diff options
Diffstat (limited to '36746-8.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 36746-8.txt | 4278 |
1 files changed, 4278 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/36746-8.txt b/36746-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe8e894 --- /dev/null +++ b/36746-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4278 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Mountains of Oregon, by William Gladstone Steel + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mountains of Oregon + +Author: William Gladstone Steel + +Release Date: July 16, 2011 [EBook #36746] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MOUNTAINS OF OREGON *** + + + + +Produced by Pat McCoy, Greg Bergquist and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + +TRANSCRIBER NOTES: + + Italic type is indicated by the use of underscores (_). + Other changes are noted at the end of the text. + + + +[Illustration: + + C. F. ADAMS. + O. C. YOCUM. + J. M. KEENE. + C. H. GOVE. + N. W. DURHAM. + W. G. STEEL. + J. M. BRECK, Jr. ] + + + + + THE + + MOUNTAINS + + OF OREGON + + BY + + W. G. STEEL, + + Fellow of the American Geographical Society. + + + PORTLAND, OREGON: + DAVID STEEL, SUCCESSOR TO HIMES THE PRINTER, + 169-1/2 Second Street. + + 1890. + + + + + COPYRIGHT, 1889, BY W. G. STEEL. + + + + + PREFACE. + + +This little volume has not been written with the expectation of +accomplishing a mission, or even attracting general attention, but +simply to put into permanent form a small portion of information that is +constantly appearing in newspaper articles. Such information usually +comes from abler pens than mine, but it is all the more pity that it is +not in proper shape for future use. If it amuses, entertains or +instructs those who peruse it, its aim will be accomplished, and its +author satisfied. + +There is, however, a word of explanation due for the manner in which it +is arranged. It was not begun with the intention of publishing a book, +but in response to numerous requests received for descriptions of Crater +Lake and Mt. Hood. As it was impossible at the time to answer them +satisfactorily, it was decided to print a letter on each subject, and +issue as a small pamphlet. Before this was accomplished the discovery +was made that the space allotted was entirely inadequate, so, acting on +the advice of friends, this form was adopted; too late, however, to +prevent the present arrangement. + + W. G. S. + + + + + CONTENTS. + + + + + PAGE + + Crater Lake 12 + + Exploration Department, Oregon Alpine Club 73 + + Game Protective Department, Oregon Alpine Club 77 + + Illumination of Mount Hood 3 + + Josephine County Caves 34 + + Mount Rainier 55 + + Night on the Summit of Mount Rainier 43 + + Oregon Alpine Club 67 + + Oregon Alpine Club, Constitution 69 + + Oregon Bibliography 85 + + Our Mountains in War 40 + + Photographic Department, Oregon Alpine Club 79 + + Preface 1 + + Presidents of the Oregon Alpine Club 82 + + Statement of Rev. Peter Stanup 57 + + Thoughts on the name Tacoma 59 + + Topical Index 109 + + What They Signify 52 + + + + + ILLUMINATION OF MOUNT HOOD. + + +Mount Hood is located in the Cascade range in Oregon, twenty-five miles +south of the Columbia river. It is about twelve thousand feet high, and +is visible over a large part of the State. Above an elevation of five +thousand feet it is covered with perpetual snow. It stands sixty miles +east of Portland, a monument of beauty, and the pride of Oregon. In the +spring of 1885 the idea originated of illuminating it with red fire. An +effort was made to carry this into effect on the following 4th of July, +but failed for the reason that, instead of staying with it over night, a +system of clock work and acids was devised, which was perfectly willing +to do the work assigned, but an ugly avalanche came along at four +o'clock in the afternoon, broke the bottles of acid and set the whole +thing ablaze. In 1887, the Celebration Committee of Portland, decided to +make the trial, and placed the matter in charge of the writer, who was +accompanied by N. W. Durham, correspondent of the _Oregonian_, O. C. +Yocum, photographer, Dr. J. M. Keene, J. M. Breck, Jr., C. H. Gove and +Chas. F. Adams. More agreeable, determined and competent associates I +never met. Breck was a cripple, finding it necessary at all times to +walk with a crutch, yet, a better mountain climber is hard to find. + +Everything being placed in readiness, we left Portland at 6 o'clock A.M., +Friday July 1st, and reached Government Camp at 5 o'clock in the +afternoon of the second. From this point, the mountain rises to the +north in all its beauty and grandeur, with timber line apparently within +a few rods, instead of four miles, the actual distance. Here the wagons +were left, and two horses were packed with blankets and provisions, and +our journey was resumed as soon as possible. It was necessary to cross +two small streams, over both of which the bridges had fallen, so we were +compelled to carry logs and fill in until it was possible to get the +horses over. About nine o'clock, finding that we could not reach timber +line, it was decided to camp on some friendly rocks near at hand. Here +we found the trees thickly covered with a long, dry moss, which afforded +excitement for the evening, for, no sooner had the inner man's longings +been supplied, than lighted matches were applied to the moss, which +blazed furiously until it died out in the distance, simply for the want +of material. The scene, while it lasted, was indeed brilliant, and +accompanied by a roar that seemed but the echo of