been altered before the plate in Britton's "Cathedrals" was
+engraved. It can easily be seen from the outside that such a door must
+have existed, from the different colouring of the stone-work. The window
+has recently been filled with stained glass by Messrs Burlison & Grylls,
+representing Nehemiah and Simeon, in memory of the late verger, William
+Yeend. Down each side of the vestibule there is a very fine arcading,
+that on the west side being double and much deeper than that on the east,
+which is single; the niches are large enough to be used as seats, and
+it has been suggested that here the ceremony of washing the feet of the
+poor took place on Maundy Thursday; as there were thirteen niches, this
+is highly probable. Some of the capitals of the pillars of the arcade
+are very finely carved, and, as was usual at the time, are very deeply
+under-cut; and the dripstones terminate in very interesting corbels in the
+form of heads and bunches of foliage. Recently, on the west side, some
+of the arcading has been opened out to afford access to the new vestry,
+which has been constructed by roofing in the space between the vestibule
+and the north transept. On the east side near the cathedral is the
+entrance to the library, which is the upper storey of the chapter-house
+building, and is approached by a spiral staircase. At the farther end,
+on the same side, is the very fine entrance to the chapter-house. This,
+like the central west doorway and that in the north transept, is double
+and recessed. The mouldings in the arch are deeply and finely cut, and
+the capitals of the grouped shafts are very richly carved with delicate
+leaves. The jambs have an enrichment of dog-toothing behind the slender
+detached shafts, and the two small arches have trefoil archivolts,
+so that the whole has a very rich effect. In the tympanum of the arch
+there is a bas-relief figure of Our Lord in a quatrefoil recess.
+
+[Illustration: EASTERN PORTION OF THE ARCADE IN THE CHAPTER-HOUSE.]
+
+The chapter-house is a very fine room; it is octagonal in shape, but the
+north and south sides of it are double the length of each of the other
+six sides, which are equal. There is a central pillar, the clustered
+shafts of which are banded in the centre; the capitals of these shafts
+have a particularly rich and elaborate carving of foliage; and above,
+the vaulting ribs spread to the roof like the branches of a tree,
+producing a very fine effect. The bosses where the ribs intersect are
+also worthy of attention, and the ribs rise from very richly-carved and
+deeply-moulded corbels. The windows are Early English, and of two lights
+each. Below is a very beautiful arcading, similar, indeed, to that in
+the vestibule, which entirely surrounds the building. The arcade is
+composed of deep, moulded, trefoil arches, resting on single columns,
+with beautifully-carved capitals, in some of which will be found figures
+of birds and animals. The canopies of the arches are dog-toothed, and
+end in curiously-carved heads, which afford interesting illustrations
+of the head-dresses of the time.
+
+The chapter-house was decorated with frescoes and stained glass by Dean
+Heywood in the fifteenth century, as we know from the MSS. entitled
+_Cantaria Sancti Blasii_ in the library. The frescoes have disappeared
+except over the doorway, where still remain faint signs of the
+representation of the Assumption, which may have formed part of Dean
+Heywood's decoration, but more likely is earlier: it has been suggested
+that it was placed there by Bishop Burghill from the fact that a
+Dominican Friar, to which order he belonged, is represented in the
+group in adoration. The glass contained figures of the apostles, with
+other pictures above; these being all pre-Cromwellian, have, of course,
+disappeared. More recently the glazing of the chapter-house displayed
+armorial bearings, more or less correct, in imitation of glass known
+to have ornamented the cathedral in the past. This armorial glass is
+gradually giving way to glass representing scenes in the history of
+the cathedral. At present, five of the windows have been so glazed,
+and the rest will be changed gradually, as opportunity offers.
+
+The first window on the left-hand side on entering is in memory of
+Prebendary Edwards. There are figures of St. Chad and King Wulphere,
+with scenes showing the Consecration of St. Chad, and the Baptism by
+St. Chad of the two sons of King Wulphere.
+
+The second window is in memory of Archdeacon Allen and Prebendary de
+Bunsen. The figures are St. Oswald and St. Aidan. The scenes represent
+St. Aidan preaching to the Northumbrians, with King Oswald interpreting;
+and St. Aidan at Lindisfarne, teaching in his school, where St. Chad is
+one of the scholars.
+
+The third window is in memory of Dean Bickersteth. The figures are
+Archbishop Theodore and St. Ovin, and the scenes St. Chad teaching his
+clergy, and St. Ovin listening to the angels who were calling St. Chad
+at his death.
+
+The fourth window is in memory of Prebendary Gresley. The figures are
+Oswy, King of Northumbria, and Diuma, the first bishop of Mercia. The
+scenes are Bishop Jaruman promising to build a church at Lichfield,
+and the institution by King Æthelwald of prebendaries.
+
+The fifth window is in memory of Prebendary Finch Smith. The figures
+represent Archbishop Higbert of Lichfield, and Thomas Cantelupe, Bishop
+of Hereford, formerly prebendary of this cathedral. The scenes are
+Bishop Aldulf at the Council of Cloveshoo, renouncing the metropolitan
+powers in favour of Canterbury, and Bishop Roger de Clinton building a
+new cathedral in honour of St. Mary and St. Chad.
+
+=The Library= is immediately above the chapter-house, and is of the same
+octagonal shape. The arrangements also are similar, but the room is less
+lofty, the carvings less elaborate, and there is no reading. Otherwise,
+we find the same central pillar, from which similar vaulting ribs spring,
+with corbels in the walls to receive them. It is not known for what
+purpose this room was originally intended, but certainly, until recent
+years, it was not used as a library. The old library, of which there are
+pictures by Hollar and King, stood to the north of the north transept
+in the close, or, as it is recorded in the Capitular Acts, vol. 3, "ex
+parte boreali in cimeterio." Dean Heywood gave £40 to build the library,
+and though it was not begun in his time, it was completed in the time
+of his successor, Dean Yotton, who also subscribed to its erection. This
+was at about the commencement of the sixteenth century, and the building
+remained until the middle of the eighteenth, when it was demolished.
+
+The extent of the library has been increased by opening a doorway into
+the room above the vestibule. This room, it has recently been decided,
+was the old chapel of St. Peter. Though an upstairs chapel was not usual,
+yet it is not by any means unknown, and chapels were even sometimes to
+be found in the rood lofts of cathedrals. No trace can be found of the
+fresco, mentioned by Stukeley, of "St. Peter crucified with his head
+downwards, and two other apostles, etc." He tells us that the chapel
+was in his time used as a place for storing scaffolding and ladders,
+and that here was placed the mutilated remains of St. Chad's tomb.
+
+The place still shows signs of its ill-usage, little having been done to
+repair the ravages of the Civil War. The vaulting is much broken, and
+the walls cracked: these facts strengthen the belief in the tradition
+that it was on this building, together with the choir, that the great
+central tower fell during the siege by the soldiers of the Parliament.
+
+The library has had many generous donations of books at various
+times. Under the will of Frances, Duchess of Somerset, the cathedral
+received the library of her late husband, the Duke, who succeeded his
+grandfather as Earl of Hertford, and was restored to the family dukedom
+at the Restoration. The duchess was the daughter of the Earl of Essex
+who was the favourite of Queen Elizabeth, and whom she afterwards had
+beheaded. These books numbered about one thousand, and included many
+rare old Black-Letter chronicles and histories printed in the sixteenth
+and seventeenth centuries.
+
+Many others have contributed to the library, amongst whom are Archdeacon
+Davies, 1763; William Smallbroke, 1771; Canon Lamb, 1770; Richard Hurd,
+1777; Bishop Cornwallis, 1783; Rev. Henry White, 1786; Dr Pegge, the
+well-known antiquary, who, amongst other things, wrote an account of the
+life of Bishop Weseham, and who left the library, by his will, one hundred
+books out of his own library; Andrew Newton, who left his books to the
+cathedral, and built the college in the close for the widows and orphans
+of the clergy, besides spending large sums on educational purposes;
+and Sir Brooke Boothby, 1815, who gave the "History of the Abbey of
+Herckenrode," referred to in the account of the glass now in the Lady
+Chapel. There have been besides many recent benefactions, including a
+valuable set of drawings, by herself, of most of the churches in the
+county of Stafford, left by Mrs Moore, the widow of the Archdeacon of
+Stafford. There is also in the library a fine old picture of the Duchess
+of Somerset, as well as an engraving from Sir Joshua Reynolds' picture
+of Dr Johnson.
+
+Among the most valuable manuscripts and books in the library are
+the "Gospels of St. Chad," of which more immediately; a fine folio
+manuscript, on vellum, of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales," but without
+the doubtful Ploughman's Tale; the initial letters, especially those
+at the commencement of each tale, being richly coloured and gilt; the
+"Valor Ecclesiasticus of Pope Nicholas IV."--this is an account taken
+of the value of ecclesiastical property in the time of Edward I., from
+which the tithe granted to the Pope could be ascertained.
+
+Other notable volumes are, "Dives and Pauper," a MS. treatise on the
+Decalogue--this treatise was one of the earliest books printed in England;
+"Orders generally to be observed of the whole household of the prince his
+highness," a large folio, marked with the sign-manual of King Charles
+I. at every ordinance; and a collection of recipes by Sir John Floyer,
+physician to Charles II. There is also a volume of MSS. already often
+referred to, superscribed, "_Cantaria Sancti Blasii; Ordinatio Majistri
+Thomoe Heywood decani Eccles. Lich de et super Cantaria Jesu et Sancta
+Anne in parte boreai eccles. Lich et de pensione Capellani ibidem perpetuo
+celebaturi et aliis articulis, etc._" Besides these, there are many rare
+Bibles:--Cranmer's Bible, 1540; the "Breeches" Bible; the "Vinegar"
+Bible, and many others.
+
+[Illustration: THE GOSPELS OF ST. CHAD, IN THE LIBRARY.]
+
+But to many the most interesting volume in the library will be a copy of
+South's Sermons, published in 1694. It belonged to Dr Johnson, and was
+used by him in the compilation of his Dictionary. His method, apparently,
+was to put a letter in the margin opposite the word whose particular
+use here he intended to quote; and it is interesting, Sermons in hand,
+to test his method with the dictionary. On one page a "K" in the margin
+is opposite the word "Key." In the dictionary  will be found under
+"Key" the expected quotation from South, "that every man should keep
+the key of his own breast."
+
+
+The most valuable book in the library is the _Textus S. Ceddæ_, generally
+known as "St. Chad's Gospels." This is written on vellum, and contains
+the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Mark, and a small portion of the
+Gospel of St. Luke. It is undoubtedly an Irish MS., probably about the
+end of the seventh century. There is a page in the book which, with its
+tesselated work enclosing a cross, recalls to antiquarians similar work in
+the famous Irish Book of Kells, and in the Gospels of St. Columba which
+are preserved at Dublin. The connection of an Irish MS. with St. Chad is
+not difficult of explanation, since, after being taught by St. Aidan at
+Lindisfarne, he is supposed to have gone, as so many other earnest priests
+did at the time, to Ireland, to one of the noted monasteries there. The
+MS. is in Latin, and, with many remarkable variations, follows closely
+the _Codex Amiatinus_ of St Jerome. But its marginal notes are not the
+least interesting part of the book; from these, which are sometimes in
+Celtic and Anglo-Saxon, and sometimes in Latin, we learn something of its
+history, which is remarkable. The cathedral of Llandaff seems to have
+acquired it indirectly in exchange for a horse, and there is a note in
+Celtic, "underneath the record of this transaction, which is witnessed
+by Aidan; whether or no this is the Northumbrian bishop is not known."
+Another entry, on the page devoted to a picture of St. Luke, shows that
+the MS. was still at Llandaff at the end of the ninth century; but on the
+first page of all is a faint but legible signature which reads "Kynsy"
+or "Wynsy Praesul", both names of bishops of Lichfield at the end of the
+tenth century, so that it had probably arrived at its present home not
+so far short of a thousand years ago. There are other notes connecting
+it with Lichfield. All these have been printed many times in the pages of
+learned publications. It owes its escape at the time of the Civil War to
+the vigilance of William Higgins, Archdeacon of Derby, who was precentor
+of the cathedral. He abstracted it and kept it until the troubles were
+over. It now lies in a glass case in the library, side by side with the
+beautiful "Canterbury Tales." So marvellous are some of the decorations,
+that it is no wonder that, in an age more faithful than ours, popular
+belief declared some of them to be "the work of angels."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE SEE
+
+
+At the present day the diocese of Lichfield consists of almost the
+whole of the county of Stafford, part of Shropshire, and a small part of
+Flintshire and of Warwickshire. Originally, in Anglo-Saxon times, when
+the first bishop was appointed, the see of Lichfield extended over the
+whole of Mercia--that is, from the Humber and East Anglia on the north
+and east, to Wales on the west, and the Thames on the south. Since those
+days the diocese has been at various times divided, and other dioceses
+formed; Hereford, Lincoln, Ely, Peterborough, Chester, Worcester, Oxford,
+St. Albans, Gloucester, Manchester, Liverpool, and Southwell, have all,
+in whole or in part, been formed out of what was once the diocese of
+Lichfield.
+
+Of Lichfield in Roman times practically nothing is known. Situated as
+it is, at a little distance from the crossing of the great Roman roads,
+Watling Street and Ryknield Street--at which junction the Roman town of
+Etocetum (the modern Wall) lay, Lichfield was then probably nothing more
+than open country. The neighbouring towns have yielded a rich harvest of
+archaeological treasures; but beyond coins of various Roman Emperors,
+bearing Christian emblems, there is little to show that the Gospel had
+made its way in this part of England; though, in the cemeteries filled
+with urns containing the ashes of the dead, there have been found, near
+Burton-on-Trent and near Derby, skeletons, no doubt of Christians who,
+according to the rites of their religion, had been buried and not burnt.
+
+To Roman times belongs the legend, which is said to give its name to
+Lichfield, of the massacre of Christians under Diocletian; in consequence,
+it is related, the place was called Lyccidfelth, or Licidfield--the
+field of dead men. This is the derivation most generally accepted at the
+present day; but some etymologists think that Lichfield means Lakefield,
+from the quantity of water in the neighbourhood.
+
+It is almost certain that the people of Mercia remained pagan from the
+Roman epoch, and through all the long wars which were waged between
+the gradually defeated Britons and the Saxons. Three Saxon kings, all
+pagans, ruled Mercia; and Christianity, which had taken such firm hold
+in Northumbria, still had not penetrated to the dark central region
+of Mercia. Then came Penda the Strong, himself a pagan. "He was not
+baptised," it was said of him, "and never believed in God." He slew many
+kings, amongst them being the saintly Oswald, king of Northumbria. One
+of King Penda's daughters had married Alchfrid, a nephew of Oswald
+and son to the then King Oswy of Northumbria; and in 652 Penda's son,
+Peada, became suitor for the hand of one of Oswy's daughters. Peada was
+then ruling under his father the Middle Angles, and he journeyed to the
+Northumbrian Court, where he was most hospitably received, in spite of the
+fact that constant war was being waged between Mercia and Northumbria;
+but the princess whom he sought was promised him only on condition that
+he and his people in Mid-Anglia should become Christians. Alchfrid became
+his teacher; and the beauty of this new faith so seized on him that he
+declared his willingness to become a Christian whether he might win his
+princess or not. That same year he was baptised by Finan, the British
+bishop and head of the Church in Northumbria, and with him all his
+followers. He returned to his own country, taking with him four priests
+of the British Church: Cedda, who was afterwards made Bishop of London,
+and who was the brother of St. Chad, Adda, Betti, and Diuma. These four
+taught the Gospel to the Mid-Anglians, and even went north among the other
+Mercians; and it does not appear that Penda, in spite of his paganism,
+made any opposition.
+
+Notwithstanding these close links between the two kingdoms, in the year
+655 Penda with an enormous force invaded Northumbria; he was defeated
+and killed by Oswy, who now became king of Mercia, but left Peada in his
+old rule in Mid-Anglia. This was the death-blow of paganism in Mercia;
+Christianity, which was beginning to take firm hold in Peada's country,
+spread rapidly, and =Diuma= (656-658) was made bishop of Mercia. This
+may be said to be the commencement of the  see which afterwards was
+called by the name of Lichfield; but as yet there was no cathedral,
+nor was any place particularly settled upon as the headquarters of the
+work which was so enthusiastically carried on. Diuma was a travelling
+or missionary bishop, and when he died, after a brief rule of two years,
+the Church in Mercia was an accomplished fact.
+
+Diuma was succeeded by =Creollach= (658-659), who, unlike his predecessor
+an Irishman, was a Briton; he was appointed by Oswy; but in this same
+year the Mercians rebelled, Oswy fled, and Creollach fled with him,
+and finally retired to Iona.
+
+The next bishop was a Saxon abbot named =Trumhere= (659-662), and he
+was succeeded on his death by =Jaruman= (662-667). Both were appointed
+by King Wulphere, son of Penda, who had been raised to the Mercian
+throne by his people; and both were Saxons who had been consecrated in
+the Northumbrian Church. Jaruman was a most energetic bishop, and he
+appears to have been sent into Essex to reconvert the people there who
+had fallen into paganism again; his mission was a success, and Jaruman
+returned to his own people in Mercia.
+
+It was during Jaruman's episcopate that difficulties arose between
+the Church in Britain and the Church in Rome. Rome had sent messengers
+to Britain, and they had been the means of converting a large portion
+of the south coast and of East Anglia; but there were differences in
+the two Churches, and one particularly caused much trouble. The Roman
+Church had always kept Easter Day on a Sunday, but the British Church
+held this feast on March 14, whatever day of the week it might be. A
+synod was called at Whitby, and it was decided, mainly through the
+instrumentality of Wilfrid, the future bishop of York, in favour of the
+Roman Sunday. In this way, it may be said, began the rule of Rome in the
+English Church. Shortly after, in 667, Jaruman died, and no successor was
+appointed for two years. During this time, Theodorus of Tarsus became
+Archbishop of Canterbury, and to him belongs the credit of making the
+English Church: before, each kingdom had had its own Church, but Theodore
+welded them together into one whole, and completed their dependence on
+the bishop of Rome. Wilfrid was made bishop of York, and St. Chad, who
+had been consecrated to that see, retired to the abbey at Lastingham,
+only in the next year, 669, to  be reconsecrated as bishop of Mercia
+by the new Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+=St. Chad= or =Ceadda= (669-672) made his seat at Lichfield, and in so
+doing founded the diocese of Lichfield.
+
+St. Chad, as has been stated before, was the patron saint of
+Lichfield. What is known of him is principally derived from Bede's
+"Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation." From this we learn
+that when not on his missionary travels over the diocese he spent most
+of his time in prayer, and in meditation on death and supernatural
+things. His method was to proceed from place to place in his diocese
+on foot; and there is a story of Theodore taking St. Chad in his arms
+and lifting him on to a horse which he presented to him. He founded
+the abbey of Barrow-on-Humber, which King Wulphere endowed with fifty
+hides of land. His headquarters, as we have said, were at Lichfield,
+and he built, or finished building, a small church near what is still
+known as St. Chad's Well, at the eastern end of Stowe Pool.
+
+Like his predecessors' his time was short; only for two years was he
+allowed to labour at Lichfield. There is a beautiful legend of his death
+which has been well told by Dean Bickersteth. "A week before his death
+a sound of angelic melody was heard coming from the south-east, until
+it reached and filled the little oratory where he was praying. This
+the good bishop interpreted to be his summons to heaven. The voices, he
+privately told Ovin, were those of angels. The messenger of death, that
+'lovable guest,' was with them. They would come again in seven days and
+take him with them. About the same time, Egbert, a Northumbrian who had
+been a fellow-student with St. Chad in an Irish monastery, dreamt that
+he saw the soul of Cedda, Chad's brother, descending from heaven with
+a company of angels to take the soul of Chad with him into the heavenly
+kingdom." As he had foretold, so he died; but he was not forgotten, and
+many were the miracles said to have been performed at his shrine. His
+bones were removed from their first resting-place near Stowe Church
+into a beautiful shrine in the cathedral, where they remained until the
+Reformation, when they were taken away, and are now said to be in the
+Roman Catholic cathedral at Birmingham.
+
+There is another legend concerning St. Chad which has become more closely
+attached to Peterborough than to Lichfield, but it must be briefly
+stated here, as the story appears in some of the decorations of the
+cathedral. Bede does not mention it, and it has been given in varying
+forms by different writers. Briefly, the essence of the legend is that
+Wulphere, the king of Mercia, had killed two of his sons, Wulfade and
+Rufin, on account of their having been baptised by St. Chad. Each of
+these young princes had been hunting in the forest when he came across
+a hart with a rope round its neck. The prince gave chase, and the hart
+led him to St. Chad, who, having prayed with him, baptised him. This
+happened to both Wulfade and Rufin separately. Then Wulphere in his
+anger slew them. Afterwards he repented, and setting out to St. Chad,
+was led there by the same hart, and found the saint at prayer, with his
+cloak hanging on a sunbeam. Wulphere was absolved on condition that he
+should expiate his crime by founding churches and monasteries all over
+his kingdom. Lichfield is said to have been one of these churches, and
+Peterborough one of these monasteries. Many churches have been dedicated
+to St. Chad, especially in the Midlands, and in the east of London there
+was a well known as St. Chad's Well, where miracles were performed;
+and it was noted for its medicinal waters up to quite recent times. A
+large district in east London is still called after St. Chad's Well in
+the corrupted form of Shadwell.
+
+The next bishop was =Winfrid= (672-675), the abbot of St. Chad's Abbey at
+Barrow-on-Humber; but in the year that he was appointed a church council
+was held by Theodore, at which it was decided to split up some of the
+dioceses. Lichfield being one of the largest, would have been divided
+at once, but Winfrid, whether for his own sake or at the instigation
+of King Wulphere, resisted, and the diocese remained unchanged until
+Wulphere died, when in 675, Winfrid, still remaining opposed to the
+scheme, was deprived. He subsequently was murdered on his way to Rome.
+
+The new bishop was =Saxwulf= (675-691), abbot of Peterborough, and
+the work of cutting up the diocese was begun. The sees of Hereford and
+Worcester were made. Lincolnshire was taken from the diocese, and the
+Middle Angles became the see of Leicester. However, Lichfield still
+remained an enormous diocese, and when Saxwulf died he was bishop of
+both Lichfield and Leicester. He was  succeeded by =Hedda= (691-721),
+who is said to have determined the site of the present cathedral by
+building a church there. However, nothing remains of this cathedral,
+but it is always supposed that Hedda brought St. Chad's bones from Stowe
+Church and deposited them here. The cathedral was dedicated to St. Peter.
+
+Hedda and his successor, =Aldwin= (721-737), were bishops of both
+Lichfield and Leicester. They were followed at Lichfield by =Witta=
+(737-752), and the connection with Leicester ceased. In 756 Offa, the
+greatest of the Mercian kings, ascended the throne. Offa added a part
+of Shropshire to the diocese, which from this time remained the same in
+extent down to the Reformation. Here followed three bishops--=Hemele=
+(752-764), =Cuthred= (765-768), and =Berthum= (768-779)--of whom little
+is known; and then came =Higbert= or =Hygeberht= (785-801), who holds
+a remarkable position in the history of the diocese. Offa had by this
+time advanced himself into the leading position in England; and so great
+was his power that Charlemagne called him emperor of the west, keeping
+for himself the title of emperor of the east. But Offa was first of all
+king of Mercia, and it did not please him to think that his bishops were
+subordinate to an archbishop who lived in one of his subject states;
+and so he determined "to humble Canterbury and exalt Lichfield." He
+began by confiscating all the property of Canterbury situated in Mercia,
+and then he appealed to the Pope that the bishop of Lichfield should
+be made an archbishop. The Pope assented, a council held at Chelsea in
+785 also agreed, and Higbert, the new bishop, became archbishop, with
+the bishoprics of Worcester, Leicester, Lincoln, and Hereford, parts of
+the old diocese of Mercia, as well as Elmham and Dunwich, to make up his
+province. Offa died in 796, and immediately a stir was made to restore
+Canterbury to its old dignity. The negotiations were long, but in 802
+Pope Leo decided in favour of Canterbury, and the council of Cloveshoe in
+803 formally annulled the metropolitan dignity of Lichfield. =Aldulf=
+(801-812), who had succeeded Higbert as archbishop, became bishop,
+but took precedency after Canterbury overall the other bishoprics,
+and =Herewin= (812-818) on his appointment submitted to Canterbury.
+
+Shortly afterwards =Æthelwald= (818-828) organised the bishopric upon
+the basis of its present constitution. Churches were springing up all
+over the diocese, with their own clergy, and so, although the church
+at Lichfield remained the headquarters of the diocese, yet the clergy
+attached to it were no longer to be responsible for the ministrations
+of the whole diocese, but were to confine themselves to the estates of
+the bishop and the cathedral, where they were to dwell under canons or
+rules. It is possible that from this time the cathedral clergy became
+known as canons.
+
+Then comes the period of the invasion by the Danes, whereby the country
+was devastated and the rich abbeys were destroyed. Peterborough, Crowland,
+and Ely, "went up in flames"; the enemy advanced along the Trent, and
+levelled to the ground the famous monastery of Repton--the Walhalla of
+Mercia--where countless kings and princes had been buried. What happened
+at Lichfield is not known, but many bishops succeeded one another,
+of whose consecration, in some cases, the dates are so doubtful that
+it is not worth while to give them. Their names are:--=Hunbert=, 828;
+=Kynebert=; =Tunfrith=; =Ella=; =Algar=, 941; =Kinsy=, 949; =Winsy=,
+964; =Elfege=, 973; =Godwin=, 1004; =Leofgar=, 1020; =Brithmar=, 1026;
+and =Wulsy=, 1039; but little is known of them, though these two centuries
+are far from being unimportant in the history of the diocese.
+
+Probably the destruction of the royal abbeys caused the building of
+numerous parish churches during this period, and of the collegiate
+churches which were planted in the principal centres of the
+population. The former were mostly endowed with lands or tithes to
+support the parish clergy, or to recompense the canons who should attend
+the church, in which latter case the tithes were probably "appropriated"
+to the cathedral.
+
+So the system developed until about the year 1000, when began, in
+Mercia, a new age of monasteries, not like the old royal abbeys which
+had mostly been destroyed, but houses that were filled with monks or
+nuns of the Benedictine order. These competed with the secular clergy
+in appropriating the endowments of the churches, and a jealousy began
+between the two systems which blazed continually, with greater or less
+heat, until the final overthrow of the monasteries by Henry VIII. at
+the beginning of the sixteenth century.
+
+Early in the eleventh century was founded, at Coventry, the Benedictine
+abbey which had so great a share in the history of the diocese. Its
+founder, Earl Leofric, was the husband of the beautiful Godiva whose
+ride through the town made Coventry free from tolls.
+
+   "I, Luriche, for love of thee,
+   Doe make Coventre toll-free,"
+
+are the old words. She induced her husband to found and endow the abbey
+with its twenty-four monks; she herself contributed her gold and silver,
+and the monastery became so wealthy that "the walls seemed almost too
+strait to hold it all."
+
+=Leofwin=, bishop of Lichfield (1054-1066), was made the first abbot of
+Coventry; he died in the year of the Conquest, and was the last Saxon
+bishop: henceforth a new order of men was to rule the Church in England.
+
+No doubt Lichfield owed to its insignificance as a city the immunity
+which it again enjoyed while all the neighbouring country was being
+pillaged. William appointed his own chaplain, =Peter= (1072-1084),
+as bishop, and here, no doubt, he lived until 1075, when, at the synod
+of London, it was decided that the seats of the bishops should be in
+the larger towns and not in the villages. So to the town of Chester,
+where there were about 400 or 500 houses, the bishop's seat was moved.
+
+It is interesting to find in "Domesday Book" mention of the
+extraordinarily heavy fines payable to the bishop at Chester for such
+offences as the following:--"If any free man does work on a holy day,
+the bishop has a forfeit of eight shillings. A slave or maidservant so
+transgressing pays four shillings. A merchant coming into the city and
+carrying a stall shall pay to the bishop four shillings if he take it
+down between the ninth hour of the Sabbath and Monday without licence
+from the bishop's officer."
+
+Following Peter came =Robert de Lymesey= (1087-1117), who, after waiting
+a short time, obtained papal leave to remove his seat to Coventry,
+the barony of which he bought from the king; and so he became both
+bishop and abbot, and for about a century his successors united the
+two offices. This arrangement was not at all to the taste of the monks,
+and constant quarrels occurred. Robert de Lymesey is said to have rifled
+the place; some contend, for the sake of the cathedral at Lichfield, but
+others, in order to prosecute the suit at Rome in which he was involved
+with the monks.
+
+The next bishop was =Robert Peche= (1121-1126), and then came =Roger
+de Clinton= (1129-1148); he was known as the soldier-bishop, and was
+certainly a strong man, whatever his reputation may have been in other
+ways. At Lichfield, he was a reformer who did much good to the place. The
+five canons he found there were dependent for their support on the
+bishop, and he seems to have settled property on the cathedral to support
+them. He also added a number of prebendaries, or non-resident canons,
+who were to be members of the chapter, and were to enjoy a stall in the
+choir; and to each stall a small estate or prebend was attached. Many
+other things he did; but, principally, he is supposed to have built the
+Norman cathedral, and to have fortified the close.
+
+Bishop Roger seems to have been also a great supporter of the Cistercian
+monks, who appeared in the neighbourhood about this time, and for
+whom he built an abbey in the diocese at Buildwas, not very far from
+Shrewsbury. Then, being a soldier as well as a bishop, he started for
+the East, and died, after fighting in the Crusades, at Antioch in 1148.
+
+Ever since the Conquest the struggles in the Church had been growing
+sharper. There is no room for a full discussion of these quarrels, but,
+briefly, it may be said that they arose largely from a desire on the
+part of the monks and the collegiate churches to shake off the power
+of the bishops. In doing this it had been necessary to appeal more and
+more to the Pope, and in consequence the Pope was gradually increasing
+his power in England, to the detriment not only of the bishops, but
+also of the king. On the death of Bishop Clinton, Stephen, instead of
+appointing a successor himself, as had been the custom of the king on
+previous occasions, found it necessary to depute his authority to a
+joint council of the monks of Coventry and the canons of Lichfield and
+Chester. They met at Leicester, and the monks by themselves appointed
+=Walter Durdent= (1149-1159), prior of Canterbury. The canons would
+not admit this election, although the new nominee had been precentor
+at Lichfield; they appealed to Rome, and--how the result came about is
+not clear, but indeed is a matter of dispute--Durdent was consecrated at
+Canterbury. He was enthroned at Coventry, but was barred out of Lichfield,
+where he commenced his rule by excommunicating the canons. But Durdent,
+being now a bishop, soon drew the canons to his  side, and it was with
+Coventry that the differences continued. He and the prior were summoned
+to Rome, where it was settled that the bishop should keep the abbey as
+a monastic cathedral, but that the prior should in the future have the
+first voice in the election of bishops.
+
+Durdent died at Rome, and was succeeded by =Richard Peche= (1161-1182),
+son of Robert Peche--for the clergy of that day often married--who
+seems to have secured the suffrages of both sets of electors. He retired
+just before his end to the priory of St Thomas, near Stafford, which he
+had founded in 1180 in memory of Thomas à Becket, who had been murdered
+ten years previously. He was one of those who had consecrated the
+archbishop a few years before, and he joined in the popular indignation
+which ended in the canonisation of the victim. About this time the diocese
+was permanently divided into the archdeaconries of Derby, Stafford,
+Chester, and Coventry.
+
+The next bishop was =Gerard Puella= (1183), a celebrated authority on
+ecclesiastical and canon law. Lichfield refused to admit him, and he
+died soon after his consecration.
+
+The next bishop was =Hugh de Nonant= or Nunant (1184-1199); his intense
+hatred of the monks led to terrible disturbances at Coventry. Soon after
+his consecration he exasperated the monks so greatly that they beat him,
+and Nonant, with the wounds upon him, hurried to the king, and obtained
+his consent--some say by purchase--to the monks being turned out. This
+was done, and secular canons instituted in their place. During the absence
+of King Richard at the Crusades, Nonant appears to have identified himself
+too much with the cause of Prince John. This brought about his ruin; for,
+being suspected by Richard on his return from captivity of participation
+in the plots against the crown, he was deprived of his bishopric, which
+in course of time, however, he was allowed to buy back for 5000 marks. He
+lived not only to see the monks restored to Coventry by the Pope, but
+also to repent of his harshness to monastical institutions. He died on
+his way to Rome, and was buried among the monks of Caen.
+
+The next election revived the bitterness between Coventry and Lichfield,
+a bitterness accentuated by the political adherence of the two parties,
+Coventry being on King Richard's side, Lichfield for Prince John. Under
+these circumstances, the canons had not even been called to the ceremony
+of election, and Coventry's candidate, =Geoffry de Muschamp= (1198-1208),
+was elected. But the greatest difficulty of all arose at the election
+of the next bishop. John was now king, and Lichfield in favour. The
+monks chose their prior, but John would not allow his consecration;
+then came a series of proposals, to none of which could king, monks,
+and canons all three assent, but finally, at the intercession of
+Pandulf, the Pope's legate, they all agreed on =William de Cornhull=
+(1215-1223). Thomas of Chesterfield tells us that this bishop conferred
+the right upon the chapter of electing their own dean.
+
+The next bishop, =Alexander de Stavenby= (1224-1238), was appointed by
+the Pope, on the appeal to him of both parties, who were still unable to
+agree. He built the friary in Lichfield, and dedicated it to St. Francis,
+the founder of the Friar Minors, which order he first introduced into
+the diocese.
+
+The high position of Stavenby in the councils of the realm make him
+an important personality among the bishops of the diocese. He died in
+1238; and it might have been expected that a successor would have been
+appointed without difficulty, for during his rule it had been agreed
+that Coventry and Lichfield should appoint to the vacant bishopric
+alternatively. Coventry appointed William de Raleigh, but he accepted
+Norwich in preference, and then the monks claimed to appoint again, but
+the canons would not allow this, and appointed their dean, William of
+Manchester, who, however, stood aside when the monks suggested Nicholas
+de Farnham, and he was too modest to accept the office. Then =Hugh de
+Patteshull= (1239-1241) was chosen at the king's desire. He was Treasurer
+of England and a native of the diocese; he seems to have followed in the
+steps of his predecessor, and it is said that he made new regulations as
+to the manner of the cathedral services. He died only eighteen months
+after his appointment, and a fresh trouble arose over the election of
+a successor; but the Pope intervened without asking permission of the
+king, and, under the advice of Grosseteste, the famous bishop of Lincoln,
+appointed =Roger de Weseham= (1245-1256), the dean of the cathedral. The
+king in his anger seized the endowments of the see, and Weseham began his
+work amid great difficulties, but finally Henry restored the endowments,
+and allowed Weseham  to prosecute his salutary re-organisation of the
+clergy. Weseham retired in 1256, and died shortly after. It is doubtful
+if the monument in the south aisle, generally known as that of Bishop
+Patteshull, is not in reality that of Bishop Weseham.
+
+There was no contention over the election of the next bishop, =Roger
+de Molend= or Meyland (1256-1295). He was a natural son of the Earl of
+Salisbury, William Longespée, and so nephew to King Henry III. His was
+not an admirable role, the most remarkable event being his attempt,
+_vi et armis_, to obtain admittance to the Royal Free Chapel of St. Mary
+at Stafford. Both sides refused to plead at the Assizes, but it was
+finally decided that the bishop should be allowed the use of the free
+chapels in Derby and Stafford, but should have no disciplinary powers
+over their clergy. Afterwards he seems to have neglected his diocese,
+and the scandalous and avaricious conduct of the clergy, which the
+last two bishops had controlled, now became so intense that in 1282
+Archbishop Peckham had to interfere, and Roger was forced to come into
+residence. Soon after it was found necessary to find him a coadjutor,
+who was to advise him in all official acts. Incompetent as he was as
+a bishop, the diocese obtained several remarkable benefits during his
+rule. The king gave Cannock Chase to the see, and the west front of the
+cathedral was begun. It may well be that in his travels he had acquired
+a love of beauty he would not have acquired at home, and that we owe to
+him the conception of this beautiful feature of the cathedral. The money
+it must have cost, too, could only have been found by one whose princely
+rank enabled him to obtain money with some ease. In London also he left
+his mark, unhappily now entirely obliterated. Where Somerset House now
+stands he erected his palace, next to the palace of his brother Bishop
+of Worcester. It was a beautiful mansion, but the site was too valuable
+to permit of it belonging to any one but the king when Henry VIII. graced
+the throne.
+
+About this time the archdeaconry of Stafford was occupied by Thomas
+de Cantilupe, afterwards Bishop of Hereford. The story of his life
+belongs to the account of that diocese, but such a man must have had
+great influence on his archdeaconry.
+
+The next bishop was =Walter de Langton= (1296-1321), Treasurer of
+England, and friend to King Edward I. He was chosen unanimously by both
+parties. At first his political duties claimed him, and brought him into
+collision with the Prince of Wales, who, as soon as he had ascended the
+throne as Edward II., threw him into prison. There he does not seem to
+have remained long, and when Piers Gaveston, the king's favourite, was
+beheaded in 1312, he was restored to his former treasurership. Langton
+is principally remembered in connection with the see as having founded
+the Lady Chapel and built the Bishop's Palace, for so long a splendid
+monument to his memory in the north-east corner of the close. He rebuilt
+also Eccleshall and Haywood Manor houses, and walled the close for
+"the honour of God, the dignity of the cathedral, and the bodies of the
+saints there reposing, and also for security and quiet of the canons."
+This last a mistaken work, as we who live after the event are well able to
+judge. He also bridged the cathedral pool, and made a magnificent shrine
+for St. Chad's bones. Langton died in 1321 in London, and was carried to
+Lichfield, where he was buried with much ceremony. His bones were removed
+into the Lady Chapel when it was finished during the rule of the next
+bishop, and a sumptuous monument placed over them. The mutilated remains
+of this monument can be seen in the south choir aisle to this day.
+
+His successor, =Roger de Norbury= or Northbury (1322-1359), was appointed
+by the Pope, as the two chapters had not agreed once more. His was a
+long rule, nearly forty years, and filled with good for the see. The
+registers of both Langton and Norbury are both still in existence among
+the muniments of the cathedral, and from them we know much of the life
+of a bishop of this time. Every kind of evil seems to have come under
+the notice of the bishop--whose power of inducing those who had done
+wrong to repent and do right was the direct outcome of the terrible
+threat of excommunication which he was able to wield. Lichfield had
+constantly during the later reigns been the scene of royal festivities,
+and after the battle of Crecy Edward III. held his Court here, and there
+were tournaments and banquets at which the flower of English chivalry
+assisted. It is said by some that here occurred the famous incident
+of the garter which led to the institution of the order of that name.
+At any rate, Uttoxeter was appropriated to the chapel of the garter.
+
+About this time, too, the cathedral must have been finished; now, too,
+was the terrible visitation of the black death, that most deadly of all
+plagues, which is said to have cut off one half of the whole population
+of the realm. Whether the fear of it, or the occasion of the completion of
+the cathedral, caused the chapter to set their house in order, certain it
+is that we have, in the discovery of the sacrist's roll of 1346, a kind
+of inventory of the valuables of the cathedral at this time; these are
+set out in the part devoted to the cathedral. Thomas of Chesterfield,
+the early historian of the diocese, whose work is printed in Wharton's
+_Anglia Sacra_, and on whom all later writers on the subject have had
+largely to rely, lived at this time, and brought down his "chronicle"
+to 1348, one of the years of the black death.
+
+=Roger de Stretton= (1360-1386), an absolutely uneducated man,
+succeeded Langton; then came =Walter Skirlaw= (1386) and =Richard
+Scrope= (1386-1396), but the former, between his consecration and his
+enthronement, was translated to Bath and Wells, from whence he went
+to Durham, and the latter, though distinguished in English history,
+is more noted as Archbishop of York. Next came Bishop =John Burghill=
+(1398-1414), a barefooted Black Friar, who gained a reputation for
+asceticism, and left his worldly goods to the church. Richard II. was
+present at the enthronement of these two last bishops. They were followed
+by =John Catterick= (1415-1419).
+
+In 1419, =William Heyworth= (1419-1447), the abbot of St. Albans,
+became bishop. An important question was settled in his time--viz. the
+bishop's position in the cathedral. At his suggestion, it was arranged
+that he should give notice to the dean when he intended a visitation:
+the chapter should be summoned, and they should conduct him to the high
+altar and there leave him to stand or kneel alone in prayer. Afterwards
+they were to conduct him to the chapter-house, where he might inquire
+into the title and conduct of the canons; the other cathedral clergy
+were to be entirely subject to the dean and chapter. His rule saw also the
+beginnings of the collegiate church of Manchester, which so long after was
+to become the cathedral of the new diocese to be carved out of our see.
+
+It is unnecessary to more than mention the names of bishops who succeeded
+about this time: they are--=William Booth= (1447-1450), =Nicholas Cloose=
+(1452), =Reginald Bolars= (1453-1459). =John Halse= (1459-1492) was called
+on to give shelter to Queen Margaret after the battle of Bloreheath.
+
+At the end of the fifteenth century there is another political
+bishop. This was =William Smyth= (1492-1496). He, like several of
+his successors, was President of Wales, and he was also the founder
+of Brasenose College, Oxford. Next comes =John Arundel= (1496-1503),
+and then comes =Geoffry Blythe=, whose rule, commencing in 1503, lasts
+until 1531, the year when Henry required the clergy to acknowledge him
+as supreme head of the Church. This period of the dark days before the
+Reformation must have been one of great difficulty for the bishops,
+but Blythe seems to have been very popular at Lichfield; he made
+several attempts to stamp out Lollardism, and has earned for himself
+an unenviable niche in the house of fame by his inclusion in Fox's
+"Book of Martyrs" for his holding of the "Court of Heresy." One martyr
+(a woman) was burned at Coventry, and others were tried and acquitted
+or condemned to less horrible punishments. On the whole, Blythe seems to
+have been as gentle as the times would allow him to be. He died in 1531,
+and escaped the storm which was now to burst. When it had cleared away,
+many of the old religious landmarks had disappeared; Lichfield Cathedral
+had lost her sister minster, and had been shorn of much that it valued
+and was beautiful.
+
+After an interval, =Rowland Lee= (1534-1543) was appointed. He had
+been chaplain to the king, and it was he who officiated at the private
+marriage of Henry and Anne Boleyn; he was rewarded with the bishopric
+of Lichfield and Coventry, and was made President of Wales, in which
+latter appointment he was said to have ruled so wisely that we owe
+to him the kindly feelings which have ever since existed between the
+two countries. This work must have kept him much away from the diocese,
+and it was superintended by two suffragans; but we have it on record
+that he did his best to save something for the diocese from the wreck of
+the Reformation; how little he was able to do we shall now see. He also
+issued to the clergy a set of injunctions, in which the new teaching and
+ideas are set forth, "that the King's Majesty is only Supreme Head under
+Chryst in Erthe of this his Churche of England"; that every parish priest
+shall provide for his church a "Boke of the hole Byble both in Latin and
+alsoe in Englishe, and lay the same in the Quiere for every man that will
+loke and read therein"; and other injunctions on prayers and preaching
+and behaviour, which are not, like the first two, new and startling,
+but are reminiscences of the ordinances and manners of the past.
+
+Bishop Lee, who had failed in his efforts to save the cathedral church
+of Coventry, also exerted himself on behalf of the shrine of St. Chad,
+and succeeded so well that, though the shrine was rifled of its jewels
+and precious metals, they were granted to the uses of the cathedral,
+instead of finding their way into the coffers of the king. The ashes
+of the saint were stolen by one of the prebendaries. Soon after,
+the collegiate churches were confiscated, and the diocese, like
+other dioceses, found itself stripped of all its finest churches. The
+royal chapels of Stafford, Shrewsbury, Chester, Bridgenorth, Derby, and
+Penkridge all went; and throughout the country, for want of the endowments
+which had been confiscated, churches and chapels were falling into ruin.
+
+Henry seems to have had ideas of using some of the money thus obtained
+for ecclesiastical purposes, but his own needs did not permit him to do
+much. The bishopric of Shrewsbury, which he had planned, came to nothing,
+though a suffragan with that title was appointed; but at Chester the
+abbey of St. Werburgh became a cathedral church when, in 1541, the see
+of Chester was founded, and Cheshire and Lancashire were taken from
+Lichfield to form the new diocese.
+
+=Richard Sampson= (1543-1553), dean of the cathedral, succeeded Lee
+as bishop, and died early in Mary's reign. His successor, =Ralph Bane=
+(1554-1558), lighted the fires in the diocese, and many perished at his
+hands. He was a bishop after Mary's heart, and sat with Tonstall and
+Bonner in the inquisitions which disgraced the reign. He resigned on
+the advent of Elizabeth. And then another kind of persecution commenced;
+this time it was the Papists who suffered, and many were done to death
+in the diocese.
+
+Following Bane came =Thomas Bentham= (1560-1579), and =William Overton=
+(1580-1609); then =George Abbott= was bishop in 1609, and in one year
+was promoted to Canterbury, where he preceded Laud, whose life-long
+opponent he was. Then came =Richard Neill= (1610-1614), who was dean
+of Westminster as well, and earned an ignoble reputation by burning a
+Papist named Wightman, at Lichfield. He was consecrated to Rochester
+in 1608, and translated successively to Lichfield, 1610; Lincoln,
+1614; Durham, 1617; Winchester, 1628; and York, 1632. =John Overall=
+(1614-1618) wrote that part of the "Church Catechism" which explains the
+sacraments; he afterwards went to Norwich. =Thomas Morton= (1619-1632)
+came from Chester; he was one of the most learned bishops of the time,
+and a noted advocate of the Church of England principles.
+
+=Robert Wright= (1632-1644) was a supporter of Laud; under him the
+cathedral service became again something like that of the time of Bishop
+Patteshull. He was one of the twelve bishops who were impeached by the
+Long Parliament in 1641, and, though an old man, pleaded his cause at
+the bar of the House of Commons. He was still bishop when the Civil War
+broke out; and during the famous siege of Lichfield he was shut up in his
+castle at Eccleshall, where he died while it was being defended against
+the Parliamentarians. His successor, =Accepted Frewen=, president of
+Magdalen College, Oxford, was appointed by the king, and consecrated in
+the chapel of his college; but, having neither cathedral, revenues, nor
+power, he retired into Kent, until in 1660 he became Archbishop of York.
+
+=John Hacket= (1661-1671) was appointed to the see by Charles II., and
+decided that its title should be altered from "Coventry and Lichfield"
+to "Lichfield and Coventry"; partly, no doubt, because the cathedral was
+here, and partly because in the late troubles Lichfield had been loyal
+to the Crown, and Coventry had not. His great work was the restoration of
+the cathedral from its ruins, and the re-organisation of the diocese. He
+had had a distinguished record, and was one of the sub-committee in 1640
+appointed to try and settle the vexed questions in the Church, and as such
+he made an eloquent speech at the bar of the House of Commons. Later
+he continued the use of the liturgy in his church of St. Andrew,
+Holborn, after it had been forbidden, and when the officer and soldiers
+were sent to arrest him and ordered him to desist on pain of instant
+death, he answered: "Soldier, I am doing my duty, do you do yours," and
+continued the service. Surely a man pre-eminently fitted for the work of
+re-organisation he was to do at Lichfield; and the king got the credit
+from the clergy of having the old  "apostolic spirit of discerning,"
+so greatly was he to their minds. He must have been a wit too, for, when
+the bishopric was offered to him, he remarked that he would rather that in
+future times people should ask why Dr Hacket was not a bishop, than why
+he was. He is also said to have entreated the gentleman who had declared
+that hell was paved with bishops' skulls to tread lightly over his.
+
+Hacket's dean cannot have confirmed the clergy in their opinion of
+Charles, whose appointment to the post he had purchased; so bad was he
+that the bishop excommunicated him, and the sentence was even read in
+the cathedral while he was there, but he heeded it not. The chapter
+loathed him, but apparently the king's feelings were different, for
+at Hacket's death he was appointed to succeed him. So =Thomas Wood=
+(1671-1692) became bishop, and was the worst the see ever had: he lived
+much away from the diocese. Lancelot Addison, the father of the famous
+Joseph Addison, was dean in his time. William III., staying a night
+at the deanery, was attracted to the genial essayist early; and we may
+imagine that he must have been greatly influenced by that part of his
+life spent within the cathedral close.
+
+The next bishop was =William Lloyd= (1692-1699): he came from St. Asaph,
+and went to Worcester. While bishop of St. Asaph he was one of the seven
+bishops who were sent to the Tower in 1688. =John Hough= (1699-1717)
+came next; he also had crossed the path of James II., for he had been
+elected President of Magdalen over the head of James's nominee, but
+James had proved the stronger at the time, and he was ejected, only to
+be reinstated by the frightened king soon after. At the Revolution he
+was made bishop of Oxford, whence he was translated hither; he afterwards
+refused the primacy.
+
+The next two bishops--=Edward Chandler= (1717-1730) and =Richard
+Smallbroke= (1730-1749)--were distinguished defenders of Christianity
+against the infidelity of the time. Their controversial writings are
+numerous and well known.
+
+The next bishop, =Frederick Cornwallis= (1749-1768), afterwards became
+Archbishop of Canterbury. Then came =John Egerton= (1768-1771),
+from Bangor, and went to Durham; =Brownlow North= (1771-1774), who
+was translated to Worcester, and thence to Winchester; =Richard Hurd=
+(1774-1781), who also went to Worcester; =James Cornwallis= (1781-1824),
+and =Henry Ryder= (1824-1836), who came from Gloucester. He succeeded in
+founding many new churches and immensely increasing the membership of the
+Church in the diocese. His successor, =Samuel Butler= (1836-1843), went
+on with this work. It was in his time that the archdeaconry of Coventry
+was taken from the diocese and added to Worcester. The title of the see
+now becomes Lichfield only; Coventry, which at one time held the premier
+place in the title, and then the second, now slips out altogether.
+
+Ten years later the deanery of Bridgenorth was allotted to Hereford,
+and in the same year all peculiar and exempt jurisdiction was abolished,
+so that the archdeacons had power to visit every church in the diocese;
+the number of canons of Lichfield was reduced from six to four.
+
+In the meantime =James Bowstead= (1840-1843) and =John Lonsdale=
+(1843-1867) became bishops. The latter was one of the greatest bishops
+the diocese has had, and his work, like that of Ryder, lives in the
+increased power of the Church in the diocese. He was succeeded by another
+great bishop, =George Augustus Selwyn=, who, as bishop of New Zealand,
+had organised the Church in those islands.
+
+The next bishop, =William Dalrymple Maclagan= (1878-1891), is now
+Archbishop of York. It was during his rule, in 1884, that the new diocese
+of Southwell was formed and Derbyshire was taken from Lichfield.
+
+The present bishop is the Hon. =Augustus Legge=.
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT TO DR JOHNSON IN THE MARKET-PLACE.]
+
+
+DIMENSIONS OF THE CATHEDRAL
+
+
+                                     Feet
+     Length, total (interior)         370
+        "    of Nave                  140
+        "    of Transept              149
+     Width of Nave and Aisles          68
+     Height of Vault                   57
+
+     Area                          27,720 sq. feet
+
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral
+Church of Lichfield, by A. B. Clifton
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Lichfield
+       by A. B. Clifton</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+  body                 {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    p { text-indent:   1em;
+        margin-top:    .75em;
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+        margin-bottom: .75em; }
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+  hr                   {width: 50%;}
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+
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+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of
+Lichfield, by A. B. Clifton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Lichfield
+       A Description of Its Fabric and A Brief History of the Espicopal See
+
+Author: A. B. Clifton
+
+Release Date: August 12, 2011 [EBook #37049]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF LICHFIELD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Brad Norton, David Garcia and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagei" id="pagei"></a>[i]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image01.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-01-s.jpg" height="500"
+title="Lichfield Cathedral from the West."
+alt="LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL FROM THE WEST." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL FROM THE WEST.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageii" id="pageii"></a>[ii]</span></p>
+
+<h1>
+<small>
+THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF<br />
+</small>
+<big>
+LICHFIELD<br />
+</big>
+<small>
+ A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC<br />
+ AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE<br />
+ EPISCOPAL SEE
+</small>
+</h1>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+<small>
+BY<br />
+</small>
+A. B. CLIFTON
+</h2>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p class="center">
+<small>
+WITH FORTY ILLUSTRATIONS
+</small>
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a
+href="images/image02.png">
+<img src="images/i-02-s.png" width="147" height="165"
+title="Arms of the See"
+alt="Arms of the See" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p class="center">
+LONDON, GEORGE BELL &amp; SONS, 1900
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageiii" id="pageiii"></a>[iii]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p class="center">
+<small>
+<i>First published February 1898</i>
+<br />
+<i>Second Edition revised February 1900</i>
+</small>
+</p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p class="center">
+W. H. WHITE AND CO., LTD.
+<br />
+RIVERSIDE PRESS, EDINBURGH
+</p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageiv" id="pageiv"></a>[iv]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+GENERAL PREFACE
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors
+to the great English Cathedrals with accurate and well
+illustrated guide-books at a popular price. The aim of each
+writer has been to produce a work compiled with sufficient
+knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the student of
+Archaeology and History, and yet not too technical in language
+for the use of an ordinary visitor or tourist.
+</p>
+<p>
+To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in
+each case would be difficult and tedious in this place. But
+amongst the general sources of information which have been almost
+invariably found useful are:&mdash;(1) the great county
+histories, the value of which, especially in questions of
+genealogy and local records, is generally recognised; (2) the
+numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in the
+Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archaeological Societies; (3)
+the important documents made accessible in the series issued by
+the Master of the Rolls; (4) the well-known works of Britton and
+Willis on the English Cathedrals; and (5) the very excellent
+series of Handbooks to the Cathedrals originated by the late Mr
+John Murray; to which the reader may in most cases be referred
+for fuller detail, especially in reference to the histories of
+the respective sees.
+</p>
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">Gleeson White</span>,<br />
+<span class="sc">Edward E. F. Strange</span>,<br />
+<i>Editors of the Series</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagev" id="pagev"></a>[v]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+Concerning any old Cathedral the mass of information is very
+great, and the authorities to be consulted many; and perhaps the
+almost total absence&mdash;as in this case&mdash;of a documentary
+history of the building of the fabric, makes for a larger bulk of
+pamphlets and of communications to the antiquarian journals.
+Whether or no theory be wiser than fact, it is certainly more
+voluminous. Besides the books and papers mentioned in their
+place, I have especially to express my indebtedness to the work
+on Lichfield by the Rev. William Beresford, one of the "Diocesan
+Histories" Series, and to the "Handbook of Lichfield Cathedral"
+by the late John Hewitt, the well-known antiquarian. I have also
+to thank Mr R. R. Redmayne of Lichfield for much valuable
+information, as also Mr C. Harradine, the Principal Verger, whose
+interest in and knowledge of the Cathedral are well known in
+Lichfield; and the Photochrom Co. Ltd., Messrs S. B. Bolas &amp;
+Co., and Mr F. G. M. Beaumont, for the excellent photographs they
+have allowed me to reproduce.
+</p>
+<p class="right">
+<span class="sc">A. B. Clifton.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagevi" id="pagevi"></a>[vi]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+CONTENTS
+</h2>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr><td>                                                       </td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="sc">Chapter I.</span>&mdash;History of the Cathedral              </td><td align="right">   <a href="#page3">3</a> </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="sc">Chapter II.</span>&mdash;Description of the Exterior          </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page30">30</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Close                                            </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page33">33</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bishop's Palace                                      </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page34">34</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Spires                                               </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page35">35</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;West Front                                           </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page39">39</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;North Doorway                                        </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page48">48</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lady Chapel                                          </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page50">50</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;South Transept                                       </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page51">51</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bells                                                </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page52">52</a> </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="sc">Chapter III.</span>&mdash;Description of the Interior         </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page54">54</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nave                                                 </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page54">54</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pulpit, Lectern, etc.                                </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page64">64</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;North Aisle of Nave&mdash;Monuments and Glass        </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page64">64</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;South Aisle of Nave&mdash;Monuments and Glass        </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page67">67</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Transepts                                            </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page67">67</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Organ                                                </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page71">71</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Choir                                                </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page75">75</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Screen and Stalls                                    </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page84">84</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reredos                                              </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page87">87</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sedilia and Pavements                                </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page88">88</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Monuments and Glass in the Choir                     </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page91">91</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lady Chapel                                          </td><td align="right">  <a href="#page99">99</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sacristy and Chapel of St. Chad's Head               </td><td align="right"> <a href="#page106">106</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chapter-House                                        </td><td align="right"> <a href="#page110">110</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Library                                              </td><td align="right"> <a href="#page113">113</a> </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="sc">Chapter IV.</span>&mdash;History of the See                   </td><td align="right"> <a href="#page117">117</a> </td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="sc">Dimensions</span>                                             </td><td align="right"> <a href="#page136">136</a> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagevii" id="pagevii"></a>[vii]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+</h2>
+
+<table summary="List of Illustrations">
+<tr><td>                                           </td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Cathedral from the West                   </td><td align="right"><a href="#pagei"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Arms of the See                           </td><td align="right"><a href="#pageii"><i>Title page</i></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> South Prospect of the Cathedral (Old Print)     </td><td align="right"><a href="#page2">2</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Cathedral from Stowe Church (Old Print)         </td><td align="right"><a href="#page13">13</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ancient Gateway in the Close                    </td><td align="right"><a href="#page17">17</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> South Transept in 1813&mdash;Exterior           </td><td align="right"><a href="#page23">23</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Cathedral from the South                        </td><td align="right"><a href="#page31">31</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Cathedral from the Minster Pool                 </td><td align="right"><a href="#page37">37</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Great West Doorway in 1813                      </td><td align="right"><a href="#page42">42</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Great West Doorway                              </td><td align="right"><a href="#page43">43</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Southern Doorway in West Front                  </td><td align="right"><a href="#page46">46</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Bay of the Nave&mdash;Exterior                  </td><td align="right"><a href="#page48">48</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> North Entrance in 1813                          </td><td align="right"><a href="#page49">49</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Bay of the Choir&mdash;Exterior                 </td><td align="right"><a href="#page50">50</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Doorway of South Transept                       </td><td align="right"><a href="#page51">51</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Bay of the Nave&mdash;Interior                  </td><td align="right"><a href="#page55">55</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Bay of the Choir&mdash;Interior                 </td><td align="right"><a href="#page56">56</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Nave in 1813&mdash;Interior                     </td><td align="right"><a href="#page57">57</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Nave, looking East                              </td><td align="right"><a href="#page59">59</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Nave, looking West                              </td><td align="right"><a href="#page61">61</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> North Aisle of Nave, looking East               </td><td align="right"><a href="#page64">64</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Arcade with Semi-Effigy                         </td><td align="right"><a href="#page68">68</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Detail of Semi-Effigy                           </td><td align="right"><a href="#page69">69</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Choir in 1820&mdash;Interior                    </td><td align="right"><a href="#page77">77</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Choir, looking East                             </td><td align="right"><a href="#page79">79</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> South Choir Aisle                               </td><td align="right"><a href="#page80">80</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Choir, looking West                             </td><td align="right"><a href="#page81">81</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Under the Central Tower                         </td><td align="right"><a href="#page85">85</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Reredos                                         </td><td align="right"><a href="#page89">89</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> The Sleeping Children                           </td><td align="right"><a href="#page95">95</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Fresco in South Choir Aisle                     </td><td align="right"><a href="#page97">97</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Brackets in Lady Chapel                         </td><td align="right"><a href="#page99">99</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Lady Chapel                                     </td><td align="right"><a href="#page101">101</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Brackets in Lady Chapel                         </td><td align="right"><a href="#page104">104</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Capital in Chapter-House                        </td><td align="right"><a href="#page108">108</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Chapter-House                                   </td><td align="right"><a href="#page109">109</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Arcade in Chapter-House                         </td><td align="right"><a href="#page111">111</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> The Gospels of St. Chad                         </td><td align="right"><a href="#page115">115</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Monument to Dr Johnson                          </td><td align="right"><a href="#page136">136</a> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Plan of the Cathedral</span>   </td><td align="right"><a href="#page137">137</a> </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page1" id="page1"></a>[1]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page2" id="page2"></a>[2]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image03.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-03-s.jpg" width="500"
+title="The Cathedral at the end of the Seventeenth Century."
+alt="THE CATHEDRAL AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY." /></a>
+<!--The South Prospect of the Cathedral Church of St. Mary &amp; St. Chad at Lichfield-->
+<br />
+THE CATHEDRAL AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page3" id="page3"></a>[3]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+CHAPTER I
+</h2>
+<h3>
+THE HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The cathedral of Lichfield, as we now know it, was built at
+various times in the thirteenth century and the early part of the
+fourteenth; and but for some comparatively slight and obvious
+alterations, it is therefore entirely in the styles known as
+Early English and Decorated. Unhappily nearly all the early
+archives and documents belonging to the cathedral are lost,
+having been destroyed in the time of the Civil Wars by the
+soldiery who sacked the place after the siege of the close by the
+forces of the Parliament. The absence of all documentary evidence
+as to the dates of the various parts of the cathedral has been
+much regretted by antiquarians, since it would be hard to find a
+better example of the gradual change which English church
+architecture was undergoing during the very busy period when this
+cathedral must have been built. Here we have the rigid simplicity
+of the Early English style in the transepts, giving place in the
+nave to the luxury of the Early Decorated, with its geometrical
+tracery; while in the Lady Chapel and presbytery we find an
+example, in some respects unique, of the gorgeousness of the
+completely evolved Decorated style. To know exactly when each
+part was built would be to add to our knowledge of architectural
+chronology; but instead, we must employ what knowledge we already
+possess, and by a process the very converse of what we could wish
+to have been able to use, we can arrive at an approximate history
+of the structure of the cathedral.
+</p>
+<p>
+Not so long ago Oswy had the credit of having built the
+cathedral, and later it was set down to Roger de Clinton. Modern
+criticism as easily disposes of the claims of the latter
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page4" id="page4"></a>[4]</span>
+
+as of the former, and there can be no doubt that no part of the
+present cathedral is of earlier date than 1200 A.D.
