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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Addresses & Papers / Collectanea, by Peter
+Eade
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Addresses & Papers / Collectanea
+
+
+Author: Peter Eade
+
+
+
+Release Date: August 2, 2011  [eBook #36952]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ADDRESSES & PAPERS / COLLECTANEA***
+
+
+This ebook was transcribed by Les Bowler.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               COLLECTANEA
+
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                           _DE DIVERSIS REBUS_
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+
+                           ADDRESSES AND PAPERS
+
+
+                                    BY
+                       SIR PETER EADE, M.D., LOND.
+
+   _Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians_; _Hon. Fellow of King’s_
+  _College_, _London_; _Consulting Physician to the Norfolk and Norwich_
+    _Hospital_, _to the Jenny Lind Infirmary for Sick Children_, _and_
+            _to the Norwich Dispensary_; _Honorary Freeman of_
+                          _the City of Norwich_
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                                  LONDON
+             JARROLD AND SONS, 10 AND 11, WARWICK LANE, E.C.
+
+                          _All Rights Reserved_
+
+                                   1908
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+CHAPTER                                                           PAGE
+          I.  ON RECREATION GROUNDS FOR NORWICH                      9
+         II.  ON TEMPERANCE AND AIDS TO TEMPERANCE                  15
+        III.  ON TORTOISES—_With Illustration_, 1908                29
+         IV.  A FURTHER NOTE UPON TORTOISES                         38
+          V.  MY CHRISTMAS GARDEN PARTY                             44
+         VI.  MY CITY GARDEN IN “A CITY OF GARDENS”                 53
+        VII.  PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS TO THE NORFOLK AND               72
+              NORWICH NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY
+       VIII.  ON ST. GILES’S CHURCH AND PARISH, NORWICH             90
+         IX.  THE TOWER OF ST. GILES’S CHURCH—_With                 99
+              Illustration_
+          X.  ON SIR THOMAS BROWNE—_With Portrait_                 121
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The following Addresses and Papers on various subjects have been selected
+from many others contributed by the Author, as thought to be possibly of
+sufficient interest in their respective spheres to justify their
+reproduction in a collected form.  They are very diverse in their
+character, and embrace a great variety of topics.
+
+It has been well said that all men are delighted to look back; and the
+Author, whilst thus recalling past work, can only express the hope that
+some of these Papers may have contributed, however infinitesimally, each
+in their own way and at their respective times, to help forward the
+appreciation of the then present, or the progress of the world’s welfare
+or knowledge in the future.
+
+   _Norwich_, 1908.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+PROPOSED PROVISION OF RECREATION GROUNDS FOR NORWICH.
+
+
+Condensed Report of Speech in Norwich Town Council, 1880, reprinted from
+the _Norwich Mercury_ of October 23rd, 1880:—
+
+Dr. Eade, pursuant to notice, rose to call attention to the question of
+recreation or playgrounds for the children of Norwich.
+
+He reminded the Council that four or five years ago, after some
+considerable talk with leading citizens, he ventured in the public Press
+to call attention to the deficiency which existed in Norwich in respect
+of recreation or playgrounds, and also of public baths.  Ever since that
+time the question had, more or less, started up at intervals, while
+certain steps had been taken, which, in the course of time, would
+probably result in something being achieved.  But, as time went on, the
+city was growing rapidly, open spaces were built upon, and he and those
+who were anxious to see something done were passing away.  He had,
+therefore, taken upon himself once again to call attention to the
+subject, and to ask the Council to take action upon it.
+
+After remarking upon the great importance now generally attached to
+questions affecting the public health, sanitation, or preventive
+medicine—for these were synonymous terms—and the intimate connection now
+everywhere recognised between the general welfare of the population of
+our great cities, and the absence of disease, with the consequent
+reduction in the death-rate, Dr. Eade said that it was entirely from the
+point of view of the public health that he wished to call attention to
+this subject.  The physical growth, the physical well-being, and the
+physical development of the population formed a large branch of this
+subject; and he was afraid that, with regard to this, Norwich could not
+be said to be in the forefront of progress.  Even since he first mooted
+the question many of the open spaces which he then believed available for
+the purpose had been built over or otherwise dealt with.
+
+Norwich, once a city of gardens, was rapidly becoming a cramped and
+over-crowded city—at least, in its older portions; and in the new
+portions no provision was made for the physical welfare of the
+population, and no opportunities were given for the physical development
+of the children.  Not in a single instance had a good wide roadway been
+opened up in the new districts; on the contrary, he was sorry to see in
+one or two of the most populous districts roads which ought to be great,
+wide thoroughfares, nothing better than narrow lanes.  One most
+remarkable instance was Unthank’s Road, which was being built up at the
+lower part where it was extremely narrow, so that instead of being made a
+great artery for the traffic of the city, it was converted into a mere
+lane, and it ought to be called Unthank’s Lane—not dignified by the name
+of road.
+
+No doubt before many years were over the city would have to incur a large
+expenditure in widening that and other roads.  How short-sighted, then,
+was the policy of allowing such encroachments to go on!
+
+To show what bearing these points had on public opinion long ago, Dr.
+Eade pointed out that even in Shakespeare’s time the question was raised,
+as was seen in “Julius Cæsar.”  Mark Antony, in his speech to the
+citizens, first asks—“Wherein did Cæsar thus deserve your love?” and then
+the reply comes (by his Will) “To every Roman citizen he gives
+seventy-five drachmas;” and afterwards—
+
+    “Moreover, he hath left you all his walks,
+    His private arbours, and new planted orchards
+    On this side Tiber; he hath left them you
+    And to your heirs for ever; common pleasures,
+    To walk abroad and recreate yourselves.”
+
+Dr. Eade proceeded to say he wished there were Julius Cæsars at the
+present time desirous of making wills for the benefit of Norwich.  He
+then quoted the opinions of Lord Shaftesbury and the _Lancet_ as to
+places of public recreation and their influence upon the physical and
+moral welfare of the population, and added, that he fully agreed with the
+writer in the _Daily Press_, signing himself “C. I. T.,” when he
+wrote—“The city expects the authorities to guard the health and lives of
+the humbler population at all costs.”
+
+Other towns had done and were doing that which he wanted them to do in
+Norwich.  Towns as large as Birmingham and as small as Falmouth, had
+provided public parks, and many had more than one.  Birmingham had seven
+parks and recreation grounds, Sheffield four, and Bradford three, while
+the latter town had lately spent £150,000 in carrying out what he was now
+advocating.  Norwich had a population of 90,000, and was rapidly
+increasing and spreading on almost all sides—open spaces being constantly
+taken up for building purposes.  Though they had playgrounds attached to
+School Board schools, he was sorry to find they were not available to the
+juvenile population—that they were only open to the children attending
+the schools during school hours, or a few minutes before and after
+school.
+
+Norwich stood the very lowest on the list of the towns of England with
+regard to this question of recreation grounds.  They had waited and
+waited until the difficulty of providing such places had greatly
+increased, while if they waited longer these difficulties would become
+almost insuperable.  When he first started in this matter he could have
+found, or had the offer of, several open places, but those were now built
+over.  He, at that time, took a great deal of trouble in the matter, but
+soon found that notwithstanding the support given him by several
+prominent citizens, it was far too large a matter for a single individual
+to carry through; but now he had the honour of a seat in the Council he
+claimed their attention, and, if possible, their powerful sympathy and
+support.  They might ask where was the demand for recreation grounds.  He
+asked those who had children to bring up whether they would allow them to
+play in narrow streets and crowded courts breathing impure air?  What was
+the reason of there being so many puny, delicate, and small children?  He
+ventured to say this was almost entirely due to the unwholesome
+surroundings in which they were brought up.  He mentioned that in Glasgow
+recently, one medical man lecturing in that city said that in one year he
+had treated 330 cases of children with deformed bones—bent legs, bent
+thighs, knock-knees, etc.—which deformities were entirely due to the want
+of proper development and to their unwholesome surroundings.  Much
+superior in many respects as Norwich was to Glasgow, he ventured to say
+that the same condition of things existed here.  But the demand for
+places of recreation was, he contended, proved by the fact that whenever
+a plot of ground was cut up for building purposes, children crowded there
+from all parts of the city to play, and this they continue to do until
+driven away by the advance of bricks and mortar.  Then, too, Chapel
+Field, when it was open, was often taken advantage of by 500 and 600
+children and others, who went there for play and enjoyment.
+
+After making other observations as to the need of such places, Dr. Eade
+said there were two ways in which the want might be supplied.
+Playgrounds could not be taken close to every door; but in every new
+district care should be taken to secure the setting apart of a certain
+amount of space for the children.  One plan he would suggest was that at
+various points in the city a field should be purchased and thrown open to
+the children; and another plan was to purchase or hire a large space
+which might be converted into a people’s park, with a small portion set
+apart for the use of children.
+
+It might be said that such places would really be used by the rough
+portion of the population; but he contended that it was for just this
+portion of the population they were most required.  Let the rough
+children be brought up to know the worth of fresh air, what it is to have
+healthy frames, so that in after life they may not be poor and puny and
+miserable.  The very fact that the rough children of the poor would use
+these places was an argument in favour of their provision.  A healthy
+body meant not only a healthy mind, but a contented mind; and with
+recreation grounds for their use the children might be expected to grow
+up amenable to proper and right feelings, and in every sense better
+members of the community.
+
+Believing as he did in the doctrine of _salus populi suprema lex_, he
+earnestly recommended the Council to take some steps in the direction he
+had indicated.
+
+He concluded by moving—“That this Council, recognising the duty of
+providing recreation grounds for the children of Norwich, appoints a
+special committee to consider and report as to the best means of carrying
+out this resolution.”
+
+A Committee of the Council was then at once appointed.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+NOTE.—At this date there were practically no public recreation grounds.
+At the present time we have the following:—
+
+  Mousehold Heath, 150 acres.
+
+  Chapel Field Gardens.
+
+  The Castle Gardens.
+
+  The Gildencroft.
+
+  Waterloo Park.
+
+  South Heigham, 6 acres.
+
+  The Woodlands Plantation (given by Mrs. Pym).
+
+  Lakenham and St. Martin’s Bathing Places and Grounds.
+
+  Eaton Park, 80 acres.
+
+Besides the numerous smaller spaces and churchyards which have been
+re-arranged and planted, and made both pleasing and (many of them)
+suitable for outdoor use or rest.  For the promotion and carrying out of
+these, we are most largely indebted to Mr. Edward Wild, Mr. W. E.
+Hansell, and the Rev. J. Callis, with one or two others.
+
+This and the next following Address were the outcome of the very strong
+impression produced upon the Author by observing the puniness or physical
+inferiority of much of the poor population with whom he had to deal as
+Physician to the Norwich Dispensary, when first coming to Norwich, as
+compared with that of the neighbouring country district where he had
+formerly resided.  It appeared to him that want of outdoor exercise and
+the public-house habit were the main causes of this difference.  And
+hence these two subjects of Recreation and Temperance at once engaged his
+attention, as they have continued to do ever since.
+
+How such views have now developed, and also that of the necessity of good
+air and exercise for the young, in order to normal adult health and
+vigour, is patent to all.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+ON TEMPERANCE AND AIDS TO TEMPERANCE.
+
+
+An Address given at the Parochial Hall, South Heigham, in March, 1879, at
+a meeting held for the purpose of forming for the parish a branch of the
+Church of England Temperance Society, the Rev. J. Callis, Vicar,
+presiding.
+
+Reprinted from the _Norwich Mercury_ of March 5th, 1879.
+
+The evils of excessive drinking are vast and widespread.  As doctors, we
+are constantly being brought face to face with them—in injured health, in
+wasted life, in ruined homes.  Much has been said, and will doubtless be
+said again to-night, on these points; and the desirability of a
+Temperance Society for this, as for other parishes, will be enforced.
+But believing that our object is to promote temperance in every possible
+way, I shall to-night allude to some of those social conditions which
+necessarily have a great bearing upon this important question.
+
+Now, it is well known that much difference of opinion has existed as to
+the influence exerted by fermented liquors when taken in small or
+reasonable quantities, some thinking that in these small quantities they
+are pleasant and practically harmless; others holding that in no quantity
+are they either necessary or even free from injurious effects.  Whatever
+may be the absolute truth of either of these opinions in reference to a
+limited use of these liquors, I think all are of one mind as to their
+pernicious effects when taken in any considerable quantity.  All are
+agreed that drunkenness is a vice, baneful to the individual, hurtful to
+his friends; while doctors and physiologists are unanimous in asserting
+it to be positively proved that a too free use of them not only produces
+the outwardly injurious effects with which we are so familiar, but also
+gradually induces such degenerative disease of various internal organs as
+undermines the health and materially shortens the existence of the
+individual.  With such a conflict of opinion still existing, our society
+wisely declines to decide that which science has been unable to settle,
+and opens wide her doors, and asks both these classes of thinkers to come
+in.  She invites one section of her members to do no violence to their
+views of what constitutes temperance, or of the right way of influencing
+their neighbours.  She merely asks them to join this society, and simply
+pledge themselves to practice and encourage that temperance as to which
+everyone may agree.  But she tries to speak more mildly to those who are
+travelling in the well-trod road of Intemperance, which leads to mental
+and bodily ruin; and she entreats them to embrace the only means yet
+known which can save them from their destructive course.  She asks them
+to pledge themselves to endeavour, by entire abstinence from the
+destroying drink, to save themselves from the miserable end to which they
+are hastening.
+
+Speaking for myself and of myself, although a very moderate and small
+drinker, I am not an abstainer. {16}  But though believing that many
+persons may take a small quantity of fermented liquor without being the
+worse for it, I also know that to many persons even a small quantity is
+more or less injurious; whilst as to others, I can but repeat what has
+been so often said before, and I do it with the greatest possible
+emphasis, that to many alcohol is a positive poison, unsuited to their
+temperaments, destructive to their health, and productive of the worst
+evils, both morally and physically.  It is curious to notice, in passing,
+not only that the use of wine is alluded to through a large part of the
+Bible history, but also that the injurious effects of it seem always to
+have been precisely the same in character as those which are so much
+dilated on in the present day.  Dr. Richardson, perhaps the greatest
+living exponent of the physiological properties of alcohol, and the
+greatest denouncer of its habitual use, speaks of its effects according
+to the increased quantities in which it is used.  He describes its
+influence thus:—“In the first stage of alcoholism,” _i.e._, in small
+quantity, he says, “it tends to paralyse the minute blood vessels,
+producing their relaxation and distension, illustrated by the flush seen
+on the face of those who have (in familiar language) been drinking, by
+the redness of the eyes and nose,” etc., etc.  This stage of excitement,
+he describes as being followed—if the quantity be increased—by some loss
+of muscular power, with disturbance of the reasoning powers and of the
+will; whilst again a further quantity produces a complete collapse of
+nervous function, when the drunken man, who previously, perhaps, had been
+excited, talking loud, and staggering in his walk, becomes stupid,
+helpless, and falls into a heavy sleep.  And are we not all familiar with
+the quotations:—“His eyes shall be red with wine”; “Wine is a mocker;
+strong drink is raging”; “They are out of the way through strong drink,
+they err in vision, they stumble in judgment”; “They shall drink and make
+a noise as through wine”; “Who hath woe?  Who hath sorrow?  Who hath
+contentions?  Who hath redness of eyes?  They that tarry long at the
+wine.”  “At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an
+adder.”
+
+Those who have taken the trouble to read Dr. Richardson’s lectures on
+alcohol, will see that the effects of wine, as thus described long ages
+ago, are identical with those which he found experimentally to result
+from alcohol at the present day; and the redness of the eyes, the
+contentions and quarrelling, the loss of judgment, and the ulterior
+disastrous results to the health, spoken of in the infallible Word, are
+only too familiarly known at the present day.  Nor let it be said that
+wine is not the beverage of the multitude at the present time.  For this
+point has also been experimentally investigated by Dr. Richardson, and he
+found that whatever the alcoholic drink, or whatever the adulterations,
+the effect of these variations was insignificant, and that the real evil
+results of drinking were always due to the alcohol contained in the
+fermented liquors, whether these were wine, beer, or ardent spirits.  But
+the subject of drinking and its evil influences, both physical and moral,
+has now been so long and so often placed before the public, that I shall
+gladly employ the short time left to me in alluding to some suggestions
+which have been made, with a view to assist in remedying the drinking
+habits of the people, and to enable them to wean themselves from these
+where no hope of voluntary or total abstention on a large scale can
+reasonably be hoped for.  These suggestions have been very numerous.  The
+first and most sweeping suggestion is the well-known one, which ignores
+every other consideration but the evil effects of the excessive use of
+alcohol, and proposes to get rid of drunkenness by rendering it
+impossible to get the drink.  Legislation tending to this end was tried,
+as is well known, in America, under the title of the Maine Liquor Law,
+but its success has not been such as to induce other localities to follow
+the example.  Again, systems of partial restriction, such as are known as
+the Gothenburg system, have been tried, or proposed, in the form of a
+Permissive Bill, such as has been advocated by Sir Wilfrid Lawson; but
+neither of these have commended themselves to the judgment of mankind as
+being the right solution of this question.  The fact is social man and
+mankind constitute a large question.  Over indulgence is not limited to
+the cravings of the stomach.  Vice would not be eradicated by the simple
+removal of beer, however much assisted by it, and man would not be at
+once raised to the desired moral level were public-houses at once
+abolished.  And so out of this conviction have arisen the various efforts
+which have been made, and are being persistently made, to attain, or
+assist in attaining, the wished-for results by more gradually acting
+moral means.  These means, or aids to temperance, as I would call them,
+embrace several distinct influences, all of which such a temperance
+society as this is calculated to exert.  They consist, primarily, in
+diffusing among the population, by meetings, by speeches, and by
+writings, a thorough knowledge of the personal evil which such habits
+necessarily and inevitably produce; (1)  By bringing to bear the
+influence which friends and neighbours, so instructed, can exercise; (2)
+By forming public opinion and rendering it so forcible that the general
+mass of individuals must needs bow to its dictates; and, lastly, by these
+and all other assisting means, endeavouring to strengthen the personal
+control of self, and to make the individual himself contribute entirely
+to, not only his own good, but, by his improved example, to that of his
+neighbours and the community at large.  I trust that through the force of
+public opinion it will soon be thought by the working classes as vulgar
+and as low to get intoxicated, as it now is by those with more advantages
+of means and information.
+
+Much has been said and written about the influence which _education_ is
+likely to exert in the future upon the habits of the people.  There can
+be no doubt, I think, that the influence which will be gradually so
+exercised will be very great.  A mind trained to better things will abhor
+and revolt at the gross pleasure which it would otherwise have tolerated
+or enjoyed.  And we all (I am sure) rejoice to see that education is
+being spread abroad in our land, and that the rising generation will all,
+in greater or less degree, have their minds trained sufficiently to
+prevent their slumbering in the lowest abysses of non-development, and to
+awaken them, and to lead them to the knowledge at least that there are
+better enjoyments in the human body and the human mind than the false and
+injurious excitement of incessant alcoholic stimulation.  But,
+unfortunately, education is like a tree.  It takes a long time for its
+development, and the circumstances of the time are too urgent to wait in
+dependence alone upon this agency.  For all the while that we are
+talking, the world is living and acting, and living under such conditions
+that, if present customs are to be changed, others and better ones must
+be found and provided in substitution for them.
+
+There is a population to deal with, a people largely and often
+exhaustively occupied during the day, and so occupied, that a large
+portion of it requires some relaxation in the evening, after the hours of
+toil shall have passed away.  In the country districts the difficulty is
+less; but in the crowded districts of our large towns, where often many
+houses, without any surroundings, exist, and these, when present, often
+not the most wholesome or commodious, some means of passing the evening
+in reasonable recreation are absolutely necessary.  The richer classes
+even, in large towns and cities, have felt the need of their _clubs and
+meeting places_, and gradually, also, working-men have followed this
+example, and have, in many places, set up their clubs of various kinds.
+If anyone would like to know the demand that exists for evening places of
+resort, I would ask him to observe the throngs of people who pour out of
+the public-houses on their closing at the hour of eleven at night.  It is
+not to be supposed that all the frequenters of these houses of
+entertainment are drunkards, are even lovers of strong drink, although,
+from the constitution of these houses, they must necessarily drink to pay
+for the accommodation they receive; but they use them as clubs, as the
+only places open to them in which they can spend their evenings, and in
+which they find the light, the warmth, the company, the newspapers, the
+interchange of speech, which they crave, and which are there alone
+obtainable.  This view of the uses to which the public-house parlour is
+applied, is confirmed by observation of what happens when a
+well-appointed circus or other similar place of outdoor amusement is
+located in such a town as Norwich.  For although no drink, good or bad,
+is sold in the building, yet it may be seen for weeks together to be
+nightly thronged by a company of one, or, perhaps, two thousand people.
+
+Acting upon this idea, and on this principle, there have now been
+established in many places public-houses without those elements which
+render them undesirable.  The Café Company’s houses, like to that
+recently opened in Norwich (and to which, I am sure, we all wish good
+speed), in which provision is made for amusement, for food, and for
+non-intoxicating drinks, are of this class, and so are the establishments
+of the London Coffee Public-house Association, and the Coffee Tavern
+Company, and others.  But a recent writer (Mr. Moggridge, _Macmillan_,
+October, 1878) goes much further, and suggests the trial of the plan of
+retaining the present public houses, while keeping their attractive
+features, throwing the sale of drink so far into the background that it
+shall be the least prominent and important part of the establishment.
+
+At present, of course, the public-houses exist only or chiefly in the
+sale of fermented liquors, and not for the benefit of the frequenter,
+whose primary object is often, at least at first, the enjoyment of the
+public parlour and its society.  The writer above mentioned proposes, at
+least for a time, to convert them into veritable clubs, where fermented
+drinks can certainly be obtained, but where they shall by no means be the
+great and prominent part of the refreshment provided.  He thinks that
+then it might be possible gradually to wean a large portion of their
+frequenters from their drinking habits, and gradually also to introduce a
+better and more harmless system than now prevails.  Whether or not such a
+scheme as this is practicable, or even desirable, it appears certain that
+in any attempt to close the present houses of public resort, other and
+more suitable ones must be provided.
+
+Before quitting this part of the subject, I would desire to call
+attention to the laudable attempts already made in two adjoining parishes
+to furnish a sort of evening club room for the use of the poorer
+parishioners.  In one of these parishes, I believe, the mission room is
+open for use every evening, and in the other a commencement has been made
+by opening the schoolroom on Saturday evenings.  For these, newspapers,
+or reasonable games, are essential, and it is probable (as man is both a
+hungry and thirsty animal) that if they are to be permanently successful
+both food and harmless drinks must be obtainable; but whether tea and
+coffee will be sufficient, or whether some of the various unfermented
+drinks are required, which are described in a little book called, “A Book
+of One Hundred Beverages,” I must not now stay to consider.
+
+In England and countries of similar climate, the recreation difficulty is
+much greater than in more favoured countries, where the climate, in a
+larger portion of the year, admits of the evening hours being passed in
+the open air.  Here, for months together, the evenings’ relaxation must
+needs be within doors, and in many towns there is literally no place of
+indoor resort but the public-house, and, perhaps, the theatre.
+
+A great aid to temperance will doubtless be given when, under the
+operation of the Artisans’ Dwelling Act, or other similar legislation,
+the character of the worst localities of our towns improves.  It is
+notorious that the narrower the streets, the more crowded the courts, and
+the worse the houses, the more do gin-palaces flourish, and the more does
+the population give itself up to the artificial stimulus of fermented
+liquors.  And the reason is not far to seek, for if there be an absence
+of all comfort at home; if the house be small, and crowded, and dirty; if
+the water be bad, and perhaps unsuited for drinking; if there be no bit
+of garden in which to lounge, and to grow a few things in which interest
+can be taken; if there be nothing in home to render this agreeable—then,
+as a matter of course, recourse is had to that neighbouring house where
+nearly all these conditions are reversed, and dirt, and squalor, and
+crowding are exchanged for light, and brightness, and space.
+
+I have said that an English climate is less adapted than many others to
+_out-of-doors’ recreations_ and amusements.  Yet there is, even in
+England a very considerable portion of the year in which the existence of
+public parks and recreation grounds would contribute very largely to the
+promotion of temperance by providing pleasant spots in which to pass the
+hours unabsorbed by labour.  But, I am sorry to say that our old city of
+Norwich has sadly degenerated from the time of Pepys, and enjoys an
+unenviable pre-eminence in the entire absence of these most desirable
+public spaces within its boundaries.  With the exception of Chapel Field,
+we have not a single open public space.  There is not a spot where the
+lads can play at cricket or football, or where their seniors can lounge
+away an evening hour; while as to a public park, the chance of this
+appears to grow dimmer and dimmer as the population of the city spreads
+and increases.  I have ventured on more than one occasion to call
+attention to the need of such places for Norwich, and I have pointed to
+Mousehold Heath as a place which should, at all costs, be preserved for
+the city.  But time passes.  Several available spots for public
+recreation grounds have, one by one, been absorbed for building purposes,
+and Mousehold Heath—a space which appears to have been specially provided
+for the health and salubrity of future Norwich, and whose beauties and
+capabilities must surely be unappreciated by our citizens—is being
+gradually devoted to gravel pits, to brick kilns, and—to destruction.
+And let it not be supposed that the temperance of a population has no
+relation to its health and its general welfare.  Beyond the attractions
+of a fresh and open spot, as a counter attraction to the public-house,
+the growth of a strong and healthy population tends powerfully in the
+direction of temperate habits, for the feeble and weakly will naturally
+seek indoor resorts, whilst the strong and the muscular will equally
+surely seek the open air.  I wish I could think that Norwich was not
+suffering from this cause.  But whoever observed the generally puny
+appearance, the poor _physique_, and the frequently strumous aspect of
+many of the children and youth received into our schoolrooms during the
+late flood, and many of whom came from the most crowded parts of the
+city, must have been struck with the evidence they afforded of the want
+that existed for them of light, of air, and of healthy exercise.
+
+Lest I should be thought to be dwelling too long on a subject of little
+importance, or little bearing upon this night’s proceedings, let me read
+over to you a list of those places in England (and I am not sure that it
+is a complete list) which, during the past two or three years, have
+either had presented to them or have felt it their duty to provide public
+parks and recreation grounds for the use of the residents:—Reading,
+Birmingham, Dublin, Wigan, Leicester, Limerick, Lancaster, Heywood,
+Derby, Wolverhampton, Leeds, Longton, Torquay, Sheffield, Swansea,
+Newcastle, Exeter, and Falmouth.
+
+The only other aid to temperance, to which I will now allude, is that of
+_public galleries of art and natural history_, and so forth.  These are
+but small aids, but still they are appreciable ones, and I would gladly
+see such in Norwich.  I do not know how far the disused gaol would be
+convertible to such public purposes, but it has struck me that the site
+is an admirable one, and the space ample for the collection in one spot,
+of an art gallery, museum, free library, popular lecture rooms, and for
+any other purposes which might properly come under the heading of popular
+instruction.  The former city gaol has long been used as a public
+library.  It would be a happy change if the late one could now be
+devoted, not to the punishment but the prevention of crime; not to the
+expiation of the results of indulgence in drink, but to the better
+training of men’s minds, so as to teach them, by instinct and by culture,
+to avoid the destructive paths of vice and of excess.
+
+I think, sir, I have said enough to show how large is this temperance
+question, in which we are all, in which, indeed, the whole community, is
+so greatly interested.  In proof of its recognised importance, we may
+point to the fact that doctors, physiologists, ministers of religion,
+peers of the realm, and even a Prime Minister, have raised their voices
+in opposition to the progress of the crying evil of drunkenness.  Many
+earnest men have striven, by the influence of their continued advice, and
+by the example of their personal abstention from intoxicating liquors, to
+help on the good work; and many others have done so in various indirect
+ways, and especially by efforts to ameliorate the condition of the
+people, and provide for them alternative means of harmless and rational
+occupation or amusement.  These efforts are so persistent and now so
+general; they are founded upon such complete knowledge, and such
+recognised necessity, that they cannot fail rapidly to produce good
+fruit, and I believe they have already produced some good fruit in
+Norwich.  But as social knowledge ripens, as acquaintance with the means
+of securing the general well-being increases, so we may hope that the
+difficulties attending the reformation of evil habits will lessen; and
+although we may not hope to see established a condition of houses, of
+streets, of towns, of food and drink, of labour, and of all those
+conditions which would render human life and surroundings ideally
+perfect, yet continuous efforts must be made to realise for the community
+such moral and physical surroundings as shall conduce to their welfare in
+the highest possible degree.  And to this end, let us be sure that
+nothing will contribute so much as that soberness and temperance which it
+is the object of this Church of England Society to encourage and
+inculcate.
+
+                 [Picture: Sir Peter Eade with tortoises]
+
+
+
+
+III.
+ON TORTOISES. {29}
+
+
+I have almost to apologize for bringing before so learned and critical a
+Society as this, the few notes and observations I have made upon the
+“manners and customs” of my pair of common land Tortoises, partly because
+I feel that much of what I have observed must also have been observed by
+other members of this Society; and still more because (as is well known)
+that incomparable master both of observation and expression—White of
+Selborne—has already noted, and placed upon record, the most interesting
+of the habits of these creatures.
+
+Mine is thus necessarily a “twice-told tale.”  I can only hope that the
+never flagging interest which naturalists take in the observation or
+record of the habits of animals, will suffice to make them bear with me
+for the short time I shall detain them.
+
+I have in my garden two of the common land Tortoises (_Testudo Grœca_),
+and these have been in my possession three and four years respectively.
+
+I purchased them from the barrow of a hawker in Norwich streets, in two
+following years—one being a little larger than the other, and they are in
+consequence known by the names of the _old gentleman_ and the _young
+gentleman_.
+
+Although selected as the best from a number of others, I am sorry to say
+that they both appeared to be ill or greatly injured, and it was a
+considerable time before they recovered sufficiently either to begin to
+take food, or to move about with their proper freedom, or with the
+well-known liveliness of Tortoises!
+
+Another Tortoise, which I purchased, did actually die a short time
+afterwards, having lived in a state of semi-stupor for the intervening
+period; and I fear that the capability of these creatures for suffering
+is not much recognised in the usual methods of their conveyance and
+treatment.
+
+The two Tortoises which survived have, as I said, now lived on my
+premises and thriven for three and four years.  They have become almost
+pets.  They most evidently recognise the place as their home.  They know
+the various localities of the garden perfectly.  They know the sunny
+spots to which to go at suitable times to bask.  They know where to find
+sun, and where to find this and shade combined, when they so desire it;
+and they return, afternoon after afternoon, to the same cosy, and dry,
+and sheltered spots, under the dry ivy of the wall, or elsewhere, which
+they have often previously selected as their night’s abode.
+
+It is very plain that they have some recognition of individuals.  For
+instance, if Lady Eade and myself are both preparing to feed them, they
+will constantly leave me and walk off to her—doubtless because she is
+more in the habit of bringing them their favourite kinds of food than I
+am.
+
+They appear to be quick of _sight_, but show very little, if any, sign of
+having any impressions conveyed to them by the sense of _hearing_.  They
+evidently possess a full sense of _taste_, for they discriminate
+instantly between food they like, and that which is less palatable to
+them.
+
+The daily _habits_ of these creatures are certainly very staid and
+methodical, and vary but little, except as the season of the year, and
+the warmth of the day, vary.
+
+They are often, in the height of summer, quite early risers, and on sunny
+mornings will often be up, and perambulating the garden, and nibbling the
+little trefoil leaves found amongst the grass, by seven or six o’clock,
+or even earlier.  But, I must say, that these early habits are quite
+limited to the very finest weather; and it has seemed that in the matter
+of early activity, these animals always err, if at all, on the side of
+care and caution.  They never leave their beds, or the neighbourhood of
+cover, if there is the slightest appearance of cloudiness or rain, at
+least until the day is well up; and for a large portion of their year the
+time for coming forth is not until eight, nine, or ten o’clock.
+
+In electrical weather they are never lively, even though the day be
+intermittingly hot and bright; and at such times they are often almost
+lethargic, and show great indifference as to feeding.
+
+They appear to have an extreme and instinctive objection to rain.  Cloudy
+weather makes them dull.  A passing cloud will make them discontinue
+eating.  And the passage of a person or object suddenly between them and
+the sun will cause them as suddenly to draw in their heads.  The dislike
+of clouds and their accompaniments is therefore a very marked instinct
+with them.
+
+If not fed, they will go and help themselves, not to grass, but to some
+white Clover growing with the grass in the garden; or in default of this,
+to some of the garden plants—by preference the fleshy-leaved ones, such
+as the Echiveria or Sedum—after which they will retire to some warm
+place, and bask in the sun.  They have a special liking for the warm
+vine-border in front of my greenhouse; and if the day be not too hot,
+they will tilt themselves up edgeways against the south wall of the
+greenhouse, or upon the edge of some tuft of flowers; or if the sun is
+too warm, they will then cover their heads up with leaves or earth on the
+bed, leaving their backs uncovered and exposed to the heat.  (In this
+respect they seem to remind us of the habits of the tiger in his jungle.)
+
+But they appear greatly to prefer being fed, and having their food found
+for them; indeed further, one, at least, much prefers to have his food
+held up to him, and almost put into his mouth when he opens it.
+
+They take their food with a snapping movement; masticate it little if at
+all; and when feeding themselves, cut or tear it with the sharp-hooked
+anterior portion of the upper jaw.
+
+In the hottest weather their appetites are very fine (thus they will eat
+several large Lettuce leaves at one time), and they bear a close relation
+to the warmth and clearness of the day, and the period of the year.
+
+Their favourite foods are—besides Trefoil, already mentioned, and garden
+flowers—Lettuces, Dandelions, French Beans, etc.  They are much attracted
+by yellow blossoms, and greedily eat those of the Dandelion and
+Buttercup.  One of my creatures is very fond of sliced Apple, though the
+other will not eat it.
+
+But the vegetable of which they are most fond is the Green Pea.  Both of
+them will leave all other food for this, and they will consume at a meal
+a very considerable number of these Peas.  Indeed, so fond are they of
+them, that they will follow a person accustomed to feed them with them
+about the garden, and will even try to clamber up his legs to get at
+them.
+
+After sleeping and basking, they will again eat, and then again sleep
+once or twice more during the day; but in cooler or doubtful weather,
+they usually eat only once a day, and sometimes not at all.
+
+Although those who hawk Tortoises about the streets will often tell
+purchasers to put them into their kitchens that they may eat Beetles and
+Cockroaches, I believe it to be well understood that they are
+intrinsically vegetable feeders; a position well put by Frank Buckland,
+who says that Tortoises put into a kitchen to eat Beetles will in due
+time die of starvation, and then most probably the Beetles will eat them.
+Certainly ours never eat anything but vegetable food.  But a Tortoise in
+a neighbouring garden does every morning consume a very substantial
+quantity of bread and milk, or rather bread well-soaked in milk, and he
+appears to thrive well upon it.  Our Tortoises never drink water, and are
+decidedly not tempted to drink by milk being offered to them.
+
+Whatever the season, the Tortoises retire very early to bed.  The warmth
+and sunniness of the day appear to regulate the exact time, but they
+rarely remain up after three or four o’clock, and in the cooler seasons,
+or on dull days, they retire much earlier.
+
+They will go day after day to the same warm and leafy nook; and they have
+a habit on rising in the morning of simply turning out of bed, and lying
+for a time just outside of their bed-place, with their heads stupidly
+stretched out, or staring vacantly up into the air, before entering upon
+the serious business of the day. {33}
+
+I should say their _Memory_ is very strong.  I have said they remember
+persons.  They remember places they know, and if carried away will march
+straight off and back again to the place they wish to go to; and what is
+more remarkable, when brought out in the spring after seven or eight
+months’ hybernation, they do exactly as they did the day before they went
+to sleep; and will march off as direct to the old spots as if they had
+only had one day’s interregnum.
+
+As a further instance of memory or intelligent knowledge, we are
+constantly in the habit, in the cooler weather, of putting them to bed
+under a mat in the greenhouse; and we very constantly find them, in the
+morning, waiting by the greenhouse door to be let out, clearly
+remembering that this is the place by which they will have to pass into
+the open air.
+
+They do not appear to care much for each other’s society—(I believe they
+are both males)—but they do not fight.  Neither are they respecters of
+each other’s persons, for they walk over each other’s backs in the most
+indifferent way, if either happens to be in the direct road of the
+other’s progression.
+
+One of the creatures is certainly fond of climbing.  We have several
+times found him mounted (when shut up in the greenhouse) upon the other’s
+back; or upon an inverted flower-pot; and once we found him in a most
+pitiable condition through the exercise of these scandent aspirations.
+He had evidently been endeavouring to climb up some flower sticks placed
+slantingly against the wall, and in doing this he had turned over upon
+his axis; and when we found him he was reclining upon his back against
+these sticks, and standing upon one hind foot, whilst with the other, and
+with his fore feet, he was making frantic efforts to reinstate himself in
+a more comfortable position.  As so placed he reminded us irresistibly
+and ludicrously of a huge toad held up by a fore leg.
+
+Our Tortoises have certainly got tempers.  They hiss when they are
+meddled with.  They resist and try to scratch, or otherwise hurt, when
+lifted up from their place of repose; and they exhibit distinct
+petulance, and will jerk themselves forward out of your hand when you are
+again placing them upon the ground.
+
+They are also very particular when going to their evening places of
+repose, and most distinctly refuse to go to rest in the place in which
+you try to place them, however comfortable this may appear to be, even if
+they have previously selected this spot for themselves day after day.
+
+Mr. Darwin speaks of a large kind of Tortoise which is reputed to be able
+to walk at the rate of sixty yards in ten minutes; _i.e._, three hundred
+and sixty yards in the hour, or four miles a day.  I have twice timed the
+rate of progress of one of my Tortoises.  Once it walked ten feet in the
+minute, and another time twenty feet in the minute.  This latter is at
+the rate of twelve hundred feet, or four hundred yards, in the hour; or
+of a mile in between four and five hours.  This truly is not quite the
+ordinary rate of the hare’s progress, but I think they can cross a
+certain small distance of ground much more rapidly than we should at
+first suspect.
+
+Once more.  These creatures distinctly grow in size from year to year.
+Our two measure respectively seven and seven and a half inches in length.
+And they must have elongated fully an inch in the three and four years of
+our possession.
+
+I weighed them this year, on May 29th, soon after their waking up for the
+summer, and again on September 8th.  They weighed in May, 2 lbs. 7½ ozs.
+and 2 lbs. 3½ ozs.; a fortnight ago they weighed 2 lbs. 10 ozs. and 2
+lbs. 5 ozs.; having thus gained in weight through their summer feeding 2½
+ozs. and 1½ ozs. respectively. {36}
+
+When the due period arrives in which they naturally bury themselves, and
+so surround themselves with earthen bulwarks, and then retire for the
+winter into their carapace castles, we put them down into a cupboard in
+the cellar.
+
+Mr. White remarks that his Tortoise did not bury itself into the ground
+before November 1st, but ours are cold and torpid, and quite ready to
+hybernate by the first week in October.  Probably the different latitude
+and longitude of Selborne and Norwich may account for this difference of
+time.
+
+In this cellar cupboard, the Tortoises remain until the end of April,
+when, though still dull and stupid, the weather is getting sufficiently
+warm for them to enjoy the sun for a portion of the day.  But the frosts
+and cold of this period of the year are still dangerous.  And a relative
+of mine lost both of his old friends (who for years had taken care of
+themselves in the winter in his garden) during the cold weather of this
+spring, after they had duly survived the far greater cold of the winter
+in the ground places in which they had buried themselves.
+
+From October to April—fully seven months—they rest from their labours of
+eating, of breathing, shall I say, of thinking? (or nearly so, for they
+occasionally stir a little, and are found to have moved a little from
+under their straw).  But they neither eat nor drink, nor see light, nor
+(I believe) open their eyes.  And when touched during this time they feel
+of a stony coldness, and certainly appear to have none of their faculties
+in operation.
+
+But with the warmer weather, they again gradually resume the precise
+habits of the preceding year.  Gradually, their bright little eyes resume
+their intelligence; their memory re-awakens; and they return to the ways,
+and the habits, and the places of the preceding season, as if their sleep
+of seven months were but a single night, and last summer verily but as
+yesterday.
+
+They are in many respects both curious and remarkable animals.  We find
+them to have enough of intelligence, enough of quaintness, and apparently
+enough of affection, to give them considerable interest in the eyes of
+their owners, and to raise them out of the level of despised reptiles.
+Whilst their remarkable construction, and mysterious power of
+hybernation, render them specially worthy of study and contemplation.
+
+These specialities and peculiarities must be my much-needed excuse for
+having troubled you so long with these few details of their personally
+observed habits and ways.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+A FURTHER NOTE UPON TORTOISES. {38}
+
+
+In the year 1886 I read before this Society a paper in which I recorded
+some of the observed habits and peculiarities of a pair of Tortoises
+which I had then kept in my garden for three and four years respectively.
+This paper was afterwards published in our Society’s “Transactions” (Vol.
+iv. p. 316), and will probably be remembered by some of our members.
+
+I would like this evening to say a few further words upon these
+creatures, which are still living and in my possession—more particularly
+with reference to their _rate of growth and increase_.
+
+The two Tortoises have now been in my possession ten and nine years
+respectively.  Six years ago I reported to this Society that _they
+measured_, the one 7½ and the other 7 inches in _length_.  Now at the end
+of six further years their antero-posterior measurements are 9½ and 9
+inches respectively—the measurements being made from before backwards
+over the convex surface of the carapace.  They have, therefore, each of
+them, thus measured, increased exactly two inches in length in the last
+six years, or at the rate of exactly one-third of an inch per year.
+
+(The under flat surface of the shell now measures 6½ and 6¼ inches from
+before backwards.  These Tortoises are said not usually to exceed 10
+inches in entire length.)
+
+Then as to their _weight_.  I have now kept an exact record of their
+respective weights in the spring and autumn of each of the past seven
+years, _i.e._ their weight on commencing to hybernate in October or
+November, and again their weight on returning afresh to light and more
+active existence in April or May of the following spring.  And it is
+interesting to notice how almost continuously they have increased both in
+size and weight; and also how corresponding are the alterations, or
+otherwise, in the consecutive years, both of spring and autumn, of the
+two animals.
+
+In my former paper, I mentioned that during the summer months of 1886,
+when I first weighed them, _i.e._ from May to September, my Tortoises had
+gained in weight, the one 2½ ounces, and the other 1½ ounces; whilst each
+of them became lighter in the following winter by 2½ ounces.  Since that
+time the spring and autumn weighings have been regularly continued, and
+the result is shown in the following table.
+
+                                WEIGHT
+             OF LARGER TORTOISE.             OF SMALLER TORTOISE.
+            APRIL.         OCTOBER.         APRIL.         OCTOBER.
+YEAR.   lbs.    ozs.    lbs.    ozs.    lbs.    ozs.    lbs.    ozs.
+1886    2       7½      2       10      2       3½      2       5
+1887    2       7½      2       10      2       2½      2       5
+1888    2       10      2       13½     2       5       2       8¼
+1889    2       13      2       14      2       8       2       8½
+1890    2       12½     3       0½      2       7½      2       12
+1891    2       15½     3       2       2       10      2       12½
+1892    3       1       3       3½      2       12      2       14½
+
+In the seven years, therefore, 1886 to 1892, the larger Tortoise has
+increased in weight from 2 lbs. 10 ozs. to 3 lbs. 3½ ozs.; and the
+smaller Tortoise from 2 lbs. 5 ozs. to 2 lbs. 14½ ozs., giving a total
+increase of weight in this period of exactly 9 ounces for each animal, or
+an average annual increase of about 1 ounce and 5½ drachms (avoirdupois).
+
+The general result also of the above weighings is to show that, in
+average seasons in England, these creatures gain from 2 to 2½ ounces in
+each summer, and lose again a varying but considerable portion of this
+increase during the ensuing six or seven months of hybernation; but, on
+the whole, showing an average gain of a little more than one ounce in the
+year—the average gain of weight per month in summer working out at about
+6 or 7 drachms, with an average loss in the winter months of about 4 or 5
+drachms per month.  This last fact scarcely agrees with Cuvier’s
+statement that “during winter . . . their loss of substance amounts
+almost to nothing.”
+
+It will be noted that the foregoing table shows certain variations in the
+increases and decreases of weight in the several years; also that in two
+of the years there was but little change between the autumn and spring
+weights—this period of stagnation occurring in both animals
+simultaneously.  Probably several causes for this were at work, but I
+have little doubt that the variability of our English seasons is by far
+the largest factor in the case; and that the variations in the gainings
+and losings of the different summers and winters depend very largely upon
+the special character of these seasons.  Thus, when the summer months are
+hot the Tortoises eat much more abundantly and constantly, and
+consequently put on (or rather put inside their skeletons) much more
+flesh than in colder seasons.  On the contrary, a warm autumn, with the
+temperature not sufficiently cold to make them go early and thoroughly to
+sleep, must conduce to greater loss, or rather waste, of their flesh, for
+it is well known that these animals cease to eat many weeks before they
+finally retire to rest for the winter; and necessarily during this
+period, especially on sunny days in which (even at this season) they are
+often moderately lively and active, they are doubtless breathing and
+consuming some of the material which has been stored up for winter
+consumption.  Whilst again, in a very mild winter or spring they will, as
+is well known, frequently wake up from their dormancy, and of course, on
+each such occasion will make further inroads upon their reservoir of
+nutrient material.
+
+It is therefore pretty certain that hot summers and cold winters are most
+conducive to their rapid increase in size and weight; whilst of course
+the contrary conditions would have an exactly opposite result.
+
+Cetti says that the common Greek Tortoise seldom weighs above 3 lbs.  My
+larger one now weighs 3 lbs. 3½ ozs., and is still growing.  But there is
+a Tortoise now in this city which weighs as much as 6 lbs. 5 ozs.  I
+judge, however, from its size and form, that it may be a variety of the
+common Tortoise.  This creature must be not only “an old inhabitant of
+this city,” but thoroughly naturalised into a British subject, as it is
+known to have lived in Norwich for at least thirty years.
+
+I have little to add to what I previously said (and to what White has
+said) as to Tortoise habits and manners.  These appear to be very
+uniform, and to be guided by a most definite instinct; and it is very
+noticeable and very remarkable how the two Tortoises will constantly both
+do the very same thing at the very same time, often almost at the same
+moment of time.  For example, when feeding, even when apart from each
+other, they will constantly suddenly leave off eating almost at the same
+instant; or they will in like manner, when basking in the sun, both at
+once get up and walk off to some other place; or they will both all at
+once suddenly get up and march off to their evening place of shelter and
+rest—and this without any definite atmospheric or other cause that is
+appreciable.
+
+Cuvier has well called the Tortoise “_un animal retournèe_,” an animal
+inverted, or “turned inside out, or rather outside in.”  And it is said
+that the large Land Tortoise, when withdrawn into its shell, “can defy
+the whole animal world except man, from whom nothing is safe.”  And with
+reference to this point I have observed that our Tortoises, when retiring
+to rest, always take the greatest care to protect their noses and the
+anterior opening of their shells.  When they burrow, their head is of
+course covered up by the earth.  But when, as is often the case in the
+warmer weather, they simply go to sleep in some sheltered place, they
+habitually place their heads close against the wall, or under the
+projecting roots of a tree or shrub, so as not to leave this part
+exposed.  I presume, therefore, that they are conscious of some
+insecurity, and it would certainly appear that their heads would
+otherwise be open to the attack of rats or other predaceous animals.
+
+Professor Forbes describes the peculiar way in which he has in Greece
+observed the Tortoises to do their courting, _i.e._ the method by which
+the male Tortoise seeks to attract the attention of his lady-love,
+namely, by repeatedly knocking his shell violently against hers.  I have
+noticed the same process in my own garden.  Both my animals are, I
+believe, males.  But I have observed one of them, when in an amorous
+humour, to strike the other several times in succession a sounding blow
+on its shell; and this he does by suddenly withdrawing his head into his
+shell, so as to be out of harm’s way, and then as suddenly throwing his
+body forward by a sort of butting process against the shell of his
+fellow.  This proceeding causes a very considerable, and indeed,
+comparatively speaking, quite a loud and resounding noise; and at first
+sight these sudden and severe blows would appear to be more calculated to
+cause corporeal discomfort or injury than to excite affection.  These
+very marked attentions are usually followed by the utterance of a quick
+and soft, or almost whining cry.
+
+I will only add that my Tortoises show an increasing familiarity and
+sense of being at home as years roll on.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+ADDENDUM.—On November 2nd, 1905, after a further interval of thirteen
+years, these Tortoises had respectively attained to a weight of 4 lbs.
+and half an ounce, and 3 lbs. 13½ ozs. as compared with weights of 2 lbs.
+10 ozs. and 2 lbs. 5 ozs. in 1886.  They are therefore still growing in
+size and weight.  In October of last year (1907) they weighed
+respectively 4 lbs. 2½ ozs. and 4 lbs.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+MY CHRISTMAS GARDEN PARTY. {44}
+
+
+Norwich is proverbially a City of Gardens, and many of the houses in St.
+Giles’s Street, including my own, are fortunate enough to share in the
+advantage of possessing one of these valuable urban appendages.
+
+As regards the birds that frequent these gardens, the neighbourhood of
+Chapel Field, with its trees and shrubs, is, or should be, an additional
+attraction to them; but I am bound to say that I have not observed so
+great a congregation, or so large a variety of birds, in Chapel Field
+Gardens as might have been expected.
+
+My own garden consists of a plot of grass of fair size, with one large
+apple tree in its centre, a double laburnum tree close by, and with
+several other trees of good size on its confines.  Some of the boundary
+walls are covered with ivy.  In my neighbours’ gardens are also both
+trees and shrubs, whilst Chapel Field is in the immediate vicinity, just
+beyond my stable yard.
+
+There is thus a considerable variety of shelter for the birds, and,
+doubtless, a proportionate variety of food for them at the proper
+seasons.
+
+In ordinary years, and in average seasons, the following birds come into
+my garden:—
+
+1.  Our constant town friends, the Sparrows.
+
+2.  Blackbirds and Thrushes (a pair of each of which usually build and
+hatch with me, though I am sorry to say that their labour and pains are
+usually devoid of result, as the young birds are got by the Cats, either
+in the nest, or as soon as they leave it).
+
+3.  Starlings.
+
+4.  Robins.
+
+5.  Jackdaws (occasionally—from the neighbouring church steeple).
+
+6.  At rare intervals I see a little Wren, or Tom-tit, busily engaged on
+the above-mentioned laburnum tree, evidently getting a good meal from
+what it finds in the bark.
+
+7.  In the prolonged frosty or snowy weather the garden is occasionally
+visited by the Missel-thrush, and now and then also by
+
+8.  A Rook.
+
+In the ordinary way, and in open weather, the _number_ of my bird
+visitors is not large, but in the cold winter weather, and in response to
+my invitation, this number very considerably increases, so that at times
+I must have had as many as thirty-five or forty feeding in my garden at
+the same time.  The increase of numbers is chiefly made up of extra
+Sparrows and Starlings; and when it occurs the scene is often a very
+lively one; the whole of the thirty or forty birds being often assembled
+very closely together in active movement; and the grass or garden path on
+which they collect is sometimes quite black with their feathered life.
+
+The prolonged frost of the past winter is fresh in all our memories.
+
+On January 6th, when I specially noted the assemblage of my bird friends,
+we had had intermitting frost and snow for about five weeks, almost
+continuous snow (with occasional yieldings of the frost) for a fortnight,
+and a complete snowy covering up of the garden ground for a week, with
+sharp frosts, and often low temperatures at night.  There had been no
+sun, and, therefore, no melting of the snow by the wall, or by the hedge
+edges, and, consequently, doubtless the natural animal food of the birds
+was very scarce and difficult to obtain.  Some food had been thrown to
+them daily during the greater portion of this severe weather; but for the
+preceding week they had been fed pretty regularly twice daily.