thunder. Already +exhausted, after three hours plodding through snow knee deep, we sank to +rest and slept soundly until four o'clock. At five we were on our way, +somewhat surprised to see that the snow remained as soft as on the +evening before. In addition to the difficulty of sinking each step +nearly to our knees, each man was loaded with fifty pounds of blankets, +provisions or red fire, while three tugged savagely at a heavily loaded +toboggan. At noon we lunched at timber line. It was hardly a sumptuous +repast, but answered every requirement, there being canned Boston brown +bread and beef tea, mixed with snow and seasoned with smoke. Not a +dainty dish, to be sure, but "the best the market afforded." After lunch +we dragged our weary way along, among other difficulties encountering a +bitter cold wind, blowing directly from the summit with fearful +velocity. Slower and slower we moved, until three o'clock, when two men +fell in their tracks utterly exhausted. Here was a "pretty kettle of +fish." Barely seven thousand feet up, with five thousand feet more +above, and only one day in which to climb. It was finally decided to +make camp on the nearest rocks, abandon all idea of reaching the summit, +then, on the day following, find the best place possible for the +illumination. Two thousand feet above timber line we camped on rocks, +over which the cold wind swept, penetrating to the very marrow. Of +course it was impossible to have a fire, and at night it was necessary +to pile large stones on our blankets to keep them from sailing down the +mountain. Hats and a few other things were anchored in like manner. + +The "Glorious Fourth" was ushered in, clear and cold, while a patriot in +the party, not to be outdone by Uncle Sam, saluted the rising sun with a +deafening round of fire cracker artillery. At five o'clock we started on +our upward march. Every thing was left behind except one hundred pounds +of red fire, three overcoats and a few crackers. At 11:30 A.M., bare +rocks were found to the west of the summit, in what was considered a +good location, and at an altitude of about ten thousand feet. Here our +burdens were cast at the foot of the cliff, and all hands, except Keene +and myself, returned to Government Camp. By noon the wind had died down +entirely, and the day became very pleasant. While waiting at this lonely +station for the appointed hour of illumination, a panorama was spread +before us, of a scope and magnificence that cannot be appropriately +described, but must be seen to be appreciated. Yes, and it remains for +those who love the beautiful and grand sufficiently to scale mountains, +to toil on day after day, patiently waiting for the time that is sure to +come, when the glorious pages of Nature will be unrolled before them. +Then, + + "It seems by the pain of ascending the height, + We had conquered a claim to that wonderful sight." + +The scene embraces millions of acres of land in Eastern Oregon, +extending from the Cascades to the Blue mountains, a distance of over +one hundred and fifty miles. The entire range of the Cascades lies +before us, showing the foothills of both Eastern and Western Oregon, and +the increase in height toward the center. For miles upon miles to the +south, cross ranges, running from east to west seem piled one upon the +other, and to their tops is added a covering of snow, changing the +solemn, otherwise unbroken, dark green, to a variegated picture, not +only of grandeur, but beauty. To the left of the centre stands +Jefferson, similar to Hood as seen from Portland. Next come the Three +Sisters to the left of Jefferson, while still further stands Snow Butte. +Almost in front of Jefferson is Washington, while to the right +McLaughlin looms up in southern Oregon, two hundred and fifty miles +distant. Changing the view to western Oregon, we see Mary's Peak over +one hundred miles southwest. The Willamette valley can be seen through +its entire extent of many miles, while here and there we catch glimpses +of the river flowing on to the lordly Columbia. Along the western +horizon extends the Coast Range, while in one little spot the mountains +break way and give us a vista of the ocean. In the immediate foreground +lies the base of old Hood, white with snow for five thousand feet below +us. To witness a scene like this many a man would circle the globe;--and +yet, imagine a sunset upon it. At 5:30 P.M. clouds drifted from the +north and hung on the points of the range a mile below. Slowly the sun +sank to rest, while the clouds hovering over the western horizon became +brighter and brighter, until it seemed that the very gates of heaven +were thrown wide open, and over a scene of unrivaled grandeur was spread +another of marvelous magnificence. As if Nature was not even yet +satisfied with such dazzling beauty, suddenly the smoke that had +gathered far below us, shutting out the great Columbia, was drawn aside +and the waters of that river seemed, through the thin smoke remaining, +like a stream of molten gold, visible in an unbroken line, winding from +the mountain to the sea a distance of one hundred and fifty miles. +Then, too, as we looked, just beneath the setting sun, the Pacific ocean +came to view, while the sun was setting in the mouth of the Columbia, +reflecting its ruddy glare in the ocean and river at one and the same +time. To the right could be seen Cape Disappointment, while to the left +Point Adams showed with equal clearness. So closed the day and the night +came on. + +Far above the few clouds that lurked beneath us, threatening the success +of our experiment, the atmosphere