+</p>
+<p>
+Much valuable information as to the cathedral, which Clinton
+may have had a part in building, was obtained in 1860, when, for
+the alterations which were then in progress, excavations were
+made in the choir. The result of his investigations Professor
+Willis published in an article in the <i>Archaeological
+Journal</i> for 1861, entitled "Memoir on the Foundations of
+Early Buildings recently discovered at Lichfield Cathedral," and
+the theory which he there set out as to the history of the
+cathedral has been generally accepted by antiquarians. Nothing
+can be more interesting than this article, but it is too full of
+detail for anything beyond the bare results of Professor Willis's
+reasoning to be given here: these are set out in their place.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of the early Saxon church which was erected on this site
+practically nothing is known, but it is supposed to have been
+built by Bishop Hedda at the close of the seventh century, and of
+stone taken from Roman ruins in the neighbourhood, though there
+is really no evidence to support this theory. The desire to find
+another instance of the waste material and sites once dedicated
+to a pagan religion being used by the victorious Christian church
+may have something to do with such a legend. Nothing except
+tradition is left of this church, to which it is said the bones
+of St. Chad were removed from Stowe. Probably in the four or five
+hundred years which elapsed before the Norman cathedral was
+built, several churches succeeded one another on or about the
+present site: whatever happened, we know nothing.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our real knowledge commences with the Norman cathedral. The
+excavations already spoken of laid bare small portions of its
+foundations, and from these Professor Willis decided that the
+Norman choir had a semi-circular apse, and extended from the
+central tower to about the middle of the fifth bay of the present
+choir; while the exterior line of its side walls nearly
+corresponded with the interior line of the present aisle. The
+Norman building probably possessed transepts, but these certainly
+had no aisles; the rest is conjecture, but from other Norman
+cathedrals and churches which are in existence we can fairly well
+imagine what it was like. The altar probably stood over the
+centre of the semi-circle of the apse, while the bishop's
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page5" id="page5"></a>[5]</span>
+
+throne was behind it, facing west, with the canons' stalls
+spreading out down the choir, and the choir stalls continuing
+them right down under the tower into the nave: or perhaps there
+were no seats for the choir in those days&mdash;we do not know;
+but there must have been a processional path round the altar. We
+can imagine, too, the massive masonry of the pillars with their
+heavy capitals and circular arches. To think of a Norman church
+is to think possibly of Peterborough; and Lichfield Cathedral, no
+doubt, was like that minster, but on a very much smaller
+scale.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is no record as to when the Norman church was built, but
+Robert de Lymesey, the bishop, is said in 1088 to have used a
+large quantity of silver, which he took from the church at
+Coventry, in extensive buildings in Lichfield; and Roger de
+Clinton is declared to have exalted the church as well in
+building as in honour, so he may have erected, or helped to
+erect, the Norman cathedral. Nothing whatever remains above
+ground of this building, which was probably taken down gradually
+while the cathedral which now stands in its place was being
+erected. Before this was done, however, there was added a
+rectangular chapel to the east of the Norman apsidal choir,
+which, with it, must have extended nearly to the end of the
+seventh bay of the present choir. Nothing is known of it beyond
+the fact that the foundations were discovered and examined by
+Professor Willis, who decided that it was probably built late in
+the twelfth century, and that its existence, if it was ever
+finished, must have been short.
+</p>
+<p>
+Very early in the thirteenth century the first part of the
+present building was begun by erecting a rectangular choir just
+outside the walls of the Norman choir, which must have been then
+removed. This new Early English choir (including the presbytery)
+extended from the central tower to the end of the seventh bay of
+the present choir. It will be found that the eastern portion of
+this was subsequently removed, but the western half still
+remains, and can readily be distinguished from the Decorated
+part. The high altar of this period must have stood just to the
+west of the space between the fifth piers, thus leaving the space
+between the fifth and sixth piers as a processional path between
+the two side aisles; while against the eastern wall were four
+altars, one at the end of each aisle and two between them. At the
+same time that
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page6" id="page6"></a>[6]</span>
+
+ this choir was built, was also built
+on the south side the sacristy, with the room adjoining it: these
+both remain.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next alteration took place about 1220, and was the
+erection of a new south transept in place of the Norman one,
+which, as has been said, almost certainly had no aisle; then
+followed in about twenty years the north transept and the
+chapter-house, with its vestibule, all these buildings being in
+the Early English style, though the difference in their times of
+erection is clearly marked in their details. Two royal licences
+to dig Hopwas stone for "the new fabric of the church at
+Lichfield" in 1235 and 1238 are evidence that work was going on
+about this time; and the desire of Henry III. (which is more
+fully set out in the description of the interior of the transept)
+to have a roof at Windsor like that of Lichfield gives an almost
+documental certainty to the architectural theory that the
+transepts were built at the time above stated.
+</p>
+<p>
+No historical document exists that can apply to the building
+of the nave; but that must have come next, and have been in
+progress almost before the north transept could have been
+finished. The west front was commenced somewhere about the
+beginning of the last quarter of the thirteenth century, and,
+including the two towers which form such an important part of it,
+must have taken a very long time to complete. From the thorough
+examination made when the recent restorations were in progress,
+it was decided that these towers were built in three distinct
+stages&mdash;the lowest, which just included the row of kings,
+being assigned to about 1280; the next stage to 1300; and the
+upper part, including the belfry windows, to about 1330, while
+the spires were not finished till some time after.
+</p>
+<p>
+Walter de Langton became bishop in 1296, and of him it is
+distinctly recorded that he commenced the Lady Chapel. From an
+old register in the Salt Library at Stafford, it appears that
+Langton left &pound;80, 13s. 3d. for the building of the
+chapel. He died in 1321. And, in 1323, there is another entry
+showing that the chapter came to some agreement with his executor
+by which each party should pay half the cost of finding a quarry
+for the stone; so that it does not appear that building
+operations had proceeded very far at his death. It is interesting
+to note, as the same source shows us, that the money left by the
+bishop was partly on loan to King Edward II. for the expenses of
+his wars with Scotland, which wars had ended so disastrously at
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" id="page7"></a>[7]</span>
+
+ Bannockburn. In the following reign, Edward III. was
+asked by the chapter to repay what was still owing of this
+money.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Lady Chapel was probably erected beyond the eastern end of
+the church as it then stood; and while this was being done, the
+Early English presbytery was taken down and rebuilt in the
+Decorated style to match the new Lady Chapel, and the old
+clerestory of the choir was also rebuilt in the same style. The
+main idea was to obtain uniformity; but as it apparently was not
+proposed to take down the sacristy on the south, nor the
+chapter-house on the north, it was not considered necessary to
+pull down the choir&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> the last three western
+bays&mdash;any lower than the triforium; for the lower parts
+would be hidden by these buildings from the outside, and inside
+various shifts were resorted to to obtain uniformity. The work
+almost certainly grew from east to west gradually, as the
+clerestory of the choir end is lighter than that of the eastern
+or presbytery end; so that no doubt the pulling down of the old
+choir clerestory was only done after the building of the eastern
+end made it seem better to alter the rest into uniformity. With
+regard to the inside effect, Professor Willis says: "The front
+half of their pier arches (those belonging to the three western
+bays), however was removed and mouldings given them corresponding
+to those of the new presbytery. Their piers also were slightly
+altered, although partially concealed by the choir stalls. By
+these arrangements the aspect of the whole interior of the choir
+and presbytery was made uniform." How far this theory is sound
+will be seen when the alterations early in the present century
+are considered in their place.
+</p>
+<p>
+Bishop Langton also erected the shrine of St. Chad at an
+expense of &pound;2000. This shrine stood behind the high
+altar in the most eastern bay of the retro-choir, and, as was
+usual, had on its western side an altar dedicated to the saint. A
+similar arrangement can still be seen in Westminster Abbey, where
+the shrine of Edward the Confessor stands behind the reredos. The
+space behind the reredos, with the corresponding bays of the
+aisles, were in the past called the lady choir. This portion was
+separated from the rest of the choir by the reredos in the
+centre, and by screens in a line with the reredos in the aisles;
+there was a chapel in the lady choir at the end of each aisle,
+but to whom they were dedicated is doubtful. Stukeley, writing in
+1715, says: "In St. Peter's Chapel, which is now a
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page8" id="page8"></a>[8]</span>
+
+place to lay scaffolding and ladders, etc., was painted upon the
+wall St. Peter crucified with his head downwards, and two other
+apostles, etc. And in this place is the noted St. Chad's tomb,
+though defaced, removed from the lady choir to be put here since
+the Restoration." The same writer also tells us that: "Over
+across the middle of the said choir was a rood loft, finely
+carved and gilded, and St. Chad's shrine, but destroyed in time
+of war."
+</p>
+<p>
+Professor Willis has pointed out the singular parallelism
+between the development of this cathedral and that of York. "The
+Norman Cathedral of York was built in 1080, and that of Lichfield
+at an uncertain date. Between 1154-1181, Archbishop Roger
+substituted for the original chancel at York a long, square-ended
+choir, with the aisle carried behind the end. At Lichfield,
+during the same period, the large chapel was built at the end of
+the Norman apse; and about the beginning of the thirteenth
+century the whole Norman eastern termination was, as at York,
+replaced by a long, square-ended choir with the low aisles
+behind. Next, at York the Norman transepts were rebuilt in Early
+English: the south transept, 1230-1241; followed by the north
+transept, 1241-1260. Also at Lichfield the Norman transepts were
+rebuilt in Early English, beginning with the south and ending
+with the north. The Early English work of this cathedral is shown
+by the licences to dig stone to have been in progress in 1235 and
+1238. York nave and Lichfield were next rebuilt in Early
+Decorated&mdash;the first in 1291-1324. Lastly, at Lichfield, the
+elongation of the eastern part was begun at the extreme east,
+beyond the existing choir by the Lady Chapel, in late Decorated
+under Bishop Langton, 1296-1321, and followed by taking down the
+choir, and continuing the same work on its site westward. The
+works at York followed in the same order, but forty or fifty
+years later, by first erecting the presbytery outside the
+existing choir, and then taking down the latter and continuing
+the work of the presbytery to form the new choir. The plans of
+the two cathedrals rival each other in the simplicity of their
+proportions."
+</p>
+<p>
+One other important thing which Bishop Langton did was to
+fortify, or at any rate to add greatly to the fortifications of
+the cathedral. He surrounded the close with a high stone wall and
+constructed "two beautiful gates" on the west and south
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page9" id="page9"></a>[9]</span>
+
+sides of the close. Truly, had he been able to see the result of
+his fortification, he might have said with the Preacher: "All is
+vanity and vexation of spirit"; for if there was one thing which
+brought down on the cathedral the extremities of hatred and
+violence in the Civil Wars, it was that it proved able to be held
+as a fortress against those who came up against it.
+</p>
+<p>
+Bishop Langton built also the palace, which for so long, with
+its towers and turrets, stood in the north-east corner of the
+close. It must have been a magnificent building, and we know that
+its hall was decorated with frescoes of scenes in the recent
+wars. It was destroyed after the siege of the close in 1643, and
+Fuller, writing about that time, speaks of it as the "invisible
+castle now vanished out of sight."
+</p>
+<p>
+Roger de Norburg completed the Lady Chapel and the new
+presbytery, and was succeeded by Robert de Stretton, who (as we
+discover from a document dated 1390, four years after his death)
+completed St. Chad's shrine; for that is the only meaning which
+can be given to the wording of the bond, that the vicar's choral
+should offer prayers for, amongst others, "Robert Stretton,
+bishop, for making St. Chadd's shrine, and for giving them
+&pound;24 to continue amongst them."
+</p>
+<p>
+There has recently been discovered among the muniments of the
+chapter, an indenture dated in 1345 or 1346, and made between the
+sacrist on the one hand, and the dean and chapter on the other,
+for the safe custody of the goods in the sacristy. The "goods"
+are too numerous for a list of them to be given, but they include
+"the head of Blessed Chad, in a certain painted wooden case; also
+an arm of Blessed Chad; also bones of the said saint in a certain
+portable shrine." Then follows a list of the bones and relics of
+a large number of saints, including part of the sepulchre of Our
+Lord, and part of St. Peter's cross. There were also crosses,
+gold, and silver, and jewelled&mdash;a large number of many
+kinds, all set out separately&mdash;mitres, jewels, chalices,
+copes, and every kind of vestment of the most gorgeous
+description. Bishops and kings and queens had apparently showered
+their wealth and valuables upon the cathedral; and with the
+subscriptions of the diocese, known as Chad's Pennies, and the
+offerings of pilgrims, the riches of the cathedral seem to have
+been enormous. These "goods," in many cases with their donors'
+names, are all set out in the roll, which, it is interesting to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page10" id="page10"></a>[10]</span>
+
+ notice, is dated in the year of the Black Death;
+possibly the enormous mortality of the time may have made it seem
+necessary that the mere memory of man should not be depended upon
+when so few seemed likely to survive. To read the list is to get
+some notion of the magnificence of the services; and it is no
+wonder that pilgrims came from all parts of the diocese, and of
+England, to worship where so many relics were collected. The
+mid-Sunday in Lent was originally the time, afterwards
+Whitsuntide, for the crowds to attend the cathedral. They were
+shown the head of St. Chad, probably from the little gallery in
+the south aisle of the choir, and then they laid their offerings
+at the great shrine, on which were lying the other relics of the
+saint.
+</p>
+<p>
+No doubt the early part of the fifteenth century was the
+period when the cathedral was most glorious within and without.
+Fuller, in his "Church History," published in 1655, from which
+quotation has already been made, after giving an account of the
+building of the cathedral, says: "But now in the time of the
+aforesaid William Heyworth, the Cathedral of Litchfield was in
+the verticall height thereof, being (though not augmented in the
+essentials) beautified in the ornamentals thereof. Indeed, the
+West front thereof is a stately Fabrick, adorned with exquisite
+imagerie, which I suspect our age is so far from being able to
+imitate the workmanship that it understandeth not the Historie
+thereof. Surely what Charles the Fifth is said to have said of
+the citie of Florence, that it is a pittie it should be seen save
+only on Holy-dayes; as also that it was fit that so fair a Citie
+should have a Case and Cover for it to keep it from wind and
+weather, so in some sort, this Fabrick may seem to deserve a
+shelter to secure it. But alas! it is now in a pittiful
+case&mdash;indeed, almost beaten down to the ground in our civil
+dissensions. Now, lest the Church should follow the
+Castle&mdash;I mean quite vanish out of view&mdash;I have, at the
+cost of my worthy friend here exemplified the Portraiture
+thereof; and am glad to hear it to be the design of ingenious
+persons to preserve ancient churches in the like nature (whereof
+many are done in this, and more expected in the next part of
+Monasticon), seeing when their substance is gone, their verie
+shadows will be acceptable to posteritie."
+</p>
+<p>
+In the fifteenth century a library was built outside the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page11" id="page11"></a>[11]</span>
+
+door of the north transept, but a little to the west; it was
+quite separate from the cathedral. This was one of the gifts of
+Dean Heywood (1457-1493). It is recorded that he gave &pound;40
+towards the building of it, but died before it was completed, and
+this was done by his successor, Dean Yotton, who also contributed
+to its erection. According to the statement in "<i>Anglia
+Sacra</i>" it was finished in the year 1500. It is marked in the
+plan of Browne Willis, 1727, and was taken down about 1750.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some time in this century saw a change in the tracery of many
+of the windows. It may be that the introduction of printing was
+responsible for this change, and that the greater amount of light
+admitted by the windows of the Perpendicular style made their
+insertion advisable; or it may be that the tracery of windows
+being naturally fragile, in many cases a renewal became
+necessary, and the new Gothic style was naturally considered the
+best. Whatever the reason, the new Perpendicular tracery was
+inserted in many of the windows just as it was in a large number
+of cathedrals and churches all over England.
+</p>
+<p>
+In reading the history of the building of this fabric, we
+cannot help noticing that even the great Gothic builders could
+not leave well alone. Then, as now, Fashion was the ruling power.
+Having a Norman church, they altered it into an Early English
+one; then they pulled down a good deal of this to get a more
+Decorated building; and finally they changed the windows in order
+to give the whole a Perpendicular appearance: side by side with
+other reasons that actuated them, they did their best to keep
+their cathedral in the fashion.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the sixteenth century, Henry VIII., the great destroyer of
+religious houses, made but little difference to the fabric of
+this cathedral, but he laid his hands on the valuables. The
+shrine of St. Chad was denuded of its jewels, and everything
+which could be turned into money was taken away, much of it was
+fortunately returned for the "necessary uses" of the cathedral,
+but the services and ritual must have been much impaired and
+their beauty diminished. During that century, however, the
+cathedral gradually recovered, and we know that early in the next
+the services were again very much on the same scale of
+magnificence as they had been
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" id="page12"></a>[12]</span>
+
+ when the good
+bishops Patteshull and Weseham directed the diocese.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next event in the history of the building is one which is
+necessarily referred to many times in this book. The siege of
+Lichfield Cathedral is probably the most famous incident in its
+long career; not only on account of the immense injury done to
+the fabric itself, to its monuments and its decorations, but also
+on account of the "miraculous intervention" on behalf of the holy
+building, an intervention which, viewed with nineteenth-century
+scepticism, does not appear to have done the cathedral any
+obvious good, but which at the time appears to have been treated
+with all the deference due to a genuine miracle.
+</p>
+<p>
+The great Civil War began on August 22, 1642, when Charles I.
+set up his standard at Nottingham. At Lichfield, as everywhere
+else in England, there were partisans of both sides. The
+cathedral group was naturally for the king, while others, for one
+reason or another, joined either the Royal Party or the
+Parliamentarian. After Edgehill, which was fought in the autumn,
+matters became more and more serious in the Midlands; and
+finally, in February 1643, the Royalists at Lichfield, hearing
+that at any moment an outbreak might take place, garrisoned the
+close, which ever since the days of Walter de Langton had been
+strongly fortified. They hoisted the king's flag on the great
+steeple, and waited the result. They had not long to wait. With
+March Lord Brooke, one of the fiercest of anti-churchmen, arrived
+in command of a strong body of Roundheads, and on the 2nd the
+siege commenced.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" id="page13"></a>[13]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image04.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-04-s.jpg" width="500"
+title="The Cathedral from Stowe Church."
+alt="THE CATHEDRAL FROM STOWE CHURCH." /></a>
+<br />
+THE CATHEDRAL FROM STOWE CHURCH.
+<br />
+<div class="right"><small>[From Shaw's History and Antiquities of Staffordshire, 1798.</small></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>[14]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+Lord Brooke was a fanatic, and ever fierce against cathedrals:
+he had, according to the diary of Archbishop Laud, two years
+before, as he was passing in a boat upon the Thames, said he
+hoped to see St. Paul's with not one stone left upon another. It
+was in this spirit that he set about the siege of the cathedral,
+and of his fate there are many accounts. Perhaps the following,
+taken from Dugdale's "View of the Late Troubles in England," is
+as good as any:&mdash;"This lord (Lord Brooke) being strangely
+tainted with fanatic principles, by the influence of one of his
+near relations, and some schismatical preachers (though in his
+own nature a very civil and well-humoured man), became thereby so
+great a zealot
+<!--above lines moved down from page 12-->
+ against the established discipline of the Church, that
+no less than the utter extirpation of Episcopacy, and abolishing
+all decent order in the service of God, would satisfy him; to
+which end he became leader of all the power he could raise for
+the destruction of the cathedral of that diocese of Coventry and
+Litchfield. In order whereunto, when he had marched within half a
+mile of Litchfield, he drew up his army, and then devoutly prayed
+a blessing upon his intended works; withal earnestly desiring
+that God would, by some special token, manifest upon them His
+approbation of that their design: which being done, he went on
+and planted his great guns against the south-east gate of the
+close, himself standing in a window of a little house near
+thereto, to direct the gunners in their supposed battery; but it
+so happened that, there being two persons placed in the
+battlement of the chiefest steeple to make shot with long fouling
+guns at the cannoniers, upon a sudden accident, which caused the
+soldiers to give a shout, this lord, coming to the door
+(completely harnessed with plate armour <i>cap-&agrave;-pie</i>)
+was suddenly shot into one of his eyes; but the strength of the
+bullet, so much abated by the glance thereof on a piece of timber
+which supported a pentiss over the door, that it only lodged in
+his brains, whereupon he suddenly fell down dead; nor is it less
+notable that this accident fell out on the second day of March,
+which is the festival of that sometime famous Bishop S. Chad, to
+whose memory Offa, King of the Mercians, first erected this
+stately church and devoutly dedicated it."
+</p>
+<p>
+Tradition has always asserted that the shot which killed Lord
+Brooke was fired by one of the sons of Sir Richard Dyott, who,
+with the Earl of Chesterfield, was commanding the cathedral
+garrison. This son was deaf and dumb, and was known as "Dumb
+Dyott." The gun is preserved in the family, and they are
+supported by other historians, disagreeing with Dugdale, in their
+account that the shot was no accidental one, but that Dyott, who
+was an accomplished marksman, recognising Lord Brooke, aimed at
+him and killed him.
+</p>
+<p>
+In those days&mdash;and indeed even to the present
+day&mdash;it was believed that one who was afflicted with
+dumbness, idiocy, or any natural disease which showed God's hand,
+was especially His agent. Dumb Dyott was looked upon as being the
+agent of divine vengeance, and the fact of its being St. Chad's
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page15" id="page15"></a>[15]</span>
+
+ Day strengthened the belief. Here is an extract from a
+very courtly letter written a few days afterwards by a young
+cavalier to Lady Dyer; in it the feeling that a miracle had been
+performed is clearly shown. The writer says: "We have had the
+honour in these parts to bring my Lord Brooke to a quiet
+condition. That enemy of our Church (March 2) was slain in his
+quarrel against our Church, by the God of our Church, with a shot
+out of the Cathedral, by a bullet made of Church lead, through
+the mouth which reviled our Church; and (if this be worth your
+reading) this Cathedral was dedicated to the memory of an old
+Saxon holy man (called Ceadda, commonly Chad); the blow of death
+came from St. Chad's Church upon St. Chad's Day. This, being a
+verity, is fit for a lady of rare worth." The incident is
+constantly referred to in contemporary literature, where the
+miracles claimed on behalf of the Royalist party are worthy of a
+better result. One more quotation will suffice. The celebrated
+preacher, Dr South, in his sermon on the text, "God hath loved
+the gates of Sion more than all the dwellings of Jacob," says:
+"Nor is that instance to be passed over of a commander in the
+Parliamentary army, who, coming to rifle and deface the cathedral
+at Lichfield, solemnly, at the head of his troops, begged God to
+show some remarkable token of His approbation or dislike of the
+work they were going about. Immediately after which, he was shot
+in the forehead by a deaf and dumb man; and this was on St.
+Chad's Day, the name of which saint that church bare, being
+dedicated to God in memory of the same: where we see that as he
+asked of God a sign, so God gave him one in the forehead, and
+that with such a mark as he is like to be known by all
+posterity."
+</p>
+<p>
+The house in which Lord Brooke was killed is in Dam Street, at
+a distance, it is said, of about 185 yards from the central spire
+of the cathedral; the late Mr Green caused the following
+inscription to be put up over the doorway:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+"<i>March 2, 1643.</i>&mdash;Lord Brooke, a general of the
+Parliament forces preparing to besiege the Close of Lichfield,
+then garrisoned for King Charles the First, received his death
+wound on the spot beneath this inscription by a shot in the
+forehead from Mr Dyott, a gentleman who had placed himself on the
+battlements of the great steeple to annoy the besiegers."
+</p>
+<p>
+The death of Lord Brooke was kept a secret as much as
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>[16]</span>
+
+possible, for fear the soldiers should indeed take it for a sign;
+Sir John Gell was appointed in his place, and the siege
+continued. Under his direction "all such townsmen that had any
+sons, apprentises, or other servants within the close, and
+likewise all citizens' wives that had their husbands there,
+whether magistrates or other persons whatsoever," were collected
+together and put in the front of the soldiers against the close,
+but after a while, it not appearing to make much difference, they
+were all sent home again. The close meanwhile had been bombarded
+with cannon, and finally there arrived from Coventry a new
+engine, called a mortar, which cast burning shells. Most of these
+fell into the mill pool or went over the close altogether; but it
+is said to have caused so much fright, no one there having seen
+such an engine before, that the Earl of Chesterfield, knowing
+also that his provisions could not last another day, and that
+there was little likelihood of their being reinforced, decided to
+yield the close on the best terms he could. These included free
+quarter to all, and on the 5th March, after a siege of three
+days, the close was yielded.
+</p>
+<p>
+The damage that had been done was terrible; not only was the
+whole fabric much injured, and all the stained glass destroyed,
+but the great steeple had been blown down and had in its fall
+broken in the roof of the church in several places. But even now
+the work of desecration was not complete. The close having been
+taken, the Parliamentary forces and their prisoners were all
+housed in and round the cathedral, and the most sacrilegious
+conduct is attributed to the former. The wanton soldiers pulled
+down the curious carved work, and battered in pieces what was
+left of the beautiful old stained glass; they stripped the
+gravestones of their brasses, and destroyed the ancient records
+which were stored in the cathedral. These acts of destruction
+were no doubt due to the religious mania of the Roundheads
+against any form of ceremony or beauty in the House or Service of
+God; but their passion became keener when they found what rich
+spoils were ready to their hands. It happened during their
+riotous proceedings that one of the soldiers raised the covering
+of the tomb containing the remains of Bishop Scrope, and found in
+it a silver chalice and a crozier of considerable value. This
+discovery naturally excited the soldiers, and every
+<!--following lines moved up from page 18-->
+tomb was at once taken to pieces and its contents scattered;
+it is not wonderful therefore that the tombs that remain to the
+present day are few in number and these terribly mutilated. The
+crozier was afterwards sold to Elias Ashmole, the antiquarian,
+who took so great an interest in Lichfield. Nor was the sacrilege
+confined to destruction and spoliation. Dugdale tells us that
+"every day they hunted a cat with hounds through the church,
+delighting themselves with the echo from the goodly vaulted roof;
+and to add to their wickedness, brought a calf into it, wrapt in
+linen; carried it to the font, sprinkled it with water; and gave
+it a name in scorn and derision of that holy sacrament of
+baptism."
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>[17]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image05.png">
+<img src="images/i-05-s.png" height="500"
+title="Ancient Gateway Formerly in the Close."
+alt="ANCIENT GATEWAY FORMERLY IN THE CLOSE." /></a>
+<br />
+ANCIENT GATEWAY FORMERLY IN THE CLOSE.
+<br />
+<div class="right"><small>[From a Print dated 1773.</small></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" id="page18"></a>[18]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+Not for long, however, did the Roundheads remain in
+possession. Prince Rupert was sent from Oxford, the headquarters
+of the Royalist party at the time, to retake Lichfield. Having
+taken Bromicham on the way, he arrived at Lichfield with a strong
+force, and history repeated itself. The town offered no
+opposition, and Rupert had to lay siege to the close, which now
+was better garrisoned. The Royalists erected batteries on the
+north side, and kept up a heavy fire; they also attempted to
+undermine the walls, and finally succeeded in blowing up one of
+the towers of the close, and a fierce encounter took place, in
+which many men were slaughtered on both sides. At length, after
+ten days' siege, the close was surrendered to the king by the
+governor, who probably got better terms than he expected, as
+Rupert was required at Reading. The articles of capitulation are
+referred to by Clarendon as being most honourable, and are as
+follow:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+"It is consented by Colonel Hastings, by the authority given
+him by his highness Prince Rupert, that, in consideration of the
+delivery and yielding up of the Close of Lichfield,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Russel, and all the Captains and Officers with
+him, shall march out of the said Close, to-morrow being the one
+and twentieth day of this instant April, by ten o'clock in the
+morning, with fourscore men and musquetts, with flying colours,
+and fourscore horsemen, with arms belonging to them, and all
+other persons within the said Close to be at liberty to goe
+whither they please; and for their better and safe conveyance, a
+free pass or convoy from his highnesse, and eleven carts to
+convey away such goods as belong to any of the officers or
+soldiers, with themselves, to the City of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>[19]</span>
+
+Coventry; and that all prisoners shall be released on both sides,
+which have been taken in the City of Stafford since the coming
+down of the Right Honourable Lord Brooke. In witness whereof, we
+have hereunto put our hand and seal, this twentieth day of April
+A.D. 1643. <span class="sc">H. Hastings</span>."
+</p>
+<p>
+Russel did not leave empty-handed, as he is said to have taken
+away the communion plate and linen, and whatever else was of
+value. He was succeeded in command of the close by Colonel Bagot,
+who held it until 1646, when in the general ruin of the king's
+affairs the close was again taken.
+</p>
+<p>
+In "<i>Mercurius Aulicus</i>" there is an interesting anecdote
+which shows the state of feeling between the two parties. A
+certain Captain Hunt, who had a command in the neighbouring town
+of Tamworth, sent Colonel Bagot the following
+challenge:&mdash;"Bagot, thou sonne of an Egyptian ... meete mee
+half the way to-morrow morning, the half-way betwixt Tamworth and
+Litchfeald, if thou darest; if not, I will whippe whensoever I
+meete thee. Tamworth, this December 1644.&mdash;<span class="sc">Thomas Hunt</span>."
+Colonel Bagot did not neglect the challenge, and though he did
+not succeed in taking him prisoner, he "whipped" him home to
+Tamworth.
+</p>
+<p>
+During the time Colonel Bagot was governor the post can have
+been no sinecure, for although there was no regular siege to be
+compared to the two just described, yet, lying as it did with so
+many Parliamentary strongholds in the immediate neighbourhood,
+this period cannot have been one of peace; and Dr Harwood, in his
+"History of Lichfield," goes so far as to say that the close was
+frequently in a state of seige at this period. The battle of
+Naseby was fought on the 14th June 1645, with disastrous effect
+to the king. Colonel Bagot was present with 200 men, and no doubt
+escorted the king back to Lichfield, for he lay there for at
+least one night, and received an address from his faithful
+citizens, which, from its wording, shows that there was little
+hope left in his side. The king came again later in the year, and
+about March in the following year, 1646, the last siege
+commenced. It was a desultory affair compared to the first two,
+and only ended when the Royalists, in July, finding that the king
+had practically no real army in the field anywhere, surrendered
+again on terms which were most honourable to both sides.
+</p>
+<p>
+The damage done to the cathedral in these times was estimated
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page20" id="page20"></a>[20]</span>
+
+ at &pound;14,000, which was for those days a
+very large amount. Some of the losses are thus
+particularised:
+</p>
+
+<table summary="damage losses">
+<tr><td>For a pair of organs broke in pieces             </td><td align="right">&pound;200 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>The destruction of the vicars' seats                           </td><td align="right">600 </td></tr>
+<tr><td>The defacing of Lord Paget's tomb, which was executed in Italy </td><td align="right">700 </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+But enough has been said to show that the cathedral was in a
+most ruinous state, and so it remained until a twelvemonth after
+the Restoration. From a manuscript in the Ashmolean Collection at
+Oxford, it appears that Elias Ashmole had an interview with the
+king in June 1660 as to the condition of the cathedral. The
+memorandum reads: "16 June 1660. This morning Mr Rawlins of
+Lichfield tould me that the Clearke Viccars of the Cathedrall
+Church had entered the Chapter-house and there said service; and
+this when the Vestry was the only place in the Church yt had a
+roof to shelter them. This very afternoon, I, having an
+opportunity to waite on the Kg, and being in his Closet, tould
+him that the aforesaid remaining number of poore Clearks Vicarrs
+had assembled in the aforesaid place, and there kept their
+Canonicall houres and prayd for his Maty, which he was pleased to
+heare. Upon further discourse, I acquainted him with the
+desolacion of the place, which he much lamented, and said he had
+been informed that Winchestre Cathedrall had exceedingly suffred
+in these late tymes, and that they had turnd it into Brewhouses,
+Malt-houses, etc." And again, on "July 18, 1660, Mr Dugdale moved
+Dr Sheldon to become an instrument for the repair of Lichfield
+Cathedral; and proposed that the prebends, etc., that were
+admitted should part with one-half of their profits towards the
+repair of the fabrick, which would be no great burden to them;
+and by this example the gentry would be invited to join with them
+in some considerable contribution. <i>N.B.</i>&mdash;I find this
+method succeeded accordingly."
+</p>
+<p>
+The see was vacant for nearly a year after the Restoration, as
+Bishop Frewen, who had been appointed to the see by Charles I.,
+was almost at once made Archbishop of York. At last, in December
+1661, John Hacket, Doctor of Divinity of Trinity College,
+Cambridge, was appointed, and he at once set himself to the
+repair of the dilapidated cathedral; on the very morning of his
+arrival at Lichfield he is said to have set his carriage-horses
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" id="page21"></a>[21]</span>
+
+ and servants to the work of clearing out the rubbish,
+and with his own hands to have set them an example at the start.
+The work to be done must have appeared to be almost impossible of
+completion, for the central spire was still lying in ruins over
+the chapter-house and choir, the roof was broken in, and the
+pavements completely destroyed: everything was ruinous, for the
+Parliamentary folk had during the Common-wealth seized all
+materials which seemed to be of use for the repair of the
+dwelling-houses in the close and neighbourhood. However, the work
+progressed; the bishop was so energetic that he was able to
+collect in the surrounding country about &pound;8000, and
+so generous that he subscribed himself a sum of
+&pound;1683, 12s.: and in eight years he succeeded in
+restoring the beauty of the cathedral.
+</p>
+<p>
+The service at which it was re-consecrated was of great
+solemnity and ceremony: "His lordship, being arrayed in his
+episcopal vestments, attended by the dean, dignitaries,
+prebendaries, and other members of the Church, accompanied by
+many of the nobility and gentry, the bailiffs, citizens, and
+other public officers of the city and county of Lichfield, with
+an immense concourse of people, entered at the great west doors
+of the Cathedral. The vicars, choristers, etc., first walked up
+the south aisle of the Church, where the bishop with a loud voice
+repeated the first verse of the 144th psalm. Afterwards the whole
+choir alternately sang the psalm to the organ. In the same order
+they proceeded to the north aisle. The bishop sang the 100th
+psalm, which was repeated by the whole company. Then the train
+passed to the body of the Church, where the bishop began the
+102nd psalm, which when the vicars choral had concluded, he
+commanded the doors of the choir to be opened, and in the same
+form, first encompassed the south side. The bishop began the
+first verse of the 122nd psalm; the company finished it, and with
+the like ceremony proceeded to the north side, and sang the 131st
+psalm." The procession over, the bishop knelt down in the centre
+of the choir and prayed silently; and then with a loud voice
+called on all the people to join with him in the Lord's Prayer,
+which was followed by other prayers suitable to the occasion. He
+then pronounced a solemn benediction on the act in which they
+were engaged, and upon all that were present. The usual service
+of morning prayer followed, with
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" id="page22"></a>[22]</span>
+
+ two special anthems,
+and a collection&mdash;not for the cathedral&mdash;but for the
+poor of the parish. The bishop also gave three magnificent
+banquets&mdash;to the cathedral clergy, to the nobility of the
+neighbourhood, and to the principal citizens of the city.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thus concluded the ceremony of re-consecration, a work which
+left the cathedral, not, unhappily, as it was when the first
+siege took place, but still a very beautiful edifice, with more
+of the Perpendicular style about the windows than previously, and
+with grievous signs here and there of the terrible misfortunes it
+had weathered. Sir Christopher Wren is said to have designed the
+new central spire, and to have acted as architect to the
+re-builders; but this is almost certainly not the case: his
+advice may have been asked, but probably at the most he gave it
+with regard to rich altar-piece in the Corinthian style which was
+erected in front of the old screen behind the high altar. At any
+rate, his signature appears on one of the sixteen papers on this
+matter still preserved among the muniments of the cathedral.
+</p>
+<p>
+The king gave 200 fair timber trees out of Needwood forest,
+and his brother, the Duke of York, afterwards King James II.,
+gave the money for the tracery of the great west window. This
+window remained until the recent alterations, when it was
+replaced by one more in accordance with the original thirteenth
+century style. The Duke of York's window, with its
+ill-proportioned geometrical tracery, need not be regretted any
+more than the removal of the heroic statue of his Majesty King
+Charles II., which occupied the central niche above it. The
+statue was principally remarkable for its ugliness, and for the
+history of the stonemason who hewed it; he afterwards married a
+rich wife, and finally arrived at the dignity of knighthood.
+Bishop Hacket adorned the church with new stalls and with an
+organ which cost &pound;600; and he also made arrangements
+for new bells worthy of the cathedral. He ordered six, and three
+of them were delivered in his life-time. Only one&mdash;the tenor
+bell&mdash;however, was hung in time for the good bishop to hear
+it. His biographer, Dr Plume, says: "The first time it was rung,
+the bishop was very weak; yet he went out of his bed-chamber into
+the next room to hear it: he seemed well pleased with the sound,
+and blessed God, who had favoured him with life to hear it; but
+at the same time observed that it would be his passing-bell, and
+retiring into his chamber,
+<!--following two lines moved up from page 25-->
+ he never left it till he was carried
+to his grave." He died in October 1670.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id="page23"></a>[23]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image06.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-06-s.jpg" height="500"
+title="The South Transept in 1813."
+alt="THE SOUTH TRANSEPT IN 1813." /></a>
+<br />
+THE SOUTH TRANSEPT IN 1813.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" id="page24"></a>[24]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page25" id="page25"></a>[25]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+For some time the cathedral has no history to be recounted. In
+1750 we know that the ancient library outside the north aisle,
+built by Deans Heywood and Yotton, was removed, and the
+churchyard levelled; we also know that the roof became very
+defective, and the rain came in, so that a new roofing was
+required. Pennant tells us that the dean and chapter were obliged
+to substitute slates instead of metal, on account of the narrow
+revenues left to maintain this venerable pile; and after the
+strictest economy, they were under the necessity of contributing
+from their own income in order to complete their plan.
+</p>
+<p>
+A few years later it was found that the fabric itself was in
+so dilapidated a condition that much more extensive repairs were
+necessary, and so Mr Wyatt, the celebrated architect, as Britton
+calls him, came to Lichfield and began that scheme of alteration
+which has been the object of so much ridicule and contempt. To
+lovers of church architecture at the end of the nineteenth
+century it seems astounding that the splendid and inimitable
+cathedrals and churches of this country should have been handed
+over every one to be destroyed and debased in the way Wyatt
+destroyed and debased them. But there is no doubt that Wyatt
+represented the spirit of the time, just as Sir Gilbert Scott
+represented the spirit of the middle of this century. Then it was
+a love of "vistas" which actuated the alterations, and caused the
+destruction of anything which came in the way of what was
+considered a fine view. In those days "vistas" were the
+all-absorbing consideration and the subject of discussion amongst
+those who considered themselves cultured, as may be seen in the
+novels of Jane Austen, and in "Mansfield Park" in particular.
+Later, the passion for replacing what was old or worn by time
+with something new, something which was supposed to be a
+reproduction of the old, has caused endless destruction. The
+later passion has not yet disappeared, unhappily; but thankfully
+we may note the signs of the times, and feel sure that in a few
+years neither a Wyatt with his vistas and Roman cement, nor
+others, who, having more knowledge, are therefore the less
+excusable, will be permitted under any circumstances to lay a
+finger on what it has here and there graciously pleased their
+forerunners to leave unspoiled. How
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" id="page26"></a>[26]</span>
+
+ little this is, can
+be judged by a visit to any cathedral church from Worcester
+downwards.
+</p>
+<p>
+The achievements of Wyatt are recounted by Britton, who does
+not appear to have entirely decided whether he approved or not.
+Some of them, no doubt, were necessary; and it would be unfair to
+indiscriminately blame any architect who had to deal, however
+violently, with a building which had deteriorated, not merely in
+the pass of time, but also by the shock of war. Also a great deal
+of what Wyatt did was done for the sake of warmth, though the
+object in view, it is said, was not attained. Britton says that
+not only was there a general restoration of doors, windows, and
+flooring throughout, but also "two of the spires were partly
+rebuilt, the ends of the transepts were strengthened by new
+buttresses, the external roofs of the aisles were raised, and
+five divisions of the stone roof in the nave were taken down and
+replaced with plaster. The Lady Chapel was united with the choir
+by removing the screen which had been erected by Bishop Hacket.
+On taking this away, the workmen discovered the beautiful old
+screen which formed in all probability the original partition
+when the Lady Chapel was completed by the executors of Walter de
+Langton. This elaborate piece of architecture was in a very
+mutilated state; but Mr Wyatt, having restored it by the
+assistance of Roman cement to a very perfect condition,
+appropriated part of it to the new altar-piece, and the remainder
+to the organ screen or partition which divides the nave from the
+Choir," and which took up the whole of the western bay of the
+choir.
+</p>
+<p>
+Since Britton's time it has been thought necessary to take
+another tone and to try to justify these alterations. Mr James
+Potter, the son of Mr Wyatt's chief assistant, who was afterwards
+architect to the cathedral, has endeavoured to prove that some of
+the alterations were unavoidable, and that the others were not
+made under Wyatt's advice, but in spite of it. Incidentally, in
+the course of a letter to the <i>Staffordshire Advertiser</i>, he
+speaks of the "unsightly and incongruous work of Wren's," in
+referring to the wooden reredos, and states that Wren had
+previously closed the arches of the four most western bays of the
+choir in order to receive the stalls. He also says: "But so
+completely did Wren perform his work of blocking-up that he took
+care to conceal every vestige of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>[27]</span>
+
+ moulding, both of
+the piers and the archivolts, leaving only in view the clustered
+shafts from which the vaulting of the roof sprang. I have before
+noticed that Mr James Wyatt's death occurred in A.D. 1813, and
+that this western portion of the choir remained in the state in
+which Sir Christopher Wren left it up to the following year. In
+the early part of that year the architect to the fabric, the late
+Mr Potter, was instructed by the dean and chapter to cause the
+entire removal of the old stall work and unmask the three arches
+(then concealed), this being the space on either side of the
+choir occupied by the stalls in question. The arches being much
+dilapidated and past restoration, Dean Woodhouse decided to have
+them made to correspond with the decorated bays in an easterly
+direction. This work was executed, as also the canopy of the new
+stalls, in Roman cement. I cannot myself think that Dean
+Woodhouse exhibited any degree of bad taste in adopting the
+existing decorated arches as his model for the new ones; and, as
+regards the canopies of the new stalls, they were exact
+resemblances of the old reredos, and surely no modern architect
+will presume to find fault with them. I must here observe that
+the choice of material was not confined to the architect employed
+to carry out the work, but was chosen by the dean and chapter,
+the state of the fabric fund, out of which the whole of the
+expenses were defrayed, being insufficient to meet the outlay of
+a more costly material."
+</p>
+<p>
+The above account is most interesting, and, assuming that the
+writer was correct in the facts as to what was done by Wyatt and
+by his father, we are confronted with a difficulty. From
+Professor Willis's account, already quoted, it is obvious that he
+was of opinion that the alteration in the style of the front of
+these pier arches was made in Gothic times. Mr Potter says it was
+done in the nineteenth century. It is, of course, possible for
+some alteration to have been made at both these times; but it
+looks as if the harmony was not complete until recently, probably
+because the height of the old stalls prevented the variations
+from being easily seen. As to Wren, Mr Potter probably was only
+repeating the recognised tradition that Wren was responsible for
+the rebuilding by Bishop Hacket, and no argument can be deduced
+on this point, the latest and best opinion being that there is,
+as already
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>[28]</span>
+
+ stated, no evidence to prove that
+the great Sir Christopher had much to do with the cathedral.
+</p>
+<p>
+Soon after Wyatt's death the policy of Roman cement, which he
+had inaugurated, was continued, and the whole of the west front
+become one mass of stucco and paste. The row of kings was
+replaced in this way, as also the statues in the great porch, and
+all the mouldings and decorations were covered with cement, and
+practically the whole cathedral from end to end had its
+deficiencies added to in this way. This work was completed about
+1822. From then to 1856 the cathedral did not receive much
+alteration; but in the latter year Sir Gilbert, then Mr. Scott
+was called in, and the extensive alterations were commenced,
+which may be said scarcely to have finished in this year of 1897.
+It is not necessary to discuss here this restoration. It is
+sufficient to say that it has been the aim of those in authority
+to restore the cathedral to the appearance and arrangement it
+presented at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Wyatt's
+alterations received scant courtesy, and the cathedral as we now
+see it may be declared to be a triumph for the restorer&mdash;so
+great a triumph, indeed, that in many parts the unsuspicious
+admirer might be led to conclude that he was looking at a brand
+new edifice. Still, the cathedral has some of its old work left,
+and perhaps in the nave we are confronted with more of the work
+of the original Gothic builders than in any other part. What has
+been done in the last forty years is specifically discussed in
+the description of the exterior and interior in the two next
+chapters; but here it will be well to show what the condition of
+the cathedral was in the middle of the century, just before the
+recent restoration. Canon Lonsdale has given us a splendid
+description in his "Recollections," and if anything can reconcile
+us to the wholesale renewal which then took place, it will be
+found in the account which he gives in this little pamphlet, from
+which are now quoted the following sentences. He says: "The Nave
+and Transepts were absolutely empty of furniture of any kind,
+except that the South Transept contained the fittings of the
+Dean's Consistory Court (since abolished), and in the North
+Transept, on the spot where the organ now is, stood the statue of
+Bishop Ryder, raised on a high pedestal, and looking as if it
+were about to tumble forward. The walls, arches, and pillars were
+one
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id="page29"></a>[29]</span>
+
+ uniform, dead, yellowish whitewash, many coats thick;
+as also the Choir from end to end, and from top to bottom, and
+indeed the whole of the interior.... The Nave was quite unused;
+indeed, except during service hours, the Verger's Silver Key
+alone gave admission to any part of the church.... The two parts
+of the building were altogether separate from each other. The
+Choir was entered by a door under a high partition, composed of
+remains of the original High Altar, fourteenth century screen,
+and of other materials. This partition filled the whole of the
+first bay of the present Choir. On each side of the entrance were
+Vestries for the Lay Vicars and the Choristers, and above these
+was placed the organ; the rest of the space up to the Roof being
+filled in with glass, so that the separation of Nave and Choir
+was complete.... In the Choir itself the remains of the Reredos,
+which stood at the spot where the present one is now fixed, had
+been removed by Wyatt at the end of the last century, and the
+Holy Table was carried to the extreme East of the Lady Chapel. On
+either side, from the screen up to the very entrance of the Lady
+Chapel, were pews made of oak lined with green baize and studded
+with brass nails. The Choir Aisles on either side were entirely
+shut out from the Choir, the arches being filled in by plaster,
+in order, as was imagined, to help towards warmth. In the three
+bays eastward from the screen&mdash;the second, third, and
+fourth, as they are now&mdash;stalls were fixed, composed of
+plaster, wood, rope, nails, and much else, with canopies of the
+same material over them, which the old Verger of that day used to
+call 'beautiful Tabernacle work.' The Dean and Canons'
+Residentiary had stalls facing eastward in the screen under the
+organ.... The Choir Aisles, shut out from the Choir, were long,
+narrow passages, never used, ending on the North side in a blank
+wall, and on the South with the monument of the 'Sleeping
+Children.'"
+</p>
+<p>
+This was the inside of the Cathedral: the outside was stucco.
+Such facts as these will have to be borne in mind when the next
+century passes judgment on Sir Gilbert Scott. For us, it should
+be sufficient that we have judged Wyatt.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id="page30"></a>[30]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+CHAPTER II
+</h2>
+<h3>
+THE EXTERIOR
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Of all the cathedral churches of England, Lichfield may be
+said to be the most lovely. Other cathedrals are
+larger&mdash;indeed, this is the smallest of them
+all&mdash;grander, or more magnificent; but for simple beauty,
+for charm, for delicacy of construction and appearance, Lichfield
+may rightly claim to take the foremost place. Peterborough, when
+we stand inside the west door and look down its line of enormous
+columns, fills us with awe at its immensity and strength: a
+feeling which is perhaps a little impaired by the present
+position of its stalls. Salisbury appeals to us with its perfect
+simplicity and symmetry, and York with its unequalled grandeur
+and splendour; but after viewing all the cathedrals of England,
+it is Lichfield which is most likely to be remembered among them
+for something which may be most aptly called charm. What can be
+more delightful than the view which confronts the traveller who,
+approaching from the town, pauses to look across the sparkling
+water of the pool at the three graceful spires standing out amid
+a wealth of green trees and shrubs. Truly a picture to be long
+remembered. Here is, indeed, the precious jewel set in a silver
+sea.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page31" id="page31"></a>[31]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image07.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-07-s.jpg" width="500"
+title="The Cathedral from the South."
+alt="THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH." /></a>
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" id="page32"></a>[32]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" id="page33"></a>[33]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+The cathedral does not stand on high enough ground for any
+very fine view of the entire building to be obtained. But from
+whatever point in the neighbourhood of Lichfield we look we can
+see its three slender spires, grouping themselves, sometimes so
+that only two can be distinguished, sometimes so that they all
+appear in one cluster as though rising from one tower, and
+sometimes spreading out so that two seem to have very little
+connection with the third. For years they have been known as the
+"Ladies of the Vale"; they have looked down on many changes, and
+indeed have suffered changes themselves. They now rise from an
+almost new
+<!--above lines moved down from page 30-->
+ building&mdash;new at any rate in appearance. As we
+approach the cathedral either from Bird Street and face the west
+front, or from Dam Street and confront the south side of the Lady
+Chapel, the same sad feeling comes over us that all here is new.
+Even as these words are written the south side of the choir is
+being renovated, and no doubt what little of the old is still
+left will soon disappear. The west front, with its niches and
+images, is all new; the south side of the nave is new, and indeed
+everywhere it is its newness that first strikes one. One cannot
+help wondering if this extreme severity of restoration is
+absolutely essential; for if not essential, the vague
+disappointment might well turn to anger that in days when the art
+of architecture has become almost non-existent, it should be
+thought necessary to carry through such wholesale renewal of
+work, never to be replaced, belonging to the grand days of Gothic
+building. For this old work can never be replaced: it is a sad
+thought that in every art, the early groping days, when the new
+medium or the new method is hardly settled, and its limitations
+but imperfectly understood, produce the great work. It is so in
+literature, in music, in painting, in sculpture, and in
+architecture; but it is only to the last that we dare to offer
+the assistance of our own less artistic age. The cathedral as we
+see it to-day has met with many vicissitudes. Of its misfortunes
+in the Civil Wars much has already been said; and something of
+its sufferings at the hands of restorers. At present, after
+studying the west front and contemplating the extreme newness of
+its every detail, we can only hope that when age has somewhat
+staled the infinite variety of its modern ornament, future
+pilgrims to the shrine of St. Chad will not think too unkindly of
+an age given over to the rigours of restoration.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The Close.</b>&mdash;The cathedral stands in a close which
+was once surrounded by strong walls with bastions and a moat.
+Nature had supplied the moat on the south side, and the Cathedral
+Pool, as it is now called, is still there. The artificial moat
+has been drained, but its course can be easily traced running
+round the bishop's palace, and its water has been replaced by
+lovely gardens and gravel walks. Some bits of the old walls
+remain, the north-east bastion in the palace gardens and a turret
+on a house at the south corner: the "beautiful gates" of Bishop
+Langton are gone; but in the Vicars' Close at the west of the
+cathedral are two small irregular courtyards with
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page34" id="page34"></a>[34]</span>
+
+ houses so old that we feel sure that their wooden beams and
+plaster were there when the Royalists of the neighbourhood housed
+themselves within the fortified close.
+</p>
+<p>
+The close is not large, and of course, as Lichfield is a
+cathedral of the old establishment, there are no monastical
+buildings, no ruined cloisters. On the north side the ground
+rises rapidly in a grassy slope to a terrace, behind which are
+some of the canons' houses. Opposite the north transept is the
+deanery, a substantial red brick house in the style of the middle
+of the last century; next to it, and farther east, is the
+bishop's palace.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The Bishop's Palace</b> is of stone, and was built by
+Thomas Wood, the bishop who succeeded Hacket, and who is said to
+have been compelled to erect it as a fine for his neglect of the
+diocese. It bears on the front the date 1687. The old palace of
+Bishop Langton, which occupied the same position in the close,
+was swept away in the Civil Wars. The bishops of Lichfield had
+another palace at Eccleshall until the time of Bishop Selwyn, who
+sold it, and with a portion of the money erected here the two
+unsightly wings and the still more unsightly chapel. In the
+palace gardens, in the south-west corner, stood the old
+bell-tower of the cathedral, of whose destruction in 1315 we have
+a record. From the bishop's garden there is a charming view
+through the trees of Stowe pool and St. Chad's Church apparently
+standing at its farther edge: its old towers stand out finely,
+and the gravestones in the churchyard remind us that in far-off
+Mercian days St. Chad was laid to rest in this very spot.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the east side of the close is an unsightly white house
+which rises a blot on the otherwise beautiful view of the
+cathedral from Stowe; next to it is a charming old building with
+the turret already mentioned.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the south side is the entrance from Dam Street, with an old
+house at the corner. On this side also is the Theological
+College, a low ordinary-looking building, said to have been
+originally training-stables for race horses; and farther west are
+more houses of the cathedral clergy. And behind all these is the
+pool. One cannot help agreeing with Britton in thinking what a
+delightful thing it would be for the close if all the houses on
+this side could be pulled down so that the cathedral might have
+nothing but grass and trees between
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>[35]</span>
+
+ it and the pool.
+Britton gives an imaginary view of the south side with all the
+houses cleared away.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the west side of the cathedral is another entrance to the
+close, which runs between the Vicars' Close already mentioned and
+the hideous college built by Andrew Newton for the widows and
+orphans of clergymen.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The Cathedral</b> is built of new red sandstone from
+quarries in the immediate neighbourhood of Lichfield itself. On
+Borrowcop, to the north (where tradition says two Mercian kings
+were killed, to be afterwards buried in the close), is the hole
+left by the cathedral; and on the other side, at Wheel Lane, is a
+quarry from which much stone, both red and white, has been taken
+for the recent repairs to the fabric. Its ruddy colour adds much
+to the picturesqueness of the building.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mrs Van Rensselaer, in her interesting account of the English
+cathedrals, says: "In any and every aspect, but more especially
+when foliage comes close about it, Lichfield's colour assists its
+other beauties. Grey is the rule in English churches&mdash;dark
+cold grey at Ely, for example; light yellow grey at Canterbury,
+and pale pearly grey at Salisbury; and although dark greyness
+means great solemnity and grandeur, and light greyness great
+delicacy and charm, they both need the hand of time&mdash;the
+stain of the weather and the web of the lichen&mdash;to give them
+warmth and tone; and the work of the hand of time has almost
+everywhere in England been effaced by the hand of the restorer.
+Red stone is warm and mellow in itself, and Lichfield is red with
+a beautiful soft ruddiness that could hardly be over-matched by
+the sandstone of any land."
+</p>
+<p>
+The plan of the cathedral shows a simple cross, with a
+chapter-house (joined by a vestibule to the choir) on the north
+side, and a sacristy on the south side. It may also be noticed
+that the nave and the choir (including the presbytery) have each
+eight bays or severies, and that if we regard the bay under the
+central tower as a double one, the two transepts together have
+eight bays. Thus the transverse arm of the cross is nearly of the
+same length as the eastern and the western arms. There is a Lady
+Chapel at the eastern end of the choir, and there are aisles on
+each side of the nave and choir and on the eastern side of the
+transepts.
+</p>
+<p>
+We have already seen that the cathedral has three
+<b>Spires</b>, and this is perhaps its most notable
+characteristic, for Lichfield
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page36" id="page36"></a>[36]</span>
+
+ is the only church now existing in England with this
+distinction. The cathedral at Coventry, so long the sister church
+of the diocese, and so ruthlessly destroyed by Henry VIII., had
+also three spires; as had Ripon Minster, but these were of lead,
+and have since been pulled down.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of the spires, one rises from the central tower and one
+surmounts each of the towers which flank the west front. The
+central spire dates only from the Restoration, the older spire
+having been entirely destroyed in the Civil Wars. There is no
+doubt that the original spire was different in appearance to the
+present one, which is an imitation of the western spires, carried
+out in the spirit of the Perpendicular style. What the earlier
+spire was really like is doubtful, neither is it quite certain
+when it was built, though the central tower was probably rebuilt
+about 1250, when it is supposed that the intention was to retain
+the Norman nave. What the height and pitch of the roof of the old
+Norman nave must have been can be seen from the old housing
+course which remains to this day above the nave groining. "It was
+the custom," as Mr J. O. Scott explained in a lecture on the
+cathedral, "of old builders, as of modern builders, to insert in
+any wall against which a roof abuts a projecting course of stone,
+called a 'housing,' following the slope of the roof, the object
+being to keep the wet from getting in between the roof and the
+wall. And so when the central tower was rebuilt, there was the
+Norman nave to which the new work had to be fitted. Hence, at
+this time the builders inserted a 'housing course' of masonry
+into the west wall of the new tower, to protect the junction of
+the old Norman nave roof from the weather." These disused housing
+courses can constantly be seen in old churches, sometimes
+several, one above the other, showing the changes in the roofing
+of the church. The present spire is said vaguely to have been
+erected from the designs or under the direction of Sir
+Christopher Wren; but the tradition which connects this great
+modern architect with the cathedral is very uncertain.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page37" id="page37"></a>[37]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image08.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-08-s.jpg" height="500"
+title="The Cathedral from the Minster Pool."
+alt="THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE MINSTER POOL." /></a>
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo</i>.]</small></div>
+<br />
+THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE MINSTER POOL.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page38" id="page38"></a>[38]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page39" id="page39"></a>[39]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+The two western spires were probably built in Bishop
+Norburgh's time, and possibly were finished in the time of his
+successor; but the north-west spire has been rebuilt from the
+belfry windows upwards in imitation of the old work, but, like
+the central tower, in the Perpendicular manner. The
+south-west
+<!--above lines moved down from page 36-->
+ or Jesus Tower, which is a little higher than the
+other, has also had its two upper storeys rebuilt. The spires are
+octagonal, and are divided into six compartments. In the western
+spires the four lower compartments have windows of two lights
+each with acute crocketted pediments. There are only four windows
+in the lowest compartment; but in the second, third, and fourth
+compartments there is a window in each face; the fifth is
+panelled between crocketted ribs, and the top compartment is
+plain with small windows. All the spires are open all the way up
+without any inside supports.
+</p>
+<p>
+The central spire has the same number of compartments, with
+windows in all of them except the top; but there are only four
+windows in each compartment, facing north, east, west, and south.
+The top of the central spire is about 252 feet from the floor,
+and of the western spire about 193.
+</p>
+<p>
+But if Lichfield's three spires are unique, so also is
+Lichfield's <b>West Front</b>. It is not, of course, very large,
+and it is not indeed as large as it might have been had the same
+means been employed here as were employed at Wells, where an
+exaggerated idea of size is attained by placing the towers
+outside the lines of the nave aisles. Here the two towers, which
+form so important a part of the front, are in their lowest stage
+merely part of the aisles, so that the whole width of the west
+front is very little greater than the width of the nave itself.
+The west front of Lichfield is noted for the richness of its
+decorations, covered as it is with niches holding images and, it
+might almost be said, with every available inch covered with
+decorative work. The whole has a most superb effect, and at a
+distance, where the poverty of the modern workmanship is not
+easily discerned, its appearance cannot be very different now to
+that which it presented at the end of the fourteenth century.
+Once again the niches are filled with statuary; but this work is
+nearly all new, and it is by some considered doubtful if any of
+the original remained in this century. It is, however, generally
+supposed, and not without good reason, that the five old statues
+which form part of the highest row in the north-west tower may
+have been original, and have escaped the general destruction
+which followed the Puritan capture of the cathedral. Three of the
+old statues are represented in the picture of the west front in
+Britton's "Cathedral Antiquities"; and in the interesting picture
+in
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page40" id="page40"></a>[40]</span>
+
+ Fuller's "Church History," published in 1655, the west
+front is shewn with every niche filled; but there can be no doubt
+that this picture must have been made before the siege, or else
+it must have been drawn with the aid of memory from what remained
+afterwards.
+</p>
+<p>
+This west front is flat, with octagonal turrets at each side,
+and consists of two towers and a central part. The central part
+has a doorway, a large window, and an acute pediment, the top
+point of the pediment being almost on a level with the parapet of
+the towers where the spires commence. These rise from between
+square pinnacles, enriched with feathered panels and crockets at
+the angles of the towers. The front is in three stages; the
+lowest stage contains the three doorways, and is surmounted by a
+very elaborate arcading filled with statues of kings. The second
+is covered with two storeys of arcading, and is divided into two
+parts by the large west window, above which is the pediment. The
+third stage consists of the upper part of the two towers; these
+are surmounted with parapets with lozenge-shaped mouldings
+inclosing quatrefoil and trefoil panels. There are windows to the
+belfry floors in this stage. Altogether, including these two
+belfry windows, there are only three windows in this front; this
+is unusual, as there are commonly windows at the west end of the
+nave aisles.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is not easy to give a clear description of this front, or
+any which will convey its superb effect. As we see by the
+frontispiece, it is not only thickly covered with arcading and
+statues, but also it is very much enriched with trefoils,
+quatrefoils, and cinquefoils, especially in the spaces over the
+doors in the lowest stage, and in the pediment above the great
+window. The prevalence of the ball-flower decoration should not
+escape notice; upon the third stage and the spires it constantly
+occurs, although it is not encountered in the first and second
+stages, except in the modern tracery of the west window. The
+ball-flower is a fourteenth-century ornament: its constant use in
+the upper parts, contrasted with its total absence in the lower
+parts, supplies a very strong argument that a considerable time
+elapsed between the construction of the two lower stages and the
+upper. The very careful examination which took place when the
+whole front was lately restored revealed the fact that work was
+not proceeded with continuously; and by expert opinion the lowest
+stage is assigned to 1280, the next to 1300,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page41" id="page41"></a>[41]</span>
+
+ while the upper stages are still later; and perhaps the whole was
+not completed until well on into the last half of the fourteenth
+century.
+</p>
+<p>
+As has been stated before, the present appearance of the west
+front is that of an entirely new building. In 1820 the front,
+which is said to have been then in a very dilapidated condition,
+was covered with Roman cement. So thoroughly was this done that
+the original stone facing only showed on the eastern side of the
+north-west tower. Careful drawings of the tracery there were made
+by Sir Gilbert Scott, and in 1877 the work of reconstructing was
+commenced. It took seven years, and the new west front was
+dedicated in 1884. Only five of the old statues remained, and it
+was decided to restore the others. There are in all one hundred
+and thirteen niches in the west front, including those on the
+north and south faces of the side turrets; all but four are now
+filled, and about one hundred are in view of any one standing
+facing the middle of the front.
+</p>
+<p>
+The large <b>West Window</b> has undergone several changes in its
+tracery; fortunately we have pictures showing all of them. In
+Fuller's "Church History" the tracery, as shown in Hollar's
+engraving, appears to be very simple. This tracery was all
+destroyed in the Civil Wars; and that which replaced it at the
+Restoration was provided by James II., when Duke of York, but it
+was so ugly and unsuitable to the whole spirit of the cathedral
+that it was removed in 1869, and is now replaced by work which,
+though greatly differing from the original, yet preserves the
+spirit of fourteenth-century work. The Restoration window may be
+seen in the beautiful engraving in Britton's "Cathedral
+Antiquities."