+
+My usual _times for feeding_ had been about 9.30 (after my breakfast),
+and about 2 p.m. (after luncheon).
+
+When first fed, the birds—beginning with the Sparrows—seem only to find
+the food thrown out by accident, and would drop down by ones and twos, as
+their instinct or sense of far-sight appeared to show them that there was
+food to be had.  But very soon they seemed to remember these fixed hours,
+and many of them, especially Starlings, would then be seen collected on
+neighbouring trees, or elsewhere, before these times, evidently ready and
+waiting for what they were expecting.
+
+The Sparrows would be chirping in the ivy.  The Starlings would be seen
+sitting on the watch on a neighbouring tree or trees, and as soon as the
+food was thrown down they would immediately begin to descend upon it.
+
+Yet not all at once, or without due and proper precaution and inspection.
+First, the Sparrows—as the boldest—would drop down singly, but in rapid
+succession.  Then the Starlings would draw nearer one by one, and
+carefully look down and inspect the ground.  And when one had summoned
+courage to descend, the rest would quickly follow.  But, of course, the
+slightest noise would make the whole flock suddenly flutter up again into
+the trees, or into the next garden, as quickly to return when the alarm
+was found to be groundless.
+
+After a little further time, a Thrush or a Blackbird or two would join
+the group.  Later still, always late, a little Robin—quiet, silent, and
+pathetic—with its half timid and half confiding manner, would come into
+view.  Again, after a further interval, occasionally one of the Jackdaws
+would appear upon the scene.  And now and then, last of all, a huge Rook
+would suddenly descend and carry off some large crust which the smaller
+birds had left uneaten—reserved for more deliberate pecking at when the
+crumbs and smaller portions of food were disposed of.
+
+The manners of these various birds differed strikingly.  The Sparrows, of
+course, would be first and boldest, and everywhere.
+
+The Starlings would often form a compact group around the outspread food,
+one of them occasionally darting off with a big morsel or savoury bone.
+
+The Thrushes and Blackbirds would arrive quietly from over the wall; they
+would hop about usually on the furthermost outskirts of the crowd, and as
+near as possible to their habitual corner.  And the Blackbirds would
+waggle their tails in their own quaint manner, and perhaps give their
+peculiar cry, whilst both Thrushes and Blackbirds would evidently
+indicate their consciousness of superior manners and their greater
+dignity, if not their actually more retiring dispositions.
+
+The little Robin, solitary and observant, would come nearer to the house
+than the other birds; but his advent was usually too late for anything
+but the bare dry remains of the feast left by the rapacious Sparrows and
+Starlings.
+
+The Jackdaw would fly straight to the apple tree, perch upon it, then
+suddenly descend and seize upon the biggest remaining morsel; then as
+quickly fly up again into the tree and try to eat it there.  In this
+respect, in marked contrast to the Rook, which in the worst weather would
+occasionally suddenly arrive and help himself to the biggest crust left,
+but he would always at once fly away with it in his capacious maw.
+
+I am sorry to say that my garden party friends have displayed a very
+considerable amount of selfishness.  Each kind of bird, of course,
+selects first the kind of food most appropriate to it.  But there is
+clear indication that the law of force prevails amongst them, and that
+might carries the day against fairness and right.  And it is most clear
+that neither Communism, nor Socialism, nor Equality with Fraternity, is a
+doctrine in favour with them—at least in practice.  As long as there is a
+good supply of the best eatables, my friends are most communistically
+amiable to each other.  But as soon as the available supply begins to run
+short, then the most barefaced selfishness is the order of the day.  The
+strong sparrows drive away the weaker ones, or pursue them and steal from
+them any dainty little morsel they may have secured and flown away with.
+The Starlings dart at each other and scream, or go through continual
+“fluttering duels” in their efforts to steal their neighbours’ goods;
+whilst the Jackdaws and Rooks have no reserve in displaying their views
+as to their practical agreement with Rob Roy’s well-known maxim.
+
+I have not observed either the Blackbirds or Thrushes to fight for their
+food as the Sparrows and Starlings do.
+
+The Starlings exhibit some other very peculiar ways.  Before descending
+to feed they will sit upon neighbouring trees in an attitude of pensive
+watchfulness—one irresistibly reminding one of an old man leaning his
+head upon one side and resting it upon his hand.  Their peculiar waddling
+walk or run and extreme liveliness of manner are well known; but when all
+the food is gone, and they return for a short season to their trees, they
+will often resume their philosophic or contemplative attitude—very soon,
+however, to disappear to “other fields and pastures new,” or in plain
+English, to some neighbouring and equally hospitable garden.  And their
+capacity for food appears to be very great.
+
+The _kinds of food_ which I have thrown to my feathered friends have been
+bread and large crusts, oats, the refuse of meals, scraps of meat, bones
+of fish or fowls, herring skins, cheese rinds, portions of fat; and I
+have found that the animal matters are very greedily seized upon by
+nearly all of them, scarcely excepting the Sparrows.  And it is
+remarkable what large bones of fish or fowl are rapidly and entirely
+disposed of; whilst still larger bones from a joint are picked and
+cleaned to the last available particle.  Like bird-cannibals that they
+are, I observed that some bones from my Christmas Turkey thrown out to
+them, appeared to be very specially and particularly relished by them.
+When very hungry, not only will Sparrows eat some kinds of animal food;
+but Robins, Starlings, and Jackdaws will all eat bread crumbs and bread
+crusts.
+
+It is sad to think what a mixed world this is even for birds; and that
+even such a happy and interesting town gathering as I have described is
+not without its drawback, and this a very serious one.
+
+Whilst the birds are making the most of their opportunities, gratifying
+their natural tastes, and exhibiting their peculiarities, a Nemesis, or
+vengeful fate, is constantly hanging over them, ever ready to overtake
+them in case of any relaxation of their habitual watchfulness, in the
+case of our own or neighbours’ Cats.  For these fat and feline creatures
+seem to be on the watch for their own good Christmas bird cheer; and with
+crouching, stealthy steps, and wagging tails, they actually do now and
+again succeed in stealing upon their unsuspecting victims, and in
+illustrating the inexorable law, as to food, of animal-feeding creatures.
+
+It is pitiful to see a Sparrow or a Blackbird thus hopelessly engaged in
+the clutches of a Cat; and it is a sad interruption or ending of the
+scene of joy, if not always of harmony, I have just described.
+
+Our own pet Cat, though over fed, cannot resist the temptation of thus
+stealing upon these birds when the chance occurs, and its excited
+movements when watching them through a window, but unable to get out, are
+a study in themselves.
+
+To a certain extent the Starlings have now and then a sort of sentimental
+revenge; for when very hungry these bold birds will descend into the
+kitchen yard close to the house, and carry off bones and scraps placed
+there for the use of the said Cat, who has been seen to watch their theft
+of its food through the kitchen window in a state of trembling but
+helpless excitement, and evidently of intense disgust.
+
+During all the time of my feedings I could but notice the wonderful
+instinct which the birds exhibit, of discovering the presence of food.
+Sparrows are everywhere, and therefore it is not surprising that our home
+friends should be on the alert, and should quickly descend upon the feast
+prepared for them.  But how do their neighbours and more distant friends
+so quickly know of it?  How do the Starlings, who are not usually so near
+at hand, discover the good things available for them?  How does the
+Jackdaw in the steeple learn of the meat or bones thrown upon the garden
+path?  Or the Rook in the distant tree or field of the large crust which
+the lesser birds have been unable to dispose of?
+
+It is clear that neither sight nor sound, as we understand them, would be
+sufficient to inform and direct them; and that the most delicate sense of
+such perception would be insufficient to enable them to perceive food
+placed, say, behind a garden wall.
+
+I have observed that the birds usually arrive pretty constantly in the
+following order:—Sparrows, Starlings, Thrushes, Blackbirds, Robins,
+Jackdaws, Rook; though sometimes neither Jackdaws nor Rook will appear,
+and often the little Robin is so extremely late in his arrival that all
+the suitable food is eaten up.
+
+The Tit, or Wren, or occasional Finch, seen now and then in the garden
+does not condescend to join or associate with such a mixed Christmas
+party as I have described, but comes at his own time, and in his own way.
+But these little birds have lately been such rare visitors, that I have
+not had the opportunity of making any exact observations upon their
+manners and customs in the parish of St. Giles.
+
+I should scarcely have ventured to read these very simple and very
+superficial notes to this Naturalists’ Society this evening had I not had
+reason to believe that they would form the starting-point of far more
+scientific information about birds from one or more of its members now
+present.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+NOTE, 1907.—Some other birds have occasionally visited my garden, such as
+Nuthatches, Redwings, Blackheaded Gulls, and a few others.  As to the
+Gulls, in January, 1907, after a very heavy and prolonged fall of snow,
+some fifty or sixty of these birds, in their winter plumage, visited my
+garden and greedily fed upon food (bread or animal) thrown out to them.
+And almost filling, as they did, the grass plot, they formed a very
+beautiful sight.  Some of these birds in their food-hunting would come
+almost up to the drawing-room window.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+MY CITY GARDEN IN A “CITY OF GARDENS.” {53}
+
+
+Norwich has long been known by the designation of a “City of Gardens.”
+How long I know not, but we do know that Evelyn, on his visit to Norwich
+in 1671, spoke of the “flower gardens in which all the inhabitants
+excel.”  He also wrote in his diary that at this visit he went to see Sir
+Thomas Browne, whose “whole house and garden was a paradise and cabinet
+of rarities.”  This garden, I believe, at that time extended from his
+house in the Market Place (where the late Savings Bank stood) to at least
+as far as the present Orford Hill, but no portion of it now remains.
+
+It is much to be regretted that so many of the old Norwich gardens have
+fallen a prey to the requirements or encroachments of the builder; and
+that where ample space and air for flowers and shrubs, and even trees,
+formerly existed, there is now nothing but manufactories or houses with
+small back premises, or at the most, little gardens so surrounded by
+walls as to be little more than wells, with stagnant air and frequent
+showers of chimney blacks.  Still, in spite of the rapid increase of the
+city, and the gradual absorption of building spaces, we are glad to know
+that—even in the central parts of the city—some of the old gardens do yet
+remain, and that they are still able to produce much floral beauty, and
+in many other ways to contribute to the interest and pleasure of those
+who are fortunate enough to possess them.
+
+Of course, my present reference is only to gardens situated in the older
+parts of Norwich.  Those who live in our suburbs will doubtless be able
+to cultivate and utilise their present gardens as the citizens of Norwich
+did theirs in the “good old times.”
+
+I am glad to say that I (in common with others dwelling in St. Giles’s
+Street and on St. Giles’s Plain) am still one of the residents in older
+Norwich with a garden of considerable size.  And in my case this
+advantage is considerably enhanced by the immediate proximity of Chapel
+Field.  For this large open space of seven acres not only provides a
+great circulation of air, and so a more healthy vegetation, but also—by
+its numerous and lofty trees—invites a large amount of varied and varying
+bird-life.
+
+As I have now been a dweller in St. Giles’s for many years, it has
+occurred to me that a few current notes—however imperfect and
+superficial—on the capabilities and possibilities of such a central city
+garden, as illustrated by these, might possibly be an acceptable
+contribution to the proceedings of this our Norwich “Naturalists’
+Society.”
+
+The real object of the paper is to show in a simple way what a large
+field these home city gardens, according to their size, may still afford
+for observation and intelligent amusement; and how even in the limited
+space and depreciated air, which naturally belong to many of them, they
+yet afford great opportunities for the observation of both vegetable and
+animal life.  The simple grass-plots themselves, however small, when
+carefully tended and shaven, are in themselves a constant source of
+pleasurable satisfaction; whilst the very worms which inhabit them, and
+the birds which feed on these, afford much room for study of some of
+nature’s methods and instinctive tendencies.
+
+Doubtless the larger space which I possess gives wider opportunities than
+smaller gardens.  But these must be small indeed which do not offer full
+repayment for observation of the varied life which exists within them, or
+which may be imported into them.
+
+My garden is about 60 yards in length, by about 26 yards in width.  It
+runs nearly north and south.  It has walls of varying height on its
+several sides.  Near to the house these are covered on one side by
+trained wisteria and white and yellow jessamine, but the greater part of
+the other portions is covered with ivy.  The area of the ground is
+principally laid with grass, with a broad gravel walk around it.
+
+Under the east wall is a long terraced rockery, well covered with
+suitable plants; and along the west wall runs a broader bed devoted to
+very small shrubs and to flowers.  The south end, under a stable wall,
+contains some very ancient and still productive apple trees, also two or
+three beech trees, and an old pink May-tree, under the shade of which
+some of the commoner ferns flourish abundantly.
+
+A vinery, and a verandah utilised as a summer conservatory, complete this
+note of the arrangements of my city garden, and from this brief record it
+will be seen that an effort has been made to make every use of the
+available space and of its several possibilities.
+
+I do not propose to detain you with any detailed account of the flowers
+and plants which can be grown, or which flourish fairly at the present
+date in this limited city garden.  There are many which are hopeless by
+reason of the city air and city soil.  And I have found the more delicate
+flowers to be so uncertain as to be scarcely worth the trouble of
+planting out.  Others again fall inevitable victims to the myriads of
+autumn slugs.  But spring bulbs, the autumn hardy flowers, and some
+annuals, as well as the robuster ferns, do well, and fully repay the
+trouble of cultivation.
+
+As to ferns, in my former and more open garden higher up the street, I
+once had as many as forty different varieties growing abroad; but, of
+course, these gradually died out, so that at the end of four or five
+years only the common and hardier sorts remained.  Some of these, which
+were removed, are still very fine specimens, and have lasted in their new
+home, as such, for many years.
+
+It would have been very interesting had any list or catalogue of Sir
+Thomas Browne’s “paradise” of vegetable rarities been left to us, for a
+comparison of the possibilities of a city garden two hundred years ago
+with those of the present day, but none such is known to exist.
+
+I have mentioned the fact that several old apple trees exist in my
+garden, possibly as old as the house itself, which is understood to have
+been built 160 or 170 years ago.  And I would just mention here that
+beyond the roof of my stable buildings, and seen conspicuously from my
+garden, rises—nay, towers up towards the sky, that grand old
+Aspen-poplar, which is, perhaps, the greatest ornament of the adjacent
+Chapel Field, though I think scarcely adequately appreciated.  This tree
+has a girth of some 15 feet about a yard above the ground, is 90 to 100
+feet high, and was so remarkable even fifty-eight years ago as to have
+been then pictured by Grigor, in his “Eastern Arboretum,” as one of the
+most notable trees in this district.  In its later state a photographic
+sketch of it is given in my book on St. Giles’s parish, published in
+1886, although I fear that this scarcely adequately pictures its
+grandeur. {57}
+
+Blomfield states that the great avenue of elm trees in Chapel Field, also
+partly visible from my garden, was planted in 1746 by Sir Thomas
+Churchman, who is understood to have then lived in my present house, and
+who, I believe, then hired the open Chapel Field of the Norwich
+Corporation.  It may be interesting to state here that some three or four
+years ago one of the largest of that row of elm trees was blown down in a
+gale.  When this tree was sawn across, I took the trouble to count the
+rings which this section displayed.  The outer ones were so thin and
+irregular that it was not possible to tell their number quite exactly,
+but as nearly as I could count the total number was between 140 and 150.
+This number, added to the few which would exist on the young tree when
+planted, would give a date approximating very closely to that assigned by
+Blomfield.  This is an interesting historical fact, though, perhaps,
+somewhat irrelevant, and its mention will, I hope, be excused on this
+ground.
+
+In my own garden the various trees appear to be healthy, but some of them
+increase very slowly.  A small pear tree planted against the ivy-covered
+wall some twenty years ago is scarcely larger than when planted there,
+even although it every year sends out a full quantity of fresh green
+shoots.  And a pink thorn tree, transplanted into it a few years ago,
+actually remained perfectly quiescent, as if dead, for a whole year, and
+then resumed vitality and growth.  It is now a vigorous healthy tree,
+sending forth every year its normal shoots and blossoms.
+
+ANIMAL LIFE.—Such a garden as mine affords a considerable opportunity for
+observing the ways, and habits, and manners of many _animals_, none of
+which are uninteresting.  Shall I weary you by mentioning the _cats_,
+which so often make it their playground, and their afternoon as well as
+their nightly meeting-place?  Although I cannot say that _caterwauling_
+is harmonious, or equivalent to the strains of the bands which so
+agreeably discourse music in the adjacent Chapel Field on summer
+evenings, yet there is much of interest, as well as amusement, to be
+derived from noting the varied yet distinct language, and from watching
+the very curious customs of the cats themselves, familiar as these may be
+to all of us.  I am favoured with visits of cats of all sizes and all
+colours—black, grey, cyprus, sandy, grey and white, and almost all
+intermediate shades.  And it is certainly curious to watch the
+manifestations of their loves and their hates, their friendliness and
+their jealousies, their sunny enjoyments and their predatory instincts,
+and their methods of attack and defence.  These latter, though often very
+noisy, by no means necessarily consist in open fighting, but are very
+commonly carried on by what Mr. C. Morris calls the mentality of
+latter-day life.  These hostile cats (as you have probably observed) will
+very constantly settle their relative superiority, not by biting and
+scratching, or actual fighting, but by what is actually a “staring
+match,” in which the influence of mind over matter is well demonstrated.
+They place themselves a few feet apart, and stare at each other, until
+one of them confesses himself beaten, by slowly backing away from his
+opponent, and then suddenly turning round and running away.  This is a
+form of duelling which might well be copied in human life; and, still
+more, might properly be adopted in the case of nations, where “mental”
+arbitration, from a steady calculation of strength, would take the place
+of bullets and bayonets.
+
+As with Cats, so with _Sparrows_; it may be said that they are constant
+friends that are always with us.  Yet, though so common, they are a never
+failing source of interest in a city garden, if only because they always
+provide some conspicuous life and motion; and in mine, because they may
+nearly always be heard chirping or quarrelling in the ivy, which covers
+so much of the garden walls.
+
+I am sorry that Miss Ormerod gives them such a bad character as to their
+appetites.  But not being personally engaged in agriculture, I can only
+rejoice that nature has provided them with such strong constitutions, and
+healthy and active digestions.  Beyond this, it is certainly a pleasure
+to a townsman to note their chatterings, their amicable, if noisy,
+contentions for the best places in the ivy, their demonstrative
+courtships, their dust-baths in the dry ground, or their water-baths in
+the pans provided for them for this purpose, and their evident love for
+the neighbourhood and companionship (at a properly regulated distance) of
+mankind.
+
+What a contrast there is between the active, fluttering, often noisy
+_House Sparrow_, and its quiet, retiring, and gentle-mannered neighbour,
+the _Hedge Sparrow_.
+
+This was well illustrated in the early part of last December, in this
+way; the Hedge Sparrow (or Dunnock or Accentor) does not often visit my
+garden, but one of these pretty birds did come at this time, and having
+incautiously entered the open door of my greenhouse, got shut up in it.
+Next morning, on my entering, it was, of course, somewhat frightened.
+But instead of violently fluttering about, and dashing itself against the
+window, as the House Sparrow will do in like circumstances, it very
+quietly and gently flew away from me, and then at once dropped down
+behind the brick flue, where it remained quiet and concealed, in spite of
+my efforts to find it, as I desired to do in order to give it its
+liberty.  The same thing exactly happened on some following mornings; and
+being fed regularly, it has remained there to the present time, _i.e._
+the date of this paper.
+
+There are plenty of other birds whose visits and whose peculiarities
+would provide abundant material for a paper much longer than I can
+venture now to inflict upon you.  But they are all welcome for the sake
+of the varieties of life and habits they present—as well as for what
+Tennyson so prettily describes as their “singing and calling.”
+
+My grass-plot is the feeding-ground of the greedy and quarrelsome
+_Starlings_, which will often come for their meal of worms or other food
+at quite regular hours, usually at ten or eleven o’clock in the morning,
+and three to four in the afternoon.  And occasionally the _Jackdaws_,
+from our neighbouring church-steeple, where they live and breed, will
+venture—most carefully and cautiously—to alight on the grass in search of
+food.  Whilst even the Norwich _Rooks_ will, when hard pressed in bad
+weather, occasionally dart down from a tree for crusts of bread or other
+edible matter obtainable in the garden.
+
+_Thrushes_ and _Blackbirds_ are chiefly in evidence during the nesting
+season; and it is noticeable how tame or rather incautious they appear to
+become during this period.  It would almost seem as if the sitting
+process produced in them (as has been noted of other birds) a dullness or
+partial stupor of intelligence.  Whilst after hatching, the urgent and
+continuous calls of their young ones for food evidently renders their
+desire to satisfy these imperative and destructive of prudence.  This
+very year a full-grown Blackbird ventured along the grass in search of
+worms almost up to the house verandah, in which, unfortunately, a cat lay
+basking; and, as a matter of course, the bird was instantly pounced upon.
+She escaped, however, almost by a miracle, but she left nearly the whole
+of her feathers behind her, and almost in a state of nudity.
+
+It is curious to observe how the Blackbirds and Thrushes will not only
+provide worm-food for their nestlings, but how they will prepare these
+worms and make them fit for swallowing down the young throats.  They will
+often, when they have tugged a worm out of the grass, proceed to peck it
+into small and suitable lengths, and will then carry these, arranged in
+their mouths in suitable bundles, to the nest.
+
+Blackbirds appear not to gain knowledge by experience, at least in some
+particulars.  I witness almost every year a repetition of what I may term
+“the tragedy of the Blackbirds.”  Evidently the same old birds will
+yearly build a nest in almost the same portion of the ivy on one of the
+walls, and not more than six or seven feet from the ground.  Well, this
+is all right so long as the old birds are merely sitting and make no
+noise, so as to attract feline attention.  But as soon as the young birds
+are hatched, and begin to make vocal demonstrations, of course they fall
+victims to their natural enemies and “bird-fanciers,” and the nests and
+their occupants are ruthlessly dragged out from their positions and
+destroyed.  This occurs year after year.  I believe that then the birds
+will sometimes build again elsewhere.  But they certainly return to
+almost the same locality in the following spring, and their offspring
+again become victims of the inappropriateness of their selected homes.
+
+Plenty of other birds also come to the garden at various times and
+seasons, and add to its life and interest—_Robins_, _Bluetits_,
+_Nuthatches_, _Redwings_, _Missel-thrushes_, and others—but of their
+behaviour in the winter season, and when habitually fed, I have already
+discoursed to this Society, so will not further trouble you now with
+their noticeable peculiarities.
+
+REPTILES.—Perhaps it would scarcely be expected that the _Reptile_ race
+would provide much of interest for a city garden.  Yet it may be truly
+said that this class of creatures has done almost more than any other to
+provide my garden with material for this.
+
+As this Society will know from my previous communications to its
+“Transactions,” I have long kept two TORTOISES, and year by year noted
+their habits and most remarkable peculiarities.  These have been already
+fully described in the Society’s records, and I can only now add to what
+I before stated, that they still continue to increase in size and weight,
+and at about the same rate of progression as twelve or thirteen years
+ago.  They still gain 1½ to 2 ounces in weight in each summer, and lose
+about 1 or 1¼ ounce in weight during each winter hybernation.  The total
+result is, that whilst they weighed respectively 2 lbs. 10 ozs. and 2
+lbs. 5 ozs. in September, 1886, they weighed in October last 3 lbs. 13
+ozs. and 3 lbs. 8 ozs., having thus each gained in weight during this
+period 1 lb. 3 ozs., or on an average about one ounce and a quarter in
+each year.
+
+Other reptilians which I have tried to domesticate (for observation) in
+my garden are TOADS and FROGS.  But I am bound to say that I have not
+been successful in preserving them in any numbers for more than a brief
+period.  Their appearance and disappearance has at times been very
+mysterious and inexplicable, but on the whole those which I have imported
+have, as a rule, soon either died or been otherwise disposed of.  Is it
+not probable, I would suggest, that they, or at least the smaller ones,
+have fallen a prey to Jackdaws, Rooks, or even Starlings?
+
+Of the _Frogs_ which I brought home, only one survived the second year.
+But this one appeared to thrive in a remarkable degree for several years.
+It would apparently lie dormant for many months, and would then reappear,
+lively, fat, and much grown, for a few weeks in the late summer or early
+autumn; after which he would be no more seen until the following year.
+
+_Toads_ are more interesting than Frogs; and, indeed, in a city garden,
+by no means produce that feeling of loathing which is popularly supposed
+to be inherent in them.  On the contrary, they quickly become tame, and
+almost assume the _status_ of garden pets.  And as a matter of fact, I
+entirely disagree with Shakespeare, who calls them “ugly and venomous.”
+
+At first the Toads which I imported would come out regularly on suitable
+evenings, and sit or hop about on the damp grass or flower-borders.  And
+they exhibited a most special tendency (as has been observed by others)
+to come down to the house as if desiring an entrance.  Indeed, when the
+door was open they would not unfrequently walk in.  And I have more than
+once found one of them in my study or other room, sitting up in a corner,
+looking happy and comfortable, and quietly staring at me with its bright
+eyes, as if I were the real intruder.
+
+The direction of my rooms from the garden is from south to north.  I do
+not know if this was possibly expressive of any migratory instinct.
+
+Like the Frogs, of a number of Toads which I introduced into my garden,
+only three or four remained in the following year; and soon all
+disappeared, except one, whose end was peculiar and of dramatic interest.
+It occurred in this way: A neighbour kept in his adjacent garden some
+other reptiles, namely, some non-poisonous snakes.  One of these seems to
+have escaped from its cage and got over the dividing wall into my garden,
+and on one summer morning was discovered by me on my grass-plot, with
+this Toad (about a half-grown one) in his mouth, which he was trying to
+kill or swallow.  I suppose the Toad was too large or too lively, for the
+snake was making very serious exertions, and was actively agitating its
+body in a linear direction.  When seen at a distance, it looked like a
+stout piece of cord or fine rope agitated by the wind, with a movement
+like that of a carpet when it is flapped and shaken.  The Toad had been
+seized by the hinder part of its back, as shown by the two bleeding
+punctures afterwards found.
+
+When the snake saw me advancing towards it, it rapidly wriggled or
+undulated away towards the ivy-covered wall, where it was lost.  But it
+retained its hold of the Toad almost to the last, and until I had got
+quite close up to it.
+
+This incident is not only interesting, but it also shows that these
+reptiles must have some instinctive power of knowing of the neighbourhood
+of comparatively distant prey; for the rockery stones from which it was
+taken must have been at least thirty to forty yards from its own
+domicile.  Such an instinct would seem to be the equivalent of that well
+known to be possessed by birds of prey.  I regret that this poor Toad did
+not long survive his fright and bad usage.
+
+My Toads have exhibited the usual tendency of these animals to hide away
+beneath stones or earth, and in unfrequented corners.  When discovered it
+is curious to watch their half-frightened expression, and their peculiar
+mode of breathing by their under jaw, which appears at once to increase
+in rapidity.  They do not resist much when handled, but it is curious to
+note how they continue to swell their sides out, until they produce a
+very prominent rotundity of their body.  After the episode of the Snake
+and my Toad, the idea suggests itself that this is intended to make
+themselves as large as possible, not from envy of the Ox, as stated in
+the fable with reference to the Frog, but to make themselves too large a
+morsel to be swallowed by the lesser of those animals which prey upon
+them.
+
+These “Toads in holes” would come out from their retreat in dry weather,
+a few hours _before_ rain, after which they would again disappear, often
+for a long season.
+
+INSECTS.—There are plenty of these in every garden, however small; and
+Bees, Flies, Beetles, and especially Spiders, would afford a never ending
+source of interest.  The only insects which I have specially watched are
+ANTS, nests and colonies of which appear and reappear every summer upon
+my garden paths, or upon the adjacent portions of the grass-plots.
+
+We all know of the very numerous observers of and writers upon these
+little creatures; and their works, from Huber down to Sir John Lubbock,
+will be more or less familiar to us all.  Their industry, their building
+powers, their gregarious nature, their division of labour, their apparent
+working for the common good, their devotion to the young, their
+colonizing instincts, as well as some of the changes which their insect
+forms undergo, are all there recorded.
+
+And many of these things are easily to be observed by anyone who takes
+the trouble.
+
+I can only venture here to make one or two brief notes on their
+proceedings in St. Giles’s Street.
+
+Both the small brown and the small black Ants are to be here seen, but
+they occupy different positions; and not only do not seem to be on
+neighbourly terms with each other, but fight at once if experimentally
+placed together.
+
+The brown Ants are the more numerous, and in the summer months display an
+enormous amount of activity.  Doubtless there is a good reason for their
+incessant movements, but to the ordinary observer these often seem to be
+purposeless and merely the result of restlessness and excess of energy.
+
+The favourite situation for their little Ant-hills is decidedly along the
+edge of the gravel path, where this abuts upon the grass sward, and it is
+noticeable that almost the whole of these are placed on the easterly edge
+of this.  From these nests, or centres, very little use is made of the
+adjacent grass territory, but from nearly all a track is made across the
+gravel path to its opposite (westerly) side, where either a hole is made
+into a small fresh home, or a semi-tunnel is made through the grass
+edging on to and into the earth of the flower-border beyond.  There
+appears to be no attempt to tunnel in the firm gravel path, but the
+incessant racing backward and forward in the same line very soon (as Sir
+John Lubbock, now Lord Avebury, has pointed out) makes a well-trodden
+road, along which they follow each other in rapid succession.
+
+As to their hour of rising in the morning for work, I cannot speak from
+personal observation.  But as Solomon holds them out as an example to
+those inclined unduly to keep their beds, I conclude that their motto is,
+“Early to rise.”  But I can say that the opposite half of this proverb,
+namely, “Early to bed,” does not apply to them, for, at least in the warm
+weather, they do certainly often work until late at night.
+
+It is very interesting to watch these Ants at work, and to note their
+activity and energy and strength.  An Ant is “but a little creature,” but
+he is certainly able to perform a large amount of physical work.  And
+especially is this seen in the way he builds up those little heaps of
+earth known as Ant-hills.  I have had many of these under observation,
+and the rapidity with which they reappear after injury by pressure or a
+heavy rain-storm is very remarkable.  Twenty-four hours, or even less,
+being often sufficient for their complete restoration.  They are of
+varying form, but some are perfectly conical, with a circular hole at the
+top exactly like that of some Norfolk “kilns” used for the burning of
+bricks.  Others are irregular, or flattened and spongy, with several
+holes.  But it would seem that the varying shapes are largely due to the
+special conditions under which they are made.
+
+  * 1907.  I have noted that this year the brown Ants have varied in
+  colour, or have been replaced in their more usual spots on my gravel
+  walk by others that are nearly if not quite black.  And I have also
+  noticed that their habits are somewhat different.  The little conical
+  Ant-hills which they make are much smaller, but more numerous, than
+  those of their predecessors, and they seem to burrow more in the
+  adjacent grass lawn.  But they keep to almost the same spots.  In their
+  daily workings and activities also there is a decided difference.  They
+  are very active in the early mornings, but often can scarcely be seen
+  all the mid-day or afternoon, instead of racing about above ground
+  almost the whole day, as the others did.  But they may have been
+  influenced in this by the continued cool and showery weather of the
+  season.
+
+One very warm day about noon, in the early part of September, I witnessed
+some of the proceedings at one of the well-known “wedding ceremonials” of
+Ants.  The whole body of the Ants were swarming on the grass above the
+nest, and racing about in evidently a great state of excitement.  Amongst
+these were five large winged (Queen) Ants, constantly moving about,
+though more quietly, and in and out of the nest opening.  Also in the
+group were some forty or more smaller winged (Male) Ants, also moving
+about upon the ground.  None of the winged Ants were flying far about.  I
+watched this state of commotion for some time, then left, and returned in
+about an hour, when the whole body of these insects had disappeared,
+presumably into the nest.  Whether the brides and bridegrooms were about
+to take their wedding flight, or whether (as appears most probable) they
+had just returned, I am unable to state; but I saw no further commotion
+outside later on in the day.
+
+I have often watched these little creatures at work upon their “heaps,”
+and have noted how these are gradually built up of aggregations of single
+grains of earth or sand, which evidently have been dug out grain by grain
+from the earth, where the excavation is going on, and are then brought in
+the Ant’s mouth to the surface, and to the top of the rising earth-heap.
+They are then dropped over its edge, and the Carrier Ant at once races
+back into the hole presumably for a fresh burden.  This process is a very
+remarkable one, and the way the Ant brings his grain of earth in his
+mouth and drops it over the edge of the rising Ant-hill, irresistibly
+reminds one of a railway navvy who wheels his barrow full of earth and
+tilts it over the edge of the embankment upon which he is at work.  The
+number of single grains in even a small Ant-heap must be very large, and
+must amount to many thousands, or perhaps to hundreds of thousands.
+What, then, must be the untiring energy of a small Ant colony, which can
+reproduce such a granular heap in less than twenty-four hours?
+
+It does not always seem clear what the streams of Ants from the parent
+nest are so constantly occupied in.  They may be, to a certain extent,
+colonizers, but they certainly do not, with me, raise secondary Ant-hills
+to any great extent at the end of their runs.  They make holes in the
+ground there, and possibly they may be engaged in their proverbial custom
+of securing and storing up food for the winter.  To the uninstructed eye
+these holes look very much like Colonial outposts.
+
+The activity of these Ants entirely ceases with the advent of autumn, and
+their Ant-hills in my garden entirely disappear until the following
+season.
+
+As we all know, this instinct of storing up food for winter use has been
+largely denied, but from Sir John Lubbock’s account it certainly exists
+in some species, though its extent varies greatly.  As he says that many
+of the Ants live through the winter, some food would seem to be required.
+
+Speaking of Ants generically, we all doubtless accept King Solomon’s
+authority upon this point, and we shall not forget that the Roman poet,
+Virgil, writing just before the Christian era, expressed himself to the
+same effect.
+
+    “Ac veluti ingentem formicæ farris acervum
+    Cum populant, hyemis memores, tectoque reponunt.”
+
+Whilst Cicero says:
+
+    “In formica non modo sensus, sed etiam mens, ratio, memoria.”
+
+Lastly, did time and inclination permit, I might have found endless
+interest in observing the habits of the vast quantities of WORMS (again
+with the aid of Sir John Lubbock) which inhabit my grass-plot; or those
+of the SNAILS; or of the SLUGS, which exist in equally innumerable
+quantities in the garden soil.  Both these latter classes of animals
+appear to be made to be eaten, as they largely furnish food for the
+birds.  They prefer damp or wet weather, and to some degree are excellent
+weather-glasses or weather prophets.  As we all know, they roam or sail
+about on rainy evenings.  But it is curious to observe also the special
+instinct by which in dry periods the Snails will become aware of watered
+or damp earth at a considerable distance, and how they will in the night
+cross a large breadth of dry, or even dusty earth, to reach a spot of
+ground where plants have been watered on the previous evening.  I need
+scarcely remind you that these land mollusks, the Snails, and still more
+the Slugs, are creatures with super-excellent appetites for the garden
+plants.
+
+I have now, in conclusion, not only to apologize to this Society for the
+length of my paper, but, perhaps, also for having brought it before you
+at all.
+
+I did not venture to do so until I had asked our excellent and
+experienced Secretary whether he considered that a few such popular or
+surface notes, even if containing little that is new, would be
+acceptable, or even appropriate, to such a learned body.  My real object
+has been less to state what I have personally observed than to show what
+a large field still exists in our city centres (as indeed everywhere) for
+a naturalistic use of whatever out-door opportunities are present; and to
+illustrate the principle that even in the smallest and least promising
+city gardens or spaces, the materials for interest and self-instruction
+are ever present, and practically inexhaustible; that here, as elsewhere,
+and everywhere, we may “read, and read again, and still find something
+new; something to please, and something to instruct.”
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. {72}
+
+
+LADIES AND GENTLEMEN—Another of our Society’s years has come to a close
+this day, and it devolves upon me to say a few final words before
+yielding up this presidential chair.  In doing so, my chief desire is to
+repeat my thanks to the members for having placed me in so honourable a
+position, and for their kindness in sustaining me throughout the various
+evening meetings of the session.
+
+It is a matter of much congratulation that these meetings have continued
+to be well attended, and that the Society itself has continued thoroughly
+to fill that position of scientific usefulness which was hoped for it at
+its first inauguration, now eighteen years ago.  Such a lapse of time
+gives the opportunity of seeing how much good work has in the aggregate
+been done.  And though, no doubt, in looking back through our volumes it
+will be found that different years have produced a varying amount of work
+judged by its importance, yet on the average we have reason to be well
+satisfied with what the successive numbers show us, seeing that the total
+represents a very important collection indeed of natural history facts
+and information.  The work of the present year has, I think, fully
+maintained the good average attained in other sessions.
+
+The Society too, has, as a whole, continued to prosper, and appears to be
+effectually carrying out the initial programme set forth on the first
+page of each volume of its “Transactions.”
+
+On looking back to some of our earliest annual reports, I find that our
+numbers have doubled and trebled themselves since that time; and further
+that the list now embraces the names of many both at home and afar off,
+whose reputations are well known to science, and who are powerful
+additions to our Society’s strength.  As compared, too, with those
+earlier times, the increased plumpness of our yearly volume tells of the
+greater amount of matter that is now every year contributed.
+
+So, too, if prosperous finance is any test of success, we may look to the
+larger figures in our balance sheet, and the sufficiently satisfactory
+state of our “balance at the bank” further to fortify the favourable
+position which I desire to point out to you.
+
+We have had an accession of twenty-one new members during the year,
+whilst seventeen have been removed by death, resignation, or other
+causes.  But though the total losses from these causes have been but few,
+and those from death not above the average, yet these latter include some
+well-known names—the names of members of valued attainments, and of men
+whom the Society could ill spare.
+
+Especially do we note with regret the premature loss, in only middle
+life, of one who had been a member of this Society from its commencement,
+who was also a life member of the Zoological Society, and whose death
+would have claimed attention from us as Norwich men, were it for no other
+reason than that he bore a name the very sound of which is instinct with
+ideas of Norfolk Natural History; one who was also a member of a family
+to which this Society, and the neighbouring Museum, owe a long and
+ever-increasing debt of gratitude.
+
+Although the late Mr. John Gurney’s talents were never, I believe,
+especially directed to our class of study, yet his tastes for the bright
+and the beautiful were well known.  And though his affliction had of late
+years debarred him from the complete visual enjoyment of the beauties of
+nature, yet his devotion to the improvement of the rural charms of his
+own home, and his public-spirited expenditure upon the scheme for the
+laying out of Mousehold Heath, and its appropriate development, showed
+that he had in him that form of mind out of which the true lover of
+nature’s creatures, as well as nature’s charms, necessarily arises.
+
+But this side of Mr. Gurney’s mind will come home to us as naturalists
+much more forcibly when we recall the great act of his life, in which he
+was so heartily and so earnestly engaged when death removed him so
+suddenly in the midst of his useful and public-spirited career.  I, of
+course, allude to his great Castle-Museum scheme for the removal of our
+grand Museum collection, with its surroundings, to a new and larger and
+more appropriate position on the Castle Hill.  We all know the generous
+liberality with which he sought to ensure this grand scheme being carried
+out.  We have all noted the quiet and business-like sagacity with which
+the various steps necessary for the effective doing of this work were
+taken under his inspiration.  And I am sure we recognise how he was
+actuated not only by a desire to raise the scientific _status_ of the
+county and city generally, but also to assist those Norfolk workers in
+nature’s fields whose accumulated results are now to be seen under this
+roof.
+
+His large and increasing views for the good of this city, and its general
+welfare, have been so thoroughly and so publicly appreciated on all
+sides, that it is not necessary for me to add one word more.  His name
+will remain as that of a public man at once generous and right-minded.
+And I can only hope on behalf of this Society, and that of other kindred
+ones, that nothing will occur to prevent the full development and
+carrying out of that Castle scheme, which, if effected, will, in my
+opinion, have a large and important influence not only upon the future
+scientific progress of Norfolk generally, but also upon the intellectual
+position which our famous old city will hold in the time to come.
+
+Mr. Hampden G. Glasspoole, who has also recently died, had been a member
+of this Society from its commencement, and had contributed two papers to
+its proceedings.  These were entitled “Biographical Memoirs of some
+Norwich Botanists,” and “Memoir of Lilly Wigg.”  He had also published
+several papers in _Science Gossip_.  He was for several years a member of
+the late Norwich Microscopical Society; and of the London Quekett Club.
+
+Mr. Glasspoole was an accomplished botanist.  For many of the later years
+of his residence at Ormesby, he was honorary curator of Botany at the
+Norwich Museum; and after his removal to London he held, for a short
+period, the office of botanist to the Alexandra Palace.
+
+He will be remembered by us all as kindly, gentle, and genial; ever ready
+to help others with his time or his knowledge; and with all his stores of
+information, modest and unassuming.
+
+He added one species to the British Flora, _Carex trinervis_, Devgl; and
+two species to our county list, namely, _Ammophila Baltica_, Leak, and
+_Sparganium neglectum_, Beeby.
+
+As is well known, he was the eldest son of the late Capt. R. Glasspoole
+of Ormesby, who had himself presented many _curios_ to our Museum, and
+who published a most interesting account of his experiences whilst a
+prisoner in the hands of Chinese pirates.
+
+The Ornithology of Scotland has, in the death of Mr. Robert Gray, which
+took place at Edinburgh in February last, lost one of its ablest
+exponents.  Commencing with “The Birds of Ayrshire and Wigtonshire,”
+which appeared in 1869, Mr. Gray, two years later, published the more
+important “Birds of the West of Scotland,” and at the time of his death
+was engaged on a similar work treating of the birds of the Eastern
+district of his native country.  In this latter work he was, I believe,
+associated with Mr. William Evans of Edinburgh, who, it is to be hoped,
+will bring their joint labours to a successful issue.
+
+Mr. Gray commenced public life in the City of Glasgow Bank, and it was
+whilst acting as Inspector of Agencies for that establishment that he was
+enabled to collect the information which so enriched his work on the
+“Birds of the West of Scotland.”  Subsequently Mr. Gray entered the Bank
+of Scotland, and at the time of his death occupied the position of its
+chief cashier.  Since his residence in Edinburgh, he has taken a
+prominent position in the scientific institutions of that city, and was a
+Vice-President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and Secretary of the
+Royal Physical Society.  He did not become a member of our Society until
+1884, but has been long known by several of its members, and highly
+valued as a correspondent or friend.
+
+The only other member of this Society whose death we have to deplore is
+Captain Philip Hamond, who has for some time left this city, but who will
+be well remembered as having resided for awhile at Mousehold House,
+Thorpe.  He showed much interest in the natural history of Norfolk, and
+also in its antiquities; and he left a valuable collection of books
+relating to Norfolk.
+
+During the past session we have had many valued _papers_ contributed to
+our Society; besides some notes—shorter, but not necessarily less
+interesting, or of less value.
+
+We have also had several specimens exhibited.  And, in addition, we have
+had a considerable number of members who have taken part in the various
+discussions.
+
+I need scarcely remind you how varied these contributions have been; and
+how birds, beasts, fishes, insects, and smaller creatures; as well as
+seeds and plants, great and small; have all received illustrations during
+the year.  Distant parts of the globe, too, have helped to supply us with
+the material which has been brought before us, notably by our late
+President, Colonel Feilden.
+
+Many of the papers will be published in the forthcoming “Transactions” of
+the Society; and to these I need scarcely allude, as they can all be read
+by us very shortly.  But I should scarcely like to omit to mention the
+beautiful botanical specimens exhibited by Mr. Long, of Wells, at our
+last meeting.  The rarity and interest of some of them, the beauty and
+finish of the mountings, and the true scientific intelligence displayed
+in all, can but make us desire that so competent a collector would not
+only further explore his district, but also enrich this Society by the
+exhibition of the fruit of his researches.
+
+As to the contributions which will not appear in our “Transactions”:—At
+the May meeting, Mr. F. Sutton read some interesting notes on Strawberry
+growing.  In October, Mr. Southwell read extracts from the records of the
+Whaling s.s. “Eclipse” in the Greenland seas.  Mr. Southwell’s notes
+referred more particularly to the natural history occurrences of the
+voyage; the birds and animals met with.  And he exhibited several forms
+of Whale and Seal food, consisting of Crustacea and various minute
+organisms; as well as the skulls of two Greenland Seals, two Ringed
+Seals, and a Polar Bear, sent him by Mr. Robert Gray—all which latter he
+has presented to the Norwich Museum.  He also exhibited a very rare
+little fish of the genus _Scopelus_, likewise taken by Mr. Gray.
+
+At the same meeting, our most valued and efficient member, Mr. Geldart,
+read a paper on the _Calanus finmarchicus_ or Rice Food of Whales, from
+the West Coast of Spitzbergen, and illustrated by it the natural law of
+gradation in feeding, showing that whilst some Whales themselves eat this
+food, others devour the Cod and Herring, which eat these little
+crustaceans, which again eat the diatoms, found floating in such enormous
+numbers on the surface of those seas.
+
+My own humble contribution to the proceedings of our last meeting, in the
+shape of a paper on the habits of some of our town birds, entitled “My
+Christmas Garden Party,” has been recently published in _extenso_, and
+therefore need not be further alluded to here.
+
+There has been only one _Excursion_ made during the year, but this
+appears to have been full of interest and enjoyment.  I have received a
+lively and detailed account of the day’s proceedings from Mr. Bussey, but
+I regret that time only permits me to note the principal features of the
+occasion.
+
+The visit was made to the Salhouse and Wroxham Broads, and the
+neighbouring district, including the Broomhills, St. Benedict’s Abbey,
+and portions of the river Bure.  It is unnecessary to say how ample is
+the material in this district for the study of both the animal and
+vegetable kingdom; and as the day was fine, the opportunities afforded
+were fully availed of.  As usual, this occasion for field study fully
+repaid those who took part in it, for their devotion of the day to this
+pleasant combination of research and recreation.
+
+The field over which “Natural History” extends is a very wide one, and
+properly includes the study of all organised beings, living and dead.  At
+one end the ground is, to a very considerable extent, occupied by the
+Geological Society, which exists in Norwich; yet even in this department
+we have had, as I have said, some very valuable contributions during the
+year.  But at the other end, which embraces the study of minute or
+microscopic life, not only have we had no contributions during the past
+session, but I find, on looking over the past numbers of our
+“Transactions,” that the papers dealing with this part of the world’s
+life have been both few and far between.  There have been, as we know,
+some great and valuable exceptions, such as the papers read by Mr.
+Kitton, the address by Mr. Plowright, a portion of the address read by
+the President, Mr. Sutton, two years ago, and, perhaps, one or two
+others.  Still the small part which microscopical records and
+observations play in our annals is both noticeable and regrettable—the
+more so, because in consequence of the decease of the old Norwich
+Microscopical Society, I believe that no public or systematic work in
+this direction is now being carried on in this city.  And yet, partly in
+consequence of the larger forms of life having now been so largely
+studied, but still more in consequence of the new views as to the
+universality and far-reaching importance of microscopic living
+beings—there is probably no phase of natural history which is now more
+engaging general attention, or which is being more eagerly studied and
+investigated elsewhere.
+
+Mr. Sutton, in his presidential address of 1884–85, gave a most learned
+and interesting description of some of the microscopical researches which
+had been carried on up to that time, and further gave us a most lucid
+account of the influence which micro-organisms had been shown to exert in
+the process of nitrification in soils, an influence which had formerly
+been considered to be due to purely chemical action. {80}
+
+I trust I may be forgiven if I recall your attention for a few moments to
+this subject of Germ life, more particularly as it branches out and
+develops in a more vital direction; in other words as it affects human
+and animal life.
+
+This portion of the subject has, during the past two or three years,
+deepened and strengthened in interest; our knowledge of it has largely
+increased; and the recognition of its vital importance has called forth,
+both in Europe and America, a host of eager and capable workers.  It is
+scarcely too much to say that its wide and far-reaching issues are
+probably the most important to mankind of any that have been studied in
+recent times.  Foremost amongst the workers in this department may be
+recalled to you the well-known names of Koch and Pasteur, abroad; and of
+Lister, Watson-Cheyne, and Crookshank, in this country.  But the names of
+other eminent investigators will almost necessarily occur to your minds.
+
+It has long been known what potent factors were microscopic Germs in
+producing changes in the constitution of decaying matter; and how they
+were, in all probability, the useful scavengers of nature, definitely
+resolving into their constituent elements failing and dying organic
+tissues.  But it has become more and more a matter of knowledge, that by
+their parasitic habits and their power of invading and living upon and
+within other living tissues, they are also the sources of many so-called
+diseases of both vegetables and animals.
+
+With regard to vegetable parasitic growth I will not now detain you.  The
+blights, and the mildews, and the ergots, as well as minuter forms, such
+as algæ and micrococci, are well known; and no doubt much more is still
+to be learned from their further investigation; whilst by analogy it
+seems highly probable that the circulating fluids of higher members of
+the vegetable kingdom may be found to be invaded by parasitic beings in
+the same way as their animal compeers.
+
+But it is to Germ life in animal bodies that I wish now specially to
+allude.  I have said that our knowledge in this direction has, even in
+the last two or three years, made enormous strides, and it is now almost
+a matter of certainty that all contagious or infectious disorders, as
+well as many others, are but the expression of the fact that minute
+living bodies have made a resting-place for themselves in or upon other
+living tissues; and that the development of the phenomena of these morbid
+states is but an indication of their presence and reproductive
+activity—either as cause, or as an accompaniment of these disease
+manifestations.  And this applies not only to the human species, but to
+lower classes of animals, between whom and man many of these diseases are
+interchangeable.
+
+Such knowledge necessarily invests the life history of these minute Germs
+with intense interest, seeing that it is probably one step, and that a
+long one, towards the discovery of the means of prevention, if not also
+of cure, of many of our most fatal and dreaded diseases.
+
+Examples of such diseases are:—Scarlet Fever, Diphtheria, Small Pox,
+Cholera, Yellow Fever, Tuberculous Disease, Ague, Hydrophobia, Cattle
+Plague, Anthrax; and many others might be enumerated whose dependence
+upon parasitic Germs is almost conclusively proved.  But these are
+sufficient to show the deep interest of this branch of study.
+
+Not only are these Germs found in the solids of the body in some of these
+diseases, but in others their presence is easily and constantly
+recognisable in the blood or other fluids, and even within the corpuscles
+which the blood so largely contains.  And not only so, but the forms
+which these micro-organisms present are so constant and so definite in
+the different disorders, that it is now almost possible in some instances
+to diagnose what diseased condition we have to deal with by an
+examination of the fluid or tissue in which they are contained.
+
+It is, perhaps, but right here to say that some of our most cautious
+observers consider that it is as yet hardly _proven_ that the differing
+Germs found in the various diseases are their actual and efficient cause;
+but their definiteness in the various disorders, and the constancy of
+their presence, leave little doubt that this will hereafter be
+conclusively shown to be the case.
+
+Some of these Germs seem to have a short life and rapid development, and
+then we have acute disease.  Others seem to have a more prolonged or
+continuing career, and then we have chronic disease.  Whilst others seem
+to have an intermitting development, and then we have paroxysmal disease.
+
+Many curious facts have been observed in reference to the forms, or
+multiplication, or life-history of some of these parasitic beings.  Thus,
+for example, in one class (_Filaria sanguinis_) it was noticed that the
+minute embryos of this little blood-worm could only be discovered in the
+evening or during the night, and not during the day; and the reason of
+this has appeared to be that it is necessary that they should come within
+reach of the Mosquito Gnat, which is a night-feeding animal, in whose
+bodies one stage of their development appears to take place.