was so perfectly clear that we thought +its equal had never been seen. Promptly with the departing day the full +moon arose in all its beauty, changing the day's brilliance to a subdued +halo of glory. About seven o'clock the wind blew furiously, almost +carrying us from the rocks to the snow beneath. Although clad for a land +of wintry blasts, it was necessary to pace back and forth, swinging our +arms and jumping to keep warm. At eight o'clock the wind died down, and +we became comfortable without exercise. Our spirits were low, however, +for it seemed that the entire country was covered with a thick veil of +smoke, and our labor was to be in vain. Suddenly at 9:30 we saw a red +light in the direction of Portland. It was the signal for a complete +revolution in our feelings. We danced for joy. Yes, we screamed and +halloed until we were hoarse. Did all sorts of silly things, for now we +_knew_ our fire would be seen. Following the first light came another, +and still others, and in our mad excitement we took a handful of red +fire and burned it on a rock. "Thereby hangs a tale." + +The members of our party at Government camp were gathered around a +cheerful fire telling bear stories and waiting patiently for the +appointed time, when they were startled by a brilliant light from the +mountain, showing through the trees in front of them. Instantly they +scattered, every member forgetting his companions in a wild scramble for +a good view. In this sudden stampede, one member, who is hard of +hearing, climbed a tree, where he remained until the others began to +assemble. As one of the drivers, a hardy son of Erin, passed the tree +and heard a rustling in the branches, he glanced up, saw a large, dark +object, took it for a bear and gave the alarm. Instantly all hands +gathered around the tree, every one armed with a club, which he swung +like the arms of a windmill, at the same time shouting for some one else +to get a gun. The man up a tree, not understanding why the commotion +should extend so long after the burning of red fire, started to go down, +but, was met with such a lively rain of clubs that he beat a precipitate +retreat. At this point, a gun arrived and every fellow wanted to shoot +the bear. Bruin, at last comprehending the situation, chimed in with: +"You fellows let up with your durned foolishness, will you." + +Soon after the red fire and rockets at Portland were noticed, others +were seen at Prineville, seventy-five miles to the southeast, and also +at Vancouver, W. T. These were watched with the most intense interest, +until the time arrived to make our own novel show. The red fire was +placed in a narrow ridge about ten feet long, and at right angles with +Portland. Holding my watch before me, promptly at 11:30 we applied the +match with the result as shown by the following account in the +_Oregonian_ of the next day: + +"The celebration closed with the illumination of Mount Hood, the +grandest and most unique event of the day. Precisely at 11:30, the time +appointed, just as the fireworks display was over, a bright red light +shone away up in the clouds above the eastern horizon, which was greeted +with cheers from the thousands congregated on the bridge, wharves, +roofs, boats on the river and on the hills back of town, and with +vigorous and long-continued whistling from every steamboat on the river. + +"The mountain had been plainly visible all day, but toward evening a +curtain of mist and smoke shut off the view at the base, and as twilight +fell, the curtain rose higher till at last only the very peak could be +seen, and as night came on, even that disappeared from view. Many gave +up all hope of seeing any sign from the mountain. But many thought that +the obstructions to a view of the summit were very slight, and if the +party had reached the peak, the light from one hundred pounds of red +fire would be able to pierce through them, and so it proved. It lasted +exactly fifty-eight seconds. This was the most novel and the highest +illumination ever made, and was seen the farthest and formed a fitting +close to the celebration of 1887." + +Immediately after the illumination we started down the mountain, +following our previous trail in the snow. Just after midnight, while +lunging through the snow, we suddenly lost our footing and were no +little astonished to find that we had fallen into a crevasse. It proved +narrow and shallow, however, and all things considered, we extricated +ourselves with remarkable celerity and passed on down the mountain side, +only to get lost in the timber below, and wander around until daylight, +when we found camp and soon after were homeward bound. + + + + + CRATER LAKE. + + ONE OF THE WORLD'S GREAT NATURAL WONDERS. + + +A trip to Crater Lake is, to a lover of the grand and beautiful in +nature, an important event, around which will ever cluster memories of +unalloyed happiness, thoughts of little adventures and weird experiences +that go to make life worth living. It is situated in the northwest +portion of Klamath county, Oregon, twenty-two miles west of north of +Fort Klamath, and about eighty miles northeast of Medford, which is the +best point to leave the Oregon & California railroad. The Jacksonville +and Fort Klamath military road passes the lake within three miles, and +the road to the very walls of it is an exceptionally good one for a +mountainous country, while in near proximity may be found remarkably +fine camping grounds. + +The Indians of Southern Oregon have known of it for ages, but until +recently none have seen it, for the reason that a tradition, handed down +from