+</p>
+<p>
+There also is an engraving of the great west door as it was in
+the early part of the century, and before the Roman cement era of
+which mention has just been made. This doorway, one of the most
+beautiful in the country, has much in common with the "Prior's
+doorway" on the south side of Lincoln Cathedral. As Britton says:
+"Both are peculiarly rich and fanciful and calculated to excite
+the warmest admiration," but in his time the sculptured foliage
+and the figures running round the architrave mouldings and
+between the columns were so much battered and injured that it was
+almost impossible to tell the characters of some of them. This
+doorway
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>[42]</span>
+
+ is a recessed porch, the outer arch, in line with the
+main walls, being cusped and foliated with elaborate carving; the
+inner portion is divided into two arches; the whole being most
+elaborately decorated with carvings. The central clustered
+supports has a figure of the Virgin and Child, and on either side
+of the doorway, standing on clustered pillars beneath canopies,
+are figures of St. Mary Magdalene (on the north) with the box of
+ointment, and on the south, Mary the wife of Cleophas; farther
+forward on each side are vacant pedestals, and in the front are
+St. John the Evangelist (on the north) and St. Paul (on the
+south). Whether these were the characters originally represented
+is open to doubt; Stukeley suggested that what was left in his
+time represented the Virgin in the centre, and the four
+Evangelists with Moses and Aaron.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/image09.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-09-s.jpg" height="300"
+title="Great West Doorway in 1813."
+alt="GREAT WEST DOORWAY IN 1813." /></a>
+<br />
+GREAT WEST DOORWAY IN 1813.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+The <b>bas-relief figures</b> in the architrave
+already mentioned have been restored to represent the two
+genealogies of Christ as given by St. Matthew and St. Luke, on
+the north and south sides respectively, as
+follows:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+North side: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Boaz, Jesse,
+David, Virgin and Child.
+</p>
+<p>
+South side: Adam, Seth, Enoch, Noah, Shem,
+Judah, and St. Joseph; the Virgin and St. Joseph being the two
+figures at the top of the arch.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is a very beautiful fourteenth-century
+bas-relief above the central pillar of the doorway, representing
+Our Lord in Glory, with an angel on each side, having a serpent
+under his feet.
+</p>
+<p>
+The doors are covered with fine iron work,
+which, with the exception of that on the lowest panel, is
+supposed to be original.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page43" id="page43"></a>[43]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image10.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-10-s.jpg" height="500"
+title="The Great West Doorway."
+alt="THE GREAT WEST DOORWAY." /></a>
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+THE GREAT WEST DOORWAY.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page44" id="page44"></a>[44]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page45" id="page45"></a>[45]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+The two side doorways in the west front are deeply recessed in
+three orders with very finely-carved mouldings. These also have
+bas-relief figures in the architraves. Those in the northern
+doorway represent the principal princes and princesses who
+promoted Christianity in England, while those in the southern
+doorway represent the leading early missionaries to England.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the northern doorway, on the north side, are Ethelbert,
+Edwin, Oswald, Oswy, Peada, Wulphere; and on the south side,
+Bertha, Ethelburga, Hilda, Eanfled, Ermenilda, Werburga.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the southern doorway, on the north side, are St. Aidan,
+Finan, Diuma, Ceollach, Trumhere, Jaruman; and on the south side,
+Gregory, Augustine, Paulinus, Theodore, Cuthbert, Wilfrid.
+</p>
+<p>
+The corbels of the arches of these two doorways are
+interesting. Those of the north-west doorway represent Night on
+one side and the Morning Star on the other. The former is a
+female face with a reversed torch, and the Greek word NYX for
+night; the latter is a beautiful boy's face with a burning
+torch.
+</p>
+<p>
+Those on the south-west doorway are a blindfolded face and an
+open face, representing the Law and the Gospel respectively.
+</p>
+<p>
+Up to the time of the recent restoration a large statue of
+Charles II., who, by gifts of money and also of timber from
+Needham Forest, helped Bishop Hacket in the general repair after
+the Civil Wars, occupied the principal canopy in the middle of
+the central gable of the west front. This statue was the work of
+a certain stone-mason named William Wilson, who, by marrying a
+rich widow, "arrived at knighthood" in 1681. The statue, which
+certainly was not a work of art from all account of it, was taken
+down, and the pedestal is now occupied by a figure of Our Lord.
+The two other large canopied niches in the gable being filled
+with statues of Moses and Elijah, on the north and south sides
+respectively; while the four smaller statues represent, on the
+north, St. Gabriel, with St. Uriel underneath; and on the south,
+St. Michael, with St. Raphael below.
+</p>
+<p>
+In giving the list of the statuary on the west front, which
+now follows, it is only necessary to say that there is no
+pretence that the characters now chosen were those originally
+represented.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>[46]</span>
+
+ All that could be done in filling the niches was to
+study the plan of other similar facades, such as that at Wells,
+and to imitate the general idea. Tradition, however, had it that
+the long row of figures in the top of the lowest stage
+represented the Saxon and English kings, with St. Chad in the
+centre, and the tradition has been respected.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image11.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-11-s.jpg" height="500"
+title="The Southern Doorway of the West Front."
+alt="THE SOUTHERN DOORWAY OF THE WEST FRONT."  /></a>
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+THE SOUTHERN DOORWAY OF THE WEST FRONT.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+The following is a list of all the statues not already
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" id="page47"></a>[47]</span>
+
+ mentioned on the west front, including these on the
+north and south faces of the flanking turrets. The statues are
+enumerated in rows from the north side to the south.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the northern tower the highest tier commences round the
+corner with two of the old figures already mentioned, then Aaron,
+Samuel, Hannah, another old figure, Deborah, Rachel, another old
+figure, Sarah, another old figure, and Eve.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the southern tower the highest tier commences with Adam,
+Abel, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Melchisedec, Enoch, Methuselah,
+Noah, Daniel, Job, and Shem (these two last being, of course,
+round the corner on the south side).
+</p>
+<p>
+Taking next the two rows on the northern tower to the north of
+the great west window, there are in the higher row, St. Editha,
+David, St. Helena, Solomon, St. Gabriel, Zechariah, Nahum, Amos,
+Jeremiah; and in the lower row, Dean Bickersteth, St. Mark, Queen
+Victoria, St. Luke, St. Uriel, Malachi, Habakkuk, Obadiah, Daniel
+(Jeremiah being just above Daniel, by the window).
+</p>
+<p>
+Taking next the two rows on the southern tower to the south of
+the great west window, there are in the higher row, Isaiah,
+Hosea, Jonah, Zephaniah, St. Michael, Bishop Hacket, Bishop
+Lonsdale, Bishop Selwyn (the niche round the corner is vacant),
+and in the lower row, Ezekiel, Joel, Micah, Haggai, St. Raphael,
+Bishop Clinton, Bishop Patteshall, Bishop Langton (the niche
+round the corner is vacant).
+</p>
+<p>
+Next again below is the long row of kings with St. Chad in the
+centre stretching right across the cathedral, the pre-Conquest
+kings on the south side of St. Chad, the post-Conquest on the
+north, as follows:&mdash;William the Conqueror, William Rufus,
+Henry I., Stephen, Henry II., Richard I., John, Henry III.,
+Edward I., Edward II., Edward III., Richard II., St. Chad, Peada,
+Wulphere, Ethelred, Offa, Egbert, Ethelwolf, Ethelbert, Ethelred,
+Alfred, Edgar, Canute, Edward the Confessor.
+</p>
+<p>
+Lastly, there is the lowest row, which is broken three times
+by the doors; these are St. Cyprian, St. Bartholomew, St. Simon,
+St. James the Less, St. Thomas (then the northern door), St.
+Philip, St. Andrew (then the central door with its seven niches
+and five statues already described), St. Paul, St. Matthew (then
+the southern door), St. James the Greater, St. Jude, St. Stephen,
+St. Clement, St. Werburga.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page48" id="page48"></a>[48]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+There is also a small figure of St. Antony over the belfry
+window on the south side.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" >
+<a href="images/image12.png">
+<img src="images/i-12-s.png" height="300"
+title="A Bay of the Nave--Exterior."
+alt="A BAY OF THE NAVE--EXTERIOR." /></a>
+<br />
+A BAY OF THE NAVE&mdash;EXTERIOR.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+A tour of the cathedral, starting by the north
+side, leads past the nave with its buttresses and
+flying-buttresses looking picturesque in their unrestored state,
+and there can be seen outside the seventh bay of the nave the
+remains of the entrance to Dean Yotton's chantry. Coming to the
+front of the north transept, it will be noticed that the doorway
+has steps inside leading down into the cathedral, while on the
+opposite side it will be found that the steps lead from the south
+door down outside; the level of the ground on the two sides of
+the cathedral being very different.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The North Doorway</b> is extremely fine, and is deeply recessed. Like the
+other two main doorways of the cathedral,&mdash;that at the west
+end and that in the south transept&mdash;this doorway is double,
+the main arch being divided into two. The archivolts of these are
+lancet-shaped and covered with foliage, but not foliated as in
+the west door. Outside the double-arched doorway proper, the
+architrave is divided into five principal and several smaller
+mouldings; the larger ones being very finely carved, as to two,
+the second and fourth, with inter-twisted foliage and scroll
+work; and as to the other three, the inner, middle, and outer,
+with small lozenge-shaped plaques containing bas-relief figures.
+These figures in the inner moulding are angels, in the middle one
+probably they are patriarchs and prophets. In the outer one, on
+the left or eastern side, the figures show the genealogy of
+Christ, beginning with Jesse at the springing stone, and ending
+with the Virgin and Child near the crown; while on the
+right-hand
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page49" id="page49"></a>[49]</span>
+
+ side, opposite Jesse, is the figure of St. Chad
+baptising the sons of King Wulphere, and above, the Apostles from
+St. Matthias to St. Peter at the crown. The whole architrave is
+surmounted by a weather moulding in the form of a gable, with a
+recently executed cross in the style of the thirteenth century at
+the top. The pillars on each side of the doorway have finely
+carved capitals, and the outer pillars are separated by lines of
+dog-toothing. The central pillar is very
+graceful, and consists of four slender shafts with carved
+capitals. The whole forms a magnificent example of a doorway in
+the Early English style, but showing signs of its derivation from
+the Norman. There is a niche in the tympanum which was apparently
+in Britton's time empty; but it must soon after have been filled
+with an image of St. Anne in Roman cement; this has recently been
+replaced by a statue of the same saint by Mr W. R. Ingram, while
+above some Roman cement work in the top of the gable has been
+removed, and a vesica containing a bas-relief of Our Lord in
+Glory by Mr Bridgeman reproduces no doubt the original
+architect's idea. The doorway, though it has been considerably
+restored, was not so much injured as a great deal of the rest of
+the cathedral, and so contains some very charming carving of the
+thirteenth century. There are two figures in Roman cement, one on
+each side of the doorway, representing St. Jude with a scroll,
+and St. James the Less with a club. No doubt these will both
+disappear before long, and their place be filled with modern
+statues.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<a href="images/image13.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-13-s.jpg" height="300"
+title="The North Entrance in 1813."
+alt="THE NORTH ENTRANCE IN 1813." /></a>
+<br />
+THE NORTH ENTRANCE IN 1813.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Passing by the somewhat plain octagonal chapter-house, where
+we may perhaps wonder whether the small niches in the top of the
+buttresses which stick up like little turrets ever contained
+images, we come to the side of the choir and presbytery,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" id="page50"></a>[50]</span>
+
+ which has not yet been restored, and then to the Lady
+Chapel.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/image14.png">
+<img src="images/i-14-s.png" height="300"
+title="A Bay of the Choir--Exterior."
+alt="A BAY OF THE CHOIR--EXTERIOR." /></a>
+<br />
+A BAY OF THE CHOIR&mdash;EXTERIOR.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+The outside of the <b>Lady Chapel</b> has
+recently been very much altered; and the old buttresses, which
+but the other day were as left by Bishop Langton, with only the
+hand of decay showing on them, are now gone, and in their place
+are brand new buttresses, with brand new niches and saints. Those
+in the top row are the holy women of the Old Testament, while
+below them are the holy women of the New Testament. The lower row
+represent Priscilla, Anna, Dorcas, Mary, Martha, Lydia, Ph&oelig;be
+and Elizabeth; and above are Esther, Ruth, Naomi, Rizpah,
+Deborah, Miriam, Rachel, and Rebecca.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the south side of the Lady Chapel are the
+curious chapels&mdash;known as the mortuary chapels&mdash;with
+their gabled fronts lying in the three spaces between the
+buttresses. These are more fully described in their place in the
+next chapter.
+</p>
+<p>
+From this end of the cathedral can be well seen
+the arcaded parapet with its battlements, which runs round the
+top of the eastern half of the building and of the transepts,
+also the turrets of the sacristry with their high crocketted
+pinnacles; from here, too, can be seen, what Professor Willis
+draws attention to, "that the rebuilt clerestory of the western
+part of the choir betrays by the lighter colour of its stone that
+it was a work subsequent to the eastern part." On one of the
+buttresses of the choir on this side is an ancient image of a
+female figure, but it is too much decayed to afford any clue to
+the character represented, though it remains a very charming
+instance of Gothic sculpture. On the east corner of the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page51" id="page51"></a>[51]</span>
+
+ sacristry there is
+a modern figure of Godefroi de Bouillon, and at the other corner
+is a figure of St. Chad.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image15.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-15-s.jpg" height="500"
+title="Doorway of South Transept Before the Last Restoration."
+alt="DOORWAY OF SOUTH TRANSEPT BEFORE THE LAST RESTORATION." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+DOORWAY OF SOUTH TRANSEPT BEFORE THE LAST RESTORATION.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+In the gable of the <b>South Transept</b> is a very beautiful
+rose window, which is hidden by the stone groining from the
+inside. Mr J. O. Scott, in a lecture already referred to, declared
+that "this rose window is so high up in the gable that it never
+could have been combined with any stone groining. But, by
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52" id="page52"></a>[52]</span>
+
+ referring to York Minster, between which and Lichfield many
+curious parallels may be traced, it is seen at once how a rose
+window in this position may be brought into the general design.
+This is effected by using a particular kind of wooden groining,
+the part of which nearest to the gable wall is lifted up so as to
+exhibit the window from within the building."
+</p>
+<p>
+The large doorway in the south transept, which as seen from
+the outside is at the top of a flight of steps, very much
+resembles the doorway on the north side, but the carving is not
+so fine; it has been very much restored, and three shields have
+been in comparatively recent times carved in the tympanum. The
+shields show the arms of the see, of Bishop Lloyd, and Dean
+Addison, thus declaring this to have been done about 1700.
+</p>
+<p>
+To the right of this doorway, outside the southern end of the
+transept aisle, is an ancient monument, probably of an
+archdeacon. A carved figure lies in a recess surmounted by a
+stone canopy.
+</p>
+<p>
+The large heavy buttresses which disfigure the outside of this
+transept were the work of Wyatt at the end of the last century.
+The outside of the nave on this side presents a very different
+appearance to the other side. Here everything is new and
+uninteresting. The entrance to the bell tower is on this side,
+and a winding stair leads to the belfry stage.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are ten <b>Bells</b>, seven of which date from about
+1687, and are therefore of the same age as the bishop's palace.
+In that year Hacket's six bells, which can only have been hanging
+some sixteen or seventeen years, were found to be useless, and a
+subscription was raised to replace them with a peal of ten. There
+is a letter from the dean and chapter to Elias Ashmole, in which
+it is stated that Henry Bagley of Ecton, the bell-founder, had
+"so over-sized the eight bells he had cast, that they had
+swallowed up all the metal for the ten," and that eighty pounds
+more would be required, but that they did not regret the mistake
+as it "would make extremely for the advantage and glory of the
+cathedral (the bigness of such a ring far more befitting the
+place)." Only seven of these bells are now in use; the other
+three are by Rudhall of Gloucester and Mears of London. In 1748
+the belfry caught fire and the ninth bell cracked with the heat,
+but it was recast in the same year, and since then there has been
+no change.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" id="page53"></a>[53]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+The story of the earliest
+cathedral bells is lost. It was usual in early days to hang the
+bells in a separate tower somewhere in the cathedral precincts.
+Here, we know that in 1315 the bell tower was burnt
+down,&mdash;"Combustum fuit campanile cum campanis in clauso
+Lichfeldensi." The site of this tower was lately discovered in
+the bishop's garden. Dean Heywood, in 1477, gave a large bell to
+the cathedral&mdash;it was known as the Jesus Bell; the gift is
+mentioned in the <i>Cantaria Sancti Blasii</i>, where the cost is
+stated to be one hundred pounds. The bell bore this
+inscription:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p> <i>"I am the bell of Jesus, and Edward is our king,</i> </p>
+<p> <i>Sir Thomas Heywood first caused me to ring."</i> </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+This bell was hung in the south-west tower, which thus came to
+be called the Jesus-Bell Tower. The bell was destroyed during the
+Civil Wars. An ancient writer quoted by Shaw, after detailing the
+terrible fates of those who took part against religious houses
+and churches, says: "Nor shall I relate what happened to one,
+Pickins, a pewterer, who on July 26, 1653, knoct in pieces the
+fair bell called Jesus, at Lichfield, he being the chief officer
+appointed for demolishing that cathedral."
+</p>
+<p>
+There was also a bell called the "Clocke Bell," which was hung
+in the lowest storey of the Jesus spire. It is shown in the south
+view given in Fuller's "Church History," and particular attention
+is there directed to it. The clock bell and all the others are
+now hung in the top storey of the tower.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is also a small bell in the great central tower called
+"the Tantony": it formerly belonged to the Dyott family.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the south-west tower is also the new <b>Clock,</b> which
+was put up in 1890. The face is underneath, in the west end of
+the south aisle of the nave; there is no outside face. The
+well-known Cambridge quarter chimes can, it is said, be heard at
+a distance of three miles.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the green grass of the close are many tombstones, and round
+about the cathedral stone coffins have been dug up; on the north
+side of the choir is the traditional burying-place of two Mercian
+kings.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page54" id="page54"></a>[54]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+CHAPTER III
+</h2>
+<h3>
+THE INTERIOR
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Lichfield is one of the smallest cathedrals in England. In
+length it only measures 370 feet from the inside of the west door
+to the extreme end of the inside of the Lady Chapel, while the
+interior of the nave, with its aisles, is only a little more than
+68 feet wide; and yet its smallness is not the first fact that
+will strike the visitor on entering the west door: rather, on the
+other hand, its immense length in proportion to its height and
+width will be noticed, but probably all other feelings will be
+forgotten in the beauty of the vista that lies before him. The
+long line of arches and the long low roof, with its almost
+countless bosses, lead the eye down to the Lady Chapel, where a
+mass of blue and red shows that the cathedral has some of the
+most beautiful glass in the kingdom.
+</p>
+<p>
+The orientation of the nave and choir are not the
+same&mdash;the choir and Lady Chapel being considerably inclined
+to the north. Many have been the theories raised by the curious
+discoveries made as to the deflections of various parts of this
+cathedral. They are too numerous to quote here, and it will be
+sufficient to note that the total deflection of the east end from
+the true east is about ten degrees.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<a href="images/image16.png">
+<img src="images/i-16-s.png" height="300"
+title="A Bay of the Nave--Interior."
+alt="A BAY OF THE NAVE--INTERIOR." /></a>
+<br />
+A BAY OF THE NAVE&mdash;INTERIOR.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<b>The Nave.</b>&mdash;The view of the interior of the cathedral from
+the inside of the west door is, as we have said, extremely
+beautiful. This beauty is much enhanced by the general appearance
+of unity in the whole design. There seems to be no mixture of
+styles, and though a closer examination of the details of the
+interior shows that there is a very marked difference between the
+style in which the nave is built and that which was in vogue when
+the Lady Chapel and presbytery were erected; yet the whole,
+having been built at a time when the Early English style was
+giving
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page55" id="page55"></a>[55]</span>
+
+ place gradually to the Decorated, or, in the more eastern
+portion, when that later style was well established, the general
+effect of the cathedral, seen from this aspect, is one of unity.
+The exact date of the nave cannot be determined, and there is no
+direct evidence on which to base a theory; but it is very clear,
+from a comparison of its style with that of churches whose
+history is known, that it must have been commenced and carried to
+a speedy conclusion about the middle of the thirteenth century.
+Professor Willis gives the date as 1250, and other archaeologists
+at various dates between that and 1280. There is no doubt, at any
+rate, that it was built at the transitional period of the Early
+English style, and it would be described by some as belonging to
+the Early Decorated period, and by others as belonging to the
+geometrical period of the Decorated style. The nave, including
+the western front, consists of eight bays, having aisles on the
+north and south sides, with the same number of bays; but the
+spaces underneath the two western towers are considerably larger
+than the other aisle bays, though not large enough to be looked
+upon as western transepts, as is possible in some churches where
+there is a similar arrangement. Many writers have complained of
+the insufficient height of the nave, and that the general effect
+is thereby spoilt, and to a very limited extent this may be true.
+Probably the nave roof was at one time of much higher pitch; the
+course on the outside of the great tower suggests it, as also
+does the fact that the great west window runs into the roof.
+Probably the roof was lowered when the presbytery was built, and
+the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page56" id="page56"></a>[56]</span>
+
+ whole roofing of the cathedral brought down to the same
+level.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/image17.png">
+<img src="images/i-17-s.png" height="300"
+title="A Bay of the Choir--Interior."
+alt="A BAY OF THE CHOIR--INTERIOR." /></a>
+<br />
+A BAY OF THE CHOIR&mdash;INTERIOR.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+The piers are large, and consist of clustered shafts, lozenge-shaped in plan,
+set on much moulded bases, and having beautifully carved foliated
+capitals from which spring architrave mouldings of great variety.
+From the base and up the centre of each pier runs a cluster of
+three fine columns to capitals, also foliated, at the top of the
+triforium; from these spring five vaulting ribs, three of which
+diverge to an ornamental central rib, and two to a small
+similarly decorated transverse rib. There are finely carved
+bosses at the intersection of all the various ribs. The top of
+each arch touches the string course, above which is the beautiful
+triforium. This consists of a row of double arches, each arch
+being sub-divided into two lights with geometrical tracery above.
+The mouldings are highly decorated with dog-toothing, and the
+string course between the triforium and the clerestory, as well
+as the moulding enclosing the clerestory windows, has this same
+ornament, which is freely used and produces a very rich effect.
+The clerestory windows are spherical triangles enclosing three
+circles with quatrefoil cusps; the form of these windows is
+somewhat rare, but similar windows are to be seen at Westminster,
+Hereford, Carlisle, and York. The spandrels of most of the pier
+arches are ornamented with a large circle with five cusps, across
+which the vault shafts pass; this decoration will be seen again
+in the choir. A notable feature in these bays is the size of the
+triforium in proportion to the size of the pier arches and
+clerestory; this gives it unusual importance in the
+general scheme. At Lincoln, where there is a similar triforium, a
+very different effect is produced by its comparative smallness.
+The open tracery here is very much like that in Westminster
+Abbey.
+<!--below lines moved up from page 59-->
+ It will be seen that the dripstones of the arches and windows
+terminate in small sculptured heads: a usual arrangement at this
+period. It may be added that the beautiful capitals have scarcely
+been restored at all; so little damage had been done
+<!--below lines moved up from page 60-->
+ to them, that when the whitewash was removed during the recent
+restorations, they were found to have been hardly touched either
+by decay, Puritans, or previous restorers.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" id="page57"></a>[57]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image18.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-18-s.jpg" height="500"
+title="The Nave in 1813."
+alt="THE NAVE IN 1813." /></a>
+<br />
+THE NAVE IN 1813.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" id="page58"></a>[58]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page59" id="page59"></a>[59]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image19.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-19-s.jpg" height="500"
+title="The Nave, Looking East."
+alt="THE NAVE, LOOKING EAST." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+THE NAVE, LOOKING EAST.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page60" id="page60"></a>[60]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+The roof of the nave was greatly damaged at the time of the
+Civil Wars&mdash;indeed, it has been said that the central spire,
+in its fall, completely smashed it in; but this is probably not
+the case, as the spire almost certainly fell on the other side of
+the tower. Still, it is not difficult, after reading an account
+of the siege, to understand that the roof would be much injured.
+About a century after its repair by Bishop Hacket, it was found
+that the great weight of the stone groining was forcing out the
+clerestory walls, already much weakened by rough usage, and, in
+consequence, Wyatt removed the stone work in several bays, and
+replaced it with lath and plaster work made to imitate the rest
+of the roofing. Sir Gilbert Scott was urged to restore the old
+stone vaulting, but he decided that without great structural
+alterations, principally to the buttresses, which he did not feel
+justified in making, this could not be done. The vaulting has
+been coloured so that the difference between the stone
+compartments&mdash;the most eastern and the two western
+ones&mdash;and the plaster compartments might not be noticed; it
+will easily be seen how much the clerestory walls have been
+thrust out. It is also interesting to note that at about the same
+time Wyatt restored the roof of the aisles to its old pitch.
+Originally, as now, the aisle roof ascended so as to reach to
+just below the clerestory windows. In Hollar's picture the upper
+portion of the triforium windows can be seen, so that they must
+have become practically a portion of the clerestory during this
+time. Investigation of the windows themselves proves that they
+have been glazed, and this confirms what otherwise, considering
+the great inexactness of the pictures of the period, could not be
+inferred with certainty. There is a view of the cathedral as late
+as 1781 showing this arrangement; but in Jackson's "History of
+Lichfield," 1796, the aisle roof hides the whole of the triforium
+as at present.
+</p>
+<p>
+The windows of the aisles agree well with the other windows of
+the nave, and have three lights with trefoiled circles in the
+head, while below the windows is an arcade resting on a bench,
+the arches of which are surmounted with pediments richly carved.
+There are six of these arches in each bay, and between the bays
+rise triple vaulting shafts with carved capitals of leafage;
+
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page61" id="page61"></a>[61]</span>
+
+ from these spring three ribs running to a central rib
+on which are beautiful bosses like those in the nave.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image20.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-20-s.jpg" height="500"
+title="The Nave, Looking West."
+alt="THE NAVE, LOOKING WEST." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+THE NAVE, LOOKING WEST.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<b>The Great West Window.</b>&mdash;The tracery of this window
+has already been discussed in the description of the exterior.
+The present glass was placed there in 1869, to the memory of
+Canon Hutchinson, who, perhaps, of all was most eager for the
+restoration of the cathedral, and to whose untiring energy, it
+is
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page62" id="page62"></a>[62]</span>
+
+ said, is due the wholesale renovation of the interior
+by Sir Gilbert Scott. This window was the result of a public
+subscription, and is the work of Messrs Clayton &amp; Bell. The
+six large figures represent St. Michael, St. Joseph, St. Mary,
+and the Three Magi, while underneath are small pictures of the
+Annunciation, the Angel warning Joseph, the Nativity, the Journey
+of the Magi, the Magi inquire of Herod, and the Flight into
+Egypt. As to the previous glass in this window, there seems to be
+no record of that which must have decorated it before the Civil
+Wars. In Shaw's "History of Staffordshire," there are long lists
+of the glass to be found in the cathedral; but it is difficult to
+decide which window is being described. After the Restoration, we
+have in a Bodleian MS. the following record:&mdash;"Oct. 6, 1671.
+Arms in the Great West Window, Arms of King Charles the Second,
+Crest and Supporters; Arms of James Duke of York, his brother,
+Crest and Supporters. And beneath them, <i>Serenissimus princeps
+Jacobus dux Ebor hanc fenestram. F.F.</i>" Britton says it was
+afterwards filled with painted glass, the work of Brookes, by the
+legacy of Dr Addenbroke, who died dean of this cathedral in
+1776.<br />
+<br />
+
+</p>
+<p>
+Over the great west door in the inside of the cathedral was
+formerly inscribed:&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i2"><i>Oswyus est Lichfield fundator, sed reparator</i> </p>
+<p class="i4"><i>Offa fuit; regum fama perennis erit:</i> </p>
+<p class="i2"><i>Rex Stephanus, rex Heniricus primusque Richardus,</i> </p>
+<p class="i4"><i>Rex et Johannis, plurima dona dabant.</i> </p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i2"><i>Pene haec millenos ecclesia floruit annos,</i> </p>
+<p class="i4"><i>Duret ad extremum nobilis usque diem,</i> </p>
+<p class="i2"><i>Daque deus longum, ut floreat hae sacra aedes</i> </p>
+<p class="i4"><i>Et celebret nomen plebs ibi sancta tuum.</i> </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p class="center">
+<i>Fundata est ecclesia Merciencis</i> <br />
+<i>Quae nunc Lichfieldia dicitur</i> <br />
+<i>Facta Cathedralis</i> <br />
+<i>Anno Domini</i> <br />
+<i>DCLVII</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dugdale, in his "Visitation of Staffordshire," gives us this
+inscription. It has long since disappeared. Pennant mentions a
+curious or, as he calls it, "droll" epitaph on the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page63" id="page63"></a>[63]</span>
+
+ floor near the west door, but there is no sign of it
+now:&mdash;"<i>William Roberts of Overbury, some time malster in
+this town (tells you) for the love I bore to choir service, I
+chose to be buried in this place.</i> He died Decr. 16th,
+1768."
+</p>
+<p>
+From a MS. quoted by Shaw we learn that before the Great War
+"on a fair marble gravestone, placed on the right-hand at the
+entrance into the choir, is this inscription on a brass
+plate:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+"<i>Here lyeth George Bullen lat dean of this church who made
+his own epitaph&mdash;viz.</i>,
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i2"><i>Lo here in earth my body lyes,</i> </p>
+<p class="i2"><i>Whose sinfull lyfe deserves the rod:</i> </p>
+<p class="i2"><i>Yet I believe the same shall rise,</i> </p>
+<p class="i2"><i>And praise the mercies of my God.</i> </p>
+<p class="i2"><i>As for my soule let none take thought,</i> </p>
+<p class="i2"><i>It is with him that hath it bought;</i> </p>
+<p class="i2"><i>For God on me doth mercy take</i> </p>
+<p class="i2"><i>For nothing else but Jhesus sake.</i>" </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Bullen or Boleyn was dean during the greater part of the reign
+of Elizabeth, who offered him the bishopric of Worcester, which
+he refused. Elizabeth, it will be remembered, was the daughter of
+Anne Boleyn, whose kinsman the dean was.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The Font</b> stands between the first and second pillars
+from the west door on the north side of the nave. It is quite
+modern, and is the gift of the Honourable Mrs Henry Howard, widow
+of the late dean. It is made of alabaster and Caen stone, and is
+supported on marble pillars. There are four sculptured panels in
+relief, representing&mdash;"The Entry into the Ark," "The Passage
+of the Red Sea," "The Baptism of our Lord," and "The
+Resurrection." Between these there are niches containing figures
+of St. Mary, St. Peter, St. Chad, and St. Helen.
+</p>
+<p>
+A curious old font was discovered in 1856 immediately under
+the place where the present altar stands. It was very simple in
+form, being about a yard and a half square and two feet thick,
+with a hemispherical cavity in it. It had been coloured bright
+red, and was much cracked, as though it had been subjected to
+intense heat. How it came where it was is not known. It may have
+been discarded as rubbish or hidden as a relic.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page64" id="page64"></a>[64]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+<b>The Pulpit</b> is in the nave, and is fixed to the
+north-western pier of the tower. Its design and execution were by
+Sir Gilbert Scott and Mr Skidmore respectively, who were also
+responsible for the choir screen. The pulpit is of wrought-iron,
+brass, copper, enamels, and marble. In the middle there is a
+bronze group representing St. Peter preaching on the Day of
+Pentecost. There are stairs on each side of the pulpit. The brass
+<b>Lectern</b> is also modern, and is in the usual form of an
+eagle. It was presented by the members of the Lichfield
+Theological College, and was executed by Mr Hardman of
+Birmingham. The <b>Litany Desk</b> is by Messrs Rattee &amp; Kett
+of Cambridge, the well-known carvers; and the <b>Bishop's
+Chair</b>, which stands under the great tower, was presented by
+the clergy of Derbyshire when that county was transferred from
+this diocese to the new diocese of Southwell. The chair is not of
+striking beauty.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image21.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-21-s.jpg" width="500"
+title="North Aisle of Nave, Looking East."
+alt="NORTH AISLE OF NAVE, LOOKING EAST." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+NORTH AISLE OF NAVE, LOOKING EAST.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+In the North Aisle of the Nave there are several monuments and
+some modern glass. The window in the north-west tower has
+recently been adorned with glass to the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page65" id="page65"></a>[65]</span>
+
+ memory of Bishop
+Lonsdale, under whom the recent restoration commenced. The
+subject is "The Presentation of Christ in the Temple," and it is
+the work of Messrs Burlison &amp; Grylls. Close to this is a
+tablet, originally placed in the north transept by order of Ann
+Seward, who had considerable fame as a poetess in the last
+century, to the memory of her father, Canon Seward, his wife and
+daughter Sarah. It also commemorates her own death. The lines are
+by Sir Walter Scott, but it is impossible to be enthusiastic over
+them. They end&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i2">"<i>Honour'd beloved, and mourn'd here Seward lies;</i> </p>
+<p class="i2"><i>Her worth, her warmth of heart, our sorrows say,&mdash;</i> </p>
+<p class="i2"><i>Go seek her genius in her living lay.</i>" </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+There is a representation of the poetess mourning her dead
+relatives, while her harp is hanging neglected on a tree. On the
+other side is a memorial tablet to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who
+was a native of Lichfield. In these days of
+anti-vaccination agitations it is interesting to read the
+inscription which runs:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p class="quote">
+"<i>The Right Honourable Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who
+happily introduced from Turkey into this country the Salutary
+Art of inoculating the Smallpox. Convinced of its efficacy, she
+first tried it with success on her own children, and then
+recommended the practice of it to her fellow-citizens. Thus, by
+her example and advice, we have softened the Virulence and
+escaped the danger of this Malignant Disease. To perpetuate the
+memory of such benevolence, and to express the gratitude for the
+benefit she hereby has received from this Alleviating Art, this
+Monument is erected by Henrietta Inge, Relict of Theodore William
+Inge, Esq., and Daughter of Sir John Wrotesley, Baronet. In the
+year of Our Lord, 1789.</i>"
+</p>
+<p>
+Close at hand is a tablet in memory of Mr Gilbert Walmesley,
+who was registrar of the diocese, and an early and close friend
+of Dr Johnson. Of him the latter wrote, in his life of Edmund
+Smith (one of the well-known "Lives of the Poets"), that passage
+which contains the celebrated sentence about David Garrick so
+often quoted. Speaking of Gilbert
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page66" id="page66"></a>[66]</span>
+
+ Walmesley, he says that he is "not able to name a man
+of equal knowledge. His acquaintance with books was great; such
+was his amplitude of learning, and such his copiousness of
+communication, that it may be doubted whether a day now passes in
+which I have not some advantage from his friendship. At this
+man's table I enjoyed many cheerful and instructive hours with
+companions such as are not often found; with one who has
+lengthened, and one who has gladdened life; with Dr James, whose
+skill in physic will be long remembered, and with David Garrick,
+whose death has eclipsed the gaiety of nations, and impoverished
+the public stock of harmless pleasure."
+</p>
+<p>
+There are other monuments in this aisle, but they are scarcely
+of such general interest. Here are tablets in memory of Jane and
+Catherine Jervis and of Elizabeth and Arabella Buchanan. There is
+a stained glass window by Messrs Burlison &amp; Grylls containing
+three large figures of Joshua, St. Michael, and the Centurion,
+with, underneath, pictures of the Angel appearing to Joshua, the
+Centurion at the Cross, and the Centurion coming to Our Lord;
+above, in the tracery of the window, are angels. This window was
+the gift of the officers of the 38th (1st Staffordshire)
+Regiment; on one side are their Peninsular, and on the other
+their Crimean colours, which the dean and chapter received from
+the regiment with much ceremony in 1886 and 1887 respectively.
+Beneath the window is a brass in memory of those members of the
+regiment who died in the Peninsula, first Burmah, Crimean, and
+Egyptian (1882) wars, and the Indian Mutiny. There are also
+brasses to Lieutenant-Colonels Sinclair and Eyre and the officers
+and men of this regiment who fell in the first Soudan war, and
+also brasses to Colonel Bromley Davenport and Sir Arthur Scott,
+Bart. Here, too, is a window in memory of Canon Madan, his wife
+and children: the subject being Faith, Hope, and Charity. In the
+window next the transept is some quite new glass in memory of
+Canon Curteis, the large figures representing Samuel, St. Paul,
+and Origen, while below are Samuel teaching the Sons of the
+Prophets, St. Paul saying farewell to the Elders at Miletus, and
+St. Catherine and the Philosophers of Alexandria.
+</p>
+<p>
+The famous Dr Stukeley, writing about 1715, says: "As you walk
+down the north aisle, by a little doorway, formerly a chapel,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page67" id="page67"></a>[67]</span>
+
+ where lay several figures now demolished, yet one
+remains, who was dean Yotton, his coat of arms at his head and
+Yot with a tun by it which shows his name." The only remaining
+sign of this chapel is the entrance, which can be plainly seen
+from the outside of the cathedral.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the <b>South Aisle of the Nave</b>, at the west end, there
+is a monument to Dean Addison, the father of the great essayist
+and poet; he died in 1703. His memorial slab is now under the
+Jesus Tower, but formerly it was on the north of the west door.
+The glass in the window of the tower is in memory of Dean Howard,
+during whose time as dean so much of the work of restoration was
+done, and who so munificently aided the work. This glass, which
+is by Messrs Burlison &amp; Grylls, represents St. Michael and
+the Dragon, and St. Chad. The other glass on this side is the
+window of the fifth bay, by Messrs Clayton &amp; Bell, the
+subjects being Our Lord and Lazarus, Our Lord and Mary and
+Martha, and Mary Magdalene washing Our Lord's feet; in the next
+bay the glass, by Messrs Ward &amp; Hughes, shows Faith, Hope,
+and Charity; in the seventh bay the glass is by Messrs Clayton
+&amp; Bell, and has David and Goliath for its subject, and is in
+memory of the officers of the 64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment
+who fell in the Indian Mutiny. There is in the eighth bay a
+window by Hardman in memory of Helen, wife of Josiah Spode.
+Between the aisle and the nave there is a brass in the floor in
+memory of the late Earl of Lichfield, placed there in 1854. There
+are several other modern brasses and tablets.
+</p>
+<p>
+In this aisle are two of the three semi-effigies to be seen in
+the cathedral. These show only the heads and the feet. Britton
+says: "They are said to represent two old canons of the church;
+and are evidently of ancient date, as they appear to have been
+placed in the present situation at the time of building or
+finishing the nave." One of these is in a better state of
+preservation than the other, and shows in the drapery the remains
+of colour.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The Transepts</b> are earlier than the nave in style,
+having been built in the beginning of the thirteenth century: the
+south transept first, and then the north. It must have been for
+these transepts that Henry III., in 1235 and 1238, granted
+licences to the dean and chapter of Lichfield to dig stone from
+the royal forest of Hopwas for the new fabric of the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page68" id="page68"></a>[68]</span>
+
+ church of Lichfield. Whether these ecclesiastics did more harm
+than the king liked in digging on the first occasion cannot be
+said, but on the second occasion they are permitted "fodere
+petram ad fabricam ecclesiae suae de Lichefeld in quarrera de
+Hopwas; ita tamen quod hoc fiat sine detrimento forestae
+nostrae"&mdash;that is to say, they were to do as little damage
+as possible.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/image22.png">
+<img src="images/i-22-s.png" width="200"
+title="Arcade, with Semi-Effigy, in South Aisle."
+alt="ARCADE, WITH SEMI-EFFIGY, IN SOUTH AISLE." /></a>
+<br />
+ARCADE, WITH SEMI-EFFIGY, IN SOUTH AISLE.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+The transepts have three bays each, with eastern aisles, the
+aisle belonging to the north transept being very much the larger.
+There can be no doubt that when the Norman transepts were
+standing there were no aisles; nor were any contemplated when the
+choir was built, for, as Professor Willis says: "The side walls
+of the choir are continued to the transepts, and had windows in
+the part looking into the present transept aisles. Probably when
+the choir was built Norman transepts were standing, and had each
+an apsidal chapel looking east in the usual manner."
+</p>
+<p>
+The history of the roof is extremely interesting. We know that
+"in 1243 King Henry III. issued a commission to Walter Grey,
+Archbishop of York, to expedite the works at St. George's Chapel,
+Windsor, in which he orders a lofty wooden roof, like the roof of
+the new work at Lichfield, to appear like stone work, with good
+ceiling (<i>celatura?</i>) and painting. The transepts of
+Lichfield have now stone vaults, considerably later than the
+walls, and, therefore, may have had a wooden vault at first. The
+date would suit the transepts better than the choir, and it may
+be remarked that the early abacus of the vault shaft (at least,
+in the south transept) is surmounted by a second abacus in the
+Perpendicular style, which shows the later construction of the
+springing stones of the present stone vault." The low stone
+vaulting has destroyed the effect which the original windows in
+the north and south ends of the transepts must have produced. At
+the south end was probably
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page69" id="page69"></a>[69]</span>
+
+ a large five-light Early English
+window, surmounted by a rose window. The rose window still
+remains, but, being above the present groining, cannot be seen
+from inside the cathedral; the five lights are replaced by a
+nine-light obtuse-headed window, which seems much too large for
+the transept; and this effect is increased by the extreme
+whiteness and transparency of its glass. At the north end, the
+five-light window is surmounted with three small lights, but
+these last again are hidden in the roof.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+<a href="images/image23.png">
+<img src="images/i-23-s.png" height="300"
+title="Detail of a Semi-Effigy."
+alt="DETAIL OF A SEMI-EFFIGY." /></a>
+<br />
+DETAIL OF A SEMI-EFFIGY.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+The windows in the transepts have seen many
+changes, and are now mostly in the Perpendicular manner, the
+exceptions being in the west wall of the south transept, and the
+north window just referred to. Until 1892 this was a large
+Perpendicular window&mdash;which, though early, and prior to the
+Civil War, was a manifest intrusion on the space originally
+occupied by an Early English window. The old design, which is not
+unlike that of the famous window at York, has again taken its
+place. Canon Lonsdale says that this change is "in every sense a
+restoration: for, on taking out the Perpendicular window, and
+removing such of the stone work as was defective on either side,
+the headings of the five Early English lights, which had
+unquestionably composed the original window, were discovered,
+hidden away by the later workmen. The cusps, or headings, of the
+lights, as they are now seen from the inside, are, with the
+exception of six stones, the very identical material which the
+Early English builders carved, and placed in that spot. Of these
+six missing stones, three have since been discovered during the
+work going on in the south transept."
+</p>
+<p>
+There can be no doubt that some of the
+Perpendicular work in the cathedral is due to the general repair
+at the Restoration;
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page70" id="page70"></a>[70]</span>
+
+ but Professor Willis declares that many of the changes
+are earlier, and that they were perhaps effected in the time
+between Bishops Heyworth and Blythe, 1420 to 1503. The engravings
+of Hollar, already referred to, were published before 1660, and
+show Perpendicular windows in the gable of the south transept and
+in the clerestory; and though from these pictures nothing can be
+gleaned about the north transept, the character of the
+Perpendicular work was such that it also, as has just been
+stated, must have been prior to the Rebellion. It is possible, on
+the outside western face of the north transept, to trace the old
+lancet windows, which must have been arranged in groups of three,
+while the lower windows on the west side of the south transept
+are still in their old form, though on this side there are only
+two lancets to each bay. It may be mentioned here that underneath
+these last windows, on the outside, there is an arcading with
+simple pointed arches which does not appear on the other
+transept. Inside the arcading differs in the two transepts; in
+the south and older one the pointed arches are plain, while on
+the north they are cusped. This arcading is almost entirely new;
+what there was of it until recently was principally of
+plaster.
+</p>
+<p>
+From the ground plan of this cathedral published by Browne
+Willis in 1727, we see that the whole of the aisle of the north
+transept is described as "The Bishop's Consistory Court and St.
+Stephen's Chapel," while the aisle of the south transept is
+divided into two parts, the southern being called "The Dean's
+Consistory Court," the northern "The Vicar's Vestry." St.
+Stephen's Chapel was in the inner bay of the aisle; and it has
+been suggested that "the chantry of St. Anne and the image of
+Jesus" was in the rood loft of the same transept.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the <b>North Transept</b> are many memorial tablets, but it
+cannot be said that they are of general interest either from
+their beauty, age, or on account of the eminence of the persons
+commemorated. On the west side of the steps down from the north
+door is the curious monument to Dean Heywood, who died in 1492,
+and whose benefactions are mentioned in their proper places. The
+monument is sadly decayed, but there is a print of it in Shaw's
+"Staffordshire," taken, says Britton, from Dugdale's
+"Visitation." From this we know that the upper part is now
+missing; the lower part, which remains, shows the skeleton of the
+dean&mdash;his body after death&mdash;while above was his
+representation
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>[71]</span>
+
+ in full canonical costume. Similar
+monuments may be seen at St. John's College, Cambridge, in the
+chapel, and at Exeter and Lincoln Cathedrals. On the other side
+of the door is a large modern monument to Archdeacon Iles, who
+died in 1888: the figure is recumbent. Above the door is a marble
+tablet to Dean Woodhouse; he gave the glass&mdash;now in the
+Guildhall&mdash;which filled the Perpendicular window recently
+replaced by the present Early English window. The new glass, and
+indeed the new window, was given by Mr James Chadwick of Hints
+Hall, near Tamworth; it is known as the Jesse window, and gives
+the genealogy of our Lord according to St. Matthew. The figures
+beginning from the west side represent (1) Achaz, Asa, Abia; (2)
+Ezekias, Solomon, Roboam; (3) the Virgin Mary and Child,
+Salathiel, David, Jesse; (4) Josias, Josaphat, Joram; (5)
+Manasses, Joatham, Ozias; with angels in the four side lights.
+The inscription under the window says: "Hanccine fenestram
+Jacobus Chadwick de vico Hints reficiendam vitroque picto
+ornandam impensis suis curavit. A.D. MDCCCXCIII." Messrs Clayton
+&amp; Bell are responsible for this window.
+</p>
+<p>
+The whole of the aisle of this transept is taken up with the
+organ, in front of which a metal screen or gryll was placed in
+1881 by the officers and men of the 80th Regiment, in memory of
+their comrades who fell in the Zulu War. The screen is ornamented
+with imitations of Zulu shields and assegais. There are many
+tablets in this aisle, but they are entirely hidden by the
+organ.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The Organ</b> was presented by Mr Spode of Hawkesyard Park,
+near Lichfield, in 1860, and was first used at the reopening in
+1861; in 1884 it needed repair, and was then very much enlarged
+by Messrs Hill &amp; Son, the well-known organ-builders of
+London, the expense being defrayed by voluntary subscriptions. It
+was dedicated, at the same time as the restored west front, in
+the presence of a vast concourse of people, on May 29th, 1884.
+The console of the organ is now behind the stalls in the first
+bay of the south aisle of the choir. It is interesting to learn
+from Canon Lonsdale that, when it was found necessary to build an
+engine-house in the close to supply motive power to the organ, in
+digging out the chamber, somewhat to the east of the steps
+leading to the north door, two or three cannon balls and the
+remains of a shell were unearthed at a short distance from the
+surface.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page72" id="page72"></a>[72]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+The present organ is the successor to many other organs. The
+first of which there is any record was given to the cathedral by
+Dean Heywood, as is known from this entry in the <i>Cantaria S.
+Blasii</i>, in the cathedral library: "Magna organa in pulpito.
+Item cito post festum nativitatis Sancti Johannis Baptiste. Anno
+domini MCCCC. octogesimo secundo. ex providencia et sumptibus
+magistri Thome Heywode decani antedicti. conferuntur ecclesi cath
+lich organa nova magnae quantitatis. et formae decentis. ad
+honorem sancti cedde et ornamentirm ecclesiae precij xxvi. Li.
+iij.s. iiij.d. totalitur de sumptibus et expensis predicti
+decani. Sma xxvj. Li. iij.s. iiij.d."
+</p>
+<p>
+Dean Heywood also presented another organ, which was known as
+the Jesus organ; but it was much smaller presumably, as it cost
+rather less than half as much.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next time there is mention of an organ is in 1634, when,
+in an account of their travels by three tourists, they say: "The
+organs and voices were deep and sweet, their anthems we were much
+delighted with, and of the voyces, 2 Trebles, 2 Counter-tenors,
+and 2 Bases, that equally on each side of the Quire most
+melodiously acted and performed their parts."
+</p>
+<p>
+The organ here referred to, however "deep and sweet," was not
+considered good enough, for in 1636, according to a deed still
+preserved in the cathedral, the dean and chapter purchased an
+organ from Robert Dallam of Covent Garden, which, no doubt, "was
+the pair of organs valued at &pound;200" destroyed by the
+Puritans. The organ that Hacket set up was obtained by the
+subscriptions of ladies; the bishop writes: "An Organ is bespoke
+at &pound;600 price, to be call'd the Ladies Organ, because none
+but the honourable and most pious of that sex shall contribute to
+that sum." The names of the chief subscribers were written on the
+organ: "Illustrissima heroina Francisca ducissima Somersetensis.
+Honoratissima domina, comitissa Devon: Clarissima domina, Jana,
+domina de Gerard Bromley," and many others, as set out by
+Ashmole, who also tells us that there were "coats of arms under
+the organ at the entrance into the choir," showing that the organ
+loft was situated between the two eastern piers of the tower.
+Harwood, in his "History of Lichfield," tells us of another organ
+"which was removed in A.D. 1740 to the vicar's hall, and became
+at length an ornament to Mr Greene's museum," whence it
+afterwards found its way
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page73" id="page73"></a>[73]</span>
+
+ to the church at Hamstall Ridware.
+While in the vicar's hall it was damaged by soldiers quartered
+there in the '45. It is now in the bishop's palace. In 1740 it
+was replaced in the cathedral by an organ by Schwarbrook, which
+in turn, in Wyatt's time, was superseded by one by Samuel
+Green&mdash;this was much larger, and took up the whole of the
+western bay of the choir. The present organ is much the largest
+the cathedral has possessed, and, compared to the old one in the
+palace, is so large that, according to Mr Hewitt, the whole of
+the latter would go inside the pedal pipes of the former.
+</p>
+<p>
+The south transept has its full share of monuments, two of
+which are of great interest. These are the memorials to Dr
+Johnson and to his friend, David Garrick, the actor. The busts
+are both by Sir Richard Westmacott, R.A. The inscription to the
+first says:
+</p>
+<p class="quote">
+<i>The Friends of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. (a native of
+Lichfield), erected this Monument as a tribute of respect to the
+Memory of a man of extensive learning, a distinguished Moral
+Writer, and a Sincere Christian. He died the 13th of December
+1784; Aged 75 years.</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+The other reads:
+</p>
+<p class="quote">
+<i>EVA MARIA, Relict of DAVID GARRICK, Esq., caused this
+Monument to be erected to the Memory of her beloved Husband, who
+died the 20th January 1779: Aged 63 years.</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+Garrick had not only the amiable qualities of private life,
+but such astonishing dramatic talents as to well verify the
+observations of his friend, which have already been quoted (p.
+<a href="#page66">66</a>), in reference to the memorial of Gilbert Walmesley.
+</p>
+<p>
+Samuel Johnson was born in Lichfield, where his father was a
+bookseller; his shop is still standing, scarcely altered, on the
+west side of the Market Place, close to the monument of his
+famous son (see p. <a href="#page136">136</a>). David Garrick came with his parents to
+live in Lichfield when very young, and he and Johnson attended
+the Grammar School together. There was a difference of several
+years in their ages, but their life-long friendship must have
+begun early, seeing that Johnson wrote the Prologue for Garrick's
+performance of Farquhar's comedy, "The Recruiting Officer," which
+took place at the Bishop's Palace when Garrick was only eleven
+years old. Some years
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page74" id="page74"></a>[74]</span>
+
+ after, when Johnson had left
+Oxford and had set up a school in the neighbourhood of Lichfield,
+Garrick joined him as a pupil; but the venture did not prove
+successful, and master and pupil left Lichfield for London, where
+each in his own line reached the highest summit of fame.
+</p>
+<p>
+These memorials stand side by side in the aisle; for some
+reason, the busts were removed to the library when the interior
+was being restored by Sir Gilbert Scott, but they have once again
+been replaced in the spot originally chosen for them. The
+friendship of Johnson and Garrick was long and cordial: it is
+fitting we should see that in their death they were not
+divided.
+</p>
+<p>
+In this aisle, which until recently was used as the Dean's
+Consistory Court, is another monument by Westmacott; this is in
+memory of Andrew Newton, who was so munificent a friend to his
+native Lichfield. He founded the institution on the west side of
+the close for the widows and orphans of clergymen, which he also
+endowed; and on his death, in 1806, he left a library of books to
+the cathedral.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the first bay of the aisle is a monument to the officers
+and men of the 80th Regiment (Staffordshire Volunteers). The
+design is Egyptian, and is surmounted by a sphinx. Over the
+monument hang colours taken from the Sikhs, and on the wall
+behind are the old regimental colours. At the south end is a very
+fine and costly altar tomb&mdash;to Admiral Sir William Parker,
+who, when he died in 1866, was the last survivor of Nelson's
+captains. The slab of Pyrenean jasper is inlaid with a gold
+cross, and the front is adorned with stones of porphyry and lapis
+lazuli. The window above has some of the Herkenrode glass left
+over from the Lady Chapel, together with some modern glass. The
+great south window, which, as has just been stated, is in the
+Perpendicular style, was in 1895 adorned with new glass; this was
+the gift of Mr A. P. Heywood-Lonsdale, in memory of his father and
+his uncle, Bishop Lonsdale. The subject is "I am the vine, ye are
+the branches," and represents Our Lord in the centre surrounded
+by angels, with the principal bishops of the Early Christian
+Church. The six early British bishops: St. Columba, Scotland; St.
+Wulstan, Worcester; St. Chad, Lichfield; St. Augustine,
+Canterbury; St. Aidan, Northumbria; St. Hugh, Lincoln, are at the
+feet of Our Lord. The other bishops are St. Basil, Caesarea; St.
+Cyril, Jerusalem; St. Patrick, Ireland; St. Ignatius,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page75" id="page75"></a>[75]</span>
+
+ Antioch; St. Polycarp, Smyrna; St. Boniface, Germany; St. Martin,
+Tours; St. David, Wales; St. Gregory, Rome; St. Augustine, Hippo;
+St. Athanasius, Alexandria; St. Cyprian, Carthage; St. Isidore,
+Spain; St. Chrysostom, Constantinople; St. Ambrose, Milan; and
+St. Vigilius, Aries. This glass is by Mr C. E. Kempe. On the west
+side are several brasses and tablets, including one to John
+Saville, vicar choral of the cathedral, who died in 1803. The
+lines underneath are by the Miss Seward whose own memorial is in
+the north aisle of the nave; they, like so much of the elegiac
+poetry of the period, owe not only their style, but a good many
+of their phrases, to the poet Gray.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The Choir</b>, with the presbytery and
+retro-choir&mdash;that is to say, the whole extent of that part
+of the cathedral between the central tower and the entrance to
+the Lady Chapel&mdash;has eight bays. The most noticeable
+difference between it and the nave, is the absence of a
+triforium. Professor Willis says: "The entire height of the
+severey (or bay) is divided into two nearly equal parts, of which
+the lower is given to the pier arches, the upper to the
+clerestory. The window-sills of the latter are high, and there is
+a passage in front of them immediately above the tablement or
+string course over the pier arches. This passage, the veritable
+triforium, pierces the great piers of masonry which sustain the
+vault. The high sills receive the sloping roof of the side
+aisles, and have three plain open arches in each severey to air
+the roof." These sills are panelled with a foliated arcading, and
+in front of the passage there is an open trefoil work parapet.
+The effect of the windows inside is much enhanced by the lovely
+quatrefoil ornamentation with which their splays are decorated.
+In the single window&mdash;the east on the south side&mdash;where
+the original tracery remains, it is very beautiful and graceful,
+and is a good example of the Decorated period; but into the other
+windows Perpendicular tracery has been introduced.
+</p>
+<p>
+The vaulting is very much the same as in the nave, but the
+vaulting shafts divide into seven instead of five ribs. The
+bosses, as everywhere else in the cathedral, are very deeply and
+richly carved.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the four eastern sets of piers long slender shafts run up
+from the base of the piers in the same way as in the nave, and
+similarly the spandrels are ornamented with foliated circles, of
+which nearly all trace had disappeared before the recent
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page76" id="page76"></a>[76]</span>
+
+ restoration. This, however, is not the arrangement on the three
+western pairs. It was found here that these shafts did not reach
+the ground; and so Sir Gilbert Scott, having discovered a portion
+of the sculptured wing of an angel just above the dean's present
+stall, decided upon finishing the shafts with corbels in the form
+of angels occupied in minstrelsy. Above each of these
+angels&mdash;which were innovations&mdash;he placed, under richly
+crocketted canopies and standing on very finely-carved brackets,
+the figures of six saints. These were not innovations, though no
+signs of them appear in the engraving in Britton's "Cathedrals,"
+where, indeed, the incomplete shafts just mentioned are to all
+appearance complete. But in Pennant's "Journey from Chester to
+London," 1782, the six statues are mentioned, and he tells us not
+only their names, but also that they were richly painted. The new
+statues represent the same original characters: St. Mary, St.
+Mary Magdalene, and St. Peter on the north side; St. James, St.
+Philip, and St. Christopher on the south: these with their niches
+have been executed partly from the old description of them and
+partly by reference to the niches remaining in the Lady
+Chapel.
+</p>
+<p>
+An investigation of the roof proved that its bosses had been
+originally profusely gilded and painted, and that the ribs had
+been painted in tri-colour, though, oddly enough, this apparently
+had not been the case in the Lady Chapel. Mr Dyce, R.A., was
+called in to give an opinion, and suggested a large scheme, upon
+which he actually started, but after having proceeded only a
+small way, difficulties arose and he departed. What little paint
+had been applied to the ribs was removed; but a few of the more
+easterly bosses remain gilt to this day, and afterwards the
+others were reddened to bring out the sculpture.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page77" id="page77"></a>[77]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image24.png">
+<img src="images/i-24-s.png" height="500"
+title="The Choir in 1820."
+alt="THE CHOIR IN 1820." /></a>
+<br />
+THE CHOIR IN 1820.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page78" id="page78"></a>[78]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+The architectural history of the choir and presbytery is very
+interesting. There is practically no documentary evidence at all
+to tell when and how it was built; and what we know about it now
+is due to the antiquarian skill of the late Professor Willis.
+Nothing can have been more fortunate than that he should have
+been able to make an inspection of the foundations of the choir,
+for no man had a greater genius for using the smallest
+discoveries to the greatest advantage. Numerous stories are told
+of his extraordinary gift for divining what was to be found. As
+Canon Lonsdale says: "He knew, as it were, by instinct
+<!--above lines moved down from page 76-->
+ what was hidden under the soil. 'Dig there,' he said,
+and the base he wanted came to light. 'Open out the earth here,'
+and the solid piece of stone which he had been looking for to
+complete his imaginary plan was straightway disclosed to view."
+He came here in August 1859, when excavations were being made in
+the choir, and on what he saw then he based the theory of the
+growth of the cathedral which has found favour with everyone ever
+since. The nature of his discoveries here, and the conclusions he
+drew from them, have been briefly given in the section of this
+book devoted to the history of the cathedral, so that it is
+unnecessary to further discuss them, except when they apply to
+buildings which are now in existence.
+</p>
+<p>
+The present choir was commenced at the very beginning of the
+thirteenth century. Of this choir only the lower portions of the
+three bays nearest the tower remain above ground, but there is no
+doubt that the original eastern termination had been removed to
+make way for the beautiful presbytery which now remains and
+extends eastward, with its vaulting at the same elevation as that
+of the choir. This was done probably immediately after the Lady
+Chapel had been built, or at the same time, and it is supposed
+that the work proceeded from the east end and the old choir was
+gradually pulled down, leaving the three western bays standing,
+and that then the clerestory of these bays was replaced by work
+in uniformity with that in the new presbytery; at the same time
+the front half of their pier arches was removed and mouldings
+given to them corresponding to those in the presbytery, their
+piers were also slightly altered. In this way the choir and
+presbytery acquired a uniform appearance, both inside and out;
+for the portion of the old side aisle on the south is hidden by
+the sacristry, and that on the north by the chapter-house and
+vestibule.
+</p>
+<p>
+As has been said, only one of the original Decorated
+clerestory windows now remain; the others, it may be supposed,
+were destroyed in the sieges of the Civil War, for they have been
+replaced with Perpendicular tracery which belongs to a period
+when this style was only being imitated; it was probably put in
+at the Restoration.
+</p>
+<p>
+The high altar is now placed between the sixth pair of piers
+(counting from the west). This is probably the old arrangement,
+but until the recent restorations the altar was placed in the
+Lady Chapel: the pier arches of the choir
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page79" id="page79"></a>[79]</span>
+
+ were walled up, and a large screen placed in the
+eastern tower arch; so that the choir and Lady Chapel were
+converted into one long aisleless chapel.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image25.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-25-s.jpg" height="500"
+title="The Choir, Looking East."
+alt="THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+It is very interesting to note the signs in the choir of the
+attempt to combine the two styles which, as has been explained,
+met here. The third piers stand on the line of demarcation
+between the part retained and the part rebuilt,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page80" id="page80"></a>[80]</span>
+
+ and consequently carry an Early English arch to the
+west and a Decorated arch to the east. The Early English column
+was partially cut away and partially used in the new work, as may
+be seen on inspection of these piers. It will also be seen that
+the vaulting in the aisles is much rougher in the old part than
+in the eastern bays. The plaster used to hide this; but Sir
+Gilbert Scott caused it to be removed, and is said afterward to
+have regretted having done so.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image26.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-26-s.jpg" width="500"
+title="South Aisle of Choir, Looking East."
+alt="SOUTH AISLE OF CHOIR, LOOKING EAST."/></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+SOUTH AISLE OF CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Another interesting junction between two buildings of
+different dates is the entrance to the vestibule of the
+chapter-house. This entrance is in the third bay of the north
+aisle, and is obviously a combination of doorway and window, as
+may be seen by comparing the window of the first bay with it.
+</p>
+<p>
+Again, in the first bays of the aisles there are windows in
+the Early English style, but they look only into the aisles of
+the transepts; showing, as has before been stated, that the
+transept aisles were not originally contemplated, and certainly
+did not take the place of earlier Norman aisles.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page81" id="page81"></a>[81]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image27.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-27-s.jpg" width="500"
+title="The Choir, Looking West."
+alt="THE CHOIR, LOOKING WEST." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+THE CHOIR, LOOKING WEST.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page82" id="page82"></a>[82]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page83" id="page83"></a>[83]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+The arch at the west end of the north choir aisle is
+<!--above line moved down from page 80-->
+ decorated with a double chevron
+moulding&mdash;evidence that it is one of the oldest pieces of
+work left in the cathedral. This arch has at a more recent date
+been lined with another arch of the Decorated period, probably in
+order to strengthen it.