+
+One of the latest discoveries in this department of natural history is
+that of the blood germs, which co-exist with the various forms of ague
+and malarious disease, and upon which they would appear to depend.  Dr.
+Osler, of Pennsylvania (now Regius Professor of Medicine, at Oxford), has
+recently described and figured these little bodies in an elaborate paper
+full of interest.
+
+Such facts as these, when regarded merely from the point of view of a
+member of the Medical Profession have their deep and _special_
+significance.  But I am here to-night as a member of the Naturalists’
+Society, and by all of us, in that capacity, they are first to be
+regarded, not as illustrations of disease, but of the life history of
+some of nature’s creations—creations which are no doubt as important, as
+definite, and which play as large a part in the general scheme of life,
+as do many of the larger forms of animated beings.
+
+Some of these little bodies, especially those of the bacillary and
+bacterial class, are extremely minute, and are best examined with powers
+ranging from one-tenth to one-twenty-fifth of an inch; and it is
+impossible to ignore the fact that their study requires not only good
+instruments, but much patience and skilled attention.  Nevertheless, such
+study fairly comes within the scope of this Society’s work, and will most
+certainly repay any of its members who may be induced adequately to
+undertake it.
+
+Nor let it be said that minuteness is any reason for lack of interest on
+the part of the naturalist.  For many of these micro-organisms have
+already been shown to be as varied, and to have as definite a structure,
+and as special a life history, as any of the larger types of beings;
+whilst, of course, we all recognise that apparent size is as nothing,
+that it is a mere accident, a question of the construction of our
+enquiring eyes, a condition that is at once altered and rectified by a
+magnifying glass.
+
+If it be true that the invasion and presence of various small organisms
+in the blood or tissues is the cause of the various specific diseases to
+which I have alluded, then the application of such knowledge as
+naturalists can obtain, as to the food and other conditions necessary to
+their existence; their mode of ingress to the body; their development and
+multiplication, becomes clear and obvious.  It opens up to our minds
+possibilities both of prevention, and of either mitigation or cure.  For
+it is evident that if we can starve these Germs of their necessary
+nutriment, or make their new habitation unsuitable for their healthy and
+vigorous development, their career as invaders will necessarily either be
+cut short, or be rendered feeble and impotent; and therefore the
+disease-changes which they can produce less violent and less lethal.
+
+Something of this kind appears naturally to have taken place in those
+persons in whom some of the zymotic diseases (of which Measles, Scarlet
+Fever, Whooping Cough, etc., may be taken as familiar types) have once
+run their course; in those, that is, who are popularly said to have
+already had these diseases.  And although the exact abiding change which
+is produced has not been ascertained, yet it is well known, and quite
+understood, to be one which renders the fluids or tissues partially or
+wholly unsuitable for their future healthy growth.
+
+This theory, too, is the well-known explanation of the protective power
+of the Cow Pox, which once having permeated a human system, has rendered
+it unsuitable for the future healthy and vigorous development of its
+greater relation—the Small Pox.
+
+In default of available means of destroying the Germs of other malignant
+diseases, prolonged efforts have been made (and notably by the great
+French pathologist, Pasteur) so to diminish the intensity of the
+destructive force of some of these specific Germs, that they may be
+safely inoculated into human bodies without danger to life, and yet be
+potent enough in their effects to anticipate and render abortive the
+invasion of the more virulent diseases.  This has been attempted by
+repeated cultivations of the Germs in proper media, until after several
+of such generations the broods shall have acquired the requisite
+diminished vitality—in fact, until that diminution of virulence which the
+Small Pox Germ has sustained in passing through the Cow has been obtained
+by these artificial means.
+
+We are all familiar with the attempts which have recently been made by
+Pasteur in this direction, in regard to that most fatal disease
+Hydrophobia.  It remains to be seen how far he has been successful in
+solving this preventive problem; and how far this may be the true method
+by which to utilize our knowledge of bacterial life.  Medical men are
+diligently working at this subject from their own point of view.  There
+is much to be done by microscopic naturalists in unravelling the
+life-history of these little beings; and we are glad to recognise the
+kind of results which may be hoped for in the future.
+
+Such considerations as these are fraught with matter for deep reflection,
+and tend to open our minds to the far-reaching possibilities not only of
+this special knowledge, but of that which we are gaining in many other
+branches of science.  Each fresh item of knowledge is like a new step
+upon a ladder, and raises us to a fresh height from which we can take a
+wider survey, and which we can assume as a loftier and broader basis for
+further enquiry.  Scientific thought is ever as to what may next be done,
+and how to do it.  For, as Sir James Paget has recently said: “Every
+increase of knowledge brings before us a larger and clearer view of the
+immeasurable quantity which is still to be gained.  The more we know, the
+more can we see, if we will, how much more there is that we do not know.”
+And of this we may be sure, that it is by minute and exact work only that
+in the future our store of knowledge is to be increased and made sure.
+If no other example to prove this were at hand, it would be sufficient to
+quote the recent observations of the Rev. Dr. Dallinger on the subject of
+the conjugation of the nuclei of some minute forms of cell life:
+observations which bring us nearer to some definite knowledge of this
+particular matter than any hitherto made upon higher classes of
+creatures.
+
+Dr. Dallinger has spoken of the “vast area of activity and research in
+this direction;” and Professor Huxley has said, “that those who have
+toiled for the advancement of science are in a fair way of being
+overwhelmed by the realisation of their wishes.”
+
+We appear indeed to be still only on the threshold of knowledge, to have
+merely touched the fringe of the vast and infinite life-history which the
+living world, that inexhaustible stream of life which we see everywhere
+around us, contains.  We are proud of the amount of our natural history
+knowledge.  We think to have accumulated a large store of information as
+to that especially of our own district.  We can point to the lists of
+animals and plants which the research of the members of our Society, and
+others, has so laboriously gathered together.  And we can look to the
+stores of our Museum as illustrations of what has been done.  And yet a
+little further consideration at once shows us how small a part this is of
+what is yet to be known.  We know the gross form of the specimens; we
+know something of their habits during life; and yet how little is this of
+what there is to be known about them.  Who is there of the most learned
+who can properly explain the meaning of one hundredth part of what these
+creatures present in form, size, colour, and intimate structure?  We have
+a general idea that their special peculiarities have relation to the two
+primary essentials of life—the daily bread, and the perpetuation of the
+species—but we are largely unable to explain the _raison d’etre_ of many
+of the commonest facts which they present.  It will be a great day when
+we can also explain the object or utility of all the variations which
+they present.
+
+Of course I do not forget the powerful impulse given by the researches of
+Darwin in the direction of explaining the why and the wherefore.  I only
+indicate how large a portion of this explanatory field is yet untilled.
+
+In this county a Naturalists’ Society will never lack either for material
+to work on, or for variety and interest of subject.  Much, even in its
+grosser form, still remains to be learned.  And the vast variety
+presented by the county, in respect of climate, soils, strata, heath,
+woodland, marsh, stagnant and running water, as well as the proximity of
+the great ocean with its shore—presents an almost unexampled field for
+the work of the scientific naturalist—a field, too, which is constantly
+changing in accordance with the physical and other changes steadily going
+on in the district.
+
+With these great natural advantages, and with the great love for natural
+science, which is inherent in Norfolk men, I make bold to hope and
+prognosticate for this Society a prolonged and continuously useful
+career.  We are glad to see its library growing, and its journalistic
+interchanges increasing.  We are glad of the increasing importance of the
+position which it holds amongst kindred societies.  We are all, I am
+sure, looking forward to the time when this, our Society, will meet in a
+handsome airy room on the top of the Castle Hill; {88} when any student
+of any particular branch of this natural history will be able (on
+repairing to our Museum) to see not merely inaccessible specimens ranged
+three or four deep, but so displayed as to be available for study and
+examination; when lectures and demonstrations will be possible, because
+there will be sufficient room space to contain both the lecturer and his
+audience; in short, when we in Norwich shall have a scientific centre
+worthy of the Museum and of the great reputation which this district has
+always held.
+
+What a happy change, too, when the old Castle of Norwich—the last of our
+three city prisons—shall exchange its human prisoners for forms,
+imprisoned indeed, but not human; and intended only to enlarge and
+instruct and make more free the mind of man.  And when Science and Art
+and the cultivation of the intelligence shall tend year by year, and ever
+more and more, to render real prisons less and less required.  And when
+the moral sense and the force of cultivated public opinion shall suffice
+to reduce crime and ill-doing to its minimum.  We gladly recognise how
+much has already been done, and we look forward with hope in both these
+directions to the good time coming.
+
+In now resigning this chair to my learned and distinguished successor, I
+can only trust that he will find his year of office as pleasant, and as
+profitable to himself, as the Members of this Society, and their
+excellent Secretary, have rendered mine to me.
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+THE PARISH OF ST. GILES’S, NORWICH, AND ITS CHURCH. {90a}
+
+
+The parish of St. Giles’s, though relatively not large, yet has always in
+later periods occupied an important position in the City of Norwich.  It
+formerly—as is usual with parishes dedicated to Saint Giles—lay upon the
+outskirts of the city, though not _necessarily_ within the city proper
+previously to 1253 {90b} (as Mr. Hudson has pointed out), when the city
+was enclosed with a fosse.  In recent times Norwich has expanded largely
+in the direction of Earlham and Heigham, and St. Giles’s is now
+completely overlapped by these populous suburbs.
+
+Blomefield describes the parish as having been part of a new portion of
+Norwich called the New Burgh, originally settled in the time of Edward
+the Confessor, but much increased at the Conquest by the Normans or
+Frenchmen settling in it.  He says they chose and took this position as
+being the pleasantest part of the city; but it may also have been that
+they selected it as being merely the best ground as yet unoccupied by
+earlier settlers.
+
+St. Giles’s parish is broadly triangular in form, with its base along
+Chapel Field Road and St. Giles’s Hill.  It covers (according to Ordnance
+Survey) a space of 22·952 acres, and comprises within its area rather
+more than half of Chapel Field.  Its western boundary is along the site
+of the old city wall, and of St. Giles’s Gate, whilst on the eastern or
+city side it extends as far as Fisher’s Lane and a little beyond.  The
+population in 1881 was 1,438.
+
+A main city street runs through it, now known as St. Giles’s Street, but
+formerly called Inferior Newport, Nether Newport, or Lower Newport;
+Bethel Street being then called Over or Upper Newport.
+
+This street is handsome and well-built, and contains several large and
+important houses or mansions.  Of late years several of these have been
+converted into the homes of public institutions, and the “Young Men’s
+Christian Association,” “Gilman’s Insurance Offices,” and the “Masonic
+Association,” now occupy some of the largest of them.
+
+On the north side of this main street, near to Fisher’s Lane, formerly
+stood a _Domus Dei_, or Almshouse, but this was pulled down about 150
+years ago.  Browne, writing in 1814, says: “On the south side of this
+street is the office of Mack’s London Waggons, which go and return to and
+from London every week.”  These waggons continued to ply for many years;
+and “Mack’s yard,” which adjoined what is now Mortimer’s Hotel, was a
+business centre of considerable importance.
+
+In olden times, _Fisher’s Lane_, which extends from St. Giles’s Broad
+Street to Pottergate Street, was believed to have been so called as being
+the road to a fish-quay, which formerly existed there; but this is now
+thought to be very doubtful.  The other principal thoroughfares are _St.
+Giles’s Plain_, in which was formerly an open pit—seen and mentioned by
+Kirkpatrick, but long since filled up; _Rigby’s Court_, leading from it,
+formerly called _Pit Lane_, but now known as Rigby’s Court, from the
+eminent Dr. Rigby, who once lived at its St. Giles’s end; and _Willow
+Lane_, noteworthy for having for a time been the residence of the Rev.
+Francis Blomefield, the Norfolk historian, and of George Henry Borrow,
+the celebrated writer.
+
+The principal PUBLIC BUILDINGS are
+
+  _The Church_,
+
+  _The Church Schools_, built in 1862,
+
+  _The Roman Catholic Chapel_, erected in 1828, and
+
+  _The Volunteer Drill Hall_, erected in 1865–6.
+
+Until quite recently the City Prison stood immediately outside the Gate
+of St. Giles; but the site of this prison is now occupied by the Roman
+Catholic Church, now in process of erection.
+
+In earlier times a _Leper-house_ existed just beyond the gate.
+
+Also until recently there existed just beyond the gate a series of
+remarkable and ancient _chalk vaults_, or excavations.  They are
+described by Mr. Woodward (“Archæologia” vol. xxiij., p. 411), who showed
+a plan of them made by John Bond in 1571.  Woodward thinks they were
+galleries made to obtain the chalk flints for building purposes, whilst
+Mr. Rye says “they were probably worked by the masons of the Castle and
+Cathedral for the sake of the chalk.”  They are now filled up.
+
+_The City Wall_, built between 1294 and 1319, surrounded the outer and
+western margin of this parish; and St. Giles’s Gateway, the “Porte de
+Newport,” or Gate of Newport, stood at the western end of St. Giles’s
+Street.  Over this gate, at one time, lived an hermit.  It was pulled
+down in 1792.  In 1867 the greater portion of this part of the City Wall
+was also taken down; only a small portion near the southern end of Chapel
+Field, with one of the towers, being left standing.  A photograph of this
+remnant is given in my book on St. Giles’s parish; as well as views of
+the Gateway as it existed in 1720 and 1792.  The latter were sketched by
+the Ninhams, and published by Mr. Fitch in his work on the Gates of
+Norwich.
+
+_Chapel Field_, whose history is so strongly interwoven with that of
+Norwich, lies on the southern side of St. Giles’s.  It takes its name
+from a Chapel of St. Mary, which formerly stood where now is the building
+used as a High School for Girls.  More than half of it lies in this
+parish (4·790 acres out of a total of 8·994 acres).  It was formerly
+known as Chapel Field Croft; and its ancient owners are stated by
+Blomefield to have been the Prior of Buckenham, the Prioress of Carhowe,
+and the Dean and College of the Chapel in the Fields.  But it appears to
+have been acquired by the City during the sixteenth century, after the
+dissolution of the monasteries.  Chapel Field was at one time a sort of
+_Campus Martius_ of the city, and was used for the musters and training
+of the local trained bands, as well as for military reviews.  After its
+acquirement by the Corporation, the Field was for a long time usually let
+out on lease.
+
+In 1707 it was first railed in.  In 1746 its main avenues of trees were
+planted by Sir Thomas Churchman.  In 1792 a large portion of it was used
+for the construction of the reservoir of the old Norwich Waterworks.  In
+later times it has been used for the drilling of Militia or Volunteers;
+as well as for Volunteer reviews; also for the holding of fêtes, flower
+shows, bicycle meetings, and horse shows.  The well-remembered Fisheries
+Exhibition was held in the Drill Hall in 1881.
+
+In 1866 the Prince and Princess of Wales each planted a Wellingtonia tree
+in the Field, but these did not flourish, and have been removed.  In the
+same year the Field was enclosed with its present handsome iron
+palisading, and it has since then been transformed into the delightful
+Chapel Field Gardens, as we now see them, with their special beauties,
+and the handsome iron Pavilion in their midst.
+
+_The Church_ of St. Giles, dedicated to the Saint of that name, stands on
+the north side of Upper St. Giles’s Street; and is a striking object as
+we pass up the street, as well as from many other points of view.  It
+occupies a commanding position, overlooking much of the surrounding
+district, and was anciently called St. Giles’s on the Hill.
+
+Blomefield says it was founded by Elwyn the priest, and given by him to
+the Monks of Norwich, after he had procured an indulgence of twenty days’
+pardon for all who should come and offer here on St. Giles’s Day, or
+within seven days after, and it was rebuilt in the time of Richard II.
+The chancel, which appears to have been a very long one, was demolished
+in 1581, and was not rebuilt until the general restoration of the Church
+in 1866, when it was restored mainly at the cost of the Rev. W. N. Ripley
+(now Canon Ripley) who was then Incumbent.
+
+The Church is a fine perpendicular flint-work structure.  The tower is
+large and well proportioned.  It is battlemented and crowned with a small
+bell-cot and weather-cock.  It is rather more than 113 feet high, and the
+hill upon which it stands is 85·8 feet above the level of the sea.  From
+its height and conspicuous position, it was selected in 1549 for placing
+a cresset, for a fire beacon, upon its top.  There was formerly a Cross
+and Image of the Trinity in a niche on the west side of the steeple
+(Blomefield).  It has a clock on its eastern face, and contains eight
+bells, one of which is rung as a Curfew every evening at eight o’clock,
+as has been the case for more than four hundred years, in accordance with
+a benefaction of one John Colton, in 1457.
+
+_The Belfry Chamber_ contains five large steeple-boards, with many names
+of ringers.
+
+_The Porch_ has a fine groined vault, with fan tracery, and a rich
+parapet and cornice.
+
+Kirkpatrick (1712) says of it: “There is a neat porch of freestone on the
+south side of the Church for entrance, with a chamber above it.  On each
+side of the window, which is in the front, is a niche (with) spired top.
+On each side of the arch of the door, cut in stone, is a cherub with an
+escocheon before him.  That on the east side has two pastoral staffs.  On
+the (west) a Pall, and at the top of the porch a border of carved work
+whereon you see the letter G of the antient form with a crown upon it and
+an escocheon with vine branch of various small ones denoting St. Giles,
+to whom dedicated.”  (These three niches are now empty.)  “On the north
+side of Church there is no porch, but only a door opposite to that of the
+south.”  (This doorway no longer exists.)
+
+The Church itself consists of new Chancel, Nave, and North and South
+Aisles.  The whole building is about 120 feet long, and the nave with its
+aisles is 48 feet across.  The roof is of good open woodwork, supported
+by “Angels bearing shields, emblazoned with the Arms of England, France,
+and Castile” (Bayne).  And Taylor says the Arms of Norwich Priory are (or
+were) seen in this roof.  The columns supporting it are light and
+elegant.  They are four in number, with a pilaster at each end, and they
+divide the nave from the aisles.  The clerestory windows have been
+modernised.  They are five in number, and closely correspond to the
+larger windows in the walls of the north and south aisles.  Of these
+there are five in the north side, and four (and the porch) on the south
+side.
+
+Blomefield says that “In the west end of the south aisle there was
+formerly a chapel, altar, and image of St. Catharine, with a light
+burning before it; and against one of the pillars there was a famous rood
+called the Brown-rood.  There was a Gild of St. Mary kept before the
+altar of the Virgin of Pity.  The west window in the north aisle was
+adorned with the history of Our Lord’s passion; and there were lights
+burning before the images of St. Mary, St. John Baptist, St. Christopher,
+St. Unkumber, and St. Wilegesartis; besides those that continually burned
+before the Holy-rood, or cross, the Holy Sepulchre, and the Sacrament.”
+
+Mr. Hudson says that S. Uncumber and S. Wilegesartis, or Wylgefort, were
+the same person, and in the _St. Peter Mountergate Parish Magazine_ for
+February of this year (1891) he has thus briefly given her history: “She
+was a beautiful maiden who was ordered to marry a man to whom she had a
+great aversion.  While she was at her wits’ end to know how to avoid her
+fate, she was delighted to discover that in the course of a few hours she
+had become adorned with a full-grown and very ugly black beard.  This, of
+course, disposed of the gentleman.  Wylgefort lived to be a happy old
+maid, and when she died was honoured as a Saint . . .  She was thought to
+have some special power to uncumber (_i.e._ disencumber, make free)
+discontented wives from disagreeable husbands.  Hence her popular name.”
+
+The remains of a colossal fresco painting of St. Christopher and two
+consecration crosses were discovered on the wall of the north aisle in
+1723.
+
+At the lower end of the Church stands an ancient stone _Font_; the upper
+part, or basin, evidently of much older date than the base, which
+consists of a pedestal and two steps.  The outer part of the basin has
+eight facets, carved with shields and flowers, and below these are eight
+cherubs’ heads, with flowers between.  The pedestal is carved out on its
+sides into niches, having cusped tracery heads.  There was formerly a
+cover, which has been lost.  Standing within the large basin is a small
+leaden vessel and cover, a rough miniature copy of the font itself, made
+about fifty years ago by Mr. Culyer, then parish clerk.
+
+_The Communion Plate_ {97a} consists of six pieces, silver gilt, and
+presented by Robert Snell in 1738, and of two brass bowls, presented by
+Mr. John Gurney in 1869.
+
+The reading desk and pulpit, the organ, the oak fittings, and the vestry
+room were all added in 1866, when the whole Church was restored, and the
+Chancel rebuilt. {97b}  The building is thoroughly heated by hot water.
+The Communion rail was added about five years ago.
+
+The Church contains several monuments, besides mural tablets and
+inscribed stones.  The principal of the former are those of
+
+  Adrian Payne, 1686, the founder of Payne’s Charity.
+
+  Robert Snell, 1738, who gave the Communion Plate.
+
+  Alderman Churchman, 1742.
+
+  Dr. Offley, 1767.
+
+  Sir Thomas Churchman, 1781.
+
+  Dr. John Beevor, 1815.
+
+  The Stannard Family, 1838.
+
+  Slabs to the memory of Henry Crossgrove, printer, 1744, who published
+  the first Norwich newspaper in 1706; and to Elizabeth, wife of Colonel
+  Cobbe, of Sandringham Hall, 1698, may also be mentioned.
+
+There are several brasses, the two principal represent Robert Baxter,
+Mayor of Norwich in 1424 and 1429, with his wife; and Richard Purdaunce,
+Mayor 1422 and 1433, with his wife.  Both of these are figured in
+Cotman’s “Brasses of Norfolk.”
+
+Other and smaller brasses are inscribed with the names of John Smith,
+Elizabeth Bedingfield, Margaret Landysdale, Thomas Hervey, and Rachel
+Spendlove.
+
+_The Room over the Porch_ contains some church standards of former St.
+Giles’s Mayors; also a dilapidated ‘Parish Umbrella’; and the parish
+‘Watchman’s Crake,’ or rattle.
+
+_The Parish Registers_ date from 1538, and are very perfect.  The Burial
+Register shows distinct evidence of the presence of unusual mortality in
+some of the well-known pestilence years.  The first part contains a very
+remarkable illustrated dedication.
+
+_The Churchyard_ was altered and enclosed with a wall and iron railing in
+1866–7.  Taylor says that a Hermitage formerly existed in its south-west
+corner.
+
+There are several and important parish _Charities_; their proceeds being
+partly for Church purposes, and partly for the benefit of poor
+parishioners.
+
+The incumbency has an endowment of about £70 a year.  It was formerly a
+Perpetual Curacy, and is now a Vicarage.  It is in the gift of the Dean
+and Chapter.  A vicarage house for the minister has been purchased quite
+recently.
+
+                [Picture: The Tower of St. Giles’s Church]
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+THE TOWER OF ST. GILES’S CHURCH,
+_And some things in relation thereto_. {99}
+
+
+By “relation thereto” I mean that my paper will first speak of myself—my
+personality and my belongings—and then recall to your memory a few of
+those changes and events of interest which have taken place in my
+neighbourhood and surroundings.
+
+Perhaps I ought to apologize for bringing before such a learned branch of
+the Church of England Young Men’s Society, as is this its Literary Class,
+so many familiar facts and events as are here alluded to.  But
+nevertheless, I have thought that there might be some considerable
+interest in grouping and recalling to our minds a few such items
+connected with one city centre, and especially as they might be supposed
+to be noted by such an eyewitness as I have suggested myself to be.  A
+knowledge of our city, of its specialities, its changes, and
+developments, is always good mental store.  And although it might be
+said—are not many of these things to be found recorded in the City
+Archives, and in the volumes of City History? yet almost certainly many
+of the members of this class will not have studied these.  And therefore,
+it may fairly be hoped that this little paper may stimulate the
+historical bump of some of the brains here present, and arouse in them a
+desire to further study such archæological facts and local histories.
+
+And here let me quote some lines of the Suffolk poet, Bernard Barton, in
+reference to the survey or study of past events or history.  He says:—
+
+    “No useless, or ignoble toil,
+    To him who in ‘the past’ delights,
+    Seems it—from dark Oblivion’s spoil
+    To cull whate’er our taste invites,
+    Of by-gone legends, parted rites,
+    In earlier days believ’d as true;
+    And bid our old ‘Historic Sites’
+    Peopled afresh, to charm anew.
+
+    “That is no true Philosophy
+    Which does not love at times to trace,
+    With glowing heart and moisten’d eye,
+    Time honoured haunts, whose chiefest grace
+    Is to have been _their_ dwelling-place
+    Whose names in history’s page are shrined,
+    Whose memories time can ne’er erase
+    From many a fond admiring mind.”
+
+Well—my _name_ and _title_ is
+
+                     THE TOWER OF ST. GILES’S CHURCH,
+
+_and as such I shall speak of some of the many things which I have seen_.
+
+As you may suppose, from the prominent position which I—the Tower—have
+for so many centuries occupied in this old city of ours, I have long
+since ceased to suffer from the undue modesty which so often accompanies
+equally deserving but less conspicuous merit.  I can only hope that you
+will agree with my reasons for anticipating from you some of that
+appreciation and interest which I certainly take in myself.  And I
+propose to introduce my subject in the novel way of speaking of myself as
+personal, and as having noted, during my long life, various matters to
+which I shall call your attention.
+
+As an introduction, I am proud to think that I need only say, once again,
+that I am the Tower of St. Giles’s Church, Norwich.  And surely there
+cannot be many of our citizens who are in the habit of passing up our
+broad street, St. Giles’s (the lower Newport as it used to be called),
+who have not been struck with the fine proportions of my structure,
+standing as I do at the head of this fine thoroughfare, and looking and
+being an object of admiration for my beauty and my striking position.
+Many are the beautiful views which I present to the passer-by in the
+varying lights of the day, but my beauty and grandeur are, I think, seen
+best of all, when in the evening the sun is setting behind me in the
+west, or the moon with her paler light throws down along the length of
+the main street of St. Giles, those shadows, which—produced by my
+intervening tower—are so well worthy of the admiration of all who have
+eyes to see, and minds to appreciate, the glory of evening views. {101}
+
+Let me say here in passing that Saint Giles, the saint after whom I am
+named, appears to have lived in France; and history relates that he was
+adopted as the typical Patron of the crippled portion of humanity from
+his being himself lame, and from his having been said to have effected a
+miraculous cure of a sick beggar.  As such Patron, parishes which, like
+mine, were located on the outskirts of towns, have frequently been given
+the name of St. Giles, as having had the duty, in the olden time from
+their position, of contributing to the needs of passing wayfarers, and of
+those requiring Christian charity.  And thus, in Norwich, not only was my
+own parish named after this saint, but the so-called “Old Man’s
+Hospital,” in Bishopgate Street, at the other end of the city, was also
+formerly called St. Giles’s Hospital.
+
+Well, I am the Tower of St. Giles’s Church, and I have stood in my
+present position for at least five hundred years, having been built (or
+rather rebuilt) in the time of King Richard the Second (who ceased to
+reign in 1399).  I am twenty-six feet square, and I am also one of the
+tallest church towers in Norwich.  And not only so, but I stand in one of
+the most conspicuous positions in the city, on the top of St. Giles’s
+Hill.  I am a square Tower, built like the adjoining Church, largely of
+flint stone, nearly 120 feet high, battlemented at the top, and having
+also a small cupola or bell-cup in the centre of my roof, with a
+conspicuous weather-cock above this.  In earlier times, in consequence of
+my height and conspicuous position, I was used as a Beacon-tower, _i.e._
+a pail containing fuel was hung at one of my corners, ready to be lighted
+as a danger signal in case of invasion or other serious emergency.  Such
+a beacon, as you may know, was often called a “Cresset,” from the French
+“_Croisette_,” which was a pail with a cross on its top.
+
+I am proud of my public spirit and loyalty, for on royal and other
+special occasions, I raise on my summit a tall flag-staff, and float from
+it a large and handsome flag.  In this, I am sorry to say, I have too few
+imitators or companions amongst our church towers, perhaps for the reason
+that even such loyalty as this is expensive, and costs, I am told, some
+few shillings for each such display.  Amongst my various public uses, you
+have probably all seen soldiers from the barracks on my roof practising
+flag-drill in connection with others in Chapel Field.
+
+I have said that I am largely built of flint stone, which is of a very
+enduring nature.  In consequence I am thankful to say that I have a very
+excellent constitution, and have stood the wear and tear of a long life
+without requiring much fortifying or repairing.  I can only venture to
+hazard the bold suggestion that my excellent health may also, in some
+mysterious way, have been due to the near presence of so many Norwich
+doctors, residing as they have so largely done in the neighbouring Bethel
+and St. Giles’s Streets!!  At any rate, for a long time past I had
+scarcely wanted professional assistance, until about two years ago, when
+two of my windows (or eyes, as I call them) needed technical help and
+repair.
+
+Speaking of flint for building, we all know that some of the finest flint
+work in the kingdom is to be seen in this city, notably in St. Miles’s
+Church, and in a wall in Bridewell Alley.  My flint work is inferior to
+these, but still handsomely faced.  No doubt the large use of flint stone
+in building our Norwich churches was due to the abundant supply of this
+material which has existed in the neighbourhood.  And with regard to
+myself it may well have been that my flints, or some of them, may have
+been extracted from the ancient chalk excavations which until lately
+existed just beyond St. Giles’s Gates.  Mr. Walter Rye, as you perhaps
+know, has also suggested that flints from these caves may have been used
+in the building of both the Cathedral and the Norwich Castle.
+
+As curiously illustrating local specialities, one of my parishioners has
+told me that when travelling some few years ago in Cornwall, where
+granite and other hard rocks prevail, but no gravel or flints, he asked
+one of the residents whom he met, if she knew of flint stones, to which
+she replied, “Oh! yes, I know flints, I have seen one in the Museum at
+Torquay.”  I much fear that not even one flint is to be seen in our grand
+Museum on the Castle Hill!
+
+Whilst on the subject of myself (the Tower), I may mention THE CLOCK,
+which has so long existed on my eastern face, and which, judging from the
+constant reference made to it by the passing throngs, is an undoubted
+public boon.  To the parish it is a source of some expense.
+
+This Clock was restored and re-coloured at the general restoration of the
+Church in 1865–6, when the figure of _Old Time_, holding a scythe in his
+hand (as many of us will remember), was removed.  The Clock face and
+Clock hands do not look to the passer-by to be very large; but I find, on
+measurement, that the diameter of the Clock face is 10 ft., that the
+Roman letter numbers on it measure 1½ ft., that the length of the large
+hand is 6 ft. 5½ in., with a weight of 21 lbs., and that of the small
+hand 3 ft. 4 in., with a weight of 8 lbs.  My Clock has belonging to it a
+special Clock Bell.
+
+Then, as to my contents.  As this is an Autobiography, and as all
+Autobiographers are necessarily egotistical, you must allow me to dwell a
+few minutes more upon my personal specialities.  And first, as to my
+_Peal of Bells_, eight in number, which are naturally of great interest
+to myself, and which hold a high place among the various peals of
+Norwich.  These, according to the high authority of the late Mr.
+L’Estrange, were placed in me between the years 1593, or earlier, and
+1738, and they were renovated and restored in 1870, at the expense of
+Messrs. Browne, Bridgman, and Firth, parishioners of St. Giles.  (One of
+these bells is what is called a _Gabriel_ Bell—the “Angel Gabriel brought
+the good tidings to the Virgin Mary.”)  And think for a moment what
+phases of life these bells have taken part in during all these hundreds
+of years.  I find that since 1538, when our parish registers begin, some
+2,524 entries of _marriage_ have been made in them.  And it is reasonable
+to suppose that at a fair proportion of these, especially in earlier
+times, my bells have rung out their merry chimes, and in their special
+language have wished all joy and happiness to the newly wedded pairs.
+You remember how Byron speaks of this: “And all went merry as a marriage
+bell.”
+
+On the other hand, during the same period, or, rather, up to 1856, when
+interments in the Churchyard ceased by Act of Parliament, _i.e._ in 318
+years, nearly ten thousand (9,770, as roughly counted) entries of
+_burials_ here are made in the parish register books.  And it is almost
+certain that one of my bells has announced first the fact of the death,
+and then that of the mournful ceremony of interment, in each of these
+cases.  Just think, as I do, of all these ten thousand dead lying at my
+foot, waiting, as Baring Gould has so beautifully said, for the
+“Resurrection morning,” when “soul and body meet again.”  Such an
+accumulation of mortal remains in so limited a space may well arouse much
+and solemn reflection.  How well a Suffolk poet reverently describes such
+a disused graveyard as mine now is, where he says:—
+
+    “The gathered ashes of long centuries rest;
+    A few _white_ tombstones and a few _dim-gray_,
+    Mark names that have not yet quite passed away.”
+
+Nor can I fail to quote to you Gray’s beautiful words, so applicable to
+such a disused churchyard:—
+
+    “Hark! how the sacred calm, that breathes around,
+       Bids every fierce tumultuous passion cease,
+    In still small accents whispering from the ground,
+       A grateful earnest of eternal peace.”
+
+The graveyard of St. Giles, which lies beneath and around me, is, as I
+have already said, no longer used for burials.  It is quite full and
+crowded with graves and many memorial tombstones.  The names upon these,
+as far as legible, are fully and completely given in the book which has
+been published by a parishioner of mine, {106} upon the “Parish of St.
+Giles.”
+
+It is historically interesting to know that the burial registers, by the
+increased number of interments in some of the long past years, point
+unmistakably to the prevalence in Norwich at those times of the dread
+Pestilence or Plague, which is recorded as having ravaged the city from
+time to time.  Thus, in 1603, no less than 112 persons were buried here;
+and in 1666, some 79—both of these “Plague years”—instead of a normal
+average of twenty or thirty.  As you may suppose, I (the Tower) shared
+acutely in the distress which then reigned in the city, intensified as it
+was to me by the fact of three or four burials occasionally taking place
+here in the same day.  In some other years, an increase of burials may
+probably have arisen from this place of mortal rest having been a
+favourite one, and, therefore, selected for the interment of some who had
+not been resident in the parish.  This was certainly so in the fifty
+years preceding the closure of the churchyard, when fifty, sixty, or
+seventy were often annually interred here.
+
+But to return to my bells.  The perpetuation of the old custom of ringing
+each night what is called the _Curfew Bell_ in my Tower is well known to
+us all.  This Curfew ringing is now an anachronism, but it doubtless was
+a great boon at the time of its foundation, seeing that so many legacies
+were left in various places, as here, for the purpose of having a
+“Curfew” rung each night in perpetuity.
+
+My Curfew Bell, instituted and endowed in 1457, by Mr. John Colston, and
+who was buried in St. Giles’s Church, has now rung continuously for some
+450 years.  And although some people may think this evening tolling of a
+bell for a quarter of an hour a nuisance, it has in this particular case
+this merit, that it acts, or has done, as a sort of daily almanac, seeing
+that the day of the month is told at the end of the quarter of an hour’s
+ringing, each evening, by a number of strokes on a different bell,
+corresponding to the day of the month.
+
+The name “Curfew,” you doubtless know to be derived from the French
+_Couvre-feu_, or cover fire.  And also that the custom in olden times of
+a public ringing of a bell, or sounding a horn, for the putting out of
+fires and retiring into houses for the night, arose from the out-door
+dangers of those less civilised times, and from the inflammable nature of
+many of the wooden and thatched houses then existing.  One such fire in
+Norwich (in 1507) is said to have destroyed seven hundred houses,
+including many in my own parish.  Who does not know Gray’s lines on this
+Curfew custom?
+
+    “The Curfew tolls the knell of parting day,
+       The lowing herd winds slowly o’er the lea;
+    The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,
+       And leaves the world to darkness and to me.”
+
+And we doubtless also remember Longfellow’s beautiful verses on this old
+custom:—
+
+    “Solemnly, mournfully,
+       Dealing its dole,
+    The Curfew Bell
+       Is beginning to toll.
+
+    “Cover the embers,
+       And put out the light;
+    Toil comes with the morning,
+       And rest with the night.
+
+    “Dark grow the windows,
+       And quenched is the fire;
+    Sound fades into silence;
+       All footsteps retire.
+
+    “No voice in the chambers,
+       No sound in the hall;
+    Sleep and oblivion
+       Reign over all!”
+
+With all this, and what I have now said, I think I may claim that I—the
+Tower—have fully discharged the general duty of public usefulness, and am
+a great public benefactor.  My beacon pail is no longer required; but by
+my weather-cock I tell the direction of the wind; by my clock I tell the
+time of day; and by the final strokes of my curfew bell at night, I act
+as an almanac, and tell the day of the month—for the benefit not only of
+my neighbours, but to the great multitude of the passers-by. {108}  And
+let it not be forgotten that all this implies not only the discharge of
+public duty, but also the expenditure of money, necessary to keep the
+various arrangements for these in correct and working order—money which
+has to be provided by the parish of St. Giles.
+
+Opinions as to the desirability of the ringing of the _Church Bells_ in
+towns differ, as we know, considerably.  And every now and then we read a
+letter in a newspaper in condemnation of them.  But I believe that those
+who think thus are in a very small minority.  I have said how well they
+emphasize such occasions as weddings, and funerals.  And I think they
+most appropriately add to the expression of public rejoicing on such
+occasions as the election of a new Mayor, or a royal visit, or a royal
+anniversary—or especially on the eve of such a great Christian festival
+as Christmas or Easter.  But beyond all this, I (the Tower) consider that
+they are in the best sense public music, and that when well rung this
+music is of a very high order indeed.  Who does not recognise the
+grandeur of the great twelve-bell peal of St. Peter Mancroft, as rung by
+the skilled ringers of that church, or the solemnity imparted to a public
+mourning by the muffled peal occasionally rung, on the departure from
+this world of some great local or national citizen?
+
+In country villages I know that the possession of a good peal of church
+bells is usually very highly appreciated, and the practice of the ringing
+cannot be otherwise than an excellent musical training for the young men
+of the parish.
+
+It is curious how little regard _Jackdaws_ pay to the noise of clanging
+bells.  In my tower, as elsewhere, they habitually build their nests, and
+rear their young, apparently quite free from alarm at the noise.  From
+their constant selection of church towers as breeding places, may we not
+suppose that these birds have ears for music, or may even practice
+singing amongst their family parties, to the accompanying chimes?
+
+I have windows on all four of my sides, and until lately (1866), when the
+Church was so thoroughly restored, I had an eye in my lower eastern
+portion which enabled me to view the changes which have taken place in
+the interior of the Church.  Long, long ago, I noted the dilapidation of
+the Chancel, and its final demolition and removal (in 1581), on a bargain
+being made by which the parish was allowed to take all the remaining
+lead, stone, and other materials (for some parochial charity) belonging
+to it, on condition that the Dean and Chapter were no longer to be held
+liable for its repair.  This _Chancel_ I had the pleasure of seeing
+rebuilt in 1866, mainly through the beneficence of Rev. Canon Ripley,
+then incumbent of the vicarage, when also the Church was finely restored,
+and reseated.
+
+You are aware that the years 1903–4 represent the five-hundredth
+anniversary of the giving of a Mayor to the City of Norwich.  Several St.
+Giles’s inhabitants have held this important office, as well as that of
+Sheriff, during all those centuries, but I will only specially mention
+the names of _Richard Purdaunce_ and of _Robert Baxter_, who were very
+early Mayors, in 1420 and 1424 respectively, and who were interred in the
+nave of this Church, with brasses over their tombs.  These still remain,
+and are of considerable interest as showing the costumes of the period.
+
+And now as to the parish of St. Giles itself, in which I stand, I cannot
+but recall with satisfaction the large number of residents who have been
+in their day most important and influential citizens in various
+departments of life.  As public men I will only mention the names of a
+few such departed neighbours whose careers and public services I have
+watched.  Let us only recall the names (given alphabetically) in public
+life of such examples as Baxter, Beevor, Bolingbroke, Cadge, Chapman,
+Churchman, Cole, Crosse, Day, Foster, Herring, Kinghorn, Johnson,
+Lubbock, Offley, Purdaunce, Ranking, Rigby, Suffield, Taylor, Wilkins; or
+as ornaments of the literary and artistic world, such names as Brand,
+Blomefield, Borrow, Crossgrove, Charlotte Elizabeth, Daniel, Ninham—and
+now we may add that of Bateman.  This, you will agree with me, is a
+goodly list, and marks out St. Giles’s parish as having been one of the
+most important residential districts in the city, and as having largely
+contributed to its welfare and general reputation.  And in this regard we
+may well regret that so many of the fine parish residences have been or
+are being absorbed by public companies or other bodies; and that in
+consequence, the most actively important men of the city are gradually
+being driven to other and more distant localities.  And we may even note
+here how the neighbouring and almost historical old “Norfolk Hotel” has
+been swept away, and its site occupied by a modern variety theatre.
+
+Further, as a sign of the times, I may mention to you a spot in St.
+Giles’s Street, situated behind “Mortimer’s Hotel,” which was long known
+as “_Mack’s Yard_.”  Mr. Mack was for a long period the enterprising
+proprietor of some carrier waggons, which made a weekly journey to and
+from London, carrying parcels and goods.  This was in the days when the
+stage coaches to London occupied two days in the journey; and when the
+starting of these coaches, as well as of Mack’s waggons, was an
+interesting incident of Norwich life.
+
+So much for my immediate personal relations.  Let me now look a little
+further around and beyond me.
+
+No doubt, almost everyone present this evening, when crossing Mousehold
+Park, or when passing along the roads on the outskirts of the city, will
+have noted how I—the Tower—stand out more prominently than any other
+object than the Castle or the Cathedral spire.  And, on the other hand,
+those of our younger citizens who may have ascended to my summit, can
+bear testimony to the wide and expanded views from it of the surrounding
+country.  In fact, I command a view, not only of much of the city, but
+also of the neighbourhood for many miles around.  And this commanding
+position has enabled me to note most of those great changes, and
+improvements, which have taken place—by slow degrees and with many
+fluctuations—in the city generally.  And, of course, I have keenly felt
+the change in my own position which the recent spread of the city all
+around me has produced.  Not so very long ago I was situated in its very
+outskirts, and very close to the boundary City Walls.  Now, I am almost
+in the heart of Norwich, and from my summit I can see the lines of houses
+extending a mile or more beyond me, and, I fear, detracting by their
+extent from the conspicuous dignity of the position which I had so long
+enjoyed.
+
+Of the many more distant but important Norwich events of the past
+centuries, which from my lofty position I have been enabled to witness, I
+will only mention two or three which have specially impressed me, thus:—
+
+In King Edward VI.’s reign, I was able to note many of the incidents
+connected with Kett’s Rebellion.
+
+A little later, I saw the reflection of the fires at the Lollard’s pit,
+when Bilney and others were there burnt for their religious opinions.
+
+I saw the processions attending the visits to Norwich of Queen Elizabeth,
+and of King Charles II.  And you will remember that it was on this latter
+occasion that our distinguished citizen, Sir Thomas Browne, to whom we
+have so recently erected a statue, received the honour of Knighthood from
+his Sovereign.
+
+Then again, I was cognizant of the blowing down of the Cathedral spire,
+during a great storm, in 1601; and of the spire of the St. Andrew’s Hall
+tower.
+
+And, shall I say, with how much regret in quite later times, I witnessed
+the riotous and disgraceful scenes which took place at some of the
+Parliamentary elections held in Norwich—followed, as we know, by the
+exciting but not too pleasant “Chairing” of the elected candidates.
+
+In my more immediate neighbourhood I have watched the foundation (in
+1714) and the subsequent career of that beautiful example of Christian
+charity, the well-known Bethel Hospital for the poorer class of insane
+patients.  We all know that in those earlier times, simply to remove from
+the general community and to house those suffering from mental
+derangement, was all that was known to be able to be done for those thus
+afflicted.  But I have been charmed to note from my window-eyes how
+greatly their treatment has been improved in latter times, and to watch
+with pathetic interest the great changes which have been made, and are
+still continually being made, for the comfort and recreation and general
+welfare of the patients in this beneficent institution. {113}
+
+Very numerous and historically important are the changes and advances and
+improvements which have taken place in our city during the last 150
+years, and which I have witnessed from my lofty summit.
+
+In 1770, I saw the first _Norfolk and Norwich Hospital_ built, and I have
+seen the old building replaced (in 1879–1881) by a larger and handsomer
+structure.
+
+In 1792, I saw our _St. Giles’s Gate_, along with many others, taken down
+and removed; whilst, in 1867, I saw much of the neighbouring _City Wall_
+demolished, only a small piece of it being left in the Chapel Field Road,
+and in the adjacent “Duck Lane.”
+
+You will remember that this defensive wall was built around the city
+between the years 1294 and 1319, and was broken down between the St.
+Stephen’s and St. Giles’s Gates by Earl Warwick’s army, in the time of
+Kett’s Rebellion.
+
+Then I have seen numerous churches and chapels, factories, and other
+large buildings, arise in various parts of the city—these latter
+including the Norwich Union Workhouse, the Jenny Lind Infirmary, and (in
+the far distance) the Hellesdon Asylum.
+
+I have also witnessed the laying-out of the new Norwich Cemetery, and its
+more recent enlargement.  And at my very foot I have noted the erection
+of our Volunteer Drill Hall, and the removal of the old City Gaol.  The
+closure of this latter, and of the Castle as a prison, and their
+replacement by a single model prison on Mousehold Hill, marking the
+advances of the times and the progressive development of political
+humanity.
+
+Of the grand Castle Museum, which is in my full view, I need say nothing.
+Its influence in spreading knowledge, and in developing the higher and
+better faculties of the mind, are obvious to all.  I am pleased to learn
+of the interest taken in it by the public, as shown by the visiting of it
+by the more than 100,000 persons who annually resort to it.
+
+If I do not weary you, I would now like to claim your attention for a
+very few minutes to what may fairly be termed my “Home Circle,” that is,
+to the events which I have witnessed immediately around me in _recent_
+times.  Several of these have been closely connected with the
+neighbouring “_Chapel Field_,” formerly a real and open field, but now a
+charming recreation garden, and one of the beauty spots of our city, with
+the present handsome palisading around it, erected in 1866.  The avenues
+of trees which adorn this field are, or were, one of its great features.
+
+And it is worth noting that Norwich history relates that the main west
+avenue was planted in 1746 by Sir Thomas Churchman, then a resident in
+St. Giles’s parish and an important citizen.  The ordinary age of elm
+trees is (I believe) not greatly more than a century and a-half, and
+consequently some of these trees have decayed in their branches or
+trunks.  But until a few months ago a long row of the elms towered up to
+their eighty or ninety feet of height, in great beauty and apparent
+vigour.  I need not say with what pain I looked down upon the process of
+lopping and topping which was carried out upon these, or how I grieved
+over such a dire necessity for this operation as was alleged to exist.
+
+One other example of tree grandeur existed until the other day in the
+northern avenue, namely, a splendid specimen of the _Aspen Poplar_,
+towering nearly one hundred feet high, and an object of extreme beauty to
+all who could appreciate such arboreal grandeur.  Even so long ago as
+1841 this tree was figured by _Grigor_ in his work on “The Remarkable
+Trees of Norfolk,” as a fine example of this poplar.  And we may well
+feel how the further sixty-three years of its life had added to its size,
+its dignity, and its grandeur.  I greatly regret that since the late
+great gale it has been thought necessary to remove several of its upper
+branches, and so destroy all its grandeur.  But the old line, “Woodman,
+spare that tree” for the greatest possible length of time was, I hope,
+fully in the minds of those who presided over its fate.
+
+The splendid _Horse-Chestnut_ tree near the centre of the field is
+familiar to us all, and I have watched its growth and circular uniformity
+with pleasure and interest.
+
+This Chapel Field, as you may know, takes it name from a Chapel of St.
+Mary, which formerly existed on the site of the present Theatre and High
+School buildings.  At that time the ground was really an open field; and
+it seems to have been acquired by the Corporation in the sixteenth
+century.
+
+Probably few, and perhaps none, of those present in this room, can
+remember as I do the big water reservoir of the proprietors of the
+Norwich Water Works of that date, which formerly existed in Chapel Field,
+near its centre, on ground leased by them from the Corporation.  This
+reservoir was large, nearly three hundred yards in circumference, and had
+on its north side a tower, into which water was forced to gain height for
+supplying the higher portions of the city.  It remained here from 1792
+until 1852, just sixty years, when the lease of the ground was
+surrendered, the works demolished, and the new and enlarged reservoirs of
+the present Norwich Water Works Company, at Lakenham, were substituted.
+
+I may mention here a rumour which reached me, and which I have no doubt
+was true, that in April, 1852, the Corporation of Norwich proposed to
+place the statue of Lord Nelson, which had just then been executed for
+Norwich, “on an elegant fountain pedestal in the centre of this
+reservoir,” which was then about to be disused. {117}
+
+I have, of course, noted many public events which have taken place in the
+Chapel Field—martial, agricultural, and otherwise.  But naturally, a
+great impression has been made upon me by observing the historical visits
+of their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales (now our
+gracious King and Queen) in 1866 and 1884, on both which occasions they
+entered Norwich by St. Giles’s Gates.  The visit of 1866 was, as you will
+remember, the first they had paid to Norwich, and they were then
+entertained by Lord and Lady Stafford, at Costessey Hall.  The royal
+party then included the Queen of Denmark (mother of the Princess), and
+the Duke of Edinburgh; and the procession entered our street under a
+_triumphal arch_ erected on the site of the old St. Giles’s Gate.  They
+then attended a morning concert of the Musical Festival then being held;
+and afterwards returned to Chapel Field, where the Prince and Princess
+each planted a “Wellingtonia” tree, and afterwards formally opened the
+new _Drill Hall_.
+
+In 1884 they again attended our Musical Festival, and entered and left
+the city by St. Giles’s Street.
+
+On both these occasions I noted with great pleasure the large crowds of
+citizens who lined the route of the processions, and the enthusiastic
+manner in which they welcomed our royal visitors.
+
+All will remember the recent visit of T.R.H. the Duke and Duchess of York
+(now the Prince and Princess of Wales), when they came to open our new
+Castle Museum.  But my views of the royal procession were from my
+position unfortunately considerably limited.  I am glad, however, to know
+that one of my parishioners was Mayor of Norwich, and as such had the
+honour to receive and entertain the distinguished party.
+
+I—the Tower—have several eyes, but no proper ears, only vibratory
+sensations, and consequently can only hear indistinctly the sweet sounds
+of the various bands and singers that now delight so many thousands of
+Norwich citizens during the summer season in Chapel Field.  But that
+these musical entertainments are appreciated, I can _see_ by the large
+numbers of persons who attend the concerts and listen to the music
+provided for them.  It is not to be doubted that these frequent musical
+treats constitute a veritable branch of mental education.
+
+In the city generally, I have during the last half century noted the
+opening of several parks and public recreation grounds, and I have
+watched with pleasure the gradually increasing numbers of citizens, old
+and young, who avail themselves of the opportunities which these afford
+for obtaining fresher air, exercise, health, and vitality.  Amongst
+these, you may be sure of the special and daily delight I take in
+watching the games and gymnastics of the children, in the corner of
+Chapel Field just below me, which has been allotted to them, and which
+was so kindly fitted up for them by the late Mr. Henry Birkbeck.
+
+I will only further say, of the many vast changes and items of social
+progress in latter years, that I have seen with wonder and astonishment
+the advent of steam carriages, and the opening in Norwich of three
+railway stations, receiving trains, some of which have travelled more
+than fifty miles an hour.  Also that as an illuminant, I was long
+familiar only with the use of oil, shedding its feeble light, this being
+superseded by the gas derived from coal.  But, quite recently, I have
+opened my eyes to their widest to observe the lighting of our windows and
+streets with electric light, and the working of tram carriages upon rails
+through our main streets (including my own street of St. Giles) by means
+of the electric current.