generation to generation, described it as the home of myriads of +sea-devils, or, as they were called, Llaos; and it was considered +certain death for any brave even to look upon it. This superstition +still haunts the Klamaths. While a few of the tribe have visited it, +they do so with a sort of mysterious dread of the consequences. It was +discovered by a party of twelve prospectors on June 12th, 1853, among +whom were J. W. Hillman, George Ross, James Louden, Pat McManus, Isaac +Skeeters and a Mr. Dodd. These had left the main party, and were not +looking for gold, but having run short of provisions, were seeking +wherewithal to stay the gnawing sensations that had seized upon their +stomachs. For a time hunger forsook them, as they stood in silent +amazement upon the cliffs, and drank in the awe of the scene stretched +before them. After partaking of the inspiration fostered by such weird +grandeur, they decided to call it Mysterious, or Deep Blue Lake. It was +subsequently called Lake Majesty, and by being constantly referred to as +a crater lake, it gradually assumed that name, which is within itself so +descriptive. + +At times when gazing from the surrounding wall, the skies and cliffs are +seen perfectly mirrored in the smooth and glassy surface over which the +mountain breeze creates scarce a ripple, and it is with great difficulty +the eye can distinguish the line dividing the cliffs from their +reflected counterfeits. The lake is almost egg-shaped, ranging northeast +by southwest and is seven miles long by six in width. The water's +surface is six thousand two hundred and fifty-one feet above sea level, +and is completely surrounded by cliffs, or walls, from one thousand to +over two thousand feet high, which are scantily covered with coniferous +trees. To the southwest is Wizard Island, eight hundred and forty-five +feet high, circular in shape, and slightly covered with timber. In the +top is a depression, or crater--the Witches' Cauldron--one hundred feet +deep and four hundred and seventy-five feet in diameter. This was +evidently the last smoking chimney of a once mighty volcano. The base of +the island is covered with very heavy and hard rocks, with sharp and +unworn edges, over which scarcely a score of human feet have trod. +Farther up are deep beds of ashes, and light, spongy rocks and cinders, +giving evidence of intense heat. Within the crater, as without, the +surface is entirely covered with volcanic rocks, but here it forms one +of the hottest places on a clear day in August, it has ever been my lot +to witness. Not a breath of air seems to enter, and the hot sun pours +down upon thousands of rocks and stones that reflect his rays with an +intensity that seems to multiply beyond conception. Here, however, we +determined to lunch--and did--but one such experience will last a long +time. Directly north of the island is Llao Rock, a grand old sentinel, +standing boldly out on the west side of the lake and reaching up over +two thousand feet perpendicular. From the top of it you can drop a stone +and it will pass down and grow smaller and smaller, until your head +begins to swim and you see the stone become a mere speck, and fade +entirely from view; and at last, nearly half a mile below, it strikes +the unruffled surface of the water and sinks forever from sight in the +depth of a bottomless lake. + +There is probably no point of interest in America that so completely +overcomes the ordinary Indian with fear as Crater Lake. From time +immemorial, no power has been strong enough to induce him to approach +within sight of it. For a paltry sum he will engage to guide you +thither, but, before you reach the mountain top, will leave you to +proceed alone. To the savage mind it is clothed with a deep veil of +mystery, and is the abode of all manner of demons and unshapely +monsters. Once inhabited by the Great Spirit, it has now become the +sheol of modern times, and it is certain death for any proud savage to +behold it. This feeling has, to a certain extent, instilled itself in +the mind of such whites as have made it their Mecca, until every stray +log that floats upon the water is imagined to possess life, and may +possibly be a monster. Exaggerated accounts of different points have +been given and implicitly believed without a question or reflection. It +has been claimed that the crater was eight hundred feet deep, while by +actual measurement we found it to be scarcely a hundred. The island was +said to be fifteen hundred feet high, but an accurate measurement placed +it at just eight hundred and forty-five feet. + +From Allen Davey, Chief of the Klamath tribe, I gleaned the following in +reference to the discovery of Crater Lake: + + A long time ago, long before the white man appeared in this region + to vex and drive the proud native out, a band of Klamaths, while + out hunting, came suddenly upon the lake and were startled by its + remarkable walls and awed by its majestic proportions. With + spirits subdued and trembling with fear, they silently approached + and gazed upon its face; something within told them the Great + Spirit dwelt there, and they dared not remain, but passed silently + down the side of the mountain and camped far away. By some + unaccountable influence, however, one brave was induced to return. + He went up to the very brink of the precipice and started his camp + fire. Here he laid down to rest; here he slept till morn--slept + till the sun was high in air, then arose and joined his tribe far + down the mountain. At night he came again; again he slept till + morn. Each visit bore a charm that