+</p>
+<p>
+The arcading in the aisles is very interesting. In the first
+three western bays in both aisles the large arcading, with its
+plain trefoiled arches, is clearly Early English. The arcading in
+the other bays is equally clearly of the Decorated period, and is
+considerably smaller. In the four eastern bays in each aisle the
+arches go right up to the course which forms the top of the
+arcading, and the triangular spandrels thus formed are ornamented
+each with a curious little head, having queer headgear; the rest
+of the spandrel is carved with foliage, and in the plates of the
+foliated arches are quaint animals. The arcading in the remaining
+bay is similar, but angels' heads with wings take up the whole
+spandrel. Some of the arcading, notably that in the three
+easterly bays of the south aisle, is unrestored. The inferiority
+of the modern work in the next bay is only too patent.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the south choir aisle the third window from the east has
+very beautiful carved work, the splays being covered with two
+bands of richly-carved foliage. Under the window is now the tomb
+of Bishop Hacket, and Dean Heywood's monument is said to have
+also been in this place.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the south aisle, over the entrance to the sacristy, there
+is a very charmingly-proportioned gallery which is known as the
+"minstrel gallery." A gallery of this kind, though not unique, is
+very rare, but Exeter Cathedral has two&mdash;one in the north
+transept and another in the nave. In this case the arcading has
+been altered to accommodate this obviously later addition, made
+probably in the early part of the fifteenth century. Three shafts
+from the arcade have been left, which support a fan-shaped
+vaulting, upon which the gallery rests. There is little doubt as
+to the object of the gallery, though various theories have been
+advanced. By some it is supposed that it was used by the priest
+whose duty it was to watch the lights burning on the various
+altars; others suggest that it was indeed used by the
+instrumentalists to keep time during the procession, etc.; but,
+as it is immediately in front of the chapel of the Head of St.
+Chad, it was no doubt intended for the exhibition of the head to
+those below
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84" id="page84"></a>[84]</span>
+
+ in the aisle. However, it may be said that the raised
+galleries in medi&aelig;val halls were always called by the name
+of "minstrel gallery," and so the name came to be used of
+galleries generally. This gallery is reached by the staircase in
+the wall which leads to the upper floor of the sacristy. Just
+against the entrance to this staircase, in the wall of the aisle,
+is an ancient piscina. Its presence here is unexplained, as there
+is no record of a chapel at this spot; though it has been
+suggested that the altar dedicated to St. Blaise occupied a
+position in this aisle.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is perhaps worth noticing that in the old days the two bays
+of the cathedral between the high altar and the Lady Chapel,
+together with their portions of the aisles, were generally spoken
+of as the Lady Choir, and are marked as such in old plans; other
+writers again speak of this part of the building as "the cross
+aisle." There were gates across the choir aisles in a line with
+the reredos, and these are marked in the plan of the cathedral
+published somewhere about 1720. No doubt the eastern ends of the
+choir aisles in still earlier days were spoken of as St. Andrew's
+Chapel or St. Nicholas' Chapel; but, though it is almost certain
+that the east end of the north choir aisle was dedicated to St.
+Andrew, there is no certain information as to the dedication of
+the corresponding chapel in the south aisle, but it is generally
+believed to have contained an altar to St. Nicholas.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The Choir Screen</b> was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott and Mr J. B.
+Phillips, and executed by Mr Skidmore of Coventry. It is a very
+highly-ornamented structure in wrought-iron, copper, and brass,
+and is said to have been the first screen of this kind; but other
+screens of the same character are now to be seen at Salisbury,
+Worcester, Hereford, and other churches. The capitals are of
+hammered copper; there are imitations of various fruits in ivory,
+onyx, and red and white cornelian: on the upper part, on each
+side, are eight angels with instruments of music; the whole is
+surmounted with a frieze of open scroll work, and a cross rises
+from the top of the pedimented gate-way in the centre. The side
+iron gates into the choir aisles were also executed by Mr
+Skidmore.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page85" id="page85"></a>[85]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image28.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-28-s.jpg" width="500"
+title="Under the Central Tower."
+alt="UNDER THE CENTRAL TOWER." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co. Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+UNDER THE CENTRAL TOWER.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page86" id="page86"></a>[86]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page87" id="page87"></a>[87]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+<b>The Stalls</b> are modern, and are somewhat disappointing. The
+canons' stalls have no canopies, and their absence certainly
+deprives the choir of a feature generally to be found in
+<!--above lines moved down from page 84-->
+ cathedrals. Otherwise, the stalls are a satisfactory
+instance of modern carving, and were carried out by Mr Evans of
+Ellastone in Derbyshire. He is always said to have been the
+original of Seth in "Adam Bede," and he certainly was a cousin of
+the great authoress. There is much natural foliage in the
+carving, with figures of apostles, kings, and bishops, and panels
+representing scenes from Old Testament history. The <b>Bishop's
+Throne</b> is by the same artist.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The Reredos</b> is a very gorgeous piece of work, but it
+must be confessed that the effect is again not wholly
+satisfactory. It might even be said that in the endeavour to
+attain magnificence, over-elaboration has ended in a tawdry
+appearance. However, tastes differ, and this reredos has its
+admirers. It was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott, and cost
+&pound;2000, which sum was raised by the Honourable Mrs H.
+Howard, the wife of the dean. It was part of the scheme that all
+the materials for the reredos should come from the diocese, and
+with the exception of the green malachite, this idea has been
+carried out. The alabaster came from near Tutbury, and the
+marbles from Derbyshire (then in the diocese): and the Duke of
+Devonshire was induced to give some of the beautiful red marble,
+which bears the name of the "Duke's red," from his quarry, so
+rarely opened.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the centre is a bas-relief of the Ascension, with, a figure
+of "The Lamb" underneath; on each side are two compartments
+containing the emblems of the four evangelists. All five
+compartments are surmounted with very highly-decorated pediments,
+the central one being the largest and most magnificent; above it
+rises a very elaborate pinnacle, ending in a cross. There is an
+open arcading on each side, extending to the piers of the
+presbytery. The pediments have each a head in the centre, and
+between the pediments are angels with ivory trumpets.
+</p>
+<p>
+The reredos has purposely been kept very low, so that the view
+of the glass in the Lady Chapel may be intercepted as little as
+possible. One cannot help feeling that too much was sacrificed to
+that idea. One of the main principles of the Gothic builder, it
+has been said, was to suggest an air of mystery. The light screen
+and the low reredos have the very opposite effect; and it may be
+prophesied that the days of their admiration are rapidly coming
+to an end.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page88" id="page88"></a>[88]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+<b>The Sedilia</b> are interesting on account of the canopies,
+which are old, and probably formed part of the original high
+altar screen. Their style is that known as Perpendicular, but
+they obviously belong to its early period. No doubt the screen
+suffered grievously after the siege; and at the Restoration of
+the monarchy and the cathedral a wooden screen was erected in
+front of it. Pennant, who saw it in 1780, says: "The beauty of
+the choir was much impaired by the impropriety of a rich
+altar-piece, of Grecian architecture, terminating this elegant
+Gothic building."
+</p>
+<p>
+This arrangement came to an end in 1788, when Wyatt threw the
+choir and Lady Chapel into one long chapel, and the old altar
+screen was utilised in the choir screen and helped to support the
+organ. When this screen in turn was taken down, the old canopies,
+much battered and largely repaired with plaster, were examined,
+and found to be of Bath stone, and in this the repairs were
+executed. Six of them were used for the sedilia, and the other
+three are to be found just behind, over the effigy of Dean
+Howard.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The Pavement</b> between the stalls is of tiles, made after
+the pattern of old tiles which were found in the cathedral. The
+modern ones are by Messrs Minton. There is some record of how the
+cathedral has at various times been paved, as Dr Plot tells us
+that "the old floor of the choir was paved lozengy with cannel
+coal and alabaster, the former got at Beaudesert," and at one
+time the nave and aisles were paved with brick. Some of the old
+tiles and two slabs of coal are preserved in the floor of the
+consistory court.
+</p>
+<p>
+The pavement in the presbytery is different, and is made
+principally of incised stone, with marble borders. There are four
+large medallions, which show scenes in the history of the
+diocese, and these are surrounded with representations of kings
+and bishops who have had some connection with the see. The
+general scheme was arranged by Sir Gilbert Scott, but the
+medallions were designed by the Rev. J. Pitman, headmaster of
+Rugeley Grammar School. The first medallion represents the
+consecration of St. Chad as Bishop of York; round it are Oswy,
+King of Northumbria and Mercia, who was the principal instrument
+in introducing Christianity into Mercia; Diuma, first Bishop;
+Wulphere, King of Mercia; and Jaruman, Bishop of Mercia, the
+immediate predecessor of St. Chad.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page89" id="page89"></a>[89]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image29.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-29-s.jpg" width="500"
+title="Reredos."
+alt="REREDOS." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co. Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+REREDOS.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" id="page90"></a>[90]</span></p>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page91" id="page91"></a>[91]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+The second medallion gives the well-known story of Theodore,
+the great archbishop, setting St. Chad on a horse; around are
+Ethelred, king of Mercia after Wulphere; Sexwulf, the bishop who
+divided up the diocese; Offa, King of Mercia, who made Lichfield
+an archbishopric, and Higbert, the archbishop.
+</p>
+<p>
+The third medallion shows the translation of St. Chad's bones
+from Stowe Church, where they were buried, to the cathedral;
+around are Stephen, who was king when Bishop Roger de Clinton
+built the Norman cathedral; Henry III., who gave stone for the
+transept; and Bishop Langton, who built the Lady Chapel.
+</p>
+<p>
+The fourth medallion shows the procession to the chapter-house
+for divine service at the Restoration (1660); around are Charles
+II. and Bishop Hacket, who then restored the cathedral; Queen
+Victoria and Bishop Lonsdale, who was bishop at the time of the
+recent restorations.
+</p>
+<p>
+The altar space is covered with encaustic tiles, given by Mr
+C. Minton Campbell. In the centre is the Feast of the Passover,
+and around are shown Cain and Abel, Melchisedec blessing Abraham,
+Abraham and Isaac, Joseph and his brethren, Moses striking the
+Rock, and the Brazen Serpent&mdash;all Old Testament types of the
+Divine Sacrifice.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The Monuments</b> in the south choir aisle are particularly
+interesting. Commencing from the west end, there is on the south
+side an altar tomb in memory of Archdeacon Hodson, who died in
+1855. The slab is of Serpentine stone, with a brass cross inlaid,
+and there are alabaster plaques representing the Crucifixion, the
+Entombment, the Resurrection, and the Ascension. Opposite is a
+monument to his son, Major Hodson, known as "Hodson of Hodson's
+Horse," who played a dramatic part in the Indian Mutiny, where he
+received his death wound. The coped top forms a cross, and
+underneath are represented the King of Delhi surrendering his
+sword to Major Hodson, with allegorical figures of Justice,
+Fortitude, Temperance, and Mercy; and at the corners statuettes
+of Joshua, David, St. Thomas of India, and St. George of England.
+Both these monuments are by Mr G. E. Street, R.A., the well-known
+architect of the Law Courts in London.
+</p>
+<p>
+Close to the gate is a medallion to Erasmus Darwin, "a skilful
+observer of Nature," and the author of several books. He died in
+1802, and was the grandfather of Charles Darwin,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page92" id="page92"></a>[92]</span>
+
+ the celebrated biologist, whose name is a household
+word. The memorial to the grandfather directs attention to the
+hereditary obligations of the grandson.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the second bay, between the pier arches, is the monument of
+Bishop Langton, who died in 1296. This originally stood to the
+south of the high altar. The figure is of Purbeck marble, and is
+habited <i>in pontificalibus</i>; the head lies on a plain
+cushion in a kind of frame. The mitre and shoes were probably
+once richly jewelled, and the whole, as we know from Sir William
+Dugdale's "Visitation," had a pedimented canopy. Now nothing
+remains but the mutilated effigy.
+</p>
+<p>
+In a similar position in the third bay is the effigy of Bishop
+Patteshull, who died in 1241. This is also of Purbeck marble, and
+was probably jewelled. There are ministering angels outside a
+pediment at the head; the figure has the pastoral staff in the
+left hand, while the right is obviously raised in benediction,
+though only the fingers are left, the second wearing the
+episcopal ring. Pennant and others have drawn attention to the
+fact that this effigy has the "stigmata" or marks of Our Lord's
+wounds on his hands and feet. Some antiquarians think that this
+is the monument of Bishop Weseham, and not of Bishop Patteshull.
+There are engravings and descriptions of these last two monuments
+in Gough's "Sepulchral Monuments in Great Britain," 1796, but it
+is certainly strange that Langton's monument is described as
+Patteshull's, and <i>vice versa</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Opposite to Bishop Langton is the most curious monument in the
+cathedral. It has now been identified as the tomb of Sir John
+Stanley of Pipe. The effigy represents a knight naked to the
+waist, below which was formerly a deep skirt painted with the
+arms of Stanley, the legs being in armour, while under the head
+is a buck's horn, and a similar horn is placed beneath the feet.
+The whole subject of this tomb is one presenting many
+difficulties, but they have now been cleared up, and in a
+communication to the "Archaeological Journal," vol. 24, Mr J.
+Hewitt has given much interesting information. From it the
+following account is taken:&mdash;The monument was always known
+as that of "Captain Stanley," who for some offence had been
+excommunicated, and who, after atonement, had been admitted to
+sepulture in holy ground on condition that the evidence of his
+punishment should appear on his sepultured effigy. The
+mutilations
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page93" id="page93"></a>[93]</span>
+
+ of the Civil Wars have so defaced
+the monument as to make this story extremely doubtful, until
+among papers belonging to the Earl of Winchelsea was found a
+coloured drawing of this effigy, done by Sir William Dugdale just
+before the wars for Sir Christopher Hatton. This sketch showed
+that the skin was bare, and that the skirt had the Stanley arms.
+But this did not clear up the difficulty. Pennant, in his
+"Journey from Chester to London," describes the tomb and gives
+the story, and then says: "I find a Sir Humphrey Stanley of Pipe,
+who died in the reign of Henry VII., who had a squabble with the
+Chapter about conveying water through his lands to the close ...
+so probably this might be the gentleman who incurred the censure
+of the church for his impiety." Shaw, in his "History of
+Staffordshire," declares that the arms on the base of the tomb
+show "the arms of Stanley impaling or, three chevronels gules
+(Clare)," which means that the person represented married a
+Clare. This Sir Humphrey did not do, and, moreover, he was buried
+in Westminster Abbey, where his brass still remains. Further
+investigation showed that the arms of Clare are also the arms of
+Gerard, and then that Sir John Stanley of Pipe married Margaret,
+the daughter of Sir Thomas Gerard. Pipe is a domain about a mile
+from Lichfield, so that the family of the dead knight would
+naturally have desired his interment in the cathedral of that
+city.
+</p>
+<p>
+It does not appear that there was any ignominy implied in
+scourging as a public penance. On the contrary, many royal
+personages have submitted to it, and everyone will remember that
+Henry II. underwent a scourging upon his naked shoulders by the
+hands of the monks of Canterbury. There is a stained-glass window
+in the Bodleian Library at Oxford showing this scene.
+</p>
+<p>
+Dr Rock, in the same volume of the "Archaeological Journal,"
+says that to his thinking "this Stanley, of knightly rank, had
+drawn upon himself the greater excommunication through the
+spilling of blood in Lichfield Cathedral on some occasion, from a
+blow on the face with his hand or possibly by a slight stab with
+his avelace on the person of one with whom he had quarrelled. He
+lies bareheaded and naked as far down as the girdle. His upraised
+hands, according to the representation given by Pennant, and
+copied in Shaw's
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page94" id="page94"></a>[94]</span>
+
+ 'History of Staffordshire,' held a scroll which must
+have been the document ... signifying under the bishop's hand
+that, having undergone the canonical penance, the offender was
+again admitted to all Christian privileges."
+</p>
+<p>
+Farther east than the "minstrel gallery" there is a window in
+memory of Bishop Rawle, who was consecrated Bishop of Trinidad in
+this cathedral by Bishop Selwyn. The subjects depicted in the
+window are Christ's Appeal to St. Peter, St. Paul's Vision, and
+The Baptism of the Ethiopian by St. Philip. Underneath the window
+is a highly-ornamented altar tomb designed by Sir Gilbert Scott
+in memory of Archdeacon Moore, whose effigy lies on the top. He
+died in 1876. Opposite, in the next bay, is the monument of Dean
+Howard, who died in 1868; the effigy of the dean, in marble, lies
+under a triple canopy formed from portions of the old screen.
+These last two effigies were the work of H. Armstead, R.A. It was
+here that Bishop Langton's monument once stood, and here also was
+Bishop Hacket's. This last now stands on the opposite side under
+the very beautiful window of the sixth bay of this aisle: it is
+in the Jacobean style, and is much painted and gilded. An effigy
+of the Bishop lies on an altar tomb under a canopy, while in
+front is a lengthy inscription in Latin.
+</p>
+<p>
+Near this place, with other monuments, is one to the memory of
+Colonel Richard Bagot, who received his death wound at the battle
+of Naseby, 1645, and was buried in the cathedral. His father was
+Sir Hervey Bagot, Governor of the Close on behalf of the
+king.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the seventh bay is another of the semi-effigies, two of
+which are in the south aisle of the nave, but this one is much
+more damaged; it is supposed to be the monument of Canon
+Strangeways. In Jackson's "History of Lichfield," which was
+published in 1805, it is stated that the name, though not then
+distinguishable, had only recently become obliterated, and was
+known and remembered to be Strangeways.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the south wall, towards the east are, amongst others,
+brasses to Dean Champneys, 1875, and Dean Bickersteth, 1892, and
+above these there is a monument to Canon Horton, who died in
+1728.
+</p>
+<p>
+Two windows have recently been ornamented with new glass by Mr
+Kempe, showing scenes taken from the Acts of the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page95" id="page95"></a>[95]</span>
+
+ Apostles; one, in memory of Dr H. W. Hewitt, represents Peter and
+Paul healing the lame man at the Beautiful Gate of the temple.
+The other is in memory of Mr J. T. Godfrey Faussett, and
+represents Stephen before the Council, having delivered his
+apology, looking up and declaring "Behold I see the heavens
+opened, and the Son of Man standing on the right hand of
+God."
+</p>
+<p>
+At the east end of this aisle, on the spot where probably once
+stood the altar of St. Nicholas, is the famous monument known as
+"The Sleeping Children." This was executed by Sir Francis
+Chantrey, R.A., and set up in 1817. It is said that this monument
+established his fame. Britton, in 1820, devotes more than two
+large quarto pages&mdash;a great space for him&mdash;to ecstasies
+over it, and no doubt the taste of the time demanded undiluted
+admiration. Now we may prize it as an early example of the new
+style which, in art as well as in literature, was to supersede
+the artifice of the eighteenth century: the essence of that new
+style was, Mr Walter Pater tells us, "an intimate consciousness
+of the expression of natural things."
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image30.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-30-s.jpg" width="500"
+title="The Sleeping Children."
+alt="THE SLEEPING CHILDREN." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+THE SLEEPING CHILDREN.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page96" id="page96"></a>[96]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+The monument is in memory of the two daughters of the
+Reverend William Robinson, Prebendary of the cathedral, and
+represents the young children locked in each other's arms.
+</p>
+<p>
+Behind it is a wall memorial to their father, and to the side
+is a piscina, which has at the back of it an old fresco, probably
+of the fourteenth century. The subject is the Crucifixion, with
+figures of St. Mary and St. John, one on each side of our Lord.
+The illustration is from a drawing preserved in the National Art
+Library, South Kensington Museum. The window at the end of the
+aisle contains some of the old Flemish glass, which has in the
+centre a curious representation of the Trinity.
+</p>
+<p>
+In leaving this aisle it may be noted that tradition has it
+that between the pillars of the eighth bay was the monument of
+Lord Basset: that the tomb of Bishop William de Corkhull was
+between the pillars of the seventh bay, and that, in a similar
+position in the fifth bay, was buried Bishop de Molend. The
+Ashmolean MSS. give a long description of Lord Basset's monument:
+"Between the choir and the chapel of the Blessed Mary is the
+monument of Ralph, Lord Basset. He is lying in complete armour,
+his hands erected, and thereon his gauntlets. On his head, which
+is laid upon his helm and crest, viz., a boar, is a steel cap,
+and on his right shoulder a square shield of his arms. His dagger
+is laid by his right side, and his feet are resting upon a boar."
+He died in the reign of Richard II. It is always said that Sir
+Walter Scott had this monument in his mind when he described Lord
+Marmion's monument:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i16">              "Fitz-Eustace care </p>
+<p class="i2">A pierced and mangled body bare </p>
+<p class="i2">To moated Lichfield's lofty pile; </p>
+<p class="i2">And there, beneath the southern aisle, </p>
+<p class="i2">A tomb, with Gothic sculpture fair, </p>
+<p class="i2">Did long Lord Marmion's image bear, </p>
+<p class="i2">(Now vainly for its sight you look; </p>
+<p class="i2">'Twas levell'd when fanatic Brook </p>
+<p class="i2">The fair cathedral storm'd and took; </p>
+<p class="i2">But thanks to Heaven and good St. Chad, </p>
+<p class="i2">A guerdon meet the spoiler had!) </p>
+<p class="i2">There erst was martial Marmion found, </p>
+<p class="i2">His feet upon a couchant hound </p>
+<p class="i4">His hands to Heaven upraised; </p>
+<p class="i2">And all around, on scutcheon rich </p>
+<p class="i2">And tablet carved, and fretted niche, </p>
+<p class="i4">His arms and feats were blazed." </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" id="page97"></a>[97]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image31.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-31-s.jpg" height="500"
+title="Fresco-Painting of the Crucifixion in the South Choir Aisle."
+alt="FRESCO-PAINTING OF THE CRUCIFIXION IN THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>F. G. M. Beaumont, Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+FRESCO-PAINTING OF THE CRUCIFIXION IN THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page98" id="page98"></a>[98]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+The accounts do not entirely tally, so that it may be
+the tomb described was as little Lord Basset's as it was really
+Lord Marmion's.
+</p>
+<p>
+Not very far from this last tomb was the monument of William,
+Lord Paget, who was not buried here but at Drayton. He was
+ambassador from Henry VIII. to Charles V., and held other
+important posts under that king and his daughter, Queen Mary; he
+died in 1563. There is an engraving of his monument in Shaw's
+"Staffordshire," which shows it to have been very
+magnificent.
+</p>
+<p>
+The monuments in the <b>North Choir Aisle</b> are not only
+more scanty than those in other parts of the cathedral, but they
+are of less interest. At the east end is the kneeling figure of
+Bishop Ryder, who died in 1836. This monument is in white marble,
+and one of Chantrey's latest works, just as the more famous
+monument in a similar position in the south aisle is one of his
+earliest. It was originally intended that the figure should be on
+a higher pedestal, and no doubt the effect is not increased by
+its lower position.
+</p>
+<p>
+Behind, on the east wall, is an inscription in memory of the
+bishop. The window above this contains some old Flemish glass,
+which has a figure of St. Christopher in the centre. The window
+in the north side in the corner is by Mr C. E. Kempe, in memory of
+Mr Patterson, late sub-chanter of the cathedral. The glass shows
+King David teaching the singers of the House of the Lord. Beneath
+is an ancient aumbry.
+</p>
+<p>
+Opposite, between the pillars, is the traditional site of the
+burial-place of Bishop Stretton; he is said to have been buried
+in St. Andrew's Chapel. There is little doubt that the end of
+this aisle contained an altar dedicated to that saint.
+</p>
+<p>
+Between the next pair of pillars westward, it is said that
+Bishop Blythe was buried, but his monument at one time stood in
+the other aisle of the choir.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the north side of the altar is the monument to the memory
+of Bishop Lonsdale, who died in 1867. The monument, which is
+highly decorative, consists of an effigy of the bishop lying on
+an altar-tomb of marble and alabaster. The effigy is by Mr G. F.
+Watts, R.A., the celebrated artist, and the tomb was designed by
+Sir Gilbert Scott, who is said to have taken the idea of the
+canopy, with its triple pediment, from the monument of John of
+Eltham in Westminster Abbey.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page99" id="page99"></a>[99]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+In the space between the next pair of pillars westward,
+Archbishop Scrope, formerly bishop of this diocese, is said to
+have been buried. He was beheaded in 1405 by Henry IV.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the most easterly bay but one of this aisle there must have
+been a doorway leading into the chapel which Dr Stukeley speaks
+of: "In the chapel over against the lady choir was the
+burying-place of two Mercian Kings; but it is now chosen for a
+burying-place by Dr Chandler, present bishop of Lichfield, who
+has there buried one child."
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The Lady Chapel</b> has always most justly been admired by
+architects and antiquarians. Not only is it peculiarly beautiful
+in its construction, but also its windows are now filled with
+some of the most charming old glass to be seen in England. In
+shape it forms a symmetrical extension, both in height and width,
+to the choir, but without aisles; and it has an octagonal
+apse&mdash;the only example, it is said, of such a termination in
+the country. It is lighted by nine high windows, with Decorated
+tracery. This tracery has recently been restored in the style of
+that in the three end windows; until this was done most of the
+windows contained Perpendicular tracery.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image32.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-32-s.jpg" width="500"
+title="Brackets in the Lady Chapel."
+alt="BRACKETS IN THE LADY CHAPEL." /></a>
+<br />
+BRACKETS IN THE LADY CHAPEL.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+The windows rest on an arcade of very beautiful design. The
+arcade may be said to consist of a series of small decorated
+canopies, supported by shafts with carved capitals, and separated
+by ornamented buttresses. The canopies, which bow forward, have
+trefoil ogee arches, surmounted with crockets and finials. Above
+the arcade is a similar embattled parapet to that in the choir,
+with a similar passage round the chapel behind it.
+</p>
+<p>
+The vaulting of the roof is like that in the choir; the same
+number of ribs diverging from the slender shafts which run right
+down to the bends of the arcade. Half-way up these
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page100" id="page100"></a>[100]</span>
+
+ shafts are niches, the brackets and canopies to which
+are beautifully carved. These are old, but until recently were
+empty, and no authentic record remained as to what were the
+characters represented. Dr Stukeley believed that the figures had
+been those of the five wise and five foolish virgins. This theory
+has not, however, found sufficient favour to lead to a
+reproduction of their effigies, for in 1895 the niches were
+filled with figures of ten virgin saints and martyrs. These were
+executed by Messrs Farmer &amp; Brindley, from designs by Mr C. E.
+Kempe, and they may be warmly congratulated on their work. The
+statues are really beautiful, and are infinitely superior to most
+of the other modern sculpture in the cathedral. It will be
+noticed, too, that the figures seem the right size for the
+niches, instead of being much too large, as in many other cases.
+The statues are as follow:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. St. Werburga, with pastoral staff and book, and a
+model of Chester Cathedral at her feet.
+</p>
+<p>
+2. St. Cecilia, with organ.
+</p>
+<p>
+3. St. Prisca, with palm branch, and lion at her feet.
+</p>
+<p>
+4. St. Faith, with sword and rack.
+</p>
+<p>
+5. St. Catherine, with sword and wheel and open book,
+treading on a monster.
+</p>
+<p>
+6. St. Margaret, with book and cross, treading on a
+dragon.
+</p>
+<p>
+7. St. Lucy, with palm branch and lamp.
+</p>
+<p>
+8. St. Agnes, with palm branch and book, and lamb at
+her feet.
+</p>
+<p>
+9. St. Agatha, with palm branch and tongs.
+</p>
+<p>
+10. St. Etheldreda, with crown and pilgrim staff, and
+pastoral staff and a model of Ely Cathedral at her feet.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page101" id="page101"></a>[101]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image33.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-33-s.jpg" height="500"
+title="The Lady Chapel."
+alt="THE LADY CHAPEL." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+THE LADY CHAPEL.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page102" id="page102"></a>[102]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+The present altar-piece, which is in the form of a triptych,
+has scenes connected with the birth of Our Lord carved in relief.
+These are: The Annunciation, the Salutation of Elizabeth, the
+Nativity, the Presentation in the Temple, and the Adoration of
+the Magi. The doors, which can be closed, have paintings on the
+back representing David, Isaiah, St. John the Baptist, and St.
+Chad. There are four carved figures of St. Ambrose, St. Jerome,
+St. Augustine, and St. Gregory supporting the central panel. The
+altar rails are of alabaster. Before the recent alterations there
+was a plaster reredos, which had been placed there by Wyatt, and
+the continuity of the
+<!--above lines moved down from page 100-->
+ arcading and open carved work, which originally went
+right round the chapel, was thus broken. Sir Gilbert Scott is
+said to have been anxious not to remove the reredos, partly,
+perhaps, on account of the glass behind, which was known to be
+plain. However, the restoration to the original style has been
+made, and the plain glass replaced by a very excellent imitation
+of the Herkenrode glass, representing the three Marys. This was
+done by Messrs Burlison &amp; Grylls with great skill. There was
+a screen between the Lady Chapel and the rest of the cathedral in
+old days. Stukeley mentions it in his notes. He says: "The
+partition there betwixt the two choirs is a fine piece of
+architecture, but demolished also in time of war; and, though the
+figures are destroyed, and at the foot of the same every cherub
+defaced, yet it may be perceived to be a fine piece of work; for
+though it be uniform from top to bottom, yet every capital and
+pedestall are different works within and without."
+</p>
+<p>
+What is known of the building of the Lady Chapel has already
+been told in Chapter I. and in the account of the choir and
+presbytery. The founder of the chapel, Bishop Langton, was buried
+here, but his tomb was afterwards removed to the south side of
+the high altar. Shaw tells us of the monument at one time "in the
+east part of the chapel, towards the south," of Robert Master and
+Catherine, his wife, and says that "the drawing in Dugdale's
+'Visitation' represents them each under a round arch, in the
+attitude of prayer at a desk." No trace is left of this
+monument.
+</p>
+<p>
+As might be expected from what has been given of the history
+of the cathedral, there is none of the old glass belonging to it
+remaining; but in spite of this, all the nine windows of the Lady
+Chapel have very beautiful old glass in them. This glass is not
+Medi&aelig;val, but belongs to the sixteenth century, and the whole of
+it is a comparatively recent acquisition for the cathedral. That
+in the seven most eastern windows, and known as the Herkenrode
+glass, was put in at the beginning of the century; and the other
+two windows which, until recently, held modern glass, bearing the
+arms of various dignitaries of the cathedral, have recently been
+enriched by old glass of probably very nearly the same period as
+the other.
+</p>
+<p>
+The nine windows, for the purposes of explanation, may be
+numbered in succession 1 to 9. No. 1, being the first window
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page103" id="page103"></a>[103]</span>
+
+ on the north, and No. 9, the first on the south,
+contain, therefore, the more recently acquired glass. This is
+supposed to have come from the Low Countries; but, at any rate,
+about the middle of the century it was brought to England, and
+lay for years in some cellars in London, where it was forgotten.
+Finally, it was purchased from the representatives of the Marquis
+of Ely. The glass shows the arms of the kingdom of Aragon, and
+amongst other mottoes, that of Charles V.
+</p>
+<p>
+No. 1. The lower compartment is a symbolic picture on the
+subject of Baptism. Out of the waters in the fountain come the
+children, to be received by their guardian spirits, while above
+are figures representing Faith, Fortitude, and Love, and still
+higher is a representation of the Divine Presence. No. 9 is a
+pictorial representation of the legendary Death of the Virgin
+Mary. The Virgin is represented lying in a canopied bed,
+surrounded by the apostles, who have been summoned to gather
+round her death-bed: they are all present except St. Thomas, who
+has been detained at the baptism of a royal prince. Above is a
+representation of the Virgin entering into glory.
+</p>
+<p>
+As stated above, these two windows had originally coats of
+arms in them, and a reproduction of the arms appears in the
+tracery of the windows, No. 1 having those of the dean and
+chapter in 1803, and No. 9 those of the bishops of the diocese
+from Bishop Hacket to that date.
+</p>
+<p>
+The glass in the other seven windows&mdash;the Herkenrode
+glass&mdash;was purchased in 1802 by Sir Brooke Boothby, who
+discovered it in Belgium, where it had been hidden for protection
+from the French. It had been taken from the dissolved Abbey of
+Herkenrode, near Liege. There were three hundred and forty
+pieces, each about twenty-two inches square, and some of them are
+marked with dates between 1530 and 1540. Sir Brooke is said to
+have given two hundred pounds for it; but it has since been
+valued at fifteen thousand pounds. He, however, most generously
+sold it to the dean and chapter for the modest sum he had paid
+for it. It turned out that there was enough to fill the seven
+windows it now occupies in the Lady Chapel. Some portions have
+been used in other windows of the cathedral, which have been
+already described.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is a considerable difference in appearance between
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page104" id="page104"></a>[104]</span>
+
+ this glass and that in the other two windows. The
+subjects depicted in the latter are very distinct, while in the
+former they are more confused, and it must be said that the
+Herkenrode glass is much faded. Still, the whole of it is very
+beautiful, and if it does not satisfy those who crave after the
+Medi&aelig;val stained glass, it is certainly some of the finest
+glass of the kind to be found in England. The designs have been
+conjectured to be by Lambert Lombard, the first, and one of the
+most famous, of the Italianised Flemish School of the sixteenth
+century; and the other glass belongs to the same period.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image34.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-34-s.jpg" width="500"
+title="Brackets in the Lady Chapel."
+alt="BRACKETS IN THE LADY CHAPEL."/></a>
+<br />
+BRACKETS IN THE LADY CHAPEL.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+The abbey at Herkenrode was founded in 1182, and belonged to
+the Cistercian Order. It became noted for the miracles performed
+there; from which reason, no doubt, it acquired great wealth, and
+increased so much in size that it was almost like a small town.
+All the nuns were of noble family. A history of the abbey was
+published in 1744, and a copy was presented to the cathedral
+library by Sir Brooke Boothby. The book contains a view of the
+abbey buildings, in the centre of which is seen the church. In
+the third window of the Lady Chapel is a similar picture of the
+church. Windows Nos. 2 and 3 contain portraits of founders and
+benefactors of the abbey, with their patron saints. The other
+five windows, Nos. 4, 5, 6, and 7 show scenes in the life of
+Christ.
+</p>
+<p>
+The following is a brief description of these
+windows:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+No. 2. In this window the glass is in four pictures. In the
+lower left-hand compartment is Cardinal Evrad de la Marck, Bishop
+of Liege, supported by St. Lambert; and in the corresponding
+space to the right is Floris Egmont, Count de Buren, with his
+wife, attended by St. Christopher and St. Margaret. The picture
+above is of Maximilian Egmont,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page105" id="page105"></a>[105]</span>
+
+ Count de Buren, kneeling before an altar, and
+attended by St. Christopher and St. Barbara. The remaining
+picture on the left has John, Count de Horn, and his wife Anne,
+also kneeling before an altar. They are attended by St. John the
+Evangelist and St. Anne the mother of the Virgin.
+</p>
+<p>
+No. 3 contains six pictures, which go right across the
+window&mdash;(1) the lowest, has the church of the abbey already
+mentioned, with an abbess and two nuns, and the Virgin and Child;
+(2) the Virgin and Child again, with an angel bearing a shield;
+(3) the Virgin and Child, an abbot and abbess of the Cistercian
+Order, and the Emperor Lotharius II.; (4) Agnes Mettecoven and
+her husband kneeling to St. Agnes, with her lamb; (5) St. John
+the Evangelist and St. Barbara, St. John the Baptist, and St.
+Margaret, with members of the Mettecoven family; (6) the highest,
+has Henry de Lechy and his wife, with St. Henry and St.
+Christina.
+</p>
+<p>
+No. 4. Christ scourged, Christ crowned with thorns, the
+Annunciation.
+</p>
+<p>
+No. 5, the central window. The Ascension, Christ and the two
+Disciples at Emmaus, the Three Marys (modern glass).
+</p>
+<p>
+No. 6. The Last Supper, the Entry into Jerusalem, the Betrayal
+of Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane.
+</p>
+<p>
+No. 7. The Day of Judgment, the Day of Pentecost, St. Thomas
+is reproved for his doubt.
+</p>
+<p>
+No. 8. Pilate delivering Christ to be crucified, Christ
+bearing his Cross, the Descent from the Cross, the
+Resurrection.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the south side of the Lady Chapel, between the buttresses,
+are three erections, which were no doubt built at the same time
+as the Lady Chapel itself. They have been known as "the Mortuary
+Chapels," and also as "the Vestries." They were probably built
+for the former purpose.
+</p>
+<p>
+They have recently been restored as a memorial to Bishop
+Selwyn, who died in 1878. All three chapels have groined roofs,
+with ribs and bosses, and in the floor some of the old encaustic
+tiles still remain. The central chapel is the largest, and is
+lighted by two small windows. It is only entered from the eastern
+chapel by means of a doorway cut right through the buttress. In
+this central chapel lies the effigy, in Derbyshire alabaster, of
+Bishop Selwyn. During his life he had expressed a wish to be
+buried here, but this was
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>[106]</span>
+
+ found to be illegal, and he was
+buried in the close just outside. The effigy is by Mr Nicholls,
+and the decorations of the walls of the chapel are by Messrs
+Clayton &amp; Bell. These show the arms of the bishopric of New
+Zealand, to which the bishop was originally consecrated, and the
+arms of the dioceses formed out of it, and there are more than
+usually hideous frescoes showing the labours of the bishop among
+the Maories and among the pitmen of the English diocese. Here he
+is not likely to be forgotten; and at Cambridge there is a
+college known as Selwyn College, founded with a similar idea to
+that which at Oxford caused Keble College to be erected to the
+memory of another great modern churchman: there also his memory
+will remain.
+</p>
+<p>
+The western chapel has, at its north-western corner, a
+stair-way leading to three cryptal chambers whose flooring is the
+solid rock.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The Sacristy.</b>&mdash;The building on the south side of
+the choir, which is generally known as the "sacristy," is a very
+interesting part of the cathedral. Professor Willis decided that
+it was erected at the same time as the original Early English
+choir, and no doubt it belongs to the same period. A careful
+inspection, however, especially of the entrance from the
+"minstrel gallery" to the chapel of St. Chad's Head, which now
+forms the top storey, shows unmistakable signs that, like the
+entrance to the vestibule in the corresponding bay of the north
+choir aisle, this doorway was once a window, similar, no doubt,
+to those two still remaining&mdash;one in each aisle&mdash;which
+look into the aisles of the transepts. This being so, it is
+obvious that the "sacristy," or, at any rate, the upper storey,
+was an afterthought, and that it is later, though perhaps only a
+little, than the choir, its date corresponding perhaps with that
+of the south transept.
+</p>
+<p>
+The upper storey, which until recently was used as the
+muniment room, was originally the chapel of St. Chad's Head. It
+has now been restored as a chapel through the zeal and
+munificence of the present dean, Dr Luckock, and was re-dedicated
+and re-opened on St. Chad's Day, March 2nd of this year, 1897. In
+the order of service of that day the dean gave an account of the
+chapel as follows:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+"The Chapel of St. Chad, first Bishop of Lichfield, and, with
+the Blessed Virgin Mary, patron of our Cathedral Church,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page107" id="page107"></a>[107]</span>
+
+ was destroyed in all probability when the rest of the
+Cathedral was laid in ruins in 1643, the siege beginning on St.
+Chad's Day, March 2nd of that year. Little was left: the four
+walls remained in a broken condition, with the vaulting-shafts
+and caps for the springers of the stone groining, and the
+wall-ribs, to mark its original lines; also the very beautiful
+Early English windows&mdash;twelve lancets in groups of
+three&mdash;which, singularly enough, were little injured.
+Externally these are very plain, but internally they are full of
+interest, and there is nothing better of the kind in the
+Cathedral. The site of the old altar is clearly marked; indeed, a
+small portion of it has been preserved. The piscina also still
+remains. After the destruction the chapel must have been left
+roofless for years, as, on breaking up the floor which had been
+raised by some accumulation of rubbish, the workmen found roots
+of shrubs embedded in it. At some time quite unknown, the chapel
+was roofed in again, and the tops of the walls rebuilt where they
+had been broken down. A flat plaster ceiling was inserted, and
+being divided into two rooms, the old chapel was filled with
+cupboards and used till last year for the custody of the
+muniments. The aumbry remains in which antiquarians suppose that
+St. Chad's relics were preserved. Dr Cox, in his Catalogue of the
+muniments, page 90, throws some light upon the subject, from the
+Chapter Act Books, quoting from F. 4 in the year 1481:&mdash;'Two
+monstrances given to the Cathedral in charge of William Hukyns,
+the custodian of the Head of St. Chad by Dean Heywood, for
+keeping relics.' And he appends the following note:&mdash;'This
+very likely gives the date of the stone gallery in front of the
+muniment room in the South Choir aisle (then the chapel of the
+head of St. Chad). This gallery is of Perpendicular work, and was
+chiefly intended for the exhibition of relics, in monstrances, to
+the pilgrims in the aisle below; the second staircase, that
+allowed of a flow of pilgrims to the upper chapel, being at this
+time removed.' All the stone groining and the wood and iron work
+have been completely restored under the direction of Mr J. Oldrid
+Scott. There are some very old pieces of stone figure-work, which
+have been preserved. The new bosses and corbels have been carved
+with subjects from the history of St. Chad, the chief of which
+show his being mounted on horseback, by Archbishop Theodore; his
+protection of the hart that fled to him for
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page108" id="page108"></a>[108]</span>
+
+ refuge; and his death in his cell, surrounded by
+angels. The reredos, of Staffordshire alabaster, replacing one
+the existence of which at the east end is clearly indicated, is
+of a very uncommon design, by Mr C. E. Kempe. It consists of an
+altar-piece of ornamental arcading, surmounted by three tall
+canopied niches in which are placed sculptured figures
+representing the Crucifixion, St. Mary, and St. John. These are
+supported by angels bearing shields. All the windows are filled
+with stained glass by Mr Kempe, and contain Choirs of Angels
+singing the Confessor's hymn, or Psalm cxii., <i>Beatus vir</i>,
+which runs in scrolls through nine of the lights. The angels over
+the crucifix in the east window bear a scroll with the words of
+Psalm xxi. 3, <i>Posimisti in capite</i>, etc. St. Chad is
+represented in the centre lancet of the west wall."
+</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<a href="images/image35.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-35-s.jpg" height="200"
+title="Capital in Chapter-House."
+alt="CAPITAL IN CHAPTER-HOUSE." /></a>
+<br />
+CAPITAL IN CHAPTER-HOUSE.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+This chapel is now approached by a staircase, leading from a
+doorway in the fourth bay on to the gallery, usually and
+incorrectly known as the "minstrel gallery," from which again two
+short flights of steps, right and left, lead into the chapel.
+</p>
+<p>
+The lower storey was originally the sacristy: it is now used
+as the consistory court. Against the west wall are some of the
+old Jacobean stalls, which were put into the choir in Bishop
+Hacket's time; while in the corner are let into the floor some of
+the old tiles and slabs of cannel coal with which, and alabaster,
+the cathedral was at one time paved. The windows are filled with
+Perpendicular tracery, replacing the old Early English windows.
+Underneath, and reached by a staircase in the south-east turret,
+now closed, is a vault, at present used as the burial vault of
+the Paget family. Probably it was once a dungeon.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page109" id="page109"></a>[109]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image36.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-36-s.jpg" width="500"
+title="The Chapter-House."
+alt="THE CHAPTER-HOUSE." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+THE CHAPTER-HOUSE.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+In the west wall can be seen the place where a doorway led
+into a chamber built in between the sacristy and the south
+transept aisle. This was no doubt the treasury of the cathedral,
+where all the most precious relics and valuables were kept. It is
+now entered by a doorway in the choir aisle. At present it
+appears to be a receptacle for odds and ends, and cupboards are
+placed along the walls. On the west side are several large
+aumbries, in which, no doubt, the relics were kept. The floor in
+this chamber has been raised at some time or other, and it is now
+much higher than that of the adjoining consistory court, so that
+there are steps in the south-east corner leading to a door into
+the consistory court. This is not the old doorway already
+mentioned, which is blocked up, but probably a much later
+entrance. Some old cannon balls which have been discovered in and
+round the cathedral may be seen in the treasury. On the north
+wall in both the consistory court and the treasury can be seen
+the remains of an old course or housing which, though in both
+cases incomplete, appears to have a semi-circular form. No theory
+seems to have been advanced as to these remains, and in this book
+it were wiser to follow precedent.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page110" id="page110"></a>[110]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+<b>The Chapter-House</b>, which lies to the north of the
+choir, is approached by a vestibule which has a doorway, already
+described, into the third bay of the north choir aisle. Both the
+chapter-house and the vestibule were built at the same time as
+the north transept&mdash;that is, somewhere near the middle of
+the thirteenth century&mdash;and the style is therefore that
+known as the Early English, but it is a later instance than that
+part of the choir into which the doorway leads. That the
+vestibule was not built when the early part of the choir was
+finished is evident, as "its walls abut against those of the
+choir with a straight joint, and the arch of entrance in the side
+aisle is a manifest intrusion into the space once occupied by a
+window." The north end of the vestibule has also been altered,
+there having been a doorway where now there is a window; the
+former existed until nearly the end of the last century, but it
+had been altered before the plate in Britton's "Cathedrals" was
+engraved. It can easily be seen from the outside that such a door
+must have existed, from the different colouring of the
+stone-work. The window has recently been filled with stained
+glass by Messrs Burlison &amp; Grylls, representing Nehemiah and
+Simeon, in memory of the late verger, William Yeend. Down each
+side of the vestibule there is a very fine arcading, that on the
+west side being double and much deeper than that on the east,
+which is single; the niches are large enough to be used as seats,
+and it has been suggested that here the ceremony of washing the
+feet of the poor took place on Maundy Thursday; as there were
+thirteen niches, this is highly probable. Some of the capitals of
+the pillars of the arcade are very finely carved, and, as was
+usual at the time, are very deeply under-cut; and the dripstones
+terminate in very interesting corbels in the form of heads and
+bunches of foliage. Recently, on the west side, some of the
+arcading has been opened out to afford access to the new vestry,
+which has been constructed by roofing in the space between the
+vestibule and the north transept. On the east side near the
+cathedral is the entrance to the library, which is the upper
+storey of the chapter-house building, and is approached by a
+spiral staircase. At the farther end, on the same side, is the
+very fine entrance to the chapter-house. This, like the central
+west doorway and that in the north transept, is double and
+recessed. The mouldings in the arch are deeply and finely cut,
+and the capitals of the grouped shafts are very
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page111" id="page111"></a>[111]</span>
+
+ richly carved with delicate leaves. The jambs have an
+enrichment of dog-toothing behind the slender detached shafts,
+and the two small arches have trefoil archivolts, so that the
+whole has a very rich effect. In the tympanum of the arch there
+is a bas-relief figure of Our Lord in a quatrefoil recess.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image37.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-37-s.jpg" width="500"
+title="Eastern Portion of the Arcade in the Chapter-House."
+alt="EASTERN PORTION OF THE ARCADE IN THE CHAPTER-HOUSE." /></a>
+<br />
+EASTERN PORTION OF THE ARCADE IN THE CHAPTER-HOUSE.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+The chapter-house is a very fine room; it is octagonal in
+shape, but the north and south sides of it are double the length
+of each of the other six sides, which are equal. There is a
+central pillar, the clustered shafts of which are banded in the
+centre; the capitals of these shafts have a particularly rich and
+elaborate carving of foliage; and above, the vaulting ribs spread
+to the roof like the branches of a tree, producing a very fine
+effect. The bosses where the ribs intersect are also worthy of
+attention, and the ribs rise from very richly-carved and
+deeply-moulded corbels. The windows are Early English, and of two
+lights each. Below is a very beautiful arcading, similar, indeed,
+to that in the vestibule, which entirely surrounds the building.
+The arcade is composed of deep, moulded, trefoil arches,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112" id="page112"></a>[112]</span>
+
+ resting on single columns, with beautifully-carved
+capitals, in some of which will be found figures of birds and
+animals. The canopies of the arches are dog-toothed, and end in
+curiously-carved heads, which afford interesting illustrations of
+the head-dresses of the time.
+</p>
+<p>
+The chapter-house was decorated with frescoes and stained
+glass by Dean Heywood in the fifteenth century, as we know from
+the MSS. entitled <i>Cantaria Sancti Blasii</i> in the library.
+The frescoes have disappeared except over the doorway, where
+still remain faint signs of the representation of the Assumption,
+which may have formed part of Dean Heywood's decoration, but more
+likely is earlier: it has been suggested that it was placed there
+by Bishop Burghill from the fact that a Dominican Friar, to which
+order he belonged, is represented in the group in adoration. The
+glass contained figures of the apostles, with other pictures
+above; these being all pre-Cromwellian, have, of course,
+disappeared. More recently the glazing of the chapter-house
+displayed armorial bearings, more or less correct, in imitation
+of glass known to have ornamented the cathedral in the past. This
+armorial glass is gradually giving way to glass representing
+scenes in the history of the cathedral. At present, five of the
+windows have been so glazed, and the rest will be changed
+gradually, as opportunity offers.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first window on the left-hand side on entering is in
+memory of Prebendary Edwards. There are figures of St. Chad and
+King Wulphere, with scenes showing the Consecration of St. Chad,
+and the Baptism by St. Chad of the two sons of King Wulphere.
+</p>
+<p>
+The second window is in memory of Archdeacon Allen and
+Prebendary de Bunsen. The figures are St. Oswald and St. Aidan.
+The scenes represent St. Aidan preaching to the Northumbrians,
+with King Oswald interpreting; and St. Aidan at Lindisfarne,
+teaching in his school, where St. Chad is one of the
+scholars.
+</p>
+<p>
+The third window is in memory of Dean Bickersteth. The figures
+are Archbishop Theodore and St. Ovin, and the scenes St. Chad
+teaching his clergy, and St. Ovin listening to the angels who
+were calling St. Chad at his death.
+</p>
+<p>
+The fourth window is in memory of Prebendary Gresley. The
+figures are Oswy, King of Northumbria, and Diuma, the first
+bishop of Mercia. The scenes are Bishop Jaruman
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page113" id="page113"></a>[113]</span>
+
+ promising to build a church at Lichfield, and the
+institution by King &AElig;thelwald of prebendaries.
+</p>
+<p>
+The fifth window is in memory of Prebendary Finch Smith. The
+figures represent Archbishop Higbert of Lichfield, and Thomas
+Cantelupe, Bishop of Hereford, formerly prebendary of this
+cathedral. The scenes are Bishop Aldulf at the Council of
+Cloveshoo, renouncing the metropolitan powers in favour of
+Canterbury, and Bishop Roger de Clinton building a new cathedral
+in honour of St. Mary and St. Chad.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The Library</b> is immediately above the chapter-house, and
+is of the same octagonal shape. The arrangements also are
+similar, but the room is less lofty, the carvings less elaborate,
+and there is no reading. Otherwise, we find the same central
+pillar, from which similar vaulting ribs spring, with corbels in
+the walls to receive them. It is not known for what purpose this
+room was originally intended, but certainly, until recent years,
+it was not used as a library. The old library, of which there are
+pictures by Hollar and King, stood to the north of the north
+transept in the close, or, as it is recorded in the Capitular
+Acts, vol. 3, "ex parte boreali in cimeterio." Dean Heywood gave
+&pound;40 to build the library, and though it was not begun in
+his time, it was completed in the time of his successor, Dean
+Yotton, who also subscribed to its erection. This was at about
+the commencement of the sixteenth century, and the building
+remained until the middle of the eighteenth, when it was
+demolished.
+</p>
+<p>
+The extent of the library has been increased by opening a
+doorway into the room above the vestibule. This room, it has
+recently been decided, was the old chapel of St. Peter. Though an
+upstairs chapel was not usual, yet it is not by any means
+unknown, and chapels were even sometimes to be found in the rood
+lofts of cathedrals. No trace can be found of the fresco,
+mentioned by Stukeley, of "St. Peter crucified with his head
+downwards, and two other apostles, etc." He tells us that the
+chapel was in his time used as a place for storing scaffolding
+and ladders, and that here was placed the mutilated remains of
+St. Chad's tomb.
+</p>
+<p>
+The place still shows signs of its ill-usage, little having
+been done to repair the ravages of the Civil War. The vaulting is
+much broken, and the walls cracked: these facts strengthen the
+belief in the tradition that it was on this building, together
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page114" id="page114"></a>[114]</span>
+
+ with the choir, that the great central tower fell
+during the siege by the soldiers of the Parliament.
+</p>
+<p>
+The library has had many generous donations of books at
+various times. Under the will of Frances, Duchess of Somerset,
+the cathedral received the library of her late husband, the Duke,
+who succeeded his grandfather as Earl of Hertford, and was
+restored to the family dukedom at the Restoration. The duchess
+was the daughter of the Earl of Essex who was the favourite of
+Queen Elizabeth, and whom she afterwards had beheaded. These
+books numbered about one thousand, and included many rare old
+Black-Letter chronicles and histories printed in the sixteenth
+and seventeenth centuries.
+</p>
+<p>
+Many others have contributed to the library, amongst whom are
+Archdeacon Davies, 1763; William Smallbroke, 1771; Canon Lamb,
+1770; Richard Hurd, 1777; Bishop Cornwallis, 1783; Rev. Henry
+White, 1786; Dr Pegge, the well-known antiquary, who, amongst
+other things, wrote an account of the life of Bishop Weseham, and
+who left the library, by his will, one hundred books out of his
+own library; Andrew Newton, who left his books to the cathedral,
+and built the college in the close for the widows and orphans of
+the clergy, besides spending large sums on educational purposes;
+and Sir Brooke Boothby, 1815, who gave the "History of the Abbey
+of Herckenrode," referred to in the account of the glass now in
+the Lady Chapel. There have been besides many recent
+benefactions, including a valuable set of drawings, by herself,
+of most of the churches in the county of Stafford, left by Mrs
+Moore, the widow of the Archdeacon of Stafford. There is also in
+the library a fine old picture of the Duchess of Somerset, as
+well as an engraving from Sir Joshua Reynolds' picture of Dr
+Johnson.
+</p>
+<p>
+Among the most valuable manuscripts and books in the library
+are the "Gospels of St. Chad," of which more immediately; a fine
+folio manuscript, on vellum, of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales," but
+without the doubtful Ploughman's Tale; the initial letters,
+especially those at the commencement of each tale, being richly
+coloured and gilt; the "Valor Ecclesiasticus of Pope Nicholas
+IV."&mdash;this is an account taken of the value of
+ecclesiastical property in the time of Edward I., from which the
+tithe granted to the Pope could be ascertained.
+</p>
+<p>
+Other notable volumes are, "Dives and Pauper," a MS. treatise
+on the Decalogue&mdash;this treatise was one of the earliest
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page115" id="page115"></a>[115]</span>
+
+ books printed in England; "Orders generally to be
+observed of the whole household of the prince his highness," a
+large folio, marked with the sign-manual of King Charles I. at
+every ordinance; and a collection of recipes by Sir John Floyer,
+physician to Charles II. There is also a volume of MSS. already
+often referred to, superscribed, "<i>Cantaria Sancti Blasii;
+Ordinatio Majistri Thomoe Heywood decani Eccles. Lich de et super
+Cantaria Jesu et Sancta Anne in parte boreai eccles. Lich et de
+pensione Capellani ibidem perpetuo celebaturi et aliis articulis,
+etc.</i>" Besides these, there are many rare
+Bibles:&mdash;Cranmer's Bible, 1540; the "Breeches" Bible; the
+"Vinegar" Bible, and many others.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image38.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-38-s.jpg" width="500"
+title="The Gospels of St. Chad, in the Library."
+alt="THE GOSPELS OF ST. CHAD, IN THE LIBRARY." /></a>
+<br />
+THE GOSPELS OF ST. CHAD, IN THE LIBRARY.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+But to many the most interesting volume in the library will be
+a copy of South's Sermons, published in 1694. It belonged to Dr
+Johnson, and was used by him in the compilation of his
+Dictionary. His method, apparently, was to put a letter in the
+margin opposite the word whose particular use here he intended to
+quote; and it is interesting, Sermons in hand, to test his method
+with the dictionary. On one page a "K" in the margin is opposite
+the word "Key." In the dictionary
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page116" id="page116"></a>[116]</span>
+
+ will be found
+under "Key" the expected quotation from South, "that every man
+should keep the key of his own breast."
+</p>
+<p>
+The most valuable book in the library is the <i>Textus S.
+Cedd&aelig;</i>, generally known as "St. Chad's Gospels." This is
+written on vellum, and contains the Gospels of St. Matthew and
+St. Mark, and a small portion of the Gospel of St. Luke. It is
+undoubtedly an Irish MS., probably about the end of the seventh
+century. There is a page in the book which, with its tesselated
+work enclosing a cross, recalls to antiquarians similar work in
+the famous Irish Book of Kells, and in the Gospels of St. Columba
+which are preserved at Dublin. The connection of an Irish MS.
+with St. Chad is not difficult of explanation, since, after being
+taught by St. Aidan at Lindisfarne, he is supposed to have gone,
+as so many other earnest priests did at the time, to Ireland, to
+one of the noted monasteries there. The MS. is in Latin, and,
+with many remarkable variations, follows closely the <i>Codex
+Amiatinus</i> of St Jerome. But its marginal notes are not the
+least interesting part of the book; from these, which are
+sometimes in Celtic and Anglo-Saxon, and sometimes in Latin, we
+learn something of its history, which is remarkable. The
+cathedral of Llandaff seems to have acquired it indirectly in
+exchange for a horse, and there is a note in Celtic, "underneath
+the record of this transaction, which is witnessed by Aidan;
+whether or no this is the Northumbrian bishop is not known."
+Another entry, on the page devoted to a picture of St. Luke,
+shows that the MS. was still at Llandaff at the end of the ninth
+century; but on the first page of all is a faint but legible
+signature which reads "Kynsy" or "Wynsy Praesul", both names of
+bishops of Lichfield at the end of the tenth century, so that it
+had probably arrived at its present home not so far short of a
+thousand years ago. There are other notes connecting it with
+Lichfield. All these have been printed many times in the pages of
+learned publications. It owes its escape at the time of the Civil
+War to the vigilance of William Higgins, Archdeacon of Derby, who
+was precentor of the cathedral. He abstracted it and kept it
+until the troubles were over. It now lies in a glass case in the
+library, side by side with the beautiful "Canterbury Tales." So
+marvellous are some of the decorations, that it is no wonder
+that, in an age more faithful than ours, popular belief declared
+some of them to be "the work of angels."
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id="page117"></a>[117]</span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+CHAPTER IV
+</h2>
+<h3>
+THE HISTORY OF THE SEE
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+At the present day the diocese of Lichfield consists of almost
+the whole of the county of Stafford, part of Shropshire, and a
+small part of Flintshire and of Warwickshire. Originally, in
+Anglo-Saxon times, when the first bishop was appointed, the see
+of Lichfield extended over the whole of Mercia&mdash;that is,
+from the Humber and East Anglia on the north and east, to Wales
+on the west, and the Thames on the south. Since those days the
+diocese has been at various times divided, and other dioceses
+formed; Hereford, Lincoln, Ely, Peterborough, Chester, Worcester,
+Oxford, St. Albans, Gloucester, Manchester, Liverpool, and
+Southwell, have all, in whole or in part, been formed out of what
+was once the diocese of Lichfield.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of Lichfield in Roman times practically nothing is known.
+Situated as it is, at a little distance from the crossing of the
+great Roman roads, Watling Street and Ryknield Street&mdash;at
+which junction the Roman town of Etocetum (the modern Wall) lay,
+Lichfield was then probably nothing more than open country. The
+neighbouring towns have yielded a rich harvest of archaeological
+treasures; but beyond coins of various Roman Emperors, bearing
+Christian emblems, there is little to show that the Gospel had
+made its way in this part of England; though, in the cemeteries
+filled with urns containing the ashes of the dead, there have
+been found, near Burton-on-Trent and near Derby, skeletons, no
+doubt of Christians who, according to the rites of their
+religion, had been buried and not burnt.
+</p>
+<p>
+To Roman times belongs the legend, which is said to give its
+name to Lichfield, of the massacre of Christians under
+Diocletian; in consequence, it is related, the place was called
+Lyccidfelth, or Licidfield&mdash;the field of dead men. This is
+the derivation most generally accepted at the present day; but
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>[118]</span>
+
+ some etymologists think that Lichfield means
+Lakefield, from the quantity of water in the neighbourhood.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is almost certain that the people of Mercia remained pagan
+from the Roman epoch, and through all the long wars which were
+waged between the gradually defeated Britons and the Saxons.
+Three Saxon kings, all pagans, ruled Mercia; and Christianity,
+which had taken such firm hold in Northumbria, still had not
+penetrated to the dark central region of Mercia. Then came Penda
+the Strong, himself a pagan. "He was not baptised," it was said
+of him, "and never believed in God." He slew many kings, amongst
+them being the saintly Oswald, king of Northumbria. One of King
+Penda's daughters had married Alchfrid, a nephew of Oswald and
+son to the then King Oswy of Northumbria; and in 652 Penda's son,
+Peada, became suitor for the hand of one of Oswy's daughters.
+Peada was then ruling under his father the Middle Angles, and he
+journeyed to the Northumbrian Court, where he was most hospitably
+received, in spite of the fact that constant war was being waged
+between Mercia and Northumbria; but the princess whom he sought
+was promised him only on condition that he and his people in
+Mid-Anglia should become Christians. Alchfrid became his teacher;
+and the beauty of this new faith so seized on him that he
+declared his willingness to become a Christian whether he might
+win his princess or not. That same year he was baptised by Finan,
+the British bishop and head of the Church in Northumbria, and
+with him all his followers. He returned to his own country,
+taking with him four priests of the British Church: Cedda, who
+was afterwards made Bishop of London, and who was the brother of
+St. Chad, Adda, Betti, and Diuma. These four taught the Gospel to
+the Mid-Anglians, and even went north among the other Mercians;
+and it does not appear that Penda, in spite of his paganism, made
+any opposition.
+</p>
+<p>
+Notwithstanding these close links between the two kingdoms, in
+the year 655 Penda with an enormous force invaded Northumbria; he
+was defeated and killed by Oswy, who now became king of Mercia,
+but left Peada in his old rule in Mid-Anglia. This was the
+death-blow of paganism in Mercia; Christianity, which was
+beginning to take firm hold in Peada's country, spread rapidly,
+and <b>Diuma</b> (656-658) was made bishop of Mercia. This may be
+said to be the commencement of the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page119" id="page119"></a>[119]</span>
+
+ see which
+afterwards was called by the name of Lichfield; but as yet there
+was no cathedral, nor was any place particularly settled upon as
+the headquarters of the work which was so enthusiastically
+carried on. Diuma was a travelling or missionary bishop, and when
+he died, after a brief rule of two years, the Church in Mercia
+was an accomplished fact.