+
+Norwich generally, like other cities and towns, has in the centuries
+marched along the line of steady and continuous developments.  Such a
+brief mention as I have made of some of these is all that can now be
+given.  To give a larger _local_ history of these latter eventful times
+would occupy us too long, and would not only be tedious to such an
+audience as this, but would be beyond my present purpose.  I shall be
+more than satisfied if, by the little I have said, I have shown how much
+of interest there is in the study of even one locality in an ancient city
+like Norwich, and in recalling some of the half-forgotten facts connected
+more or less intimately with it; and if, as a secondary result, it should
+create, or revive, in the members of this literary class a wish to
+include amongst its contributed papers and subjects for future
+consideration and discussion, that branch of literature which is included
+under the name of local Archæology.  For we must not forget that past
+history includes the study, not only of work done and changes executed,
+but also a consideration of the men, the human minds, through whose
+agency this work and the resulting changes were carried out.  And I trust
+that we shall all agree with Dr. Johnson that “Whatever makes the past,
+the distant, or the future, predominate over the present, advances us in
+the dignity of human beings.”
+
+And I would venture here to quote the following from a late learned
+writer on Norwich (Mr. Mark Knights), who has said: “Wonderful is the
+amount of thought enveloped in the buildings and history of Norwich.
+Would that every citizen had the power to evoke from the monuments of the
+past the spirit which gave them form, that they might read their story.”
+
+Let me conclude by quoting the following opinion from the well-known
+pages of “Gilbert White of Selborne,” with reference to such a local and
+parochial history as I have ventured to place before you this evening.
+This great authority expresses very strongly the view that “stationary
+men should pay attention to the districts in which they reside, and
+should publish their thoughts respecting the objects that surround them.”
+And again, that a writer upon these (as he himself so learnedly was), if
+he should “have lent a helping hand towards the enlargement of the
+boundaries of historical and topographical knowledge; or if he should
+have thrown even some small light upon ancient customs and manners, his
+purpose would have been fully answered.”
+
+Gentlemen, it is for you to judge whether I have succeeded in placing
+before you any interesting facts “respecting the objects which surround
+us,” and have “contributed to the enlargement of the boundaries of
+(_your_) historical and topographical knowledge.”
+
+I have expressed some opinions, and placed before you many facts.  I hope
+these may provoke some profitable comments or discussion.
+
+[Picture: Sir Thomas Browne]
+
+
+
+
+X.
+SIR THOMAS BROWNE.
+
+
+A Paper read at a Meeting of the C.E.Y.M.S. Literary Class, on Monday,
+March 12th, 1894. {121}
+
+I am glad to redeem my promise to read a paper before this Literary
+Class, during this present session, upon one of our most noted British
+Authors, and I have thought that I could not do better than to bring
+before your notice one of those who literally resided at our very doors;
+and whose works—if not so generally read as those of many other
+writers—are not the less deserving of careful study, and will well repay
+any time spent upon their perusal.  In fact, I make bold to say that the
+more they are studied, the more does the great learning displayed in them
+impress itself upon us, and the more also does the high moral nature of
+the Author make itself felt.  I could well have wished that this brief
+notice had been more elaborate and more worthy of the Author, but I may
+well plead the great public demands which have recently been made upon my
+time; and which often have been so numerous and so continuous, as to
+leave but little time for literary work or thought, or indeed for
+anything but the ordinary duties of each day as it comes round.  The
+Author whom I have selected for notice this evening is _Sir Thomas
+Browne_, long a resident in this city, for many years a practising
+physician here; a gentleman who enjoyed the highest reputation even in
+his own lifetime, as a man of high character and great literary
+attainments; who enjoyed personal and literary acquaintanceship with many
+of the greatest men of his day; and whose works attracted the notice of
+the learned and the great from the first moment of their public
+appearance.
+
+The house in which Sir Thomas Browne resided is the one immediately
+opposite to the entrance to this building; and a portion of it is now the
+Norfolk and Norwich Savings Bank, just across the street.  I am unable to
+say how far Sir Thomas Browne’s house extended at the time of his
+occupation of it; undoubtedly many of the buildings to the north and east
+of it have been erected since his time; and as we are told of his
+extensive garden adjoining it, it is probable that this latter extended
+far up to, or possibly even on to Orford Hill.  It is also believed that
+he had another garden somewhere upon Mousehold.
+
+Sir Thomas Browne was not a native of Norwich, for he appears to have
+been born in London in 1605.  He settled in practice here in 1634 or
+1636, and continued to reside here until 1682, when he died at the age of
+77 years.  He was buried in the chancel of St. Peter Mancroft church in
+this city, and a tablet to his memory hangs on the adjoining wall, with a
+notable inscription, which any of you can go and see for yourselves, but
+which is too long for me to reproduce here.
+
+I am able to show you an engraving from a portrait of him which long hung
+neglected in the Vestry Room of St. Peter’s, but which now occupies a
+more worthy position on the walls of the Board Room of the Norfolk and
+Norwich Hospital. {123}  I can also show you a copy of the 7th edition of
+his works, dated 1686.
+
+Sir Thomas Browne was knighted in 1671, on the occasion of a visit of
+King Charles II. to this city.  The King at first offered to confer this
+honour upon the Mayor of Norwich, but his worship declining the
+compliment, Dr. Thomas Browne was knighted in his stead.
+
+I have said that Sir Thomas Browne was buried in the Chancel of St. Peter
+Mancroft Church.  Here he appears to have rested in peace for nearly two
+hundred years, when in 1840—as recorded by Mr. Fitch—(Proceedings of the
+Archæological Institute, 1847) “Some workmen who were employed in digging
+a vault in the Chancel of the Church of St. Peter’s Mancroft, Norwich,
+accidentally broke, with a blow of the pick axe, the lid of a coffin,
+which proved to be that of one whose residence within its walls conferred
+honour on Norwich in olden times.”  “The bones of the skeleton were found
+to be in good preservation, particularly those of the skull; the hair
+profuse and perfect, of a fine auburn colour, similar to that in the
+portrait presented to the parish by Dr. Howman” (who in later times
+occupied his house, now the Savings Bank).
+
+The coffin plate bore a Latin inscription, which was translated by the
+late Mr. Firth, of this city, thus—“The very distinguished man, Sir
+Thomas Browne, Knight, Doctor of Medicine, aged 77 years, who died on the
+19th of October, in the year of our Lord, 1682, sleeping in this coffin
+of lead, by the dust of his alchemic body transmuted it into a coffer of
+gold.”
+
+You are all, doubtless, familiar with the fact that the skull of this
+great man was then taken away, and finally presented to the Museum of the
+Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, where, along with a lock of his hair, it
+still remains, carefully preserved and held in high honour.  And you have
+doubtless heard and read of the efforts which have recently been made to
+re-obtain possession of it and again consign it to its mother earth.  The
+numerous letters and papers which have appeared in the public press,
+discussing this question, are also fresh in all your minds, and give
+nearly every aspect of the matter.  One good thing at least they have
+affected, and that is, to bring Sir Thomas Browne’s name into greater
+prominence than for many long years.  And I have no doubt that this
+incident, together with a reviving interest in the works of this great
+Norwich writer and thinker, have resulted in his being more famous to-day
+in Norwich than at any former period since that of his actual residence
+here and of the years immediately following his decease.
+
+Much has been made, during this discussion, of a paragraph in Sir Thomas
+Browne’s disquisition on urn-burial.  He is said to have, almost
+prophetically, described this incident of the removal of his own skull
+from his tomb, when he wrote “to be _knaved_ out of our graves, to have
+our skulls made drinking bowls, and our bones turned into pipes, to
+delight and sport our enemies, are tragical abominations escaped in
+burning burials.”  But, I think the whole force of this extract is
+removed by turning to Wilkin’s edition, where this passage runs, “to be
+_gnawed_ (not knaved) out of our graves,” which clearly gives it a very
+different meaning.
+
+Sir Thomas Browne married a few years after settling in Norwich (in
+1641), a daughter of Edward Mileham, Esq., of Burlingham St. Peter, in
+this county, and granddaughter of John Hobart, Esq., by whom he had ten
+children.  Of these ten, his eldest son, Dr. Edward Browne, became very
+eminent in his profession.  He practised in London, where he was made
+Physician to King Charles II., and he was afterwards appointed Physician
+to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, and later became President of the Royal
+College of Physicians.
+
+Sir Thomas Browne appears to have enjoyed for many years a very
+considerable practice in this city.  But he was also an archæologist, a
+naturalist, a studier of plants and animals.  He had as personal friends
+or literary correspondents such men as Sir Robert Paston, Sir Hamon
+L’Estrange, Sir Kenelm Digby, John Evelyn, Sir William Dugdale, and
+Bishop Hall, and he appears to have found time to carry on a very large
+literary correspondence.  He lived in Norwich from 1634 to 1682, which
+included the dangerous times of the Stuarts, of the Long Parliament, and
+of the Commonwealth.  But he appears to have been a staunch Royalist.  He
+was knighted, as I have said, by King Charles II., on the occasion of his
+visiting Norwich in 1671.
+
+Later in this year he was visited by the well-known Evelyn, whose oft
+quoted passage respecting him runs thus—“My Lord Henry Howard . . . would
+needs have me go with him to Norwich, promising to convey me back after a
+day or two; this, as I could not refuse, I was not hard to be persuaded
+to, having a desire to see that famous scholar and physitian, Dr. T.
+Browne, author of the ‘Religio Medici,’ and ‘Vulgar Errors,’ etc., now
+lately knighted.”  And he adds, “Next morning I went to see Sir Tho.
+Browne (with whom I had some time corresponded by letter, tho’ I had
+never seen him before).  His whole house and garden being a paradise and
+cabinet of rarities, and that of the best collections, especially
+medails, books, plants, and natural things.  Amongst other curiosities,
+Sir Thomas had a collection of the eggs of all the foule and birds he
+could procure. . . .  He led me to see all the remarkable places of this
+ancient citty being one of the largest, and certainly, after London, one
+of the noblest of England, for its venerable Cathedrall, number of
+stately churches, cleanesse of the streetes, and buildings of flints, so
+exquisitely headed and squared, as I was much astonished at. . . .  The
+Castle is an antique extent of ground, which now they call Marsfield, and
+would have been a fitting area to have placed the ducal palace on.  The
+suburbs are large, the prospects sweete, with other amenities, not
+omitting the flower gardens, in which all the inhabitants excel.  The
+fabric of stuffs brings a vast trade to this populous towne.”
+
+Sir Thomas Browne was, as is evident from even a cursory study of his
+works, a great student.  He understood most of the European languages,
+Latin and Greek critically, and a little Hebrew, and it is quite certain
+that he must have studied carefully, not only the Christian Scriptures,
+but also the works of many of the ancient fathers of the Christian
+Church.  His memory of what he had read must have been prodigious.  But
+though he was so learned a man, a traveller, a student of languages, a
+naturalist, a medical practitioner, and in many respects doubtless ahead
+of his time, yet a sad blot exists upon his generally great character,
+and scientific acumen.  I allude to the evidence which he gave at Bury
+St. Edmund’s, in 1664, at the trial before Lord Chief Baron Hale, of two
+women for witchcraft.  Sir Thomas appears to have been a firm believer in
+witches and witchcraft, and the declaration which he made to this effect
+“was thought to have had no small influence in occasioning the
+condemnation of the wretched victims, whose execution was one of the
+latest instances of the kind by which the English annals are disgraced.”
+
+After his death his widow resided in his house until her death.  Then it
+was occupied by Dr. Howman, who presented the portrait of the knight to
+St. Peter’s Mancroft.  A large portion of his letters and manuscripts
+passed into the hands of Sir Hans Sloane, and are now in our National
+Library at the British Museum.
+
+During this present century the house has been dismantled and converted
+to its new purposes, and its fittings dispersed.  A handsome carved
+mantel-piece, removed from one of the rooms by the builder, is now in the
+possession of Mr. Henry Birkbeck, of Stoke; and the very keys of the
+house were long treasured as relics by the late Mr. Barker, of Thorpe
+Hamlet.
+
+But I must not dwell longer upon his personality and personal history,
+interesting though they be, in the light of his being a Norwich man, and
+the most famous of Norwich authors.  If you wish to know more of his
+biography, you will find it all excellently given in the memoir of him
+written by Dr. Samuel Johnson, and which, together with a supplemental
+memoir by Simon Wilkin, is prefaced to the edition of his works in three
+volumes, published by Bohn in 1852, and edited by Wilkin.
+
+We must next consider to what Sir Thomas Browne owes his great literary
+fame, and upon what his claims rest for being one of this city’s most
+eminent citizens.
+
+Sir Thomas Browne was a very voluminous writer, and he touched a great
+variety of subjects.  The greatest of his works, the one which was
+published soon after his settling in Norwich, was undoubtedly that to
+which he gave the name of “_Religio Medici_”—the religion of a physician;
+implying thereby, not “that physicians have a religion to themselves, but
+that physicians have religion as well as other men.”  It immediately
+attracted the attention of the most learned in the land, and it is
+certainly the production upon which his literary fame most largely
+depends.  It is quaintly written, full of odd phrases, original thoughts,
+and peculiarities of diction, but equally full of fine sentiments and
+expressions of confident religious faith.  It is a work often so quaint
+in its diction, so stilted in its modes of expression (as indeed was
+common in those days), and so interlarded with specialized or new-coined
+words, that it is somewhat difficult to read and understand.  But its
+high qualities and beauties are so great that it richly repays the
+trouble of mastering its style; and I venture to assert that the
+greatness of its sentiments and thoughts grows upon one by perusal, and
+that the oftener it is read the more greatly will it be appreciated.
+
+To show what was thought of it from the first, it had, by the year 1736,
+passed through fourteen editions, and had also been translated into
+Latin, French, Dutch and German.
+
+Now let me briefly quote a few passages from this “_Religio Medici_,” to
+show the views and opinions upon the Christian religion which are therein
+set forth.
+
+First, Sir T. Browne says, “I dare without usurpation assume the
+honourable style of a Christian, not that I merely owe this title to the
+font, or any education . . . but that having in my riper years and
+confirmed judgement, seen and examined all, I find myself obliged by the
+principles of grace, and the law of mine own reason, to embrace no other
+name but this.”
+
+Again, whilst professing himself a member of the reformed faith, he shows
+the great charity of his mind by saying “I could never divide myself from
+any man upon the difference of an opinion, or be angry with his judgement
+for not agreeing with me in that from which perhaps within a few days I
+should dissent myself.”
+
+And speaking of Death, he says “I hold the same conceit (of the soul)
+that we all do of the body, that it should rise again,” and in all
+humility he adds “so that I might enjoy my Saviour at the last, I could
+with patience be nothing almost unto eternity.”
+
+As for the many difficulties and mysteries of our religion, he expresses
+an almost blind faith in all that is written.  He writes “I desire to
+exercise my faith in the difficultest point: for to credit ordinary and
+visible objects, is not faith, but pursuasion;” again, he craves by faith
+“that greater blessing pronounced to all that believe and saw not,”
+adding “God hath not made a creature that can comprehend him; ’tis a
+privilege of his own nature.  ‘_I am_, _that I am_,’ was his own
+definition unto Moses; and ’twas a short one to confound mortality, that
+durst question God, or ask him what he was.”
+
+Speaking of natural, as a confirmation of revealed religion, he says
+“there are two books from whence I collect my divinity.  Besides that
+written one of God, another of his servant nature, that universal and
+publick manuscript, that lies expansed unto the eyes of all.” . . .  “Nor
+do I so forget God as to adore the name of nature, which I define not,
+with the schools, to be the principle of motion and rest, but that
+straight and regular line, that settled and constant course the wisdom of
+God hath ordained the actions of his creatures, according to their
+several kinds.”
+
+And as a comfort to the comparatively weak, he says, in speaking of
+Christian martyrs, “’Tis not in the power of every honest faith to
+proceed thus far, or to pass to Heaven through the flames. . . .  Yet men
+may, notwithstanding, in a peaceful way, truly adore their Saviour, and
+have, no doubt, a faith acceptable in the eyes of God.”
+
+These extracts are quite sufficient to show you the tone in which this
+great work was written; and to disprove the allegation made by some
+against Browne of having written an Atheistical book.  It is remarkable
+that it was placed by the Roman Church in the _Index Expurgatorius_.
+
+Sir Thomas Browne wrote yet another religious or semi-religious book,
+which was entitled “_Christian Morals_.”  It is very different in style
+from the one just mentioned, and the manner is more that of proverbs or
+aphorisms.
+
+He commences by saying “Tread softly and circumspectly in this . . .
+narrow path of goodness; pursue virtue virtuously; leaven not good
+actions, nor render virtue disputable.”  Again, “In this virtuous voyage
+of thy life . . . let not disappointment cause despondency, nor
+difficulty despair.”  “Rest not in an ovation, but a triumph over thy
+passions.  Let anger walk hanging down the head; let malice go manacled,
+and envy fettered after thee.”
+
+“Be charitable before wealth make thee covetous, and lose not the glory
+of the mite.  If riches increase, let thy mind hold pace with them, and
+think it not enough to be liberal, but munificent.  Though a cup of cold
+water may not be without its reward, yet stick not thou for wine and oil
+for the wounds of the distressed.”
+
+“Let not the law of thy country be the _non ultra_ of thy honesty. . . .
+Join Gospel righteousness with legal right.”
+
+“Let not the sun go down upon thy wrath, but write thy wrongs in ashes.
+Draw the curtain of night upon injuries, shut them up in the tower of
+oblivion, and let them be as though they had not been.  To forgive our
+enemies, yet hope that God will punish them, is not to forgive enough.”
+
+“Think not that always good which thou thinkest thou can always make
+good, nor that concealed which the sun doth not behold.  There is no
+darkness unto conscience; which can see without light, and in the deepest
+obscurity give a clear draught of things, which the cloud of
+dissimulation hath concealed from all eyes.”
+
+As final quotations from “_Christian Morals_” let me give these
+sentences, “Bright thoughts, clear deeds, constancy, fidelity, bounty,
+and generous honesty, are the gems of noble minds,”—and
+
+“Live happy in the Elysium of a virtuously composed mind. . . .
+Tranquility is better than jollity, and to appease pain than to invent
+pleasure. . . .  Forget not the capital end, and frustrate not the
+opportunity of once living. . . .  Think every day the last, and live
+always beyond thy account.”
+
+I want neither to tire you, nor to read you a sermon at second-hand.  So
+having now shown you the religious side of Browne’s character, let me
+give you some idea of his learning and acquirements and general industry.
+
+In his grand treatise on _Hydriotaphia_ or _Urn-burial_, which he wrote
+consequent upon the discovery of some ancient sepulchral urns at Old
+Walsingham, in Norfolk, he exemplifies the great stores of knowledge
+which by his reading and memory he had accumulated.  He quaintly prefaces
+this treatise by saying, “Who knows the fate of his bones, or how often
+he is to be buried?  Who hath the oracle of his ashes, or whither they
+are to be scattered?”  And then he goes on to describe the various modes
+of disposal of the dead in various ages, and among different nations.
+For instance, he says that “Carnal interment or burying was of the elder
+date,” as shown by the older examples of Abraham and the Patriarchs.
+“But the practice of burning was also of great antiquity, and of no
+slender extent.”  And he illustrates this by the Grecian funerals of
+Homer; the funeral pyre of Hector; and by early records of the practice
+in various countries of Asia, in Rome itself, and in different countries
+of both Europe and Africa.
+
+Touching the various modes of disposal of the dead, he says, “The Indian
+Brachmans thought it the noblest way to end their days in fire.
+
+“The Chaldeans abhorred fire.
+
+“The Egyptians objected to the merciless consuming of their bodies by
+fire, but preserved them, by precious embalments, depositure in dry
+earths, or handsome enclosure in glasses.
+
+“The Scythians, who swore by wind and sword, declined all interment, and
+made their graves in the air.
+
+“The Icthyophagi, or fish-eating nations about Egypt, affected the sea
+for their grave.
+
+“The Chinese, without cremation of their bodies, made use of trees, and
+much burning, while they plant a pine tree by their grave.
+
+“The Jews usually buried their dead, but occasionally admitted cremation,
+as when Jabesh burnt the body of Saul, and as was their practice in times
+of pestilence.
+
+“The Christians have preferred the practice of the Patriarchs, returning
+their bodies, not to ashes, but to dust.”
+
+He then goes on to discuss the various customs in this respect of the
+successive inhabitants of England; and he concludes his learned and
+interesting treatise by saying, as to the hopes of Christians, and the
+comparative unimportance of the mode of sepulture, “To subsist in lasting
+monuments, to live in their productions, . . . was large satisfaction
+unto old expectations.  But all this is nothing in the metaphysicks of
+true belief.  To live indeed is to be again ourselves, which being not
+only a hope, but an evidence in noble believers, ’tis all one to lie in
+St. Innocents’ Churchyard, or in the sands of Egypt.  Ready to be
+anything, in the ecstasy of being ever, and as content with six foot (of
+earth) as the _Moles_ of Adrianus.”
+
+But I must hurry on, and next very briefly call your attention to another
+of his great works, that which he styled _Pseudodoxia Epidemica_, or
+“Enquiries into many received tenets and presumed truths, which,
+examined, prove but vulgar and common errors.”
+
+These “errors,” which he treats of in papers or treatises of various
+lengths, are very numerous, and for even a cursory knowledge of them I
+must refer you to the book itself.
+
+To give you an idea of the subjects, I will only mention a few of the
+titles of the errors which he proceeds to refute:—
+
+    That crystal is nothing else but ice strongly congealed,
+    That an elephant hath no joints,
+    That a pigeon hath no gall,
+    Of the Phœnix,
+    Of the Basilisk,
+    That a Salamander lives in the fire,
+    That an ostrich digesteth iron.
+
+Or, to take another class of subjects—
+
+    That snails have no eyes,
+    Of the picture of Moses with horns,
+    That the forbidden fruit was an apple,
+
+and so forth.
+
+But though his tracts on these “vulgar errors” may, in many instances—and
+looked at by the light of our present knowledge (and we must never forget
+the immense difference in the scientific knowledge of the seventeenth and
+nineteenth centuries)—appear not only quaint, but almost trivial, yet
+even where the conclusion to the question discussed may appear to be
+self-evident, and the reasoning thrown away, we often see an amount of
+learning and research displayed which strikes us as quite remarkable.
+For example, in discussing the “vulgar error,” _that the ostrich
+digesteth iron_, he quotes the following writers in reference to
+it:—Rhodiginus, Johannes Langius, Aristotle, Oppianus, Pliny, Œlian, Leo
+Africanus, Fernelius, Riolanus, Albertus Magnus, and Ulysses
+Aldrovandus—a list which may well make us stand astonished at the extent
+of his studies, and cause us to say of him, even in such small matters,
+“_Nihil tetigit quod non ornavit_.”  It is almost needless to add that in
+this case Sir Thomas arrived at the common-sense conclusion that although
+ostriches may swallow iron they do not digest it.
+
+His greatest works were undoubtedly those which I have already mentioned.
+But he wrote also a very noted book, entitled the _Garden of Cyrus_, in
+which he discussed learnedly, and often fancifully, numerous questions
+connected with the vegetable world.  He reviewed the practice of
+Horticulture, and the arrangements of gardens even from the first garden
+mentioned—that of Eden in Paradise.  He makes reference to the hanging
+gardens of Babylon; the classical gardens of the Hesperides and of
+Alcinous; and to the gardens and orchards, with their pools of water, of
+King Solomon.  And he discusses the various forms in which ancient
+gardens were presumably laid out—dwelling largely upon the quincuncial
+{135a} arrangements probably adopted.  The whole book teems also with
+allusions, showing his minute acquaintance with vegetable phenomena.
+
+As to King Cyrus, he says, “All stories do look upon Cyrus as the
+splendid and regular planter.”
+
+Sir Thomas Browne also wrote _Some account of the tombs and monuments in
+the Cathedral Church of Norwich_; and many papers on the birds, and
+fishes, and vegetable life of Norfolk and other parts. {135b}  But I
+should indeed weary you, were I merely to enumerate to you the bare
+titles of the long list of tracts and papers which his fertile brain
+produced.
+
+Amongst his _Letters_, those to his sons, which will be found in Wilkin’s
+Edition of his works, are worthy of mention as illustrating the special
+bent of his mind, his wide range of thought, the peculiarity of his
+advice, and the strength of his family attachments.
+
+The stilted and complimentary, as well as roundabout, epistolary style of
+those days is well known.  Thus, in writing to Mr. Evelyn, he begins:
+“Worthy Sir,—In obedience unto the commands of my noble friend, Mr.
+Paston, and the respects I owe unto so worthy a person as yourself,” or
+again, addressing Dr. Merritt, he commences: “Most honoured Sir,—I take
+the boldness to salute you as a person of singular worth and learning,
+and whom I very much respect and honour,” or again, “Honoured Sir,—I am
+sorry that I have had diversions of such necessity, as to hinder my more
+sudden salute since I received your last.”
+
+To his sons he writes many letters.  In these he addresses his eldest son
+Edward as “Dear Sonne,” or “Dear Sonne Edward;” but those to his younger
+son Thomas, always commenced “Honest Tom” or “Tom” only.
+
+Much of his advice to “Honest Tom” is peculiar although essentially sound
+and practical.  Thus he advises him, when a young man in France, in this
+fashion: “I would be glad you had a good handsome garb of your body, . . .
+and take up a commendable boldness, without which you will never be fit
+for anything.”  “Live soberly and temperately, the heat of the place
+(Xaintes) will otherwise mischief you, and keep within in the heat of the
+day.”  “You may stay your stomach with little pastrys some times in cold
+mornings, for I doubt sea larks will be too dear a collation and drawe
+too much wine down.”
+
+Again, later on, he writes: “Bee sober and complacent.  If you quit
+periwigs it would be better, and more for your credit.”  “Hee that goes
+to warre must patiently submit unto the various accidents thereof.”  And
+that this “Honest Tom” was a worthy son and a fine English sailor we
+learn from a passage in another letter to him at a latter period, when a
+lieutenant of his Majesty’s ship the “Marie Rose.”  He writes to his son:
+“Mr. Scudamore, your sober and learned chaplaine, in your voyage with Sir
+Jeremie Smith, gives you no small commendations for a sober, studious,
+courageous, and diligent person; that he had not met with any of the
+fleet like you, so civile, observing, and diligent to your charge, with
+the reputation and love of all the shippe; and that without doubt you
+would make a famous man and a reputation to your country.”
+
+We can only regret that this promising son did not live to fulfil the
+high expectations formed of him.
+
+Finally reference may be made to a _Letter_, because stated to have been
+previously unpublished, which may be found in the “Eastern Counties
+Collectanea,” in which he exhaustively discusses the nature of _a large
+fish-bone_ dug up at Cunnington, and which had been sent to him for his
+opinion upon it.
+
+To sum up—Sir Kenelm Digby writes to Sir T. Browne, of the _Religio
+Medici_ as “Your excellent piece, . . . of so weighty subjects, and so
+strongly penned.”
+
+Dr. Johnson says of him “There is no science of which he does not
+discover some skill; and scarce any kind of knowledge profane or sacred,
+obstruse or elegant, which he does not appear to have cultivated with
+success.”
+
+Carlyle says “The conclusion of the essay on urn burial is absolutely
+beautiful; a still elegiac mood, so soft, so solemn and tender, like the
+song of some departed saint flitting faint under the everlasting canopy
+of night—an echo of deepest meaning from the great and mighty nations of
+the dead.  Browne must have been a good man.”
+
+Evelyn, as I have already quoted, writes of him as “That famous scholar
+and physician.”
+
+And to come nearer home, the late Captain Blakiston, in a paper read
+before the Archæological Institute, in Norwich, in 1847, writes of him as
+a “Great Antiquarian and eminent citizen; . . . a quaint and original
+thinker;” and as “Leaving behind him a shining reputation.”
+
+By general consent Sir Thomas Browne was recognised, not only as a
+“curious thinker,” but as a man of remarkable and original talent even in
+his lifetime, and the same reputation continued after his death.  His
+works have always been regarded as those of a strong and original
+thinker, and they have never been held in higher estimation than at the
+present time.  And I think I may fairly repeat that the more his writings
+are studied the more does their learning and power impress itself upon
+our understanding.  With many faults, with many shortcomings—as judged by
+the standard of the present day—they yet remain the monument of genius,
+and worthy to be classed amongst the highest productions of great and
+cultivated intellects.
+
+Norwich may be well proud of so great a citizen—of one whose memory is
+held in higher and yet higher esteem, and who is justly regarded as one
+of the greatest of her literary men.
+
+Perhaps the only drawback to our satisfaction is the fact that he was not
+a native of Norwich.  And in this sense we cannot claim him as our own,
+as we are proud to claim so many of our citizens, who have distinguished
+themselves in literature, in science, in botany, in departments of
+natural history, in medicine, and in painting.  But Norwich can look upon
+him with pride as an adopted son, as one who elected to live the whole of
+his working life in this city; and who identified himself so absolutely
+with it, that his name is inseparable from it, and who will be known for
+all time as Sir Thomas Browne, of Norwich.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+ADDENDUM.—On October 19th, 1905, the admirable statue by Mr. Henry Pegram
+of Sir Thomas Browne, erected in the Norwich Haymarket, was unveiled by
+Lord Avebury, in the presence of the Mayor and other city officials and
+of a numerous company.  This date was the tercentenary of the birth of
+this great philosopher, and he was both born and died on the 19th
+October.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                          JARROLD & SONS, LTD.,
+                                PRINTERS.
+                        THE EMPIRE PRESS, NORWICH.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+{16}  1908.  For the last five or six years I have practically been an
+abstainer, and my health has greatly improved in consequence.  I am now
+eighty-three years of age.
+
+{29}  Read September 28th, 1886, and reprinted from the “Transactions of
+the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society,” Vol. iv.
+
+{33}  It is noticeable how they both do the same thing, in a precisely
+similar way, at the same time, and this applies even to the attitudes
+they assume.
+
+{36}  April, 1887.  They have just been again weighed, after their
+winter’s hybernation; and their weight now is, respectively, 2 lbs. 7½
+ozs. and 2 lbs. 2½ ozs.  Thus each of them has lost 2½ ozs. in the seven
+months of quietude.
+
+{38}  Read November 29th, 1892, and reprinted from the “Transactions of
+the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society,” Vol. v.
+
+{44}  Read before the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society, February
+22nd, 1887, and reprinted from Vol. iv. of the Society’s “Transactions.”
+
+{53}  Read before the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society, January
+30th, 1900, and reprinted from Vol. vii. of the Society’s “Transactions.”
+
+{57}  A further photographic view of this grand tree is given in the
+second edition of this book, published in 1906: but before this time the
+tree had been topped and shorn, and had lost the grandeur and beauty
+which had made it so remarkable.
+
+{72}  Read by the President, to the Members of the Norfolk and Norwich
+Naturalists’ Society, at their Eighteenth Annual Meeting, held at the
+Norfolk and Norwich Museum, March 29th, 1887.—Reprinted from Volume iv.
+of the Society’s “Transactions.”
+
+{80}  It is now known that the nodules found upon certain growing plants
+are caused by germ growth, with the production of Nitrates and thereby a
+fertilization of the soil.  And it is worth noting that at the present
+time (1908) it is being endeavoured to utilise this knowledge of aerial
+nitrification by certain plants, by artificially applying a liquid
+preparation of the germs which are the active agents in the process to
+the seeds of these plants or to the growing crops.  The results of such
+applications, so far, are alleged to be effective and commercially
+advantageous.
+
+{88}  This grand Castle Museum was opened by their Royal Highnesses the
+Duke and Duchess of York (now Prince and Princess of Wales) on October
+23rd, 1894; and this Society’s meetings are now held in it.
+
+{90a}  A Paper read at the Church in May, 1891, before the Norwich
+Archæological Society.
+
+{90b}  Kirkpatrick’s Streets and Lanes of Norwich.
+
+{97a}  Described by Mr. Manning in Vol. x. of Archæological Society’s
+“Transactions.”
+
+{97b}  The large East Window of the Chancel has recently been filled with
+a handsome design of stained glass, by Clayton and Bell, of London, and
+presented by the Author.
+
+{99}  Read before the “Literary and Debating Class” of the Church of
+England Young Men’s Society, on March 7th, 1906.
+
+{101}  Mr. T. West Carnie, in a little volume entitled, “In Quaint East
+Anglia,” speaking of Norwich by night, says, “If Norwich is beautiful by
+day, with the August sun kissing its red roofs, it is as lovely by night
+under the beams of the harvest moon.”  “Under the moonbeams Norwich makes
+a pretty picture from whichever point it is viewed; and the effects in
+some of the narrow streets are very wonderful.  I mind me of one special
+‘set,’ if I may so call it, namely that in which, from St. Giles’s lower
+end, the street entirely in shadow, you look out westward upon the lofty
+church tower sheeted in moonlight against a clear sky.”
+
+{106}  The writer of this paper.
+
+{108}  Further, it may be noted, that my clock is a striking clock, and
+as such is of considerable value to the large body of workers who live
+within sound of the bell, and who have to begin or return to their
+employments at fixed times.
+
+{113}  A very handsome and illustrated volume on the history of this
+Bethel Hospital, by the late Sir Frederic Bateman and Mr. Walter Rye, has
+recently (in 1906) been published.
+
+{117}  Those who have read Mr. Hooper’s and Mr. B. Prior’s admirable
+souvenir of the Nelson Centenary, so recently published, will remember
+how it is there stated that this statue was at first placed in St.
+Andrew’s Hall; then after a year or two was located in the Market Place,
+near the Guildhall; and then in 1856 was removed to its present position
+in the Upper Close.
+
+{121}  Reprinted from the Society’s Journal.
+
+{123}  This Portrait was reclaimed by and returned to the Churchwardens
+of St. Peter’s in 1900.
+
+{135a}  Quincunx—a square with a central object, as of five trees
+arranged thus—
+
+        x     x
+
+           x
+
+        x     x
+
+{135b}  Since the above was written, an admirable volume has been
+published by Mr. T. Southwell, upon Browne’s “Notes on the Natural
+History of Norfolk.”
+
+
+
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Addresses &amp; Papers / Collectanea, by Peter
+Eade
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Addresses &amp; Papers / Collectanea
+
+
+Author: Peter Eade
+
+
+
+Release Date: August 2, 2011  [eBook #36952]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ADDRESSES &amp; PAPERS / COLLECTANEA***
+</pre>
+<p>This ebook was transcribed by Les Bowler.</p>
+<h1>COLLECTANEA</h1>
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>DE DIVERSIS REBUS</i></p>
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<h1><a name="page3"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+3</span>ADDRESSES AND PAPERS</h1>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">BY</span><br
+/>
+SIR PETER EADE, M.D., <span class="smcap">Lond.</span></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>Fellow of the Royal College of
+Physicians</i>; <i>Hon. Fellow of King&rsquo;s</i><br />
+<i>College</i>, <i>London</i>; <i>Consulting Physician to the
+Norfolk and Norwich</i><br />
+<i>Hospital</i>, <i>to the Jenny Lind Infirmary for Sick
+Children</i>, <i>and</i><br />
+<i>to the Norwich Dispensary</i>; <i>Honorary Freeman of</i><br
+/>
+<i>the City of Norwich</i></p>
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center">LONDON<br />
+JARROLD AND SONS, 10 AND 11, WARWICK LANE, E.C.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>All Rights Reserved</i></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">1908</p>
+<h2><a name="page5"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+5</span>CONTENTS.</h2>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td><p><span class="GutSmall">CHAPTER</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
+class="GutSmall">PAGE</span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
+class="GutSmall">I.</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p><span class="GutSmall">ON RECREATION GROUNDS FOR
+NORWICH</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
+href="#page9">9</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
+class="GutSmall">II.</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p><span class="GutSmall">ON TEMPERANCE AND AIDS TO
+TEMPERANCE</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
+href="#page15">15</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
+class="GutSmall">III.</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p><span class="GutSmall">ON TORTOISES</span>&mdash;<i>With
+Illustration</i>, 1908</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
+href="#page29">29</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
+class="GutSmall">IV.</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p><span class="GutSmall">A FURTHER NOTE UPON
+TORTOISES</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
+href="#page38">38</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
+class="GutSmall">V.</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p><span class="GutSmall">MY CHRISTMAS GARDEN
+PARTY</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
+href="#page44">44</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
+class="GutSmall">VI.</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p><span class="GutSmall">MY CITY GARDEN IN &ldquo;A CITY OF
+GARDENS&rdquo;</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
+href="#page53">53</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
+class="GutSmall">VII.</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p><span class="GutSmall">PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS TO THE NORFOLK
+AND NORWICH NATURALISTS&rsquo; SOCIETY</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
+href="#page72">72</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
+class="GutSmall">VIII.</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p><span class="GutSmall">ON ST. GILES&rsquo;S CHURCH AND
+PARISH, NORWICH</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
+href="#page90">90</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
+class="GutSmall">IX.</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p><span class="GutSmall">THE TOWER OF ST. GILES&rsquo;S
+CHURCH</span>&mdash;<i>With Illustration</i></p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
+href="#page99">99</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
+class="GutSmall">X.</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p><span class="GutSmall">ON SIR THOMAS
+BROWNE</span>&mdash;<i>With Portrait</i></p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
+href="#page121">121</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><a name="page7"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+7</span>PREFACE.</h2>
+<p>The following Addresses and Papers on various subjects have
+been selected from many others contributed by the Author, as
+thought to be possibly of sufficient interest in their respective
+spheres to justify their reproduction in a collected form.&nbsp;
+They are very diverse in their character, and embrace a great
+variety of topics.</p>
+<p>It has been well said that all men are delighted to look back;
+and the Author, whilst thus recalling past work, can only express
+the hope that some of these Papers may have contributed, however
+infinitesimally, each in their own way and at their respective
+times, to help forward the appreciation of the then present, or
+the progress of the world&rsquo;s welfare or knowledge in the
+future.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Norwich</i>, 1908.</p>
+<h2><a name="page9"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 9</span>I.<br />
+PROPOSED PROVISION OF RECREATION GROUNDS FOR NORWICH.</h2>
+<p class="gutsumm">Condensed Report of Speech in Norwich Town
+Council, 1880, reprinted from the <i>Norwich Mercury</i> of
+October 23rd, 1880:&mdash;</p>
+<p>Dr. Eade, pursuant to notice, rose to call attention to the
+question of recreation or playgrounds for the children of
+Norwich.</p>
+<p>He reminded the Council that four or five years ago, after
+some considerable talk with leading citizens, he ventured in the
+public Press to call attention to the deficiency which existed in
+Norwich in respect of recreation or playgrounds, and also of
+public baths.&nbsp; Ever since that time the question had, more
+or less, started up at intervals, while certain steps had been
+taken, which, in the course of time, would probably result in
+something being achieved.&nbsp; But, as time went on, the city
+was growing rapidly, open spaces were built upon, and he and
+those who were anxious to see something done were passing
+away.&nbsp; He had, therefore, taken upon himself once again to
+call attention to the subject, and to ask the Council to take
+action upon it.</p>
+<p>After remarking upon the great importance now generally
+attached to questions affecting the public health, sanitation, or
+preventive medicine&mdash;for these were synonymous
+terms&mdash;and the intimate connection <a
+name="page10"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 10</span>now
+everywhere recognised between the general welfare of the
+population of our great cities, and the absence of disease, with
+the consequent reduction in the death-rate, Dr. Eade said that it
+was entirely from the point of view of the public health that he
+wished to call attention to this subject.&nbsp; The physical
+growth, the physical well-being, and the physical development of
+the population formed a large branch of this subject; and he was
+afraid that, with regard to this, Norwich could not be said to be
+in the forefront of progress.&nbsp; Even since he first mooted
+the question many of the open spaces which he then believed
+available for the purpose had been built over or otherwise dealt
+with.</p>
+<p>Norwich, once a city of gardens, was rapidly becoming a
+cramped and over-crowded city&mdash;at least, in its older
+portions; and in the new portions no provision was made for the
+physical welfare of the population, and no opportunities were
+given for the physical development of the children.&nbsp; Not in
+a single instance had a good wide roadway been opened up in the
+new districts; on the contrary, he was sorry to see in one or two
+of the most populous districts roads which ought to be great,
+wide thoroughfares, nothing better than narrow lanes.&nbsp; One
+most remarkable instance was Unthank&rsquo;s Road, which was
+being built up at the lower part where it was extremely narrow,
+so that instead of being made a great artery for the traffic of
+the city, it was converted into a mere lane, and it ought to be
+called Unthank&rsquo;s Lane&mdash;not dignified by the name of
+road.</p>
+<p>No doubt before many years were over the city would have to
+incur a large expenditure in widening that and other roads.&nbsp;
+How short-sighted, then, was the policy of allowing such
+encroachments to go on!</p>
+<p><a name="page11"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 11</span>To show
+what bearing these points had on public opinion long ago, Dr.
+Eade pointed out that even in Shakespeare&rsquo;s time the
+question was raised, as was seen in &ldquo;Julius
+C&aelig;sar.&rdquo;&nbsp; Mark Antony, in his speech to the
+citizens, first asks&mdash;&ldquo;Wherein did C&aelig;sar thus
+deserve your love?&rdquo; and then the reply comes (by his Will)
+&ldquo;To every Roman citizen he gives seventy-five
+drachmas;&rdquo; and afterwards&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;Moreover, he hath left you all his
+walks,<br />
+His private arbours, and new planted orchards<br />
+On this side Tiber; he hath left them you<br />
+And to your heirs for ever; common pleasures,<br />
+To walk abroad and recreate yourselves.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Dr. Eade proceeded to say he wished there were Julius
+C&aelig;sars at the present time desirous of making wills for the
+benefit of Norwich.&nbsp; He then quoted the opinions of Lord
+Shaftesbury and the <i>Lancet</i> as to places of public
+recreation and their influence upon the physical and moral
+welfare of the population, and added, that he fully agreed with
+the writer in the <i>Daily Press</i>, signing himself &ldquo;C.
+I. T.,&rdquo; when he wrote&mdash;&ldquo;The city expects the
+authorities to guard the health and lives of the humbler
+population at all costs.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Other towns had done and were doing that which he wanted them
+to do in Norwich.&nbsp; Towns as large as Birmingham and as small
+as Falmouth, had provided public parks, and many had more than
+one.&nbsp; Birmingham had seven parks and recreation grounds,
+Sheffield four, and Bradford three, while the latter town had
+lately spent &pound;150,000 in carrying out what he was now
+advocating.&nbsp; Norwich had a population of 90,000, and was
+rapidly increasing and spreading on almost all sides&mdash;open
+spaces being constantly taken up for building purposes.&nbsp;
+Though <a name="page12"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+12</span>they had playgrounds attached to School Board schools,
+he was sorry to find they were not available to the juvenile
+population&mdash;that they were only open to the children
+attending the schools during school hours, or a few minutes
+before and after school.</p>
+<p>Norwich stood the very lowest on the list of the towns of
+England with regard to this question of recreation grounds.&nbsp;
+They had waited and waited until the difficulty of providing such
+places had greatly increased, while if they waited longer these
+difficulties would become almost insuperable.&nbsp; When he first
+started in this matter he could have found, or had the offer of,
+several open places, but those were now built over.&nbsp; He, at
+that time, took a great deal of trouble in the matter, but soon
+found that notwithstanding the support given him by several
+prominent citizens, it was far too large a matter for a single
+individual to carry through; but now he had the honour of a seat
+in the Council he claimed their attention, and, if possible,
+their powerful sympathy and support.&nbsp; They might ask where
+was the demand for recreation grounds.&nbsp; He asked those who
+had children to bring up whether they would allow them to play in
+narrow streets and crowded courts breathing impure air?&nbsp;
+What was the reason of there being so many puny, delicate, and
+small children?&nbsp; He ventured to say this was almost entirely
+due to the unwholesome surroundings in which they were brought
+up.&nbsp; He mentioned that in Glasgow recently, one medical man
+lecturing in that city said that in one year he had treated 330
+cases of children with deformed bones&mdash;bent legs, bent
+thighs, knock-knees, etc.&mdash;which deformities were entirely
+due to the want of proper development and to their unwholesome
+surroundings.&nbsp; Much superior in many respects as Norwich was
+to Glasgow, he ventured <a name="page13"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 13</span>to say that the same condition of
+things existed here.&nbsp; But the demand for places of
+recreation was, he contended, proved by the fact that whenever a
+plot of ground was cut up for building purposes, children crowded
+there from all parts of the city to play, and this they continue
+to do until driven away by the advance of bricks and
+mortar.&nbsp; Then, too, Chapel Field, when it was open, was
+often taken advantage of by 500 and 600 children and others, who
+went there for play and enjoyment.</p>
+<p>After making other observations as to the need of such places,
+Dr. Eade said there were two ways in which the want might be
+supplied.&nbsp; Playgrounds could not be taken close to every
+door; but in every new district care should be taken to secure
+the setting apart of a certain amount of space for the
+children.&nbsp; One plan he would suggest was that at various
+points in the city a field should be purchased and thrown open to
+the children; and another plan was to purchase or hire a large
+space which might be converted into a people&rsquo;s park, with a
+small portion set apart for the use of children.</p>
+<p>It might be said that such places would really be used by the
+rough portion of the population; but he contended that it was for
+just this portion of the population they were most
+required.&nbsp; Let the rough children be brought up to know the
+worth of fresh air, what it is to have healthy frames, so that in
+after life they may not be poor and puny and miserable.&nbsp; The
+very fact that the rough children of the poor would use these
+places was an argument in favour of their provision.&nbsp; A
+healthy body meant not only a healthy mind, but a contented mind;
+and with recreation grounds for their use the children might be
+expected to grow up amenable to proper and right feelings, and in
+every sense better members of the community.</p>
+<p><a name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+14</span>Believing as he did in the doctrine of <i>salus populi
+suprema lex</i>, he earnestly recommended the Council to take
+some steps in the direction he had indicated.</p>
+<p>He concluded by moving&mdash;&ldquo;That this Council,
+recognising the duty of providing recreation grounds for the
+children of Norwich, appoints a special committee to consider and
+report as to the best means of carrying out this
+resolution.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>A Committee of the Council was then at once appointed.</p>
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p><span class="smcap">Note</span>.&mdash;At this date there were
+practically no public recreation grounds.&nbsp; At the present
+time we have the following:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="gutindent">Mousehold Heath, 150 acres.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">Chapel Field Gardens.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">The Castle Gardens.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">The Gildencroft.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">Waterloo Park.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">South Heigham, 6 acres.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">The Woodlands Plantation (given by Mrs.
+Pym).</p>
+<p class="gutindent">Lakenham and St. Martin&rsquo;s Bathing
+Places and Grounds.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">Eaton Park, 80 acres.</p>
+<p>Besides the numerous smaller spaces and churchyards which have
+been re-arranged and planted, and made both pleasing and (many of
+them) suitable for outdoor use or rest.&nbsp; For the promotion
+and carrying out of these, we are most largely indebted to Mr.
+Edward Wild, Mr. W. E. Hansell, and the Rev. J. Callis, with one
+or two others.</p>
+<p>This and the next following Address were the outcome of the
+very strong impression produced upon the Author by observing the
+puniness or physical inferiority of much of the poor population
+with whom he had to deal as Physician to the Norwich Dispensary,
+when first coming to Norwich, as compared with that of the
+neighbouring country district where he had formerly
+resided.&nbsp; It appeared to him that want of outdoor exercise
+and the public-house habit were the main causes of this
+difference.&nbsp; And hence these two subjects of Recreation and
+Temperance at once engaged his attention, as they have continued
+to do ever since.</p>
+<p>How such views have now developed, and also that of the
+necessity of good air and exercise for the young, in order to
+normal adult health and vigour, is patent to all.</p>
+<h2><a name="page15"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 15</span>II.<br
+/>
+ON TEMPERANCE AND AIDS TO TEMPERANCE.</h2>
+<p class="gutsumm">An Address given at the Parochial Hall, South
+Heigham, in March, 1879, at a meeting held for the purpose of
+forming for the parish a branch of the Church of England
+Temperance Society, the Rev. J. Callis, Vicar, presiding.</p>
+<p class="gutsumm">Reprinted from the <i>Norwich Mercury</i> of
+March 5th, 1879.</p>
+<p>The evils of excessive drinking are vast and widespread.&nbsp;
+As doctors, we are constantly being brought face to face with
+them&mdash;in injured health, in wasted life, in ruined
+homes.&nbsp; Much has been said, and will doubtless be said again
+to-night, on these points; and the desirability of a Temperance
+Society for this, as for other parishes, will be enforced.&nbsp;
+But believing that our object is to promote temperance in every
+possible way, I shall to-night allude to some of those social
+conditions which necessarily have a great bearing upon this
+important question.</p>
+<p>Now, it is well known that much difference of opinion has
+existed as to the influence exerted by fermented liquors when
+taken in small or reasonable quantities, some thinking that in
+these small quantities they are pleasant and practically
+harmless; others holding that in no quantity are they either
+necessary or even free from injurious effects.&nbsp; Whatever may
+be the absolute truth of either of <a name="page16"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 16</span>these opinions in reference to a
+limited use of these liquors, I think all are of one mind as to
+their pernicious effects when taken in any considerable
+quantity.&nbsp; All are agreed that drunkenness is a vice,
+baneful to the individual, hurtful to his friends; while doctors
+and physiologists are unanimous in asserting it to be positively
+proved that a too free use of them not only produces the
+outwardly injurious effects with which we are so familiar, but
+also gradually induces such degenerative disease of various
+internal organs as undermines the health and materially shortens
+the existence of the individual.&nbsp; With such a conflict of
+opinion still existing, our society wisely declines to decide
+that which science has been unable to settle, and opens wide her
+doors, and asks both these classes of thinkers to come in.&nbsp;
+She invites one section of her members to do no violence to their
+views of what constitutes temperance, or of the right way of
+influencing their neighbours.&nbsp; She merely asks them to join
+this society, and simply pledge themselves to practice and
+encourage that temperance as to which everyone may agree.&nbsp;
+But she tries to speak more mildly to those who are travelling in
+the well-trod road of Intemperance, which leads to mental and
+bodily ruin; and she entreats them to embrace the only means yet
+known which can save them from their destructive course.&nbsp;
+She asks them to pledge themselves to endeavour, by entire
+abstinence from the destroying drink, to save themselves from the
+miserable end to which they are hastening.</p>
+<p>Speaking for myself and of myself, although a very moderate
+and small drinker, I am not an abstainer. <a
+name="citation16"></a><a href="#footnote16"
+class="citation">[16]</a>&nbsp; <a name="page17"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 17</span>But though believing that many
+persons may take a small quantity of fermented liquor without
+being the worse for it, I also know that to many persons even a
+small quantity is more or less injurious; whilst as to others, I
+can but repeat what has been so often said before, and I do it
+with the greatest possible emphasis, that to many alcohol is a
+positive poison, unsuited to their temperaments, destructive to
+their health, and productive of the worst evils, both morally and
+physically.&nbsp; It is curious to notice, in passing, not only
+that the use of wine is alluded to through a large part of the
+Bible history, but also that the injurious effects of it seem
+always to have been precisely the same in character as those
+which are so much dilated on in the present day.&nbsp; Dr.