drew him back again. Each night + found him sleeping above the rocks; each night strange voices + arose from the waters; mysterious noises filled the air. At last, + after a great many moons, he climbed down to the lake and there he + bathed and spent the night. Often he climbed down in like manner, + and frequently saw wonderful animals, similar in all respects to a + Klamath Indian, except that they seemed to exist entirely in the + water. He suddenly became hardier and stronger than any Indian of + his tribe because of his many visits to the mysterious waters. + Others then began to seek its influence. Old warriors sent their + sons for strength and courage to meet the conflicts awaiting them. + First, they slept on the rocks above, then ventured to the water's + edge, but last of all they plunged beneath the flood and the + coveted strength was theirs. On one occasion, the brave who first + visited the lake, killed a monster, or fish, and was at once set + upon by untold numbers of excited Llaos (for such they were + called), who carried him to the top of the cliffs, cut his throat + with a stone knife, then tore his body in small pieces, which were + thrown down to the waters far beneath, where he was devoured by + the angry Llaos--and such shall be the fate of every Klamath + brave, who, from that day to this, dares to look upon the lake. + +My first visit to Crater Lake was in 1885, at which time the thought was +suggested by Capt. C. E. Dutton, of having the lake and environs drawn +from the market. Promptly acting on the suggestion, my friend, Hon. +Binger Hermann, was sought and a movement started looking to the +formation of a National Park. In response to a petition forwarded to +Washington and ably advocated by Congressman Hermann, the United States +Geological Survey, under Capt. Dutton, was ordered to examine the lake +and surroundings during the summer of 1886. In this expedition it was my +good fortune to have charge of the sounding, which afforded me a +pleasure unsurpassed in all my mountain experience. + +That an idea may be had of the difficulties to be overcome, suffice it +to say, boats had to be built for the purpose in Portland, transported +to Ashland, three hundred and forty-one miles by rail, and carried from +there to the lake on wagons, one hundred miles into the mountains, +where they were launched over cliffs one thousand feet high. + +On the first day of July, I boarded the train for Ashland, where I met +Capt. Dutton, and we were joined immediately afterward by Capt. Geo. W. +Davis, one of the most eminent engineers of America, and ten soldiers. +On the 7th, we started for the lake, preceded by Capts. Dutton and +Davis, who were followed by a four mule team, bearing a first-class lap +streak boat, which in turn was followed by three double teams, horsemen +and pack train. Of our largest boat, the Cleetwood, we all felt justly +proud, as it was certainly a beautiful model, four-oared, twenty-six +feet long and competent to ride almost any sea. + +When passing through Phoenix, the typical and irrepressible critic +came to the surface, in the shape of a lean, lank, awkward, ignorant +country boy of, say, eighteen summers. With hands in his pockets, he +aided the single suspender delegated to hold his breeches in place, and +when shifting a monstrous chew of tobacco over his tongue, informed his +audience (of half a dozen small urchins) that "That 'ere boat won't live +in Crater Lake half an hour if a storm comes up. It ain't shaped right. +Jist see for yourself how sway-backed it is. It must have been made by +some feller as never seed a boat afore." This brings to mind the fact +that a critic is a person who finds fault with something of which he is +densely ignorant. + +The entire distance from Ashland--ninety-seven miles--was accomplished +by slow, easy marches, every precaution being taken to provide against +a mishap, and no incident occurred of special importance. Soon after +reaching the foothills, we encountered sliding places and short turns in +the road. As the wagon containing the Cleetwood was top heavy and +coupled twenty feet long, it was impossible to turn on an ordinary +curve, hence it became necessary at times to drive as far as possible, +then let ten or fifteen men lift the hind end of the wagon around by +main strength. When a sliding place was reached, the men would hang on +the upper side, or attach ropes to the top and hold it, thus preventing +an upset. On Tuesday we succeeded in reaching the foot of the last +grade, and on Wednesday morning began the ascent. Here was the rub. The +hill is about a mile and a half long, very steep, sliding, rocky, and +filled with roots and stones, added to which were great banks of snow, +packed solid by constant thawing. Progress was slow and tedious, a +roadway having to be cut in places, while men with picks, axes and +shovels dug up rocks, cut down trees and shoveled snow, besides building +up or cutting down one side of the roadway. At 10 o'clock on Wednesday +the 14th, the boats were landed on the walls of the lake, having +traveled four hundred and forty miles from Portland, with scarcely a +scratch to mar the paint. + +Thursday morning the work of launching was commenced by covering the +bottom of each skiff with inch boards, firmly secured, as also a shield +in front of the bow. They were carried to the lowest place to be found +in the cliffs, probably about nine hundred feet, vertical measurement, +where a canyon descends at an angle of thirty-five or forty degrees, +when a three-quarter inch rope was attached and in turn passed around a +tree on the summit, where a man was stationed to manage it, directed by +signals below. One was lowered at a time, accompanied by four men to +guide and handle it. Besides this, men were stationed at different +points to signal to the top, and thus regulate the paying out of rope. +Every effort was made to send all loose stones on ahead, to prevent +accident from above, yet, before the first boat had proceeded three +hundred feet in its descent, a boulder came rolling from near the summit +with increasing velocity, and before any one realized the danger, had +struck a rock in near proximity and bounded over the skiff, passed +between the men and within an inch of one fellow's head. Before the +descent was completed, the boards were torn from the first boat; but +extra precaution was taken with the second one. About two-thirds of the +way down a perfect shower of rocks came tumbling from a cliff to the +left, but, strange as it may seem, they either bounded over or around +the men and boat, so that no damage resulted. At three o'clock the first +skiff reached bottom somewhat scratched, but not injured in any manner. +The second one was placed in the lake entirely uninjured at six o'clock +P.M. + +Our tents were pitched in a beautiful spot. In the immediate foreground +to the north lies the lake with its twenty odd miles of rugged cliffs +standing abruptly from the water's edge. To the left is Wizard Island, +on the top of which rests the Witch's Cauldron, or crater, like a great +flat top; beyond stands Llao Rock, solemn, grim and grand, over two +thousand feet perpendicular, while still beyond stands Mt. Thielsen, the +lightning rod of the Cascades. Just to the east of the lake is Mt. +Scott, partly covered with snow, while close to the camp on the east, is +a high cliff known as Cathedral Rock, running far down to the right and +at last disappearing below the tree tops. To the south the scene was +varied by a wide range of mountain tops, stretching far away to +California, chief among which is snow-capped and beautiful Pitt. Just to +the left the rough mountain view is changed to a charming plain, in the +midst of which is a broad expanse of water, which proves to be Klamath +Lake, about thirty miles distant. Thursday evening, dark and threatening +clouds were suddenly seen to approach from this point, accompanied by +vivid flashes of lightning and loud peals of thunder. A few large drops +of rain had fallen, when there was a sudden outburst of joy in camp, as +every one glanced at the sides of Cathedral Rock, which were suddenly +illuminated by a light of deep orange. To the west, the sun was slowly +sinking to rest, when a glowing light spread itself over the dark +clouds, which became brighter and still brighter. Looking beyond a scene +of unparalleled magnificence was spread before us. Through the center +hung long fleecy clouds lighted to a deep orange, while above, like a +great curtain, was spread a belt of olive green. Here and there were +tints of crimson, the delicacy of which no artist could approach. Above +and parallel with the horizon stretched a long rift, in clouds rendered +marvelously rich in gold and garnet, through which the blue sky beyond +was visible, slightly obscured by light, fleecy clouds of silver. During +all this magnificent sight the electric storm raged in the south with +unabated fury, flashes of lightning and peals of thunder adding +solemnity to a scene of wonderful brilliance. + +The 16th was spent in preparing the Cleetwood for her final plunge over +the cliffs in search of water. A sled was made of very heavy timbers, on +which she was placed, keel up, then lashed and braced in every +conceivable manner until, in fact, she seemed a part of the sled itself. +Guy ropes were placed on each corner to guide it, in connection with a +heavy handspike. Saturday morning the actual work of launching began, by +sliding the boat over a snowdrift in a canyon that slopes to the lake at +about an angle of fifty degrees. The cliff is probably one thousand feet +high at this point. The sled was attached by block and tackle to a tree +on the summit and lowered nearly half way, when the bearing was shifted +as far down as possible and a new start taken. Leaving the summit at +7:30 A.M., it required the most persistent work and constant care of +fifteen men eight hours to reach the lake. In the bottom of the canyon +flows a stream of water that contributes very materially to the danger +of such an undertaking, as constant slides of rocks are thus caused. +When the bottom seemed to be reached it was found that there still +remained a sort of jump-off, or slide, into the water, perpendicular and +about fifteen feet high. The water, at this point is very deep, and the +question arose, "How shall we launch the boat now that we have got it +here?" It was simply turned right side up again, lashed to the sled and +let partially down with the bow thrown out as far as possible. It was +held securely in this position while one of the men climbed aboard, cut +the lines and she shot forward in fine style, not shipping a gallon of +water, although the bow was almost submerged to start with. The moment +the launching was complete there was a cry of unrestrained joy sent up +from all present, and our shouts were answered from the cliffs by waving +of hats and blowing of fog horns. With one impulse the cry was raised, +"Now for the island!" and in an incredibly short space of time both +skiffs and the Cleetwood were headed that way. With four men at the oars +we soon reached our destination, and then returned to camp, where a +bountiful