+</p>
+<p>
+Diuma was succeeded by <b>Creollach</b> (658-659), who, unlike
+his predecessor an Irishman, was a Briton; he was appointed by
+Oswy; but in this same year the Mercians rebelled, Oswy fled, and
+Creollach fled with him, and finally retired to Iona.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next bishop was a Saxon abbot named <b>Trumhere</b>
+(659-662), and he was succeeded on his death by <b>Jaruman</b>
+(662-667). Both were appointed by King Wulphere, son of Penda,
+who had been raised to the Mercian throne by his people; and both
+were Saxons who had been consecrated in the Northumbrian Church.
+Jaruman was a most energetic bishop, and he appears to have been
+sent into Essex to reconvert the people there who had fallen into
+paganism again; his mission was a success, and Jaruman returned
+to his own people in Mercia.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was during Jaruman's episcopate that difficulties arose
+between the Church in Britain and the Church in Rome. Rome had
+sent messengers to Britain, and they had been the means of
+converting a large portion of the south coast and of East Anglia;
+but there were differences in the two Churches, and one
+particularly caused much trouble. The Roman Church had always
+kept Easter Day on a Sunday, but the British Church held this
+feast on March 14, whatever day of the week it might be. A synod
+was called at Whitby, and it was decided, mainly through the
+instrumentality of Wilfrid, the future bishop of York, in favour
+of the Roman Sunday. In this way, it may be said, began the rule
+of Rome in the English Church. Shortly after, in 667, Jaruman
+died, and no successor was appointed for two years. During this
+time, Theodorus of Tarsus became Archbishop of Canterbury, and to
+him belongs the credit of making the English Church: before, each
+kingdom had had its own Church, but Theodore welded them together
+into one whole, and completed their dependence on the bishop of
+Rome. Wilfrid was made bishop of York, and St. Chad, who had been
+consecrated to that see, retired to the abbey at Lastingham, only
+in the next year, 669, to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page120" id="page120"></a>[120]</span>
+
+ be reconsecrated as bishop of
+Mercia by the new Archbishop of Canterbury.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>St. Chad</b> or <b>Ceadda</b> (669-672) made his seat at
+Lichfield, and in so doing founded the diocese of Lichfield.
+</p>
+<p>
+St. Chad, as has been stated before, was the patron saint of
+Lichfield. What is known of him is principally derived from
+Bede's "Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation." From this
+we learn that when not on his missionary travels over the diocese
+he spent most of his time in prayer, and in meditation on death
+and supernatural things. His method was to proceed from place to
+place in his diocese on foot; and there is a story of Theodore
+taking St. Chad in his arms and lifting him on to a horse which
+he presented to him. He founded the abbey of Barrow-on-Humber,
+which King Wulphere endowed with fifty hides of land. His
+headquarters, as we have said, were at Lichfield, and he built,
+or finished building, a small church near what is still known as
+St. Chad's Well, at the eastern end of Stowe Pool.
+</p>
+<p>
+Like his predecessors' his time was short; only for two years
+was he allowed to labour at Lichfield. There is a beautiful
+legend of his death which has been well told by Dean Bickersteth.
+"A week before his death a sound of angelic melody was heard
+coming from the south-east, until it reached and filled the
+little oratory where he was praying. This the good bishop
+interpreted to be his summons to heaven. The voices, he privately
+told Ovin, were those of angels. The messenger of death, that
+'lovable guest,' was with them. They would come again in seven
+days and take him with them. About the same time, Egbert, a
+Northumbrian who had been a fellow-student with St. Chad in an
+Irish monastery, dreamt that he saw the soul of Cedda, Chad's
+brother, descending from heaven with a company of angels to take
+the soul of Chad with him into the heavenly kingdom." As he had
+foretold, so he died; but he was not forgotten, and many were the
+miracles said to have been performed at his shrine. His bones
+were removed from their first resting-place near Stowe Church
+into a beautiful shrine in the cathedral, where they remained
+until the Reformation, when they were taken away, and are now
+said to be in the Roman Catholic cathedral at Birmingham.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is another legend concerning St. Chad which has become
+more closely attached to Peterborough than to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page121" id="page121"></a>[121]</span>
+
+ Lichfield, but it must be briefly stated here, as the
+story appears in some of the decorations of the cathedral. Bede
+does not mention it, and it has been given in varying forms by
+different writers. Briefly, the essence of the legend is that
+Wulphere, the king of Mercia, had killed two of his sons, Wulfade
+and Rufin, on account of their having been baptised by St. Chad.
+Each of these young princes had been hunting in the forest when
+he came across a hart with a rope round its neck. The prince gave
+chase, and the hart led him to St. Chad, who, having prayed with
+him, baptised him. This happened to both Wulfade and Rufin
+separately. Then Wulphere in his anger slew them. Afterwards he
+repented, and setting out to St. Chad, was led there by the same
+hart, and found the saint at prayer, with his cloak hanging on a
+sunbeam. Wulphere was absolved on condition that he should
+expiate his crime by founding churches and monasteries all over
+his kingdom. Lichfield is said to have been one of these
+churches, and Peterborough one of these monasteries. Many
+churches have been dedicated to St. Chad, especially in the
+Midlands, and in the east of London there was a well known as St.
+Chad's Well, where miracles were performed; and it was noted for
+its medicinal waters up to quite recent times. A large district
+in east London is still called after St. Chad's Well in the
+corrupted form of Shadwell.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next bishop was <b>Winfrid</b> (672-675), the abbot of St.
+Chad's Abbey at Barrow-on-Humber; but in the year that he was
+appointed a church council was held by Theodore, at which it was
+decided to split up some of the dioceses. Lichfield being one of
+the largest, would have been divided at once, but Winfrid,
+whether for his own sake or at the instigation of King Wulphere,
+resisted, and the diocese remained unchanged until Wulphere died,
+when in 675, Winfrid, still remaining opposed to the scheme, was
+deprived. He subsequently was murdered on his way to Rome.
+</p>
+<p>
+The new bishop was <b>Saxwulf</b> (675-691), abbot of
+Peterborough, and the work of cutting up the diocese was begun.
+The sees of Hereford and Worcester were made. Lincolnshire was
+taken from the diocese, and the Middle Angles became the see of
+Leicester. However, Lichfield still remained an enormous diocese,
+and when Saxwulf died he was bishop of both Lichfield and
+Leicester. He was
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page122" id="page122"></a>[122]</span>
+
+ succeeded by <b>Hedda</b>
+(691-721), who is said to have determined the site of the present
+cathedral by building a church there. However, nothing remains of
+this cathedral, but it is always supposed that Hedda brought St.
+Chad's bones from Stowe Church and deposited them here. The
+cathedral was dedicated to St. Peter.
+</p>
+<p>
+Hedda and his successor, <b>Aldwin</b> (721-737), were bishops
+of both Lichfield and Leicester. They were followed at Lichfield
+by <b>Witta</b> (737-752), and the connection with Leicester
+ceased. In 756 Offa, the greatest of the Mercian kings, ascended
+the throne. Offa added a part of Shropshire to the diocese, which
+from this time remained the same in extent down to the
+Reformation. Here followed three bishops&mdash;<b>Hemele</b>
+(752-764), <b>Cuthred</b> (765-768), and <b>Berthum</b>
+(768-779)&mdash;of whom little is known; and then came
+<b>Higbert</b> or <b>Hygeberht</b> (785-801), who holds a
+remarkable position in the history of the diocese. Offa had by
+this time advanced himself into the leading position in England;
+and so great was his power that Charlemagne called him emperor of
+the west, keeping for himself the title of emperor of the east.
+But Offa was first of all king of Mercia, and it did not please
+him to think that his bishops were subordinate to an archbishop
+who lived in one of his subject states; and so he determined "to
+humble Canterbury and exalt Lichfield." He began by confiscating
+all the property of Canterbury situated in Mercia, and then he
+appealed to the Pope that the bishop of Lichfield should be made
+an archbishop. The Pope assented, a council held at Chelsea in
+785 also agreed, and Higbert, the new bishop, became archbishop,
+with the bishoprics of Worcester, Leicester, Lincoln, and
+Hereford, parts of the old diocese of Mercia, as well as Elmham
+and Dunwich, to make up his province. Offa died in 796, and
+immediately a stir was made to restore Canterbury to its old
+dignity. The negotiations were long, but in 802 Pope Leo decided
+in favour of Canterbury, and the council of Cloveshoe in 803
+formally annulled the metropolitan dignity of Lichfield.
+<b>Aldulf</b> (801-812), who had succeeded Higbert as archbishop,
+became bishop, but took precedency after Canterbury overall the
+other bishoprics, and <b>Herewin</b> (812-818) on his appointment
+submitted to Canterbury.
+</p>
+<p>
+Shortly afterwards <b>&AElig;thelwald</b> (818-828) organised the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page123" id="page123"></a>[123]</span>
+
+ bishopric upon the basis of its present constitution.
+Churches were springing up all over the diocese, with their own
+clergy, and so, although the church at Lichfield remained the
+headquarters of the diocese, yet the clergy attached to it were
+no longer to be responsible for the ministrations of the whole
+diocese, but were to confine themselves to the estates of the
+bishop and the cathedral, where they were to dwell under canons
+or rules. It is possible that from this time the cathedral clergy
+became known as canons.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then comes the period of the invasion by the Danes, whereby
+the country was devastated and the rich abbeys were destroyed.
+Peterborough, Crowland, and Ely, "went up in flames"; the enemy
+advanced along the Trent, and levelled to the ground the famous
+monastery of Repton&mdash;the Walhalla of Mercia&mdash;where
+countless kings and princes had been buried. What happened at
+Lichfield is not known, but many bishops succeeded one another,
+of whose consecration, in some cases, the dates are so doubtful
+that it is not worth while to give them. Their names
+are:&mdash;<b>Hunbert</b>, 828; <b>Kynebert</b>; <b>Tunfrith</b>;
+<b>Ella</b>; <b>Algar</b>, 941; <b>Kinsy</b>, 949; <b>Winsy</b>,
+964; <b>Elfege</b>, 973; <b>Godwin</b>, 1004; <b>Leofgar</b>,
+1020; <b>Brithmar</b>, 1026; and <b>Wulsy</b>, 1039; but little
+is known of them, though these two centuries are far from being
+unimportant in the history of the diocese.
+</p>
+<p>
+Probably the destruction of the royal abbeys caused the
+building of numerous parish churches during this period, and of
+the collegiate churches which were planted in the principal
+centres of the population. The former were mostly endowed with
+lands or tithes to support the parish clergy, or to recompense
+the canons who should attend the church, in which latter case the
+tithes were probably "appropriated" to the cathedral.
+</p>
+<p>
+So the system developed until about the year 1000, when began,
+in Mercia, a new age of monasteries, not like the old royal
+abbeys which had mostly been destroyed, but houses that were
+filled with monks or nuns of the Benedictine order. These
+competed with the secular clergy in appropriating the endowments
+of the churches, and a jealousy began between the two systems
+which blazed continually, with greater or less heat, until the
+final overthrow of the monasteries by Henry VIII. at the
+beginning of the sixteenth century.
+</p>
+<p>
+Early in the eleventh century was founded, at Coventry, the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page124" id="page124"></a>[124]</span>
+
+ Benedictine abbey which had so great a share in the
+history of the diocese. Its founder, Earl Leofric, was the
+husband of the beautiful Godiva whose ride through the town made
+Coventry free from tolls.
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i2"> "I, Luriche, for love of thee, </p>
+<p class="i2"> Doe make Coventre toll-free," </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p style="text-indent:0;">
+are the old words. She induced her husband to found and endow
+the abbey with its twenty-four monks; she herself contributed her
+gold and silver, and the monastery became so wealthy that "the
+walls seemed almost too strait to hold it all."
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>Leofwin</b>, bishop of Lichfield (1054-1066), was made the
+first abbot of Coventry; he died in the year of the Conquest, and
+was the last Saxon bishop: henceforth a new order of men was to
+rule the Church in England.
+</p>
+<p>
+No doubt Lichfield owed to its insignificance as a city the
+immunity which it again enjoyed while all the neighbouring
+country was being pillaged. William appointed his own chaplain,
+<b>Peter</b> (1072-1084), as bishop, and here, no doubt, he lived
+until 1075, when, at the synod of London, it was decided that the
+seats of the bishops should be in the larger towns and not in the
+villages. So to the town of Chester, where there were about 400
+or 500 houses, the bishop's seat was moved.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is interesting to find in "Domesday Book" mention of the
+extraordinarily heavy fines payable to the bishop at Chester for
+such offences as the following:&mdash;"If any free man does work
+on a holy day, the bishop has a forfeit of eight shillings. A
+slave or maidservant so transgressing pays four shillings. A
+merchant coming into the city and carrying a stall shall pay to
+the bishop four shillings if he take it down between the ninth
+hour of the Sabbath and Monday without licence from the bishop's
+officer."
+</p>
+<p>
+Following Peter came <b>Robert de Lymesey</b> (1087-1117),
+who, after waiting a short time, obtained papal leave to remove
+his seat to Coventry, the barony of which he bought from the
+king; and so he became both bishop and abbot, and for about a
+century his successors united the two offices. This arrangement
+was not at all to the taste of the monks, and constant quarrels
+occurred. Robert de Lymesey is said to have rifled the place;
+some contend, for the sake of the cathedral at Lichfield, but
+others, in order to prosecute the suit at Rome in which he was
+involved with the monks.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page125" id="page125"></a>[125]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+The next bishop was <b>Robert Peche</b> (1121-1126),
+and then came <b>Roger de Clinton</b> (1129-1148); he was known
+as the soldier-bishop, and was certainly a strong man, whatever
+his reputation may have been in other ways. At Lichfield, he was
+a reformer who did much good to the place. The five canons he
+found there were dependent for their support on the bishop, and
+he seems to have settled property on the cathedral to support
+them. He also added a number of prebendaries, or non-resident
+canons, who were to be members of the chapter, and were to enjoy
+a stall in the choir; and to each stall a small estate or prebend
+was attached. Many other things he did; but, principally, he is
+supposed to have built the Norman cathedral, and to have
+fortified the close.
+</p>
+<p>
+Bishop Roger seems to have been also a great supporter of the
+Cistercian monks, who appeared in the neighbourhood about this
+time, and for whom he built an abbey in the diocese at Buildwas,
+not very far from Shrewsbury. Then, being a soldier as well as a
+bishop, he started for the East, and died, after fighting in the
+Crusades, at Antioch in 1148.
+</p>
+<p>
+Ever since the Conquest the struggles in the Church had been
+growing sharper. There is no room for a full discussion of these
+quarrels, but, briefly, it may be said that they arose largely
+from a desire on the part of the monks and the collegiate
+churches to shake off the power of the bishops. In doing this it
+had been necessary to appeal more and more to the Pope, and in
+consequence the Pope was gradually increasing his power in
+England, to the detriment not only of the bishops, but also of
+the king. On the death of Bishop Clinton, Stephen, instead of
+appointing a successor himself, as had been the custom of the
+king on previous occasions, found it necessary to depute his
+authority to a joint council of the monks of Coventry and the
+canons of Lichfield and Chester. They met at Leicester, and the
+monks by themselves appointed <b>Walter Durdent</b> (1149-1159),
+prior of Canterbury. The canons would not admit this election,
+although the new nominee had been precentor at Lichfield; they
+appealed to Rome, and&mdash;how the result came about is not
+clear, but indeed is a matter of dispute&mdash;Durdent was
+consecrated at Canterbury. He was enthroned at Coventry, but was
+barred out of Lichfield, where he commenced his rule by
+excommunicating the canons. But Durdent, being now a bishop, soon
+drew the canons to his
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id="page126"></a>[126]</span>
+
+ side, and it was with Coventry
+that the differences continued. He and the prior were summoned to
+Rome, where it was settled that the bishop should keep the abbey
+as a monastic cathedral, but that the prior should in the future
+have the first voice in the election of bishops.
+</p>
+<p>
+Durdent died at Rome, and was succeeded by <b>Richard
+Peche</b> (1161-1182), son of Robert Peche&mdash;for the clergy
+of that day often married&mdash;who seems to have secured the
+suffrages of both sets of electors. He retired just before his
+end to the priory of St Thomas, near Stafford, which he had
+founded in 1180 in memory of Thomas &agrave; Becket, who had been
+murdered ten years previously. He was one of those who had
+consecrated the archbishop a few years before, and he joined in
+the popular indignation which ended in the canonisation of the
+victim. About this time the diocese was permanently divided into
+the archdeaconries of Derby, Stafford, Chester, and Coventry.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next bishop was <b>Gerard Puella</b> (1183), a celebrated
+authority on ecclesiastical and canon law. Lichfield refused to
+admit him, and he died soon after his consecration.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next bishop was <b>Hugh de Nonant</b> or Nunant
+(1184-1199); his intense hatred of the monks led to terrible
+disturbances at Coventry. Soon after his consecration he
+exasperated the monks so greatly that they beat him, and Nonant,
+with the wounds upon him, hurried to the king, and obtained his
+consent&mdash;some say by purchase&mdash;to the monks being
+turned out. This was done, and secular canons instituted in their
+place. During the absence of King Richard at the Crusades, Nonant
+appears to have identified himself too much with the cause of
+Prince John. This brought about his ruin; for, being suspected by
+Richard on his return from captivity of participation in the
+plots against the crown, he was deprived of his bishopric, which
+in course of time, however, he was allowed to buy back for 5000
+marks. He lived not only to see the monks restored to Coventry by
+the Pope, but also to repent of his harshness to monastical
+institutions. He died on his way to Rome, and was buried among
+the monks of Caen.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next election revived the bitterness between Coventry and
+Lichfield, a bitterness accentuated by the political adherence of
+the two parties, Coventry being on King Richard's side,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page127" id="page127"></a>[127]</span>
+
+ Lichfield for Prince John. Under these circumstances,
+the canons had not even been called to the ceremony of election,
+and Coventry's candidate, <b>Geoffry de Muschamp</b> (1198-1208),
+was elected. But the greatest difficulty of all arose at the
+election of the next bishop. John was now king, and Lichfield in
+favour. The monks chose their prior, but John would not allow his
+consecration; then came a series of proposals, to none of which
+could king, monks, and canons all three assent, but finally, at
+the intercession of Pandulf, the Pope's legate, they all agreed
+on <b>William de Cornhull</b> (1215-1223). Thomas of Chesterfield
+tells us that this bishop conferred the right upon the chapter of
+electing their own dean.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next bishop, <b>Alexander de Stavenby</b> (1224-1238), was
+appointed by the Pope, on the appeal to him of both parties, who
+were still unable to agree. He built the friary in Lichfield, and
+dedicated it to St. Francis, the founder of the Friar Minors,
+which order he first introduced into the diocese.
+</p>
+<p>
+The high position of Stavenby in the councils of the realm
+make him an important personality among the bishops of the
+diocese. He died in 1238; and it might have been expected that a
+successor would have been appointed without difficulty, for
+during his rule it had been agreed that Coventry and Lichfield
+should appoint to the vacant bishopric alternatively. Coventry
+appointed William de Raleigh, but he accepted Norwich in
+preference, and then the monks claimed to appoint again, but the
+canons would not allow this, and appointed their dean, William of
+Manchester, who, however, stood aside when the monks suggested
+Nicholas de Farnham, and he was too modest to accept the office.
+Then <b>Hugh de Patteshull</b> (1239-1241) was chosen at the
+king's desire. He was Treasurer of England and a native of the
+diocese; he seems to have followed in the steps of his
+predecessor, and it is said that he made new regulations as to
+the manner of the cathedral services. He died only eighteen
+months after his appointment, and a fresh trouble arose over the
+election of a successor; but the Pope intervened without asking
+permission of the king, and, under the advice of Grosseteste, the
+famous bishop of Lincoln, appointed <b>Roger de Weseham</b>
+(1245-1256), the dean of the cathedral. The king in his anger
+seized the endowments of the see, and Weseham began his work amid
+great difficulties, but finally Henry restored the endowments,
+and allowed Weseham
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128" id="page128"></a>[128]</span>
+
+ to prosecute his salutary
+re-organisation of the clergy. Weseham retired in 1256, and died
+shortly after. It is doubtful if the monument in the south aisle,
+generally known as that of Bishop Patteshull, is not in reality
+that of Bishop Weseham.
+</p>
+<p>
+There was no contention over the election of the next bishop,
+<b>Roger de Molend</b> or Meyland (1256-1295). He was a natural
+son of the Earl of Salisbury, William Longesp&eacute;e, and so
+nephew to King Henry III. His was not an admirable role, the most
+remarkable event being his attempt, <i>vi et armis</i>, to obtain
+admittance to the Royal Free Chapel of St. Mary at Stafford. Both
+sides refused to plead at the Assizes, but it was finally decided
+that the bishop should be allowed the use of the free chapels in
+Derby and Stafford, but should have no disciplinary powers over
+their clergy. Afterwards he seems to have neglected his diocese,
+and the scandalous and avaricious conduct of the clergy, which
+the last two bishops had controlled, now became so intense that
+in 1282 Archbishop Peckham had to interfere, and Roger was forced
+to come into residence. Soon after it was found necessary to find
+him a coadjutor, who was to advise him in all official acts.
+Incompetent as he was as a bishop, the diocese obtained several
+remarkable benefits during his rule. The king gave Cannock Chase
+to the see, and the west front of the cathedral was begun. It may
+well be that in his travels he had acquired a love of beauty he
+would not have acquired at home, and that we owe to him the
+conception of this beautiful feature of the cathedral. The money
+it must have cost, too, could only have been found by one whose
+princely rank enabled him to obtain money with some ease. In
+London also he left his mark, unhappily now entirely obliterated.
+Where Somerset House now stands he erected his palace, next to
+the palace of his brother Bishop of Worcester. It was a beautiful
+mansion, but the site was too valuable to permit of it belonging
+to any one but the king when Henry VIII. graced the throne.
+</p>
+<p>
+About this time the archdeaconry of Stafford was occupied by
+Thomas de Cantilupe, afterwards Bishop of Hereford. The story of
+his life belongs to the account of that diocese, but such a man
+must have had great influence on his archdeaconry.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next bishop was <b>Walter de Langton</b> (1296-1321),
+Treasurer of England, and friend to King Edward I.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page129" id="page129"></a>[129]</span>
+
+ He was chosen unanimously by both parties. At first
+his political duties claimed him, and brought him into collision
+with the Prince of Wales, who, as soon as he had ascended the
+throne as Edward II., threw him into prison. There he does not
+seem to have remained long, and when Piers Gaveston, the king's
+favourite, was beheaded in 1312, he was restored to his former
+treasurership. Langton is principally remembered in connection
+with the see as having founded the Lady Chapel and built the
+Bishop's Palace, for so long a splendid monument to his memory in
+the north-east corner of the close. He rebuilt also Eccleshall
+and Haywood Manor houses, and walled the close for "the honour of
+God, the dignity of the cathedral, and the bodies of the saints
+there reposing, and also for security and quiet of the canons."
+This last a mistaken work, as we who live after the event are
+well able to judge. He also bridged the cathedral pool, and made
+a magnificent shrine for St. Chad's bones. Langton died in 1321
+in London, and was carried to Lichfield, where he was buried with
+much ceremony. His bones were removed into the Lady Chapel when
+it was finished during the rule of the next bishop, and a
+sumptuous monument placed over them. The mutilated remains of
+this monument can be seen in the south choir aisle to this
+day.
+</p>
+<p>
+His successor, <b>Roger de Norbury</b> or Northbury
+(1322-1359), was appointed by the Pope, as the two chapters had
+not agreed once more. His was a long rule, nearly forty years,
+and filled with good for the see. The registers of both Langton
+and Norbury are both still in existence among the muniments of
+the cathedral, and from them we know much of the life of a bishop
+of this time. Every kind of evil seems to have come under the
+notice of the bishop&mdash;whose power of inducing those who had
+done wrong to repent and do right was the direct outcome of the
+terrible threat of excommunication which he was able to wield.
+Lichfield had constantly during the later reigns been the scene
+of royal festivities, and after the battle of Crecy Edward III.
+held his Court here, and there were tournaments and banquets at
+which the flower of English chivalry assisted. It is said by some
+that here occurred the famous incident of the garter which led to
+the institution of the order of that name.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page130" id="page130"></a>[130]</span>
+
+ At any rate, Uttoxeter was appropriated to the chapel
+of the garter.
+</p>
+<p>
+About this time, too, the cathedral must have been finished;
+now, too, was the terrible visitation of the black death, that
+most deadly of all plagues, which is said to have cut off one
+half of the whole population of the realm. Whether the fear of
+it, or the occasion of the completion of the cathedral, caused
+the chapter to set their house in order, certain it is that we
+have, in the discovery of the sacrist's roll of 1346, a kind of
+inventory of the valuables of the cathedral at this time; these
+are set out in the part devoted to the cathedral. Thomas of
+Chesterfield, the early historian of the diocese, whose work is
+printed in Wharton's <i>Anglia Sacra</i>, and on whom all later
+writers on the subject have had largely to rely, lived at this
+time, and brought down his "chronicle" to 1348, one of the years
+of the black death.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>Roger de Stretton</b> (1360-1386), an absolutely uneducated
+man, succeeded Langton; then came <b>Walter Skirlaw</b> (1386)
+and <b>Richard Scrope</b> (1386-1396), but the former, between
+his consecration and his enthronement, was translated to Bath and
+Wells, from whence he went to Durham, and the latter, though
+distinguished in English history, is more noted as Archbishop of
+York. Next came Bishop <b>John Burghill</b> (1398-1414), a
+barefooted Black Friar, who gained a reputation for asceticism,
+and left his worldly goods to the church. Richard II. was present
+at the enthronement of these two last bishops. They were followed
+by <b>John Catterick</b> (1415-1419).
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1419, <b>William Heyworth</b> (1419-1447), the abbot of St.
+Albans, became bishop. An important question was settled in his
+time&mdash;viz. the bishop's position in the cathedral. At his
+suggestion, it was arranged that he should give notice to the
+dean when he intended a visitation: the chapter should be
+summoned, and they should conduct him to the high altar and there
+leave him to stand or kneel alone in prayer. Afterwards they were
+to conduct him to the chapter-house, where he might inquire into
+the title and conduct of the canons; the other cathedral clergy
+were to be entirely subject to the dean and chapter. His rule saw
+also the beginnings of the collegiate church of Manchester, which
+so long after was to become the cathedral of the new diocese to
+be carved out of our see.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is unnecessary to more than mention the names of bishops
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page131" id="page131"></a>[131]</span>
+
+ who succeeded about this time: they
+are&mdash;<b>William Booth</b> (1447-1450), <b>Nicholas
+Cloose</b> (1452), <b>Reginald Bolars</b> (1453-1459). <b>John
+Halse</b> (1459-1492) was called on to give shelter to Queen
+Margaret after the battle of Bloreheath.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the end of the fifteenth century there is another political
+bishop. This was <b>William Smyth</b> (1492-1496). He, like
+several of his successors, was President of Wales, and he was
+also the founder of Brasenose College, Oxford. Next comes <b>John
+Arundel</b> (1496-1503), and then comes <b>Geoffry Blythe</b>,
+whose rule, commencing in 1503, lasts until 1531, the year when
+Henry required the clergy to acknowledge him as supreme head of
+the Church. This period of the dark days before the Reformation
+must have been one of great difficulty for the bishops, but
+Blythe seems to have been very popular at Lichfield; he made
+several attempts to stamp out Lollardism, and has earned for
+himself an unenviable niche in the house of fame by his inclusion
+in Fox's "Book of Martyrs" for his holding of the "Court of
+Heresy." One martyr (a woman) was burned at Coventry, and others
+were tried and acquitted or condemned to less horrible
+punishments. On the whole, Blythe seems to have been as gentle as
+the times would allow him to be. He died in 1531, and escaped the
+storm which was now to burst. When it had cleared away, many of
+the old religious landmarks had disappeared; Lichfield Cathedral
+had lost her sister minster, and had been shorn of much that it
+valued and was beautiful.
+</p>
+<p>
+After an interval, <b>Rowland Lee</b> (1534-1543) was
+appointed. He had been chaplain to the king, and it was he who
+officiated at the private marriage of Henry and Anne Boleyn; he
+was rewarded with the bishopric of Lichfield and Coventry, and
+was made President of Wales, in which latter appointment he was
+said to have ruled so wisely that we owe to him the kindly
+feelings which have ever since existed between the two countries.
+This work must have kept him much away from the diocese, and it
+was superintended by two suffragans; but we have it on record
+that he did his best to save something for the diocese from the
+wreck of the Reformation; how little he was able to do we shall
+now see. He also issued to the clergy a set of injunctions, in
+which the new teaching and ideas are set forth, "that the King's
+Majesty is only Supreme Head under Chryst in Erthe of this his
+Churche of England"; that
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page132" id="page132"></a>[132]</span>
+
+ every parish priest shall provide for his church a
+"Boke of the hole Byble both in Latin and alsoe in Englishe, and
+lay the same in the Quiere for every man that will loke and read
+therein"; and other injunctions on prayers and preaching and
+behaviour, which are not, like the first two, new and startling,
+but are reminiscences of the ordinances and manners of the
+past.
+</p>
+<p>
+Bishop Lee, who had failed in his efforts to save the
+cathedral church of Coventry, also exerted himself on behalf of
+the shrine of St. Chad, and succeeded so well that, though the
+shrine was rifled of its jewels and precious metals, they were
+granted to the uses of the cathedral, instead of finding their
+way into the coffers of the king. The ashes of the saint were
+stolen by one of the prebendaries. Soon after, the collegiate
+churches were confiscated, and the diocese, like other dioceses,
+found itself stripped of all its finest churches. The royal
+chapels of Stafford, Shrewsbury, Chester, Bridgenorth, Derby, and
+Penkridge all went; and throughout the country, for want of the
+endowments which had been confiscated, churches and chapels were
+falling into ruin.
+</p>
+<p>
+Henry seems to have had ideas of using some of the money thus
+obtained for ecclesiastical purposes, but his own needs did not
+permit him to do much. The bishopric of Shrewsbury, which he had
+planned, came to nothing, though a suffragan with that title was
+appointed; but at Chester the abbey of St. Werburgh became a
+cathedral church when, in 1541, the see of Chester was founded,
+and Cheshire and Lancashire were taken from Lichfield to form the
+new diocese.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>Richard Sampson</b> (1543-1553), dean of the cathedral,
+succeeded Lee as bishop, and died early in Mary's reign. His
+successor, <b>Ralph Bane</b> (1554-1558), lighted the fires in
+the diocese, and many perished at his hands. He was a bishop
+after Mary's heart, and sat with Tonstall and Bonner in the
+inquisitions which disgraced the reign. He resigned on the advent
+of Elizabeth. And then another kind of persecution commenced;
+this time it was the Papists who suffered, and many were done to
+death in the diocese.
+</p>
+<p>
+Following Bane came <b>Thomas Bentham</b> (1560-1579), and
+<b>William Overton</b> (1580-1609); then <b>George Abbott</b> was
+bishop in 1609, and in one year was promoted to Canterbury, where
+he preceded Laud, whose life-long opponent he was.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page133" id="page133"></a>[133]</span>
+
+ Then came <b>Richard Neill</b> (1610-1614), who was dean of
+Westminster as well, and earned an ignoble reputation by burning
+a Papist named Wightman, at Lichfield. He was consecrated to
+Rochester in 1608, and translated successively to Lichfield,
+1610; Lincoln, 1614; Durham, 1617; Winchester, 1628; and York,
+1632. <b>John Overall</b> (1614-1618) wrote that part of the
+"Church Catechism" which explains the sacraments; he afterwards
+went to Norwich. <b>Thomas Morton</b> (1619-1632) came from
+Chester; he was one of the most learned bishops of the time, and
+a noted advocate of the Church of England principles.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>Robert Wright</b> (1632-1644) was a supporter of Laud;
+under him the cathedral service became again something like that
+of the time of Bishop Patteshull. He was one of the twelve
+bishops who were impeached by the Long Parliament in 1641, and,
+though an old man, pleaded his cause at the bar of the House of
+Commons. He was still bishop when the Civil War broke out; and
+during the famous siege of Lichfield he was shut up in his castle
+at Eccleshall, where he died while it was being defended against
+the Parliamentarians. His successor, <b>Accepted Frewen</b>,
+president of Magdalen College, Oxford, was appointed by the king,
+and consecrated in the chapel of his college; but, having neither
+cathedral, revenues, nor power, he retired into Kent, until in
+1660 he became Archbishop of York.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>John Hacket</b> (1661-1671) was appointed to the see by
+Charles II., and decided that its title should be altered from
+"Coventry and Lichfield" to "Lichfield and Coventry"; partly, no
+doubt, because the cathedral was here, and partly because in the
+late troubles Lichfield had been loyal to the Crown, and Coventry
+had not. His great work was the restoration of the cathedral from
+its ruins, and the re-organisation of the diocese. He had had a
+distinguished record, and was one of the sub-committee in 1640
+appointed to try and settle the vexed questions in the Church,
+and as such he made an eloquent speech at the bar of the House of
+Commons. Later he continued the use of the liturgy in his church
+of St. Andrew, Holborn, after it had been forbidden, and when the
+officer and soldiers were sent to arrest him and ordered him to
+desist on pain of instant death, he answered: "Soldier, I am
+doing my duty, do you do yours," and continued the service.
+Surely a man pre-eminently fitted for the work of re-organisation
+he was to do at Lichfield; and the king got the credit from the
+clergy of having the old
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page134" id="page134"></a>[134]</span>
+
+ "apostolic spirit of
+discerning," so greatly was he to their minds. He must have been
+a wit too, for, when the bishopric was offered to him, he
+remarked that he would rather that in future times people should
+ask why Dr Hacket was not a bishop, than why he was. He is also
+said to have entreated the gentleman who had declared that hell
+was paved with bishops' skulls to tread lightly over his.
+</p>
+<p>
+Hacket's dean cannot have confirmed the clergy in their
+opinion of Charles, whose appointment to the post he had
+purchased; so bad was he that the bishop excommunicated him, and
+the sentence was even read in the cathedral while he was there,
+but he heeded it not. The chapter loathed him, but apparently the
+king's feelings were different, for at Hacket's death he was
+appointed to succeed him. So <b>Thomas Wood</b> (1671-1692)
+became bishop, and was the worst the see ever had: he lived much
+away from the diocese. Lancelot Addison, the father of the famous
+Joseph Addison, was dean in his time. William III., staying a
+night at the deanery, was attracted to the genial essayist early;
+and we may imagine that he must have been greatly influenced by
+that part of his life spent within the cathedral close.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next bishop was <b>William Lloyd</b> (1692-1699): he came
+from St. Asaph, and went to Worcester. While bishop of St. Asaph
+he was one of the seven bishops who were sent to the Tower in
+1688. <b>John Hough</b> (1699-1717) came next; he also had
+crossed the path of James II., for he had been elected President
+of Magdalen over the head of James's nominee, but James had
+proved the stronger at the time, and he was ejected, only to be
+reinstated by the frightened king soon after. At the Revolution
+he was made bishop of Oxford, whence he was translated hither; he
+afterwards refused the primacy.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next two bishops&mdash;<b>Edward Chandler</b> (1717-1730)
+and <b>Richard Smallbroke</b> (1730-1749)&mdash;were
+distinguished defenders of Christianity against the infidelity of
+the time. Their controversial writings are numerous and well
+known.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next bishop, <b>Frederick Cornwallis</b> (1749-1768),
+afterwards became Archbishop of Canterbury. Then came <b>John
+Egerton</b> (1768-1771), from Bangor, and went to Durham;
+<b>Brownlow North</b> (1771-1774), who was translated to
+Worcester, and thence to Winchester; <b>Richard Hurd</b>
+(1774-1781), who also went to Worcester; <b>James</b>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page135" id="page135"></a>[135]</span>
+
+ <b>Cornwallis</b> (1781-1824), and <b>Henry Ryder</b>
+(1824-1836), who came from Gloucester. He succeeded in founding
+many new churches and immensely increasing the membership of the
+Church in the diocese. His successor, <b>Samuel Butler</b>
+(1836-1843), went on with this work. It was in his time that the
+archdeaconry of Coventry was taken from the diocese and added to
+Worcester. The title of the see now becomes Lichfield only;
+Coventry, which at one time held the premier place in the title,
+and then the second, now slips out altogether.
+</p>
+<p>
+Ten years later the deanery of Bridgenorth was allotted to
+Hereford, and in the same year all peculiar and exempt
+jurisdiction was abolished, so that the archdeacons had power to
+visit every church in the diocese; the number of canons of
+Lichfield was reduced from six to four.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the meantime <b>James Bowstead</b> (1840-1843) and <b>John
+Lonsdale</b> (1843-1867) became bishops. The latter was one of
+the greatest bishops the diocese has had, and his work, like that
+of Ryder, lives in the increased power of the Church in the
+diocese. He was succeeded by another great bishop, <b>George
+Augustus Selwyn</b>, who, as bishop of New Zealand, had organised
+the Church in those islands.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next bishop, <b>William Dalrymple Maclagan</b>
+(1878-1891), is now Archbishop of York. It was during his rule,
+in 1884, that the new diocese of Southwell was formed and
+Derbyshire was taken from Lichfield.
+</p>
+<p>
+The present bishop is the Hon. <b>Augustus Legge</b>.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page136" id="page136"></a>[136]</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image39.jpg">
+<img src="images/i-39-s.jpg" height="500"
+title="Monument to Dr Johnson in the Market-Place."
+alt="MONUMENT TO DR JOHNSON IN THE MARKET-PLACE."/></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photochrom Co. Ltd., Photo.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+MONUMENT TO DR JOHNSON IN THE MARKET-PLACE.
+</div>
+
+<h3>
+DIMENSIONS OF THE CATHEDRAL
+</h3>
+
+<table summary="Dimensions of the Cathedral">
+<tr><td>                            </td><td align="right">      <small>Feet</small> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Length, total (interior)   </td><td align="right">      370 </td></tr>
+<tr><td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Nave            </td><td align="right">      140 </td></tr>
+<tr><td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Transept        </td><td align="right">      149 </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Width of Nave and Aisles   </td><td align="right">       68 </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Height of Vault            </td><td align="right">       57 </td></tr>
+<tr><td> Area                       </td><td align="right">   27,720 sq. feet </td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page137" id="page137"></a>[137]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image40.png">
+<img src="images/i-40-s.png" height="500"
+title="Plan of Lichfield Cathedral."
+alt="PLAN OF LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL." /></a>
+<br />
+PLAN OF LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL.
+</div>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral
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@@ -0,0 +1,4512 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of
+Lichfield, by A. B. Clifton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Lichfield
+       A Description of Its Fabric and A Brief History of the Espicopal See
+
+Author: A. B. Clifton
+
+Release Date: August 12, 2011 [EBook #37049]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF LICHFIELD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Brad Norton, David Garcia and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL FROM THE WEST.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF LICHFIELD
+
+A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL SEE
+
+
+BY A. B. CLIFTON
+
+
+WITH FORTY ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LONDON, GEORGE BELL & SONS, 1900
+
+
+  _First published February 1898_
+  _Second Edition revised February 1900_
+
+
+  W. H. WHITE AND CO., LTD.
+  RIVERSIDE PRESS, EDINBURGH
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL PREFACE
+
+
+This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the
+great English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated guide-books
+at a popular price. The aim of each writer has been to produce a work
+compiled with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to
+the student of Archaeology and History, and yet not too technical in
+language for the use of an ordinary visitor or tourist.
+
+To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case
+would be difficult and tedious in this place. But amongst the general
+sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful
+are:--(1) the great county histories, the value of which, especially
+in questions of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised;
+(2) the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in
+the Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archaeological Societies; (3)
+the important documents made accessible in the series issued by the
+Master of the Rolls; (4) the well-known works of Britton and Willis on
+the English Cathedrals; and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks
+to the Cathedrals originated by the late Mr John Murray; to which the
+reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, especially in
+reference to the histories of the respective sees.
+
+                                                         GLEESON WHITE,
+                                                  EDWARD E. F. STRANGE,
+                                               _Editors of the Series_.
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE
+
+
+Concerning any old Cathedral the mass of information is very great,
+and the authorities to be consulted many; and perhaps the almost total
+absence--as in this case--of a documentary history of the
+building of the fabric, makes for a larger bulk of pamphlets and of
+communications to the antiquarian journals. Whether or no theory be wiser
+than fact, it is certainly more voluminous. Besides the books and papers
+mentioned in their place, I have especially to express my indebtedness to
+the work on Lichfield by the Rev. William Beresford, one of the "Diocesan
+Histories" Series, and to the "Handbook of Lichfield Cathedral" by the
+late John Hewitt, the well-known antiquarian. I have also to thank Mr
+R. R. Redmayne of Lichfield for much valuable information, as also Mr
+C. Harradine, the Principal Verger, whose interest in and knowledge of
+the Cathedral are well known in Lichfield; and the Photochrom Co. Ltd.,
+Messrs S. B. Bolas & Co., and Mr F. G. M. Beaumont, for the excellent
+photographs they have allowed me to reproduce.
+
+                                                         A. B. CLIFTON.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                         PAGE
+  CHAPTER I.--History of the Cathedral                      3
+
+  CHAPTER II.--Description of the Exterior                 30
+    The Close                                              33
+    Bishop's Palace                                        34
+    Spires                                                 35
+    West Front                                             39
+    North Doorway                                          48
+    Lady Chapel                                            50
+    South Transept                                         51
+    Bells                                                  52
+
+  CHAPTER III.--Description of the Interior                54
+    Nave                                                   54
+    Pulpit, Lectern, etc.                                  64
+    North Aisle of Nave--Monuments and Glass               64
+    South Aisle of Nave--Monuments and Glass               67
+    Transepts                                              67
+    Organ                                                  71
+    Choir                                                  75
+    Screen and Stalls                                      84
+    Reredos                                                87
+    Sedilia and Pavements                                  88
+    Monuments and Glass in the Choir                       91
+    Lady Chapel                                            99
+    Sacristy and Chapel of St. Chad's Head                106
+    Chapter-House                                         110
+    Library                                               113
+
+  CHAPTER IV.--History of the See                         117
+
+  DIMENSIONS                                              136
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                         PAGE
+  Cathedral from the West                      _Frontispiece_
+  Arms of the See                                _Title page_
+  South Prospect of the Cathedral (Old Print)               2
+  Cathedral from Stowe Church (Old Print)                  13
+  Ancient Gateway in the Close                             17
+  South Transept in 1813--Exterior                         23
+  Cathedral from the South                                 31
+  Cathedral from the Minster Pool                          37
+  Great West Doorway in 1813                               42
+  Great West Doorway                                       43
+  Southern Doorway in West Front                           46
+  Bay of the Nave--Exterior                                48
+  North Entrance in 1813                                   49
+  Bay of the Choir--Exterior                               50
+  Doorway of South Transept                                51
+  Bay of the Nave--Interior                                55
+  Bay of the Choir--Interior                               56
+  Nave in 1813--Interior                                   57
+  Nave, looking East                                       59
+  Nave, looking West                                       61
+  North Aisle of Nave, looking East                        64
+  Arcade with Semi-Effigy                                  68
+  Detail of Semi-Effigy                                    69
+  Choir in 1820--Interior                                  77
+  Choir, looking East                                      79
+  South Choir Aisle                                        80
+  Choir, looking West                                      81
+  Under the Central Tower                                  85
+  Reredos                                                  89
+  The Sleeping Children                                    95
+  Fresco in South Choir Aisle                              97
+  Brackets in Lady Chapel                                  99
+  Lady Chapel                                             101
+  Brackets in Lady Chapel                                 104
+  Capital in Chapter-House                                108
+  Chapter-House                                           109
+  Arcade in Chapter-House                                 111
+  The Gospels of St. Chad                                 115
+  Monument to Dr Johnson                                  136
+  PLAN OF THE CATHEDRAL                                   137
+
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL AT THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL
+
+
+The cathedral of Lichfield, as we now know it, was built at various times
+in the thirteenth century and the early part of the fourteenth; and but
+for some comparatively slight and obvious alterations, it is therefore
+entirely in the styles known as Early English and Decorated. Unhappily
+nearly all the early archives and documents belonging to the cathedral
+are lost, having been destroyed in the time of the Civil Wars by the
+soldiery who sacked the place after the siege of the close by the forces
+of the Parliament. The absence of all documentary evidence as to the
+dates of the various parts of the cathedral has been much regretted by
+antiquarians, since it would be hard to find a better example of the
+gradual change which English church architecture was undergoing during
+the very busy period when this cathedral must have been built. Here we
+have the rigid simplicity of the Early English style in the transepts,
+giving place in the nave to the luxury of the Early Decorated, with its
+geometrical tracery; while in the Lady Chapel and presbytery we find an
+example, in some respects unique, of the gorgeousness of the completely
+evolved Decorated style. To know exactly when each part was built would
+be to add to our knowledge of architectural chronology; but instead,
+we must employ what knowledge we already possess, and by a process the
+very converse of what we could wish to have been able to use, we can
+arrive at an approximate history of the structure of the cathedral.
+
+Not so long ago Oswy had the credit of having built the cathedral, and
+later it was set down to Roger de Clinton. Modern criticism as easily
+disposes of the claims of the latter as of the former, and there can be
+no doubt that no part of the present cathedral is of earlier date than
+1200 A.D.
+
+Much valuable information as to the cathedral, which Clinton may have had
+a part in building, was obtained in 1860, when, for the alterations which
+were then in progress, excavations were made in the choir. The result
+of his investigations Professor Willis published in an article in the
+_Archaeological Journal_ for 1861, entitled "Memoir on the Foundations
+of Early Buildings recently discovered at Lichfield Cathedral," and the
+theory which he there set out as to the history of the cathedral has been
+generally accepted by antiquarians. Nothing can be more interesting than
+this article, but it is too full of detail for anything beyond the bare
+results of Professor Willis's reasoning to be given here: these are set
+out in their place.
+
+Of the early Saxon church which was erected on this site practically
+nothing is known, but it is supposed to have been built by Bishop Hedda
+at the close of the seventh century, and of stone taken from Roman ruins
+in the neighbourhood, though there is really no evidence to support this
+theory. The desire to find another instance of the waste material and
+sites once dedicated to a pagan religion being used by the victorious
+Christian church may have something to do with such a legend. Nothing
+except tradition is left of this church, to which it is said the bones
+of St. Chad were removed from Stowe. Probably in the four or five
+hundred years which elapsed before the Norman cathedral was built,
+several churches succeeded one another on or about the present site:
+whatever happened, we know nothing.
+
+Our real knowledge commences with the Norman cathedral. The excavations
+already spoken of laid bare small portions of its foundations, and from
+these Professor Willis decided that the Norman choir had a semi-circular
+apse, and extended from the central tower to about the middle of the
+fifth bay of the present choir; while the exterior line of its side walls
+nearly corresponded with the interior line of the present aisle. The
+Norman building probably possessed transepts, but these certainly had
+no aisles; the rest is conjecture, but from other Norman cathedrals and
+churches which are in existence we can fairly well imagine what it was
+like. The altar probably stood over the centre of the semi-circle of
+the apse, while the bishop's throne was behind it, facing west, with
+the canons' stalls spreading out down the choir, and the choir stalls
+continuing them right down under the tower into the nave: or perhaps
+there were no seats for the choir in those days--we do not know; but
+there must have been a processional path round the altar. We can imagine,
+too, the massive masonry of the pillars with their heavy capitals and
+circular arches. To think of a Norman church is to think possibly of
+Peterborough; and Lichfield Cathedral, no doubt, was like that minster,
+but on a very much smaller scale.
+
+There is no record as to when the Norman church was built, but Robert
+de Lymesey, the bishop, is said in 1088 to have used a large quantity of
+silver, which he took from the church at Coventry, in extensive buildings
+in Lichfield; and Roger de Clinton is declared to have exalted the church
+as well in building as in honour, so he may have erected, or helped to
+erect, the Norman cathedral. Nothing whatever remains above ground of this
+building, which was probably taken down gradually while the cathedral
+which now stands in its place was being erected. Before this was done,
+however, there was added a rectangular chapel to the east of the Norman
+apsidal choir, which, with it, must have extended nearly to the end of the
+seventh bay of the present choir. Nothing is known of it beyond the fact
+that the foundations were discovered and examined by Professor Willis,
+who decided that it was probably built late in the twelfth century,
+and that its existence, if it was ever finished, must have been short.
+
+Very early in the thirteenth century the first part of the present
+building was begun by erecting a rectangular choir just outside the
+walls of the Norman choir, which must have been then removed. This
+new Early English choir (including the presbytery) extended from the
+central tower to the end of the seventh bay of the present choir. It
+will be found that the eastern portion of this was subsequently removed,
+but the western half still remains, and can readily be distinguished
+from the Decorated part. The high altar of this period must have stood
+just to the west of the space between the fifth piers, thus leaving the
+space between the fifth and sixth piers as a processional path between
+the two side aisles; while against the eastern wall were four altars,
+one at the end of each aisle and two between them. At the same time that
+this choir was built, was also built on the south side the sacristy,
+with the room adjoining it: these both remain.
+
+The next alteration took place about 1220, and was the erection of a new
+south transept in place of the Norman one, which, as has been said, almost
+certainly had no aisle; then followed in about twenty years the north
+transept and the chapter-house, with its vestibule, all these buildings
+being in the Early English style, though the difference in their times
+of erection is clearly marked in their details. Two royal licences to
+dig Hopwas stone for "the new fabric of the church at Lichfield" in 1235
+and 1238 are evidence that work was going on about this time; and the
+desire of Henry III. (which is more fully set out in the description
+of the interior of the transept) to have a roof at Windsor like that
+of Lichfield gives an almost documental certainty to the architectural
+theory that the transepts were built at the time above stated.
+
+No historical document exists that can apply to the building of the nave;
+but that must have come next, and have been in progress almost before the
+north transept could have been finished. The west front was commenced
+somewhere about the beginning of the last quarter of the thirteenth
+century, and, including the two towers which form such an important part
+of it, must have taken a very long time to complete. From the thorough
+examination made when the recent restorations were in progress, it was
+decided that these towers were built in three distinct stages--the lowest,
+which just included the row of kings, being assigned to about 1280; the
+next stage to 1300; and the upper part, including the belfry windows,
+to about 1330, while the spires were not finished till some time after.
+
+Walter de Langton became bishop in 1296, and of him it is distinctly
+recorded that he commenced the Lady Chapel. From an old register in the
+Salt Library at Stafford, it appears that Langton left L80, 13s. 3d. for
+the building of the chapel. He died in 1321. And, in 1323, there is
+another entry showing that the chapter came to some agreement with his
+executor by which each party should pay half the cost of finding a quarry
+for the stone; so that it does not appear that building operations had
+proceeded very far at his death. It is interesting to note, as the same
+source shows us, that the money left by the bishop was partly on loan
+to King Edward II. for the expenses of his wars with Scotland, which
+wars had ended so disastrously at Bannockburn. In the following reign,
+Edward III. was asked by the chapter to repay what was still owing of
+this money.
+
+The Lady Chapel was probably erected beyond the eastern end of the
+church as it then stood; and while this was being done, the Early English
+presbytery was taken down and rebuilt in the Decorated style to match the
+new Lady Chapel, and the old clerestory of the choir was also rebuilt
+in the same style. The main idea was to obtain uniformity; but as it
+apparently was not proposed to take down the sacristy on the south,
+nor the chapter-house on the north, it was not considered necessary to
+pull down the choir--_i.e._ the last three western bays--any lower than
+the triforium; for the lower parts would be hidden by these buildings
+from the outside, and inside various shifts were resorted to to obtain
+uniformity. The work almost certainly grew from east to west gradually,
+as the clerestory of the choir end is lighter than that of the eastern
+or presbytery end; so that no doubt the pulling down of the old choir
+clerestory was only done after the building of the eastern end made it
+seem better to alter the rest into uniformity. With regard to the inside
+effect, Professor Willis says: "The front half of their pier arches
+(those belonging to the three western bays), however was removed and
+mouldings given them corresponding to those of the new presbytery. Their
+piers also were slightly altered, although partially concealed by the
+choir stalls. By these arrangements the aspect of the whole interior
+of the choir and presbytery was made uniform." How far this theory is
+sound will be seen when the alterations early in the present century
+are considered in their place.
+
+Bishop Langton also erected the shrine of St. Chad at an expense of
+L2000. This shrine stood behind the high altar in the most eastern
+bay of the retro-choir, and, as was usual, had on its western side an
+altar dedicated to the saint. A similar arrangement can still be seen
+in Westminster Abbey, where the shrine of Edward the Confessor stands
+behind the reredos. The space behind the reredos, with the corresponding
+bays of the aisles, were in the past called the lady choir. This portion
+was separated from the rest of the choir by the reredos in the centre,
+and by screens in a line with the reredos in the aisles; there was a
+chapel in the lady choir at the end of each aisle, but to whom they were
+dedicated is doubtful. Stukeley, writing in 1715, says: "In St. Peter's
+Chapel, which is now a place to lay scaffolding and ladders, etc.,
+was painted upon the wall St. Peter crucified with his head downwards,
+and two other apostles, etc. And in this place is the noted St. Chad's
+tomb, though defaced, removed from the lady choir to be put here since
+the Restoration." The same writer also tells us that: "Over across the
+middle of the said choir was a rood loft, finely carved and gilded,
+and St. Chad's shrine, but destroyed in time of war."
+
+Professor Willis has pointed out the singular parallelism between the
+development of this cathedral and that of York. "The Norman Cathedral
+of York was built in 1080, and that of Lichfield at an uncertain
+date. Between 1154-1181, Archbishop Roger substituted for the original
+chancel at York a long, square-ended choir, with the aisle carried
+behind the end. At Lichfield, during the same period, the large chapel
+was built at the end of the Norman apse; and about the beginning of the
+thirteenth century the whole Norman eastern termination was, as at York,
+replaced by a long, square-ended choir with the low aisles behind. Next,
+at York the Norman transepts were rebuilt in Early English: the south
+transept, 1230-1241; followed by the north transept, 1241-1260. Also at
+Lichfield the Norman transepts were rebuilt in Early English, beginning
+with the south and ending with the north. The Early English work of this
+cathedral is shown by the licences to dig stone to have been in progress
+in 1235 and 1238. York nave and Lichfield were next rebuilt in Early
+Decorated--the first in 1291-1324. Lastly, at Lichfield, the elongation of
+the eastern part was begun at the extreme east, beyond the existing choir
+by the Lady Chapel, in late Decorated under Bishop Langton, 1296-1321,
+and followed by taking down the choir, and continuing the same work on
+its site westward. The works at York followed in the same order, but
+forty or fifty years later, by first erecting the presbytery outside the
+existing choir, and then taking down the latter and continuing the work
+of the presbytery to form the new choir. The plans of the two cathedrals
+rival each other in the simplicity of their proportions."
+
+One other important thing which Bishop Langton did was to fortify, or
+at any rate to add greatly to the fortifications of the cathedral.
+He surrounded the close with a high stone wall and constructed "two
+beautiful gates" on the west and south sides of the close. Truly, had
+he been able to see the result of his fortification, he might have said
+with the Preacher: "All is vanity and vexation of spirit"; for if there
+was one thing which brought down on the cathedral the extremities of
+hatred and violence in the Civil Wars, it was that it proved able to be
+held as a fortress against those who came up against it.
+
+Bishop Langton built also the palace, which for so long, with its towers
+and turrets, stood in the north-east corner of the close. It must have
+been a magnificent building, and we know that its hall was decorated
+with frescoes of scenes in the recent wars. It was destroyed after the
+siege of the close in 1643, and Fuller, writing about that time, speaks
+of it as the "invisible castle now vanished out of sight."
+
+Roger de Norburg completed the Lady Chapel and the new presbytery, and
+was succeeded by Robert de Stretton, who (as we discover from a document
+dated 1390, four years after his death) completed St. Chad's shrine;
+for that is the only meaning which can be given to the wording of the
+bond, that the vicar's choral should offer prayers for, amongst others,
+"Robert Stretton, bishop, for making St. Chadd's shrine, and for giving
+them L24 to continue amongst them."
+
+There has recently been discovered among the muniments of the chapter,
+an indenture dated in 1345 or 1346, and made between the sacrist on the
+one hand, and the dean and chapter on the other, for the safe custody
+of the goods in the sacristy. The "goods" are too numerous for a list
+of them to be given, but they include "the head of Blessed Chad, in a
+certain painted wooden case; also an arm of Blessed Chad; also bones
+of the said saint in a certain portable shrine." Then follows a list of
+the bones and relics of a large number of saints, including part of the
+sepulchre of Our Lord, and part of St. Peter's cross. There were also
+crosses, gold, and silver, and jewelled--a large number of many kinds,
+all set out separately--mitres, jewels, chalices, copes, and every kind of
+vestment of the most gorgeous description. Bishops and kings and queens
+had apparently showered their wealth and valuables upon the cathedral;
+and with the subscriptions of the diocese, known as Chad's Pennies,
+and the offerings of pilgrims, the riches of the cathedral seem to have
+been enormous. These "goods," in many cases with their donors' names,
+are all set out in the roll, which, it is interesting to notice, is dated
+in the year of the Black Death; possibly the enormous mortality of the
+time may have made it seem necessary that the mere memory of man should
+not be depended upon when so few seemed likely to survive. To read the
+list is to get some notion of the magnificence of the services; and it
+is no wonder that pilgrims came from all parts of the diocese, and of
+England, to worship where so many relics were collected. The mid-Sunday
+in Lent was originally the time, afterwards Whitsuntide, for the crowds
+to attend the cathedral. They were shown the head of St. Chad, probably
+from the little gallery in the south aisle of the choir, and then they
+laid their offerings at the great shrine, on which were lying the other
+relics of the saint.
+
+No doubt the early part of the fifteenth century was the period when the
+cathedral was most glorious within and without. Fuller, in his "Church
+History," published in 1655, from which quotation has already been made,
+after giving an account of the building of the cathedral, says: "But now
+in the time of the aforesaid William Heyworth, the Cathedral of Litchfield
+was in the verticall height thereof, being (though not augmented in the
+essentials) beautified in the ornamentals thereof. Indeed, the West front
+thereof is a stately Fabrick, adorned with exquisite imagerie, which I
+suspect our age is so far from being able to imitate the workmanship
+that it understandeth not the Historie thereof. Surely what Charles
+the Fifth is said to have said of the citie of Florence, that it is a
+pittie it should be seen save only on Holy-dayes; as also that it was
+fit that so fair a Citie should have a Case and Cover for it to keep it
+from wind and weather, so in some sort, this Fabrick may seem to deserve
+a shelter to secure it. But alas! it is now in a pittiful case--indeed,
+almost beaten down to the ground in our civil dissensions. Now, lest the
+Church should follow the Castle--I mean quite vanish out of view--I have,
+at the cost of my worthy friend here exemplified the Portraiture thereof;
+and am glad to hear it to be the design of ingenious persons to preserve
+ancient churches in the like nature (whereof many are done in this,
+and more expected in the next part of Monasticon), seeing when their
+substance is gone, their verie shadows will be acceptable to posteritie."
+
+In the fifteenth century a library was built outside the door of the
+north transept, but a little to the west; it was quite separate from the
+cathedral. This was one of the gifts of Dean Heywood (1457-1493). It is
+recorded that he gave L40 towards the building of it, but died before
+it was completed, and this was done by his successor, Dean Yotton,
+who also contributed to its erection. According to the statement in
+"_Anglia Sacra_" it was finished in the year 1500. It is marked in the
+plan of Browne Willis, 1727, and was taken down about 1750.
+
+Some time in this century saw a change in the tracery of many of the
+windows. It may be that the introduction of printing was responsible
+for this change, and that the greater amount of light admitted by the
+windows of the Perpendicular style made their insertion advisable; or
+it may be that the tracery of windows being naturally fragile, in many
+cases a renewal became necessary, and the new Gothic style was naturally
+considered the best. Whatever the reason, the new Perpendicular tracery
+was inserted in many of the windows just as it was in a large number
+of cathedrals and churches all over England.
+
+In reading the history of the building of this fabric, we cannot
+help noticing that even the great Gothic builders could not leave well
+alone. Then, as now, Fashion was the ruling power. Having a Norman church,
+they altered it into an Early English one; then they pulled down a good
+deal of this to get a more Decorated building; and finally they changed
+the windows in order to give the whole a Perpendicular appearance: side
+by side with other reasons that actuated them, they did their best to
+keep their cathedral in the fashion.
+
+In the sixteenth century, Henry VIII., the great destroyer of religious
+houses, made but little difference to the fabric of this cathedral, but
+he laid his hands on the valuables. The shrine of St. Chad was denuded
+of its jewels, and everything which could be turned into money was taken
+away, much of it was fortunately returned for the "necessary uses" of the
+cathedral, but the services and ritual must have been much impaired and
+their beauty diminished. During that century, however, the cathedral
+gradually recovered, and we know that early in the next the services
+were again very much on the same scale of magnificence as they had been
+when the good bishops Patteshull and Weseham directed the diocese.
+
+The next event in the history of the building is one which is necessarily
+referred to many times in this book. The siege of Lichfield Cathedral
+is probably the most famous incident in its long career; not only
+on account of the immense injury done to the fabric itself, to its
+monuments and its decorations, but also on account of the "miraculous
+intervention" on behalf of the holy building, an intervention which,
+viewed with nineteenth-century scepticism, does not appear to have done
+the cathedral any obvious good, but which at the time appears to have
+been treated with all the deference due to a genuine miracle.
+
+The great Civil War began on August 22, 1642, when Charles I. set up his
+standard at Nottingham. At Lichfield, as everywhere else in England,
+there were partisans of both sides. The cathedral group was naturally
+for the king, while others, for one reason or another, joined either the
+Royal Party or the Parliamentarian. After Edgehill, which was fought
+in the autumn, matters became more and more serious in the Midlands;
+and finally, in February 1643, the Royalists at Lichfield, hearing that
+at any moment an outbreak might take place, garrisoned the close, which
+ever since the days of Walter de Langton had been strongly fortified. They
+hoisted the king's flag on the great steeple, and waited the result. They
+had not long to wait. With March Lord Brooke, one of the fiercest of
+anti-churchmen, arrived in command of a strong body of Roundheads,
+and on the 2nd the siege commenced.
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM STOWE CHURCH.]