+Richardson, perhaps the greatest living exponent of the
+physiological properties of alcohol, and the greatest denouncer
+of its habitual use, speaks of its effects according to the
+increased quantities in which it is used.&nbsp; He describes its
+influence thus:&mdash;&ldquo;In the first stage of
+alcoholism,&rdquo; <i>i.e.</i>, in small quantity, he says,
+&ldquo;it tends to paralyse the minute blood vessels, producing
+their relaxation and distension, illustrated by the flush seen on
+the face of those who have (in familiar language) been drinking,
+by the redness of the eyes and nose,&rdquo; etc., etc.&nbsp; This
+stage of excitement, he describes as being followed&mdash;if the
+quantity be increased&mdash;by some loss of muscular power, with
+disturbance of the reasoning powers and of the will; whilst again
+a further quantity produces a complete collapse of nervous
+function, when the drunken man, who previously, perhaps, had been
+excited, talking loud, and staggering in his walk, becomes
+stupid, helpless, and falls into a heavy sleep.&nbsp; And are we
+not all familiar with the quotations:&mdash;&ldquo;His eyes shall
+be red with wine&rdquo;; &ldquo;Wine is a mocker; strong drink is
+<a name="page18"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+18</span>raging&rdquo;; &ldquo;They are out of the way through
+strong drink, they err in vision, they stumble in
+judgment&rdquo;; &ldquo;They shall drink and make a noise as
+through wine&rdquo;; &ldquo;Who hath woe?&nbsp; Who hath
+sorrow?&nbsp; Who hath contentions?&nbsp; Who hath redness of
+eyes?&nbsp; They that tarry long at the wine.&rdquo;&nbsp;
+&ldquo;At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an
+adder.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Those who have taken the trouble to read Dr.
+Richardson&rsquo;s lectures on alcohol, will see that the effects
+of wine, as thus described long ages ago, are identical with
+those which he found experimentally to result from alcohol at the
+present day; and the redness of the eyes, the contentions and
+quarrelling, the loss of judgment, and the ulterior disastrous
+results to the health, spoken of in the infallible Word, are only
+too familiarly known at the present day.&nbsp; Nor let it be said
+that wine is not the beverage of the multitude at the present
+time.&nbsp; For this point has also been experimentally
+investigated by Dr. Richardson, and he found that whatever the
+alcoholic drink, or whatever the adulterations, the effect of
+these variations was insignificant, and that the real evil
+results of drinking were always due to the alcohol contained in
+the fermented liquors, whether these were wine, beer, or ardent
+spirits.&nbsp; But the subject of drinking and its evil
+influences, both physical and moral, has now been so long and so
+often placed before the public, that I shall gladly employ the
+short time left to me in alluding to some suggestions which have
+been made, with a view to assist in remedying the drinking habits
+of the people, and to enable them to wean themselves from these
+where no hope of voluntary or total abstention on a large scale
+can reasonably be hoped for.&nbsp; These suggestions have been
+very numerous.&nbsp; The first and most sweeping suggestion is
+the well-known one, which ignores every <a
+name="page19"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 19</span>other
+consideration but the evil effects of the excessive use of
+alcohol, and proposes to get rid of drunkenness by rendering it
+impossible to get the drink.&nbsp; Legislation tending to this
+end was tried, as is well known, in America, under the title of
+the Maine Liquor Law, but its success has not been such as to
+induce other localities to follow the example.&nbsp; Again,
+systems of partial restriction, such as are known as the
+Gothenburg system, have been tried, or proposed, in the form of a
+Permissive Bill, such as has been advocated by Sir Wilfrid
+Lawson; but neither of these have commended themselves to the
+judgment of mankind as being the right solution of this
+question.&nbsp; The fact is social man and mankind constitute a
+large question.&nbsp; Over indulgence is not limited to the
+cravings of the stomach.&nbsp; Vice would not be eradicated by
+the simple removal of beer, however much assisted by it, and man
+would not be at once raised to the desired moral level were
+public-houses at once abolished.&nbsp; And so out of this
+conviction have arisen the various efforts which have been made,
+and are being persistently made, to attain, or assist in
+attaining, the wished-for results by more gradually acting moral
+means.&nbsp; These means, or aids to temperance, as I would call
+them, embrace several distinct influences, all of which such a
+temperance society as this is calculated to exert.&nbsp; They
+consist, primarily, in diffusing among the population, by
+meetings, by speeches, and by writings, a thorough knowledge of
+the personal evil which such habits necessarily and inevitably
+produce; (1)&nbsp; By bringing to bear the influence which
+friends and neighbours, so instructed, can exercise; (2)&nbsp; By
+forming public opinion and rendering it so forcible that the
+general mass of individuals must needs bow to its dictates; and,
+lastly, by these and all other assisting <a
+name="page20"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 20</span>means,
+endeavouring to strengthen the personal control of self, and to
+make the individual himself contribute entirely to, not only his
+own good, but, by his improved example, to that of his neighbours
+and the community at large.&nbsp; I trust that through the force
+of public opinion it will soon be thought by the working classes
+as vulgar and as low to get intoxicated, as it now is by those
+with more advantages of means and information.</p>
+<p>Much has been said and written about the influence which
+<i>education</i> is likely to exert in the future upon the habits
+of the people.&nbsp; There can be no doubt, I think, that the
+influence which will be gradually so exercised will be very
+great.&nbsp; A mind trained to better things will abhor and
+revolt at the gross pleasure which it would otherwise have
+tolerated or enjoyed.&nbsp; And we all (I am sure) rejoice to see
+that education is being spread abroad in our land, and that the
+rising generation will all, in greater or less degree, have their
+minds trained sufficiently to prevent their slumbering in the
+lowest abysses of non-development, and to awaken them, and to
+lead them to the knowledge at least that there are better
+enjoyments in the human body and the human mind than the false
+and injurious excitement of incessant alcoholic
+stimulation.&nbsp; But, unfortunately, education is like a
+tree.&nbsp; It takes a long time for its development, and the
+circumstances of the time are too urgent to wait in dependence
+alone upon this agency.&nbsp; For all the while that we are
+talking, the world is living and acting, and living under such
+conditions that, if present customs are to be changed, others and
+better ones must be found and provided in substitution for
+them.</p>
+<p>There is a population to deal with, a people largely and often
+exhaustively occupied during the day, and so occupied, that a
+large portion of it requires some relaxation <a
+name="page21"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 21</span>in the
+evening, after the hours of toil shall have passed away.&nbsp; In
+the country districts the difficulty is less; but in the crowded
+districts of our large towns, where often many houses, without
+any surroundings, exist, and these, when present, often not the
+most wholesome or commodious, some means of passing the evening
+in reasonable recreation are absolutely necessary.&nbsp; The
+richer classes even, in large towns and cities, have felt the
+need of their <i>clubs and meeting places</i>, and gradually,
+also, working-men have followed this example, and have, in many
+places, set up their clubs of various kinds.&nbsp; If anyone
+would like to know the demand that exists for evening places of
+resort, I would ask him to observe the throngs of people who pour
+out of the public-houses on their closing at the hour of eleven
+at night.&nbsp; It is not to be supposed that all the frequenters
+of these houses of entertainment are drunkards, are even lovers
+of strong drink, although, from the constitution of these houses,
+they must necessarily drink to pay for the accommodation they
+receive; but they use them as clubs, as the only places open to
+them in which they can spend their evenings, and in which they
+find the light, the warmth, the company, the newspapers, the
+interchange of speech, which they crave, and which are there
+alone obtainable.&nbsp; This view of the uses to which the
+public-house parlour is applied, is confirmed by observation of
+what happens when a well-appointed circus or other similar place
+of outdoor amusement is located in such a town as Norwich.&nbsp;
+For although no drink, good or bad, is sold in the building, yet
+it may be seen for weeks together to be nightly thronged by a
+company of one, or, perhaps, two thousand people.</p>
+<p>Acting upon this idea, and on this principle, there have now
+been established in many places public-houses without those
+elements which render them undesirable.&nbsp; The <a
+name="page22"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 22</span>Caf&eacute;
+Company&rsquo;s houses, like to that recently opened in Norwich
+(and to which, I am sure, we all wish good speed), in which
+provision is made for amusement, for food, and for
+non-intoxicating drinks, are of this class, and so are the
+establishments of the London Coffee Public-house Association, and
+the Coffee Tavern Company, and others.&nbsp; But a recent writer
+(Mr. Moggridge, <i>Macmillan</i>, October, 1878) goes much
+further, and suggests the trial of the plan of retaining the
+present public houses, while keeping their attractive features,
+throwing the sale of drink so far into the background that it
+shall be the least prominent and important part of the
+establishment.</p>
+<p>At present, of course, the public-houses exist only or chiefly
+in the sale of fermented liquors, and not for the benefit of the
+frequenter, whose primary object is often, at least at first, the
+enjoyment of the public parlour and its society.&nbsp; The writer
+above mentioned proposes, at least for a time, to convert them
+into veritable clubs, where fermented drinks can certainly be
+obtained, but where they shall by no means be the great and
+prominent part of the refreshment provided.&nbsp; He thinks that
+then it might be possible gradually to wean a large portion of
+their frequenters from their drinking habits, and gradually also
+to introduce a better and more harmless system than now
+prevails.&nbsp; Whether or not such a scheme as this is
+practicable, or even desirable, it appears certain that in any
+attempt to close the present houses of public resort, other and
+more suitable ones must be provided.</p>
+<p>Before quitting this part of the subject, I would desire to
+call attention to the laudable attempts already made in two
+adjoining parishes to furnish a sort of evening club room for the
+use of the poorer parishioners.&nbsp; In <a
+name="page23"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 23</span>one of these
+parishes, I believe, the mission room is open for use every
+evening, and in the other a commencement has been made by opening
+the schoolroom on Saturday evenings.&nbsp; For these, newspapers,
+or reasonable games, are essential, and it is probable (as man is
+both a hungry and thirsty animal) that if they are to be
+permanently successful both food and harmless drinks must be
+obtainable; but whether tea and coffee will be sufficient, or
+whether some of the various unfermented drinks are required,
+which are described in a little book called, &ldquo;A Book of One
+Hundred Beverages,&rdquo; I must not now stay to consider.</p>
+<p>In England and countries of similar climate, the recreation
+difficulty is much greater than in more favoured countries, where
+the climate, in a larger portion of the year, admits of the
+evening hours being passed in the open air.&nbsp; Here, for
+months together, the evenings&rsquo; relaxation must needs be
+within doors, and in many towns there is literally no place of
+indoor resort but the public-house, and, perhaps, the
+theatre.</p>
+<p>A great aid to temperance will doubtless be given when, under
+the operation of the Artisans&rsquo; Dwelling Act, or other
+similar legislation, the character of the worst localities of our
+towns improves.&nbsp; It is notorious that the narrower the
+streets, the more crowded the courts, and the worse the houses,
+the more do gin-palaces flourish, and the more does the
+population give itself up to the artificial stimulus of fermented
+liquors.&nbsp; And the reason is not far to seek, for if there be
+an absence of all comfort at home; if the house be small, and
+crowded, and dirty; if the water be bad, and perhaps unsuited for
+drinking; if there be no bit of garden in which to lounge, and to
+grow a few things in which interest can be taken; if there be
+nothing in <a name="page24"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+24</span>home to render this agreeable&mdash;then, as a matter of
+course, recourse is had to that neighbouring house where nearly
+all these conditions are reversed, and dirt, and squalor, and
+crowding are exchanged for light, and brightness, and space.</p>
+<p>I have said that an English climate is less adapted than many
+others to <i>out-of-doors&rsquo; recreations</i> and
+amusements.&nbsp; Yet there is, even in England a very
+considerable portion of the year in which the existence of public
+parks and recreation grounds would contribute very largely to the
+promotion of temperance by providing pleasant spots in which to
+pass the hours unabsorbed by labour.&nbsp; But, I am sorry to say
+that our old city of Norwich has sadly degenerated from the time
+of Pepys, and enjoys an unenviable pre-eminence in the entire
+absence of these most desirable public spaces within its
+boundaries.&nbsp; With the exception of Chapel Field, we have not
+a single open public space.&nbsp; There is not a spot where the
+lads can play at cricket or football, or where their seniors can
+lounge away an evening hour; while as to a public park, the
+chance of this appears to grow dimmer and dimmer as the
+population of the city spreads and increases.&nbsp; I have
+ventured on more than one occasion to call attention to the need
+of such places for Norwich, and I have pointed to Mousehold Heath
+as a place which should, at all costs, be preserved for the
+city.&nbsp; But time passes.&nbsp; Several available spots for
+public recreation grounds have, one by one, been absorbed for
+building purposes, and Mousehold Heath&mdash;a space which
+appears to have been specially provided for the health and
+salubrity of future Norwich, and whose beauties and capabilities
+must surely be unappreciated by our citizens&mdash;is being
+gradually devoted to gravel pits, to brick kilns, and&mdash;to
+destruction.&nbsp; And let it not be supposed that <a
+name="page25"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 25</span>the
+temperance of a population has no relation to its health and its
+general welfare.&nbsp; Beyond the attractions of a fresh and open
+spot, as a counter attraction to the public-house, the growth of
+a strong and healthy population tends powerfully in the direction
+of temperate habits, for the feeble and weakly will naturally
+seek indoor resorts, whilst the strong and the muscular will
+equally surely seek the open air.&nbsp; I wish I could think that
+Norwich was not suffering from this cause.&nbsp; But whoever
+observed the generally puny appearance, the poor <i>physique</i>,
+and the frequently strumous aspect of many of the children and
+youth received into our schoolrooms during the late flood, and
+many of whom came from the most crowded parts of the city, must
+have been struck with the evidence they afforded of the want that
+existed for them of light, of air, and of healthy exercise.</p>
+<p>Lest I should be thought to be dwelling too long on a subject
+of little importance, or little bearing upon this night&rsquo;s
+proceedings, let me read over to you a list of those places in
+England (and I am not sure that it is a complete list) which,
+during the past two or three years, have either had presented to
+them or have felt it their duty to provide public parks and
+recreation grounds for the use of the residents:&mdash;Reading,
+Birmingham, Dublin, Wigan, Leicester, Limerick, Lancaster,
+Heywood, Derby, Wolverhampton, Leeds, Longton, Torquay,
+Sheffield, Swansea, Newcastle, Exeter, and Falmouth.</p>
+<p>The only other aid to temperance, to which I will now allude,
+is that of <i>public galleries of art and natural history</i>,
+and so forth.&nbsp; These are but small aids, but still they are
+appreciable ones, and I would gladly see such in Norwich.&nbsp; I
+do not know how far the disused gaol would be convertible to such
+public purposes, but it has struck me that the site is an
+admirable one, and the space ample <a name="page26"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 26</span>for the collection in one spot, of an
+art gallery, museum, free library, popular lecture rooms, and for
+any other purposes which might properly come under the heading of
+popular instruction.&nbsp; The former city gaol has long been
+used as a public library.&nbsp; It would be a happy change if the
+late one could now be devoted, not to the punishment but the
+prevention of crime; not to the expiation of the results of
+indulgence in drink, but to the better training of men&rsquo;s
+minds, so as to teach them, by instinct and by culture, to avoid
+the destructive paths of vice and of excess.</p>
+<p>I think, sir, I have said enough to show how large is this
+temperance question, in which we are all, in which, indeed, the
+whole community, is so greatly interested.&nbsp; In proof of its
+recognised importance, we may point to the fact that doctors,
+physiologists, ministers of religion, peers of the realm, and
+even a Prime Minister, have raised their voices in opposition to
+the progress of the crying evil of drunkenness.&nbsp; Many
+earnest men have striven, by the influence of their continued
+advice, and by the example of their personal abstention from
+intoxicating liquors, to help on the good work; and many others
+have done so in various indirect ways, and especially by efforts
+to ameliorate the condition of the people, and provide for them
+alternative means of harmless and rational occupation or
+amusement.&nbsp; These efforts are so persistent and now so
+general; they are founded upon such complete knowledge, and such
+recognised necessity, that they cannot fail rapidly to produce
+good fruit, and I believe they have already produced some good
+fruit in Norwich.&nbsp; But as social knowledge ripens, as
+acquaintance with the means of securing the general well-being
+increases, so we may hope that the difficulties attending the
+reformation of evil habits will lessen; and <a
+name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 27</span>although we
+may not hope to see established a condition of houses, of
+streets, of towns, of food and drink, of labour, and of all those
+conditions which would render human life and surroundings ideally
+perfect, yet continuous efforts must be made to realise for the
+community such moral and physical surroundings as shall conduce
+to their welfare in the highest possible degree.&nbsp; And to
+this end, let us be sure that nothing will contribute so much as
+that soberness and temperance which it is the object of this
+Church of England Society to encourage and inculcate.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page28"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 28</span>
+<a href="images/p28.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Sir Peter Eade with tortoises"
+title=
+"Sir Peter Eade with tortoises"
+src="images/p28.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<h2><a name="page29"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+29</span>III.<br />
+ON TORTOISES. <a name="citation29"></a><a href="#footnote29"
+class="citation">[29]</a></h2>
+<p>I have almost to apologize for bringing before so learned and
+critical a Society as this, the few notes and observations I have
+made upon the &ldquo;manners and customs&rdquo; of my pair of
+common land Tortoises, partly because I feel that much of what I
+have observed must also have been observed by other members of
+this Society; and still more because (as is well known) that
+incomparable master both of observation and
+expression&mdash;White of Selborne&mdash;has already noted, and
+placed upon record, the most interesting of the habits of these
+creatures.</p>
+<p>Mine is thus necessarily a &ldquo;twice-told
+tale.&rdquo;&nbsp; I can only hope that the never flagging
+interest which naturalists take in the observation or record of
+the habits of animals, will suffice to make them bear with me for
+the short time I shall detain them.</p>
+<p>I have in my garden two of the common land Tortoises
+(<i>Testudo Gr&oelig;ca</i>), and these have been in my
+possession three and four years respectively.</p>
+<p>I purchased them from the barrow of a hawker in Norwich
+streets, in two following years&mdash;one being a little larger
+than the other, and they are in consequence <a
+name="page30"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 30</span>known by the
+names of the <i>old gentleman</i> and the <i>young
+gentleman</i>.</p>
+<p>Although selected as the best from a number of others, I am
+sorry to say that they both appeared to be ill or greatly
+injured, and it was a considerable time before they recovered
+sufficiently either to begin to take food, or to move about with
+their proper freedom, or with the well-known liveliness of
+Tortoises!</p>
+<p>Another Tortoise, which I purchased, did actually die a short
+time afterwards, having lived in a state of semi-stupor for the
+intervening period; and I fear that the capability of these
+creatures for suffering is not much recognised in the usual
+methods of their conveyance and treatment.</p>
+<p>The two Tortoises which survived have, as I said, now lived on
+my premises and thriven for three and four years.&nbsp; They have
+become almost pets.&nbsp; They most evidently recognise the place
+as their home.&nbsp; They know the various localities of the
+garden perfectly.&nbsp; They know the sunny spots to which to go
+at suitable times to bask.&nbsp; They know where to find sun, and
+where to find this and shade combined, when they so desire it;
+and they return, afternoon after afternoon, to the same cosy, and
+dry, and sheltered spots, under the dry ivy of the wall, or
+elsewhere, which they have often previously selected as their
+night&rsquo;s abode.</p>
+<p>It is very plain that they have some recognition of
+individuals.&nbsp; For instance, if Lady Eade and myself are both
+preparing to feed them, they will constantly leave me and walk
+off to her&mdash;doubtless because she is more in the habit of
+bringing them their favourite kinds of food than I am.</p>
+<p>They appear to be quick of <i>sight</i>, but show very little,
+if any, sign of having any impressions conveyed to them by <a
+name="page31"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 31</span>the sense of
+<i>hearing</i>.&nbsp; They evidently possess a full sense of
+<i>taste</i>, for they discriminate instantly between food they
+like, and that which is less palatable to them.</p>
+<p>The daily <i>habits</i> of these creatures are certainly very
+staid and methodical, and vary but little, except as the season
+of the year, and the warmth of the day, vary.</p>
+<p>They are often, in the height of summer, quite early risers,
+and on sunny mornings will often be up, and perambulating the
+garden, and nibbling the little trefoil leaves found amongst the
+grass, by seven or six o&rsquo;clock, or even earlier.&nbsp; But,
+I must say, that these early habits are quite limited to the very
+finest weather; and it has seemed that in the matter of early
+activity, these animals always err, if at all, on the side of
+care and caution.&nbsp; They never leave their beds, or the
+neighbourhood of cover, if there is the slightest appearance of
+cloudiness or rain, at least until the day is well up; and for a
+large portion of their year the time for coming forth is not
+until eight, nine, or ten o&rsquo;clock.</p>
+<p>In electrical weather they are never lively, even though the
+day be intermittingly hot and bright; and at such times they are
+often almost lethargic, and show great indifference as to
+feeding.</p>
+<p>They appear to have an extreme and instinctive objection to
+rain.&nbsp; Cloudy weather makes them dull.&nbsp; A passing cloud
+will make them discontinue eating.&nbsp; And the passage of a
+person or object suddenly between them and the sun will cause
+them as suddenly to draw in their heads.&nbsp; The dislike of
+clouds and their accompaniments is therefore a very marked
+instinct with them.</p>
+<p>If not fed, they will go and help themselves, not to grass,
+but to some white Clover growing with the grass in the garden; or
+in default of this, to some of the garden plants&mdash;by
+preference the fleshy-leaved ones, such as the <a
+name="page32"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 32</span>Echiveria or
+Sedum&mdash;after which they will retire to some warm place, and
+bask in the sun.&nbsp; They have a special liking for the warm
+vine-border in front of my greenhouse; and if the day be not too
+hot, they will tilt themselves up edgeways against the south wall
+of the greenhouse, or upon the edge of some tuft of flowers; or
+if the sun is too warm, they will then cover their heads up with
+leaves or earth on the bed, leaving their backs uncovered and
+exposed to the heat.&nbsp; (In this respect they seem to remind
+us of the habits of the tiger in his jungle.)</p>
+<p>But they appear greatly to prefer being fed, and having their
+food found for them; indeed further, one, at least, much prefers
+to have his food held up to him, and almost put into his mouth
+when he opens it.</p>
+<p>They take their food with a snapping movement; masticate it
+little if at all; and when feeding themselves, cut or tear it
+with the sharp-hooked anterior portion of the upper jaw.</p>
+<p>In the hottest weather their appetites are very fine (thus
+they will eat several large Lettuce leaves at one time), and they
+bear a close relation to the warmth and clearness of the day, and
+the period of the year.</p>
+<p>Their favourite foods are&mdash;besides Trefoil, already
+mentioned, and garden flowers&mdash;Lettuces, Dandelions, French
+Beans, etc.&nbsp; They are much attracted by yellow blossoms, and
+greedily eat those of the Dandelion and Buttercup.&nbsp; One of
+my creatures is very fond of sliced Apple, though the other will
+not eat it.</p>
+<p>But the vegetable of which they are most fond is the Green
+Pea.&nbsp; Both of them will leave all other food for this, and
+they will consume at a meal a very considerable number of these
+Peas.&nbsp; Indeed, so fond are they of them, that they will
+follow a person accustomed to feed them <a
+name="page33"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 33</span>with them
+about the garden, and will even try to clamber up his legs to get
+at them.</p>
+<p>After sleeping and basking, they will again eat, and then
+again sleep once or twice more during the day; but in cooler or
+doubtful weather, they usually eat only once a day, and sometimes
+not at all.</p>
+<p>Although those who hawk Tortoises about the streets will often
+tell purchasers to put them into their kitchens that they may eat
+Beetles and Cockroaches, I believe it to be well understood that
+they are intrinsically vegetable feeders; a position well put by
+Frank Buckland, who says that Tortoises put into a kitchen to eat
+Beetles will in due time die of starvation, and then most
+probably the Beetles will eat them.&nbsp; Certainly ours never
+eat anything but vegetable food.&nbsp; But a Tortoise in a
+neighbouring garden does every morning consume a very substantial
+quantity of bread and milk, or rather bread well-soaked in milk,
+and he appears to thrive well upon it.&nbsp; Our Tortoises never
+drink water, and are decidedly not tempted to drink by milk being
+offered to them.</p>
+<p>Whatever the season, the Tortoises retire very early to
+bed.&nbsp; The warmth and sunniness of the day appear to regulate
+the exact time, but they rarely remain up after three or four
+o&rsquo;clock, and in the cooler seasons, or on dull days, they
+retire much earlier.</p>
+<p>They will go day after day to the same warm and leafy nook;
+and they have a habit on rising in the morning of simply turning
+out of bed, and lying for a time just outside of their bed-place,
+with their heads stupidly stretched out, or staring vacantly up
+into the air, before entering upon the serious business of the
+day. <a name="citation33"></a><a href="#footnote33"
+class="citation">[33]</a></p>
+<p><a name="page34"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 34</span>I
+should say their <i>Memory</i> is very strong.&nbsp; I have said
+they remember persons.&nbsp; They remember places they know, and
+if carried away will march straight off and back again to the
+place they wish to go to; and what is more remarkable, when
+brought out in the spring after seven or eight months&rsquo;
+hybernation, they do exactly as they did the day before they went
+to sleep; and will march off as direct to the old spots as if
+they had only had one day&rsquo;s interregnum.</p>
+<p>As a further instance of memory or intelligent knowledge, we
+are constantly in the habit, in the cooler weather, of putting
+them to bed under a mat in the greenhouse; and we very constantly
+find them, in the morning, waiting by the greenhouse door to be
+let out, clearly remembering that this is the place by which they
+will have to pass into the open air.</p>
+<p>They do not appear to care much for each other&rsquo;s
+society&mdash;(I believe they are both males)&mdash;but they do
+not fight.&nbsp; Neither are they respecters of each
+other&rsquo;s persons, for they walk over each other&rsquo;s
+backs in the most indifferent way, if either happens to be in the
+direct road of the other&rsquo;s progression.</p>
+<p>One of the creatures is certainly fond of climbing.&nbsp; We
+have several times found him mounted (when shut up in the
+greenhouse) upon the other&rsquo;s back; or upon an inverted
+flower-pot; and once we found him in a most pitiable condition
+through the exercise of these scandent aspirations.&nbsp; He had
+evidently been endeavouring to climb up some flower sticks placed
+slantingly against the wall, and in doing this he had turned over
+upon his axis; and when we found him he was reclining upon his
+back against these sticks, and standing upon one hind foot,
+whilst with the other, and with his fore feet, he was making
+frantic efforts to reinstate himself <a name="page35"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 35</span>in a more comfortable position.&nbsp;
+As so placed he reminded us irresistibly and ludicrously of a
+huge toad held up by a fore leg.</p>
+<p>Our Tortoises have certainly got tempers.&nbsp; They hiss when
+they are meddled with.&nbsp; They resist and try to scratch, or
+otherwise hurt, when lifted up from their place of repose; and
+they exhibit distinct petulance, and will jerk themselves forward
+out of your hand when you are again placing them upon the
+ground.</p>
+<p>They are also very particular when going to their evening
+places of repose, and most distinctly refuse to go to rest in the
+place in which you try to place them, however comfortable this
+may appear to be, even if they have previously selected this spot
+for themselves day after day.</p>
+<p>Mr. Darwin speaks of a large kind of Tortoise which is reputed
+to be able to walk at the rate of sixty yards in ten minutes;
+<i>i.e.</i>, three hundred and sixty yards in the hour, or four
+miles a day.&nbsp; I have twice timed the rate of progress of one
+of my Tortoises.&nbsp; Once it walked ten feet in the minute, and
+another time twenty feet in the minute.&nbsp; This latter is at
+the rate of twelve hundred feet, or four hundred yards, in the
+hour; or of a mile in between four and five hours.&nbsp; This
+truly is not quite the ordinary rate of the hare&rsquo;s
+progress, but I think they can cross a certain small distance of
+ground much more rapidly than we should at first suspect.</p>
+<p>Once more.&nbsp; These creatures distinctly grow in size from
+year to year.&nbsp; Our two measure respectively seven and seven
+and a half inches in length.&nbsp; And they must have elongated
+fully an inch in the three and four years of our possession.</p>
+<p>I weighed them this year, on May 29th, soon after their waking
+up for the summer, and again on September 8th.&nbsp; <a
+name="page36"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 36</span>They weighed
+in May, 2 lbs. 7&frac12; ozs. and 2 lbs. 3&frac12; ozs.; a
+fortnight ago they weighed 2 lbs. 10 ozs. and 2 lbs. 5 ozs.;
+having thus gained in weight through their summer feeding
+2&frac12; ozs. and 1&frac12; ozs. respectively. <a
+name="citation36"></a><a href="#footnote36"
+class="citation">[36]</a></p>
+<p>When the due period arrives in which they naturally bury
+themselves, and so surround themselves with earthen bulwarks, and
+then retire for the winter into their carapace castles, we put
+them down into a cupboard in the cellar.</p>
+<p>Mr. White remarks that his Tortoise did not bury itself into
+the ground before November 1st, but ours are cold and torpid, and
+quite ready to hybernate by the first week in October.&nbsp;
+Probably the different latitude and longitude of Selborne and
+Norwich may account for this difference of time.</p>
+<p>In this cellar cupboard, the Tortoises remain until the end of
+April, when, though still dull and stupid, the weather is getting
+sufficiently warm for them to enjoy the sun for a portion of the
+day.&nbsp; But the frosts and cold of this period of the year are
+still dangerous.&nbsp; And a relative of mine lost both of his
+old friends (who for years had taken care of themselves in the
+winter in his garden) during the cold weather of this spring,
+after they had duly survived the far greater cold of the winter
+in the ground places in which they had buried themselves.</p>
+<p>From October to April&mdash;fully seven months&mdash;they rest
+from their labours of eating, of breathing, shall I say, of
+thinking? (or nearly so, for they occasionally stir a little, and
+are found to have moved a little from under their straw).&nbsp;
+But they neither eat nor drink, nor see light, nor <a
+name="page37"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 37</span>(I believe)
+open their eyes.&nbsp; And when touched during this time they
+feel of a stony coldness, and certainly appear to have none of
+their faculties in operation.</p>
+<p>But with the warmer weather, they again gradually resume the
+precise habits of the preceding year.&nbsp; Gradually, their
+bright little eyes resume their intelligence; their memory
+re-awakens; and they return to the ways, and the habits, and the
+places of the preceding season, as if their sleep of seven months
+were but a single night, and last summer verily but as
+yesterday.</p>
+<p>They are in many respects both curious and remarkable
+animals.&nbsp; We find them to have enough of intelligence,
+enough of quaintness, and apparently enough of affection, to give
+them considerable interest in the eyes of their owners, and to
+raise them out of the level of despised reptiles.&nbsp; Whilst
+their remarkable construction, and mysterious power of
+hybernation, render them specially worthy of study and
+contemplation.</p>
+<p>These specialities and peculiarities must be my much-needed
+excuse for having troubled you so long with these few details of
+their personally observed habits and ways.</p>
+<h2><a name="page38"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 38</span>IV.<br
+/>
+A FURTHER NOTE UPON TORTOISES. <a name="citation38"></a><a
+href="#footnote38" class="citation">[38]</a></h2>
+<p class="gutsumm">In the year 1886 I read before this Society a
+paper in which I recorded some of the observed habits and
+peculiarities of a pair of Tortoises which I had then kept in my
+garden for three and four years respectively.&nbsp; This paper
+was afterwards published in our Society&rsquo;s
+&ldquo;Transactions&rdquo; (Vol. iv. p. 316), and will probably
+be remembered by some of our members.</p>
+<p>I would like this evening to say a few further words upon
+these creatures, which are still living and in my
+possession&mdash;more particularly with reference to their
+<i>rate of growth and increase</i>.</p>
+<p>The two Tortoises have now been in my possession ten and nine
+years respectively.&nbsp; Six years ago I reported to this
+Society that <i>they measured</i>, the one 7&frac12; and the
+other 7 inches in <i>length</i>.&nbsp; Now at the end of six
+further years their antero-posterior measurements are 9&frac12;
+and 9 inches respectively&mdash;the measurements being made from
+before backwards over the convex surface of the carapace.&nbsp;
+They have, therefore, each of them, thus measured, increased
+exactly two inches in length in the last six years, or at the
+rate of exactly one-third of an inch per year.</p>
+<p><a name="page39"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 39</span>(The
+under flat surface of the shell now measures 6&frac12; and
+6&frac14; inches from before backwards.&nbsp; These Tortoises are
+said not usually to exceed 10 inches in entire length.)</p>
+<p>Then as to their <i>weight</i>.&nbsp; I have now kept an exact
+record of their respective weights in the spring and autumn of
+each of the past seven years, <i>i.e.</i> their weight on
+commencing to hybernate in October or November, and again their
+weight on returning afresh to light and more active existence in
+April or May of the following spring.&nbsp; And it is interesting
+to notice how almost continuously they have increased both in
+size and weight; and also how corresponding are the alterations,
+or otherwise, in the consecutive years, both of spring and
+autumn, of the two animals.</p>
+<p>In my former paper, I mentioned that during the summer months
+of 1886, when I first weighed them, <i>i.e.</i> from May to
+September, my Tortoises had gained in weight, the one 2&frac12;
+ounces, and the other 1&frac12; ounces; whilst each of them
+became lighter in the following winter by 2&frac12; ounces.&nbsp;
+Since that time the spring and autumn weighings have been
+regularly continued, and the result is shown in the following
+table.</p>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="9"><p style="text-align: center">WEIGHT</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center"><span
+class="smcap">Of Larger Tortoise</span>.</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="4"><p style="text-align: center"><span
+class="smcap">Of Smaller Tortoise</span>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span
+class="smcap">April</span>.</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span
+class="smcap">October</span>.</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span
+class="smcap">April</span>.</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center"><span
+class="smcap">October</span>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><span class="smcap">Year</span>.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>lbs.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>ozs.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>lbs.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>ozs.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>lbs.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>ozs.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>lbs.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>ozs.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>1886</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>7&frac12;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>10</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>3&frac12;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>5</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>1887</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>7&frac12;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>10</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2&frac12;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>5</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>1888</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>10</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>13&frac12;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>5</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>8&frac14;</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>1889</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>13</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>14</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>8</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>8&frac12;</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>1890</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>12&frac12;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>3</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>0&frac12;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>7&frac12;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>12</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>1891</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>15&frac12;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>3</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>10</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>12&frac12;</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>1892</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>3</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>1</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>3</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>3&frac12;</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>12</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>2</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>14&frac12;</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="page40"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 40</span>In the
+seven years, therefore, 1886 to 1892, the larger Tortoise has
+increased in weight from 2 lbs. 10 ozs. to 3 lbs. 3&frac12; ozs.;
+and the smaller Tortoise from 2 lbs. 5 ozs. to 2 lbs. 14&frac12;
+ozs., giving a total increase of weight in this period of exactly
+9 ounces for each animal, or an average annual increase of about
+1 ounce and 5&frac12; drachms (avoirdupois).</p>
+<p>The general result also of the above weighings is to show
+that, in average seasons in England, these creatures gain from 2
+to 2&frac12; ounces in each summer, and lose again a varying but
+considerable portion of this increase during the ensuing six or
+seven months of hybernation; but, on the whole, showing an
+average gain of a little more than one ounce in the
+year&mdash;the average gain of weight per month in summer working
+out at about 6 or 7 drachms, with an average loss in the winter
+months of about 4 or 5 drachms per month.&nbsp; This last fact
+scarcely agrees with Cuvier&rsquo;s statement that &ldquo;during
+winter . . . their loss of substance amounts almost to
+nothing.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>It will be noted that the foregoing table shows certain
+variations in the increases and decreases of weight in the
+several years; also that in two of the years there was but little
+change between the autumn and spring weights&mdash;this period of
+stagnation occurring in both animals simultaneously.&nbsp;
+Probably several causes for this were at work, but I have little
+doubt that the variability of our English seasons is by far the
+largest factor in the case; and that the variations in the
+gainings and losings of the different summers and winters depend
+very largely upon the special character of these seasons.&nbsp;
+Thus, when the summer months are hot the Tortoises eat much more
+abundantly and constantly, and consequently put on (or rather put
+inside their skeletons) much more <a name="page41"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 41</span>flesh than in colder seasons.&nbsp;
+On the contrary, a warm autumn, with the temperature not
+sufficiently cold to make them go early and thoroughly to sleep,
+must conduce to greater loss, or rather waste, of their flesh,
+for it is well known that these animals cease to eat many weeks
+before they finally retire to rest for the winter; and
+necessarily during this period, especially on sunny days in which
+(even at this season) they are often moderately lively and
+active, they are doubtless breathing and consuming some of the
+material which has been stored up for winter consumption.&nbsp;
+Whilst again, in a very mild winter or spring they will, as is
+well known, frequently wake up from their dormancy, and of
+course, on each such occasion will make further inroads upon
+their reservoir of nutrient material.</p>
+<p>It is therefore pretty certain that hot summers and cold
+winters are most conducive to their rapid increase in size and
+weight; whilst of course the contrary conditions would have an
+exactly opposite result.</p>
+<p>Cetti says that the common Greek Tortoise seldom weighs above
+3 lbs.&nbsp; My larger one now weighs 3 lbs. 3&frac12; ozs., and
+is still growing.&nbsp; But there is a Tortoise now in this city
+which weighs as much as 6 lbs. 5 ozs.&nbsp; I judge, however,
+from its size and form, that it may be a variety of the common
+Tortoise.&nbsp; This creature must be not only &ldquo;an old
+inhabitant of this city,&rdquo; but thoroughly naturalised into a
+British subject, as it is known to have lived in Norwich for at
+least thirty years.</p>
+<p>I have little to add to what I previously said (and to what
+White has said) as to Tortoise habits and manners.&nbsp; These
+appear to be very uniform, and to be guided by a most definite
+instinct; and it is very noticeable and very remarkable how the
+two Tortoises will constantly <a name="page42"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 42</span>both do the very same thing at the
+very same time, often almost at the same moment of time.&nbsp;
+For example, when feeding, even when apart from each other, they
+will constantly suddenly leave off eating almost at the same
+instant; or they will in like manner, when basking in the sun,
+both at once get up and walk off to some other place; or they
+will both all at once suddenly get up and march off to their
+evening place of shelter and rest&mdash;and this without any
+definite atmospheric or other cause that is appreciable.</p>
+<p>Cuvier has well called the Tortoise &ldquo;<i>un animal
+retourn&egrave;e</i>,&rdquo; an animal inverted, or &ldquo;turned
+inside out, or rather outside in.&rdquo;&nbsp; And it is said
+that the large Land Tortoise, when withdrawn into its shell,
+&ldquo;can defy the whole animal world except man, from whom
+nothing is safe.&rdquo;&nbsp; And with reference to this point I
+have observed that our Tortoises, when retiring to rest, always
+take the greatest care to protect their noses and the anterior
+opening of their shells.&nbsp; When they burrow, their head is of
+course covered up by the earth.&nbsp; But when, as is often the
+case in the warmer weather, they simply go to sleep in some
+sheltered place, they habitually place their heads close against
+the wall, or under the projecting roots of a tree or shrub, so as
+not to leave this part exposed.&nbsp; I presume, therefore, that
+they are conscious of some insecurity, and it would certainly
+appear that their heads would otherwise be open to the attack of
+rats or other predaceous animals.</p>
+<p>Professor Forbes describes the peculiar way in which he has in
+Greece observed the Tortoises to do their courting, <i>i.e.</i>
+the method by which the male Tortoise seeks to attract the
+attention of his lady-love, namely, by repeatedly knocking his
+shell violently against hers.&nbsp; I have noticed the same
+process in my own garden.&nbsp; Both my animals are, I <a
+name="page43"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 43</span>believe,
+males.&nbsp; But I have observed one of them, when in an amorous
+humour, to strike the other several times in succession a
+sounding blow on its shell; and this he does by suddenly
+withdrawing his head into his shell, so as to be out of
+harm&rsquo;s way, and then as suddenly throwing his body forward
+by a sort of butting process against the shell of his
+fellow.&nbsp; This proceeding causes a very considerable, and
+indeed, comparatively speaking, quite a loud and resounding
+noise; and at first sight these sudden and severe blows would
+appear to be more calculated to cause corporeal discomfort or
+injury than to excite affection.&nbsp; These very marked
+attentions are usually followed by the utterance of a quick and
+soft, or almost whining cry.</p>
+<p>I will only add that my Tortoises show an increasing
+familiarity and sense of being at home as years roll on.</p>
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p><span class="smcap">Addendum</span>.&mdash;On November 2nd,
+1905, after a further interval of thirteen years, these Tortoises
+had respectively attained to a weight of 4 lbs. and half an
+ounce, and 3 lbs. 13&frac12; ozs. as compared with weights of 2
+lbs. 10 ozs. and 2 lbs. 5 ozs. in 1886.&nbsp; They are therefore
+still growing in size and weight.&nbsp; In October of last year
+(1907) they weighed respectively 4 lbs. 2&frac12; ozs. and 4
+lbs.</p>
+<h2><a name="page44"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 44</span>V.<br
+/>
+MY CHRISTMAS GARDEN PARTY. <a name="citation44"></a><a
+href="#footnote44" class="citation">[44]</a></h2>
+<p>Norwich is proverbially a City of Gardens, and many of the
+houses in St. Giles&rsquo;s Street, including my own, are
+fortunate enough to share in the advantage of possessing one of
+these valuable urban appendages.</p>
+<p>As regards the birds that frequent these gardens, the
+neighbourhood of Chapel Field, with its trees and shrubs, is, or
+should be, an additional attraction to them; but I am bound to
+say that I have not observed so great a congregation, or so large
+a variety of birds, in Chapel Field Gardens as might have been
+expected.</p>
+<p>My own garden consists of a plot of grass of fair size, with
+one large apple tree in its centre, a double laburnum tree close
+by, and with several other trees of good size on its
+confines.&nbsp; Some of the boundary walls are covered with
+ivy.&nbsp; In my neighbours&rsquo; gardens are also both trees
+and shrubs, whilst Chapel Field is in the immediate vicinity,
+just beyond my stable yard.</p>
+<p>There is thus a considerable variety of shelter for the birds,
+and, doubtless, a proportionate variety of food for them at the
+proper seasons.</p>
+<p><a name="page45"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 45</span>In
+ordinary years, and in average seasons, the following birds come
+into my garden:&mdash;</p>
+<p>1.&nbsp; Our constant town friends, the Sparrows.</p>
+<p>2.&nbsp; Blackbirds and Thrushes (a pair of each of which
+usually build and hatch with me, though I am sorry to say that
+their labour and pains are usually devoid of result, as the young
+birds are got by the Cats, either in the nest, or as soon as they
+leave it).</p>
+<p>3.&nbsp; Starlings.</p>
+<p>4.&nbsp; Robins.</p>
+<p>5.&nbsp; Jackdaws (occasionally&mdash;from the neighbouring
+church steeple).</p>
+<p>6.&nbsp; At rare intervals I see a little Wren, or Tom-tit,
+busily engaged on the above-mentioned laburnum tree, evidently
+getting a good meal from what it finds in the bark.</p>
+<p>7.&nbsp; In the prolonged frosty or snowy weather the garden
+is occasionally visited by the Missel-thrush, and now and then
+also by</p>
+<p>8.&nbsp; A Rook.</p>
+<p>In the ordinary way, and in open weather, the <i>number</i> of
+my bird visitors is not large, but in the cold winter weather,
+and in response to my invitation, this number very considerably
+increases, so that at times I must have had as many as
+thirty-five or forty feeding in my garden at the same time.&nbsp;
+The increase of numbers is chiefly made up of extra Sparrows and
+Starlings; and when it occurs the scene is often a very lively
+one; the whole of the thirty or forty birds being often assembled
+very closely together in active movement; and the grass or garden
+path on which they collect is sometimes quite black with their
+feathered life.</p>
+<p>The prolonged frost of the past winter is fresh in all our
+memories.</p>
+<p><a name="page46"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 46</span>On
+January 6th, when I specially noted the assemblage of my bird
+friends, we had had intermitting frost and snow for about five
+weeks, almost continuous snow (with occasional yieldings of the
+frost) for a fortnight, and a complete snowy covering up of the
+garden ground for a week, with sharp frosts, and often low
+temperatures at night.&nbsp; There had been no sun, and,
+therefore, no melting of the snow by the wall, or by the hedge
+edges, and, consequently, doubtless the natural animal food of
+the birds was very scarce and difficult to obtain.&nbsp; Some
+food had been thrown to them daily during the greater portion of
+this severe weather; but for the preceding week they had been fed
+pretty regularly twice daily.</p>
+<p>My usual <i>times for feeding</i> had been about 9.30 (after
+my breakfast), and about 2 p.m. (after luncheon).</p>
+<p>When first fed, the birds&mdash;beginning with the
+Sparrows&mdash;seem only to find the food thrown out by accident,
+and would drop down by ones and twos, as their instinct or sense
+of far-sight appeared to show them that there was food to be
+had.&nbsp; But very soon they seemed to remember these fixed
+hours, and many of them, especially Starlings, would then be seen
+collected on neighbouring trees, or elsewhere, before these
+times, evidently ready and waiting for what they were
+expecting.</p>
+<p>The Sparrows would be chirping in the ivy.&nbsp; The Starlings
+would be seen sitting on the watch on a neighbouring tree or
+trees, and as soon as the food was thrown down they would
+immediately begin to descend upon it.</p>
+<p>Yet not all at once, or without due and proper precaution and
+inspection.&nbsp; First, the Sparrows&mdash;as the
+boldest&mdash;would drop down singly, but in rapid
+succession.&nbsp; Then the Starlings would draw nearer one by <a
+name="page47"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 47</span>one, and
+carefully look down and inspect the ground.&nbsp; And when one
+had summoned courage to descend, the rest would quickly
+follow.&nbsp; But, of course, the slightest noise would make the
+whole flock suddenly flutter up again into the trees, or into the
+next garden, as quickly to return when the alarm was found to be
+groundless.</p>
+<p>After a little further time, a Thrush or a Blackbird or two
+would join the group.&nbsp; Later still, always late, a little
+Robin&mdash;quiet, silent, and pathetic&mdash;with its half timid
+and half confiding manner, would come into view.&nbsp; Again,
+after a further interval, occasionally one of the Jackdaws would
+appear upon the scene.&nbsp; And now and then, last of all, a
+huge Rook would suddenly descend and carry off some large crust
+which the smaller birds had left uneaten&mdash;reserved for more
+deliberate pecking at when the crumbs and smaller portions of
+food were disposed of.</p>
+<p>The manners of these various birds differed strikingly.&nbsp;
+The Sparrows, of course, would be first and boldest, and
+everywhere.</p>
+<p>The Starlings would often form a compact group around the
+outspread food, one of them occasionally darting off with a big
+morsel or savoury bone.</p>
+<p>The Thrushes and Blackbirds would arrive quietly from over the
+wall; they would hop about usually on the furthermost outskirts
+of the crowd, and as near as possible to their habitual
+corner.&nbsp; And the Blackbirds would waggle their tails in
+their own quaint manner, and perhaps give their peculiar cry,
+whilst both Thrushes and Blackbirds would evidently indicate
+their consciousness of superior manners and their greater
+dignity, if not their actually more retiring dispositions.</p>
+<p>The little Robin, solitary and observant, would come <a
+name="page48"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 48</span>nearer to the
+house than the other birds; but his advent was usually too late
+for anything but the bare dry remains of the feast left by the
+rapacious Sparrows and Starlings.</p>
+<p>The Jackdaw would fly straight to the apple tree, perch upon
+it, then suddenly descend and seize upon the biggest remaining
+morsel; then as quickly fly up again into the tree and try to eat
+it there.&nbsp; In this respect, in marked contrast to the Rook,
+which in the worst weather would occasionally suddenly arrive and
+help himself to the biggest crust left, but he would always at
+once fly away with it in his capacious maw.</p>
+<p>I am sorry to say that my garden party friends have displayed
+a very considerable amount of selfishness.&nbsp; Each kind of
+bird, of course, selects first the kind of food most appropriate
+to it.&nbsp; But there is clear indication that the law of force
+prevails amongst them, and that might carries the day against
+fairness and right.&nbsp; And it is most clear that neither
+Communism, nor Socialism, nor Equality with Fraternity, is a
+doctrine in favour with them&mdash;at least in practice.&nbsp; As
+long as there is a good supply of the best eatables, my friends
+are most communistically amiable to each other.&nbsp; But as soon
+as the available supply begins to run short, then the most
+barefaced selfishness is the order of the day.&nbsp; The strong
+sparrows drive away the weaker ones, or pursue them and steal
+from them any dainty little morsel they may have secured and
+flown away with.&nbsp; The Starlings dart at each other and
+scream, or go through continual &ldquo;fluttering duels&rdquo; in
+their efforts to steal their neighbours&rsquo; goods; whilst the
+Jackdaws and Rooks have no reserve in displaying their views as
+to their practical agreement with Rob Roy&rsquo;s well-known
+maxim.</p>
+<p><a name="page49"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 49</span>I have
+not observed either the Blackbirds or Thrushes to fight for their
+food as the Sparrows and Starlings do.</p>
+<p>The Starlings exhibit some other very peculiar ways.&nbsp;
+Before descending to feed they will sit upon neighbouring trees
+in an attitude of pensive watchfulness&mdash;one irresistibly
+reminding one of an old man leaning his head upon one side and
+resting it upon his hand.&nbsp; Their peculiar waddling walk or
+run and extreme liveliness of manner are well known; but when all
+the food is gone, and they return for a short season to their
+trees, they will often resume their philosophic or contemplative
+attitude&mdash;very soon, however, to disappear to &ldquo;other
+fields and pastures new,&rdquo; or in plain English, to some
+neighbouring and equally hospitable garden.&nbsp; And their
+capacity for food appears to be very great.</p>
+<p>The <i>kinds of food</i> which I have thrown to my feathered
+friends have been bread and large crusts, oats, the refuse of
+meals, scraps of meat, bones of fish or fowls, herring skins,
+cheese rinds, portions of fat; and I have found that the animal
+matters are very greedily seized upon by nearly all of them,
+scarcely excepting the Sparrows.&nbsp; And it is remarkable what
+large bones of fish or fowl are rapidly and entirely disposed of;
+whilst still larger bones from a joint are picked and cleaned to
+the last available particle.&nbsp; Like bird-cannibals that they
+are, I observed that some bones from my Christmas Turkey thrown
+out to them, appeared to be very specially and particularly
+relished by them.&nbsp; When very hungry, not only will Sparrows
+eat some kinds of animal food; but Robins, Starlings, and
+Jackdaws will all eat bread crumbs and bread crusts.</p>
+<p>It is sad to think what a mixed world this is even <a
+name="page50"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 50</span>for birds;
+and that even such a happy and interesting town gathering as I
+have described is not without its drawback, and this a very
+serious one.</p>
+<p>Whilst the birds are making the most of their opportunities,
+gratifying their natural tastes, and exhibiting their
+peculiarities, a Nemesis, or vengeful fate, is constantly hanging
+over them, ever ready to overtake them in case of any relaxation
+of their habitual watchfulness, in the case of our own or
+neighbours&rsquo; Cats.&nbsp; For these fat and feline creatures
+seem to be on the watch for their own good Christmas bird cheer;
+and with crouching, stealthy steps, and wagging tails, they
+actually do now and again succeed in stealing upon their
+unsuspecting victims, and in illustrating the inexorable law, as
+to food, of animal-feeding creatures.</p>
+<p>It is pitiful to see a Sparrow or a Blackbird thus hopelessly
+engaged in the clutches of a Cat; and it is a sad interruption or
+ending of the scene of joy, if not always of harmony, I have just
+described.</p>
+<p>Our own pet Cat, though over fed, cannot resist the temptation
+of thus stealing upon these birds when the chance occurs, and its
+excited movements when watching them through a window, but unable
+to get out, are a study in themselves.</p>
+<p>To a certain extent the Starlings have now and then a sort of
+sentimental revenge; for when very hungry these bold birds will
+descend into the kitchen yard close to the house, and carry off
+bones and scraps placed there for the use of the said Cat, who
+has been seen to watch their theft of its food through the
+kitchen window in a state of trembling but helpless excitement,
+and evidently of intense disgust.</p>
+<p>During all the time of my feedings I could but notice the
+wonderful instinct which the birds exhibit, of <a
+name="page51"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 51</span>discovering
+the presence of food.&nbsp; Sparrows are everywhere, and
+therefore it is not surprising that our home friends should be on
+the alert, and should quickly descend upon the feast prepared for
+them.&nbsp; But how do their neighbours and more distant friends
+so quickly know of it?&nbsp; How do the Starlings, who are not
+usually so near at hand, discover the good things available for
+them?&nbsp; How does the Jackdaw in the steeple learn of the meat
+or bones thrown upon the garden path?&nbsp; Or the Rook in the
+distant tree or field of the large crust which the lesser birds
+have been unable to dispose of?</p>
+<p>It is clear that neither sight nor sound, as we understand
+them, would be sufficient to inform and direct them; and that the
+most delicate sense of such perception would be insufficient to
+enable them to perceive food placed, say, behind a garden
+wall.</p>
+<p>I have observed that the birds usually arrive pretty
+constantly in the following order:&mdash;Sparrows, Starlings,
+Thrushes, Blackbirds, Robins, Jackdaws, Rook; though sometimes
+neither Jackdaws nor Rook will appear, and often the little Robin
+is so extremely late in his arrival that all the suitable food is
+eaten up.</p>
+<p>The Tit, or Wren, or occasional Finch, seen now and then in
+the garden does not condescend to join or associate with such a
+mixed Christmas party as I have described, but comes at his own
+time, and in his own way.&nbsp; But these little birds have
+lately been such rare visitors, that I have not had the
+opportunity of making any exact observations upon their manners
+and customs in the parish of St. Giles.</p>
+<p>I should scarcely have ventured to read these very simple and
+very superficial notes to this Naturalists&rsquo; Society this
+evening had I not had reason to believe that they would form the
+starting-point of far more <a name="page52"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 52</span>scientific information about birds
+from one or more of its members now present.</p>
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p><span class="smcap">Note</span>, 1907.&mdash;Some other birds
+have occasionally visited my garden, such as Nuthatches,
+Redwings, Blackheaded Gulls, and a few others.&nbsp; As to the
+Gulls, in January, 1907, after a very heavy and prolonged fall of
+snow, some fifty or sixty of these birds, in their winter
+plumage, visited my garden and greedily fed upon food (bread or
+animal) thrown out to them.&nbsp; And almost filling, as they
+did, the grass plot, they formed a very beautiful sight.&nbsp;
+Some of these birds in their food-hunting would come almost up to
+the drawing-room window.</p>
+<h2><a name="page53"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 53</span>VI.<br
+/>
+MY CITY GARDEN IN A &ldquo;CITY OF GARDENS.&rdquo; <a
+name="citation53"></a><a href="#footnote53"
+class="citation">[53]</a></h2>
+<p>Norwich has long been known by the designation of a
+&ldquo;City of Gardens.&rdquo;&nbsp; How long I know not, but we
+do know that Evelyn, on his visit to Norwich in 1671, spoke of
+the &ldquo;flower gardens in which all the inhabitants
+excel.&rdquo;&nbsp; He also wrote in his diary that at this visit
+he went to see Sir Thomas Browne, whose &ldquo;whole house and
+garden was a paradise and cabinet of rarities.&rdquo;&nbsp; This
+garden, I believe, at that time extended from his house in the
+Market Place (where the late Savings Bank stood) to at least as
+far as the present Orford Hill, but no portion of it now
+remains.</p>
+<p>It is much to be regretted that so many of the old Norwich
+gardens have fallen a prey to the requirements or encroachments
+of the builder; and that where ample space and air for flowers
+and shrubs, and even trees, formerly existed, there is now
+nothing but manufactories or houses with small back premises, or
+at the most, little gardens so surrounded by walls as to be
+little more than wells, with stagnant air and frequent showers of
+chimney blacks.&nbsp; Still, in spite of the rapid increase of
+the city, and the gradual absorption of building spaces, we are
+<a name="page54"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 54</span>glad to
+know that&mdash;even in the central parts of the city&mdash;some
+of the old gardens do yet remain, and that they are still able to
+produce much floral beauty, and in many other ways to contribute
+to the interest and pleasure of those who are fortunate enough to
+possess them.</p>
+<p>Of course, my present reference is only to gardens situated in
+the older parts of Norwich.&nbsp; Those who live in our suburbs
+will doubtless be able to cultivate and utilise their present
+gardens as the citizens of Norwich did theirs in the &ldquo;good
+old times.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>I am glad to say that I (in common with others dwelling in St.