repast awaited us. + +Every precaution was taken to clear the canyon of loose rocks, +nevertheless a few rolled down, but were successfully dodged until the +boat was actually in the water, immediately after which a small bowlder +came down with terrific force. Capt. Davis stood directly in its course, +and not seeing it the other members of the party shouted to him to +"lookout." It being impossible for him to run, he jumped under the +framework, or sled, hanging where the boat left it, and laid flat on the +ground, just as the stone struck a rock and the upper end of the frame. +It then struck Capt. Davis in the back, but its force had been so broken +that it did no harm further than to make the spot feel sore. + +The day after launching the Cleetwood, nine members of our party made +the circuit of the lake on a sort of casual observation, or tour of +inspection. The scenery was grand to a degree far beyond our most +sanguine expectations. Four strong oarsmen soon brought us to Llao Rock, +and as we gazed in silent wonder at its rugged sides, reaching nearly +half a mile above us, for the first time did we realize the immensity of +such a spectacle. Never before did I fully understand the meaning of +figures when they run up into the thousands of feet, vertical +measurement. Beyond Llao rock we found a beautiful little bay, and +beyond it a larger one, probably one mile long by a quarter of a mile +deep. Here we stopped for lunch, and when landing were surprised to find +a long line of dead moths, of large variety, washed up by the waves, and +in such numbers that the air was laden with an unpleasant odor, +apparently about a first cousin to a slaughter house. We also found here +a narrow beach of small gravel running almost the entire length of the +bay, while further out in the lake, the bottom is composed of sand. As +this point had not only never been named, but probably was never before +visited by human beings, we decided to christen it Cleetwood Cove. +Passing on our journey, it was soon seen that the cliffs on the north +side are not so high as those to the south. In several places it +appeared that good trails could easily be made to the water's edge, over +which a person might almost ride horseback, and in one place, without +any grading whatever, a good pack train could descend with comparative +ease. About 2 o'clock a thunder shower came suddenly upon us just as two +beautiful grottos appeared in view. Into one of these the boat was run, +where we were entirely beyond the reach of rain. It proved to be about +thirty feet deep and twenty wide, with an arched roof probably eight +feet above the water, while the rocky bottom could be distinctly seen +ten feet below the surface. So perfect was its form that it almost +seemed the hand of man had hewn it from the solid rock. Beyond it +towered an immense cliff, very high, with broken, rugged sides, +picturesque and sublime, which I insist on naming Dutton Cliff, in honor +of Capt. Dutton, who has done and is doing so much to make Crater Lake +justly famous. This point may be known from the fact that it lies +directly opposite Llao Rock, and between the two lowest places in the +lake's walls. Immediately north of Dutton Cliff, the elements have worn +the sides of the mountain, leaving a harder substance, alternately +colored red and yellow, resembling the mansard roof of a cottage, while +in one place, tall red chimneys stand aloft, making, all in all, such a +scene that Cottage Rock could scarcely be improved on for a name. Lying +between the two points above referred to, a break in the wall was +found, that is almost perpendicular, but certainly does not exceed five +hundred feet in height. This is by far the lowest point in the walls. + +No time was lost in getting our soundings under way. The first was made +about one hundred yards from shore. It was supposed that we might +possibly find as much as one hundred feet of water, but, as the lead ran +out, our excitement grew with each succeeding hundred feet, until over +one thousand two hundred feet were out. At one thousand two hundred feet +the machine stopped, and our pent-up feelings exploded in one wild yell +of delight. For a number of days the soundings were continued. The +greatest depth recorded was one thousand nine hundred and ninety-six +feet, which, making allowance for stretch of wire, would give two +thousand and eight feet. Of the whole number made, eighteen are over one +thousand nine hundred, thirteen over one thousand eight hundred, eleven +over one thousand seven hundred, fifteen over one thousand six hundred, +and nineteen over one thousand five hundred. It was found that at the +bottom of the northeastern end lies a plain of several square miles, +almost perfectly level, while south of the center is a cliff about nine +hundred feet high, and west of the center seems to be cinder cone, +nearly one thousand two hundred feet in height, with a crater in the +center two hundred and fifty feet deep. Its summit is six hundred feet +below the surface of the water. + +On one occasion our party took five pounds of red fire, which we +intended to burn on the summit of Wizard Island, but owing to the fact +that the air was so filled with smoke as to destroy the effect, our plan +was changed, and we took it to Rogue River Falls on our return. Here we +met quite a number of hardy mountaineers, and at 9 o'clock left camp for +the falls, about one mile distant. The night was very dark, and a weird +sort of a scene it was as we climbed over logs and rocks, lighting our +way by tallow candles and a lantern that flickered dimly. At