+
+Lord Brooke was a fanatic, and ever fierce against cathedrals: he had,
+according to the diary of Archbishop Laud, two years before, as he was
+passing in a boat upon the Thames, said he hoped to see St. Paul's
+with not one stone left upon another. It was in this spirit that he
+set about the siege of the cathedral, and of his fate there are many
+accounts. Perhaps the following, taken from Dugdale's "View of the Late
+Troubles in England," is as good as any:--"This lord (Lord Brooke)
+being strangely tainted with fanatic principles, by the influence of
+one of his near relations, and some schismatical preachers (though
+in his own nature a very civil and well-humoured man), became thereby
+so great a zealot  against the established discipline of the Church,
+that no less than the utter extirpation of Episcopacy, and abolishing
+all decent order in the service of God, would satisfy him; to which end
+he became leader of all the power he could raise for the destruction
+of the cathedral of that diocese of Coventry and Litchfield. In order
+whereunto, when he had marched within half a mile of Litchfield, he
+drew up his army, and then devoutly prayed a blessing upon his intended
+works; withal earnestly desiring that God would, by some special token,
+manifest upon them His approbation of that their design: which being done,
+he went on and planted his great guns against the south-east gate of the
+close, himself standing in a window of a little house near thereto, to
+direct the gunners in their supposed battery; but it so happened that,
+there being two persons placed in the battlement of the chiefest steeple
+to make shot with long fouling guns at the cannoniers, upon a sudden
+accident, which caused the soldiers to give a shout, this lord, coming
+to the door (completely harnessed with plate armour _cap-a-pie_) was
+suddenly shot into one of his eyes; but the strength of the bullet, so
+much abated by the glance thereof on a piece of timber which supported
+a pentiss over the door, that it only lodged in his brains, whereupon he
+suddenly fell down dead; nor is it less notable that this accident fell
+out on the second day of March, which is the festival of that sometime
+famous Bishop S. Chad, to whose memory Offa, King of the Mercians, first
+erected this stately church and devoutly dedicated it."
+
+Tradition has always asserted that the shot which killed Lord Brooke
+was fired by one of the sons of Sir Richard Dyott, who, with the Earl of
+Chesterfield, was commanding the cathedral garrison. This son was deaf and
+dumb, and was known as "Dumb Dyott." The gun is preserved in the family,
+and they are supported by other historians, disagreeing with Dugdale,
+in their account that the shot was no accidental one, but that Dyott,
+who was an accomplished marksman, recognising Lord Brooke, aimed at him
+and killed him.
+
+In those days--and indeed even to the present day--it was believed that
+one who was afflicted with dumbness, idiocy, or any natural disease
+which showed God's hand, was especially His agent. Dumb Dyott was looked
+upon as being the agent of divine vengeance, and the fact of its being
+St. Chad's Day strengthened the belief. Here is an extract from a very
+courtly letter written a few days afterwards by a young cavalier to Lady
+Dyer; in it the feeling that a miracle had been performed is clearly
+shown. The writer says: "We have had the honour in these parts to bring
+my Lord Brooke to a quiet condition. That enemy of our Church (March 2)
+was slain in his quarrel against our Church, by the God of our Church,
+with a shot out of the Cathedral, by a bullet made of Church lead, through
+the mouth which reviled our Church; and (if this be worth your reading)
+this Cathedral was dedicated to the memory of an old Saxon holy man
+(called Ceadda, commonly Chad); the blow of death came from St. Chad's
+Church upon St. Chad's Day. This, being a verity, is fit for a lady
+of rare worth." The incident is constantly referred to in contemporary
+literature, where the miracles claimed on behalf of the Royalist party are
+worthy of a better result. One more quotation will suffice. The celebrated
+preacher, Dr South, in his sermon on the text, "God hath loved the gates
+of Sion more than all the dwellings of Jacob," says: "Nor is that instance
+to be passed over of a commander in the Parliamentary army, who, coming
+to rifle and deface the cathedral at Lichfield, solemnly, at the head of
+his troops, begged God to show some remarkable token of His approbation
+or dislike of the work they were going about. Immediately after which,
+he was shot in the forehead by a deaf and dumb man; and this was on St.
+Chad's Day, the name of which saint that church bare, being dedicated to
+God in memory of the same: where we see that as he asked of God a sign,
+so God gave him one in the forehead, and that with such a mark as he is
+like to be known by all posterity."
+
+The house in which Lord Brooke was killed is in Dam Street, at a distance,
+it is said, of about 185 yards from the central spire of the cathedral;
+the late Mr Green caused the following inscription to be put up over
+the doorway:--
+
+"_March 2, 1643._--Lord Brooke, a general of the Parliament forces
+preparing to besiege the Close of Lichfield, then garrisoned for King
+Charles the First, received his death wound on the spot beneath this
+inscription by a shot in the forehead from Mr Dyott, a gentleman who
+had placed himself on the battlements of the great steeple to annoy
+the besiegers."
+
+The death of Lord Brooke was kept a secret as much as possible, for
+fear the soldiers should indeed take it for a sign; Sir John Gell was
+appointed in his place, and the siege continued. Under his direction
+"all such townsmen that had any sons, apprentises, or other servants
+within the close, and likewise all citizens' wives that had their husbands
+there, whether magistrates or other persons whatsoever," were collected
+together and put in the front of the soldiers against the close, but
+after a while, it not appearing to make much difference, they were all
+sent home again. The close meanwhile had been bombarded with cannon, and
+finally there arrived from Coventry a new engine, called a mortar, which
+cast burning shells. Most of these fell into the mill pool or went over
+the close altogether; but it is said to have caused so much fright, no one
+there having seen such an engine before, that the Earl of Chesterfield,
+knowing also that his provisions could not last another day, and that
+there was little likelihood of their being reinforced, decided to yield
+the close on the best terms he could. These included free quarter to all,
+and on the 5th March, after a siege of three days, the close was yielded.
+
+The damage that had been done was terrible; not only was the whole
+fabric much injured, and all the stained glass destroyed, but the great
+steeple had been blown down and had in its fall broken in the roof of
+the church in several places. But even now the work of desecration was
+not complete. The close having been taken, the Parliamentary forces and
+their prisoners were all housed in and round the cathedral, and the most
+sacrilegious conduct is attributed to the former. The wanton soldiers
+pulled down the curious carved work, and battered in pieces what was
+left of the beautiful old stained glass; they stripped the gravestones
+of their brasses, and destroyed the ancient records which were stored
+in the cathedral. These acts of destruction were no doubt due to the
+religious mania of the Roundheads against any form of ceremony or beauty
+in the House or Service of God; but their passion became keener when they
+found what rich spoils were ready to their hands. It happened during
+their riotous proceedings that one of the soldiers raised the covering
+of the tomb containing the remains of Bishop Scrope, and found in it
+a silver chalice and a crozier of considerable value. This discovery
+naturally excited the soldiers, and every tomb was at once taken to
+pieces and its contents scattered; it is not wonderful therefore that
+the tombs that remain to the present day are few in number and these
+terribly mutilated. The crozier was afterwards sold to Elias Ashmole,
+the antiquarian, who took so great an interest in Lichfield. Nor was
+the sacrilege confined to destruction and spoliation. Dugdale tells
+us that "every day they hunted a cat with hounds through the church,
+delighting themselves with the echo from the goodly vaulted roof; and
+to add to their wickedness, brought a calf into it, wrapt in linen;
+carried it to the font, sprinkled it with water; and gave it a name in
+scorn and derision of that holy sacrament of baptism."
+
+[Illustration: ANCIENT GATEWAY FORMERLY IN THE CLOSE.]
+
+Not for long, however, did the Roundheads remain in possession. Prince
+Rupert was sent from Oxford, the headquarters of the Royalist party at the
+time, to retake Lichfield. Having taken Bromicham on the way, he arrived
+at Lichfield with a strong force, and history repeated itself. The town
+offered no opposition, and Rupert had to lay siege to the close, which now
+was better garrisoned. The Royalists erected batteries on the north side,
+and kept up a heavy fire; they also attempted to undermine the walls,
+and finally succeeded in blowing up one of the towers of the close, and
+a fierce encounter took place, in which many men were slaughtered on both
+sides. At length, after ten days' siege, the close was surrendered to the
+king by the governor, who probably got better terms than he expected,
+as Rupert was required at Reading. The articles of capitulation are
+referred to by Clarendon as being most honourable, and are as follow:--
+
+"It is consented by Colonel Hastings, by the authority given him by
+his highness Prince Rupert, that, in consideration of the delivery
+and yielding up of the Close of Lichfield, Lieutenant-Colonel Russel,
+and all the Captains and Officers with him, shall march out of the said
+Close, to-morrow being the one and twentieth day of this instant April,
+by ten o'clock in the morning, with fourscore men and musquetts, with
+flying colours, and fourscore horsemen, with arms belonging to them, and
+all other persons within the said Close to be at liberty to goe whither
+they please; and for their better and safe conveyance, a free pass or
+convoy from his highnesse, and eleven carts to convey away such goods as
+belong to any of the officers or soldiers, with themselves, to the City
+of Coventry; and that all prisoners shall be released on both sides,
+which have been taken in the City of Stafford since the coming down of
+the Right Honourable Lord Brooke. In witness whereof, we have hereunto put
+our hand and seal, this twentieth day of April A.D. 1643. H. HASTINGS."
+
+Russel did not leave empty-handed, as he is said to have taken away
+the communion plate and linen, and whatever else was of value. He was
+succeeded in command of the close by Colonel Bagot, who held it until
+1646, when in the general ruin of the king's affairs the close was
+again taken.
+
+In "_Mercurius Aulicus_" there is an interesting anecdote which shows the
+state of feeling between the two parties. A certain Captain Hunt, who
+had a command in the neighbouring town of Tamworth, sent Colonel Bagot
+the following challenge:--"Bagot, thou sonne of an Egyptian ... meete
+mee half the way to-morrow morning, the half-way betwixt Tamworth and
+Litchfeald, if thou darest; if not, I will whippe whensoever I meete
+thee. Tamworth, this December 1644.--THOMAS HUNT." Colonel Bagot did
+not neglect the challenge, and though he did not succeed in taking him
+prisoner, he "whipped" him home to Tamworth.
+
+During the time Colonel Bagot was governor the post can have been no
+sinecure, for although there was no regular siege to be compared to the
+two just described, yet, lying as it did with so many Parliamentary
+strongholds in the immediate neighbourhood, this period cannot have
+been one of peace; and Dr Harwood, in his "History of Lichfield," goes
+so far as to say that the close was frequently in a state of seige at
+this period. The battle of Naseby was fought on the 14th June 1645, with
+disastrous effect to the king. Colonel Bagot was present with 200 men,
+and no doubt escorted the king back to Lichfield, for he lay there for
+at least one night, and received an address from his faithful citizens,
+which, from its wording, shows that there was little hope left in his
+side. The king came again later in the year, and about March in the
+following year, 1646, the last siege commenced. It was a desultory affair
+compared to the first two, and only ended when the Royalists, in July,
+finding that the king had practically no real army in the field anywhere,
+surrendered again on terms which were most honourable to both sides.
+
+The damage done to the cathedral in these times was estimated at L14,000,
+which was for those days a very large amount. Some of the losses are
+thus particularised:
+
+  For a pair of organs broke in pieces                             L200
+  The destruction of the vicars' seats                              600
+  The defacing of Lord Paget's tomb, which was executed in Italy    700
+
+But enough has been said to show that the cathedral was in a most ruinous
+state, and so it remained until a twelvemonth after the Restoration. From
+a manuscript in the Ashmolean Collection at Oxford, it appears that Elias
+Ashmole had an interview with the king in June 1660 as to the condition
+of the cathedral. The memorandum reads: "16 June 1660. This morning Mr
+Rawlins of Lichfield tould me that the Clearke Viccars of the Cathedrall
+Church had entered the Chapter-house and there said service; and this
+when the Vestry was the only place in the Church yt had a roof to shelter
+them. This very afternoon, I, having an opportunity to waite on the Kg,
+and being in his Closet, tould him that the aforesaid remaining number
+of poore Clearks Vicarrs had assembled in the aforesaid place, and there
+kept their Canonicall houres and prayd for his Maty, which he was pleased
+to heare. Upon further discourse, I acquainted him with the desolacion
+of the place, which he much lamented, and said he had been informed that
+Winchestre Cathedrall had exceedingly suffred in these late tymes, and
+that they had turnd it into Brewhouses, Malt-houses, etc." And again, on
+"July 18, 1660, Mr Dugdale moved Dr Sheldon to become an instrument for
+the repair of Lichfield Cathedral; and proposed that the prebends, etc.,
+that were admitted should part with one-half of their profits towards the
+repair of the fabrick, which would be no great burden to them; and by this
+example the gentry would be invited to join with them in some considerable
+contribution. _N.B._--I find this method succeeded accordingly."
+
+The see was vacant for nearly a year after the Restoration, as Bishop
+Frewen, who had been appointed to the see by Charles I., was almost at
+once made Archbishop of York. At last, in December 1661, John Hacket,
+Doctor of Divinity of Trinity College, Cambridge, was appointed, and
+he at once set himself to the repair of the dilapidated cathedral; on
+the very morning of his arrival at Lichfield he is said to have set his
+carriage-horses and servants to the work of clearing out the rubbish,
+and with his own hands to have set them an example at the start. The work
+to be done must have appeared to be almost impossible of completion, for
+the central spire was still lying in ruins over the chapter-house and
+choir, the roof was broken in, and the pavements completely destroyed:
+everything was ruinous, for the Parliamentary folk had during the
+Common-wealth seized all materials which seemed to be of use for the
+repair of the dwelling-houses in the close and neighbourhood. However,
+the work progressed; the bishop was so energetic that he was able to
+collect in the surrounding country about L8000, and so generous that he
+subscribed himself a sum of L1683, 12s.: and in eight years he succeeded
+in restoring the beauty of the cathedral.
+
+The service at which it was re-consecrated was of great solemnity and
+ceremony: "His lordship, being arrayed in his episcopal vestments,
+attended by the dean, dignitaries, prebendaries, and other members of
+the Church, accompanied by many of the nobility and gentry, the bailiffs,
+citizens, and other public officers of the city and county of Lichfield,
+with an immense concourse of people, entered at the great west doors of
+the Cathedral. The vicars, choristers, etc., first walked up the south
+aisle of the Church, where the bishop with a loud voice repeated the
+first verse of the 144th psalm. Afterwards the whole choir alternately
+sang the psalm to the organ. In the same order they proceeded to the
+north aisle. The bishop sang the 100th psalm, which was repeated by the
+whole company. Then the train passed to the body of the Church, where the
+bishop began the 102nd psalm, which when the vicars choral had concluded,
+he commanded the doors of the choir to be opened, and in the same form,
+first encompassed the south side. The bishop began the first verse of the
+122nd psalm; the company finished it, and with the like ceremony proceeded
+to the north side, and sang the 131st psalm." The procession over,
+the bishop knelt down in the centre of the choir and prayed silently;
+and then with a loud voice called on all the people to join with him in
+the Lord's Prayer, which was followed by other prayers suitable to the
+occasion. He then pronounced a solemn benediction on the act in which
+they were engaged, and upon all that were present. The usual service of
+morning prayer followed, with  two special anthems, and a collection--not
+for the cathedral--but for the poor of the parish. The bishop also gave
+three magnificent banquets--to the cathedral clergy, to the nobility of
+the neighbourhood, and to the principal citizens of the city.
+
+Thus concluded the ceremony of re-consecration, a work which left the
+cathedral, not, unhappily, as it was when the first siege took place,
+but still a very beautiful edifice, with more of the Perpendicular
+style about the windows than previously, and with grievous signs here
+and there of the terrible misfortunes it had weathered. Sir Christopher
+Wren is said to have designed the new central spire, and to have acted
+as architect to the re-builders; but this is almost certainly not the
+case: his advice may have been asked, but probably at the most he gave
+it with regard to rich altar-piece in the Corinthian style which was
+erected in front of the old screen behind the high altar. At any rate,
+his signature appears on one of the sixteen papers on this matter still
+preserved among the muniments of the cathedral.
+
+The king gave 200 fair timber trees out of Needwood forest, and his
+brother, the Duke of York, afterwards King James II., gave the money
+for the tracery of the great west window. This window remained until the
+recent alterations, when it was replaced by one more in accordance with
+the original thirteenth century style. The Duke of York's window, with
+its ill-proportioned geometrical tracery, need not be regretted any more
+than the removal of the heroic statue of his Majesty King Charles II.,
+which occupied the central niche above it. The statue was principally
+remarkable for its ugliness, and for the history of the stonemason who
+hewed it; he afterwards married a rich wife, and finally arrived at the
+dignity of knighthood. Bishop Hacket adorned the church with new stalls
+and with an organ which cost L600; and he also made arrangements for
+new bells worthy of the cathedral. He ordered six, and three of them were
+delivered in his life-time. Only one--the tenor bell--however, was hung
+in time for the good bishop to hear it. His biographer, Dr Plume, says:
+"The first time it was rung, the bishop was very weak; yet he went out
+of his bed-chamber into the next room to hear it: he seemed well pleased
+with the sound, and blessed God, who had favoured him with life to hear
+it; but at the same time observed that it would be his passing-bell,
+and retiring into his chamber, he never left it till he was carried
+to his grave." He died in October 1670.
+
+[Illustration: THE SOUTH TRANSEPT IN 1813.]
+
+For some time the cathedral has no history to be recounted. In 1750
+we know that the ancient library outside the north aisle, built by
+Deans Heywood and Yotton, was removed, and the churchyard levelled;
+we also know that the roof became very defective, and the rain came in,
+so that a new roofing was required. Pennant tells us that the dean and
+chapter were obliged to substitute slates instead of metal, on account
+of the narrow revenues left to maintain this venerable pile; and after
+the strictest economy, they were under the necessity of contributing
+from their own income in order to complete their plan.
+
+A few years later it was found that the fabric itself was in so
+dilapidated a condition that much more extensive repairs were necessary,
+and so Mr Wyatt, the celebrated architect, as Britton calls him, came to
+Lichfield and began that scheme of alteration which has been the object
+of so much ridicule and contempt. To lovers of church architecture at the
+end of the nineteenth century it seems astounding that the splendid and
+inimitable cathedrals and churches of this country should have been handed
+over every one to be destroyed and debased in the way Wyatt destroyed and
+debased them. But there is no doubt that Wyatt represented the spirit
+of the time, just as Sir Gilbert Scott represented the spirit of the
+middle of this century. Then it was a love of "vistas" which actuated
+the alterations, and caused the destruction of anything which came in
+the way of what was considered a fine view. In those days "vistas" were
+the all-absorbing consideration and the subject of discussion amongst
+those who considered themselves cultured, as may be seen in the novels
+of Jane Austen, and in "Mansfield Park" in particular. Later, the passion
+for replacing what was old or worn by time with something new, something
+which was supposed to be a reproduction of the old, has caused endless
+destruction. The later passion has not yet disappeared, unhappily; but
+thankfully we may note the signs of the times, and feel sure that in a
+few years neither a Wyatt with his vistas and Roman cement, nor others,
+who, having more knowledge, are therefore the less excusable, will be
+permitted under any circumstances to lay a finger on what it has here
+and there graciously pleased their forerunners to leave unspoiled. How
+little this is, can be judged by a visit to any cathedral church from
+Worcester downwards.
+
+The achievements of Wyatt are recounted by Britton, who does not appear
+to have entirely decided whether he approved or not. Some of them, no
+doubt, were necessary; and it would be unfair to indiscriminately blame
+any architect who had to deal, however violently, with a building which
+had deteriorated, not merely in the pass of time, but also by the shock
+of war. Also a great deal of what Wyatt did was done for the sake of
+warmth, though the object in view, it is said, was not attained. Britton
+says that not only was there a general restoration of doors, windows, and
+flooring throughout, but also "two of the spires were partly rebuilt, the
+ends of the transepts were strengthened by new buttresses, the external
+roofs of the aisles were raised, and five divisions of the stone roof in
+the nave were taken down and replaced with plaster. The Lady Chapel was
+united with the choir by removing the screen which had been erected by
+Bishop Hacket. On taking this away, the workmen discovered the beautiful
+old screen which formed in all probability the original partition when
+the Lady Chapel was completed by the executors of Walter de Langton. This
+elaborate piece of architecture was in a very mutilated state; but Mr
+Wyatt, having restored it by the assistance of Roman cement to a very
+perfect condition, appropriated part of it to the new altar-piece, and
+the remainder to the organ screen or partition which divides the nave from
+the Choir," and which took up the whole of the western bay of the choir.
+
+Since Britton's time it has been thought necessary to take another tone
+and to try to justify these alterations. Mr James Potter, the son of Mr
+Wyatt's chief assistant, who was afterwards architect to the cathedral,
+has endeavoured to prove that some of the alterations were unavoidable,
+and that the others were not made under Wyatt's advice, but in spite
+of it. Incidentally, in the course of a letter to the _Staffordshire
+Advertiser_, he speaks of the "unsightly and incongruous work of Wren's,"
+in referring to the wooden reredos, and states that Wren had previously
+closed the arches of the four most western bays of the choir in order to
+receive the stalls. He also says: "But so completely did Wren perform
+his work of blocking-up that he took care to conceal every vestige of
+moulding, both of the piers and the archivolts, leaving only in view
+the clustered shafts from which the vaulting of the roof sprang. I have
+before noticed that Mr James Wyatt's death occurred in A.D. 1813, and
+that this western portion of the choir remained in the state in which Sir
+Christopher Wren left it up to the following year. In the early part of
+that year the architect to the fabric, the late Mr Potter, was instructed
+by the dean and chapter to cause the entire removal of the old stall work
+and unmask the three arches (then concealed), this being the space on
+either side of the choir occupied by the stalls in question. The arches
+being much dilapidated and past restoration, Dean Woodhouse decided
+to have them made to correspond with the decorated bays in an easterly
+direction. This work was executed, as also the canopy of the new stalls,
+in Roman cement. I cannot myself think that Dean Woodhouse exhibited
+any degree of bad taste in adopting the existing decorated arches as his
+model for the new ones; and, as regards the canopies of the new stalls,
+they were exact resemblances of the old reredos, and surely no modern
+architect will presume to find fault with them. I must here observe
+that the choice of material was not confined to the architect employed
+to carry out the work, but was chosen by the dean and chapter, the state
+of the fabric fund, out of which the whole of the expenses were defrayed,
+being insufficient to meet the outlay of a more costly material."
+
+The above account is most interesting, and, assuming that the writer was
+correct in the facts as to what was done by Wyatt and by his father,
+we are confronted with a difficulty. From Professor Willis's account,
+already quoted, it is obvious that he was of opinion that the alteration
+in the style of the front of these pier arches was made in Gothic
+times. Mr Potter says it was done in the nineteenth century. It is,
+of course, possible for some alteration to have been made at both these
+times; but it looks as if the harmony was not complete until recently,
+probably because the height of the old stalls prevented the variations
+from being easily seen. As to Wren, Mr Potter probably was only repeating
+the recognised tradition that Wren was responsible for the rebuilding by
+Bishop Hacket, and no argument can be deduced on this point, the latest
+and best opinion being that there is, as already  stated, no evidence
+to prove that the great Sir Christopher had much to do with the cathedral.
+
+Soon after Wyatt's death the policy of Roman cement, which he had
+inaugurated, was continued, and the whole of the west front become
+one mass of stucco and paste. The row of kings was replaced in this
+way, as also the statues in the great porch, and all the mouldings and
+decorations were covered with cement, and practically the whole cathedral
+from end to end had its deficiencies added to in this way. This work was
+completed about 1822. From then to 1856 the cathedral did not receive
+much alteration; but in the latter year Sir Gilbert, then Mr. Scott
+was called in, and the extensive alterations were commenced, which
+may be said scarcely to have finished in this year of 1897. It is not
+necessary to discuss here this restoration. It is sufficient to say that
+it has been the aim of those in authority to restore the cathedral to
+the appearance and arrangement it presented at the beginning of the
+seventeenth century. Wyatt's alterations received scant courtesy,
+and the cathedral as we now see it may be declared to be a triumph
+for the restorer--so great a triumph, indeed, that in many parts the
+unsuspicious admirer might be led to conclude that he was looking at a
+brand new edifice. Still, the cathedral has some of its old work left,
+and perhaps in the nave we are confronted with more of the work of the
+original Gothic builders than in any other part. What has been done in
+the last forty years is specifically discussed in the description of
+the exterior and interior in the two next chapters; but here it will
+be well to show what the condition of the cathedral was in the middle
+of the century, just before the recent restoration. Canon Lonsdale has
+given us a splendid description in his "Recollections," and if anything
+can reconcile us to the wholesale renewal which then took place, it
+will be found in the account which he gives in this little pamphlet,
+from which are now quoted the following sentences. He says: "The Nave
+and Transepts were absolutely empty of furniture of any kind, except
+that the South Transept contained the fittings of the Dean's Consistory
+Court (since abolished), and in the North Transept, on the spot where
+the organ now is, stood the statue of Bishop Ryder, raised on a high
+pedestal, and looking as if it were about to tumble forward. The walls,
+arches, and pillars were one  uniform, dead, yellowish whitewash, many
+coats thick; as also the Choir from end to end, and from top to bottom,
+and indeed the whole of the interior.... The Nave was quite unused;
+indeed, except during service hours, the Verger's Silver Key alone gave
+admission to any part of the church.... The two parts of the building
+were altogether separate from each other. The Choir was entered by a
+door under a high partition, composed of remains of the original High
+Altar, fourteenth century screen, and of other materials. This partition
+filled the whole of the first bay of the present Choir. On each side of
+the entrance were Vestries for the Lay Vicars and the Choristers, and
+above these was placed the organ; the rest of the space up to the Roof
+being filled in with glass, so that the separation of Nave and Choir
+was complete.... In the Choir itself the remains of the Reredos, which
+stood at the spot where the present one is now fixed, had been removed
+by Wyatt at the end of the last century, and the Holy Table was carried
+to the extreme East of the Lady Chapel. On either side, from the screen
+up to the very entrance of the Lady Chapel, were pews made of oak lined
+with green baize and studded with brass nails. The Choir Aisles on either
+side were entirely shut out from the Choir, the arches being filled in
+by plaster, in order, as was imagined, to help towards warmth. In the
+three bays eastward from the screen--the second, third, and fourth, as
+they are now--stalls were fixed, composed of plaster, wood, rope, nails,
+and much else, with canopies of the same material over them, which the
+old Verger of that day used to call 'beautiful Tabernacle work.' The
+Dean and Canons' Residentiary had stalls facing eastward in the screen
+under the organ.... The Choir Aisles, shut out from the Choir, were long,
+narrow passages, never used, ending on the North side in a blank wall,
+and on the South with the monument of the 'Sleeping Children.'"
+
+This was the inside of the Cathedral: the outside was stucco. Such facts
+as these will have to be borne in mind when the next century passes
+judgment on Sir Gilbert Scott. For us, it should be sufficient that we
+have judged Wyatt.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE EXTERIOR
+
+
+Of all the cathedral churches of England, Lichfield may be said to be the
+most lovely. Other cathedrals are larger--indeed, this is the smallest of
+them all--grander, or more magnificent; but for simple beauty, for charm,
+for delicacy of construction and appearance, Lichfield may rightly claim
+to take the foremost place. Peterborough, when we stand inside the west
+door and look down its line of enormous columns, fills us with awe at
+its immensity and strength: a feeling which is perhaps a little impaired
+by the present position of its stalls. Salisbury appeals to us with its
+perfect simplicity and symmetry, and York with its unequalled grandeur
+and splendour; but after viewing all the cathedrals of England, it is
+Lichfield which is most likely to be remembered among them for something
+which may be most aptly called charm. What can be more delightful than the
+view which confronts the traveller who, approaching from the town, pauses
+to look across the sparkling water of the pool at the three graceful
+spires standing out amid a wealth of green trees and shrubs. Truly a
+picture to be long remembered. Here is, indeed, the precious jewel set
+in a silver sea.
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH.]
+
+The cathedral does not stand on high enough ground for any very fine view
+of the entire building to be obtained. But from whatever point in the
+neighbourhood of Lichfield we look we can see its three slender spires,
+grouping themselves, sometimes so that only two can be distinguished,
+sometimes so that they all appear in one cluster as though rising from
+one tower, and sometimes spreading out so that two seem to have very
+little connection with the third. For years they have been known as the
+"Ladies of the Vale"; they have looked down on many changes, and indeed
+have suffered changes themselves. They now rise from an almost new
+building--new at any rate in appearance. As we approach the cathedral
+either from Bird Street and face the west front, or from Dam Street and
+confront the south side of the Lady Chapel, the same sad feeling comes
+over us that all here is new. Even as these words are written the south
+side of the choir is being renovated, and no doubt what little of the
+old is still left will soon disappear. The west front, with its niches
+and images, is all new; the south side of the nave is new, and indeed
+everywhere it is its newness that first strikes one. One cannot help
+wondering if this extreme severity of restoration is absolutely essential;
+for if not essential, the vague disappointment might well turn to anger
+that in days when the art of architecture has become almost non-existent,
+it should be thought necessary to carry through such wholesale renewal
+of work, never to be replaced, belonging to the grand days of Gothic
+building. For this old work can never be replaced: it is a sad thought
+that in every art, the early groping days, when the new medium or the new
+method is hardly settled, and its limitations but imperfectly understood,
+produce the great work. It is so in literature, in music, in painting,
+in sculpture, and in architecture; but it is only to the last that we
+dare to offer the assistance of our own less artistic age. The cathedral
+as we see it to-day has met with many vicissitudes. Of its misfortunes
+in the Civil Wars much has already been said; and something of its
+sufferings at the hands of restorers. At present, after studying the
+west front and contemplating the extreme newness of its every detail,
+we can only hope that when age has somewhat staled the infinite variety
+of its modern ornament, future pilgrims to the shrine of St. Chad will
+not think too unkindly of an age given over to the rigours of restoration.
+
+=The Close.=--The cathedral stands in a close which was once surrounded
+by strong walls with bastions and a moat. Nature had supplied the moat
+on the south side, and the Cathedral Pool, as it is now called, is still
+there. The artificial moat has been drained, but its course can be easily
+traced running round the bishop's palace, and its water has been replaced
+by lovely gardens and gravel walks. Some bits of the old walls remain,
+the north-east bastion in the palace gardens and a turret on a house at
+the south corner: the "beautiful gates" of Bishop Langton are gone; but
+in the Vicars' Close at the west of the cathedral are two small irregular
+courtyards with houses so old that we feel sure that their wooden beams
+and plaster were there when the Royalists of the neighbourhood housed
+themselves within the fortified close.
+
+The close is not large, and of course, as Lichfield is a cathedral of
+the old establishment, there are no monastical buildings, no ruined
+cloisters. On the north side the ground rises rapidly in a grassy slope
+to a terrace, behind which are some of the canons' houses. Opposite
+the north transept is the deanery, a substantial red brick house in the
+style of the middle of the last century; next to it, and farther east,
+is the bishop's palace.
+
+=The Bishop's Palace= is of stone, and was built by Thomas Wood, the
+bishop who succeeded Hacket, and who is said to have been compelled
+to erect it as a fine for his neglect of the diocese. It bears on the
+front the date 1687. The old palace of Bishop Langton, which occupied
+the same position in the close, was swept away in the Civil Wars. The
+bishops of Lichfield had another palace at Eccleshall until the time
+of Bishop Selwyn, who sold it, and with a portion of the money erected
+here the two unsightly wings and the still more unsightly chapel. In the
+palace gardens, in the south-west corner, stood the old bell-tower of
+the cathedral, of whose destruction in 1315 we have a record. From the
+bishop's garden there is a charming view through the trees of Stowe pool
+and St. Chad's Church apparently standing at its farther edge: its old
+towers stand out finely, and the gravestones in the churchyard remind us
+that in far-off Mercian days St. Chad was laid to rest in this very spot.
+
+On the east side of the close is an unsightly white house which rises
+a blot on the otherwise beautiful view of the cathedral from Stowe;
+next to it is a charming old building with the turret already mentioned.
+
+On the south side is the entrance from Dam Street, with an old house
+at the corner. On this side also is the Theological College, a low
+ordinary-looking building, said to have been originally training-stables
+for race horses; and farther west are more houses of the cathedral
+clergy. And behind all these is the pool. One cannot help agreeing with
+Britton in thinking what a delightful thing it would be for the close if
+all the houses on this side could be pulled down so that the cathedral
+might have nothing but grass and trees between  it and the pool.
+Britton gives an imaginary view of the south side with all the houses
+cleared away.
+
+On the west side of the cathedral is another entrance to the close,
+which runs between the Vicars' Close already mentioned and the hideous
+college built by Andrew Newton for the widows and orphans of clergymen.
+
+=The Cathedral= is built of new red sandstone from quarries in the
+immediate neighbourhood of Lichfield itself. On Borrowcop, to the north
+(where tradition says two Mercian kings were killed, to be afterwards
+buried in the close), is the hole left by the cathedral; and on the
+other side, at Wheel Lane, is a quarry from which much stone, both red
+and white, has been taken for the recent repairs to the fabric. Its
+ruddy colour adds much to the picturesqueness of the building.
+
+Mrs Van Rensselaer, in her interesting account of the English cathedrals,
+says: "In any and every aspect, but more especially when foliage comes
+close about it, Lichfield's colour assists its other beauties. Grey
+is the rule in English churches--dark cold grey at Ely, for example;
+light yellow grey at Canterbury, and pale pearly grey at Salisbury;
+and although dark greyness means great solemnity and grandeur, and light
+greyness great delicacy and charm, they both need the hand of time--the
+stain of the weather and the web of the lichen--to give them warmth and
+tone; and the work of the hand of time has almost everywhere in England
+been effaced by the hand of the restorer. Red stone is warm and mellow
+in itself, and Lichfield is red with a beautiful soft ruddiness that
+could hardly be over-matched by the sandstone of any land."
+
+The plan of the cathedral shows a simple cross, with a chapter-house
+(joined by a vestibule to the choir) on the north side, and a sacristy
+on the south side. It may also be noticed that the nave and the choir
+(including the presbytery) have each eight bays or severies, and that
+if we regard the bay under the central tower as a double one, the two
+transepts together have eight bays. Thus the transverse arm of the cross
+is nearly of the same length as the eastern and the western arms. There
+is a Lady Chapel at the eastern end of the choir, and there are aisles on
+each side of the nave and choir and on the eastern side of the transepts.
+
+We have already seen that the cathedral has three =Spires=, and this
+is perhaps its most notable characteristic, for Lichfield is the only
+church now existing in England with this distinction. The cathedral at
+Coventry, so long the sister church of the diocese, and so ruthlessly
+destroyed by Henry VIII., had also three spires; as had Ripon Minster,
+but these were of lead, and have since been pulled down.
+
+Of the spires, one rises from the central tower and one surmounts each
+of the towers which flank the west front. The central spire dates only
+from the Restoration, the older spire having been entirely destroyed in
+the Civil Wars. There is no doubt that the original spire was different
+in appearance to the present one, which is an imitation of the western
+spires, carried out in the spirit of the Perpendicular style. What the
+earlier spire was really like is doubtful, neither is it quite certain
+when it was built, though the central tower was probably rebuilt about
+1250, when it is supposed that the intention was to retain the Norman
+nave. What the height and pitch of the roof of the old Norman nave must
+have been can be seen from the old housing course which remains to this
+day above the nave groining. "It was the custom," as Mr J. O. Scott
+explained in a lecture on the cathedral, "of old builders, as of modern
+builders, to insert in any wall against which a roof abuts a projecting
+course of stone, called a 'housing,' following the slope of the roof,
+the object being to keep the wet from getting in between the roof and the
+wall. And so when the central tower was rebuilt, there was the Norman
+nave to which the new work had to be fitted. Hence, at this time the
+builders inserted a 'housing course' of masonry into the west wall of
+the new tower, to protect the junction of the old Norman nave roof from
+the weather." These disused housing courses can constantly be seen in old
+churches, sometimes several, one above the other, showing the changes in
+the roofing of the church. The present spire is said vaguely to have been
+erected from the designs or under the direction of Sir Christopher Wren;
+but the tradition which connects this great modern architect with the
+cathedral is very uncertain.
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE MINSTER POOL.]
+
+The two western spires were probably built in Bishop Norburgh's time, and
+possibly were finished in the time of his successor; but the north-west
+spire has been rebuilt from the belfry windows upwards in imitation of the
+old work, but, like the central tower, in the Perpendicular manner. The
+south-west or Jesus Tower, which is a little higher than the other,
+has also had its two upper storeys rebuilt. The spires are octagonal,
+and are divided into six compartments. In the western spires the four
+lower compartments have windows of two lights each with acute crocketted
+pediments. There are only four windows in the lowest compartment;
+but in the second, third, and fourth compartments there is a window in
+each face; the fifth is panelled between crocketted ribs, and the top
+compartment is plain with small windows. All the spires are open all
+the way up without any inside supports.
+
+The central spire has the same number of compartments, with windows
+in all of them except the top; but there are only four windows in
+each compartment, facing north, east, west, and south. The top of the
+central spire is about 252 feet from the floor, and of the western spire
+about 193.
+
+But if Lichfield's three spires are unique, so also is Lichfield's =West
+Front=. It is not, of course, very large, and it is not indeed as large as
+it might have been had the same means been employed here as were employed
+at Wells, where an exaggerated idea of size is attained by placing
+the towers outside the lines of the nave aisles. Here the two towers,
+which form so important a part of the front, are in their lowest stage
+merely part of the aisles, so that the whole width of the west front is
+very little greater than the width of the nave itself. The west front of
+Lichfield is noted for the richness of its decorations, covered as it
+is with niches holding images and, it might almost be said, with every
+available inch covered with decorative work. The whole has a most superb
+effect, and at a distance, where the poverty of the modern workmanship
+is not easily discerned, its appearance cannot be very different now to
+that which it presented at the end of the fourteenth century. Once again
+the niches are filled with statuary; but this work is nearly all new,
+and it is by some considered doubtful if any of the original remained in
+this century. It is, however, generally supposed, and not without good
+reason, that the five old statues which form part of the highest row in
+the north-west tower may have been original, and have escaped the general
+destruction which followed the Puritan capture of the cathedral. Three
+of the old statues are represented in the picture of the west front in
+Britton's "Cathedral Antiquities"; and in the interesting picture in
+Fuller's "Church History," published in 1655, the west front is shewn
+with every niche filled; but there can be no doubt that this picture
+must have been made before the siege, or else it must have been drawn
+with the aid of memory from what remained afterwards.
+
+This west front is flat, with octagonal turrets at each side, and consists
+of two towers and a central part. The central part has a doorway, a large
+window, and an acute pediment, the top point of the pediment being almost
+on a level with the parapet of the towers where the spires commence. These
+rise from between square pinnacles, enriched with feathered panels and
+crockets at the angles of the towers. The front is in three stages; the
+lowest stage contains the three doorways, and is surmounted by a very
+elaborate arcading filled with statues of kings. The second is covered
+with two storeys of arcading, and is divided into two parts by the large
+west window, above which is the pediment. The third stage consists of
+the upper part of the two towers; these are surmounted with parapets with
+lozenge-shaped mouldings inclosing quatrefoil and trefoil panels. There
+are windows to the belfry floors in this stage. Altogether, including
+these two belfry windows, there are only three windows in this front;
+this is unusual, as there are commonly windows at the west end of the
+nave aisles.
+
+It is not easy to give a clear description of this front, or any which
+will convey its superb effect. As we see by the frontispiece, it is not
+only thickly covered with arcading and statues, but also it is very much
+enriched with trefoils, quatrefoils, and cinquefoils, especially in the
+spaces over the doors in the lowest stage, and in the pediment above
+the great window. The prevalence of the ball-flower decoration should
+not escape notice; upon the third stage and the spires it constantly
+occurs, although it is not encountered in the first and second stages,
+except in the modern tracery of the west window. The ball-flower is
+a fourteenth-century ornament: its constant use in the upper parts,
+contrasted with its total absence in the lower parts, supplies a
+very strong argument that a considerable time elapsed between the
+construction of the two lower stages and the upper. The very careful
+examination which took place when the whole front was lately restored
+revealed the fact that work was not proceeded with continuously; and by
+expert opinion the lowest stage is assigned to 1280, the next to 1300,
+while the upper stages are still later; and perhaps the whole was not
+completed until well on into the last half of the fourteenth century.
+
+As has been stated before, the present appearance of the west front is
+that of an entirely new building. In 1820 the front, which is said to
+have been then in a very dilapidated condition, was covered with Roman
+cement. So thoroughly was this done that the original stone facing only
+showed on the eastern side of the north-west tower. Careful drawings of
+the tracery there were made by Sir Gilbert Scott, and in 1877 the work
+of reconstructing was commenced. It took seven years, and the new west
+front was dedicated in 1884. Only five of the old statues remained, and
+it was decided to restore the others. There are in all one hundred and
+thirteen niches in the west front, including those on the north and south
+faces of the side turrets; all but four are now filled, and about one
+hundred are in view of any one standing facing the middle of the front.
+
+The large =West Window= has undergone several changes in its tracery;
+fortunately we have pictures showing all of them. In Fuller's "Church
+History" the tracery, as shown in Hollar's engraving, appears to be
+very simple. This tracery was all destroyed in the Civil Wars; and that
+which replaced it at the Restoration was provided by James II., when
+Duke of York, but it was so ugly and unsuitable to the whole spirit of
+the cathedral that it was removed in 1869, and is now replaced by work
+which, though greatly differing from the original, yet preserves the
+spirit of fourteenth-century work. The Restoration window may be seen
+in the beautiful engraving in Britton's "Cathedral Antiquities."
+
+There also is an engraving of the great west door as it was in the
+early part of the century, and before the Roman cement era of which
+mention has just been made. This doorway, one of the most beautiful
+in the country, has much in common with the "Prior's doorway" on the
+south side of Lincoln Cathedral. As Britton says: "Both are peculiarly
+rich and fanciful and calculated to excite the warmest admiration,"
+but in his time the sculptured foliage and the figures running round the
+architrave mouldings and between the columns were so much battered and
+injured that it was almost impossible to tell the characters of some of
+them. This doorway is a recessed porch, the outer arch, in line with the
+main walls, being cusped and foliated with elaborate carving; the inner
+portion is divided into two arches; the whole being most elaborately
+decorated with carvings. The central clustered supports has a figure of
+the Virgin and Child, and on either side of the doorway, standing on
+clustered pillars beneath canopies, are figures of St. Mary Magdalene
+(on the north) with the box of ointment, and on the south, Mary the wife
+of Cleophas; farther forward on each side are vacant pedestals, and in
+the front are St. John the Evangelist (on the north) and St. Paul (on the
+south). Whether these were the characters originally represented is open
+to doubt; Stukeley suggested that what was left in his time represented
+the Virgin in the centre, and the four Evangelists with Moses and Aaron.
+
+[Illustration: GREAT WEST DOORWAY IN 1813.]
+
+The =bas-relief figures= in the architrave already mentioned have
+been restored to represent the two genealogies of Christ as given by
+St. Matthew and St. Luke, on the north and south sides respectively,
+as follows:--
+
+North side: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Boaz, Jesse, David, Virgin and Child.
+
+South side: Adam, Seth, Enoch, Noah, Shem, Judah, and St. Joseph; the
+Virgin and St. Joseph being the two figures at the top of the arch.
+
+There is a very beautiful fourteenth-century bas-relief above the central
+pillar of the doorway, representing Our Lord in Glory, with an angel on
+each side, having a serpent under his feet.
+
+The doors are covered with fine iron work, which, with the exception of
+that on the lowest panel, is supposed to be original.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT WEST DOORWAY.]
+
+The two side doorways in the west front are deeply recessed in three
+orders with very finely-carved mouldings. These also have bas-relief
+figures in the architraves. Those in the northern doorway represent the
+principal princes and princesses who promoted Christianity in England,
+while those in the southern doorway represent the leading early
+missionaries to England.
+
+In the northern doorway, on the north side, are Ethelbert, Edwin, Oswald,
+Oswy, Peada, Wulphere; and on the south side, Bertha, Ethelburga, Hilda,
+Eanfled, Ermenilda, Werburga.
+
+In the southern doorway, on the north side, are St. Aidan, Finan, Diuma,
+Ceollach, Trumhere, Jaruman; and on the south side, Gregory, Augustine,
+Paulinus, Theodore, Cuthbert, Wilfrid.
+
+The corbels of the arches of these two doorways are interesting. Those
+of the north-west doorway represent Night on one side and the Morning
+Star on the other. The former is a female face with a reversed torch,
+and the Greek word NYX for night; the latter is a beautiful boy's face
+with a burning torch.
+
+Those on the south-west doorway are a blindfolded face and an open face,
+representing the Law and the Gospel respectively.
+
+Up to the time of the recent restoration a large statue of Charles
+II., who, by gifts of money and also of timber from Needham Forest,
+helped Bishop Hacket in the general repair after the Civil Wars,
+occupied the principal canopy in the middle of the central gable of
+the west front. This statue was the work of a certain stone-mason named
+William Wilson, who, by marrying a rich widow, "arrived at knighthood" in
+1681. The statue, which certainly was not a work of art from all account
+of it, was taken down, and the pedestal is now occupied by a figure
+of Our Lord. The two other large canopied niches in the gable being
+filled with statues of Moses and Elijah, on the north and south sides
+respectively; while the four smaller statues represent, on the north,
+St. Gabriel, with St. Uriel underneath; and on the south, St. Michael,
+with St. Raphael below.
+
+In giving the list of the statuary on the west front, which now follows,
+it is only necessary to say that there is no pretence that the characters
+now chosen were those originally represented. All that could be done in
+filling the niches was to study the plan of other similar facades, such
+as that at Wells, and to imitate the general idea. Tradition, however,
+had it that the long row of figures in the top of the lowest stage
+represented the Saxon and English kings, with St. Chad in the centre,
+and the tradition has been respected.
+
+[Illustration: THE SOUTHERN DOORWAY OF THE WEST FRONT.]
+
+The following is a list of all the statues not already mentioned on
+the west front, including these on the north and south faces of the
+flanking turrets. The statues are enumerated in rows from the north side
+to the south.
+
+On the northern tower the highest tier commences round the corner with
+two of the old figures already mentioned, then Aaron, Samuel, Hannah,
+another old figure, Deborah, Rachel, another old figure, Sarah, another
+old figure, and Eve.
+
+On the southern tower the highest tier commences with Adam, Abel, Abraham,
+Isaac, Jacob, Melchisedec, Enoch, Methuselah, Noah, Daniel, Job, and Shem
+(these two last being, of course, round the corner on the south side).
+
+Taking next the two rows on the northern tower to the north of the great
+west window, there are in the higher row, St. Editha, David, St. Helena,
+Solomon, St. Gabriel, Zechariah, Nahum, Amos, Jeremiah; and in the lower
+row, Dean Bickersteth, St. Mark, Queen Victoria, St. Luke, St. Uriel,
+Malachi, Habakkuk, Obadiah, Daniel (Jeremiah being just above Daniel,
+by the window).
+
+Taking next the two rows on the southern tower to the south of the
+great west window, there are in the higher row, Isaiah, Hosea, Jonah,
+Zephaniah, St. Michael, Bishop Hacket, Bishop Lonsdale, Bishop Selwyn
+(the niche round the corner is vacant), and in the lower row, Ezekiel,
+Joel, Micah, Haggai, St. Raphael, Bishop Clinton, Bishop Patteshall,
+Bishop Langton (the niche round the corner is vacant).
+
+Next again below is the long row of kings with St. Chad in the centre
+stretching right across the cathedral, the pre-Conquest kings on the south
+side of St. Chad, the post-Conquest on the north, as follows:--William the
+Conqueror, William Rufus, Henry I., Stephen, Henry II., Richard I., John,
+Henry III., Edward I., Edward II., Edward III., Richard II., St. Chad,
+Peada, Wulphere, Ethelred, Offa, Egbert, Ethelwolf, Ethelbert, Ethelred,
+Alfred, Edgar, Canute, Edward the Confessor.
+
+Lastly, there is the lowest row, which is broken three times by the doors;
+these are St. Cyprian, St. Bartholomew, St. Simon, St. James the Less,
+St. Thomas (then the northern door), St. Philip, St. Andrew (then the
+central door with its seven niches and five statues already described),
+St. Paul, St. Matthew (then the southern door), St. James the Greater,
+St. Jude, St. Stephen, St. Clement, St. Werburga.
+
+There is also a small figure of St. Antony over the belfry window on
+the south side.
+
+[Illustration: A BAY OF THE NAVE--EXTERIOR.]
+
+A tour of the cathedral, starting by the north side, leads past the nave
+with its buttresses and flying-buttresses looking picturesque in their
+unrestored state, and there can be seen outside the seventh bay of the
+nave the remains of the entrance to Dean Yotton's chantry. Coming to the
+front of the north transept, it will be noticed that the doorway has steps
+inside leading down into the cathedral, while on the opposite side it will
+be found that the steps lead from the south door down outside; the level
+of the ground on the two sides of the cathedral being very different.
+
+=The North Doorway= is extremely fine, and is deeply recessed. Like the
+other two main doorways of the cathedral,--that at the west end and that
+in the south transept--this doorway is double, the main arch being divided
+into two. The archivolts of these are lancet-shaped and covered with
+foliage, but not foliated as in the west door. Outside the double-arched
+doorway proper, the architrave is divided into five principal and
+several smaller mouldings; the larger ones being very finely carved,
+as to two, the second and fourth, with inter-twisted foliage and scroll
+work; and as to the other three, the inner, middle, and outer, with small
+lozenge-shaped plaques containing bas-relief figures. These figures in the
+inner moulding are angels, in the middle one probably they are patriarchs
+and prophets. In the outer one, on the left or eastern side, the figures
+show the genealogy of Christ, beginning with Jesse at the springing
+stone, and ending with the Virgin and Child near the crown; while on the
+right-hand side, opposite Jesse, is the figure of St. Chad baptising
+the sons of King Wulphere, and above, the Apostles from St. Matthias to
+St. Peter at the crown. The whole architrave is surmounted by a weather
+moulding in the form of a gable, with a recently executed cross in the
+style of the thirteenth century at the top. The pillars on each side
+of the doorway have finely carved capitals, and the outer pillars are
+separated by lines of dog-toothing. The central pillar is very graceful,
+and consists of four slender shafts with carved capitals. The whole forms
+a magnificent example of a doorway in the Early English style, but showing
+signs of its derivation from the Norman. There is a niche in the tympanum
+which was apparently in Britton's time empty; but it must soon after have
+been filled with an image of St. Anne in Roman cement; this has recently
+been replaced by a statue of the same saint by Mr W. R. Ingram, while
+above some Roman cement work in the top of the gable has been removed,
+and a vesica containing a bas-relief of Our Lord in Glory by Mr Bridgeman
+reproduces no doubt the original architect's idea. The doorway, though
+it has been considerably restored, was not so much injured as a great
+deal of the rest of the cathedral, and so contains some very charming
+carving of the thirteenth century. There are two figures in Roman cement,
+one on each side of the doorway, representing St. Jude with a scroll,
+and St. James the Less with a club. No doubt these will both disappear
+before long, and their place be filled with modern statues.
+
+[Illustration: THE NORTH ENTRANCE IN 1813.]
+
+Passing by the somewhat plain octagonal chapter-house, where we may
+perhaps wonder whether the small niches in the top of the buttresses
+which stick up like little turrets ever contained images, we come to
+the side of the choir and presbytery, which has not yet been restored,
+and then to the Lady Chapel.
+
+[Illustration: A BAY OF THE CHOIR--EXTERIOR.]
+
+The outside of the =Lady Chapel= has recently been very much altered;
+and the old buttresses, which but the other day were as left by Bishop
+Langton, with only the hand of decay showing on them, are now gone,
+and in their place are brand new buttresses, with brand new niches and
+saints. Those in the top row are the holy women of the Old Testament,
+while below them are the holy women of the New Testament. The lower
+row represent Priscilla, Anna, Dorcas, Mary, Martha, Lydia, Phoebe and
+Elizabeth; and above are Esther, Ruth, Naomi, Rizpah, Deborah, Miriam,
+Rachel, and Rebecca.
+
+On the south side of the Lady Chapel are the curious chapels--known as
+the mortuary chapels--with their gabled fronts lying in the three spaces
+between the buttresses. These are more fully described in their place
+in the next chapter.
+
+From this end of the cathedral can be well seen the arcaded parapet
+with its battlements, which runs round the top of the eastern half of
+the building and of the transepts, also the turrets of the sacristry
+with their high crocketted pinnacles; from here, too, can be seen, what
+Professor Willis draws attention to, "that the rebuilt clerestory of the
+western part of the choir betrays by the lighter colour of its stone that
+it was a work subsequent to the eastern part." On one of the buttresses
+of the choir on this side is an ancient image of a female figure, but
+it is too much decayed to afford any clue to the character represented,
+though it remains a very charming instance of Gothic sculpture. On the
+east corner of the sacristry there is a modern figure of Godefroi de
+Bouillon, and at the other corner is a figure of St. Chad.
+
+[Illustration: DOORWAY OF SOUTH TRANSEPT BEFORE THE LAST RESTORATION.]
+
+In the gable of the =South Transept= is a very beautiful rose window,
+which is hidden by the stone groining from the inside. Mr J. O. Scott,
+in a lecture already referred to, declared that "this rose window is so
+high up in the gable that it never could have been combined with any
+stone groining. But, by referring to York Minster, between which and
+Lichfield many curious parallels may be traced, it is seen at once how
+a rose window in this position may be brought into the general design.
+This is effected by using a particular kind of wooden groining, the
+part of which nearest to the gable wall is lifted up so as to exhibit
+the window from within the building."
+
+The large doorway in the south transept, which as seen from the outside
+is at the top of a flight of steps, very much resembles the doorway on
+the north side, but the carving is not so fine; it has been very much
+restored, and three shields have been in comparatively recent times carved
+in the tympanum. The shields show the arms of the see, of Bishop Lloyd,
+and Dean Addison, thus declaring this to have been done about 1700.
+
+To the right of this doorway, outside the southern end of the transept
+aisle, is an ancient monument, probably of an archdeacon. A carved figure
+lies in a recess surmounted by a stone canopy.
+
+The large heavy buttresses which disfigure the outside of this transept
+were the work of Wyatt at the end of the last century. The outside of
+the nave on this side presents a very different appearance to the other
+side. Here everything is new and uninteresting. The entrance to the bell
+tower is on this side, and a winding stair leads to the belfry stage.
+
+There are ten =Bells=, seven of which date from about 1687, and are
+therefore of the same age as the bishop's palace. In that year Hacket's
+six bells, which can only have been hanging some sixteen or seventeen
+years, were found to be useless, and a subscription was raised to replace
+them with a peal of ten. There is a letter from the dean and chapter
+to Elias Ashmole, in which it is stated that Henry Bagley of Ecton,
+the bell-founder, had "so over-sized the eight bells he had cast, that
+they had swallowed up all the metal for the ten," and that eighty pounds
+more would be required, but that they did not regret the mistake as it
+"would make extremely for the advantage and glory of the cathedral (the
+bigness of such a ring far more befitting the place)." Only seven of
+these bells are now in use; the other three are by Rudhall of Gloucester
+and Mears of London. In 1748 the belfry caught fire and the ninth bell
+cracked with the heat, but it was recast in the same year, and since
+then there has been no change.
+
+The story of the earliest cathedral bells is lost. It was usual in
+early days to hang the bells in a separate tower somewhere in the
+cathedral precincts. Here, we know that in 1315 the bell tower was burnt
+down,--"Combustum fuit campanile cum campanis in clauso Lichfeldensi." The
+site of this tower was lately discovered in the bishop's garden. Dean
+Heywood, in 1477, gave a large bell to the cathedral--it was known as
+the Jesus Bell; the gift is mentioned in the _Cantaria Sancti Blasii_,
+where the cost is stated to be one hundred pounds. The bell bore this
+inscription:--
+
+  _"I am the bell of Jesus, and Edward is our king,_
+  _Sir Thomas Heywood first caused me to ring."_
+
+This bell was hung in the south-west tower, which thus came to be called
+the Jesus-Bell Tower. The bell was destroyed during the Civil Wars. An
+ancient writer quoted by Shaw, after detailing the terrible fates
+of those who took part against religious houses and churches, says:
+"Nor shall I relate what happened to one, Pickins, a pewterer, who on
+July 26, 1653, knoct in pieces the fair bell called Jesus, at Lichfield,
+he being the chief officer appointed for demolishing that cathedral."
+
+There was also a bell called the "Clocke Bell," which was hung in the
+lowest storey of the Jesus spire. It is shown in the south view given
+in Fuller's "Church History," and particular attention is there directed
+to it. The clock bell and all the others are now hung in the top storey
+of the tower.
+
+There is also a small bell in the great central tower called "the
+Tantony": it formerly belonged to the Dyott family.
+
+In the south-west tower is also the new =Clock,= which was put up in
+1890. The face is underneath, in the west end of the south aisle of the
+nave; there is no outside face. The well-known Cambridge quarter chimes
+can, it is said, be heard at a distance of three miles.
+
+In the green grass of the close are many tombstones, and round about
+the cathedral stone coffins have been dug up; on the north side of the
+choir is the traditional burying-place of two Mercian kings.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE INTERIOR
+
+
+Lichfield is one of the smallest cathedrals in England. In length it only
+measures 370 feet from the inside of the west door to the extreme end of
+the inside of the Lady Chapel, while the interior of the nave, with its
+aisles, is only a little more than 68 feet wide; and yet its smallness
+is not the first fact that will strike the visitor on entering the west
+door: rather, on the other hand, its immense length in proportion to its
+height and width will be noticed, but probably all other feelings will
+be forgotten in the beauty of the vista that lies before him. The long
+line of arches and the long low roof, with its almost countless bosses,
+lead the eye down to the Lady Chapel, where a mass of blue and red shows
+that the cathedral has some of the most beautiful glass in the kingdom.
+
+The orientation of the nave and choir are not the same--the choir and
+Lady Chapel being considerably inclined to the north. Many have been the
+theories raised by the curious discoveries made as to the deflections
+of various parts of this cathedral. They are too numerous to quote here,
+and it will be sufficient to note that the total deflection of the east
+end from the true east is about ten degrees.
+
+[Illustration: A BAY OF THE NAVE--INTERIOR.]
+
+=The Nave.=--The view of the interior of the cathedral from the inside
+of the west door is, as we have said, extremely beautiful. This beauty
+is much enhanced by the general appearance of unity in the whole
+design. There seems to be no mixture of styles, and though a closer
+examination of the details of the interior shows that there is a very
+marked difference between the style in which the nave is built and that
+which was in vogue when the Lady Chapel and presbytery were erected;
+yet the whole, having been built at a time when the Early English style
+was giving place gradually to the Decorated, or, in the more eastern
+portion, when that later style was well established, the general effect of
+the cathedral, seen from this aspect, is one of unity. The exact date of
+the nave cannot be determined, and there is no direct evidence on which
+to base a theory; but it is very clear, from a comparison of its style
+with that of churches whose history is known, that it must have been
+commenced and carried to a speedy conclusion about the middle of the
+thirteenth century. Professor Willis gives the date as 1250, and other
+archaeologists at various dates between that and 1280. There is no doubt,
+at any rate, that it was built at the transitional period of the Early
+English style, and it would be described by some as belonging to the
+Early Decorated period, and by others as belonging to the geometrical
+period of the Decorated style. The nave, including the western front,
+consists of eight bays, having aisles on the north and south sides,
+with the same number of bays; but the spaces underneath the two western
+towers are considerably larger than the other aisle bays, though not
+large enough to be looked upon as western transepts, as is possible in
+some churches where there is a similar arrangement. Many writers have
+complained of the insufficient height of the nave, and that the general
+effect is thereby spoilt, and to a very limited extent this may be true.
+Probably the nave roof was at one time of much higher pitch; the course
+on the outside of the great tower suggests it, as also does the fact
+that the great west window runs into the roof. Probably the roof was
+lowered when the presbytery was built, and the whole roofing of the
+cathedral brought down to the same level.
+
+[Illustration: A BAY OF THE CHOIR--INTERIOR.]
+
+The piers are large, and consist of clustered shafts, lozenge-shaped in
+plan, set on much moulded bases, and having beautifully carved foliated
+capitals from which spring architrave mouldings of great variety.
+From the base and up the centre of each pier runs a cluster of three
+fine columns to capitals, also foliated, at the top of the triforium;
+from these spring five vaulting ribs, three of which diverge to an
+ornamental central rib, and two to a small similarly decorated transverse
+rib. There are finely carved bosses at the intersection of all the various
+ribs. The top of each arch touches the string course, above which is
+the beautiful triforium. This consists of a row of double arches, each
+arch being sub-divided into two lights with geometrical tracery above.
+The mouldings are highly decorated with dog-toothing, and the string
+course between the triforium and the clerestory, as well as the moulding
+enclosing the clerestory windows, has this same ornament, which is
+freely used and produces a very rich effect. The clerestory windows
+are spherical triangles enclosing three circles with quatrefoil cusps;
+the form of these windows is somewhat rare, but similar windows are to
+be seen at Westminster, Hereford, Carlisle, and York. The spandrels of
+most of the pier arches are ornamented with a large circle with five
+cusps, across which the vault shafts pass; this decoration will be seen
+again in the choir. A notable feature in these bays is the size of the
+triforium in proportion to the size of the pier arches and clerestory;
+this gives it unusual importance in the general scheme. At Lincoln, where
+there is a similar triforium, a very different effect is produced by its
+comparative smallness. The open tracery here is very much like that in
+Westminster Abbey. It will be seen that the dripstones of the arches and
+windows terminate in small sculptured heads: a usual arrangement at this
+period. It may be added that the beautiful capitals have scarcely been
+restored at all; so little damage had been done  to them, that when the
+whitewash was removed during the recent restorations, they were found to
+have been hardly touched either by decay, Puritans, or previous restorers.
+
+[Illustration: THE NAVE IN 1813.]
+
+[Illustration: THE NAVE, LOOKING EAST.]
+
+The roof of the nave was greatly damaged at the time of the Civil
+Wars--indeed, it has been said that the central spire, in its fall,
+completely smashed it in; but this is probably not the case, as the spire
+almost certainly fell on the other side of the tower. Still, it is not
+difficult, after reading an account of the siege, to understand that the
+roof would be much injured. About a century after its repair by Bishop
+Hacket, it was found that the great weight of the stone groining was
+forcing out the clerestory walls, already much weakened by rough usage,
+and, in consequence, Wyatt removed the stone work in several bays,
+and replaced it with lath and plaster work made to imitate the rest
+of the roofing. Sir Gilbert Scott was urged to restore the old stone
+vaulting, but he decided that without great structural alterations,
+principally to the buttresses, which he did not feel justified in
+making, this could not be done. The vaulting has been coloured so that
+the difference between the stone compartments--the most eastern and the
+two western ones--and the plaster compartments might not be noticed;
+it will easily be seen how much the clerestory walls have been thrust
+out. It is also interesting to note that at about the same time Wyatt
+restored the roof of the aisles to its old pitch. Originally, as now,
+the aisle roof ascended so as to reach to just below the clerestory
+windows. In Hollar's picture the upper portion of the triforium windows
+can be seen, so that they must have become practically a portion of the
+clerestory during this time. Investigation of the windows themselves
+proves that they have been glazed, and this confirms what otherwise,
+considering the great inexactness of the pictures of the period, could not
+be inferred with certainty. There is a view of the cathedral as late as
+1781 showing this arrangement; but in Jackson's "History of Lichfield,"
+1796, the aisle roof hides the whole of the triforium as at present.