+Giles&rsquo;s Street and on St. Giles&rsquo;s Plain) am still one
+of the residents in older Norwich with a garden of considerable
+size.&nbsp; And in my case this advantage is considerably
+enhanced by the immediate proximity of Chapel Field.&nbsp; For
+this large open space of seven acres not only provides a great
+circulation of air, and so a more healthy vegetation, but
+also&mdash;by its numerous and lofty trees&mdash;invites a large
+amount of varied and varying bird-life.</p>
+<p>As I have now been a dweller in St. Giles&rsquo;s for many
+years, it has occurred to me that a few current
+notes&mdash;however imperfect and superficial&mdash;on the
+capabilities and possibilities of such a central city garden, as
+illustrated by these, might possibly be an acceptable
+contribution to the proceedings of this our Norwich
+&ldquo;Naturalists&rsquo; Society.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The real object of the paper is to show in a simple way what a
+large field these home city gardens, according to their size, may
+still afford for observation and intelligent amusement; and how
+even in the limited space and depreciated air, which naturally
+belong to many of them, they yet afford great opportunities for
+the observation of both vegetable and animal life.&nbsp; The
+simple grass-plots <a name="page55"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+55</span>themselves, however small, when carefully tended and
+shaven, are in themselves a constant source of pleasurable
+satisfaction; whilst the very worms which inhabit them, and the
+birds which feed on these, afford much room for study of some of
+nature&rsquo;s methods and instinctive tendencies.</p>
+<p>Doubtless the larger space which I possess gives wider
+opportunities than smaller gardens.&nbsp; But these must be small
+indeed which do not offer full repayment for observation of the
+varied life which exists within them, or which may be imported
+into them.</p>
+<p>My garden is about 60 yards in length, by about 26 yards in
+width.&nbsp; It runs nearly north and south.&nbsp; It has walls
+of varying height on its several sides.&nbsp; Near to the house
+these are covered on one side by trained wisteria and white and
+yellow jessamine, but the greater part of the other portions is
+covered with ivy.&nbsp; The area of the ground is principally
+laid with grass, with a broad gravel walk around it.</p>
+<p>Under the east wall is a long terraced rockery, well covered
+with suitable plants; and along the west wall runs a broader bed
+devoted to very small shrubs and to flowers.&nbsp; The south end,
+under a stable wall, contains some very ancient and still
+productive apple trees, also two or three beech trees, and an old
+pink May-tree, under the shade of which some of the commoner
+ferns flourish abundantly.</p>
+<p>A vinery, and a verandah utilised as a summer conservatory,
+complete this note of the arrangements of my city garden, and
+from this brief record it will be seen that an effort has been
+made to make every use of the available space and of its several
+possibilities.</p>
+<p>I do not propose to detain you with any detailed account of
+the flowers and plants which can be grown, <a
+name="page56"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 56</span>or which
+flourish fairly at the present date in this limited city
+garden.&nbsp; There are many which are hopeless by reason of the
+city air and city soil.&nbsp; And I have found the more delicate
+flowers to be so uncertain as to be scarcely worth the trouble of
+planting out.&nbsp; Others again fall inevitable victims to the
+myriads of autumn slugs.&nbsp; But spring bulbs, the autumn hardy
+flowers, and some annuals, as well as the robuster ferns, do
+well, and fully repay the trouble of cultivation.</p>
+<p>As to ferns, in my former and more open garden higher up the
+street, I once had as many as forty different varieties growing
+abroad; but, of course, these gradually died out, so that at the
+end of four or five years only the common and hardier sorts
+remained.&nbsp; Some of these, which were removed, are still very
+fine specimens, and have lasted in their new home, as such, for
+many years.</p>
+<p>It would have been very interesting had any list or catalogue
+of Sir Thomas Browne&rsquo;s &ldquo;paradise&rdquo; of vegetable
+rarities been left to us, for a comparison of the possibilities
+of a city garden two hundred years ago with those of the present
+day, but none such is known to exist.</p>
+<p>I have mentioned the fact that several old apple trees exist
+in my garden, possibly as old as the house itself, which is
+understood to have been built 160 or 170 years ago.&nbsp; And I
+would just mention here that beyond the roof of my stable
+buildings, and seen conspicuously from my garden,
+rises&mdash;nay, towers up towards the sky, that grand old
+Aspen-poplar, which is, perhaps, the greatest ornament of the
+adjacent Chapel Field, though I think scarcely adequately
+appreciated.&nbsp; This tree has a girth of some 15 feet about a
+yard above the ground, is 90 to 100 feet high, and was so
+remarkable even fifty-eight years ago as to have been then
+pictured by Grigor, in <a name="page57"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 57</span>his &ldquo;Eastern Arboretum,&rdquo;
+as one of the most notable trees in this district.&nbsp; In its
+later state a photographic sketch of it is given in my book on
+St. Giles&rsquo;s parish, published in 1886, although I fear that
+this scarcely adequately pictures its grandeur. <a
+name="citation57"></a><a href="#footnote57"
+class="citation">[57]</a></p>
+<p>Blomfield states that the great avenue of elm trees in Chapel
+Field, also partly visible from my garden, was planted in 1746 by
+Sir Thomas Churchman, who is understood to have then lived in my
+present house, and who, I believe, then hired the open Chapel
+Field of the Norwich Corporation.&nbsp; It may be interesting to
+state here that some three or four years ago one of the largest
+of that row of elm trees was blown down in a gale.&nbsp; When
+this tree was sawn across, I took the trouble to count the rings
+which this section displayed.&nbsp; The outer ones were so thin
+and irregular that it was not possible to tell their number quite
+exactly, but as nearly as I could count the total number was
+between 140 and 150.&nbsp; This number, added to the few which
+would exist on the young tree when planted, would give a date
+approximating very closely to that assigned by Blomfield.&nbsp;
+This is an interesting historical fact, though, perhaps, somewhat
+irrelevant, and its mention will, I hope, be excused on this
+ground.</p>
+<p>In my own garden the various trees appear to be healthy, but
+some of them increase very slowly.&nbsp; A small pear tree
+planted against the ivy-covered wall some twenty years ago is
+scarcely larger than when planted there, even although it every
+year sends out a full quantity of fresh green shoots.&nbsp; And a
+pink thorn tree, transplanted <a name="page58"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 58</span>into it a few years ago, actually
+remained perfectly quiescent, as if dead, for a whole year, and
+then resumed vitality and growth.&nbsp; It is now a vigorous
+healthy tree, sending forth every year its normal shoots and
+blossoms.</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Animal Life</span>.&mdash;Such a garden as
+mine affords a considerable opportunity for observing the ways,
+and habits, and manners of many <i>animals</i>, none of which are
+uninteresting.&nbsp; Shall I weary you by mentioning the
+<i>cats</i>, which so often make it their playground, and their
+afternoon as well as their nightly meeting-place?&nbsp; Although
+I cannot say that <i>caterwauling</i> is harmonious, or
+equivalent to the strains of the bands which so agreeably
+discourse music in the adjacent Chapel Field on summer evenings,
+yet there is much of interest, as well as amusement, to be
+derived from noting the varied yet distinct language, and from
+watching the very curious customs of the cats themselves,
+familiar as these may be to all of us.&nbsp; I am favoured with
+visits of cats of all sizes and all colours&mdash;black, grey,
+cyprus, sandy, grey and white, and almost all intermediate
+shades.&nbsp; And it is certainly curious to watch the
+manifestations of their loves and their hates, their friendliness
+and their jealousies, their sunny enjoyments and their predatory
+instincts, and their methods of attack and defence.&nbsp; These
+latter, though often very noisy, by no means necessarily consist
+in open fighting, but are very commonly carried on by what Mr. C.
+Morris calls the mentality of latter-day life.&nbsp; These
+hostile cats (as you have probably observed) will very constantly
+settle their relative superiority, not by biting and scratching,
+or actual fighting, but by what is actually a &ldquo;staring
+match,&rdquo; in which the influence of mind over matter is well
+demonstrated.&nbsp; They place themselves a few feet apart, and
+stare at each other, until one of them confesses <a
+name="page59"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 59</span>himself
+beaten, by slowly backing away from his opponent, and then
+suddenly turning round and running away.&nbsp; This is a form of
+duelling which might well be copied in human life; and, still
+more, might properly be adopted in the case of nations, where
+&ldquo;mental&rdquo; arbitration, from a steady calculation of
+strength, would take the place of bullets and bayonets.</p>
+<p>As with Cats, so with <i>Sparrows</i>; it may be said that
+they are constant friends that are always with us.&nbsp; Yet,
+though so common, they are a never failing source of interest in
+a city garden, if only because they always provide some
+conspicuous life and motion; and in mine, because they may nearly
+always be heard chirping or quarrelling in the ivy, which covers
+so much of the garden walls.</p>
+<p>I am sorry that Miss Ormerod gives them such a bad character
+as to their appetites.&nbsp; But not being personally engaged in
+agriculture, I can only rejoice that nature has provided them
+with such strong constitutions, and healthy and active
+digestions.&nbsp; Beyond this, it is certainly a pleasure to a
+townsman to note their chatterings, their amicable, if noisy,
+contentions for the best places in the ivy, their demonstrative
+courtships, their dust-baths in the dry ground, or their
+water-baths in the pans provided for them for this purpose, and
+their evident love for the neighbourhood and companionship (at a
+properly regulated distance) of mankind.</p>
+<p>What a contrast there is between the active, fluttering, often
+noisy <i>House Sparrow</i>, and its quiet, retiring, and
+gentle-mannered neighbour, the <i>Hedge Sparrow</i>.</p>
+<p>This was well illustrated in the early part of last December,
+in this way; the Hedge Sparrow (or Dunnock or Accentor) does not
+often visit my garden, but one of these pretty birds did come at
+this time, and having <a name="page60"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 60</span>incautiously entered the open door of
+my greenhouse, got shut up in it.&nbsp; Next morning, on my
+entering, it was, of course, somewhat frightened.&nbsp; But
+instead of violently fluttering about, and dashing itself against
+the window, as the House Sparrow will do in like circumstances,
+it very quietly and gently flew away from me, and then at once
+dropped down behind the brick flue, where it remained quiet and
+concealed, in spite of my efforts to find it, as I desired to do
+in order to give it its liberty.&nbsp; The same thing exactly
+happened on some following mornings; and being fed regularly, it
+has remained there to the present time, <i>i.e.</i> the date of
+this paper.</p>
+<p>There are plenty of other birds whose visits and whose
+peculiarities would provide abundant material for a paper much
+longer than I can venture now to inflict upon you.&nbsp; But they
+are all welcome for the sake of the varieties of life and habits
+they present&mdash;as well as for what Tennyson so prettily
+describes as their &ldquo;singing and calling.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>My grass-plot is the feeding-ground of the greedy and
+quarrelsome <i>Starlings</i>, which will often come for their
+meal of worms or other food at quite regular hours, usually at
+ten or eleven o&rsquo;clock in the morning, and three to four in
+the afternoon.&nbsp; And occasionally the <i>Jackdaws</i>, from
+our neighbouring church-steeple, where they live and breed, will
+venture&mdash;most carefully and cautiously&mdash;to alight on
+the grass in search of food.&nbsp; Whilst even the Norwich
+<i>Rooks</i> will, when hard pressed in bad weather, occasionally
+dart down from a tree for crusts of bread or other edible matter
+obtainable in the garden.</p>
+<p><i>Thrushes</i> and <i>Blackbirds</i> are chiefly in evidence
+during the nesting season; and it is noticeable how tame or <a
+name="page61"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 61</span>rather
+incautious they appear to become during this period.&nbsp; It
+would almost seem as if the sitting process produced in them (as
+has been noted of other birds) a dullness or partial stupor of
+intelligence.&nbsp; Whilst after hatching, the urgent and
+continuous calls of their young ones for food evidently renders
+their desire to satisfy these imperative and destructive of
+prudence.&nbsp; This very year a full-grown Blackbird ventured
+along the grass in search of worms almost up to the house
+verandah, in which, unfortunately, a cat lay basking; and, as a
+matter of course, the bird was instantly pounced upon.&nbsp; She
+escaped, however, almost by a miracle, but she left nearly the
+whole of her feathers behind her, and almost in a state of
+nudity.</p>
+<p>It is curious to observe how the Blackbirds and Thrushes will
+not only provide worm-food for their nestlings, but how they will
+prepare these worms and make them fit for swallowing down the
+young throats.&nbsp; They will often, when they have tugged a
+worm out of the grass, proceed to peck it into small and suitable
+lengths, and will then carry these, arranged in their mouths in
+suitable bundles, to the nest.</p>
+<p>Blackbirds appear not to gain knowledge by experience, at
+least in some particulars.&nbsp; I witness almost every year a
+repetition of what I may term &ldquo;the tragedy of the
+Blackbirds.&rdquo;&nbsp; Evidently the same old birds will yearly
+build a nest in almost the same portion of the ivy on one of the
+walls, and not more than six or seven feet from the ground.&nbsp;
+Well, this is all right so long as the old birds are merely
+sitting and make no noise, so as to attract feline
+attention.&nbsp; But as soon as the young birds are hatched, and
+begin to make vocal demonstrations, of course they fall victims
+to their natural enemies and &ldquo;bird-fanciers,&rdquo; and the
+nests <a name="page62"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 62</span>and
+their occupants are ruthlessly dragged out from their positions
+and destroyed.&nbsp; This occurs year after year.&nbsp; I believe
+that then the birds will sometimes build again elsewhere.&nbsp;
+But they certainly return to almost the same locality in the
+following spring, and their offspring again become victims of the
+inappropriateness of their selected homes.</p>
+<p>Plenty of other birds also come to the garden at various times
+and seasons, and add to its life and
+interest&mdash;<i>Robins</i>, <i>Bluetits</i>, <i>Nuthatches</i>,
+<i>Redwings</i>, <i>Missel-thrushes</i>, and others&mdash;but of
+their behaviour in the winter season, and when habitually fed, I
+have already discoursed to this Society, so will not further
+trouble you now with their noticeable peculiarities.</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Reptiles</span>.&mdash;Perhaps it would
+scarcely be expected that the <i>Reptile</i> race would provide
+much of interest for a city garden.&nbsp; Yet it may be truly
+said that this class of creatures has done almost more than any
+other to provide my garden with material for this.</p>
+<p>As this Society will know from my previous communications to
+its &ldquo;Transactions,&rdquo; I have long kept two <span
+class="smcap">Tortoises</span>, and year by year noted their
+habits and most remarkable peculiarities.&nbsp; These have been
+already fully described in the Society&rsquo;s records, and I can
+only now add to what I before stated, that they still continue to
+increase in size and weight, and at about the same rate of
+progression as twelve or thirteen years ago.&nbsp; They still
+gain 1&frac12; to 2 ounces in weight in each summer, and lose
+about 1 or 1&frac14; ounce in weight during each winter
+hybernation.&nbsp; The total result is, that whilst they weighed
+respectively 2 lbs. 10 ozs. and 2 lbs. 5 ozs. in September, 1886,
+they weighed in October last 3 lbs. 13 ozs. and 3 lbs. 8 ozs.,
+having thus each gained in weight during this period 1 lb. 3
+ozs., or on an average about one ounce and a quarter in each
+year.</p>
+<p><a name="page63"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 63</span>Other
+reptilians which I have tried to domesticate (for observation) in
+my garden are <span class="smcap">Toads</span> and <span
+class="smcap">Frogs</span>.&nbsp; But I am bound to say that I
+have not been successful in preserving them in any numbers for
+more than a brief period.&nbsp; Their appearance and
+disappearance has at times been very mysterious and inexplicable,
+but on the whole those which I have imported have, as a rule,
+soon either died or been otherwise disposed of.&nbsp; Is it not
+probable, I would suggest, that they, or at least the smaller
+ones, have fallen a prey to Jackdaws, Rooks, or even
+Starlings?</p>
+<p>Of the <i>Frogs</i> which I brought home, only one survived
+the second year.&nbsp; But this one appeared to thrive in a
+remarkable degree for several years.&nbsp; It would apparently
+lie dormant for many months, and would then reappear, lively,
+fat, and much grown, for a few weeks in the late summer or early
+autumn; after which he would be no more seen until the following
+year.</p>
+<p><i>Toads</i> are more interesting than Frogs; and, indeed, in
+a city garden, by no means produce that feeling of loathing which
+is popularly supposed to be inherent in them.&nbsp; On the
+contrary, they quickly become tame, and almost assume the
+<i>status</i> of garden pets.&nbsp; And as a matter of fact, I
+entirely disagree with Shakespeare, who calls them &ldquo;ugly
+and venomous.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>At first the Toads which I imported would come out regularly
+on suitable evenings, and sit or hop about on the damp grass or
+flower-borders.&nbsp; And they exhibited a most special tendency
+(as has been observed by others) to come down to the house as if
+desiring an entrance.&nbsp; Indeed, when the door was open they
+would not unfrequently walk in.&nbsp; And I have more than once
+found one of them in my study or other room, sitting up in a
+corner, looking happy and comfortable, and <a
+name="page64"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 64</span>quietly
+staring at me with its bright eyes, as if I were the real
+intruder.</p>
+<p>The direction of my rooms from the garden is from south to
+north.&nbsp; I do not know if this was possibly expressive of any
+migratory instinct.</p>
+<p>Like the Frogs, of a number of Toads which I introduced into
+my garden, only three or four remained in the following year; and
+soon all disappeared, except one, whose end was peculiar and of
+dramatic interest.&nbsp; It occurred in this way: A neighbour
+kept in his adjacent garden some other reptiles, namely, some
+non-poisonous snakes.&nbsp; One of these seems to have escaped
+from its cage and got over the dividing wall into my garden, and
+on one summer morning was discovered by me on my grass-plot, with
+this Toad (about a half-grown one) in his mouth, which he was
+trying to kill or swallow.&nbsp; I suppose the Toad was too large
+or too lively, for the snake was making very serious exertions,
+and was actively agitating its body in a linear direction.&nbsp;
+When seen at a distance, it looked like a stout piece of cord or
+fine rope agitated by the wind, with a movement like that of a
+carpet when it is flapped and shaken.&nbsp; The Toad had been
+seized by the hinder part of its back, as shown by the two
+bleeding punctures afterwards found.</p>
+<p>When the snake saw me advancing towards it, it rapidly
+wriggled or undulated away towards the ivy-covered wall, where it
+was lost.&nbsp; But it retained its hold of the Toad almost to
+the last, and until I had got quite close up to it.</p>
+<p>This incident is not only interesting, but it also shows that
+these reptiles must have some instinctive power of knowing of the
+neighbourhood of comparatively distant prey; for the rockery
+stones from which it was taken <a name="page65"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 65</span>must have been at least thirty to
+forty yards from its own domicile.&nbsp; Such an instinct would
+seem to be the equivalent of that well known to be possessed by
+birds of prey.&nbsp; I regret that this poor Toad did not long
+survive his fright and bad usage.</p>
+<p>My Toads have exhibited the usual tendency of these animals to
+hide away beneath stones or earth, and in unfrequented
+corners.&nbsp; When discovered it is curious to watch their
+half-frightened expression, and their peculiar mode of breathing
+by their under jaw, which appears at once to increase in
+rapidity.&nbsp; They do not resist much when handled, but it is
+curious to note how they continue to swell their sides out, until
+they produce a very prominent rotundity of their body.&nbsp;
+After the episode of the Snake and my Toad, the idea suggests
+itself that this is intended to make themselves as large as
+possible, not from envy of the Ox, as stated in the fable with
+reference to the Frog, but to make themselves too large a morsel
+to be swallowed by the lesser of those animals which prey upon
+them.</p>
+<p>These &ldquo;Toads in holes&rdquo; would come out from their
+retreat in dry weather, a few hours <i>before</i> rain, after
+which they would again disappear, often for a long season.</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Insects</span>.&mdash;There are plenty of
+these in every garden, however small; and Bees, Flies, Beetles,
+and especially Spiders, would afford a never ending source of
+interest.&nbsp; The only insects which I have specially watched
+are <span class="smcap">Ants</span>, nests and colonies of which
+appear and reappear every summer upon my garden paths, or upon
+the adjacent portions of the grass-plots.</p>
+<p>We all know of the very numerous observers of and writers upon
+these little creatures; and their works, from Huber down to Sir
+John Lubbock, will be more <a name="page66"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 66</span>or less familiar to us all.&nbsp;
+Their industry, their building powers, their gregarious nature,
+their division of labour, their apparent working for the common
+good, their devotion to the young, their colonizing instincts, as
+well as some of the changes which their insect forms undergo, are
+all there recorded.</p>
+<p>And many of these things are easily to be observed by anyone
+who takes the trouble.</p>
+<p>I can only venture here to make one or two brief notes on
+their proceedings in St. Giles&rsquo;s Street.</p>
+<p>Both the small brown and the small black Ants are to be here
+seen, but they occupy different positions; and not only do not
+seem to be on neighbourly terms with each other, but fight at
+once if experimentally placed together.</p>
+<p>The brown Ants are the more numerous, and in the summer months
+display an enormous amount of activity.&nbsp; Doubtless there is
+a good reason for their incessant movements, but to the ordinary
+observer these often seem to be purposeless and merely the result
+of restlessness and excess of energy.</p>
+<p>The favourite situation for their little Ant-hills is
+decidedly along the edge of the gravel path, where this abuts
+upon the grass sward, and it is noticeable that almost the whole
+of these are placed on the easterly edge of this.&nbsp; From
+these nests, or centres, very little use is made of the adjacent
+grass territory, but from nearly all a track is made across the
+gravel path to its opposite (westerly) side, where either a hole
+is made into a small fresh home, or a semi-tunnel is made through
+the grass edging on to and into the earth of the flower-border
+beyond.&nbsp; There appears to be no attempt to tunnel in the
+firm gravel path, but the incessant racing backward and forward
+in the same <a name="page67"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+67</span>line very soon (as Sir John Lubbock, now Lord Avebury,
+has pointed out) makes a well-trodden road, along which they
+follow each other in rapid succession.</p>
+<p>As to their hour of rising in the morning for work, I cannot
+speak from personal observation.&nbsp; But as Solomon holds them
+out as an example to those inclined unduly to keep their beds, I
+conclude that their motto is, &ldquo;Early to rise.&rdquo;&nbsp;
+But I can say that the opposite half of this proverb, namely,
+&ldquo;Early to bed,&rdquo; does not apply to them, for, at least
+in the warm weather, they do certainly often work until late at
+night.</p>
+<p>It is very interesting to watch these Ants at work, and to
+note their activity and energy and strength.&nbsp; An Ant is
+&ldquo;but a little creature,&rdquo; but he is certainly able to
+perform a large amount of physical work.&nbsp; And especially is
+this seen in the way he builds up those little heaps of earth
+known as Ant-hills.&nbsp; I have had many of these under
+observation, and the rapidity with which they reappear after
+injury by pressure or a heavy rain-storm is very
+remarkable.&nbsp; Twenty-four hours, or even less, being often
+sufficient for their complete restoration.&nbsp; They are of
+varying form, but some are perfectly conical, with a circular
+hole at the top exactly like that of some Norfolk
+&ldquo;kilns&rdquo; used for the burning of bricks.&nbsp; Others
+are irregular, or flattened and spongy, with several holes.&nbsp;
+But it would seem that the varying shapes are largely due to the
+special conditions under which they are made.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">* 1907.&nbsp; I have noted that this year
+the brown Ants have varied in colour, or have been replaced in
+their more usual spots on my gravel walk by others that are
+nearly if not quite black.&nbsp; And I have also noticed that
+their habits are somewhat different.&nbsp; The little conical
+Ant-hills which they make are much smaller, but more numerous,
+than those of their predecessors, and they seem to burrow more in
+the <a name="page68"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+68</span>adjacent grass lawn.&nbsp; But they keep to almost the
+same spots.&nbsp; In their daily workings and activities also
+there is a decided difference.&nbsp; They are very active in the
+early mornings, but often can scarcely be seen all the mid-day or
+afternoon, instead of racing about above ground almost the whole
+day, as the others did.&nbsp; But they may have been influenced
+in this by the continued cool and showery weather of the
+season.</p>
+<p>One very warm day about noon, in the early part of September,
+I witnessed some of the proceedings at one of the well-known
+&ldquo;wedding ceremonials&rdquo; of Ants.&nbsp; The whole body
+of the Ants were swarming on the grass above the nest, and racing
+about in evidently a great state of excitement.&nbsp; Amongst
+these were five large winged (Queen) Ants, constantly moving
+about, though more quietly, and in and out of the nest
+opening.&nbsp; Also in the group were some forty or more smaller
+winged (Male) Ants, also moving about upon the ground.&nbsp; None
+of the winged Ants were flying far about.&nbsp; I watched this
+state of commotion for some time, then left, and returned in
+about an hour, when the whole body of these insects had
+disappeared, presumably into the nest.&nbsp; Whether the brides
+and bridegrooms were about to take their wedding flight, or
+whether (as appears most probable) they had just returned, I am
+unable to state; but I saw no further commotion outside later on
+in the day.</p>
+<p>I have often watched these little creatures at work upon their
+&ldquo;heaps,&rdquo; and have noted how these are gradually built
+up of aggregations of single grains of earth or sand, which
+evidently have been dug out grain by grain from the earth, where
+the excavation is going on, and are then brought in the
+Ant&rsquo;s mouth to the surface, and to the top of the rising
+earth-heap.&nbsp; They are then dropped over its edge, and the
+Carrier Ant at once races back into the hole presumably for a
+fresh burden.&nbsp; This process is a very remarkable one, and
+the way the Ant brings his grain of earth in his mouth and drops
+it over the edge of the rising Ant-hill, irresistibly reminds one
+of a railway navvy who wheels his barrow full of earth and tilts
+it over the edge of the embankment upon which he is at
+work.&nbsp; The number of single grains in even a small Ant-heap
+must be very large, and must amount to many <a
+name="page69"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 69</span>thousands, or
+perhaps to hundreds of thousands.&nbsp; What, then, must be the
+untiring energy of a small Ant colony, which can reproduce such a
+granular heap in less than twenty-four hours?</p>
+<p>It does not always seem clear what the streams of Ants from
+the parent nest are so constantly occupied in.&nbsp; They may be,
+to a certain extent, colonizers, but they certainly do not, with
+me, raise secondary Ant-hills to any great extent at the end of
+their runs.&nbsp; They make holes in the ground there, and
+possibly they may be engaged in their proverbial custom of
+securing and storing up food for the winter.&nbsp; To the
+uninstructed eye these holes look very much like Colonial
+outposts.</p>
+<p>The activity of these Ants entirely ceases with the advent of
+autumn, and their Ant-hills in my garden entirely disappear until
+the following season.</p>
+<p>As we all know, this instinct of storing up food for winter
+use has been largely denied, but from Sir John Lubbock&rsquo;s
+account it certainly exists in some species, though its extent
+varies greatly.&nbsp; As he says that many of the Ants live
+through the winter, some food would seem to be required.</p>
+<p>Speaking of Ants generically, we all doubtless accept King
+Solomon&rsquo;s authority upon this point, and we shall not
+forget that the Roman poet, Virgil, writing just before the
+Christian era, expressed himself to the same effect.</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;Ac veluti ingentem formic&aelig; farris
+acervum<br />
+Cum populant, hyemis memores, tectoque reponunt.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Whilst Cicero says:</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;In formica non modo sensus, sed etiam mens,
+ratio, memoria.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p><a name="page70"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 70</span>Lastly,
+did time and inclination permit, I might have found endless
+interest in observing the habits of the vast quantities of <span
+class="smcap">Worms</span> (again with the aid of Sir John
+Lubbock) which inhabit my grass-plot; or those of the <span
+class="smcap">Snails</span>; or of the <span
+class="smcap">Slugs</span>, which exist in equally innumerable
+quantities in the garden soil.&nbsp; Both these latter classes of
+animals appear to be made to be eaten, as they largely furnish
+food for the birds.&nbsp; They prefer damp or wet weather, and to
+some degree are excellent weather-glasses or weather
+prophets.&nbsp; As we all know, they roam or sail about on rainy
+evenings.&nbsp; But it is curious to observe also the special
+instinct by which in dry periods the Snails will become aware of
+watered or damp earth at a considerable distance, and how they
+will in the night cross a large breadth of dry, or even dusty
+earth, to reach a spot of ground where plants have been watered
+on the previous evening.&nbsp; I need scarcely remind you that
+these land mollusks, the Snails, and still more the Slugs, are
+creatures with super-excellent appetites for the garden
+plants.</p>
+<p>I have now, in conclusion, not only to apologize to this
+Society for the length of my paper, but, perhaps, also for having
+brought it before you at all.</p>
+<p>I did not venture to do so until I had asked our excellent and
+experienced Secretary whether he considered that a few such
+popular or surface notes, even if containing little that is new,
+would be acceptable, or even appropriate, to such a learned
+body.&nbsp; My real object has been less to state what I have
+personally observed than to show what a large field still exists
+in our city centres (as indeed everywhere) for a naturalistic use
+of whatever out-door opportunities are present; and to illustrate
+the principle that even in the <a name="page71"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 71</span>smallest and least promising city
+gardens or spaces, the materials for interest and
+self-instruction are ever present, and practically inexhaustible;
+that here, as elsewhere, and everywhere, we may &ldquo;read, and
+read again, and still find something new; something to please,
+and something to instruct.&rdquo;</p>
+<h2><a name="page72"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+72</span>VII.<br />
+PRESIDENT&rsquo;S ADDRESS. <a name="citation72"></a><a
+href="#footnote72" class="citation">[72]</a></h2>
+<p><span class="smcap">Ladies and Gentlemen</span>&mdash;Another
+of our Society&rsquo;s years has come to a close this day, and it
+devolves upon me to say a few final words before yielding up this
+presidential chair.&nbsp; In doing so, my chief desire is to
+repeat my thanks to the members for having placed me in so
+honourable a position, and for their kindness in sustaining me
+throughout the various evening meetings of the session.</p>
+<p>It is a matter of much congratulation that these meetings have
+continued to be well attended, and that the Society itself has
+continued thoroughly to fill that position of scientific
+usefulness which was hoped for it at its first inauguration, now
+eighteen years ago.&nbsp; Such a lapse of time gives the
+opportunity of seeing how much good work has in the aggregate
+been done.&nbsp; And though, no doubt, in looking back through
+our volumes it will be found that different years have produced a
+varying amount of work judged by its importance, yet on the
+average we have reason to be well satisfied with what the
+successive numbers show us, seeing that the total represents a
+very <a name="page73"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+73</span>important collection indeed of natural history facts and
+information.&nbsp; The work of the present year has, I think,
+fully maintained the good average attained in other sessions.</p>
+<p>The Society too, has, as a whole, continued to prosper, and
+appears to be effectually carrying out the initial programme set
+forth on the first page of each volume of its
+&ldquo;Transactions.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>On looking back to some of our earliest annual reports, I find
+that our numbers have doubled and trebled themselves since that
+time; and further that the list now embraces the names of many
+both at home and afar off, whose reputations are well known to
+science, and who are powerful additions to our Society&rsquo;s
+strength.&nbsp; As compared, too, with those earlier times, the
+increased plumpness of our yearly volume tells of the greater
+amount of matter that is now every year contributed.</p>
+<p>So, too, if prosperous finance is any test of success, we may
+look to the larger figures in our balance sheet, and the
+sufficiently satisfactory state of our &ldquo;balance at the
+bank&rdquo; further to fortify the favourable position which I
+desire to point out to you.</p>
+<p>We have had an accession of twenty-one new members during the
+year, whilst seventeen have been removed by death, resignation,
+or other causes.&nbsp; But though the total losses from these
+causes have been but few, and those from death not above the
+average, yet these latter include some well-known names&mdash;the
+names of members of valued attainments, and of men whom the
+Society could ill spare.</p>
+<p>Especially do we note with regret the premature loss, in only
+middle life, of one who had been a member of this Society from
+its commencement, who was also a life member of the Zoological
+Society, and whose death would <a name="page74"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 74</span>have claimed attention from us as
+Norwich men, were it for no other reason than that he bore a name
+the very sound of which is instinct with ideas of Norfolk Natural
+History; one who was also a member of a family to which this
+Society, and the neighbouring Museum, owe a long and
+ever-increasing debt of gratitude.</p>
+<p>Although the late Mr. John Gurney&rsquo;s talents were never,
+I believe, especially directed to our class of study, yet his
+tastes for the bright and the beautiful were well known.&nbsp;
+And though his affliction had of late years debarred him from the
+complete visual enjoyment of the beauties of nature, yet his
+devotion to the improvement of the rural charms of his own home,
+and his public-spirited expenditure upon the scheme for the
+laying out of Mousehold Heath, and its appropriate development,
+showed that he had in him that form of mind out of which the true
+lover of nature&rsquo;s creatures, as well as nature&rsquo;s
+charms, necessarily arises.</p>
+<p>But this side of Mr. Gurney&rsquo;s mind will come home to us
+as naturalists much more forcibly when we recall the great act of
+his life, in which he was so heartily and so earnestly engaged
+when death removed him so suddenly in the midst of his useful and
+public-spirited career.&nbsp; I, of course, allude to his great
+Castle-Museum scheme for the removal of our grand Museum
+collection, with its surroundings, to a new and larger and more
+appropriate position on the Castle Hill.&nbsp; We all know the
+generous liberality with which he sought to ensure this grand
+scheme being carried out.&nbsp; We have all noted the quiet and
+business-like sagacity with which the various steps necessary for
+the effective doing of this work were taken under his
+inspiration.&nbsp; And I am sure we recognise how he was actuated
+not only by a desire to raise the scientific <i>status</i> of the
+county and city generally, but also to assist those <a
+name="page75"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 75</span>Norfolk
+workers in nature&rsquo;s fields whose accumulated results are
+now to be seen under this roof.</p>
+<p>His large and increasing views for the good of this city, and
+its general welfare, have been so thoroughly and so publicly
+appreciated on all sides, that it is not necessary for me to add
+one word more.&nbsp; His name will remain as that of a public man
+at once generous and right-minded.&nbsp; And I can only hope on
+behalf of this Society, and that of other kindred ones, that
+nothing will occur to prevent the full development and carrying
+out of that Castle scheme, which, if effected, will, in my
+opinion, have a large and important influence not only upon the
+future scientific progress of Norfolk generally, but also upon
+the intellectual position which our famous old city will hold in
+the time to come.</p>
+<p>Mr. Hampden G. Glasspoole, who has also recently died, had
+been a member of this Society from its commencement, and had
+contributed two papers to its proceedings.&nbsp; These were
+entitled &ldquo;Biographical Memoirs of some Norwich
+Botanists,&rdquo; and &ldquo;Memoir of Lilly Wigg.&rdquo;&nbsp;
+He had also published several papers in <i>Science
+Gossip</i>.&nbsp; He was for several years a member of the late
+Norwich Microscopical Society; and of the London Quekett
+Club.</p>
+<p>Mr. Glasspoole was an accomplished botanist.&nbsp; For many of
+the later years of his residence at Ormesby, he was honorary
+curator of Botany at the Norwich Museum; and after his removal to
+London he held, for a short period, the office of botanist to the
+Alexandra Palace.</p>
+<p>He will be remembered by us all as kindly, gentle, and genial;
+ever ready to help others with his time or his knowledge; and
+with all his stores of information, modest and unassuming.</p>
+<p><a name="page76"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 76</span>He
+added one species to the British Flora, <i>Carex trinervis</i>,
+Devgl; and two species to our county list, namely, <i>Ammophila
+Baltica</i>, Leak, and <i>Sparganium neglectum</i>, Beeby.</p>
+<p>As is well known, he was the eldest son of the late Capt. R.
+Glasspoole of Ormesby, who had himself presented many
+<i>curios</i> to our Museum, and who published a most interesting
+account of his experiences whilst a prisoner in the hands of
+Chinese pirates.</p>
+<p>The Ornithology of Scotland has, in the death of Mr. Robert
+Gray, which took place at Edinburgh in February last, lost one of
+its ablest exponents.&nbsp; Commencing with &ldquo;The Birds of
+Ayrshire and Wigtonshire,&rdquo; which appeared in 1869, Mr.
+Gray, two years later, published the more important &ldquo;Birds
+of the West of Scotland,&rdquo; and at the time of his death was
+engaged on a similar work treating of the birds of the Eastern
+district of his native country.&nbsp; In this latter work he was,
+I believe, associated with Mr. William Evans of Edinburgh, who,
+it is to be hoped, will bring their joint labours to a successful
+issue.</p>
+<p>Mr. Gray commenced public life in the City of Glasgow Bank,
+and it was whilst acting as Inspector of Agencies for that
+establishment that he was enabled to collect the information
+which so enriched his work on the &ldquo;Birds of the West of
+Scotland.&rdquo;&nbsp; Subsequently Mr. Gray entered the Bank of
+Scotland, and at the time of his death occupied the position of
+its chief cashier.&nbsp; Since his residence in Edinburgh, he has
+taken a prominent position in the scientific institutions of that
+city, and was a Vice-President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,
+and Secretary of the Royal Physical Society.&nbsp; He did not
+become a member of our Society until 1884, but has been long
+known by several of its members, and highly valued as a
+correspondent or friend.</p>
+<p><a name="page77"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 77</span>The
+only other member of this Society whose death we have to deplore
+is Captain Philip Hamond, who has for some time left this city,
+but who will be well remembered as having resided for awhile at
+Mousehold House, Thorpe.&nbsp; He showed much interest in the
+natural history of Norfolk, and also in its antiquities; and he
+left a valuable collection of books relating to Norfolk.</p>
+<p>During the past session we have had many valued <i>papers</i>
+contributed to our Society; besides some notes&mdash;shorter, but
+not necessarily less interesting, or of less value.</p>
+<p>We have also had several specimens exhibited.&nbsp; And, in
+addition, we have had a considerable number of members who have
+taken part in the various discussions.</p>
+<p>I need scarcely remind you how varied these contributions have
+been; and how birds, beasts, fishes, insects, and smaller
+creatures; as well as seeds and plants, great and small; have all
+received illustrations during the year.&nbsp; Distant parts of
+the globe, too, have helped to supply us with the material which
+has been brought before us, notably by our late President,
+Colonel Feilden.</p>
+<p>Many of the papers will be published in the forthcoming
+&ldquo;Transactions&rdquo; of the Society; and to these I need
+scarcely allude, as they can all be read by us very
+shortly.&nbsp; But I should scarcely like to omit to mention the
+beautiful botanical specimens exhibited by Mr. Long, of Wells, at
+our last meeting.&nbsp; The rarity and interest of some of them,
+the beauty and finish of the mountings, and the true scientific
+intelligence displayed in all, can but make us desire that so
+competent a collector would not only further explore his
+district, but also enrich this Society by the exhibition of the
+fruit of his researches.</p>
+<p>As to the contributions which will not appear in our
+&ldquo;Transactions&rdquo;:&mdash;At the May meeting, Mr. F.
+Sutton read some interesting notes on Strawberry growing.&nbsp;
+In October, <a name="page78"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+78</span>Mr. Southwell read extracts from the records of the
+Whaling s.s. &ldquo;Eclipse&rdquo; in the Greenland seas.&nbsp;
+Mr. Southwell&rsquo;s notes referred more particularly to the
+natural history occurrences of the voyage; the birds and animals
+met with.&nbsp; And he exhibited several forms of Whale and Seal
+food, consisting of Crustacea and various minute organisms; as
+well as the skulls of two Greenland Seals, two Ringed Seals, and
+a Polar Bear, sent him by Mr. Robert Gray&mdash;all which latter
+he has presented to the Norwich Museum.&nbsp; He also exhibited a
+very rare little fish of the genus <i>Scopelus</i>, likewise
+taken by Mr. Gray.</p>
+<p>At the same meeting, our most valued and efficient member, Mr.
+Geldart, read a paper on the <i>Calanus finmarchicus</i> or Rice
+Food of Whales, from the West Coast of Spitzbergen, and
+illustrated by it the natural law of gradation in feeding,
+showing that whilst some Whales themselves eat this food, others
+devour the Cod and Herring, which eat these little crustaceans,
+which again eat the diatoms, found floating in such enormous
+numbers on the surface of those seas.</p>
+<p>My own humble contribution to the proceedings of our last
+meeting, in the shape of a paper on the habits of some of our
+town birds, entitled &ldquo;My Christmas Garden Party,&rdquo; has
+been recently published in <i>extenso</i>, and therefore need not
+be further alluded to here.</p>
+<p>There has been only one <i>Excursion</i> made during the year,
+but this appears to have been full of interest and
+enjoyment.&nbsp; I have received a lively and detailed account of
+the day&rsquo;s proceedings from Mr. Bussey, but I regret that
+time only permits me to note the principal features of the
+occasion.</p>
+<p>The visit was made to the Salhouse and Wroxham Broads, and the
+neighbouring district, including the Broomhills, St.
+Benedict&rsquo;s Abbey, and portions of the <a
+name="page79"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 79</span>river
+Bure.&nbsp; It is unnecessary to say how ample is the material in
+this district for the study of both the animal and vegetable
+kingdom; and as the day was fine, the opportunities afforded were
+fully availed of.&nbsp; As usual, this occasion for field study
+fully repaid those who took part in it, for their devotion of the
+day to this pleasant combination of research and recreation.</p>
+<p>The field over which &ldquo;Natural History&rdquo; extends is
+a very wide one, and properly includes the study of all organised
+beings, living and dead.&nbsp; At one end the ground is, to a
+very considerable extent, occupied by the Geological Society,
+which exists in Norwich; yet even in this department we have had,
+as I have said, some very valuable contributions during the
+year.&nbsp; But at the other end, which embraces the study of
+minute or microscopic life, not only have we had no contributions
+during the past session, but I find, on looking over the past
+numbers of our &ldquo;Transactions,&rdquo; that the papers
+dealing with this part of the world&rsquo;s life have been both
+few and far between.&nbsp; There have been, as we know, some
+great and valuable exceptions, such as the papers read by Mr.