+
+The windows of the aisles agree well with the other windows of the nave,
+and have three lights with trefoiled circles in the head, while below
+the windows is an arcade resting on a bench, the arches of which are
+surmounted with pediments richly carved. There are six of these arches in
+each bay, and between the bays rise triple vaulting shafts with carved
+capitals of leafage; from these spring three ribs running to a central
+rib on which are beautiful bosses like those in the nave.
+
+[Illustration: THE NAVE, LOOKING WEST.]
+
+=The Great West Window.=--The tracery of this window has already been
+discussed in the description of the exterior. The present glass was
+placed there in 1869, to the memory of Canon Hutchinson, who, perhaps,
+of all was most eager for the restoration of the cathedral, and to whose
+untiring energy, it is said, is due the wholesale renovation of the
+interior by Sir Gilbert Scott. This window was the result of a public
+subscription, and is the work of Messrs Clayton & Bell. The six large
+figures represent St. Michael, St. Joseph, St. Mary, and the Three Magi,
+while underneath are small pictures of the Annunciation, the Angel warning
+Joseph, the Nativity, the Journey of the Magi, the Magi inquire of Herod,
+and the Flight into Egypt. As to the previous glass in this window, there
+seems to be no record of that which must have decorated it before the
+Civil Wars. In Shaw's "History of Staffordshire," there are long lists
+of the glass to be found in the cathedral; but it is difficult to decide
+which window is being described. After the Restoration, we have in a
+Bodleian MS. the following record:--"Oct. 6, 1671. Arms in the Great West
+Window, Arms of King Charles the Second, Crest and Supporters; Arms of
+James Duke of York, his brother, Crest and Supporters. And beneath them,
+_Serenissimus princeps Jacobus dux Ebor hanc fenestram. F.F._" Britton
+says it was afterwards filled with painted glass, the work of Brookes,
+by the legacy of Dr Addenbroke, who died dean of this cathedral in 1776.
+
+Over the great west door in the inside of the cathedral was
+formerly inscribed:--
+
+  _Oswyus est Lichfield fundator, sed reparator_
+    _Offa fuit; regum fama perennis erit:_
+  _Rex Stephanus, rex Heniricus primusque Richardus,_
+    _Rex et Johannis, plurima dona dabant._
+
+  _Pene haec millenos ecclesia floruit annos,_
+    _Duret ad extremum nobilis usque diem,_
+  _Daque deus longum, ut floreat hae sacra aedes_
+    _Et celebret nomen plebs ibi sancta tuum._
+
+  _Fundata est ecclesia Merciencis_
+   _Quae nunc Lichfieldia dicitur_
+        _Facta Cathedralis_
+           _Anno Domini_
+             _DCLVII_
+
+Dugdale, in his "Visitation of Staffordshire," gives us this inscription.
+It has long since disappeared. Pennant mentions a curious or, as he calls
+it, "droll" epitaph on the floor near the west door, but there is no sign
+of it now:--"_William Roberts of Overbury, some time malster in this town
+(tells you) for the love I bore to choir service, I chose to be buried
+in this place._ He died Decr. 16th, 1768."
+
+From a MS. quoted by Shaw we learn that before the Great War "on a fair
+marble gravestone, placed on the right-hand at the entrance into the
+choir, is this inscription on a brass plate:--
+
+"_Here lyeth George Bullen lat dean of this church who made his own
+epitaph--viz._,
+
+  _Lo here in earth my body lyes,_
+  _Whose sinfull lyfe deserves the rod:_
+  _Yet I believe the same shall rise,_
+  _And praise the mercies of my God._
+  _As for my soule let none take thought,_
+  _It is with him that hath it bought;_
+  _For God on me doth mercy take_
+  _For nothing else but Jhesus sake._"
+
+Bullen or Boleyn was dean during the greater part of the reign of
+Elizabeth, who offered him the bishopric of Worcester, which he
+refused. Elizabeth, it will be remembered, was the daughter of Anne
+Boleyn, whose kinsman the dean was.
+
+=The Font= stands between the first and second pillars from the west
+door on the north side of the nave. It is quite modern, and is the gift
+of the Honourable Mrs Henry Howard, widow of the late dean. It is made
+of alabaster and Caen stone, and is supported on marble pillars. There
+are four sculptured panels in relief, representing--"The Entry into
+the Ark," "The Passage of the Red Sea," "The Baptism of our Lord," and
+"The Resurrection." Between these there are niches containing figures
+of St. Mary, St. Peter, St. Chad, and St. Helen.
+
+A curious old font was discovered in 1856 immediately under the place
+where the present altar stands. It was very simple in form, being about
+a yard and a half square and two feet thick, with a hemispherical cavity
+in it. It had been coloured bright red, and was much cracked, as though
+it had been subjected to intense heat. How it came where it was is not
+known. It may have been discarded as rubbish or hidden as a relic.
+
+=The Pulpit= is in the nave, and is fixed to the north-western pier of the
+tower. Its design and execution were by Sir Gilbert Scott and Mr Skidmore
+respectively, who were also responsible for the choir screen. The pulpit
+is of wrought-iron, brass, copper, enamels, and marble. In the middle
+there is a bronze group representing St. Peter preaching on the Day
+of Pentecost. There are stairs on each side of the pulpit. The brass
+=Lectern= is also modern, and is in the usual form of an eagle. It was
+presented by the members of the Lichfield Theological College, and was
+executed by Mr Hardman of Birmingham. The =Litany Desk= is by Messrs
+Rattee & Kett of Cambridge, the well-known carvers; and the =Bishop's
+Chair=, which stands under the great tower, was presented by the clergy
+of Derbyshire when that county was transferred from this diocese to the
+new diocese of Southwell. The chair is not of striking beauty.
+
+[Illustration: NORTH AISLE OF NAVE, LOOKING EAST.]
+
+In the North Aisle of the Nave there are several monuments and some
+modern glass. The window in the north-west tower has recently been
+adorned with glass to the  memory of Bishop Lonsdale, under whom the
+recent restoration commenced. The subject is "The Presentation of Christ
+in the Temple," and it is the work of Messrs Burlison & Grylls. Close to
+this is a tablet, originally placed in the north transept by order of Ann
+Seward, who had considerable fame as a poetess in the last century, to
+the memory of her father, Canon Seward, his wife and daughter Sarah. It
+also commemorates her own death. The lines are by Sir Walter Scott,
+but it is impossible to be enthusiastic over them. They end--
+
+  "_Honour'd beloved, and mourn'd here Seward lies;_
+  _Her worth, her warmth of heart, our sorrows say,--_
+  _Go seek her genius in her living lay._"
+
+There is a representation of the poetess mourning her dead relatives,
+while her harp is hanging neglected on a tree. On the other side is
+a memorial tablet to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who was a native of
+Lichfield. In these days of anti-vaccination agitations it is interesting
+to read the inscription which runs:--
+
+    "_The Right Honourable Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who happily
+    introduced from Turkey into this country the Salutary Art of
+    inoculating the Smallpox. Convinced of its efficacy, she first
+    tried it with success on her own children, and then recommended
+    the practice of it to her fellow-citizens. Thus, by her example
+    and advice, we have softened the Virulence and escaped the
+    danger of this Malignant Disease. To perpetuate the memory of
+    such benevolence, and to express the gratitude for the benefit
+    she hereby has received from this Alleviating Art, this Monument
+    is erected by Henrietta Inge, Relict of Theodore William Inge,
+    Esq., and Daughter of Sir John Wrotesley, Baronet. In the year
+    of Our Lord, 1789._"
+
+Close at hand is a tablet in memory of Mr Gilbert Walmesley, who
+was registrar of the diocese, and an early and close friend of Dr
+Johnson. Of him the latter wrote, in his life of Edmund Smith (one of
+the well-known "Lives of the Poets"), that passage which contains the
+celebrated sentence about David Garrick so often quoted. Speaking of
+Gilbert Walmesley, he says that he is "not able to name a man of equal
+knowledge. His acquaintance with books was great; such was his amplitude
+of learning, and such his copiousness of communication, that it may be
+doubted whether a day now passes in which I have not some advantage
+from his friendship. At this man's table I enjoyed many cheerful and
+instructive hours with companions such as are not often found; with
+one who has lengthened, and one who has gladdened life; with Dr James,
+whose skill in physic will be long remembered, and with David Garrick,
+whose death has eclipsed the gaiety of nations, and impoverished the
+public stock of harmless pleasure."
+
+There are other monuments in this aisle, but they are scarcely of such
+general interest. Here are tablets in memory of Jane and Catherine Jervis
+and of Elizabeth and Arabella Buchanan. There is a stained glass window
+by Messrs Burlison & Grylls containing three large figures of Joshua,
+St. Michael, and the Centurion, with, underneath, pictures of the Angel
+appearing to Joshua, the Centurion at the Cross, and the Centurion coming
+to Our Lord; above, in the tracery of the window, are angels. This window
+was the gift of the officers of the 38th (1st Staffordshire) Regiment;
+on one side are their Peninsular, and on the other their Crimean colours,
+which the dean and chapter received from the regiment with much ceremony
+in 1886 and 1887 respectively. Beneath the window is a brass in memory
+of those members of the regiment who died in the Peninsula, first Burmah,
+Crimean, and Egyptian (1882) wars, and the Indian Mutiny. There are also
+brasses to Lieutenant-Colonels Sinclair and Eyre and the officers and
+men of this regiment who fell in the first Soudan war, and also brasses
+to Colonel Bromley Davenport and Sir Arthur Scott, Bart. Here, too, is a
+window in memory of Canon Madan, his wife and children: the subject being
+Faith, Hope, and Charity. In the window next the transept is some quite
+new glass in memory of Canon Curteis, the large figures representing
+Samuel, St. Paul, and Origen, while below are Samuel teaching the Sons
+of the Prophets, St. Paul saying farewell to the Elders at Miletus,
+and St. Catherine and the Philosophers of Alexandria.
+
+The famous Dr Stukeley, writing about 1715, says: "As you walk down the
+north aisle, by a little doorway, formerly a chapel, where lay several
+figures now demolished, yet one remains, who was dean Yotton, his coat
+of arms at his head and Yot with a tun by it which shows his name." The
+only remaining sign of this chapel is the entrance, which can be plainly
+seen from the outside of the cathedral.
+
+In the =South Aisle of the Nave=, at the west end, there is a monument
+to Dean Addison, the father of the great essayist and poet; he died in
+1703. His memorial slab is now under the Jesus Tower, but formerly it was
+on the north of the west door. The glass in the window of the tower is
+in memory of Dean Howard, during whose time as dean so much of the work
+of restoration was done, and who so munificently aided the work. This
+glass, which is by Messrs Burlison & Grylls, represents St. Michael and
+the Dragon, and St. Chad. The other glass on this side is the window of
+the fifth bay, by Messrs Clayton & Bell, the subjects being Our Lord and
+Lazarus, Our Lord and Mary and Martha, and Mary Magdalene washing Our
+Lord's feet; in the next bay the glass, by Messrs Ward & Hughes, shows
+Faith, Hope, and Charity; in the seventh bay the glass is by Messrs
+Clayton & Bell, and has David and Goliath for its subject, and is in
+memory of the officers of the 64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment who fell
+in the Indian Mutiny. There is in the eighth bay a window by Hardman in
+memory of Helen, wife of Josiah Spode. Between the aisle and the nave
+there is a brass in the floor in memory of the late Earl of Lichfield,
+placed there in 1854. There are several other modern brasses and tablets.
+
+In this aisle are two of the three semi-effigies to be seen in the
+cathedral. These show only the heads and the feet. Britton says: "They
+are said to represent two old canons of the church; and are evidently
+of ancient date, as they appear to have been placed in the present
+situation at the time of building or finishing the nave." One of these
+is in a better state of preservation than the other, and shows in the
+drapery the remains of colour.
+
+=The Transepts= are earlier than the nave in style, having been built in
+the beginning of the thirteenth century: the south transept first, and
+then the north. It must have been for these transepts that Henry III.,
+in 1235 and 1238, granted licences to the dean and chapter of Lichfield
+to dig stone from the royal forest of Hopwas for the new fabric of the
+church of Lichfield. Whether these ecclesiastics did more harm than the
+king liked in digging on the first occasion cannot be said, but on the
+second occasion they are permitted "fodere petram ad fabricam ecclesiae
+suae de Lichefeld in quarrera de Hopwas; ita tamen quod hoc fiat sine
+detrimento forestae nostrae"--that is to say, they were to do as little
+damage as possible.
+
+[Illustration: ARCADE, WITH SEMI-EFFIGY, IN SOUTH AISLE.]
+
+The transepts have three bays each, with eastern aisles, the aisle
+belonging to the north transept being very much the larger. There can
+be no doubt that when the Norman transepts were standing there were
+no aisles; nor were any contemplated when the choir was built, for, as
+Professor Willis says: "The side walls of the choir are continued to the
+transepts, and had windows in the part looking into the present transept
+aisles. Probably when the choir was built Norman transepts were standing,
+and had each an apsidal chapel looking east in the usual manner."
+
+The history of the roof is extremely interesting. We know that "in
+1243 King Henry III. issued a commission to Walter Grey, Archbishop
+of York, to expedite the works at St. George's Chapel, Windsor, in
+which he orders a lofty wooden roof, like the roof of the new work at
+Lichfield, to appear like stone work, with good ceiling (_celatura?_) and
+painting. The transepts of Lichfield have now stone vaults, considerably
+later than the walls, and, therefore, may have had a wooden vault at
+first. The date would suit the transepts better than the choir, and it
+may be remarked that the early abacus of the vault shaft (at least, in
+the south transept) is surmounted by a second abacus in the Perpendicular
+style, which shows the later construction of the springing stones of the
+present stone vault." The low stone vaulting has destroyed the effect
+which the original windows in the north and south ends of the transepts
+must have produced. At the south end was probably  a large five-light
+Early English window, surmounted by a rose window. The rose window still
+remains, but, being above the present groining, cannot be seen from inside
+the cathedral; the five lights are replaced by a nine-light obtuse-headed
+window, which seems much too large for the transept; and this effect is
+increased by the extreme whiteness and transparency of its glass. At the
+north end, the five-light window is surmounted with three small lights,
+but these last again are hidden in the roof.
+
+[Illustration: DETAIL OF A SEMI-EFFIGY.]
+
+The windows in the transepts have seen many changes, and are now mostly
+in the Perpendicular manner, the exceptions being in the west wall of the
+south transept, and the north window just referred to. Until 1892 this
+was a large Perpendicular window--which, though early, and prior to the
+Civil War, was a manifest intrusion on the space originally occupied
+by an Early English window. The old design, which is not unlike that
+of the famous window at York, has again taken its place. Canon Lonsdale
+says that this change is "in every sense a restoration: for, on taking
+out the Perpendicular window, and removing such of the stone work as was
+defective on either side, the headings of the five Early English lights,
+which had unquestionably composed the original window, were discovered,
+hidden away by the later workmen. The cusps, or headings, of the lights,
+as they are now seen from the inside, are, with the exception of six
+stones, the very identical material which the Early English builders
+carved, and placed in that spot. Of these six missing stones, three have
+since been discovered during the work going on in the south transept."
+
+There can be no doubt that some of the Perpendicular work in the cathedral
+is due to the general repair at the Restoration; but Professor Willis
+declares that many of the changes are earlier, and that they were
+perhaps effected in the time between Bishops Heyworth and Blythe,
+1420 to 1503. The engravings of Hollar, already referred to, were
+published before 1660, and show Perpendicular windows in the gable of
+the south transept and in the clerestory; and though from these pictures
+nothing can be gleaned about the north transept, the character of the
+Perpendicular work was such that it also, as has just been stated,
+must have been prior to the Rebellion. It is possible, on the outside
+western face of the north transept, to trace the old lancet windows,
+which must have been arranged in groups of three, while the lower windows
+on the west side of the south transept are still in their old form,
+though on this side there are only two lancets to each bay. It may
+be mentioned here that underneath these last windows, on the outside,
+there is an arcading with simple pointed arches which does not appear on
+the other transept. Inside the arcading differs in the two transepts;
+in the south and older one the pointed arches are plain, while on the
+north they are cusped. This arcading is almost entirely new; what there
+was of it until recently was principally of plaster.
+
+From the ground plan of this cathedral published by Browne Willis in 1727,
+we see that the whole of the aisle of the north transept is described as
+"The Bishop's Consistory Court and St. Stephen's Chapel," while the aisle
+of the south transept is divided into two parts, the southern being called
+"The Dean's Consistory Court," the northern "The Vicar's Vestry." St.
+Stephen's Chapel was in the inner bay of the aisle; and it has been
+suggested that "the chantry of St. Anne and the image of Jesus" was in
+the rood loft of the same transept.
+
+In the =North Transept= are many memorial tablets, but it cannot
+be said that they are of general interest either from their beauty,
+age, or on account of the eminence of the persons commemorated. On
+the west side of the steps down from the north door is the curious
+monument to Dean Heywood, who died in 1492, and whose benefactions are
+mentioned in their proper places. The monument is sadly decayed, but
+there is a print of it in Shaw's "Staffordshire," taken, says Britton,
+from Dugdale's "Visitation." From this we know that the upper part is
+now missing; the lower part, which remains, shows the skeleton of the
+dean--his body after death--while above was his representation  in full
+canonical costume. Similar monuments may be seen at St. John's College,
+Cambridge, in the chapel, and at Exeter and Lincoln Cathedrals. On the
+other side of the door is a large modern monument to Archdeacon Iles,
+who died in 1888: the figure is recumbent. Above the door is a marble
+tablet to Dean Woodhouse; he gave the glass--now in the Guildhall--which
+filled the Perpendicular window recently replaced by the present Early
+English window. The new glass, and indeed the new window, was given by
+Mr James Chadwick of Hints Hall, near Tamworth; it is known as the Jesse
+window, and gives the genealogy of our Lord according to St. Matthew. The
+figures beginning from the west side represent (1) Achaz, Asa, Abia; (2)
+Ezekias, Solomon, Roboam; (3) the Virgin Mary and Child, Salathiel, David,
+Jesse; (4) Josias, Josaphat, Joram; (5) Manasses, Joatham, Ozias; with
+angels in the four side lights. The inscription under the window says:
+"Hanccine fenestram Jacobus Chadwick de vico Hints reficiendam vitroque
+picto ornandam impensis suis curavit. A.D. MDCCCXCIII." Messrs Clayton &
+Bell are responsible for this window.
+
+The whole of the aisle of this transept is taken up with the organ,
+in front of which a metal screen or gryll was placed in 1881 by the
+officers and men of the 80th Regiment, in memory of their comrades who
+fell in the Zulu War. The screen is ornamented with imitations of Zulu
+shields and assegais. There are many tablets in this aisle, but they
+are entirely hidden by the organ.
+
+=The Organ= was presented by Mr Spode of Hawkesyard Park, near Lichfield,
+in 1860, and was first used at the reopening in 1861; in 1884 it
+needed repair, and was then very much enlarged by Messrs Hill & Son,
+the well-known organ-builders of London, the expense being defrayed
+by voluntary subscriptions. It was dedicated, at the same time as the
+restored west front, in the presence of a vast concourse of people,
+on May 29th, 1884. The console of the organ is now behind the stalls
+in the first bay of the south aisle of the choir. It is interesting to
+learn from Canon Lonsdale that, when it was found necessary to build
+an engine-house in the close to supply motive power to the organ, in
+digging out the chamber, somewhat to the east of the steps leading to
+the north door, two or three cannon balls and the remains of a shell
+were unearthed at a short distance from the surface.
+
+The present organ is the successor to many other organs. The first of
+which there is any record was given to the cathedral by Dean Heywood,
+as is known from this entry in the _Cantaria S. Blasii_, in the
+cathedral library: "Magna organa in pulpito. Item cito post festum
+nativitatis Sancti Johannis Baptiste. Anno domini MCCCC. octogesimo
+secundo. ex providencia et sumptibus magistri Thome Heywode
+decani antedicti. conferuntur ecclesi cath lich organa nova magnae
+quantitatis. et formae decentis. ad honorem sancti cedde et ornamentirm
+ecclesiae precij xxvi. Li. iij.s. iiij.d. totalitur de sumptibus et
+expensis predicti decani. Sma xxvj. Li. iij.s. iiij.d."
+
+Dean Heywood also presented another organ, which was known as the Jesus
+organ; but it was much smaller presumably, as it cost rather less than
+half as much.
+
+The next time there is mention of an organ is in 1634, when, in an account
+of their travels by three tourists, they say: "The organs and voices
+were deep and sweet, their anthems we were much delighted with, and of
+the voyces, 2 Trebles, 2 Counter-tenors, and 2 Bases, that equally on
+each side of the Quire most melodiously acted and performed their parts."
+
+The organ here referred to, however "deep and sweet," was not considered
+good enough, for in 1636, according to a deed still preserved in the
+cathedral, the dean and chapter purchased an organ from Robert Dallam
+of Covent Garden, which, no doubt, "was the pair of organs valued at
+L200" destroyed by the Puritans. The organ that Hacket set up was
+obtained by the subscriptions of ladies; the bishop writes: "An Organ
+is bespoke at L600 price, to be call'd the Ladies Organ, because
+none but the honourable and most pious of that sex shall contribute
+to that sum." The names of the chief subscribers were written on
+the organ: "Illustrissima heroina Francisca ducissima Somersetensis.
+Honoratissima domina, comitissa Devon: Clarissima domina, Jana, domina
+de Gerard Bromley," and many others, as set out by Ashmole, who also
+tells us that there were "coats of arms under the organ at the entrance
+into the choir," showing that the organ loft was situated between the
+two eastern piers of the tower. Harwood, in his "History of Lichfield,"
+tells us of another organ "which was removed in A.D. 1740 to the vicar's
+hall, and became at length an ornament to Mr Greene's museum," whence it
+afterwards found its way  to the church at Hamstall Ridware. While in
+the vicar's hall it was damaged by soldiers quartered there in the
+'45. It is now in the bishop's palace. In 1740 it was replaced in the
+cathedral by an organ by Schwarbrook, which in turn, in Wyatt's time,
+was superseded by one by Samuel Green--this was much larger, and took
+up the whole of the western bay of the choir. The present organ is much
+the largest the cathedral has possessed, and, compared to the old one
+in the palace, is so large that, according to Mr Hewitt, the whole of
+the latter would go inside the pedal pipes of the former.
+
+The south transept has its full share of monuments, two of which are of
+great interest. These are the memorials to Dr Johnson and to his friend,
+David Garrick, the actor. The busts are both by Sir Richard Westmacott,
+R.A. The inscription to the first says:
+
+    _The Friends of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. (a native of Lichfield),
+    erected this Monument as a tribute of respect to the Memory
+    of a man of extensive learning, a distinguished Moral Writer,
+    and a Sincere Christian. He died the 13th of December 1784;
+    Aged 75 years._
+
+The other reads:
+
+    _EVA MARIA, Relict of DAVID GARRICK, Esq., caused this Monument
+    to be erected to the Memory of her beloved Husband, who died
+    the 20th January 1779: Aged 63 years._
+
+Garrick had not only the amiable qualities of private life, but such
+astonishing dramatic talents as to well verify the observations of his
+friend, which have already been quoted (p. 66), in reference to the
+memorial of Gilbert Walmesley.
+
+Samuel Johnson was born in Lichfield, where his father was a bookseller;
+his shop is still standing, scarcely altered, on the west side of the
+Market Place, close to the monument of his famous son (see p. 136). David
+Garrick came with his parents to live in Lichfield when very young, and he
+and Johnson attended the Grammar School together. There was a difference
+of several years in their ages, but their life-long friendship must
+have begun early, seeing that Johnson wrote the Prologue for Garrick's
+performance of Farquhar's comedy, "The Recruiting Officer," which took
+place at the Bishop's Palace when Garrick was only eleven years old. Some
+years  after, when Johnson had left Oxford and had set up a school in
+the neighbourhood of Lichfield, Garrick joined him as a pupil; but the
+venture did not prove successful, and master and pupil left Lichfield
+for London, where each in his own line reached the highest summit of fame.
+
+These memorials stand side by side in the aisle; for some reason, the
+busts were removed to the library when the interior was being restored
+by Sir Gilbert Scott, but they have once again been replaced in the spot
+originally chosen for them. The friendship of Johnson and Garrick was
+long and cordial: it is fitting we should see that in their death they
+were not divided.
+
+In this aisle, which until recently was used as the Dean's Consistory
+Court, is another monument by Westmacott; this is in memory of Andrew
+Newton, who was so munificent a friend to his native Lichfield. He
+founded the institution on the west side of the close for the widows and
+orphans of clergymen, which he also endowed; and on his death, in 1806,
+he left a library of books to the cathedral.
+
+In the first bay of the aisle is a monument to the officers and men of
+the 80th Regiment (Staffordshire Volunteers). The design is Egyptian, and
+is surmounted by a sphinx. Over the monument hang colours taken from the
+Sikhs, and on the wall behind are the old regimental colours. At the south
+end is a very fine and costly altar tomb--to Admiral Sir William Parker,
+who, when he died in 1866, was the last survivor of Nelson's captains. The
+slab of Pyrenean jasper is inlaid with a gold cross, and the front is
+adorned with stones of porphyry and lapis lazuli. The window above has
+some of the Herkenrode glass left over from the Lady Chapel, together with
+some modern glass. The great south window, which, as has just been stated,
+is in the Perpendicular style, was in 1895 adorned with new glass; this
+was the gift of Mr A. P. Heywood-Lonsdale, in memory of his father and
+his uncle, Bishop Lonsdale. The subject is "I am the vine, ye are the
+branches," and represents Our Lord in the centre surrounded by angels,
+with the principal bishops of the Early Christian Church. The six early
+British bishops: St. Columba, Scotland; St. Wulstan, Worcester; St. Chad,
+Lichfield; St. Augustine, Canterbury; St. Aidan, Northumbria; St. Hugh,
+Lincoln, are at the feet of Our Lord. The other bishops are St. Basil,
+Caesarea; St. Cyril, Jerusalem; St. Patrick, Ireland; St. Ignatius,
+Antioch; St. Polycarp, Smyrna; St. Boniface, Germany; St. Martin, Tours;
+St. David, Wales; St. Gregory, Rome; St. Augustine, Hippo; St. Athanasius,
+Alexandria; St. Cyprian, Carthage; St. Isidore, Spain; St. Chrysostom,
+Constantinople; St. Ambrose, Milan; and St. Vigilius, Aries. This glass
+is by Mr C. E. Kempe. On the west side are several brasses and tablets,
+including one to John Saville, vicar choral of the cathedral, who died in
+1803. The lines underneath are by the Miss Seward whose own memorial is in
+the north aisle of the nave; they, like so much of the elegiac poetry of
+the period, owe not only their style, but a good many of their phrases,
+to the poet Gray.
+
+=The Choir=, with the presbytery and retro-choir--that is to say,
+the whole extent of that part of the cathedral between the central
+tower and the entrance to the Lady Chapel--has eight bays. The most
+noticeable difference between it and the nave, is the absence of a
+triforium. Professor Willis says: "The entire height of the severey
+(or bay) is divided into two nearly equal parts, of which the lower is
+given to the pier arches, the upper to the clerestory. The window-sills of
+the latter are high, and there is a passage in front of them immediately
+above the tablement or string course over the pier arches. This passage,
+the veritable triforium, pierces the great piers of masonry which sustain
+the vault. The high sills receive the sloping roof of the side aisles,
+and have three plain open arches in each severey to air the roof." These
+sills are panelled with a foliated arcading, and in front of the passage
+there is an open trefoil work parapet. The effect of the windows inside
+is much enhanced by the lovely quatrefoil ornamentation with which
+their splays are decorated. In the single window--the east on the
+south side--where the original tracery remains, it is very beautiful
+and graceful, and is a good example of the Decorated period; but into
+the other windows Perpendicular tracery has been introduced.
+
+The vaulting is very much the same as in the nave, but the vaulting shafts
+divide into seven instead of five ribs. The bosses, as everywhere else
+in the cathedral, are very deeply and richly carved.
+
+On the four eastern sets of piers long slender shafts run up from the
+base of the piers in the same way as in the nave, and similarly the
+spandrels are ornamented with foliated circles, of which nearly all
+trace had disappeared before the recent restoration. This, however,
+is not the arrangement on the three western pairs. It was found here
+that these shafts did not reach the ground; and so Sir Gilbert Scott,
+having discovered a portion of the sculptured wing of an angel just
+above the dean's present stall, decided upon finishing the shafts with
+corbels in the form of angels occupied in minstrelsy. Above each of
+these angels--which were innovations--he placed, under richly crocketted
+canopies and standing on very finely-carved brackets, the figures of six
+saints. These were not innovations, though no signs of them appear in
+the engraving in Britton's "Cathedrals," where, indeed, the incomplete
+shafts just mentioned are to all appearance complete. But in Pennant's
+"Journey from Chester to London," 1782, the six statues are mentioned,
+and he tells us not only their names, but also that they were richly
+painted. The new statues represent the same original characters: St. Mary,
+St. Mary Magdalene, and St. Peter on the north side; St. James, St.
+Philip, and St. Christopher on the south: these with their niches have
+been executed partly from the old description of them and partly by
+reference to the niches remaining in the Lady Chapel.
+
+An investigation of the roof proved that its bosses had been originally
+profusely gilded and painted, and that the ribs had been painted
+in tri-colour, though, oddly enough, this apparently had not been
+the case in the Lady Chapel. Mr Dyce, R.A., was called in to give an
+opinion, and suggested a large scheme, upon which he actually started,
+but after having proceeded only a small way, difficulties arose and he
+departed. What little paint had been applied to the ribs was removed;
+but a few of the more easterly bosses remain gilt to this day, and
+afterwards the others were reddened to bring out the sculpture.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR IN 1820.]
+
+The architectural history of the choir and presbytery is very
+interesting. There is practically no documentary evidence at all to tell
+when and how it was built; and what we know about it now is due to the
+antiquarian skill of the late Professor Willis. Nothing can have been more
+fortunate than that he should have been able to make an inspection of
+the foundations of the choir, for no man had a greater genius for using
+the smallest discoveries to the greatest advantage. Numerous stories
+are told of his extraordinary gift for divining what was to be found. As
+Canon Lonsdale says: "He knew, as it were, by instinct what was hidden
+under the soil. 'Dig there,' he said, and the base he wanted came to
+light. 'Open out the earth here,' and the solid piece of stone which
+he had been looking for to complete his imaginary plan was straightway
+disclosed to view." He came here in August 1859, when excavations were
+being made in the choir, and on what he saw then he based the theory of
+the growth of the cathedral which has found favour with everyone ever
+since. The nature of his discoveries here, and the conclusions he drew
+from them, have been briefly given in the section of this book devoted to
+the history of the cathedral, so that it is unnecessary to further discuss
+them, except when they apply to buildings which are now in existence.
+
+The present choir was commenced at the very beginning of the thirteenth
+century. Of this choir only the lower portions of the three bays nearest
+the tower remain above ground, but there is no doubt that the original
+eastern termination had been removed to make way for the beautiful
+presbytery which now remains and extends eastward, with its vaulting
+at the same elevation as that of the choir. This was done probably
+immediately after the Lady Chapel had been built, or at the same time, and
+it is supposed that the work proceeded from the east end and the old choir
+was gradually pulled down, leaving the three western bays standing, and
+that then the clerestory of these bays was replaced by work in uniformity
+with that in the new presbytery; at the same time the front half of their
+pier arches was removed and mouldings given to them corresponding to
+those in the presbytery, their piers were also slightly altered. In this
+way the choir and presbytery acquired a uniform appearance, both inside
+and out; for the portion of the old side aisle on the south is hidden by
+the sacristry, and that on the north by the chapter-house and vestibule.
+
+As has been said, only one of the original Decorated clerestory windows
+now remain; the others, it may be supposed, were destroyed in the sieges
+of the Civil War, for they have been replaced with Perpendicular tracery
+which belongs to a period when this style was only being imitated;
+it was probably put in at the Restoration.
+
+The high altar is now placed between the sixth pair of piers (counting
+from the west). This is probably the old arrangement, but until the
+recent restorations the altar was placed in the Lady Chapel: the pier
+arches of the choir were walled up, and a large screen placed in the
+eastern tower arch; so that the choir and Lady Chapel were converted
+into one long aisleless chapel.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.]
+
+It is very interesting to note the signs in the choir of the attempt
+to combine the two styles which, as has been explained, met here. The
+third piers stand on the line of demarcation between the part retained
+and the part rebuilt, and consequently carry an Early English arch to
+the west and a Decorated arch to the east. The Early English column was
+partially cut away and partially used in the new work, as may be seen
+on inspection of these piers. It will also be seen that the vaulting in
+the aisles is much rougher in the old part than in the eastern bays. The
+plaster used to hide this; but Sir Gilbert Scott caused it to be removed,
+and is said afterward to have regretted having done so.
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH AISLE OF CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.]
+
+Another interesting junction between two buildings of different dates
+is the entrance to the vestibule of the chapter-house. This entrance is
+in the third bay of the north aisle, and is obviously a combination of
+doorway and window, as may be seen by comparing the window of the first
+bay with it.
+
+Again, in the first bays of the aisles there are windows in the Early
+English style, but they look only into the aisles of the transepts;
+showing, as has before been stated, that the transept aisles were not
+originally contemplated, and certainly did not take the place of earlier
+Norman aisles.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR, LOOKING WEST.]
+
+The arch at the west end of the north choir aisle is decorated with a
+double chevron moulding--evidence that it is one of the oldest pieces
+of work left in the cathedral. This arch has at a more recent date been
+lined with another arch of the Decorated period, probably in order to
+strengthen it.
+
+The arcading in the aisles is very interesting. In the first three western
+bays in both aisles the large arcading, with its plain trefoiled arches,
+is clearly Early English. The arcading in the other bays is equally
+clearly of the Decorated period, and is considerably smaller. In the four
+eastern bays in each aisle the arches go right up to the course which
+forms the top of the arcading, and the triangular spandrels thus formed
+are ornamented each with a curious little head, having queer headgear;
+the rest of the spandrel is carved with foliage, and in the plates of the
+foliated arches are quaint animals. The arcading in the remaining bay is
+similar, but angels' heads with wings take up the whole spandrel. Some
+of the arcading, notably that in the three easterly bays of the south
+aisle, is unrestored. The inferiority of the modern work in the next
+bay is only too patent.
+
+In the south choir aisle the third window from the east has very beautiful
+carved work, the splays being covered with two bands of richly-carved
+foliage. Under the window is now the tomb of Bishop Hacket, and Dean
+Heywood's monument is said to have also been in this place.
+
+In the south aisle, over the entrance to the sacristy, there is a
+very charmingly-proportioned gallery which is known as the "minstrel
+gallery." A gallery of this kind, though not unique, is very rare,
+but Exeter Cathedral has two--one in the north transept and another
+in the nave. In this case the arcading has been altered to accommodate
+this obviously later addition, made probably in the early part of the
+fifteenth century. Three shafts from the arcade have been left, which
+support a fan-shaped vaulting, upon which the gallery rests. There is
+little doubt as to the object of the gallery, though various theories
+have been advanced. By some it is supposed that it was used by the priest
+whose duty it was to watch the lights burning on the various altars;
+others suggest that it was indeed used by the instrumentalists to keep
+time during the procession, etc.; but, as it is immediately in front
+of the chapel of the Head of St. Chad, it was no doubt intended for the
+exhibition of the head to those below in the aisle. However, it may be
+said that the raised galleries in mediaeval halls were always called
+by the name of "minstrel gallery," and so the name came to be used of
+galleries generally. This gallery is reached by the staircase in the wall
+which leads to the upper floor of the sacristy. Just against the entrance
+to this staircase, in the wall of the aisle, is an ancient piscina. Its
+presence here is unexplained, as there is no record of a chapel at this
+spot; though it has been suggested that the altar dedicated to St. Blaise
+occupied a position in this aisle.
+
+It is perhaps worth noticing that in the old days the two bays of the
+cathedral between the high altar and the Lady Chapel, together with their
+portions of the aisles, were generally spoken of as the Lady Choir, and
+are marked as such in old plans; other writers again speak of this part
+of the building as "the cross aisle." There were gates across the choir
+aisles in a line with the reredos, and these are marked in the plan of
+the cathedral published somewhere about 1720. No doubt the eastern ends
+of the choir aisles in still earlier days were spoken of as St. Andrew's
+Chapel or St. Nicholas' Chapel; but, though it is almost certain that the
+east end of the north choir aisle was dedicated to St. Andrew, there is
+no certain information as to the dedication of the corresponding chapel
+in the south aisle, but it is generally believed to have contained an
+altar to St. Nicholas.
+
+=The Choir Screen= was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott and Mr J. B.
+Phillips, and executed by Mr Skidmore of Coventry. It is a very
+highly-ornamented structure in wrought-iron, copper, and brass, and is
+said to have been the first screen of this kind; but other screens of the
+same character are now to be seen at Salisbury, Worcester, Hereford, and
+other churches. The capitals are of hammered copper; there are imitations
+of various fruits in ivory, onyx, and red and white cornelian: on the
+upper part, on each side, are eight angels with instruments of music;
+the whole is surmounted with a frieze of open scroll work, and a cross
+rises from the top of the pedimented gate-way in the centre. The side
+iron gates into the choir aisles were also executed by Mr Skidmore.
+
+[Illustration: UNDER THE CENTRAL TOWER.]
+
+=The Stalls= are modern, and are somewhat disappointing. The canons'
+stalls have no canopies, and their absence certainly deprives the choir
+of a feature generally to be found in cathedrals. Otherwise, the stalls
+are a satisfactory instance of modern carving, and were carried out
+by Mr Evans of Ellastone in Derbyshire. He is always said to have been
+the original of Seth in "Adam Bede," and he certainly was a cousin of
+the great authoress. There is much natural foliage in the carving, with
+figures of apostles, kings, and bishops, and panels representing scenes
+from Old Testament history. The =Bishop's Throne= is by the same artist.
+
+=The Reredos= is a very gorgeous piece of work, but it must be confessed
+that the effect is again not wholly satisfactory. It might even be said
+that in the endeavour to attain magnificence, over-elaboration has ended
+in a tawdry appearance. However, tastes differ, and this reredos has its
+admirers. It was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott, and cost L2000, which
+sum was raised by the Honourable Mrs H. Howard, the wife of the dean. It
+was part of the scheme that all the materials for the reredos should
+come from the diocese, and with the exception of the green malachite,
+this idea has been carried out. The alabaster came from near Tutbury,
+and the marbles from Derbyshire (then in the diocese): and the Duke of
+Devonshire was induced to give some of the beautiful red marble, which
+bears the name of the "Duke's red," from his quarry, so rarely opened.
+
+In the centre is a bas-relief of the Ascension, with, a figure of "The
+Lamb" underneath; on each side are two compartments containing the
+emblems of the four evangelists. All five compartments are surmounted
+with very highly-decorated pediments, the central one being the largest
+and most magnificent; above it rises a very elaborate pinnacle, ending
+in a cross. There is an open arcading on each side, extending to the
+piers of the presbytery. The pediments have each a head in the centre,
+and between the pediments are angels with ivory trumpets.
+
+The reredos has purposely been kept very low, so that the view of the
+glass in the Lady Chapel may be intercepted as little as possible. One
+cannot help feeling that too much was sacrificed to that idea. One of
+the main principles of the Gothic builder, it has been said, was to
+suggest an air of mystery. The light screen and the low reredos have the
+very opposite effect; and it may be prophesied that the days of their
+admiration are rapidly coming to an end.
+
+=The Sedilia= are interesting on account of the canopies, which are old,
+and probably formed part of the original high altar screen. Their style
+is that known as Perpendicular, but they obviously belong to its early
+period. No doubt the screen suffered grievously after the siege; and at
+the Restoration of the monarchy and the cathedral a wooden screen was
+erected in front of it. Pennant, who saw it in 1780, says: "The beauty
+of the choir was much impaired by the impropriety of a rich altar-piece,
+of Grecian architecture, terminating this elegant Gothic building."
+
+This arrangement came to an end in 1788, when Wyatt threw the choir and
+Lady Chapel into one long chapel, and the old altar screen was utilised
+in the choir screen and helped to support the organ. When this screen in
+turn was taken down, the old canopies, much battered and largely repaired
+with plaster, were examined, and found to be of Bath stone, and in this
+the repairs were executed. Six of them were used for the sedilia, and the
+other three are to be found just behind, over the effigy of Dean Howard.
+
+=The Pavement= between the stalls is of tiles, made after the pattern
+of old tiles which were found in the cathedral. The modern ones are
+by Messrs Minton. There is some record of how the cathedral has at
+various times been paved, as Dr Plot tells us that "the old floor of
+the choir was paved lozengy with cannel coal and alabaster, the former
+got at Beaudesert," and at one time the nave and aisles were paved with
+brick. Some of the old tiles and two slabs of coal are preserved in the
+floor of the consistory court.
+
+The pavement in the presbytery is different, and is made principally
+of incised stone, with marble borders. There are four large medallions,
+which show scenes in the history of the diocese, and these are surrounded
+with representations of kings and bishops who have had some connection
+with the see. The general scheme was arranged by Sir Gilbert Scott,
+but the medallions were designed by the Rev. J. Pitman, headmaster of
+Rugeley Grammar School. The first medallion represents the consecration
+of St. Chad as Bishop of York; round it are Oswy, King of Northumbria
+and Mercia, who was the principal instrument in introducing Christianity
+into Mercia; Diuma, first Bishop; Wulphere, King of Mercia; and Jaruman,
+Bishop of Mercia, the immediate predecessor of St. Chad.
+
+[Illustration: REREDOS.]
+
+The second medallion gives the well-known story of Theodore, the great
+archbishop, setting St. Chad on a horse; around are Ethelred, king of
+Mercia after Wulphere; Sexwulf, the bishop who divided up the diocese;
+Offa, King of Mercia, who made Lichfield an archbishopric, and Higbert,
+the archbishop.
+
+The third medallion shows the translation of St. Chad's bones from Stowe
+Church, where they were buried, to the cathedral; around are Stephen,
+who was king when Bishop Roger de Clinton built the Norman cathedral;
+Henry III., who gave stone for the transept; and Bishop Langton, who
+built the Lady Chapel.
+
+The fourth medallion shows the procession to the chapter-house for
+divine service at the Restoration (1660); around are Charles II. and
+Bishop Hacket, who then restored the cathedral; Queen Victoria and Bishop
+Lonsdale, who was bishop at the time of the recent restorations.
+
+The altar space is covered with encaustic tiles, given by Mr C. Minton
+Campbell. In the centre is the Feast of the Passover, and around are shown
+Cain and Abel, Melchisedec blessing Abraham, Abraham and Isaac, Joseph
+and his brethren, Moses striking the Rock, and the Brazen Serpent--all
+Old Testament types of the Divine Sacrifice.
+
+=The Monuments= in the south choir aisle are particularly
+interesting. Commencing from the west end, there is on the south side an
+altar tomb in memory of Archdeacon Hodson, who died in 1855. The slab is
+of Serpentine stone, with a brass cross inlaid, and there are alabaster
+plaques representing the Crucifixion, the Entombment, the Resurrection,
+and the Ascension. Opposite is a monument to his son, Major Hodson,
+known as "Hodson of Hodson's Horse," who played a dramatic part in the
+Indian Mutiny, where he received his death wound. The coped top forms a
+cross, and underneath are represented the King of Delhi surrendering his
+sword to Major Hodson, with allegorical figures of Justice, Fortitude,
+Temperance, and Mercy; and at the corners statuettes of Joshua, David,
+St. Thomas of India, and St. George of England. Both these monuments
+are by Mr G. E. Street, R.A., the well-known architect of the Law Courts
+in London.
+
+Close to the gate is a medallion to Erasmus Darwin, "a skilful observer
+of Nature," and the author of several books. He died in 1802, and was
+the grandfather of Charles Darwin, the celebrated biologist, whose name
+is a household word. The memorial to the grandfather directs attention
+to the hereditary obligations of the grandson.
+
+In the second bay, between the pier arches, is the monument of Bishop
+Langton, who died in 1296. This originally stood to the south of
+the high altar. The figure is of Purbeck marble, and is habited _in
+pontificalibus_; the head lies on a plain cushion in a kind of frame. The
+mitre and shoes were probably once richly jewelled, and the whole,
+as we know from Sir William Dugdale's "Visitation," had a pedimented
+canopy. Now nothing remains but the mutilated effigy.
+
+In a similar position in the third bay is the effigy of Bishop Patteshull,
+who died in 1241. This is also of Purbeck marble, and was probably
+jewelled. There are ministering angels outside a pediment at the head;
+the figure has the pastoral staff in the left hand, while the right
+is obviously raised in benediction, though only the fingers are left,
+the second wearing the episcopal ring. Pennant and others have drawn
+attention to the fact that this effigy has the "stigmata" or marks of Our
+Lord's wounds on his hands and feet. Some antiquarians think that this
+is the monument of Bishop Weseham, and not of Bishop Patteshull. There
+are engravings and descriptions of these last two monuments in Gough's
+"Sepulchral Monuments in Great Britain," 1796, but it is certainly strange
+that Langton's monument is described as Patteshull's, and _vice versa_.
+
+Opposite to Bishop Langton is the most curious monument in the
+cathedral. It has now been identified as the tomb of Sir John Stanley
+of Pipe. The effigy represents a knight naked to the waist, below which
+was formerly a deep skirt painted with the arms of Stanley, the legs
+being in armour, while under the head is a buck's horn, and a similar
+horn is placed beneath the feet. The whole subject of this tomb is
+one presenting many difficulties, but they have now been cleared up,
+and in a communication to the "Archaeological Journal," vol. 24, Mr J.
+Hewitt has given much interesting information. From it the following
+account is taken:--The monument was always known as that of "Captain
+Stanley," who for some offence had been excommunicated, and who, after
+atonement, had been admitted to sepulture in holy ground on condition
+that the evidence of his punishment should appear on his sepultured
+effigy. The mutilations  of the Civil Wars have so defaced the monument
+as to make this story extremely doubtful, until among papers belonging
+to the Earl of Winchelsea was found a coloured drawing of this effigy,
+done by Sir William Dugdale just before the wars for Sir Christopher
+Hatton. This sketch showed that the skin was bare, and that the skirt
+had the Stanley arms. But this did not clear up the difficulty. Pennant,
+in his "Journey from Chester to London," describes the tomb and gives
+the story, and then says: "I find a Sir Humphrey Stanley of Pipe, who
+died in the reign of Henry VII., who had a squabble with the Chapter
+about conveying water through his lands to the close ... so probably
+this might be the gentleman who incurred the censure of the church for
+his impiety." Shaw, in his "History of Staffordshire," declares that
+the arms on the base of the tomb show "the arms of Stanley impaling or,
+three chevronels gules (Clare)," which means that the person represented
+married a Clare. This Sir Humphrey did not do, and, moreover, he was
+buried in Westminster Abbey, where his brass still remains. Further
+investigation showed that the arms of Clare are also the arms of Gerard,
+and then that Sir John Stanley of Pipe married Margaret, the daughter
+of Sir Thomas Gerard. Pipe is a domain about a mile from Lichfield,
+so that the family of the dead knight would naturally have desired his
+interment in the cathedral of that city.
+
+It does not appear that there was any ignominy implied in scourging as a
+public penance. On the contrary, many royal personages have submitted to
+it, and everyone will remember that Henry II. underwent a scourging upon
+his naked shoulders by the hands of the monks of Canterbury. There is a
+stained-glass window in the Bodleian Library at Oxford showing this scene.
+
+Dr Rock, in the same volume of the "Archaeological Journal," says that
+to his thinking "this Stanley, of knightly rank, had drawn upon himself
+the greater excommunication through the spilling of blood in Lichfield
+Cathedral on some occasion, from a blow on the face with his hand or
+possibly by a slight stab with his avelace on the person of one with
+whom he had quarrelled. He lies bareheaded and naked as far down as the
+girdle. His upraised hands, according to the representation given by
+Pennant, and copied in Shaw's 'History of Staffordshire,' held a scroll
+which must have been the document ... signifying under the bishop's hand
+that, having undergone the canonical penance, the offender was again
+admitted to all Christian privileges."
+
+Farther east than the "minstrel gallery" there is a window in memory of
+Bishop Rawle, who was consecrated Bishop of Trinidad in this cathedral by
+Bishop Selwyn. The subjects depicted in the window are Christ's Appeal
+to St. Peter, St. Paul's Vision, and The Baptism of the Ethiopian by
+St. Philip. Underneath the window is a highly-ornamented altar tomb
+designed by Sir Gilbert Scott in memory of Archdeacon Moore, whose
+effigy lies on the top. He died in 1876. Opposite, in the next bay,
+is the monument of Dean Howard, who died in 1868; the effigy of the
+dean, in marble, lies under a triple canopy formed from portions of
+the old screen. These last two effigies were the work of H. Armstead,
+R.A. It was here that Bishop Langton's monument once stood, and here
+also was Bishop Hacket's. This last now stands on the opposite side
+under the very beautiful window of the sixth bay of this aisle: it is
+in the Jacobean style, and is much painted and gilded. An effigy of the
+Bishop lies on an altar tomb under a canopy, while in front is a lengthy
+inscription in Latin.
+
+Near this place, with other monuments, is one to the memory of Colonel
+Richard Bagot, who received his death wound at the battle of Naseby,
+1645, and was buried in the cathedral. His father was Sir Hervey Bagot,
+Governor of the Close on behalf of the king.
+
+In the seventh bay is another of the semi-effigies, two of which are in
+the south aisle of the nave, but this one is much more damaged; it is
+supposed to be the monument of Canon Strangeways. In Jackson's "History
+of Lichfield," which was published in 1805, it is stated that the name,
+though not then distinguishable, had only recently become obliterated,
+and was known and remembered to be Strangeways.
+
+On the south wall, towards the east are, amongst others, brasses to Dean
+Champneys, 1875, and Dean Bickersteth, 1892, and above these there is
+a monument to Canon Horton, who died in 1728.
+
+Two windows have recently been ornamented with new glass by Mr Kempe,
+showing scenes taken from the Acts of the Apostles; one, in memory of
+Dr H. W. Hewitt, represents Peter and Paul healing the lame man at the
+Beautiful Gate of the temple. The other is in memory of Mr J. T. Godfrey
+Faussett, and represents Stephen before the Council, having delivered
+his apology, looking up and declaring "Behold I see the heavens opened,
+and the Son of Man standing on the right hand of God."
+
+At the east end of this aisle, on the spot where probably once stood
+the altar of St. Nicholas, is the famous monument known as "The Sleeping
+Children." This was executed by Sir Francis Chantrey, R.A., and set up
+in 1817. It is said that this monument established his fame. Britton,
+in 1820, devotes more than two large quarto pages--a great space for
+him--to ecstasies over it, and no doubt the taste of the time demanded
+undiluted admiration. Now we may prize it as an early example of the
+new style which, in art as well as in literature, was to supersede the
+artifice of the eighteenth century: the essence of that new style was,
+Mr Walter Pater tells us, "an intimate consciousness of the expression
+of natural things."
+
+[Illustration: THE SLEEPING CHILDREN.]
+
+The monument is in memory of the two daughters of the Reverend William
+Robinson, Prebendary of the cathedral, and represents the young children
+locked in each other's arms.
+
+Behind it is a wall memorial to their father, and to the side is a
+piscina, which has at the back of it an old fresco, probably of the
+fourteenth century. The subject is the Crucifixion, with figures of
+St. Mary and St. John, one on each side of our Lord. The illustration is
+from a drawing preserved in the National Art Library, South Kensington
+Museum. The window at the end of the aisle contains some of the old
+Flemish glass, which has in the centre a curious representation of
+the Trinity.
+
+In leaving this aisle it may be noted that tradition has it that between
+the pillars of the eighth bay was the monument of Lord Basset: that the
+tomb of Bishop William de Corkhull was between the pillars of the seventh
+bay, and that, in a similar position in the fifth bay, was buried Bishop
+de Molend. The Ashmolean MSS. give a long description of Lord Basset's
+monument: "Between the choir and the chapel of the Blessed Mary is the
+monument of Ralph, Lord Basset. He is lying in complete armour, his
+hands erected, and thereon his gauntlets. On his head, which is laid
+upon his helm and crest, viz., a boar, is a steel cap, and on his right
+shoulder a square shield of his arms. His dagger is laid by his right
+side, and his feet are resting upon a boar." He died in the reign of
+Richard II. It is always said that Sir Walter Scott had this monument
+in his mind when he described Lord Marmion's monument:--
+
+
+              "Fitz-Eustace care
+  A pierced and mangled body bare
+  To moated Lichfield's lofty pile;
+  And there, beneath the southern aisle,
+  A tomb, with Gothic sculpture fair,
+  Did long Lord Marmion's image bear,
+  (Now vainly for its sight you look;
+  'Twas levell'd when fanatic Brook
+  The fair cathedral storm'd and took;
+  But thanks to Heaven and good St. Chad,
+  A guerdon meet the spoiler had!)
+  There erst was martial Marmion found,
+  His feet upon a couchant hound
+    His hands to Heaven upraised;
+  And all around, on scutcheon rich
+  And tablet carved, and fretted niche,
+    His arms and feats were blazed."
+
+
+[Illustration: FRESCO-PAINTING OF THE CRUCIFIXION IN THE SOUTH CHOIR
+AISLE.]
+
+The accounts do not entirely tally, so that it may be the tomb described
+was as little Lord Basset's as it was really Lord Marmion's.
+
+Not very far from this last tomb was the monument of William, Lord Paget,
+who was not buried here but at Drayton. He was ambassador from Henry
+VIII. to Charles V., and held other important posts under that king
+and his daughter, Queen Mary; he died in 1563. There is an engraving
+of his monument in Shaw's "Staffordshire," which shows it to have been
+very magnificent.
+
+The monuments in the =North Choir Aisle= are not only more scanty
+than those in other parts of the cathedral, but they are of less
+interest. At the east end is the kneeling figure of Bishop Ryder, who
+died in 1836. This monument is in white marble, and one of Chantrey's
+latest works, just as the more famous monument in a similar position in
+the south aisle is one of his earliest. It was originally intended that
+the figure should be on a higher pedestal, and no doubt the effect is
+not increased by its lower position.
+
+Behind, on the east wall, is an inscription in memory of the bishop. The
+window above this contains some old Flemish glass, which has a figure
+of St. Christopher in the centre. The window in the north side in the
+corner is by Mr C. E. Kempe, in memory of Mr Patterson, late sub-chanter
+of the cathedral. The glass shows King David teaching the singers of
+the House of the Lord. Beneath is an ancient aumbry.
+
+Opposite, between the pillars, is the traditional site of the burial-place
+of Bishop Stretton; he is said to have been buried in St. Andrew's
+Chapel. There is little doubt that the end of this aisle contained an
+altar dedicated to that saint.
+
+Between the next pair of pillars westward, it is said that Bishop Blythe
+was buried, but his monument at one time stood in the other aisle of
+the choir.
+
+On the north side of the altar is the monument to the memory of Bishop
+Lonsdale, who died in 1867. The monument, which is highly decorative,
+consists of an effigy of the bishop lying on an altar-tomb of marble and
+alabaster. The effigy is by Mr G. F. Watts, R.A., the celebrated artist,
+and the tomb was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott, who is said to have taken
+the idea of the canopy, with its triple pediment, from the monument of
+John of Eltham in Westminster Abbey.
+
+In the space between the next pair of pillars westward, Archbishop Scrope,
+formerly bishop of this diocese, is said to have been buried. He was
+beheaded in 1405 by Henry IV.
+
+In the most easterly bay but one of this aisle there must have been a
+doorway leading into the chapel which Dr Stukeley speaks of: "In the
+chapel over against the lady choir was the burying-place of two Mercian
+Kings; but it is now chosen for a burying-place by Dr Chandler, present
+bishop of Lichfield, who has there buried one child."
+
+=The Lady Chapel= has always most justly been admired by architects and
+antiquarians. Not only is it peculiarly beautiful in its construction,
+but also its windows are now filled with some of the most charming old
+glass to be seen in England. In shape it forms a symmetrical extension,
+both in height and width, to the choir, but without aisles; and it has
+an octagonal apse--the only example, it is said, of such a termination
+in the country. It is lighted by nine high windows, with Decorated
+tracery. This tracery has recently been restored in the style of that in
+the three end windows; until this was done most of the windows contained
+Perpendicular tracery.
+
+[Illustration: BRACKETS IN THE LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+The windows rest on an arcade of very beautiful design. The arcade may
+be said to consist of a series of small decorated canopies, supported by
+shafts with carved capitals, and separated by ornamented buttresses. The
+canopies, which bow forward, have trefoil ogee arches, surmounted with
+crockets and finials. Above the arcade is a similar embattled parapet
+to that in the choir, with a similar passage round the chapel behind it.
+
+The vaulting of the roof is like that in the choir; the same number
+of ribs diverging from the slender shafts which run right down to the
+bends of the arcade. Half-way up these shafts are niches, the brackets
+and canopies to which are beautifully carved. These are old, but until
+recently were empty, and no authentic record remained as to what were
+the characters represented. Dr Stukeley believed that the figures had
+been those of the five wise and five foolish virgins. This theory has
+not, however, found sufficient favour to lead to a reproduction of their
+effigies, for in 1895 the niches were filled with figures of ten virgin
+saints and martyrs. These were executed by Messrs Farmer & Brindley, from
+designs by Mr C. E. Kempe, and they may be warmly congratulated on their
+work. The statues are really beautiful, and are infinitely superior to
+most of the other modern sculpture in the cathedral. It will be noticed,
+too, that the figures seem the right size for the niches, instead of
+being much too large, as in many other cases. The statues are as follow:--
+
+1. St. Werburga, with pastoral staff and book, and a model of Chester
+Cathedral at her feet.
+
+2. St. Cecilia, with organ.
+
+3. St. Prisca, with palm branch, and lion at her feet.
+
+4. St. Faith, with sword and rack.
+
+5. St. Catherine, with sword and wheel and open book, treading on
+a monster.
+
+6. St. Margaret, with book and cross, treading on a dragon.
+
+7. St. Lucy, with palm branch and lamp.
+
+8. St. Agnes, with palm branch and book, and lamb at her feet.
+
+9. St. Agatha, with palm branch and tongs.
+
+10. St. Etheldreda, with crown and pilgrim staff, and pastoral staff
+and a model of Ely Cathedral at her feet.
+
+[Illustration: THE LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+The present altar-piece, which is in the form of a triptych, has scenes
+connected with the birth of Our Lord carved in relief. These are:
+The Annunciation, the Salutation of Elizabeth, the Nativity, the
+Presentation in the Temple, and the Adoration of the Magi. The doors,
+which can be closed, have paintings on the back representing David,
+Isaiah, St. John the Baptist, and St. Chad. There are four carved figures
+of St. Ambrose, St. Jerome, St. Augustine, and St. Gregory supporting
+the central panel. The altar rails are of alabaster. Before the recent
+alterations there was a plaster reredos, which had been placed there
+by Wyatt, and the continuity of the arcading and open carved work,
+which originally went right round the chapel, was thus broken. Sir
+Gilbert Scott is said to have been anxious not to remove the reredos,
+partly, perhaps, on account of the glass behind, which was known to be
+plain. However, the restoration to the original style has been made, and
+the plain glass replaced by a very excellent imitation of the Herkenrode
+glass, representing the three Marys. This was done by Messrs Burlison
+& Grylls with great skill. There was a screen between the Lady Chapel
+and the rest of the cathedral in old days. Stukeley mentions it in his
+notes. He says: "The partition there betwixt the two choirs is a fine
+piece of architecture, but demolished also in time of war; and, though
+the figures are destroyed, and at the foot of the same every cherub
+defaced, yet it may be perceived to be a fine piece of work; for though
+it be uniform from top to bottom, yet every capital and pedestall are
+different works within and without."
+
+What is known of the building of the Lady Chapel has already been told in
+Chapter I. and in the account of the choir and presbytery. The founder of
+the chapel, Bishop Langton, was buried here, but his tomb was afterwards
+removed to the south side of the high altar. Shaw tells us of the monument
+at one time "in the east part of the chapel, towards the south," of Robert
+Master and Catherine, his wife, and says that "the drawing in Dugdale's
+'Visitation' represents them each under a round arch, in the attitude
+of prayer at a desk." No trace is left of this monument.
+
+As might be expected from what has been given of the history of the
+cathedral, there is none of the old glass belonging to it remaining;
+but in spite of this, all the nine windows of the Lady Chapel have very
+beautiful old glass in them. This glass is not Mediaeval, but belongs
+to the sixteenth century, and the whole of it is a comparatively recent
+acquisition for the cathedral. That in the seven most eastern windows,
+and known as the Herkenrode glass, was put in at the beginning of the
+century; and the other two windows which, until recently, held modern
+glass, bearing the arms of various dignitaries of the cathedral, have
+recently been enriched by old glass of probably very nearly the same
+period as the other.
+
+The nine windows, for the purposes of explanation, may be numbered in
+succession 1 to 9. No. 1, being the first window on the north, and No. 9,
+the first on the south, contain, therefore, the more recently acquired
+glass. This is supposed to have come from the Low Countries; but, at
+any rate, about the middle of the century it was brought to England,
+and lay for years in some cellars in London, where it was forgotten.
+Finally, it was purchased from the representatives of the Marquis of
+Ely. The glass shows the arms of the kingdom of Aragon, and amongst
+other mottoes, that of Charles V.
+
+No. 1. The lower compartment is a symbolic picture on the subject of
+Baptism. Out of the waters in the fountain come the children, to be
+received by their guardian spirits, while above are figures representing
+Faith, Fortitude, and Love, and still higher is a representation of the
+Divine Presence. No. 9 is a pictorial representation of the legendary
+Death of the Virgin Mary. The Virgin is represented lying in a canopied
+bed, surrounded by the apostles, who have been summoned to gather round
+her death-bed: they are all present except St. Thomas, who has been
+detained at the baptism of a royal prince. Above is a representation of
+the Virgin entering into glory.
+
+As stated above, these two windows had originally coats of arms in them,
+and a reproduction of the arms appears in the tracery of the windows,
+No. 1 having those of the dean and chapter in 1803, and No. 9 those of
+the bishops of the diocese from Bishop Hacket to that date.
+
+The glass in the other seven windows--the Herkenrode glass--was
+purchased in 1802 by Sir Brooke Boothby, who discovered it in Belgium,
+where it had been hidden for protection from the French. It had been
+taken from the dissolved Abbey of Herkenrode, near Liege. There were
+three hundred and forty pieces, each about twenty-two inches square,
+and some of them are marked with dates between 1530 and 1540. Sir Brooke
+is said to have given two hundred pounds for it; but it has since been
+valued at fifteen thousand pounds. He, however, most generously sold it
+to the dean and chapter for the modest sum he had paid for it. It turned
+out that there was enough to fill the seven windows it now occupies in
+the Lady Chapel. Some portions have been used in other windows of the
+cathedral, which have been already described.
+
+There is a considerable difference in appearance between this glass and
+that in the other two windows. The subjects depicted in the latter are
+very distinct, while in the former they are more confused, and it must
+be said that the Herkenrode glass is much faded. Still, the whole of
+it is very beautiful, and if it does not satisfy those who crave after
+the Mediaeval stained glass, it is certainly some of the finest glass
+of the kind to be found in England. The designs have been conjectured
+to be by Lambert Lombard, the first, and one of the most famous, of the
+Italianised Flemish School of the sixteenth century; and the other glass
+belongs to the same period.
+
+[Illustration: BRACKETS IN THE LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+The abbey at Herkenrode was founded in 1182, and belonged to the
+Cistercian Order. It became noted for the miracles performed there;
+from which reason, no doubt, it acquired great wealth, and increased so
+much in size that it was almost like a small town. All the nuns were of
+noble family. A history of the abbey was published in 1744, and a copy
+was presented to the cathedral library by Sir Brooke Boothby. The book
+contains a view of the abbey buildings, in the centre of which is seen
+the church. In the third window of the Lady Chapel is a similar picture
+of the church. Windows Nos. 2 and 3 contain portraits of founders and
+benefactors of the abbey, with their patron saints. The other five
+windows, Nos. 4, 5, 6, and 7 show scenes in the life of Christ.
+
+The following is a brief description of these windows:--
+
+No. 2. In this window the glass is in four pictures. In the lower
+left-hand compartment is Cardinal Evrad de la Marck, Bishop of Liege,
+supported by St. Lambert; and in the corresponding space to the right is
+Floris Egmont, Count de Buren, with his wife, attended by St. Christopher
+and St. Margaret. The picture above is of Maximilian Egmont, Count de
+Buren, kneeling before an altar, and attended by St. Christopher and
+St. Barbara. The remaining picture on the left has John, Count de Horn,
+and his wife Anne, also kneeling before an altar. They are attended by
+St. John the Evangelist and St. Anne the mother of the Virgin.
+
+No. 3 contains six pictures, which go right across the window--(1) the
+lowest, has the church of the abbey already mentioned, with an abbess
+and two nuns, and the Virgin and Child; (2) the Virgin and Child again,
+with an angel bearing a shield; (3) the Virgin and Child, an abbot and
+abbess of the Cistercian Order, and the Emperor Lotharius II.; (4) Agnes
+Mettecoven and her husband kneeling to St. Agnes, with her lamb; (5)
+St. John the Evangelist and St. Barbara, St. John the Baptist, and St.
+Margaret, with members of the Mettecoven family; (6) the highest, has
+Henry de Lechy and his wife, with St. Henry and St. Christina.
+
+No. 4. Christ scourged, Christ crowned with thorns, the Annunciation.
+
+No. 5, the central window. The Ascension, Christ and the two Disciples
+at Emmaus, the Three Marys (modern glass).
+
+No. 6. The Last Supper, the Entry into Jerusalem, the Betrayal of Christ
+in the Garden of Gethsemane.
+
+No. 7. The Day of Judgment, the Day of Pentecost, St. Thomas is reproved
+for his doubt.
+
+No. 8. Pilate delivering Christ to be crucified, Christ bearing his Cross,
+the Descent from the Cross, the Resurrection.
+
+On the south side of the Lady Chapel, between the buttresses, are three
+erections, which were no doubt built at the same time as the Lady Chapel
+itself. They have been known as "the Mortuary Chapels," and also as
+"the Vestries." They were probably built for the former purpose.
+
+They have recently been restored as a memorial to Bishop Selwyn, who died
+in 1878. All three chapels have groined roofs, with ribs and bosses, and
+in the floor some of the old encaustic tiles still remain. The central
+chapel is the largest, and is lighted by two small windows. It is only
+entered from the eastern chapel by means of a doorway cut right through
+the buttress. In this central chapel lies the effigy, in Derbyshire
+alabaster, of Bishop Selwyn. During his life he had expressed a wish to
+be buried here, but this was  found to be illegal, and he was buried in
+the close just outside. The effigy is by Mr Nicholls, and the decorations
+of the walls of the chapel are by Messrs Clayton & Bell. These show the
+arms of the bishopric of New Zealand, to which the bishop was originally
+consecrated, and the arms of the dioceses formed out of it, and there
+are more than usually hideous frescoes showing the labours of the bishop
+among the Maories and among the pitmen of the English diocese. Here he
+is not likely to be forgotten; and at Cambridge there is a college known
+as Selwyn College, founded with a similar idea to that which at Oxford
+caused Keble College to be erected to the memory of another great modern
+churchman: there also his memory will remain.
+
+The western chapel has, at its north-western corner, a stair-way leading
+to three cryptal chambers whose flooring is the solid rock.
+
+=The Sacristy.=--The building on the south side of the choir, which is
+generally known as the "sacristy," is a very interesting part of the
+cathedral. Professor Willis decided that it was erected at the same time
+as the original Early English choir, and no doubt it belongs to the same
+period. A careful inspection, however, especially of the entrance from
+the "minstrel gallery" to the chapel of St. Chad's Head, which now forms
+the top storey, shows unmistakable signs that, like the entrance to the
+vestibule in the corresponding bay of the north choir aisle, this doorway
+was once a window, similar, no doubt, to those two still remaining--one
+in each aisle--which look into the aisles of the transepts. This being so,
+it is obvious that the "sacristy," or, at any rate, the upper storey, was
+an afterthought, and that it is later, though perhaps only a little, than
+the choir, its date corresponding perhaps with that of the south transept.
+
+The upper storey, which until recently was used as the muniment room,
+was originally the chapel of St. Chad's Head. It has now been restored
+as a chapel through the zeal and munificence of the present dean, Dr
+Luckock, and was re-dedicated and re-opened on St. Chad's Day, March
+2nd of this year, 1897. In the order of service of that day the dean
+gave an account of the chapel as follows:--
+
+"The Chapel of St. Chad, first Bishop of Lichfield, and, with the
+Blessed Virgin Mary, patron of our Cathedral Church, was destroyed in all
+probability when the rest of the Cathedral was laid in ruins in 1643,
+the siege beginning on St. Chad's Day, March 2nd of that year. Little
+was left: the four walls remained in a broken condition, with the
+vaulting-shafts and caps for the springers of the stone groining, and
+the wall-ribs, to mark its original lines; also the very beautiful
+Early English windows--twelve lancets in groups of three--which,
+singularly enough, were little injured. Externally these are very plain,
+but internally they are full of interest, and there is nothing better of
+the kind in the Cathedral. The site of the old altar is clearly marked;
+indeed, a small portion of it has been preserved. The piscina also still
+remains. After the destruction the chapel must have been left roofless
+for years, as, on breaking up the floor which had been raised by some
+accumulation of rubbish, the workmen found roots of shrubs embedded
+in it. At some time quite unknown, the chapel was roofed in again,
+and the tops of the walls rebuilt where they had been broken down. A
+flat plaster ceiling was inserted, and being divided into two rooms,
+the old chapel was filled with cupboards and used till last year for
+the custody of the muniments. The aumbry remains in which antiquarians
+suppose that St. Chad's relics were preserved. Dr Cox, in his Catalogue
+of the muniments, page 90, throws some light upon the subject, from the
+Chapter Act Books, quoting from F. 4 in the year 1481:--'Two monstrances
+given to the Cathedral in charge of William Hukyns, the custodian of the
+Head of St. Chad by Dean Heywood, for keeping relics.' And he appends the
+following note:--'This very likely gives the date of the stone gallery
+in front of the muniment room in the South Choir aisle (then the chapel
+of the head of St. Chad). This gallery is of Perpendicular work, and
+was chiefly intended for the exhibition of relics, in monstrances, to
+the pilgrims in the aisle below; the second staircase, that allowed of a
+flow of pilgrims to the upper chapel, being at this time removed.' All
+the stone groining and the wood and iron work have been completely
+restored under the direction of Mr J. Oldrid Scott. There are some very
+old pieces of stone figure-work, which have been preserved. The new bosses
+and corbels have been carved with subjects from the history of St. Chad,
+the chief of which show his being mounted on horseback, by Archbishop
+Theodore; his protection of the hart that fled to him for refuge; and his
+death in his cell, surrounded by angels. The reredos, of Staffordshire
+alabaster, replacing one the existence of which at the east end is
+clearly indicated, is of a very uncommon design, by Mr C. E. Kempe. It
+consists of an altar-piece of ornamental arcading, surmounted by three
+tall canopied niches in which are placed sculptured figures representing
+the Crucifixion, St. Mary, and St. John. These are supported by angels
+bearing shields. All the windows are filled with stained glass by Mr
+Kempe, and contain Choirs of Angels singing the Confessor's hymn, or
+Psalm cxii., _Beatus vir_, which runs in scrolls through nine of the
+lights. The angels over the crucifix in the east window bear a scroll
+with the words of Psalm xxi. 3, _Posimisti in capite_, etc. St. Chad is
+represented in the centre lancet of the west wall."
+
+[Illustration: CAPITAL IN CHAPTER-HOUSE.]
+
+This chapel is now approached by a staircase, leading from a doorway in
+the fourth bay on to the gallery, usually and incorrectly known as the
+"minstrel gallery," from which again two short flights of steps, right
+and left, lead into the chapel.
+
+The lower storey was originally the sacristy: it is now used as the
+consistory court. Against the west wall are some of the old Jacobean
+stalls, which were put into the choir in Bishop Hacket's time; while
+in the corner are let into the floor some of the old tiles and slabs
+of cannel coal with which, and alabaster, the cathedral was at one time
+paved. The windows are filled with Perpendicular tracery, replacing the
+old Early English windows. Underneath, and reached by a staircase in
+the south-east turret, now closed, is a vault, at present used as the
+burial vault of the Paget family. Probably it was once a dungeon.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHAPTER-HOUSE.]
+
+In the west wall can be seen the place where a doorway led into a chamber
+built in between the sacristy and the south transept aisle. This was no
+doubt the treasury of the cathedral, where all the most precious relics
+and valuables were kept. It is now entered by a doorway in the choir
+aisle. At present it appears to be a receptacle for odds and ends, and
+cupboards are placed along the walls. On the west side are several large
+aumbries, in which, no doubt, the relics were kept. The floor in this
+chamber has been raised at some time or other, and it is now much higher
+than that of the adjoining consistory court, so that there are steps in
+the south-east corner leading to a door into the consistory court. This is
+not the old doorway already mentioned, which is blocked up, but probably a
+much later entrance. Some old cannon balls which have been discovered in
+and round the cathedral may be seen in the treasury. On the north wall
+in both the consistory court and the treasury can be seen the remains of
+an old course or housing which, though in both cases incomplete, appears
+to have a semi-circular form. No theory seems to have been advanced as
+to these remains, and in this book it were wiser to follow precedent.
+
+=The Chapter-House=, which lies to the north of the choir, is approached
+by a vestibule which has a doorway, already described, into the third
+bay of the north choir aisle. Both the chapter-house and the vestibule
+were built at the same time as the north transept--that is, somewhere
+near the middle of the thirteenth century--and the style is therefore
+that known as the Early English, but it is a later instance than that
+part of the choir into which the doorway leads. That the vestibule was
+not built when the early part of the choir was finished is evident,
+as "its walls abut against those of the choir with a straight joint,
+and the arch of entrance in the side aisle is a manifest intrusion into
+the space once occupied by a window." The north end of the vestibule
+has also been altered, there having been a doorway where now there is
+a window; the former existed until nearly the end of the last century,
+but it had been altered before the plate in Britton's "Cathedrals" was
+engraved. It can easily be seen from the outside that such a door must
+have existed, from the different colouring of the stone-work. The window
+has recently been filled with stained glass by Messrs Burlison & Grylls,
+representing Nehemiah and Simeon, in memory of the late verger, William
+Yeend. Down each side of the vestibule there is a very fine arcading,
+that on the west side being double and much deeper than that on the east,
+which is single; the niches are large enough to be used as seats, and
+it has been suggested that here the ceremony of washing the feet of the
+poor took place on Maundy Thursday; as there were thirteen niches, this
+is highly probable. Some of the capitals of the pillars of the arcade
+are very finely carved, and, as was usual at the time, are very deeply
+under-cut; and the dripstones terminate in very interesting corbels in the
+form of heads and bunches of foliage. Recently, on the west side, some
+of the arcading has been opened out to afford access to the new vestry,
+which has been constructed by roofing in the space between the vestibule
+and the north transept. On the east side near the cathedral is the
+entrance to the library, which is the upper storey of the chapter-house
+building, and is approached by a spiral staircase. At the farther end,
+on the same side, is the very fine entrance to the chapter-house. This,
+like the central west doorway and that in the north transept, is double
+and recessed. The mouldings in the arch are deeply and finely cut, and
+the capitals of the grouped shafts are very richly carved with delicate
+leaves. The jambs have an enrichment of dog-toothing behind the slender
+detached shafts, and the two small arches have trefoil archivolts,
+so that the whole has a very rich effect. In the tympanum of the arch
+there is a bas-relief figure of Our Lord in a quatrefoil recess.
+
+[Illustration: EASTERN PORTION OF THE ARCADE IN THE CHAPTER-HOUSE.]
+
+The chapter-house is a very fine room; it is octagonal in shape, but the
+north and south sides of it are double the length of each of the other
+six sides, which are equal. There is a central pillar, the clustered
+shafts of which are banded in the centre; the capitals of these shafts
+have a particularly rich and elaborate carving of foliage; and above,
+the vaulting ribs spread to the roof like the branches of a tree,
+producing a very fine effect. The bosses where the ribs intersect are
+also worthy of attention, and the ribs rise from very richly-carved and
+deeply-moulded corbels. The windows are Early English, and of two lights
+each. Below is a very beautiful arcading, similar, indeed, to that in
+the vestibule, which entirely surrounds the building. The arcade is
+composed of deep, moulded, trefoil arches, resting on single columns,
+with beautifully-carved capitals, in some of which will be found figures
+of birds and animals. The canopies of the arches are dog-toothed, and
+end in curiously-carved heads, which afford interesting illustrations
+of the head-dresses of the time.
+
+The chapter-house was decorated with frescoes and stained glass by Dean
+Heywood in the fifteenth century, as we know from the MSS. entitled
+_Cantaria Sancti Blasii_ in the library. The frescoes have disappeared
+except over the doorway, where still remain faint signs of the
+representation of the Assumption, which may have formed part of Dean
+Heywood's decoration, but more likely is earlier: it has been suggested
+that it was placed there by Bishop Burghill from the fact that a
+Dominican Friar, to which order he belonged, is represented in the
+group in adoration. The glass contained figures of the apostles, with
+other pictures above; these being all pre-Cromwellian, have, of course,
+disappeared. More recently the glazing of the chapter-house displayed
+armorial bearings, more or less correct, in imitation of glass known
+to have ornamented the cathedral in the past. This armorial glass is
+gradually giving way to glass representing scenes in the history of
+the cathedral. At present, five of the windows have been so glazed,
+and the rest will be changed gradually, as opportunity offers.
+
+The first window on the left-hand side on entering is in memory of
+Prebendary Edwards. There are figures of St. Chad and King Wulphere,
+with scenes showing the Consecration of St. Chad, and the Baptism by
+St. Chad of the two sons of King Wulphere.
+
+The second window is in memory of Archdeacon Allen and Prebendary de
+Bunsen. The figures are St. Oswald and St. Aidan. The scenes represent
+St. Aidan preaching to the Northumbrians, with King Oswald interpreting;
+and St. Aidan at Lindisfarne, teaching in his school, where St. Chad is
+one of the scholars.
+
+The third window is in memory of Dean Bickersteth. The figures are
+Archbishop Theodore and St. Ovin, and the scenes St. Chad teaching his
+clergy, and St. Ovin listening to the angels who were calling St. Chad
+at his death.
+
+The fourth window is in memory of Prebendary Gresley. The figures are
+Oswy, King of Northumbria, and Diuma, the first bishop of Mercia. The
+scenes are Bishop Jaruman promising to build a church at Lichfield,
+and the institution by King AEthelwald of prebendaries.
+
+The fifth window is in memory of Prebendary Finch Smith. The figures
+represent Archbishop Higbert of Lichfield, and Thomas Cantelupe, Bishop
+of Hereford, formerly prebendary of this cathedral. The scenes are
+Bishop Aldulf at the Council of Cloveshoo, renouncing the metropolitan
+powers in favour of Canterbury, and Bishop Roger de Clinton building a
+new cathedral in honour of St. Mary and St. Chad.
+
+=The Library= is immediately above the chapter-house, and is of the same
+octagonal shape. The arrangements also are similar, but the room is less
+lofty, the carvings less elaborate, and there is no reading. Otherwise,
+we find the same central pillar, from which similar vaulting ribs spring,
+with corbels in the walls to receive them. It is not known for what
+purpose this room was originally intended, but certainly, until recent
+years, it was not used as a library. The old library, of which there are
+pictures by Hollar and King, stood to the north of the north transept
+in the close, or, as it is recorded in the Capitular Acts, vol. 3, "ex
+parte boreali in cimeterio." Dean Heywood gave L40 to build the library,
+and though it was not begun in his time, it was completed in the time
+of his successor, Dean Yotton, who also subscribed to its erection. This
+was at about the commencement of the sixteenth century, and the building
+remained until the middle of the eighteenth, when it was demolished.
+
+The extent of the library has been increased by opening a doorway into
+the room above the vestibule. This room, it has recently been decided,
+was the old chapel of St. Peter. Though an upstairs chapel was not usual,
+yet it is not by any means unknown, and chapels were even sometimes to
+be found in the rood lofts of cathedrals. No trace can be found of the
+fresco, mentioned by Stukeley, of "St. Peter crucified with his head
+downwards, and two other apostles, etc." He tells us that the chapel
+was in his time used as a place for storing scaffolding and ladders,
+and that here was placed the mutilated remains of St. Chad's tomb.
+
+The place still shows signs of its ill-usage, little having been done to
+repair the ravages of the Civil War. The vaulting is much broken, and
+the walls cracked: these facts strengthen the belief in the tradition
+that it was on this building, together with the choir, that the great
+central tower fell during the siege by the soldiers of the Parliament.
+
+The library has had many generous donations of books at various
+times. Under the will of Frances, Duchess of Somerset, the cathedral
+received the library of her late husband, the Duke, who succeeded his
+grandfather as Earl of Hertford, and was restored to the family dukedom
+at the Restoration. The duchess was the daughter of the Earl of Essex
+who was the favourite of Queen Elizabeth, and whom she afterwards had
+beheaded. These books numbered about one thousand, and included many
+rare old Black-Letter chronicles and histories printed in the sixteenth
+and seventeenth centuries.
+
+Many others have contributed to the library, amongst whom are Archdeacon
+Davies, 1763; William Smallbroke, 1771; Canon Lamb, 1770; Richard Hurd,
+1777; Bishop Cornwallis, 1783; Rev. Henry White, 1786; Dr Pegge, the
+well-known antiquary, who, amongst other things, wrote an account of the
+life of Bishop Weseham, and who left the library, by his will, one hundred
+books out of his own library; Andrew Newton, who left his books to the
+cathedral, and built the college in the close for the widows and orphans
+of the clergy, besides spending large sums on educational purposes;
+and Sir Brooke Boothby, 1815, who gave the "History of the Abbey of
+Herckenrode," referred to in the account of the glass now in the Lady
+Chapel. There have been besides many recent benefactions, including a
+valuable set of drawings, by herself, of most of the churches in the
+county of Stafford, left by Mrs Moore, the widow of the Archdeacon of
+Stafford. There is also in the library a fine old picture of the Duchess
+of Somerset, as well as an engraving from Sir Joshua Reynolds' picture
+of Dr Johnson.
+
+Among the most valuable manuscripts and books in the library are
+the "Gospels of St. Chad," of which more immediately; a fine folio
+manuscript, on vellum, of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales," but without
+the doubtful Ploughman's Tale; the initial letters, especially those
+at the commencement of each tale, being richly coloured and gilt; the
+"Valor Ecclesiasticus of Pope Nicholas IV."--this is an account taken
+of the value of ecclesiastical property in the time of Edward I., from
+which the tithe granted to the Pope could be ascertained.
+
+Other notable volumes are, "Dives and Pauper," a MS. treatise on the
+Decalogue--this treatise was one of the earliest books printed in England;
+"Orders generally to be observed of the whole household of the prince his
+highness," a large folio, marked with the sign-manual of King Charles
+I. at every ordinance; and a collection of recipes by Sir John Floyer,
+physician to Charles II. There is also a volume of MSS. already often
+referred to, superscribed, "_Cantaria Sancti Blasii; Ordinatio Majistri
+Thomoe Heywood decani Eccles. Lich de et super Cantaria Jesu et Sancta
+Anne in parte boreai eccles. Lich et de pensione Capellani ibidem perpetuo
+celebaturi et aliis articulis, etc._" Besides these, there are many rare
+Bibles:--Cranmer's Bible, 1540; the "Breeches" Bible; the "Vinegar"
+Bible, and many others.
+
+[Illustration: THE GOSPELS OF ST. CHAD, IN THE LIBRARY.]
+
+But to many the most interesting volume in the library will be a copy of
+South's Sermons, published in 1694. It belonged to Dr Johnson, and was
+used by him in the compilation of his Dictionary. His method, apparently,
+was to put a letter in the margin opposite the word whose particular
+use here he intended to quote; and it is interesting, Sermons in hand,
+to test his method with the dictionary. On one page a "K" in the margin
+is opposite the word "Key." In the dictionary  will be found under
+"Key" the expected quotation from South, "that every man should keep
+the key of his own breast."
+
+
+The most valuable book in the library is the _Textus S. Ceddae_, generally
+known as "St. Chad's Gospels." This is written on vellum, and contains
+the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Mark, and a small portion of the
+Gospel of St. Luke. It is undoubtedly an Irish MS., probably about the
+end of the seventh century. There is a page in the book which, with its
+tesselated work enclosing a cross, recalls to antiquarians similar work in
+the famous Irish Book of Kells, and in the Gospels of St. Columba which
+are preserved at Dublin. The connection of an Irish MS. with St. Chad is
+not difficult of explanation, since, after being taught by St. Aidan at
+Lindisfarne, he is supposed to have gone, as so many other earnest priests
+did at the time, to Ireland, to one of the noted monasteries there. The
+MS. is in Latin, and, with many remarkable variations, follows closely
+the _Codex Amiatinus_ of St Jerome. But its marginal notes are not the
+least interesting part of the book; from these, which are sometimes in
+Celtic and Anglo-Saxon, and sometimes in Latin, we learn something of its
+history, which is remarkable. The cathedral of Llandaff seems to have
+acquired it indirectly in exchange for a horse, and there is a note in
+Celtic, "underneath the record of this transaction, which is witnessed
+by Aidan; whether or no this is the Northumbrian bishop is not known."
+Another entry, on the page devoted to a picture of St. Luke, shows that
+the MS. was still at Llandaff at the end of the ninth century; but on the
+first page of all is a faint but legible signature which reads "Kynsy"
+or "Wynsy Praesul", both names of bishops of Lichfield at the end of the
+tenth century, so that it had probably arrived at its present home not
+so far short of a thousand years ago. There are other notes connecting
+it with Lichfield. All these have been printed many times in the pages of
+learned publications. It owes its escape at the time of the Civil War to
+the vigilance of William Higgins, Archdeacon of Derby, who was precentor
+of the cathedral. He abstracted it and kept it until the troubles were
+over. It now lies in a glass case in the library, side by side with the
+beautiful "Canterbury Tales." So marvellous are some of the decorations,
+that it is no wonder that, in an age more faithful than ours, popular
+belief declared some of them to be "the work of angels."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE SEE
+
+
+At the present day the diocese of Lichfield consists of almost the
+whole of the county of Stafford, part of Shropshire, and a small part of
+Flintshire and of Warwickshire. Originally, in Anglo-Saxon times, when
+the first bishop was appointed, the see of Lichfield extended over the
+whole of Mercia--that is, from the Humber and East Anglia on the north
+and east, to Wales on the west, and the Thames on the south. Since those
+days the diocese has been at various times divided, and other dioceses
+formed; Hereford, Lincoln, Ely, Peterborough, Chester, Worcester, Oxford,
+St. Albans, Gloucester, Manchester, Liverpool, and Southwell, have all,
+in whole or in part, been formed out of what was once the diocese of
+Lichfield.
+
+Of Lichfield in Roman times practically nothing is known. Situated as
+it is, at a little distance from the crossing of the great Roman roads,
+Watling Street and Ryknield Street--at which junction the Roman town of
+Etocetum (the modern Wall) lay, Lichfield was then probably nothing more
+than open country. The neighbouring towns have yielded a rich harvest of
+archaeological treasures; but beyond coins of various Roman Emperors,
+bearing Christian emblems, there is little to show that the Gospel had
+made its way in this part of England; though, in the cemeteries filled
+with urns containing the ashes of the dead, there have been found, near
+Burton-on-Trent and near Derby, skeletons, no doubt of Christians who,
+according to the rites of their religion, had been buried and not burnt.
+
+To Roman times belongs the legend, which is said to give its name to
+Lichfield, of the massacre of Christians under Diocletian; in consequence,
+it is related, the place was called Lyccidfelth, or Licidfield--the
+field of dead men. This is the derivation most generally accepted at the
+present day; but some etymologists think that Lichfield means Lakefield,
+from the quantity of water in the neighbourhood.
+
+It is almost certain that the people of Mercia remained pagan from the
+Roman epoch, and through all the long wars which were waged between
+the gradually defeated Britons and the Saxons. Three Saxon kings, all
+pagans, ruled Mercia; and Christianity, which had taken such firm hold
+in Northumbria, still had not penetrated to the dark central region
+of Mercia. Then came Penda the Strong, himself a pagan. "He was not
+baptised," it was said of him, "and never believed in God." He slew many
+kings, amongst them being the saintly Oswald, king of Northumbria. One
+of King Penda's daughters had married Alchfrid, a nephew of Oswald
+and son to the then King Oswy of Northumbria; and in 652 Penda's son,
+Peada, became suitor for the hand of one of Oswy's daughters. Peada was
+then ruling under his father the Middle Angles, and he journeyed to the
+Northumbrian Court, where he was most hospitably received, in spite of the
+fact that constant war was being waged between Mercia and Northumbria;
+but the princess whom he sought was promised him only on condition that
+he and his people in Mid-Anglia should become Christians. Alchfrid became
+his teacher; and the beauty of this new faith so seized on him that he
+declared his willingness to become a Christian whether he might win his
+princess or not. That same year he was baptised by Finan, the British
+bishop and head of the Church in Northumbria, and with him all his
+followers. He returned to his own country, taking with him four priests
+of the British Church: Cedda, who was afterwards made Bishop of London,
+and who was the brother of St. Chad, Adda, Betti, and Diuma. These four
+taught the Gospel to the Mid-Anglians, and even went north among the other
+Mercians; and it does not appear that Penda, in spite of his paganism,
+made any opposition.
+
+Notwithstanding these close links between the two kingdoms, in the year
+655 Penda with an enormous force invaded Northumbria; he was defeated
+and killed by Oswy, who now became king of Mercia, but left Peada in his
+old rule in Mid-Anglia. This was the death-blow of paganism in Mercia;
+Christianity, which was beginning to take firm hold in Peada's country,
+spread rapidly, and =Diuma= (656-658) was made bishop of Mercia. This
+may be said to be the commencement of the  see which afterwards was
+called by the name of Lichfield; but as yet there was no cathedral,
+nor was any place particularly settled upon as the headquarters of the
+work which was so enthusiastically carried on. Diuma was a travelling
+or missionary bishop, and when he died, after a brief rule of two years,
+the Church in Mercia was an accomplished fact.
+
+Diuma was succeeded by =Creollach= (658-659), who, unlike his predecessor
+an Irishman, was a Briton; he was appointed by Oswy; but in this same
+year the Mercians rebelled, Oswy fled, and Creollach fled with him,
+and finally retired to Iona.
+
+The next bishop was a Saxon abbot named =Trumhere= (659-662), and he
+was succeeded on his death by =Jaruman= (662-667). Both were appointed
+by King Wulphere, son of Penda, who had been raised to the Mercian
+throne by his people; and both were Saxons who had been consecrated in
+the Northumbrian Church. Jaruman was a most energetic bishop, and he
+appears to have been sent into Essex to reconvert the people there who
+had fallen into paganism again; his mission was a success, and Jaruman
+returned to his own people in Mercia.
+
+It was during Jaruman's episcopate that difficulties arose between
+the Church in Britain and the Church in Rome. Rome had sent messengers
+to Britain, and they had been the means of converting a large portion
+of the south coast and of East Anglia; but there were differences in
+the two Churches, and one particularly caused much trouble. The Roman
+Church had always kept Easter Day on a Sunday, but the British Church
+held this feast on March 14, whatever day of the week it might be. A
+synod was called at Whitby, and it was decided, mainly through the
+instrumentality of Wilfrid, the future bishop of York, in favour of the
+Roman Sunday. In this way, it may be said, began the rule of Rome in the
+English Church. Shortly after, in 667, Jaruman died, and no successor was
+appointed for two years. During this time, Theodorus of Tarsus became
+Archbishop of Canterbury, and to him belongs the credit of making the
+English Church: before, each kingdom had had its own Church, but Theodore
+welded them together into one whole, and completed their dependence on
+the bishop of Rome. Wilfrid was made bishop of York, and St. Chad, who
+had been consecrated to that see, retired to the abbey at Lastingham,
+only in the next year, 669, to  be reconsecrated as bishop of Mercia
+by the new Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+=St. Chad= or =Ceadda= (669-672) made his seat at Lichfield, and in so
+doing founded the diocese of Lichfield.
+
+St. Chad, as has been stated before, was the patron saint of
+Lichfield. What is known of him is principally derived from Bede's
+"Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation." From this we learn
+that when not on his missionary travels over the diocese he spent most
+of his time in prayer, and in meditation on death and supernatural
+things. His method was to proceed from place to place in his diocese
+on foot; and there is a story of Theodore taking St. Chad in his arms
+and lifting him on to a horse which he presented to him. He founded
+the abbey of Barrow-on-Humber, which King Wulphere endowed with fifty
+hides of land. His headquarters, as we have said, were at Lichfield,
+and he built, or finished building, a small church near what is still
+known as St. Chad's Well, at the eastern end of Stowe Pool.
+
+Like his predecessors' his time was short; only for two years was he
+allowed to labour at Lichfield. There is a beautiful legend of his death
+which has been well told by Dean Bickersteth. "A week before his death
+a sound of angelic melody was heard coming from the south-east, until
+it reached and filled the little oratory where he was praying. This
+the good bishop interpreted to be his summons to heaven. The voices, he
+privately told Ovin, were those of angels. The messenger of death, that
+'lovable guest,' was with them. They would come again in seven days and
+take him with them. About the same time, Egbert, a Northumbrian who had
+been a fellow-student with St. Chad in an Irish monastery, dreamt that
+he saw the soul of Cedda, Chad's brother, descending from heaven with
+a company of angels to take the soul of Chad with him into the heavenly
+kingdom." As he had foretold, so he died; but he was not forgotten, and
+many were the miracles said to have been performed at his shrine. His
+bones were removed from their first resting-place near Stowe Church
+into a beautiful shrine in the cathedral, where they remained until the
+Reformation, when they were taken away, and are now said to be in the
+Roman Catholic cathedral at Birmingham.
+
+There is another legend concerning St. Chad which has become more closely
+attached to Peterborough than to Lichfield, but it must be briefly
+stated here, as the story appears in some of the decorations of the
+cathedral. Bede does not mention it, and it has been given in varying
+forms by different writers. Briefly, the essence of the legend is that
+Wulphere, the king of Mercia, had killed two of his sons, Wulfade and
+Rufin, on account of their having been baptised by St. Chad. Each of
+these young princes had been hunting in the forest when he came across
+a hart with a rope round its neck. The prince gave chase, and the hart
+led him to St. Chad, who, having prayed with him, baptised him. This
+happened to both Wulfade and Rufin separately. Then Wulphere in his
+anger slew them. Afterwards he repented, and setting out to St. Chad,
+was led there by the same hart, and found the saint at prayer, with his
+cloak hanging on a sunbeam. Wulphere was absolved on condition that he
+should expiate his crime by founding churches and monasteries all over
+his kingdom. Lichfield is said to have been one of these churches, and
+Peterborough one of these monasteries. Many churches have been dedicated
+to St. Chad, especially in the Midlands, and in the east of London there
+was a well known as St. Chad's Well, where miracles were performed;
+and it was noted for its medicinal waters up to quite recent times. A
+large district in east London is still called after St. Chad's Well in
+the corrupted form of Shadwell.
+
+The next bishop was =Winfrid= (672-675), the abbot of St. Chad's Abbey at
+Barrow-on-Humber; but in the year that he was appointed a church council
+was held by Theodore, at which it was decided to split up some of the
+dioceses. Lichfield being one of the largest, would have been divided
+at once, but Winfrid, whether for his own sake or at the instigation
+of King Wulphere, resisted, and the diocese remained unchanged until
+Wulphere died, when in 675, Winfrid, still remaining opposed to the
+scheme, was deprived. He subsequently was murdered on his way to Rome.
+
+The new bishop was =Saxwulf= (675-691), abbot of Peterborough, and
+the work of cutting up the diocese was begun. The sees of Hereford and
+Worcester were made. Lincolnshire was taken from the diocese, and the
+Middle Angles became the see of Leicester. However, Lichfield still
+remained an enormous diocese, and when Saxwulf died he was bishop of
+both Lichfield and Leicester. He was  succeeded by =Hedda= (691-721),
+who is said to have determined the site of the present cathedral by
+building a church there. However, nothing remains of this cathedral,
+but it is always supposed that Hedda brought St. Chad's bones from Stowe
+Church and deposited them here. The cathedral was dedicated to St. Peter.
+
+Hedda and his successor, =Aldwin= (721-737), were bishops of both
+Lichfield and Leicester. They were followed at Lichfield by =Witta=
+(737-752), and the connection with Leicester ceased. In 756 Offa, the
+greatest of the Mercian kings, ascended the throne. Offa added a part
+of Shropshire to the diocese, which from this time remained the same in
+extent down to the Reformation. Here followed three bishops--=Hemele=
+(752-764), =Cuthred= (765-768), and =Berthum= (768-779)--of whom little
+is known; and then came =Higbert= or =Hygeberht= (785-801), who holds
+a remarkable position in the history of the diocese. Offa had by this
+time advanced himself into the leading position in England; and so great
+was his power that Charlemagne called him emperor of the west, keeping
+for himself the title of emperor of the east. But Offa was first of all
+king of Mercia, and it did not please him to think that his bishops were
+subordinate to an archbishop who lived in one of his subject states;
+and so he determined "to humble Canterbury and exalt Lichfield." He
+began by confiscating all the property of Canterbury situated in Mercia,
+and then he appealed to the Pope that the bishop of Lichfield should
+be made an archbishop. The Pope assented, a council held at Chelsea in
+785 also agreed, and Higbert, the new bishop, became archbishop, with
+the bishoprics of Worcester, Leicester, Lincoln, and Hereford, parts of
+the old diocese of Mercia, as well as Elmham and Dunwich, to make up his
+province. Offa died in 796, and immediately a stir was made to restore
+Canterbury to its old dignity. The negotiations were long, but in 802
+Pope Leo decided in favour of Canterbury, and the council of Cloveshoe in
+803 formally annulled the metropolitan dignity of Lichfield. =Aldulf=
+(801-812), who had succeeded Higbert as archbishop, became bishop,
+but took precedency after Canterbury overall the other bishoprics,
+and =Herewin= (812-818) on his appointment submitted to Canterbury.
+
+Shortly afterwards =AEthelwald= (818-828) organised the bishopric upon
+the basis of its present constitution. Churches were springing up all
+over the diocese, with their own clergy, and so, although the church
+at Lichfield remained the headquarters of the diocese, yet the clergy
+attached to it were no longer to be responsible for the ministrations
+of the whole diocese, but were to confine themselves to the estates of
+the bishop and the cathedral, where they were to dwell under canons or
+rules. It is possible that from this time the cathedral clergy became
+known as canons.
+
+Then comes the period of the invasion by the Danes, whereby the country
+was devastated and the rich abbeys were destroyed. Peterborough, Crowland,
+and Ely, "went up in flames"; the enemy advanced along the Trent, and
+levelled to the ground the famous monastery of Repton--the Walhalla of
+Mercia--where countless kings and princes had been buried. What happened
+at Lichfield is not known, but many bishops succeeded one another,
+of whose consecration, in some cases, the dates are so doubtful that
+it is not worth while to give them. Their names are:--=Hunbert=, 828;
+=Kynebert=; =Tunfrith=; =Ella=; =Algar=, 941; =Kinsy=, 949; =Winsy=,
+964; =Elfege=, 973; =Godwin=, 1004; =Leofgar=, 1020; =Brithmar=, 1026;
+and =Wulsy=, 1039; but little is known of them, though these two centuries
+are far from being unimportant in the history of the diocese.
+
+Probably the destruction of the royal abbeys caused the building of
+numerous parish churches during this period, and of the collegiate
+churches which were planted in the principal centres of the
+population. The former were mostly endowed with lands or tithes to
+support the parish clergy, or to recompense the canons who should attend
+the church, in which latter case the tithes were probably "appropriated"
+to the cathedral.
+
+So the system developed until about the year 1000, when began, in
+Mercia, a new age of monasteries, not like the old royal abbeys which
+had mostly been destroyed, but houses that were filled with monks or
+nuns of the Benedictine order. These competed with the secular clergy
+in appropriating the endowments of the churches, and a jealousy began
+between the two systems which blazed continually, with greater or less
+heat, until the final overthrow of the monasteries by Henry VIII. at
+the beginning of the sixteenth century.
+
+Early in the eleventh century was founded, at Coventry, the Benedictine
+abbey which had so great a share in the history of the diocese. Its
+founder, Earl Leofric, was the husband of the beautiful Godiva whose
+ride through the town made Coventry free from tolls.
+
+   "I, Luriche, for love of thee,
+   Doe make Coventre toll-free,"
+
+are the old words. She induced her husband to found and endow the abbey
+with its twenty-four monks; she herself contributed her gold and silver,
+and the monastery became so wealthy that "the walls seemed almost too
+strait to hold it all."
+
+=Leofwin=, bishop of Lichfield (1054-1066), was made the first abbot of
+Coventry; he died in the year of the Conquest, and was the last Saxon
+bishop: henceforth a new order of men was to rule the Church in England.
+
+No doubt Lichfield owed to its insignificance as a city the immunity
+which it again enjoyed while all the neighbouring country was being
+pillaged. William appointed his own chaplain, =Peter= (1072-1084),
+as bishop, and here, no doubt, he lived until 1075, when, at the synod
+of London, it was decided that the seats of the bishops should be in
+the larger towns and not in the villages. So to the town of Chester,
+where there were about 400 or 500 houses, the bishop's seat was moved.
+
+It is interesting to find in "Domesday Book" mention of the
+extraordinarily heavy fines payable to the bishop at Chester for such
+offences as the following:--"If any free man does work on a holy day,
+the bishop has a forfeit of eight shillings. A slave or maidservant so
+transgressing pays four shillings. A merchant coming into the city and
+carrying a stall shall pay to the bishop four shillings if he take it
+down between the ninth hour of the Sabbath and Monday without licence
+from the bishop's officer."
+
+Following Peter came =Robert de Lymesey= (1087-1117), who, after waiting
+a short time, obtained papal leave to remove his seat to Coventry,
+the barony of which he bought from the king; and so he became both
+bishop and abbot, and for about a century his successors united the
+two offices. This arrangement was not at all to the taste of the monks,
+and constant quarrels occurred. Robert de Lymesey is said to have rifled
+the place; some contend, for the sake of the cathedral at Lichfield, but
+others, in order to prosecute the suit at Rome in which he was involved
+with the monks.
+
+The next bishop was =Robert Peche= (1121-1126), and then came =Roger
+de Clinton= (1129-1148); he was known as the soldier-bishop, and was
+certainly a strong man, whatever his reputation may have been in other
+ways. At Lichfield, he was a reformer who did much good to the place. The
+five canons he found there were dependent for their support on the
+bishop, and he seems to have settled property on the cathedral to support
+them. He also added a number of prebendaries, or non-resident canons,
+who were to be members of the chapter, and were to enjoy a stall in the
+choir; and to each stall a small estate or prebend was attached. Many
+other things he did; but, principally, he is supposed to have built the
+Norman cathedral, and to have fortified the close.
+
+Bishop Roger seems to have been also a great supporter of the Cistercian
+monks, who appeared in the neighbourhood about this time, and for
+whom he built an abbey in the diocese at Buildwas, not very far from
+Shrewsbury. Then, being a soldier as well as a bishop, he started for
+the East, and died, after fighting in the Crusades, at Antioch in 1148.
+
+Ever since the Conquest the struggles in the Church had been growing
+sharper. There is no room for a full discussion of these quarrels, but,
+briefly, it may be said that they arose largely from a desire on the
+part of the monks and the collegiate churches to shake off the power
+of the bishops. In doing this it had been necessary to appeal more and
+more to the Pope, and in consequence the Pope was gradually increasing
+his power in England, to the detriment not only of the bishops, but
+also of the king. On the death of Bishop Clinton, Stephen, instead of
+appointing a successor himself, as had been the custom of the king on
+previous occasions, found it necessary to depute his authority to a
+joint council of the monks of Coventry and the canons of Lichfield and
+Chester. They met at Leicester, and the monks by themselves appointed
+=Walter Durdent= (1149-1159), prior of Canterbury. The canons would
+not admit this election, although the new nominee had been precentor
+at Lichfield; they appealed to Rome, and--how the result came about is
+not clear, but indeed is a matter of dispute--Durdent was consecrated at
+Canterbury. He was enthroned at Coventry, but was barred out of Lichfield,
+where he commenced his rule by excommunicating the canons. But Durdent,
+being now a bishop, soon drew the canons to his  side, and it was with
+Coventry that the differences continued. He and the prior were summoned
+to Rome, where it was settled that the bishop should keep the abbey as
+a monastic cathedral, but that the prior should in the future have the
+first voice in the election of bishops.
+
+Durdent died at Rome, and was succeeded by =Richard Peche= (1161-1182),
+son of Robert Peche--for the clergy of that day often married--who
+seems to have secured the suffrages of both sets of electors. He retired
+just before his end to the priory of St Thomas, near Stafford, which he
+had founded in 1180 in memory of Thomas a Becket, who had been murdered
+ten years previously. He was one of those who had consecrated the
+archbishop a few years before, and he joined in the popular indignation
+which ended in the canonisation of the victim. About this time the diocese
+was permanently divided into the archdeaconries of Derby, Stafford,
+Chester, and Coventry.
+
+The next bishop was =Gerard Puella= (1183), a celebrated authority on
+ecclesiastical and canon law. Lichfield refused to admit him, and he
+died soon after his consecration.
+
+The next bishop was =Hugh de Nonant= or Nunant (1184-1199); his intense
+hatred of the monks led to terrible disturbances at Coventry. Soon after
+his consecration he exasperated the monks so greatly that they beat him,
+and Nonant, with the wounds upon him, hurried to the king, and obtained
+his consent--some say by purchase--to the monks being turned out. This
+was done, and secular canons instituted in their place. During the absence
+of King Richard at the Crusades, Nonant appears to have identified himself
+too much with the cause of Prince John. This brought about his ruin; for,
+being suspected by Richard on his return from captivity of participation
+in the plots against the crown, he was deprived of his bishopric, which
+in course of time, however, he was allowed to buy back for 5000 marks. He
+lived not only to see the monks restored to Coventry by the Pope, but
+also to repent of his harshness to monastical institutions. He died on
+his way to Rome, and was buried among the monks of Caen.
+
+The next election revived the bitterness between Coventry and Lichfield,
+a bitterness accentuated by the political adherence of the two parties,
+Coventry being on King Richard's side, Lichfield for Prince John. Under
+these circumstances, the canons had not even been called to the ceremony
+of election, and Coventry's candidate, =Geoffry de Muschamp= (1198-1208),
+was elected. But the greatest difficulty of all arose at the election
+of the next bishop. John was now king, and Lichfield in favour. The
+monks chose their prior, but John would not allow his consecration;
+then came a series of proposals, to none of which could king, monks,
+and canons all three assent, but finally, at the intercession of
+Pandulf, the Pope's legate, they all agreed on =William de Cornhull=
+(1215-1223). Thomas of Chesterfield tells us that this bishop conferred
+the right upon the chapter of electing their own dean.
+
+The next bishop, =Alexander de Stavenby= (1224-1238), was appointed by
+the Pope, on the appeal to him of both parties, who were still unable to
+agree. He built the friary in Lichfield, and dedicated it to St. Francis,
+the founder of the Friar Minors, which order he first introduced into
+the diocese.
+
+The high position of Stavenby in the councils of the realm make him
+an important personality among the bishops of the diocese. He died in
+1238; and it might have been expected that a successor would have been
+appointed without difficulty, for during his rule it had been agreed
+that Coventry and Lichfield should appoint to the vacant bishopric
+alternatively. Coventry appointed William de Raleigh, but he accepted
+Norwich in preference, and then the monks claimed to appoint again, but
+the canons would not allow this, and appointed their dean, William of
+Manchester, who, however, stood aside when the monks suggested Nicholas
+de Farnham, and he was too modest to accept the office. Then =Hugh de
+Patteshull= (1239-1241) was chosen at the king's desire. He was Treasurer
+of England and a native of the diocese; he seems to have followed in the
+steps of his predecessor, and it is said that he made new regulations as
+to the manner of the cathedral services. He died only eighteen months
+after his appointment, and a fresh trouble arose over the election of
+a successor; but the Pope intervened without asking permission of the
+king, and, under the advice of Grosseteste, the famous bishop of Lincoln,
+appointed =Roger de Weseham= (1245-1256), the dean of the cathedral. The
+king in his anger seized the endowments of the see, and Weseham began his
+work amid great difficulties, but finally Henry restored the endowments,
+and allowed Weseham  to prosecute his salutary re-organisation of the
+clergy. Weseham retired in 1256, and died shortly after. It is doubtful
+if the monument in the south aisle, generally known as that of Bishop
+Patteshull, is not in reality that of Bishop Weseham.
+
+There was no contention over the election of the next bishop, =Roger
+de Molend= or Meyland (1256-1295). He was a natural son of the Earl of
+Salisbury, William Longespee, and so nephew to King Henry III. His was
+not an admirable role, the most remarkable event being his attempt,
+_vi et armis_, to obtain admittance to the Royal Free Chapel of St. Mary
+at Stafford. Both sides refused to plead at the Assizes, but it was
+finally decided that the bishop should be allowed the use of the free
+chapels in Derby and Stafford, but should have no disciplinary powers
+over their clergy. Afterwards he seems to have neglected his diocese,
+and the scandalous and avaricious conduct of the clergy, which the
+last two bishops had controlled, now became so intense that in 1282
+Archbishop Peckham had to interfere, and Roger was forced to come into
+residence. Soon after it was found necessary to find him a coadjutor,
+who was to advise him in all official acts. Incompetent as he was as
+a bishop, the diocese obtained several remarkable benefits during his
+rule. The king gave Cannock Chase to the see, and the west front of the
+cathedral was begun. It may well be that in his travels he had acquired
+a love of beauty he would not have acquired at home, and that we owe to
+him the conception of this beautiful feature of the cathedral. The money
+it must have cost, too, could only have been found by one whose princely
+rank enabled him to obtain money with some ease. In London also he left
+his mark, unhappily now entirely obliterated. Where Somerset House now
+stands he erected his palace, next to the palace of his brother Bishop
+of Worcester. It was a beautiful mansion, but the site was too valuable
+to permit of it belonging to any one but the king when Henry VIII. graced
+the throne.
+
+About this time the archdeaconry of Stafford was occupied by Thomas
+de Cantilupe, afterwards Bishop of Hereford. The story of his life
+belongs to the account of that diocese, but such a man must have had
+great influence on his archdeaconry.
+
+The next bishop was =Walter de Langton= (1296-1321), Treasurer of
+England, and friend to King Edward I. He was chosen unanimously by both
+parties. At first his political duties claimed him, and brought him into
+collision with the Prince of Wales, who, as soon as he had ascended the
+throne as Edward II., threw him into prison. There he does not seem to
+have remained long, and when Piers Gaveston, the king's favourite, was
+beheaded in 1312, he was restored to his former treasurership. Langton
+is principally remembered in connection with the see as having founded
+the Lady Chapel and built the Bishop's Palace, for so long a splendid
+monument to his memory in the north-east corner of the close. He rebuilt
+also Eccleshall and Haywood Manor houses, and walled the close for
+"the honour of God, the dignity of the cathedral, and the bodies of the
+saints there reposing, and also for security and quiet of the canons."
+This last a mistaken work, as we who live after the event are well able to
+judge. He also bridged the cathedral pool, and made a magnificent shrine
+for St. Chad's bones. Langton died in 1321 in London, and was carried to
+Lichfield, where he was buried with much ceremony. His bones were removed
+into the Lady Chapel when it was finished during the rule of the next
+bishop, and a sumptuous monument placed over them. The mutilated remains
+of this monument can be seen in the south choir aisle to this day.
+
+His successor, =Roger de Norbury= or Northbury (1322-1359), was appointed
+by the Pope, as the two chapters had not agreed once more. His was a
+long rule, nearly forty years, and filled with good for the see. The
+registers of both Langton and Norbury are both still in existence among
+the muniments of the cathedral, and from them we know much of the life
+of a bishop of this time. Every kind of evil seems to have come under
+the notice of the bishop--whose power of inducing those who had done
+wrong to repent and do right was the direct outcome of the terrible
+threat of excommunication which he was able to wield. Lichfield had
+constantly during the later reigns been the scene of royal festivities,
+and after the battle of Crecy Edward III. held his Court here, and there
+were tournaments and banquets at which the flower of English chivalry
+assisted. It is said by some that here occurred the famous incident
+of the garter which led to the institution of the order of that name.
+At any rate, Uttoxeter was appropriated to the chapel of the garter.
+
+About this time, too, the cathedral must have been finished; now, too,
+was the terrible visitation of the black death, that most deadly of all
+plagues, which is said to have cut off one half of the whole population
+of the realm. Whether the fear of it, or the occasion of the completion of
+the cathedral, caused the chapter to set their house in order, certain it
+is that we have, in the discovery of the sacrist's roll of 1346, a kind
+of inventory of the valuables of the cathedral at this time; these are
+set out in the part devoted to the cathedral. Thomas of Chesterfield,
+the early historian of the diocese, whose work is printed in Wharton's
+_Anglia Sacra_, and on whom all later writers on the subject have had
+largely to rely, lived at this time, and brought down his "chronicle"
+to 1348, one of the years of the black death.
+
+=Roger de Stretton= (1360-1386), an absolutely uneducated man,
+succeeded Langton; then came =Walter Skirlaw= (1386) and =Richard
+Scrope= (1386-1396), but the former, between his consecration and his
+enthronement, was translated to Bath and Wells, from whence he went
+to Durham, and the latter, though distinguished in English history,
+is more noted as Archbishop of York. Next came Bishop =John Burghill=
+(1398-1414), a barefooted Black Friar, who gained a reputation for
+asceticism, and left his worldly goods to the church. Richard II. was
+present at the enthronement of these two last bishops. They were followed
+by =John Catterick= (1415-1419).
+
+In 1419, =William Heyworth= (1419-1447), the abbot of St. Albans,
+became bishop. An important question was settled in his time--viz. the
+bishop's position in the cathedral. At his suggestion, it was arranged
+that he should give notice to the dean when he intended a visitation:
+the chapter should be summoned, and they should conduct him to the high
+altar and there leave him to stand or kneel alone in prayer. Afterwards
+they were to conduct him to the chapter-house, where he might inquire
+into the title and conduct of the canons; the other cathedral clergy
+were to be entirely subject to the dean and chapter. His rule saw also the
+beginnings of the collegiate church of Manchester, which so long after was
+to become the cathedral of the new diocese to be carved out of our see.
+
+It is unnecessary to more than mention the names of bishops who succeeded
+about this time: they are--=William Booth= (1447-1450), =Nicholas Cloose=
+(1452), =Reginald Bolars= (1453-1459). =John Halse= (1459-1492) was called
+on to give shelter to Queen Margaret after the battle of Bloreheath.
+
+At the end of the fifteenth century there is another political
+bishop. This was =William Smyth= (1492-1496). He, like several of
+his successors, was President of Wales, and he was also the founder
+of Brasenose College, Oxford. Next comes =John Arundel= (1496-1503),
+and then comes =Geoffry Blythe=, whose rule, commencing in 1503, lasts
+until 1531, the year when Henry required the clergy to acknowledge him
+as supreme head of the Church. This period of the dark days before the
+Reformation must have been one of great difficulty for the bishops,
+but Blythe seems to have been very popular at Lichfield; he made
+several attempts to stamp out Lollardism, and has earned for himself
+an unenviable niche in the house of fame by his inclusion in Fox's
+"Book of Martyrs" for his holding of the "Court of Heresy." One martyr
+(a woman) was burned at Coventry, and others were tried and acquitted
+or condemned to less horrible punishments. On the whole, Blythe seems to
+have been as gentle as the times would allow him to be. He died in 1531,
+and escaped the storm which was now to burst. When it had cleared away,
+many of the old religious landmarks had disappeared; Lichfield Cathedral
+had lost her sister minster, and had been shorn of much that it valued
+and was beautiful.
+
+After an interval, =Rowland Lee= (1534-1543) was appointed. He had
+been chaplain to the king, and it was he who officiated at the private
+marriage of Henry and Anne Boleyn; he was rewarded with the bishopric
+of Lichfield and Coventry, and was made President of Wales, in which
+latter appointment he was said to have ruled so wisely that we owe
+to him the kindly feelings which have ever since existed between the
+two countries. This work must have kept him much away from the diocese,
+and it was superintended by two suffragans; but we have it on record
+that he did his best to save something for the diocese from the wreck of
+the Reformation; how little he was able to do we shall now see. He also
+issued to the clergy a set of injunctions, in which the new teaching and
+ideas are set forth, "that the King's Majesty is only Supreme Head under
+Chryst in Erthe of this his Churche of England"; that every parish priest
+shall provide for his church a "Boke of the hole Byble both in Latin and
+alsoe in Englishe, and lay the same in the Quiere for every man that will
+loke and read therein"; and other injunctions on prayers and preaching
+and behaviour, which are not, like the first two, new and startling,
+but are reminiscences of the ordinances and manners of the past.
+
+Bishop Lee, who had failed in his efforts to save the cathedral church
+of Coventry, also exerted himself on behalf of the shrine of St. Chad,
+and succeeded so well that, though the shrine was rifled of its jewels
+and precious metals, they were granted to the uses of the cathedral,
+instead of finding their way into the coffers of the king. The ashes
+of the saint were stolen by one of the prebendaries. Soon after,
+the collegiate churches were confiscated, and the diocese, like
+other dioceses, found itself stripped of all its finest churches. The
+royal chapels of Stafford, Shrewsbury, Chester, Bridgenorth, Derby, and
+Penkridge all went; and throughout the country, for want of the endowments
+which had been confiscated, churches and chapels were falling into ruin.
+
+Henry seems to have had ideas of using some of the money thus obtained
+for ecclesiastical purposes, but his own needs did not permit him to do
+much. The bishopric of Shrewsbury, which he had planned, came to nothing,
+though a suffragan with that title was appointed; but at Chester the
+abbey of St. Werburgh became a cathedral church when, in 1541, the see
+of Chester was founded, and Cheshire and Lancashire were taken from
+Lichfield to form the new diocese.
+
+=Richard Sampson= (1543-1553), dean of the cathedral, succeeded Lee
+as bishop, and died early in Mary's reign. His successor, =Ralph Bane=
+(1554-1558), lighted the fires in the diocese, and many perished at his
+hands. He was a bishop after Mary's heart, and sat with Tonstall and
+Bonner in the inquisitions which disgraced the reign. He resigned on
+the advent of Elizabeth. And then another kind of persecution commenced;
+this time it was the Papists who suffered, and many were done to death
+in the diocese.
+
+Following Bane came =Thomas Bentham= (1560-1579), and =William Overton=
+(1580-1609); then =George Abbott= was bishop in 1609, and in one year
+was promoted to Canterbury, where he preceded Laud, whose life-long
+opponent he was. Then came =Richard Neill= (1610-1614), who was dean
+of Westminster as well, and earned an ignoble reputation by burning a
+Papist named Wightman, at Lichfield. He was consecrated to Rochester
+in 1608, and translated successively to Lichfield, 1610; Lincoln,
+1614; Durham, 1617; Winchester, 1628; and York, 1632. =John Overall=
+(1614-1618) wrote that part of the "Church Catechism" which explains the
+sacraments; he afterwards went to Norwich. =Thomas Morton= (1619-1632)
+came from Chester; he was one of the most learned bishops of the time,
+and a noted advocate of the Church of England principles.
+
+=Robert Wright= (1632-1644) was a supporter of Laud; under him the
+cathedral service became again something like that of the time of Bishop
+Patteshull. He was one of the twelve bishops who were impeached by the
+Long Parliament in 1641, and, though an old man, pleaded his cause at
+the bar of the House of Commons. He was still bishop when the Civil War
+broke out; and during the famous siege of Lichfield he was shut up in his
+castle at Eccleshall, where he died while it was being defended against
+the Parliamentarians. His successor, =Accepted Frewen=, president of
+Magdalen College, Oxford, was appointed by the king, and consecrated in
+the chapel of his college; but, having neither cathedral, revenues, nor
+power, he retired into Kent, until in 1660 he became Archbishop of York.
+
+=John Hacket= (1661-1671) was appointed to the see by Charles II., and
+decided that its title should be altered from "Coventry and Lichfield"
+to "Lichfield and Coventry"; partly, no doubt, because the cathedral was
+here, and partly because in the late troubles Lichfield had been loyal
+to the Crown, and Coventry had not. His great work was the restoration of
+the cathedral from its ruins, and the re-organisation of the diocese. He
+had had a distinguished record, and was one of the sub-committee in 1640
+appointed to try and settle the vexed questions in the Church, and as such
+he made an eloquent speech at the bar of the House of Commons. Later
+he continued the use of the liturgy in his church of St. Andrew,
+Holborn, after it had been forbidden, and when the officer and soldiers
+were sent to arrest him and ordered him to desist on pain of instant
+death, he answered: "Soldier, I am doing my duty, do you do yours," and
+continued the service. Surely a man pre-eminently fitted for the work of
+re-organisation he was to do at Lichfield; and the king got the credit
+from the clergy of having the old  "apostolic spirit of discerning,"
+so greatly was he to their minds. He must have been a wit too, for, when
+the bishopric was offered to him, he remarked that he would rather that in
+future times people should ask why Dr Hacket was not a bishop, than why
+he was. He is also said to have entreated the gentleman who had declared
+that hell was paved with bishops' skulls to tread lightly over his.
+
+Hacket's dean cannot have confirmed the clergy in their opinion of
+Charles, whose appointment to the post he had purchased; so bad was he
+that the bishop excommunicated him, and the sentence was even read in
+the cathedral while he was there, but he heeded it not. The chapter
+loathed him, but apparently the king's feelings were different, for
+at Hacket's death he was appointed to succeed him. So =Thomas Wood=
+(1671-1692) became bishop, and was the worst the see ever had: he lived
+much away from the diocese. Lancelot Addison, the father of the famous
+Joseph Addison, was dean in his time. William III., staying a night
+at the deanery, was attracted to the genial essayist early; and we may
+imagine that he must have been greatly influenced by that part of his
+life spent within the cathedral close.
+
+The next bishop was =William Lloyd= (1692-1699): he came from St. Asaph,
+and went to Worcester. While bishop of St. Asaph he was one of the seven
+bishops who were sent to the Tower in 1688. =John Hough= (1699-1717)
+came next; he also had crossed the path of James II., for he had been
+elected President of Magdalen over the head of James's nominee, but
+James had proved the stronger at the time, and he was ejected, only to
+be reinstated by the frightened king soon after. At the Revolution he
+was made bishop of Oxford, whence he was translated hither; he afterwards
+refused the primacy.
+
+The next two bishops--=Edward Chandler= (1717-1730) and =Richard
+Smallbroke= (1730-1749)--were distinguished defenders of Christianity
+against the infidelity of the time. Their controversial writings are
+numerous and well known.
+
+The next bishop, =Frederick Cornwallis= (1749-1768), afterwards became
+Archbishop of Canterbury. Then came =John Egerton= (1768-1771),
+from Bangor, and went to Durham; =Brownlow North= (1771-1774), who
+was translated to Worcester, and thence to Winchester; =Richard Hurd=
+(1774-1781), who also went to Worcester; =James Cornwallis= (1781-1824),
+and =Henry Ryder= (1824-1836), who came from Gloucester. He succeeded in
+founding many new churches and immensely increasing the membership of the
+Church in the diocese. His successor, =Samuel Butler= (1836-1843), went
+on with this work. It was in his time that the archdeaconry of Coventry
+was taken from the diocese and added to Worcester. The title of the see
+now becomes Lichfield only; Coventry, which at one time held the premier
+place in the title, and then the second, now slips out altogether.
+
+Ten years later the deanery of Bridgenorth was allotted to Hereford,
+and in the same year all peculiar and exempt jurisdiction was abolished,
+so that the archdeacons had power to visit every church in the diocese;
+the number of canons of Lichfield was reduced from six to four.
+
+In the meantime =James Bowstead= (1840-1843) and =John Lonsdale=
+(1843-1867) became bishops. The latter was one of the greatest bishops
+the diocese has had, and his work, like that of Ryder, lives in the
+increased power of the Church in the diocese. He was succeeded by another
+great bishop, =George Augustus Selwyn=, who, as bishop of New Zealand,
+had organised the Church in those islands.
+
+The next bishop, =William Dalrymple Maclagan= (1878-1891), is now
+Archbishop of York. It was during his rule, in 1884, that the new diocese
+of Southwell was formed and Derbyshire was taken from Lichfield.
+
+The present bishop is the Hon. =Augustus Legge=.
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT TO DR JOHNSON IN THE MARKET-PLACE.]
+
+
+DIMENSIONS OF THE CATHEDRAL
+
+
+                                     Feet
+     Length, total (interior)         370
+        "    of Nave                  140
+        "    of Transept              149
+     Width of Nave and Aisles          68
+     Height of Vault                   57
+
+     Area                          27,720 sq. feet
+
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral
+Church of Lichfield, by A. B. Clifton
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #37049 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37049)