+Kitton, the address by Mr. Plowright, a portion of the address
+read by the President, Mr. Sutton, two years ago, and, perhaps,
+one or two others.&nbsp; Still the small part which microscopical
+records and observations play in our annals is both noticeable
+and regrettable&mdash;the more so, because in consequence of the
+decease of the old Norwich Microscopical Society, I believe that
+no public or systematic work in this direction is now being
+carried on in this city.&nbsp; And yet, partly in consequence of
+the larger forms of life having now been so largely studied, but
+still more in consequence of the new views as to the universality
+and far-reaching importance of microscopic living
+beings&mdash;there is probably no phase of natural history which
+is now more engaging general <a name="page80"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 80</span>attention, or which is being more
+eagerly studied and investigated elsewhere.</p>
+<p>Mr. Sutton, in his presidential address of 1884&ndash;85, gave
+a most learned and interesting description of some of the
+microscopical researches which had been carried on up to that
+time, and further gave us a most lucid account of the influence
+which micro-organisms had been shown to exert in the process of
+nitrification in soils, an influence which had formerly been
+considered to be due to purely chemical action. <a
+name="citation80"></a><a href="#footnote80"
+class="citation">[80]</a></p>
+<p>I trust I may be forgiven if I recall your attention for a few
+moments to this subject of Germ life, more particularly as it
+branches out and develops in a more vital direction; in other
+words as it affects human and animal life.</p>
+<p>This portion of the subject has, during the past two or three
+years, deepened and strengthened in interest; our knowledge of it
+has largely increased; and the recognition of its vital
+importance has called forth, both in Europe and America, a host
+of eager and capable workers.&nbsp; It is scarcely too much to
+say that its wide and far-reaching issues are probably the most
+important to mankind of any that have been studied in recent
+times.&nbsp; Foremost amongst the workers in this department may
+be recalled to you the well-known names of Koch and Pasteur,
+abroad; and of Lister, Watson-Cheyne, and Crookshank, in this
+country.&nbsp; But the names of other eminent investigators will
+almost necessarily occur to your minds.</p>
+<p><a name="page81"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 81</span>It has
+long been known what potent factors were microscopic Germs in
+producing changes in the constitution of decaying matter; and how
+they were, in all probability, the useful scavengers of nature,
+definitely resolving into their constituent elements failing and
+dying organic tissues.&nbsp; But it has become more and more a
+matter of knowledge, that by their parasitic habits and their
+power of invading and living upon and within other living
+tissues, they are also the sources of many so-called diseases of
+both vegetables and animals.</p>
+<p>With regard to vegetable parasitic growth I will not now
+detain you.&nbsp; The blights, and the mildews, and the ergots,
+as well as minuter forms, such as alg&aelig; and micrococci, are
+well known; and no doubt much more is still to be learned from
+their further investigation; whilst by analogy it seems highly
+probable that the circulating fluids of higher members of the
+vegetable kingdom may be found to be invaded by parasitic beings
+in the same way as their animal compeers.</p>
+<p>But it is to Germ life in animal bodies that I wish now
+specially to allude.&nbsp; I have said that our knowledge in this
+direction has, even in the last two or three years, made enormous
+strides, and it is now almost a matter of certainty that all
+contagious or infectious disorders, as well as many others, are
+but the expression of the fact that minute living bodies have
+made a resting-place for themselves in or upon other living
+tissues; and that the development of the phenomena of these
+morbid states is but an indication of their presence and
+reproductive activity&mdash;either as cause, or as an
+accompaniment of these disease manifestations.&nbsp; And this
+applies not only to the human species, but to lower classes of
+animals, between whom and man many of these diseases are
+interchangeable.</p>
+<p>Such knowledge necessarily invests the life history of <a
+name="page82"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 82</span>these minute
+Germs with intense interest, seeing that it is probably one step,
+and that a long one, towards the discovery of the means of
+prevention, if not also of cure, of many of our most fatal and
+dreaded diseases.</p>
+<p>Examples of such diseases are:&mdash;Scarlet Fever,
+Diphtheria, Small Pox, Cholera, Yellow Fever, Tuberculous
+Disease, Ague, Hydrophobia, Cattle Plague, Anthrax; and many
+others might be enumerated whose dependence upon parasitic Germs
+is almost conclusively proved.&nbsp; But these are sufficient to
+show the deep interest of this branch of study.</p>
+<p>Not only are these Germs found in the solids of the body in
+some of these diseases, but in others their presence is easily
+and constantly recognisable in the blood or other fluids, and
+even within the corpuscles which the blood so largely
+contains.&nbsp; And not only so, but the forms which these
+micro-organisms present are so constant and so definite in the
+different disorders, that it is now almost possible in some
+instances to diagnose what diseased condition we have to deal
+with by an examination of the fluid or tissue in which they are
+contained.</p>
+<p>It is, perhaps, but right here to say that some of our most
+cautious observers consider that it is as yet hardly
+<i>proven</i> that the differing Germs found in the various
+diseases are their actual and efficient cause; but their
+definiteness in the various disorders, and the constancy of their
+presence, leave little doubt that this will hereafter be
+conclusively shown to be the case.</p>
+<p>Some of these Germs seem to have a short life and rapid
+development, and then we have acute disease.&nbsp; Others seem to
+have a more prolonged or continuing career, and then we have
+chronic disease.&nbsp; Whilst others seem to have an intermitting
+development, and then we have paroxysmal disease.</p>
+<p><a name="page83"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 83</span>Many
+curious facts have been observed in reference to the forms, or
+multiplication, or life-history of some of these parasitic
+beings.&nbsp; Thus, for example, in one class (<i>Filaria
+sanguinis</i>) it was noticed that the minute embryos of this
+little blood-worm could only be discovered in the evening or
+during the night, and not during the day; and the reason of this
+has appeared to be that it is necessary that they should come
+within reach of the Mosquito Gnat, which is a night-feeding
+animal, in whose bodies one stage of their development appears to
+take place.</p>
+<p>One of the latest discoveries in this department of natural
+history is that of the blood germs, which co-exist with the
+various forms of ague and malarious disease, and upon which they
+would appear to depend.&nbsp; Dr. Osler, of Pennsylvania (now
+Regius Professor of Medicine, at Oxford), has recently described
+and figured these little bodies in an elaborate paper full of
+interest.</p>
+<p>Such facts as these, when regarded merely from the point of
+view of a member of the Medical Profession have their deep and
+<i>special</i> significance.&nbsp; But I am here to-night as a
+member of the Naturalists&rsquo; Society, and by all of us, in
+that capacity, they are first to be regarded, not as
+illustrations of disease, but of the life history of some of
+nature&rsquo;s creations&mdash;creations which are no doubt as
+important, as definite, and which play as large a part in the
+general scheme of life, as do many of the larger forms of
+animated beings.</p>
+<p>Some of these little bodies, especially those of the bacillary
+and bacterial class, are extremely minute, and are best examined
+with powers ranging from one-tenth to one-twenty-fifth of an
+inch; and it is impossible to ignore the fact that their study
+requires not only good instruments, but much patience and skilled
+attention.&nbsp; Nevertheless, such study fairly comes within the
+scope <a name="page84"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 84</span>of
+this Society&rsquo;s work, and will most certainly repay any of
+its members who may be induced adequately to undertake it.</p>
+<p>Nor let it be said that minuteness is any reason for lack of
+interest on the part of the naturalist.&nbsp; For many of these
+micro-organisms have already been shown to be as varied, and to
+have as definite a structure, and as special a life history, as
+any of the larger types of beings; whilst, of course, we all
+recognise that apparent size is as nothing, that it is a mere
+accident, a question of the construction of our enquiring eyes, a
+condition that is at once altered and rectified by a magnifying
+glass.</p>
+<p>If it be true that the invasion and presence of various small
+organisms in the blood or tissues is the cause of the various
+specific diseases to which I have alluded, then the application
+of such knowledge as naturalists can obtain, as to the food and
+other conditions necessary to their existence; their mode of
+ingress to the body; their development and multiplication,
+becomes clear and obvious.&nbsp; It opens up to our minds
+possibilities both of prevention, and of either mitigation or
+cure.&nbsp; For it is evident that if we can starve these Germs
+of their necessary nutriment, or make their new habitation
+unsuitable for their healthy and vigorous development, their
+career as invaders will necessarily either be cut short, or be
+rendered feeble and impotent; and therefore the disease-changes
+which they can produce less violent and less lethal.</p>
+<p>Something of this kind appears naturally to have taken place
+in those persons in whom some of the zymotic diseases (of which
+Measles, Scarlet Fever, Whooping Cough, etc., may be taken as
+familiar types) have once run their course; in those, that is,
+who are popularly said to have already had these diseases.&nbsp;
+And although the <a name="page85"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+85</span>exact abiding change which is produced has not been
+ascertained, yet it is well known, and quite understood, to be
+one which renders the fluids or tissues partially or wholly
+unsuitable for their future healthy growth.</p>
+<p>This theory, too, is the well-known explanation of the
+protective power of the Cow Pox, which once having permeated a
+human system, has rendered it unsuitable for the future healthy
+and vigorous development of its greater relation&mdash;the Small
+Pox.</p>
+<p>In default of available means of destroying the Germs of other
+malignant diseases, prolonged efforts have been made (and notably
+by the great French pathologist, Pasteur) so to diminish the
+intensity of the destructive force of some of these specific
+Germs, that they may be safely inoculated into human bodies
+without danger to life, and yet be potent enough in their effects
+to anticipate and render abortive the invasion of the more
+virulent diseases.&nbsp; This has been attempted by repeated
+cultivations of the Germs in proper media, until after several of
+such generations the broods shall have acquired the requisite
+diminished vitality&mdash;in fact, until that diminution of
+virulence which the Small Pox Germ has sustained in passing
+through the Cow has been obtained by these artificial means.</p>
+<p>We are all familiar with the attempts which have recently been
+made by Pasteur in this direction, in regard to that most fatal
+disease Hydrophobia.&nbsp; It remains to be seen how far he has
+been successful in solving this preventive problem; and how far
+this may be the true method by which to utilize our knowledge of
+bacterial life.&nbsp; Medical men are diligently working at this
+subject from their own point of view.&nbsp; There is much to be
+done by microscopic naturalists in unravelling the life-history
+of these little beings; and we are glad to <a
+name="page86"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 86</span>recognise the
+kind of results which may be hoped for in the future.</p>
+<p>Such considerations as these are fraught with matter for deep
+reflection, and tend to open our minds to the far-reaching
+possibilities not only of this special knowledge, but of that
+which we are gaining in many other branches of science.&nbsp;
+Each fresh item of knowledge is like a new step upon a ladder,
+and raises us to a fresh height from which we can take a wider
+survey, and which we can assume as a loftier and broader basis
+for further enquiry.&nbsp; Scientific thought is ever as to what
+may next be done, and how to do it.&nbsp; For, as Sir James Paget
+has recently said: &ldquo;Every increase of knowledge brings
+before us a larger and clearer view of the immeasurable quantity
+which is still to be gained.&nbsp; The more we know, the more can
+we see, if we will, how much more there is that we do not
+know.&rdquo;&nbsp; And of this we may be sure, that it is by
+minute and exact work only that in the future our store of
+knowledge is to be increased and made sure.&nbsp; If no other
+example to prove this were at hand, it would be sufficient to
+quote the recent observations of the Rev. Dr. Dallinger on the
+subject of the conjugation of the nuclei of some minute forms of
+cell life: observations which bring us nearer to some definite
+knowledge of this particular matter than any hitherto made upon
+higher classes of creatures.</p>
+<p>Dr. Dallinger has spoken of the &ldquo;vast area of activity
+and research in this direction;&rdquo; and Professor Huxley has
+said, &ldquo;that those who have toiled for the advancement of
+science are in a fair way of being overwhelmed by the realisation
+of their wishes.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>We appear indeed to be still only on the threshold of
+knowledge, to have merely touched the fringe of the vast and
+infinite life-history which the living world, that <a
+name="page87"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 87</span>inexhaustible
+stream of life which we see everywhere around us, contains.&nbsp;
+We are proud of the amount of our natural history
+knowledge.&nbsp; We think to have accumulated a large store of
+information as to that especially of our own district.&nbsp; We
+can point to the lists of animals and plants which the research
+of the members of our Society, and others, has so laboriously
+gathered together.&nbsp; And we can look to the stores of our
+Museum as illustrations of what has been done.&nbsp; And yet a
+little further consideration at once shows us how small a part
+this is of what is yet to be known.&nbsp; We know the gross form
+of the specimens; we know something of their habits during life;
+and yet how little is this of what there is to be known about
+them.&nbsp; Who is there of the most learned who can properly
+explain the meaning of one hundredth part of what these creatures
+present in form, size, colour, and intimate structure?&nbsp; We
+have a general idea that their special peculiarities have
+relation to the two primary essentials of life&mdash;the daily
+bread, and the perpetuation of the species&mdash;but we are
+largely unable to explain the <i>raison d&rsquo;etre</i> of many
+of the commonest facts which they present.&nbsp; It will be a
+great day when we can also explain the object or utility of all
+the variations which they present.</p>
+<p>Of course I do not forget the powerful impulse given by the
+researches of Darwin in the direction of explaining the why and
+the wherefore.&nbsp; I only indicate how large a portion of this
+explanatory field is yet untilled.</p>
+<p>In this county a Naturalists&rsquo; Society will never lack
+either for material to work on, or for variety and interest of
+subject.&nbsp; Much, even in its grosser form, still remains to
+be learned.&nbsp; And the vast variety presented by the county,
+in respect of climate, soils, strata, heath, woodland, marsh,
+stagnant and running water, as well as the proximity <a
+name="page88"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 88</span>of the great
+ocean with its shore&mdash;presents an almost unexampled field
+for the work of the scientific naturalist&mdash;a field, too,
+which is constantly changing in accordance with the physical and
+other changes steadily going on in the district.</p>
+<p>With these great natural advantages, and with the great love
+for natural science, which is inherent in Norfolk men, I make
+bold to hope and prognosticate for this Society a prolonged and
+continuously useful career.&nbsp; We are glad to see its library
+growing, and its journalistic interchanges increasing.&nbsp; We
+are glad of the increasing importance of the position which it
+holds amongst kindred societies.&nbsp; We are all, I am sure,
+looking forward to the time when this, our Society, will meet in
+a handsome airy room on the top of the Castle Hill; <a
+name="citation88"></a><a href="#footnote88"
+class="citation">[88]</a> when any student of any particular
+branch of this natural history will be able (on repairing to our
+Museum) to see not merely inaccessible specimens ranged three or
+four deep, but so displayed as to be available for study and
+examination; when lectures and demonstrations will be possible,
+because there will be sufficient room space to contain both the
+lecturer and his audience; in short, when we in Norwich shall
+have a scientific centre worthy of the Museum and of the great
+reputation which this district has always held.</p>
+<p>What a happy change, too, when the old Castle of
+Norwich&mdash;the last of our three city prisons&mdash;shall
+exchange its human prisoners for forms, imprisoned indeed, but
+not human; and intended only to enlarge and instruct and make
+more free the mind of man.&nbsp; And when Science and Art and the
+cultivation of the intelligence shall tend year by year, and ever
+more and more, to render real <a name="page89"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 89</span>prisons less and less required.&nbsp;
+And when the moral sense and the force of cultivated public
+opinion shall suffice to reduce crime and ill-doing to its
+minimum.&nbsp; We gladly recognise how much has already been
+done, and we look forward with hope in both these directions to
+the good time coming.</p>
+<p>In now resigning this chair to my learned and distinguished
+successor, I can only trust that he will find his year of office
+as pleasant, and as profitable to himself, as the Members of this
+Society, and their excellent Secretary, have rendered mine to
+me.</p>
+<h2><a name="page90"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+90</span>VIII.<br />
+THE PARISH OF ST. GILES&rsquo;S, NORWICH, AND ITS CHURCH. <a
+name="citation90a"></a><a href="#footnote90a"
+class="citation">[90a]</a></h2>
+<p>The parish of St. Giles&rsquo;s, though relatively not large,
+yet has always in later periods occupied an important position in
+the City of Norwich.&nbsp; It formerly&mdash;as is usual with
+parishes dedicated to Saint Giles&mdash;lay upon the outskirts of
+the city, though not <i>necessarily</i> within the city proper
+previously to 1253 <a name="citation90b"></a><a
+href="#footnote90b" class="citation">[90b]</a> (as Mr. Hudson has
+pointed out), when the city was enclosed with a fosse.&nbsp; In
+recent times Norwich has expanded largely in the direction of
+Earlham and Heigham, and St. Giles&rsquo;s is now completely
+overlapped by these populous suburbs.</p>
+<p>Blomefield describes the parish as having been part of a new
+portion of Norwich called the New Burgh, originally settled in
+the time of Edward the Confessor, but much increased at the
+Conquest by the Normans or Frenchmen settling in it.&nbsp; He
+says they chose and took this position as being the pleasantest
+part of the city; but it may also have been that they selected it
+as being merely the best ground as yet unoccupied by earlier
+settlers.</p>
+<p>St. Giles&rsquo;s parish is broadly triangular in form, with
+its base along Chapel Field Road and St. Giles&rsquo;s
+Hill.&nbsp; It <a name="page91"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+91</span>covers (according to Ordnance Survey) a space of
+22&middot;952 acres, and comprises within its area rather more
+than half of Chapel Field.&nbsp; Its western boundary is along
+the site of the old city wall, and of St. Giles&rsquo;s Gate,
+whilst on the eastern or city side it extends as far as
+Fisher&rsquo;s Lane and a little beyond.&nbsp; The population in
+1881 was 1,438.</p>
+<p>A main city street runs through it, now known as St.
+Giles&rsquo;s Street, but formerly called Inferior Newport,
+Nether Newport, or Lower Newport; Bethel Street being then called
+Over or Upper Newport.</p>
+<p>This street is handsome and well-built, and contains several
+large and important houses or mansions.&nbsp; Of late years
+several of these have been converted into the homes of public
+institutions, and the &ldquo;Young Men&rsquo;s Christian
+Association,&rdquo; &ldquo;Gilman&rsquo;s Insurance
+Offices,&rdquo; and the &ldquo;Masonic Association,&rdquo; now
+occupy some of the largest of them.</p>
+<p>On the north side of this main street, near to Fisher&rsquo;s
+Lane, formerly stood a <i>Domus Dei</i>, or Almshouse, but this
+was pulled down about 150 years ago.&nbsp; Browne, writing in
+1814, says: &ldquo;On the south side of this street is the office
+of Mack&rsquo;s London Waggons, which go and return to and from
+London every week.&rdquo;&nbsp; These waggons continued to ply
+for many years; and &ldquo;Mack&rsquo;s yard,&rdquo; which
+adjoined what is now Mortimer&rsquo;s Hotel, was a business
+centre of considerable importance.</p>
+<p>In olden times, <i>Fisher&rsquo;s Lane</i>, which extends from
+St. Giles&rsquo;s Broad Street to Pottergate Street, was believed
+to have been so called as being the road to a fish-quay, which
+formerly existed there; but this is now thought to be very
+doubtful.&nbsp; The other principal thoroughfares are <i>St.
+Giles&rsquo;s Plain</i>, in which was formerly an open
+pit&mdash;seen and mentioned by Kirkpatrick, but long since
+filled up; <i>Rigby&rsquo;s Court</i>, leading from it, formerly
+called <i>Pit Lane</i>, <a name="page92"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 92</span>but now known as Rigby&rsquo;s Court,
+from the eminent Dr. Rigby, who once lived at its St.
+Giles&rsquo;s end; and <i>Willow Lane</i>, noteworthy for having
+for a time been the residence of the Rev. Francis Blomefield, the
+Norfolk historian, and of George Henry Borrow, the celebrated
+writer.</p>
+<p>The principal <span class="smcap">Public Buildings</span>
+are</p>
+<p class="gutindent"><i>The Church</i>,</p>
+<p class="gutindent"><i>The Church Schools</i>, built in
+1862,</p>
+<p class="gutindent"><i>The Roman Catholic Chapel</i>, erected in
+1828, and</p>
+<p class="gutindent"><i>The Volunteer Drill Hall</i>, erected in
+1865&ndash;6.</p>
+<p>Until quite recently the City Prison stood immediately outside
+the Gate of St. Giles; but the site of this prison is now
+occupied by the Roman Catholic Church, now in process of
+erection.</p>
+<p>In earlier times a <i>Leper-house</i> existed just beyond the
+gate.</p>
+<p>Also until recently there existed just beyond the gate a
+series of remarkable and ancient <i>chalk vaults</i>, or
+excavations.&nbsp; They are described by Mr. Woodward
+(&ldquo;Arch&aelig;ologia&rdquo; vol. xxiij., p. 411), who showed
+a plan of them made by John Bond in 1571.&nbsp; Woodward thinks
+they were galleries made to obtain the chalk flints for building
+purposes, whilst Mr. Rye says &ldquo;they were probably worked by
+the masons of the Castle and Cathedral for the sake of the
+chalk.&rdquo;&nbsp; They are now filled up.</p>
+<p><i>The City Wall</i>, built between 1294 and 1319, surrounded
+the outer and western margin of this parish; and St.
+Giles&rsquo;s Gateway, the &ldquo;Porte de Newport,&rdquo; or
+Gate of Newport, stood at the western end of St. Giles&rsquo;s
+Street.&nbsp; Over this gate, at one time, lived an hermit.&nbsp;
+It was pulled down in 1792.&nbsp; In 1867 the greater portion of
+this part of the City Wall was also taken down; only a small
+portion near the southern end of Chapel Field, <a
+name="page93"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 93</span>with one of
+the towers, being left standing.&nbsp; A photograph of this
+remnant is given in my book on St. Giles&rsquo;s parish; as well
+as views of the Gateway as it existed in 1720 and 1792.&nbsp; The
+latter were sketched by the Ninhams, and published by Mr. Fitch
+in his work on the Gates of Norwich.</p>
+<p><i>Chapel Field</i>, whose history is so strongly interwoven
+with that of Norwich, lies on the southern side of St.
+Giles&rsquo;s.&nbsp; It takes its name from a Chapel of St. Mary,
+which formerly stood where now is the building used as a High
+School for Girls.&nbsp; More than half of it lies in this parish
+(4&middot;790 acres out of a total of 8&middot;994 acres).&nbsp;
+It was formerly known as Chapel Field Croft; and its ancient
+owners are stated by Blomefield to have been the Prior of
+Buckenham, the Prioress of Carhowe, and the Dean and College of
+the Chapel in the Fields.&nbsp; But it appears to have been
+acquired by the City during the sixteenth century, after the
+dissolution of the monasteries.&nbsp; Chapel Field was at one
+time a sort of <i>Campus Martius</i> of the city, and was used
+for the musters and training of the local trained bands, as well
+as for military reviews.&nbsp; After its acquirement by the
+Corporation, the Field was for a long time usually let out on
+lease.</p>
+<p>In 1707 it was first railed in.&nbsp; In 1746 its main avenues
+of trees were planted by Sir Thomas Churchman.&nbsp; In 1792 a
+large portion of it was used for the construction of the
+reservoir of the old Norwich Waterworks.&nbsp; In later times it
+has been used for the drilling of Militia or Volunteers; as well
+as for Volunteer reviews; also for the holding of f&ecirc;tes,
+flower shows, bicycle meetings, and horse shows.&nbsp; The
+well-remembered Fisheries Exhibition was held in the Drill Hall
+in 1881.</p>
+<p>In 1866 the Prince and Princess of Wales each planted a
+Wellingtonia tree in the Field, but these did not flourish, <a
+name="page94"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 94</span>and have been
+removed.&nbsp; In the same year the Field was enclosed with its
+present handsome iron palisading, and it has since then been
+transformed into the delightful Chapel Field Gardens, as we now
+see them, with their special beauties, and the handsome iron
+Pavilion in their midst.</p>
+<p><i>The Church</i> of St. Giles, dedicated to the Saint of that
+name, stands on the north side of Upper St. Giles&rsquo;s Street;
+and is a striking object as we pass up the street, as well as
+from many other points of view.&nbsp; It occupies a commanding
+position, overlooking much of the surrounding district, and was
+anciently called St. Giles&rsquo;s on the Hill.</p>
+<p>Blomefield says it was founded by Elwyn the priest, and given
+by him to the Monks of Norwich, after he had procured an
+indulgence of twenty days&rsquo; pardon for all who should come
+and offer here on St. Giles&rsquo;s Day, or within seven days
+after, and it was rebuilt in the time of Richard II.&nbsp; The
+chancel, which appears to have been a very long one, was
+demolished in 1581, and was not rebuilt until the general
+restoration of the Church in 1866, when it was restored mainly at
+the cost of the Rev. W. N. Ripley (now Canon Ripley) who was then
+Incumbent.</p>
+<p>The Church is a fine perpendicular flint-work structure.&nbsp;
+The tower is large and well proportioned.&nbsp; It is
+battlemented and crowned with a small bell-cot and
+weather-cock.&nbsp; It is rather more than 113 feet high, and the
+hill upon which it stands is 85&middot;8 feet above the level of
+the sea.&nbsp; From its height and conspicuous position, it was
+selected in 1549 for placing a cresset, for a fire beacon, upon
+its top.&nbsp; There was formerly a Cross and Image of the
+Trinity in a niche on the west side of the steeple
+(Blomefield).&nbsp; It has a clock on its eastern face, and
+contains eight bells, one of which is rung as a Curfew every
+evening <a name="page95"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 95</span>at
+eight o&rsquo;clock, as has been the case for more than four
+hundred years, in accordance with a benefaction of one John
+Colton, in 1457.</p>
+<p><i>The Belfry Chamber</i> contains five large steeple-boards,
+with many names of ringers.</p>
+<p><i>The Porch</i> has a fine groined vault, with fan tracery,
+and a rich parapet and cornice.</p>
+<p>Kirkpatrick (1712) says of it: &ldquo;There is a neat porch of
+freestone on the south side of the Church for entrance, with a
+chamber above it.&nbsp; On each side of the window, which is in
+the front, is a niche (with) spired top.&nbsp; On each side of
+the arch of the door, cut in stone, is a cherub with an escocheon
+before him.&nbsp; That on the east side has two pastoral
+staffs.&nbsp; On the (west) a Pall, and at the top of the porch a
+border of carved work whereon you see the letter G of the antient
+form with a crown upon it and an escocheon with vine branch of
+various small ones denoting St. Giles, to whom
+dedicated.&rdquo;&nbsp; (These three niches are now empty.)&nbsp;
+&ldquo;On the north side of Church there is no porch, but only a
+door opposite to that of the south.&rdquo;&nbsp; (This doorway no
+longer exists.)</p>
+<p>The Church itself consists of new Chancel, Nave, and North and
+South Aisles.&nbsp; The whole building is about 120 feet long,
+and the nave with its aisles is 48 feet across.&nbsp; The roof is
+of good open woodwork, supported by &ldquo;Angels bearing
+shields, emblazoned with the Arms of England, France, and
+Castile&rdquo; (Bayne).&nbsp; And Taylor says the Arms of Norwich
+Priory are (or were) seen in this roof.&nbsp; The columns
+supporting it are light and elegant.&nbsp; They are four in
+number, with a pilaster at each end, and they divide the nave
+from the aisles.&nbsp; The clerestory windows have been
+modernised.&nbsp; They are five in number, and closely correspond
+to the larger windows in the walls of the north and south
+aisles.&nbsp; Of these there are five in <a
+name="page96"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 96</span>the north
+side, and four (and the porch) on the south side.</p>
+<p>Blomefield says that &ldquo;In the west end of the south aisle
+there was formerly a chapel, altar, and image of St. Catharine,
+with a light burning before it; and against one of the pillars
+there was a famous rood called the Brown-rood.&nbsp; There was a
+Gild of St. Mary kept before the altar of the Virgin of
+Pity.&nbsp; The west window in the north aisle was adorned with
+the history of Our Lord&rsquo;s passion; and there were lights
+burning before the images of St. Mary, St. John Baptist, St.
+Christopher, St. Unkumber, and St. Wilegesartis; besides those
+that continually burned before the Holy-rood, or cross, the Holy
+Sepulchre, and the Sacrament.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Mr. Hudson says that S. Uncumber and S. Wilegesartis, or
+Wylgefort, were the same person, and in the <i>St. Peter
+Mountergate Parish Magazine</i> for February of this year (1891)
+he has thus briefly given her history: &ldquo;She was a beautiful
+maiden who was ordered to marry a man to whom she had a great
+aversion.&nbsp; While she was at her wits&rsquo; end to know how
+to avoid her fate, she was delighted to discover that in the
+course of a few hours she had become adorned with a full-grown
+and very ugly black beard.&nbsp; This, of course, disposed of the
+gentleman.&nbsp; Wylgefort lived to be a happy old maid, and when
+she died was honoured as a Saint . . .&nbsp; She was thought to
+have some special power to uncumber (<i>i.e.</i> disencumber,
+make free) discontented wives from disagreeable husbands.&nbsp;
+Hence her popular name.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The remains of a colossal fresco painting of St. Christopher
+and two consecration crosses were discovered on the wall of the
+north aisle in 1723.</p>
+<p>At the lower end of the Church stands an ancient stone
+<i>Font</i>; the upper part, or basin, evidently of much older <a
+name="page97"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 97</span>date than the
+base, which consists of a pedestal and two steps.&nbsp; The outer
+part of the basin has eight facets, carved with shields and
+flowers, and below these are eight cherubs&rsquo; heads, with
+flowers between.&nbsp; The pedestal is carved out on its sides
+into niches, having cusped tracery heads.&nbsp; There was
+formerly a cover, which has been lost.&nbsp; Standing within the
+large basin is a small leaden vessel and cover, a rough miniature
+copy of the font itself, made about fifty years ago by Mr.
+Culyer, then parish clerk.</p>
+<p><i>The Communion Plate</i> <a name="citation97a"></a><a
+href="#footnote97a" class="citation">[97a]</a> consists of six
+pieces, silver gilt, and presented by Robert Snell in 1738, and
+of two brass bowls, presented by Mr. John Gurney in 1869.</p>
+<p>The reading desk and pulpit, the organ, the oak fittings, and
+the vestry room were all added in 1866, when the whole Church was
+restored, and the Chancel rebuilt. <a name="citation97b"></a><a
+href="#footnote97b" class="citation">[97b]</a>&nbsp; The building
+is thoroughly heated by hot water.&nbsp; The Communion rail was
+added about five years ago.</p>
+<p>The Church contains several monuments, besides mural tablets
+and inscribed stones.&nbsp; The principal of the former are those
+of</p>
+<p class="gutindent">Adrian Payne, 1686, the founder of
+Payne&rsquo;s Charity.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">Robert Snell, 1738, who gave the Communion
+Plate.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">Alderman Churchman, 1742.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">Dr. Offley, 1767.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">Sir Thomas Churchman, 1781.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">Dr. John Beevor, 1815.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">The Stannard Family, 1838.</p>
+<p class="gutindent">Slabs to the memory of Henry Crossgrove,
+printer, 1744, who published the first Norwich newspaper in 1706;
+and <a name="page98"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 98</span>to
+Elizabeth, wife of Colonel Cobbe, of Sandringham Hall, 1698, may
+also be mentioned.</p>
+<p>There are several brasses, the two principal represent Robert
+Baxter, Mayor of Norwich in 1424 and 1429, with his wife; and
+Richard Purdaunce, Mayor 1422 and 1433, with his wife.&nbsp; Both
+of these are figured in Cotman&rsquo;s &ldquo;Brasses of
+Norfolk.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Other and smaller brasses are inscribed with the names of John
+Smith, Elizabeth Bedingfield, Margaret Landysdale, Thomas Hervey,
+and Rachel Spendlove.</p>
+<p><i>The Room over the Porch</i> contains some church standards
+of former St. Giles&rsquo;s Mayors; also a dilapidated
+&lsquo;Parish Umbrella&rsquo;; and the parish
+&lsquo;Watchman&rsquo;s Crake,&rsquo; or rattle.</p>
+<p><i>The Parish Registers</i> date from 1538, and are very
+perfect.&nbsp; The Burial Register shows distinct evidence of the
+presence of unusual mortality in some of the well-known
+pestilence years.&nbsp; The first part contains a very remarkable
+illustrated dedication.</p>
+<p><i>The Churchyard</i> was altered and enclosed with a wall and
+iron railing in 1866&ndash;7.&nbsp; Taylor says that a Hermitage
+formerly existed in its south-west corner.</p>
+<p>There are several and important parish <i>Charities</i>; their
+proceeds being partly for Church purposes, and partly for the
+benefit of poor parishioners.</p>
+<p>The incumbency has an endowment of about &pound;70 a
+year.&nbsp; It was formerly a Perpetual Curacy, and is now a
+Vicarage.&nbsp; It is in the gift of the Dean and Chapter.&nbsp;
+A vicarage house for the minister has been purchased quite
+recently.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p99.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"The Tower of St. Giles&rsquo;s Church"
+title=
+"The Tower of St. Giles&rsquo;s Church"
+src="images/p99.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<h2><a name="page99"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 99</span>IX.<br
+/>
+THE TOWER OF ST. GILES&rsquo;S CHURCH,<br />
+<i>And some things in relation thereto</i>. <a
+name="citation99"></a><a href="#footnote99"
+class="citation">[99]</a></h2>
+<p class="gutsumm">By &ldquo;relation thereto&rdquo; I mean that
+my paper will first speak of myself&mdash;my personality and my
+belongings&mdash;and then recall to your memory a few of those
+changes and events of interest which have taken place in my
+neighbourhood and surroundings.</p>
+<p>Perhaps I ought to apologize for bringing before such a
+learned branch of the Church of England Young Men&rsquo;s
+Society, as is this its Literary Class, so many familiar facts
+and events as are here alluded to.&nbsp; But nevertheless, I have
+thought that there might be some considerable interest in
+grouping and recalling to our minds a few such items connected
+with one city centre, and especially as they might be supposed to
+be noted by such an eyewitness as I have suggested myself to
+be.&nbsp; A knowledge of our city, of its specialities, its
+changes, and developments, is always good mental store.&nbsp; And
+although it might be said&mdash;are not many of these things to
+be found recorded in the City Archives, and in the volumes of
+City History? yet almost certainly many of the members of this
+class will not have studied these.&nbsp; And therefore, it may
+fairly be hoped that this little paper may stimulate the
+historical <a name="page100"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+100</span>bump of some of the brains here present, and arouse in
+them a desire to further study such arch&aelig;ological facts and
+local histories.</p>
+<p>And here let me quote some lines of the Suffolk poet, Bernard
+Barton, in reference to the survey or study of past events or
+history.&nbsp; He says:&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;No useless, or ignoble toil,<br />
+To him who in &lsquo;the past&rsquo; delights,<br />
+Seems it&mdash;from dark Oblivion&rsquo;s spoil<br />
+To cull whate&rsquo;er our taste invites,<br />
+Of by-gone legends, parted rites,<br />
+In earlier days believ&rsquo;d as true;<br />
+And bid our old &lsquo;Historic Sites&rsquo;<br />
+Peopled afresh, to charm anew.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;That is no true Philosophy<br />
+Which does not love at times to trace,<br />
+With glowing heart and moisten&rsquo;d eye,<br />
+Time honoured haunts, whose chiefest grace<br />
+Is to have been <i>their</i> dwelling-place<br />
+Whose names in history&rsquo;s page are shrined,<br />
+Whose memories time can ne&rsquo;er erase<br />
+From many a fond admiring mind.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Well&mdash;my <i>name</i> and <i>title</i> is</p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">The Tower of
+St. Giles&rsquo;s Church</span>,</p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>and as such I shall speak of
+some of the many things which I have seen</i>.</p>
+<p>As you may suppose, from the prominent position which
+I&mdash;the Tower&mdash;have for so many centuries occupied in
+this old city of ours, I have long since ceased to suffer from
+the undue modesty which so often accompanies equally deserving
+but less conspicuous merit.&nbsp; I can only hope that you will
+agree with my reasons for anticipating <a
+name="page101"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 101</span>from you
+some of that appreciation and interest which I certainly take in
+myself.&nbsp; And I propose to introduce my subject in the novel
+way of speaking of myself as personal, and as having noted,
+during my long life, various matters to which I shall call your
+attention.</p>
+<p>As an introduction, I am proud to think that I need only say,
+once again, that I am the Tower of St. Giles&rsquo;s Church,
+Norwich.&nbsp; And surely there cannot be many of our citizens
+who are in the habit of passing up our broad street, St.
+Giles&rsquo;s (the lower Newport as it used to be called), who
+have not been struck with the fine proportions of my structure,
+standing as I do at the head of this fine thoroughfare, and
+looking and being an object of admiration for my beauty and my
+striking position.&nbsp; Many are the beautiful views which I
+present to the passer-by in the varying lights of the day, but my
+beauty and grandeur are, I think, seen best of all, when in the
+evening the sun is setting behind me in the west, or the moon
+with her paler light throws down along the length of the main
+street of St. Giles, those shadows, which&mdash;produced by my
+intervening tower&mdash;are so well worthy of the admiration of
+all who have eyes to see, and minds to appreciate, the glory of
+evening views. <a name="citation101"></a><a href="#footnote101"
+class="citation">[101]</a></p>
+<p>Let me say here in passing that Saint Giles, the saint after
+whom I am named, appears to have lived in France; and history
+relates that he was adopted as the typical <a
+name="page102"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 102</span>Patron of
+the crippled portion of humanity from his being himself lame, and
+from his having been said to have effected a miraculous cure of a
+sick beggar.&nbsp; As such Patron, parishes which, like mine,
+were located on the outskirts of towns, have frequently been
+given the name of St. Giles, as having had the duty, in the olden
+time from their position, of contributing to the needs of passing
+wayfarers, and of those requiring Christian charity.&nbsp; And
+thus, in Norwich, not only was my own parish named after this
+saint, but the so-called &ldquo;Old Man&rsquo;s Hospital,&rdquo;
+in Bishopgate Street, at the other end of the city, was also
+formerly called St. Giles&rsquo;s Hospital.</p>
+<p>Well, I am the Tower of St. Giles&rsquo;s Church, and I have
+stood in my present position for at least five hundred years,
+having been built (or rather rebuilt) in the time of King Richard
+the Second (who ceased to reign in 1399).&nbsp; I am twenty-six
+feet square, and I am also one of the tallest church towers in
+Norwich.&nbsp; And not only so, but I stand in one of the most
+conspicuous positions in the city, on the top of St.
+Giles&rsquo;s Hill.&nbsp; I am a square Tower, built like the
+adjoining Church, largely of flint stone, nearly 120 feet high,
+battlemented at the top, and having also a small cupola or
+bell-cup in the centre of my roof, with a conspicuous
+weather-cock above this.&nbsp; In earlier times, in consequence
+of my height and conspicuous position, I was used as a
+Beacon-tower, <i>i.e.</i> a pail containing fuel was hung at one
+of my corners, ready to be lighted as a danger signal in case of
+invasion or other serious emergency.&nbsp; Such a beacon, as you
+may know, was often called a &ldquo;Cresset,&rdquo; from the
+French &ldquo;<i>Croisette</i>,&rdquo; which was a pail with a
+cross on its top.</p>
+<p>I am proud of my public spirit and loyalty, for on royal and
+other special occasions, I raise on my summit a tall flag-staff,
+and float from it a large and handsome flag.&nbsp; In <a
+name="page103"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 103</span>this, I am
+sorry to say, I have too few imitators or companions amongst our
+church towers, perhaps for the reason that even such loyalty as
+this is expensive, and costs, I am told, some few shillings for
+each such display.&nbsp; Amongst my various public uses, you have
+probably all seen soldiers from the barracks on my roof
+practising flag-drill in connection with others in Chapel
+Field.</p>
+<p>I have said that I am largely built of flint stone, which is
+of a very enduring nature.&nbsp; In consequence I am thankful to
+say that I have a very excellent constitution, and have stood the
+wear and tear of a long life without requiring much fortifying or
+repairing.&nbsp; I can only venture to hazard the bold suggestion
+that my excellent health may also, in some mysterious way, have
+been due to the near presence of so many Norwich doctors,
+residing as they have so largely done in the neighbouring Bethel
+and St. Giles&rsquo;s Streets!!&nbsp; At any rate, for a long
+time past I had scarcely wanted professional assistance, until
+about two years ago, when two of my windows (or eyes, as I call
+them) needed technical help and repair.</p>
+<p>Speaking of flint for building, we all know that some of the
+finest flint work in the kingdom is to be seen in this city,
+notably in St. Miles&rsquo;s Church, and in a wall in Bridewell
+Alley.&nbsp; My flint work is inferior to these, but still
+handsomely faced.&nbsp; No doubt the large use of flint stone in
+building our Norwich churches was due to the abundant supply of
+this material which has existed in the neighbourhood.&nbsp; And
+with regard to myself it may well have been that my flints, or
+some of them, may have been extracted from the ancient chalk
+excavations which until lately existed just beyond St.
+Giles&rsquo;s Gates.&nbsp; Mr. Walter Rye, as you perhaps know,
+has also suggested that flints from these caves may have been
+used in the building of both the Cathedral and the Norwich
+Castle.</p>
+<p><a name="page104"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 104</span>As
+curiously illustrating local specialities, one of my parishioners
+has told me that when travelling some few years ago in Cornwall,
+where granite and other hard rocks prevail, but no gravel or
+flints, he asked one of the residents whom he met, if she knew of
+flint stones, to which she replied, &ldquo;Oh! yes, I know
+flints, I have seen one in the Museum at Torquay.&rdquo;&nbsp; I
+much fear that not even one flint is to be seen in our grand
+Museum on the Castle Hill!</p>
+<p>Whilst on the subject of myself (the Tower), I may mention
+<span class="smcap">the Clock</span>, which has so long existed
+on my eastern face, and which, judging from the constant
+reference made to it by the passing throngs, is an undoubted
+public boon.&nbsp; To the parish it is a source of some
+expense.</p>
+<p>This Clock was restored and re-coloured at the general
+restoration of the Church in 1865&ndash;6, when the figure of
+<i>Old Time</i>, holding a scythe in his hand (as many of us will
+remember), was removed.&nbsp; The Clock face and Clock hands do
+not look to the passer-by to be very large; but I find, on
+measurement, that the diameter of the Clock face is 10 ft., that
+the Roman letter numbers on it measure 1&frac12; ft., that the
+length of the large hand is 6 ft. 5&frac12; in., with a weight of
+21 lbs., and that of the small hand 3 ft. 4 in., with a weight of
+8 lbs.&nbsp; My Clock has belonging to it a special Clock
+Bell.</p>
+<p>Then, as to my contents.&nbsp; As this is an Autobiography,
+and as all Autobiographers are necessarily egotistical, you must
+allow me to dwell a few minutes more upon my personal
+specialities.&nbsp; And first, as to my <i>Peal of Bells</i>,
+eight in number, which are naturally of great interest to myself,
+and which hold a high place among the various peals of
+Norwich.&nbsp; These, according to the high authority of the late
+Mr. L&rsquo;Estrange, were placed in me between the years <a
+name="page105"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 105</span>1593, or
+earlier, and 1738, and they were renovated and restored in 1870,
+at the expense of Messrs. Browne, Bridgman, and Firth,
+parishioners of St. Giles.&nbsp; (One of these bells is what is
+called a <i>Gabriel</i> Bell&mdash;the &ldquo;Angel Gabriel
+brought the good tidings to the Virgin Mary.&rdquo;)&nbsp; And
+think for a moment what phases of life these bells have taken
+part in during all these hundreds of years.&nbsp; I find that
+since 1538, when our parish registers begin, some 2,524 entries
+of <i>marriage</i> have been made in them.&nbsp; And it is
+reasonable to suppose that at a fair proportion of these,
+especially in earlier times, my bells have rung out their merry
+chimes, and in their special language have wished all joy and
+happiness to the newly wedded pairs.&nbsp; You remember how Byron
+speaks of this: &ldquo;And all went merry as a marriage
+bell.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>On the other hand, during the same period, or, rather, up to
+1856, when interments in the Churchyard ceased by Act of
+Parliament, <i>i.e.</i> in 318 years, nearly ten thousand (9,770,
+as roughly counted) entries of <i>burials</i> here are made in
+the parish register books.&nbsp; And it is almost certain that
+one of my bells has announced first the fact of the death, and
+then that of the mournful ceremony of interment, in each of these
+cases.&nbsp; Just think, as I do, of all these ten thousand dead
+lying at my foot, waiting, as Baring Gould has so beautifully
+said, for the &ldquo;Resurrection morning,&rdquo; when
+&ldquo;soul and body meet again.&rdquo;&nbsp; Such an
+accumulation of mortal remains in so limited a space may well
+arouse much and solemn reflection.&nbsp; How well a Suffolk poet
+reverently describes such a disused graveyard as mine now is,
+where he says:&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;The gathered ashes of long centuries
+rest;<br />
+A few <i>white</i> tombstones and a few <i>dim-gray</i>,<br />
+Mark names that have not yet quite passed away.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p><a name="page106"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 106</span>Nor
+can I fail to quote to you Gray&rsquo;s beautiful words, so
+applicable to such a disused churchyard:&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;Hark! how the sacred calm, that breathes
+around,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; Bids every fierce tumultuous passion cease,<br />
+In still small accents whispering from the ground,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; A grateful earnest of eternal peace.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The graveyard of St. Giles, which lies beneath and around me,
+is, as I have already said, no longer used for burials.&nbsp; It
+is quite full and crowded with graves and many memorial
+tombstones.&nbsp; The names upon these, as far as legible, are
+fully and completely given in the book which has been published
+by a parishioner of mine, <a name="citation106"></a><a
+href="#footnote106" class="citation">[106]</a> upon the
+&ldquo;Parish of St. Giles.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>It is historically interesting to know that the burial
+registers, by the increased number of interments in some of the
+long past years, point unmistakably to the prevalence in Norwich
+at those times of the dread Pestilence or Plague, which is
+recorded as having ravaged the city from time to time.&nbsp;
+Thus, in 1603, no less than 112 persons were buried here; and in
+1666, some 79&mdash;both of these &ldquo;Plague
+years&rdquo;&mdash;instead of a normal average of twenty or
+thirty.&nbsp; As you may suppose, I (the Tower) shared acutely in
+the distress which then reigned in the city, intensified as it
+was to me by the fact of three or four burials occasionally
+taking place here in the same day.&nbsp; In some other years, an
+increase of burials may probably have arisen from this place of
+mortal rest having been a favourite one, and, therefore, selected
+for the interment of some who had not been resident in the
+parish.&nbsp; This was certainly so in the fifty years preceding
+the closure of the churchyard, when fifty, sixty, or seventy were
+often annually interred here.</p>
+<p><a name="page107"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 107</span>But
+to return to my bells.&nbsp; The perpetuation of the old custom
+of ringing each night what is called the <i>Curfew Bell</i> in my
+Tower is well known to us all.&nbsp; This Curfew ringing is now
+an anachronism, but it doubtless was a great boon at the time of
+its foundation, seeing that so many legacies were left in various
+places, as here, for the purpose of having a &ldquo;Curfew&rdquo;
+rung each night in perpetuity.</p>
+<p>My Curfew Bell, instituted and endowed in 1457, by Mr. John
+Colston, and who was buried in St. Giles&rsquo;s Church, has now
+rung continuously for some 450 years.&nbsp; And although some
+people may think this evening tolling of a bell for a quarter of
+an hour a nuisance, it has in this particular case this merit,
+that it acts, or has done, as a sort of daily almanac, seeing
+that the day of the month is told at the end of the quarter of an
+hour&rsquo;s ringing, each evening, by a number of strokes on a
+different bell, corresponding to the day of the month.</p>
+<p>The name &ldquo;Curfew,&rdquo; you doubtless know to be
+derived from the French <i>Couvre-feu</i>, or cover fire.&nbsp;
+And also that the custom in olden times of a public ringing of a
+bell, or sounding a horn, for the putting out of fires and
+retiring into houses for the night, arose from the out-door
+dangers of those less civilised times, and from the inflammable
+nature of many of the wooden and thatched houses then
+existing.&nbsp; One such fire in Norwich (in 1507) is said to
+have destroyed seven hundred houses, including many in my own
+parish.&nbsp; Who does not know Gray&rsquo;s lines on this Curfew
+custom?</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;The Curfew tolls the knell of parting
+day,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; The lowing herd winds slowly o&rsquo;er the lea;<br
+/>
+The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; And leaves the world to darkness and to
+me.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p><a name="page108"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 108</span>And
+we doubtless also remember Longfellow&rsquo;s beautiful verses on
+this old custom:&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;Solemnly, mournfully,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; Dealing its dole,<br />
+The Curfew Bell<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; Is beginning to toll.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Cover the embers,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; And put out the light;<br />
+Toil comes with the morning,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; And rest with the night.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Dark grow the windows,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; And quenched is the fire;<br />
+Sound fades into silence;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; All footsteps retire.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;No voice in the chambers,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; No sound in the hall;<br />
+Sleep and oblivion<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; Reign over all!&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>With all this, and what I have now said, I think I may claim
+that I&mdash;the Tower&mdash;have fully discharged the general
+duty of public usefulness, and am a great public
+benefactor.&nbsp; My beacon pail is no longer required; but by my
+weather-cock I tell the direction of the wind; by my clock I tell
+the time of day; and by the final strokes of my curfew bell at
+night, I act as an almanac, and tell the day of the
+month&mdash;for the benefit not only of my neighbours, but to the
+great multitude of the passers-by. <a name="citation108"></a><a
+href="#footnote108" class="citation">[108]</a>&nbsp; And let it
+not be forgotten that all this implies not only the discharge of
+public duty, but also <a name="page109"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 109</span>the expenditure of money, necessary
+to keep the various arrangements for these in correct and working
+order&mdash;money which has to be provided by the parish of St.
+Giles.</p>
+<p>Opinions as to the desirability of the ringing of the
+<i>Church Bells</i> in towns differ, as we know,
+considerably.&nbsp; And every now and then we read a letter in a
+newspaper in condemnation of them.&nbsp; But I believe that those
+who think thus are in a very small minority.&nbsp; I have said
+how well they emphasize such occasions as weddings, and
+funerals.&nbsp; And I think they most appropriately add to the
+expression of public rejoicing on such occasions as the election
+of a new Mayor, or a royal visit, or a royal anniversary&mdash;or
+especially on the eve of such a great Christian festival as
+Christmas or Easter.&nbsp; But beyond all this, I (the Tower)
+consider that they are in the best sense public music, and that
+when well rung this music is of a very high order indeed.&nbsp;
+Who does not recognise the grandeur of the great twelve-bell peal
+of St. Peter Mancroft, as rung by the skilled ringers of that
+church, or the solemnity imparted to a public mourning by the
+muffled peal occasionally rung, on the departure from this world
+of some great local or national citizen?</p>
+<p>In country villages I know that the possession of a good peal
+of church bells is usually very highly appreciated, and the
+practice of the ringing cannot be otherwise than an excellent
+musical training for the young men of the parish.</p>
+<p>It is curious how little regard <i>Jackdaws</i> pay to the
+noise of clanging bells.&nbsp; In my tower, as elsewhere, they
+habitually build their nests, and rear their young, apparently
+quite free from alarm at the noise.&nbsp; From their constant
+selection of church towers as breeding <a
+name="page110"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 110</span>places, may
+we not suppose that these birds have ears for music, or may even
+practice singing amongst their family parties, to the
+accompanying chimes?</p>
+<p>I have windows on all four of my sides, and until lately
+(1866), when the Church was so thoroughly restored, I had an eye
+in my lower eastern portion which enabled me to view the changes
+which have taken place in the interior of the Church.&nbsp; Long,
+long ago, I noted the dilapidation of the Chancel, and its final
+demolition and removal (in 1581), on a bargain being made by
+which the parish was allowed to take all the remaining lead,
+stone, and other materials (for some parochial charity) belonging
+to it, on condition that the Dean and Chapter were no longer to
+be held liable for its repair.&nbsp; This <i>Chancel</i> I had
+the pleasure of seeing rebuilt in 1866, mainly through the
+beneficence of Rev. Canon Ripley, then incumbent of the vicarage,
+when also the Church was finely restored, and reseated.</p>
+<p>You are aware that the years 1903&ndash;4 represent the
+five-hundredth anniversary of the giving of a Mayor to the City
+of Norwich.&nbsp; Several St. Giles&rsquo;s inhabitants have held
+this important office, as well as that of Sheriff, during all
+those centuries, but I will only specially mention the names of
+<i>Richard Purdaunce</i> and of <i>Robert Baxter</i>, who were
+very early Mayors, in 1420 and 1424 respectively, and who were
+interred in the nave of this Church, with brasses over their
+tombs.&nbsp; These still remain, and are of considerable interest
+as showing the costumes of the period.</p>
+<p>And now as to the parish of St. Giles itself, in which I
+stand, I cannot but recall with satisfaction the large number of
+residents who have been in their day most important and
+influential citizens in various departments of life.&nbsp; As
+public men I will only mention the <a name="page111"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 111</span>names of a few such departed
+neighbours whose careers and public services I have
+watched.&nbsp; Let us only recall the names (given
+alphabetically) in public life of such examples as Baxter,
+Beevor, Bolingbroke, Cadge, Chapman, Churchman, Cole, Crosse,
+Day, Foster, Herring, Kinghorn, Johnson, Lubbock, Offley,
+Purdaunce, Ranking, Rigby, Suffield, Taylor, Wilkins; or as
+ornaments of the literary and artistic world, such names as
+Brand, Blomefield, Borrow, Crossgrove, Charlotte Elizabeth,
+Daniel, Ninham&mdash;and now we may add that of Bateman.&nbsp;
+This, you will agree with me, is a goodly list, and marks out St.
+Giles&rsquo;s parish as having been one of the most important
+residential districts in the city, and as having largely
+contributed to its welfare and general reputation.&nbsp; And in
+this regard we may well regret that so many of the fine parish
+residences have been or are being absorbed by public companies or
+other bodies; and that in consequence, the most actively
+important men of the city are gradually being driven to other and
+more distant localities.&nbsp; And we may even note here how the
+neighbouring and almost historical old &ldquo;Norfolk
+Hotel&rdquo; has been swept away, and its site occupied by a
+modern variety theatre.</p>
+<p>Further, as a sign of the times, I may mention to you a spot
+in St. Giles&rsquo;s Street, situated behind
+&ldquo;Mortimer&rsquo;s Hotel,&rdquo; which was long known as
+&ldquo;<i>Mack&rsquo;s Yard</i>.&rdquo;&nbsp; Mr. Mack was for a
+long period the enterprising proprietor of some carrier waggons,
+which made a weekly journey to and from London, carrying parcels
+and goods.&nbsp; This was in the days when the stage coaches to
+London occupied two days in the journey; and when the starting of
+these coaches, as well as of Mack&rsquo;s waggons, was an
+interesting incident of Norwich life.</p>
+<p><a name="page112"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 112</span>So
+much for my immediate personal relations.&nbsp; Let me now look a
+little further around and beyond me.</p>
+<p>No doubt, almost everyone present this evening, when crossing
+Mousehold Park, or when passing along the roads on the outskirts
+of the city, will have noted how I&mdash;the Tower&mdash;stand
+out more prominently than any other object than the Castle or the
+Cathedral spire.&nbsp; And, on the other hand, those of our
+younger citizens who may have ascended to my summit, can bear
+testimony to the wide and expanded views from it of the
+surrounding country.&nbsp; In fact, I command a view, not only of
+much of the city, but also of the neighbourhood for many miles
+around.&nbsp; And this commanding position has enabled me to note
+most of those great changes, and improvements, which have taken
+place&mdash;by slow degrees and with many fluctuations&mdash;in
+the city generally.&nbsp; And, of course, I have keenly felt the
+change in my own position which the recent spread of the city all
+around me has produced.&nbsp; Not so very long ago I was situated
+in its very outskirts, and very close to the boundary City
+Walls.&nbsp; Now, I am almost in the heart of Norwich, and from
+my summit I can see the lines of houses extending a mile or more
+beyond me, and, I fear, detracting by their extent from the
+conspicuous dignity of the position which I had so long
+enjoyed.</p>
+<p>Of the many more distant but important Norwich events of the
+past centuries, which from my lofty position I have been enabled
+to witness, I will only mention two or three which have specially
+impressed me, thus:&mdash;</p>
+<p>In King Edward VI.&rsquo;s reign, I was able to note many of
+the incidents connected with Kett&rsquo;s Rebellion.</p>
+<p>A little later, I saw the reflection of the fires at the
+Lollard&rsquo;s pit, when Bilney and others were there burnt for
+their religious opinions.</p>
+<p><a name="page113"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 113</span>I saw
+the processions attending the visits to Norwich of Queen
+Elizabeth, and of King Charles II.&nbsp; And you will remember
+that it was on this latter occasion that our distinguished
+citizen, Sir Thomas Browne, to whom we have so recently erected a
+statue, received the honour of Knighthood from his Sovereign.</p>
+<p>Then again, I was cognizant of the blowing down of the
+Cathedral spire, during a great storm, in 1601; and of the spire
+of the St. Andrew&rsquo;s Hall tower.</p>
+<p>And, shall I say, with how much regret in quite later times, I
+witnessed the riotous and disgraceful scenes which took place at
+some of the Parliamentary elections held in
+Norwich&mdash;followed, as we know, by the exciting but not too
+pleasant &ldquo;Chairing&rdquo; of the elected candidates.</p>
+<p>In my more immediate neighbourhood I have watched the
+foundation (in 1714) and the subsequent career of that beautiful
+example of Christian charity, the well-known Bethel Hospital for
+the poorer class of insane patients.&nbsp; We all know that in
+those earlier times, simply to remove from the general community
+and to house those suffering from mental derangement, was all
+that was known to be able to be done for those thus
+afflicted.&nbsp; But I have been charmed to note from my
+window-eyes how greatly their treatment has been improved in
+latter times, and to watch with pathetic interest the great
+changes which have been made, and are still continually being
+made, for the comfort and recreation and general welfare of the
+patients in this beneficent institution. <a
+name="citation113"></a><a href="#footnote113"
+class="citation">[113]</a></p>
+<p>Very numerous and historically important are the changes and
+advances and improvements which have <a name="page114"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 114</span>taken place in our city during the
+last 150 years, and which I have witnessed from my lofty
+summit.</p>
+<p>In 1770, I saw the first <i>Norfolk and Norwich Hospital</i>
+built, and I have seen the old building replaced (in
+1879&ndash;1881) by a larger and handsomer structure.</p>
+<p>In 1792, I saw our <i>St. Giles&rsquo;s Gate</i>, along with
+many others, taken down and removed; whilst, in 1867, I saw much
+of the neighbouring <i>City Wall</i> demolished, only a small
+piece of it being left in the Chapel Field Road, and in the
+adjacent &ldquo;Duck Lane.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>You will remember that this defensive wall was built around
+the city between the years 1294 and 1319, and was broken down
+between the St. Stephen&rsquo;s and St. Giles&rsquo;s Gates by
+Earl Warwick&rsquo;s army, in the time of Kett&rsquo;s
+Rebellion.</p>
+<p>Then I have seen numerous churches and chapels, factories, and
+other large buildings, arise in various parts of the
+city&mdash;these latter including the Norwich Union Workhouse,
+the Jenny Lind Infirmary, and (in the far distance) the Hellesdon
+Asylum.</p>
+<p>I have also witnessed the laying-out of the new Norwich
+Cemetery, and its more recent enlargement.&nbsp; And at my very
+foot I have noted the erection of our Volunteer Drill Hall, and
+the removal of the old City Gaol.&nbsp; The closure of this
+latter, and of the Castle as a prison, and their replacement by a
+single model prison on Mousehold Hill, marking the advances of
+the times and the progressive development of political
+humanity.</p>
+<p>Of the grand Castle Museum, which is in my full view, I need
+say nothing.&nbsp; Its influence in spreading knowledge, and in
+developing the higher and better faculties of the mind, are
+obvious to all.&nbsp; I am pleased to learn of the interest taken
+in it by the public, as shown by the visiting of it by the more
+than 100,000 persons who annually resort to it.</p>
+<p><a name="page115"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 115</span>If I
+do not weary you, I would now like to claim your attention for a
+very few minutes to what may fairly be termed my &ldquo;Home
+Circle,&rdquo; that is, to the events which I have witnessed
+immediately around me in <i>recent</i> times.&nbsp; Several of
+these have been closely connected with the neighbouring
+&ldquo;<i>Chapel Field</i>,&rdquo; formerly a real and open
+field, but now a charming recreation garden, and one of the
+beauty spots of our city, with the present handsome palisading
+around it, erected in 1866.&nbsp; The avenues of trees which
+adorn this field are, or were, one of its great features.</p>
+<p>And it is worth noting that Norwich history relates that the
+main west avenue was planted in 1746 by Sir Thomas Churchman,
+then a resident in St. Giles&rsquo;s parish and an important
+citizen.&nbsp; The ordinary age of elm trees is (I believe) not
+greatly more than a century and a-half, and consequently some of
+these trees have decayed in their branches or trunks.&nbsp; But
+until a few months ago a long row of the elms towered up to their
+eighty or ninety feet of height, in great beauty and apparent
+vigour.&nbsp; I need not say with what pain I looked down upon
+the process of lopping and topping which was carried out upon
+these, or how I grieved over such a dire necessity for this
+operation as was alleged to exist.</p>
+<p>One other example of tree grandeur existed until the other day
+in the northern avenue, namely, a splendid specimen of the
+<i>Aspen Poplar</i>, towering nearly one hundred feet high, and
+an object of extreme beauty to all who could appreciate such
+arboreal grandeur.&nbsp; Even so long ago as 1841 this tree was
+figured by <i>Grigor</i> in his work on &ldquo;The Remarkable
+Trees of Norfolk,&rdquo; as a fine example of this poplar.&nbsp;
+And we may well feel how the further sixty-three years of its
+life had added to its size, its dignity, and its grandeur.&nbsp;
+I greatly regret that <a name="page116"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 116</span>since the late great gale it has
+been thought necessary to remove several of its upper branches,
+and so destroy all its grandeur.&nbsp; But the old line,
+&ldquo;Woodman, spare that tree&rdquo; for the greatest possible
+length of time was, I hope, fully in the minds of those who
+presided over its fate.</p>
+<p>The splendid <i>Horse-Chestnut</i> tree near the centre of the
+field is familiar to us all, and I have watched its growth and
+circular uniformity with pleasure and interest.</p>
+<p>This Chapel Field, as you may know, takes it name from a
+Chapel of St. Mary, which formerly existed on the site of the
+present Theatre and High School buildings.&nbsp; At that time the
+ground was really an open field; and it seems to have been
+acquired by the Corporation in the sixteenth century.</p>
+<p>Probably few, and perhaps none, of those present in this room,
+can remember as I do the big water reservoir of the proprietors
+of the Norwich Water Works of that date, which formerly existed
+in Chapel Field, near its centre, on ground leased by them from
+the Corporation.&nbsp; This reservoir was large, nearly three
+hundred yards in circumference, and had on its north side a
+tower, into which water was forced to gain height for supplying
+the higher portions of the city.&nbsp; It remained here from 1792
+until 1852, just sixty years, when the lease of the ground was
+surrendered, the works demolished, and the new and enlarged
+reservoirs of the present Norwich Water Works Company, at
+Lakenham, were substituted.</p>
+<p>I may mention here a rumour which reached me, and which I have
+no doubt was true, that in April, 1852, the Corporation of
+Norwich proposed to place the statue of Lord Nelson, which had
+just then been executed for Norwich, &ldquo;on an elegant
+fountain pedestal <a name="page117"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+117</span>in the centre of this reservoir,&rdquo; which was then
+about to be disused. <a name="citation117"></a><a
+href="#footnote117" class="citation">[117]</a></p>
+<p>I have, of course, noted many public events which have taken
+place in the Chapel Field&mdash;martial, agricultural, and
+otherwise.&nbsp; But naturally, a great impression has been made
+upon me by observing the historical visits of their Royal
+Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales (now our gracious
+King and Queen) in 1866 and 1884, on both which occasions they
+entered Norwich by St. Giles&rsquo;s Gates.&nbsp; The visit of
+1866 was, as you will remember, the first they had paid to
+Norwich, and they were then entertained by Lord and Lady
+Stafford, at Costessey Hall.&nbsp; The royal party then included
+the Queen of Denmark (mother of the Princess), and the Duke of
+Edinburgh; and the procession entered our street under a
+<i>triumphal arch</i> erected on the site of the old St.
+Giles&rsquo;s Gate.&nbsp; They then attended a morning concert of
+the Musical Festival then being held; and afterwards returned to
+Chapel Field, where the Prince and Princess each planted a
+&ldquo;Wellingtonia&rdquo; tree, and afterwards formally opened
+the new <i>Drill Hall</i>.</p>
+<p>In 1884 they again attended our Musical Festival, and entered
+and left the city by St. Giles&rsquo;s Street.</p>
+<p>On both these occasions I noted with great pleasure the large
+crowds of citizens who lined the route of the processions, and
+the enthusiastic manner in which they welcomed our royal
+visitors.</p>
+<p>All will remember the recent visit of T.R.H. the Duke and
+Duchess of York (now the Prince and Princess <a
+name="page118"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 118</span>of Wales),
+when they came to open our new Castle Museum.&nbsp; But my views
+of the royal procession were from my position unfortunately
+considerably limited.&nbsp; I am glad, however, to know that one
+of my parishioners was Mayor of Norwich, and as such had the
+honour to receive and entertain the distinguished party.</p>
+<p>I&mdash;the Tower&mdash;have several eyes, but no proper ears,
+only vibratory sensations, and consequently can only hear
+indistinctly the sweet sounds of the various bands and singers
+that now delight so many thousands of Norwich citizens during the
+summer season in Chapel Field.&nbsp; But that these musical
+entertainments are appreciated, I can <i>see</i> by the large
+numbers of persons who attend the concerts and listen to the
+music provided for them.&nbsp; It is not to be doubted that these
+frequent musical treats constitute a veritable branch of mental
+education.</p>
+<p>In the city generally, I have during the last half century
+noted the opening of several parks and public recreation grounds,
+and I have watched with pleasure the gradually increasing numbers
+of citizens, old and young, who avail themselves of the
+opportunities which these afford for obtaining fresher air,
+exercise, health, and vitality.&nbsp; Amongst these, you may be
+sure of the special and daily delight I take in watching the
+games and gymnastics of the children, in the corner of Chapel
+Field just below me, which has been allotted to them, and which
+was so kindly fitted up for them by the late Mr. Henry
+Birkbeck.</p>
+<p>I will only further say, of the many vast changes and items of
+social progress in latter years, that I have seen with wonder and
+astonishment the advent of steam carriages, and the opening in
+Norwich of three railway stations, receiving trains, some of
+which have travelled more than fifty miles an hour.&nbsp; Also
+that as an illuminant, I was long familiar only with the use of
+oil, shedding its feeble light, <a name="page119"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 119</span>this being superseded by the gas
+derived from coal.&nbsp; But, quite recently, I have opened my
+eyes to their widest to observe the lighting of our windows and
+streets with electric light, and the working of tram carriages
+upon rails through our main streets (including my own street of
+St. Giles) by means of the electric current.</p>
+<p>Norwich generally, like other cities and towns, has in the
+centuries marched along the line of steady and continuous
+developments.&nbsp; Such a brief mention as I have made of some
+of these is all that can now be given.&nbsp; To give a larger
+<i>local</i> history of these latter eventful times would occupy
+us too long, and would not only be tedious to such an audience as
+this, but would be beyond my present purpose.&nbsp; I shall be
+more than satisfied if, by the little I have said, I have shown
+how much of interest there is in the study of even one locality
+in an ancient city like Norwich, and in recalling some of the
+half-forgotten facts connected more or less intimately with it;
+and if, as a secondary result, it should create, or revive, in
+the members of this literary class a wish to include amongst its
+contributed papers and subjects for future consideration and
+discussion, that branch of literature which is included under the
+name of local Arch&aelig;ology.&nbsp; For we must not forget that
+past history includes the study, not only of work done and
+changes executed, but also a consideration of the men, the human
+minds, through whose agency this work and the resulting changes
+were carried out.&nbsp; And I trust that we shall all agree with
+Dr. Johnson that &ldquo;Whatever makes the past, the distant, or
+the future, predominate over the present, advances us in the
+dignity of human beings.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>And I would venture here to quote the following from a late
+learned writer on Norwich (Mr. Mark Knights), who has said:
+&ldquo;Wonderful is the amount of thought enveloped <a
+name="page120"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 120</span>in the
+buildings and history of Norwich.&nbsp; Would that every citizen
+had the power to evoke from the monuments of the past the spirit
+which gave them form, that they might read their
+story.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Let me conclude by quoting the following opinion from the
+well-known pages of &ldquo;Gilbert White of Selborne,&rdquo; with
+reference to such a local and parochial history as I have
+ventured to place before you this evening.&nbsp; This great
+authority expresses very strongly the view that &ldquo;stationary
+men should pay attention to the districts in which they reside,
+and should publish their thoughts respecting the objects that
+surround them.&rdquo;&nbsp; And again, that a writer upon these
+(as he himself so learnedly was), if he should &ldquo;have lent a
+helping hand towards the enlargement of the boundaries of
+historical and topographical knowledge; or if he should have
+thrown even some small light upon ancient customs and manners,
+his purpose would have been fully answered.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Gentlemen, it is for you to judge whether I have succeeded in
+placing before you any interesting facts &ldquo;respecting the
+objects which surround us,&rdquo; and have &ldquo;contributed to
+the enlargement of the boundaries of (<i>your</i>) historical and
+topographical knowledge.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>I have expressed some opinions, and placed before you many
+facts.&nbsp; I hope these may provoke some profitable comments or
+discussion.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p120.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Sir Thomas Browne"
+title=
+"Sir Thomas Browne"
+src="images/p120.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<h2><a name="page121"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+121</span>X.<br />
+SIR THOMAS BROWNE.</h2>
+<p class="gutsumm">A Paper read at a Meeting of the C.E.Y.M.S.
+Literary Class, on Monday, March 12th, 1894. <a
+name="citation121"></a><a href="#footnote121"
+class="citation">[121]</a></p>
+<p>I am glad to redeem my promise to read a paper before this
+Literary Class, during this present session, upon one of our most
+noted British Authors, and I have thought that I could not do
+better than to bring before your notice one of those who
+literally resided at our very doors; and whose works&mdash;if not
+so generally read as those of many other writers&mdash;are not
+the less deserving of careful study, and will well repay any time
+spent upon their perusal.&nbsp; In fact, I make bold to say that
+the more they are studied, the more does the great learning
+displayed in them impress itself upon us, and the more also does
+the high moral nature of the Author make itself felt.&nbsp; I
+could well have wished that this brief notice had been more
+elaborate and more worthy of the Author, but I may well plead the
+great public demands which have recently been made upon my time;
+and which often have been so numerous and so continuous, as to
+leave but little time for literary work or thought, or indeed for
+anything but the ordinary duties of <a name="page122"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 122</span>each day as it comes round.&nbsp;
+The Author whom I have selected for notice this evening is <i>Sir
+Thomas Browne</i>, long a resident in this city, for many years a
+practising physician here; a gentleman who enjoyed the highest
+reputation even in his own lifetime, as a man of high character
+and great literary attainments; who enjoyed personal and literary
+acquaintanceship with many of the greatest men of his day; and
+whose works attracted the notice of the learned and the great
+from the first moment of their public appearance.</p>
+<p>The house in which Sir Thomas Browne resided is the one
+immediately opposite to the entrance to this building; and a
+portion of it is now the Norfolk and Norwich Savings Bank, just
+across the street.&nbsp; I am unable to say how far Sir Thomas
+Browne&rsquo;s house extended at the time of his occupation of
+it; undoubtedly many of the buildings to the north and east of it
+have been erected since his time; and as we are told of his
+extensive garden adjoining it, it is probable that this latter
+extended far up to, or possibly even on to Orford Hill.&nbsp; It
+is also believed that he had another garden somewhere upon
+Mousehold.</p>
+<p>Sir Thomas Browne was not a native of Norwich, for he appears
+to have been born in London in 1605.&nbsp; He settled in practice
+here in 1634 or 1636, and continued to reside here until 1682,
+when he died at the age of 77 years.&nbsp; He was buried in the
+chancel of St. Peter Mancroft church in this city, and a tablet
+to his memory hangs on the adjoining wall, with a notable
+inscription, which any of you can go and see for yourselves, but
+which is too long for me to reproduce here.</p>
+<p>I am able to show you an engraving from a portrait of him
+which long hung neglected in the Vestry Room of St.
+Peter&rsquo;s, but which now occupies a more worthy position on
+the walls of the Board Room of the Norfolk and Norwich <a
+name="page123"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 123</span>Hospital.
+<a name="citation123"></a><a href="#footnote123"
+class="citation">[123]</a>&nbsp; I can also show you a copy of
+the 7th edition of his works, dated 1686.</p>
+<p>Sir Thomas Browne was knighted in 1671, on the occasion of a
+visit of King Charles II. to this city.&nbsp; The King at first
+offered to confer this honour upon the Mayor of Norwich, but his
+worship declining the compliment, Dr. Thomas Browne was knighted
+in his stead.</p>
+<p>I have said that Sir Thomas Browne was buried in the Chancel
+of St. Peter Mancroft Church.&nbsp; Here he appears to have
+rested in peace for nearly two hundred years, when in
+1840&mdash;as recorded by Mr. Fitch&mdash;(Proceedings of the
+Arch&aelig;ological Institute, 1847) &ldquo;Some workmen who were
+employed in digging a vault in the Chancel of the Church of St.
+Peter&rsquo;s Mancroft, Norwich, accidentally broke, with a blow
+of the pick axe, the lid of a coffin, which proved to be that of
+one whose residence within its walls conferred honour on Norwich
+in olden times.&rdquo;&nbsp; &ldquo;The bones of the skeleton
+were found to be in good preservation, particularly those of the
+skull; the hair profuse and perfect, of a fine auburn colour,
+similar to that in the portrait presented to the parish by Dr.
+Howman&rdquo; (who in later times occupied his house, now the
+Savings Bank).</p>
+<p>The coffin plate bore a Latin inscription, which was
+translated by the late Mr. Firth, of this city,
+thus&mdash;&ldquo;The very distinguished man, Sir Thomas Browne,
+Knight, Doctor of Medicine, aged 77 years, who died on the 19th
+of October, in the year of our Lord, 1682, sleeping in this
+coffin of lead, by the dust of his alchemic body transmuted it
+into a coffer of gold.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>You are all, doubtless, familiar with the fact that the skull
+of this great man was then taken away, and finally presented to
+the Museum of the Norfolk and Norwich <a name="page124"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 124</span>Hospital, where, along with a lock
+of his hair, it still remains, carefully preserved and held in
+high honour.&nbsp; And you have doubtless heard and read of the
+efforts which have recently been made to re-obtain possession of
+it and again consign it to its mother earth.&nbsp; The numerous
+letters and papers which have appeared in the public press,
+discussing this question, are also fresh in all your minds, and
+give nearly every aspect of the matter.&nbsp; One good thing at
+least they have affected, and that is, to bring Sir Thomas
+Browne&rsquo;s name into greater prominence than for many long
+years.&nbsp; And I have no doubt that this incident, together
+with a reviving interest in the works of this great Norwich
+writer and thinker, have resulted in his being more famous to-day
+in Norwich than at any former period since that of his actual
+residence here and of the years immediately following his
+decease.</p>
+<p>Much has been made, during this discussion, of a paragraph in
+Sir Thomas Browne&rsquo;s disquisition on urn-burial.&nbsp; He is
+said to have, almost prophetically, described this incident of
+the removal of his own skull from his tomb, when he wrote
+&ldquo;to be <i>knaved</i> out of our graves, to have our skulls
+made drinking bowls, and our bones turned into pipes, to delight
+and sport our enemies, are tragical abominations escaped in
+burning burials.&rdquo;&nbsp; But, I think the whole force of
+this extract is removed by turning to Wilkin&rsquo;s edition,
+where this passage runs, &ldquo;to be <i>gnawed</i> (not knaved)
+out of our graves,&rdquo; which clearly gives it a very different
+meaning.</p>
+<p>Sir Thomas Browne married a few years after settling in
+Norwich (in 1641), a daughter of Edward Mileham, Esq., of
+Burlingham St. Peter, in this county, and granddaughter of John
+Hobart, Esq., by whom he had ten children.&nbsp; Of these ten,
+his eldest son, Dr. Edward Browne, became very eminent in his
+profession.&nbsp; He practised in <a name="page125"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 125</span>London, where he was made Physician
+to King Charles II., and he was afterwards appointed Physician to
+St. Bartholomew&rsquo;s Hospital, and later became President of
+the Royal College of Physicians.</p>
+<p>Sir Thomas Browne appears to have enjoyed for many years a
+very considerable practice in this city.&nbsp; But he was also an
+arch&aelig;ologist, a naturalist, a studier of plants and
+animals.&nbsp; He had as personal friends or literary
+correspondents such men as Sir Robert Paston, Sir Hamon
+L&rsquo;Estrange, Sir Kenelm Digby, John Evelyn, Sir William
+Dugdale, and Bishop Hall, and he appears to have found time to
+carry on a very large literary correspondence.&nbsp; He lived in
+Norwich from 1634 to 1682, which included the dangerous times of
+the Stuarts, of the Long Parliament, and of the
+Commonwealth.&nbsp; But he appears to have been a staunch
+Royalist.&nbsp; He was knighted, as I have said, by King Charles
+II., on the occasion of his visiting Norwich in 1671.</p>
+<p>Later in this year he was visited by the well-known Evelyn,
+whose oft quoted passage respecting him runs thus&mdash;&ldquo;My
+Lord Henry Howard . . . would needs have me go with him to
+Norwich, promising to convey me back after a day or two; this, as
+I could not refuse, I was not hard to be persuaded to, having a
+desire to see that famous scholar and physitian, Dr. T. Browne,
+author of the &lsquo;Religio Medici,&rsquo; and &lsquo;Vulgar
+Errors,&rsquo; etc., now lately knighted.&rdquo;&nbsp; And he
+adds, &ldquo;Next morning I went to see Sir Tho. Browne (with
+whom I had some time corresponded by letter, tho&rsquo; I had
+never seen him before).&nbsp; His whole house and garden being a
+paradise and cabinet of rarities, and that of the best
+collections, especially medails, books, plants, and natural
+things.&nbsp; Amongst other curiosities, Sir Thomas had a
+collection of the eggs of all the foule and birds he could
+procure. . . .&nbsp; He led me to see all <a
+name="page126"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 126</span>the
+remarkable places of this ancient citty being one of the largest,
+and certainly, after London, one of the noblest of England, for
+its venerable Cathedrall, number of stately churches, cleanesse
+of the streetes, and buildings of flints, so exquisitely headed
+and squared, as I was much astonished at. . . .&nbsp; The Castle
+is an antique extent of ground, which now they call Marsfield,
+and would have been a fitting area to have placed the ducal
+palace on.&nbsp; The suburbs are large, the prospects sweete,
+with other amenities, not omitting the flower gardens, in which
+all the inhabitants excel.&nbsp; The fabric of stuffs brings a
+vast trade to this populous towne.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Sir Thomas Browne was, as is evident from even a cursory study
+of his works, a great student.&nbsp; He understood most of the
+European languages, Latin and Greek critically, and a little
+Hebrew, and it is quite certain that he must have studied
+carefully, not only the Christian Scriptures, but also the works
+of many of the ancient fathers of the Christian Church.&nbsp; His
+memory of what he had read must have been prodigious.&nbsp; But
+though he was so learned a man, a traveller, a student of
+languages, a naturalist, a medical practitioner, and in many
+respects doubtless ahead of his time, yet a sad blot exists upon
+his generally great character, and scientific acumen.&nbsp; I
+allude to the evidence which he gave at Bury St. Edmund&rsquo;s,
+in 1664, at the trial before Lord Chief Baron Hale, of two women
+for witchcraft.&nbsp; Sir Thomas appears to have been a firm
+believer in witches and witchcraft, and the declaration which he
+made to this effect &ldquo;was thought to have had no small
+influence in occasioning the condemnation of the wretched
+victims, whose execution was one of the latest instances of the
+kind by which the English annals are disgraced.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>After his death his widow resided in his house until her <a
+name="page127"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+127</span>death.&nbsp; Then it was occupied by Dr. Howman, who
+presented the portrait of the knight to St. Peter&rsquo;s
+Mancroft.&nbsp; A large portion of his letters and manuscripts
+passed into the hands of Sir Hans Sloane, and are now in our
+National Library at the British Museum.</p>
+<p>During this present century the house has been dismantled and
+converted to its new purposes, and its fittings dispersed.&nbsp;
+A handsome carved mantel-piece, removed from one of the rooms by
+the builder, is now in the possession of Mr. Henry Birkbeck, of
+Stoke; and the very keys of the house were long treasured as
+relics by the late Mr. Barker, of Thorpe Hamlet.</p>
+<p>But I must not dwell longer upon his personality and personal
+history, interesting though they be, in the light of his being a
+Norwich man, and the most famous of Norwich authors.&nbsp; If you
+wish to know more of his biography, you will find it all
+excellently given in the memoir of him written by Dr. Samuel
+Johnson, and which, together with a supplemental memoir by Simon
+Wilkin, is prefaced to the edition of his works in three volumes,
+published by Bohn in 1852, and edited by Wilkin.</p>
+<p>We must next consider to what Sir Thomas Browne owes his great
+literary fame, and upon what his claims rest for being one of
+this city&rsquo;s most eminent citizens.</p>
+<p>Sir Thomas Browne was a very voluminous writer, and he touched
+a great variety of subjects.&nbsp; The greatest of his works, the
+one which was published soon after his settling in Norwich, was
+undoubtedly that to which he gave the name of &ldquo;<i>Religio
+Medici</i>&rdquo;&mdash;the religion of a physician; implying
+thereby, not &ldquo;that physicians have a religion to
+themselves, but that physicians have religion as well as other
+men.&rdquo;&nbsp; It immediately attracted the attention of the
+most learned in the land, and it is certainly the production upon
+which his literary fame most largely <a name="page128"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 128</span>depends.&nbsp; It is quaintly
+written, full of odd phrases, original thoughts, and
+peculiarities of diction, but equally full of fine sentiments and
+expressions of confident religious faith.&nbsp; It is a work
+often so quaint in its diction, so stilted in its modes of
+expression (as indeed was common in those days), and so
+interlarded with specialized or new-coined words, that it is
+somewhat difficult to read and understand.&nbsp; But its high
+qualities and beauties are so great that it richly repays the
+trouble of mastering its style; and I venture to assert that the
+greatness of its sentiments and thoughts grows upon one by
+perusal, and that the oftener it is read the more greatly will it
+be appreciated.</p>
+<p>To show what was thought of it from the first, it had, by the
+year 1736, passed through fourteen editions, and had also been
+translated into Latin, French, Dutch and German.</p>
+<p>Now let me briefly quote a few passages from this
+&ldquo;<i>Religio Medici</i>,&rdquo; to show the views and
+opinions upon the Christian religion which are therein set
+forth.</p>
+<p>First, Sir T. Browne says, &ldquo;I dare without usurpation
+assume the honourable style of a Christian, not that I merely owe
+this title to the font, or any education . . . but that having in
+my riper years and confirmed judgement, seen and examined all, I
+find myself obliged by the principles of grace, and the law of
+mine own reason, to embrace no other name but this.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Again, whilst professing himself a member of the reformed
+faith, he shows the great charity of his mind by saying &ldquo;I
+could never divide myself from any man upon the difference of an
+opinion, or be angry with his judgement for not agreeing with me
+in that from which perhaps within a few days I should dissent
+myself.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>And speaking of Death, he says &ldquo;I hold the same conceit
+(of the soul) that we all do of the body, that it <a
+name="page129"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 129</span>should rise
+again,&rdquo; and in all humility he adds &ldquo;so that I might
+enjoy my Saviour at the last, I could with patience be nothing
+almost unto eternity.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>As for the many difficulties and mysteries of our religion, he
+expresses an almost blind faith in all that is written.&nbsp; He
+writes &ldquo;I desire to exercise my faith in the difficultest
+point: for to credit ordinary and visible objects, is not faith,
+but pursuasion;&rdquo; again, he craves by faith &ldquo;that
+greater blessing pronounced to all that believe and saw
+not,&rdquo; adding &ldquo;God hath not made a creature that can
+comprehend him; &rsquo;tis a privilege of his own nature.&nbsp;
+&lsquo;<i>I am</i>, <i>that I am</i>,&rsquo; was his own
+definition unto Moses; and &rsquo;twas a short one to confound
+mortality, that durst question God, or ask him what he
+was.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Speaking of natural, as a confirmation of revealed religion,
+he says &ldquo;there are two books from whence I collect my
+divinity.&nbsp; Besides that written one of God, another of his
+servant nature, that universal and publick manuscript, that lies
+expansed unto the eyes of all.&rdquo; . . .&nbsp; &ldquo;Nor do I
+so forget God as to adore the name of nature, which I define not,
+with the schools, to be the principle of motion and rest, but
+that straight and regular line, that settled and constant course
+the wisdom of God hath ordained the actions of his creatures,
+according to their several kinds.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>And as a comfort to the comparatively weak, he says, in
+speaking of Christian martyrs, &ldquo;&rsquo;Tis not in the power
+of every honest faith to proceed thus far, or to pass to Heaven
+through the flames. . . .&nbsp; Yet men may, notwithstanding, in
+a peaceful way, truly adore their Saviour, and have, no doubt, a
+faith acceptable in the eyes of God.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>These extracts are quite sufficient to show you the tone in
+which this great work was written; and to disprove the <a
+name="page130"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 130</span>allegation
+made by some against Browne of having written an Atheistical
+book.&nbsp; It is remarkable that it was placed by the Roman
+Church in the <i>Index Expurgatorius</i>.</p>
+<p>Sir Thomas Browne wrote yet another religious or
+semi-religious book, which was entitled &ldquo;<i>Christian
+Morals</i>.&rdquo;&nbsp; It is very different in style from the
+one just mentioned, and the manner is more that of proverbs or
+aphorisms.</p>
+<p>He commences by saying &ldquo;Tread softly and circumspectly
+in this . . . narrow path of goodness; pursue virtue virtuously;
+leaven not good actions, nor render virtue
+disputable.&rdquo;&nbsp; Again, &ldquo;In this virtuous voyage of
+thy life . . . let not disappointment cause despondency, nor
+difficulty despair.&rdquo;&nbsp; &ldquo;Rest not in an ovation,
+but a triumph over thy passions.&nbsp; Let anger walk hanging
+down the head; let malice go manacled, and envy fettered after
+thee.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Be charitable before wealth make thee covetous, and
+lose not the glory of the mite.&nbsp; If riches increase, let thy
+mind hold pace with them, and think it not enough to be liberal,
+but munificent.&nbsp; Though a cup of cold water may not be
+without its reward, yet stick not thou for wine and oil for the
+wounds of the distressed.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Let not the law of thy country be the <i>non ultra</i>
+of thy honesty. . . .&nbsp; Join Gospel righteousness with legal
+right.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Let not the sun go down upon thy wrath, but write thy
+wrongs in ashes.&nbsp; Draw the curtain of night upon injuries,
+shut them up in the tower of oblivion, and let them be as though
+they had not been.&nbsp; To forgive our enemies, yet hope that
+God will punish them, is not to forgive enough.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Think not that always good which thou thinkest thou can
+always make good, nor that concealed which <a
+name="page131"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 131</span>the sun
+doth not behold.&nbsp; There is no darkness unto conscience;
+which can see without light, and in the deepest obscurity give a
+clear draught of things, which the cloud of dissimulation hath
+concealed from all eyes.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>As final quotations from &ldquo;<i>Christian Morals</i>&rdquo;
+let me give these sentences, &ldquo;Bright thoughts, clear deeds,
+constancy, fidelity, bounty, and generous honesty, are the gems
+of noble minds,&rdquo;&mdash;and</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Live happy in the Elysium of a virtuously composed
+mind. . . .&nbsp; Tranquility is better than jollity, and to
+appease pain than to invent pleasure. . . .&nbsp; Forget not the
+capital end, and frustrate not the opportunity of once living. .
+. .&nbsp; Think every day the last, and live always beyond thy
+account.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>I want neither to tire you, nor to read you a sermon at
+second-hand.&nbsp; So having now shown you the religious side of
+Browne&rsquo;s character, let me give you some idea of his
+learning and acquirements and general industry.</p>
+<p>In his grand treatise on <i>Hydriotaphia</i> or
+<i>Urn-burial</i>, which he wrote consequent upon the discovery
+of some ancient sepulchral urns at Old Walsingham, in Norfolk, he
+exemplifies the great stores of knowledge which by his reading
+and memory he had accumulated.&nbsp; He quaintly prefaces this
+treatise by saying, &ldquo;Who knows the fate of his bones, or
+how often he is to be buried?&nbsp; Who hath the oracle of his
+ashes, or whither they are to be scattered?&rdquo;&nbsp; And then
+he goes on to describe the various modes of disposal of the dead
+in various ages, and among different nations.&nbsp; For instance,
+he says that &ldquo;Carnal interment or burying was of the elder
+date,&rdquo; as shown by the older examples of Abraham <a
+name="page132"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 132</span>and the
+Patriarchs.&nbsp; &ldquo;But the practice of burning was also of
+great antiquity, and of no slender extent.&rdquo;&nbsp; And he
+illustrates this by the Grecian funerals of Homer; the funeral
+pyre of Hector; and by early records of the practice in various
+countries of Asia, in Rome itself, and in different countries of
+both Europe and Africa.</p>
+<p>Touching the various modes of disposal of the dead, he says,
+&ldquo;The Indian Brachmans thought it the noblest way to end
+their days in fire.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The Chaldeans abhorred fire.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The Egyptians objected to the merciless consuming of
+their bodies by fire, but preserved them, by precious embalments,
+depositure in dry earths, or handsome enclosure in glasses.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The Scythians, who swore by wind and sword, declined
+all interment, and made their graves in the air.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The Icthyophagi, or fish-eating nations about Egypt,
+affected the sea for their grave.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The Chinese, without cremation of their bodies, made
+use of trees, and much burning, while they plant a pine tree by
+their grave.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The Jews usually buried their dead, but occasionally
+admitted cremation, as when Jabesh burnt the body of Saul, and as
+was their practice in times of pestilence.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;The Christians have preferred the practice of the
+Patriarchs, returning their bodies, not to ashes, but to
+dust.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>He then goes on to discuss the various customs in this respect
+of the successive inhabitants of England; and he concludes his
+learned and interesting treatise by saying, as to the hopes of
+Christians, and the comparative unimportance of the mode of
+sepulture, <a name="page133"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+133</span>&ldquo;To subsist in lasting monuments, to live in
+their productions, . . . was large satisfaction unto old
+expectations.&nbsp; But all this is nothing in the metaphysicks
+of true belief.&nbsp; To live indeed is to be again ourselves,
+which being not only a hope, but an evidence in noble believers,
+&rsquo;tis all one to lie in St. Innocents&rsquo; Churchyard, or
+in the sands of Egypt.&nbsp; Ready to be anything, in the ecstasy
+of being ever, and as content with six foot (of earth) as the
+<i>Moles</i> of Adrianus.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>But I must hurry on, and next very briefly call your attention
+to another of his great works, that which he styled
+<i>Pseudodoxia Epidemica</i>, or &ldquo;Enquiries into many
+received tenets and presumed truths, which, examined, prove but
+vulgar and common errors.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>These &ldquo;errors,&rdquo; which he treats of in papers or
+treatises of various lengths, are very numerous, and for even a
+cursory knowledge of them I must refer you to the book
+itself.</p>
+<p>To give you an idea of the subjects, I will only mention a few
+of the titles of the errors which he proceeds to
+refute:&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p>That crystal is nothing else but ice strongly
+congealed,<br />
+That an elephant hath no joints,<br />
+That a pigeon hath no gall,<br />
+Of the Ph&oelig;nix,<br />
+Of the Basilisk,<br />
+That a Salamander lives in the fire,<br />
+That an ostrich digesteth iron.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Or, to take another class of subjects&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p>That snails have no eyes,<br />
+Of the picture of Moses with horns,<br />
+That the forbidden fruit was an apple,</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>and so forth.</p>
+<p><a name="page134"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 134</span>But
+though his tracts on these &ldquo;vulgar errors&rdquo; may, in
+many instances&mdash;and looked at by the light of our present
+knowledge (and we must never forget the immense difference in the
+scientific knowledge of the seventeenth and nineteenth
+centuries)&mdash;appear not only quaint, but almost trivial, yet
+even where the conclusion to the question discussed may appear to
+be self-evident, and the reasoning thrown away, we often see an
+amount of learning and research displayed which strikes us as
+quite remarkable.&nbsp; For example, in discussing the
+&ldquo;vulgar error,&rdquo; <i>that the ostrich digesteth
+iron</i>, he quotes the following writers in reference to
+it:&mdash;Rhodiginus, Johannes Langius, Aristotle, Oppianus,
+Pliny, &OElig;lian, Leo Africanus, Fernelius, Riolanus, Albertus
+Magnus, and Ulysses Aldrovandus&mdash;a list which may well make
+us stand astonished at the extent of his studies, and cause us to
+say of him, even in such small matters, &ldquo;<i>Nihil tetigit
+quod non ornavit</i>.&rdquo;&nbsp; It is almost needless to add
+that in this case Sir Thomas arrived at the common-sense
+conclusion that although ostriches may swallow iron they do not
+digest it.</p>
+<p>His greatest works were undoubtedly those which I have already
+mentioned.&nbsp; But he wrote also a very noted book, entitled
+the <i>Garden of Cyrus</i>, in which he discussed learnedly, and
+often fancifully, numerous questions connected with the vegetable
+world.&nbsp; He reviewed the practice of Horticulture, and the
+arrangements of gardens even from the first garden
+mentioned&mdash;that of Eden in Paradise.&nbsp; He makes
+reference to the hanging gardens of Babylon; the classical
+gardens of the Hesperides and of Alcinous; and to the gardens and
+orchards, with their pools of water, of King Solomon.&nbsp; And
+he discusses the various forms <a name="page135"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 135</span>in which ancient gardens were
+presumably laid out&mdash;dwelling largely upon the quincuncial
+<a name="citation135a"></a><a href="#footnote135a"
+class="citation">[135a]</a> arrangements probably adopted.&nbsp;
+The whole book teems also with allusions, showing his minute
+acquaintance with vegetable phenomena.</p>
+<p>As to King Cyrus, he says, &ldquo;All stories do look upon
+Cyrus as the splendid and regular planter.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Sir Thomas Browne also wrote <i>Some account of the tombs and
+monuments in the Cathedral Church of Norwich</i>; and many papers
+on the birds, and fishes, and vegetable life of Norfolk and other
+parts. <a name="citation135b"></a><a href="#footnote135b"
+class="citation">[135b]</a>&nbsp; But I should indeed weary you,
+were I merely to enumerate to you the bare titles of the long
+list of tracts and papers which his fertile brain produced.</p>
+<p>Amongst his <i>Letters</i>, those to his sons, which will be
+found in Wilkin&rsquo;s Edition of his works, are worthy of
+mention as illustrating the special bent of his mind, his wide
+range of thought, the peculiarity of his advice, and the strength
+of his family attachments.</p>
+<p>The stilted and complimentary, as well as roundabout,
+epistolary style of those days is well known.&nbsp; Thus, in
+writing to Mr. Evelyn, he begins: &ldquo;Worthy Sir,&mdash;In
+obedience unto the commands of my noble friend, Mr. Paston, and
+the respects I owe unto so worthy a person as yourself,&rdquo; or
+again, addressing Dr. Merritt, he commences: &ldquo;Most honoured
+Sir,&mdash;I take the boldness to salute you as a person of
+singular worth and learning, and whom I very much respect <a
+name="page136"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 136</span>and
+honour,&rdquo; or again, &ldquo;Honoured Sir,&mdash;I am sorry
+that I have had diversions of such necessity, as to hinder my
+more sudden salute since I received your last.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>To his sons he writes many letters.&nbsp; In these he
+addresses his eldest son Edward as &ldquo;Dear Sonne,&rdquo; or
+&ldquo;Dear Sonne Edward;&rdquo; but those to his younger son
+Thomas, always commenced &ldquo;Honest Tom&rdquo; or
+&ldquo;Tom&rdquo; only.</p>
+<p>Much of his advice to &ldquo;Honest Tom&rdquo; is peculiar
+although essentially sound and practical.&nbsp; Thus he advises
+him, when a young man in France, in this fashion: &ldquo;I would
+be glad you had a good handsome garb of your body, . . . and take
+up a commendable boldness, without which you will never be fit
+for anything.&rdquo;&nbsp; &ldquo;Live soberly and temperately,
+the heat of the place (Xaintes) will otherwise mischief you, and
+keep within in the heat of the day.&rdquo;&nbsp; &ldquo;You may
+stay your stomach with little pastrys some times in cold
+mornings, for I doubt sea larks will be too dear a collation and
+drawe too much wine down.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Again, later on, he writes: &ldquo;Bee sober and
+complacent.&nbsp; If you quit periwigs it would be better, and
+more for your credit.&rdquo;&nbsp; &ldquo;Hee that goes to warre
+must patiently submit unto the various accidents
+thereof.&rdquo;&nbsp; And that this &ldquo;Honest Tom&rdquo; was
+a worthy son and a fine English sailor we learn from a passage in
+another letter to him at a latter period, when a lieutenant of
+his Majesty&rsquo;s ship the &ldquo;Marie Rose.&rdquo;&nbsp; He
+writes to his son: &ldquo;Mr. Scudamore, your sober and learned
+chaplaine, in your voyage with Sir Jeremie Smith, gives you no
+small commendations for a sober, studious, courageous, and
+diligent person; that he had not met with any of the fleet like
+you, so civile, observing, and diligent to <a
+name="page137"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 137</span>your
+charge, with the reputation and love of all the shippe; and that
+without doubt you would make a famous man and a reputation to
+your country.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>We can only regret that this promising son did not live to
+fulfil the high expectations formed of him.</p>
+<p>Finally reference may be made to a <i>Letter</i>, because
+stated to have been previously unpublished, which may be found in
+the &ldquo;Eastern Counties Collectanea,&rdquo; in which he
+exhaustively discusses the nature of <i>a large fish-bone</i> dug
+up at Cunnington, and which had been sent to him for his opinion
+upon it.</p>
+<p>To sum up&mdash;Sir Kenelm Digby writes to Sir T. Browne, of
+the <i>Religio Medici</i> as &ldquo;Your excellent piece, . . .
+of so weighty subjects, and so strongly penned.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Dr. Johnson says of him &ldquo;There is no science of which he
+does not discover some skill; and scarce any kind of knowledge
+profane or sacred, obstruse or elegant, which he does not appear
+to have cultivated with success.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Carlyle says &ldquo;The conclusion of the essay on urn burial
+is absolutely beautiful; a still elegiac mood, so soft, so solemn
+and tender, like the song of some departed saint flitting faint
+under the everlasting canopy of night&mdash;an echo of deepest
+meaning from the great and mighty nations of the dead.&nbsp;
+Browne must have been a good man.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Evelyn, as I have already quoted, writes of him as &ldquo;That
+famous scholar and physician.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>And to come nearer home, the late Captain Blakiston, in a
+paper read before the Arch&aelig;ological Institute, in Norwich,
+in 1847, writes of him as a &ldquo;Great Antiquarian and eminent
+citizen; . . . a quaint and original thinker;&rdquo; and as
+&ldquo;Leaving behind him a shining reputation.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>By general consent Sir Thomas Browne was recognised, <a
+name="page138"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 138</span>not only as
+a &ldquo;curious thinker,&rdquo; but as a man of remarkable and
+original talent even in his lifetime, and the same reputation
+continued after his death.&nbsp; His works have always been
+regarded as those of a strong and original thinker, and they have
+never been held in higher estimation than at the present
+time.&nbsp; And I think I may fairly repeat that the more his
+writings are studied the more does their learning and power
+impress itself upon our understanding.&nbsp; With many faults,
+with many shortcomings&mdash;as judged by the standard of the
+present day&mdash;they yet remain the monument of genius, and
+worthy to be classed amongst the highest productions of great and
+cultivated intellects.</p>
+<p>Norwich may be well proud of so great a citizen&mdash;of one
+whose memory is held in higher and yet higher esteem, and who is
+justly regarded as one of the greatest of her literary men.</p>
+<p>Perhaps the only drawback to our satisfaction is the fact that
+he was not a native of Norwich.&nbsp; And in this sense we cannot
+claim him as our own, as we are proud to claim so many of our
+citizens, who have distinguished themselves in literature, in
+science, in botany, in departments of natural history, in
+medicine, and in painting.&nbsp; But Norwich can look upon him
+with pride as an adopted son, as one who elected to live the
+whole of his working life in this city; and who identified
+himself so absolutely with it, that his name is inseparable from
+it, and who will be known for all time as Sir Thomas Browne, of
+Norwich.</p>
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p><span class="smcap">Addendum</span>.&mdash;On October 19th,
+1905, the admirable statue by Mr. Henry Pegram of Sir Thomas
+Browne, erected in the Norwich Haymarket, was unveiled by Lord
+Avebury, in the presence of the Mayor and other city officials
+and of a numerous company.&nbsp; This date was the tercentenary
+of the birth of this great philosopher, and he was both born and
+died on the 19th October.</p>
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page140"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 140</span><span class="smcap">Jarrold &amp;
+Sons</span>, <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Printers</span>.<br />
+<span class="smcap">The Empire Press</span>, <span
+class="smcap">Norwich</span>.</p>
+<h2>NOTES.</h2>
+<p><a name="footnote16"></a><a href="#citation16"
+class="footnote">[16]</a>&nbsp; 1908.&nbsp; For the last five or
+six years I have practically been an abstainer, and my health has
+greatly improved in consequence.&nbsp; I am now eighty-three
+years of age.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote29"></a><a href="#citation29"
+class="footnote">[29]</a>&nbsp; Read September 28th, 1886, and
+reprinted from the &ldquo;Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich
+Naturalists&rsquo; Society,&rdquo; Vol. iv.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote33"></a><a href="#citation33"
+class="footnote">[33]</a>&nbsp; It is noticeable how they both do
+the same thing, in a precisely similar way, at the same time, and
+this applies even to the attitudes they assume.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote36"></a><a href="#citation36"
+class="footnote">[36]</a>&nbsp; April, 1887.&nbsp; They have just
+been again weighed, after their winter&rsquo;s hybernation; and
+their weight now is, respectively, 2 lbs. 7&frac12; ozs. and 2
+lbs. 2&frac12; ozs.&nbsp; Thus each of them has lost 2&frac12;
+ozs. in the seven months of quietude.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote38"></a><a href="#citation38"
+class="footnote">[38]</a>&nbsp; Read November 29th, 1892, and
+reprinted from the &ldquo;Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich
+Naturalists&rsquo; Society,&rdquo; Vol. v.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote44"></a><a href="#citation44"
+class="footnote">[44]</a>&nbsp; Read before the Norfolk and
+Norwich Naturalists&rsquo; Society, February 22nd, 1887, and
+reprinted from Vol. iv. of the Society&rsquo;s
+&ldquo;Transactions.&rdquo;</p>
+<p><a name="footnote53"></a><a href="#citation53"
+class="footnote">[53]</a>&nbsp; Read before the Norfolk and
+Norwich Naturalists&rsquo; Society, January 30th, 1900, and
+reprinted from Vol. vii. of the Society&rsquo;s
+&ldquo;Transactions.&rdquo;</p>
+<p><a name="footnote57"></a><a href="#citation57"
+class="footnote">[57]</a>&nbsp; A further photographic view of
+this grand tree is given in the second edition of this book,
+published in 1906: but before this time the tree had been topped
+and shorn, and had lost the grandeur and beauty which had made it
+so remarkable.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote72"></a><a href="#citation72"
+class="footnote">[72]</a>&nbsp; Read by the President, to the
+Members of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists&rsquo; Society, at
+their Eighteenth Annual Meeting, held at the Norfolk and Norwich
+Museum, March 29th, 1887.&mdash;Reprinted from Volume iv. of the
+Society&rsquo;s &ldquo;Transactions.&rdquo;</p>
+<p><a name="footnote80"></a><a href="#citation80"
+class="footnote">[80]</a>&nbsp; It is now known that the nodules
+found upon certain growing plants are caused by germ growth, with
+the production of Nitrates and thereby a fertilization of the
+soil.&nbsp; And it is worth noting that at the present time
+(1908) it is being endeavoured to utilise this knowledge of
+aerial nitrification by certain plants, by artificially applying
+a liquid preparation of the germs which are the active agents in
+the process to the seeds of these plants or to the growing
+crops.&nbsp; The results of such applications, so far, are
+alleged to be effective and commercially advantageous.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote88"></a><a href="#citation88"
+class="footnote">[88]</a>&nbsp; This grand Castle Museum was
+opened by their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of York
+(now Prince and Princess of Wales) on October 23rd, 1894; and
+this Society&rsquo;s meetings are now held in it.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote90a"></a><a href="#citation90a"
+class="footnote">[90a]</a>&nbsp; A Paper read at the Church in
+May, 1891, before the Norwich Arch&aelig;ological Society.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote90b"></a><a href="#citation90b"
+class="footnote">[90b]</a>&nbsp; Kirkpatrick&rsquo;s Streets and
+Lanes of Norwich.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote97a"></a><a href="#citation97a"
+class="footnote">[97a]</a>&nbsp; Described by Mr. Manning in Vol.
+x. of Arch&aelig;ological Society&rsquo;s
+&ldquo;Transactions.&rdquo;</p>
+<p><a name="footnote97b"></a><a href="#citation97b"
+class="footnote">[97b]</a>&nbsp; The large East Window of the
+Chancel has recently been filled with a handsome design of
+stained glass, by Clayton and Bell, of London, and presented by
+the Author.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote99"></a><a href="#citation99"
+class="footnote">[99]</a>&nbsp; Read before the &ldquo;Literary
+and Debating Class&rdquo; of the Church of England Young
+Men&rsquo;s Society, on March 7th, 1906.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote101"></a><a href="#citation101"
+class="footnote">[101]</a>&nbsp; Mr. T. West Carnie, in a little
+volume entitled, &ldquo;In Quaint East Anglia,&rdquo; speaking of
+Norwich by night, says, &ldquo;If Norwich is beautiful by day,
+with the August sun kissing its red roofs, it is as lovely by
+night under the beams of the harvest moon.&rdquo;&nbsp;
+&ldquo;Under the moonbeams Norwich makes a pretty picture from
+whichever point it is viewed; and the effects in some of the
+narrow streets are very wonderful.&nbsp; I mind me of one special
+&lsquo;set,&rsquo; if I may so call it, namely that in which,
+from St. Giles&rsquo;s lower end, the street entirely in shadow,
+you look out westward upon the lofty church tower sheeted in
+moonlight against a clear sky.&rdquo;</p>
+<p><a name="footnote106"></a><a href="#citation106"
+class="footnote">[106]</a>&nbsp; The writer of this paper.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote108"></a><a href="#citation108"
+class="footnote">[108]</a>&nbsp; Further, it may be noted, that
+my clock is a striking clock, and as such is of considerable
+value to the large body of workers who live within sound of the
+bell, and who have to begin or return to their employments at
+fixed times.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote113"></a><a href="#citation113"
+class="footnote">[113]</a>&nbsp; A very handsome and illustrated
+volume on the history of this Bethel Hospital, by the late Sir
+Frederic Bateman and Mr. Walter Rye, has recently (in 1906) been
+published.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote117"></a><a href="#citation117"
+class="footnote">[117]</a>&nbsp; Those who have read Mr.
+Hooper&rsquo;s and Mr. B. Prior&rsquo;s admirable souvenir of the
+Nelson Centenary, so recently published, will remember how it is
+there stated that this statue was at first placed in St.
+Andrew&rsquo;s Hall; then after a year or two was located in the
+Market Place, near the Guildhall; and then in 1856 was removed to
+its present position in the Upper Close.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote121"></a><a href="#citation121"
+class="footnote">[121]</a>&nbsp; Reprinted from the
+Society&rsquo;s Journal.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote123"></a><a href="#citation123"
+class="footnote">[123]</a>&nbsp; This Portrait was reclaimed by
+and returned to the Churchwardens of St. Peter&rsquo;s in
+1900.</p>
+<p><a name="footnote135a"></a><a href="#citation135a"
+class="footnote">[135a]</a>&nbsp; Quincunx&mdash;a square with a
+central object, as of five trees arranged thus&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;x&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+x</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;x</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;x&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+x</p>
+<p><a name="footnote135b"></a><a href="#citation135b"
+class="footnote">[135b]</a>&nbsp; Since the above was written, an
+admirable volume has been published by Mr. T. Southwell, upon
+Browne&rsquo;s &ldquo;Notes on the Natural History of
+Norfolk.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ADDRESSES &amp; PAPERS / COLLECTANEA***</p>
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