last the +bank of the stream was reached, and while the noise of the rushing +waters was intense, nothing could be seen but the dim outline of +something white far down below us. At this point, the walls are +perpendicular, and one hundred and eighty feet high. They are also solid +rock from top to bottom. Directly opposite where we stood, Mill Creek +falls into Rogue River (one hundred and eighty feet), and this is what +we came to see. In order to get the benefit of the red light, it was +necessary for some one to climb down to the water. This duty fell to a +stranger in the party, who made the descent during the day, and myself. +He led the way carrying a dim lantern, and I followed as best I could. +The rocks are covered with a remarkably thick layer of moss, which is +kept very wet by the rising mist. The path, if such it might be termed, +led along the sides of the cliff at an angle of about 45 degrees. As we +cautiously climbed from rock to rock, it was a sort of feeling of +intensified interest that overcame us, when we realized that a single +misstep would precipitate us to the rocks below--and, worst of all, +possibly we "never would be missed." The bed of the stream was reached +at last, and the fire ignited close to the falls. Ye gods! What a +transformation! Suddenly, the canyon, which could not be seen before, +was as bright as day, lighted by a fire so brilliant that we could not +look upon it. Crimson air and crimson water, crimson walls and crimson +everywhere. No magician of the Arabians ever conjured up by a stroke of +his wand a spectacle more sublime. It was one of transcendent beauty, +upon which the human eye seldom rests, and when it does its possessor is +spellbound by the bewildering vision. One almost loses the power of +speech in the desperate struggle to see and comprehend the scene, and +before it is realized the light dies away and darkness reigns supreme, +rendered ten-fold more dense by the splendor of so magnificent a +tableau. + +Near the base of Dutton Cliff stands a solitary rock, probably one +hundred feet high, by two hundred in length and nearly the same breadth, +that, while not seen by the present generation of Indians, is +nevertheless known to them, and is a special object of superstitious +dread. They consider it as a peculiarly ferocious monster, but are +unable to describe its characteristics. It stands in the lake entirely +alone and about fifty yards from shore. Standing on the cliffs, five +miles to the west and looking across the lake, this strange rock is +plainly visible in the sunlight its rugged peaks reaching aloft, giving +it the appearance of a full rigged ship at anchor. Should a cloud pass +before the sun, as the shadow strikes the rock it will pass from view as +effectually as though it had ceased to exist. While sounding the lake in +1886, I caused a party of topographical engineers to be landed here for +observations, but it was so rugged that the most diligent search failed +to reveal a level place large enough to accommodate the tripod attached +to their instruments, and we were compelled to resort to a point on +shore for the purpose. I have never learned its Indian name, but among +the whites it is known as the Phantom Ship. + +To those who enjoy the noble sport of hunting, the vicinity of Crater +Lake is especially attractive. Great numbers of deer, bear and panther +roam through the timber in fancied security, inviting the keen eye and +steady nerve of the sportsman. Although passionately fond of such sport +myself, the grandeur and sublimity of the surroundings so overcame me +with desire to see and prosecute our explorations, that I forgot my love +for a running shot, in an inordinate desire to climb over the cliffs and +view the wonderful place from every conceivable point. My companions +were no less affected, and the result was that we ran out of meat and +applied to a native sheep herder for mutton chops. He scowled upon us +for a moment, then informed our spokesman that "when he butchered he +never saved the heads." + +While running a line of soundings from Llao rock to Vidae cliff across +the lake one day, a strong wind sprung up from the south accompanied by +black clouds and a storm seemed imminent. We had proceeded about three +miles across, when we were suddenly startled by a loud noise, as though +a multitude of men were savagely beating tin pans. In a very few minutes +the southwestern cliffs became white and we could plainly see the "color +line" advancing to the north, until all the cliffs to the west seemed +covered with snow. To add to so strange a sight, a good-sized water-fall +began pouring over Llao rock, and falling to the lake two thousand feet +below. Within half an hour from the beginning of the storm, the +water-fall ceased, the cliffs became dark again, the wind shifted to the +northwest and drove millions of hailstones upon us, sufficiently large +to make us wince when struck--especially when struck all over with no +possible means of escape. + +The only accident to any of our party during the sojourn, befel a highly +respected mule attached to the Topographical Engineers Corps. One day as +the party passed along the east side of Dutton Cliff, progress seemed +almost blocked by high precipices. A point was found overlooking a +yawning chasm, where a large tree had fallen and lodged. By throwing in +stones and brush, a sort of trail was made to terra firma beyond the +backbone of the mountain. Over this the pack train was passed safely, +except a mule that was blind in one eye. He bore a reputation for +dignity and sobriety that any well-to-do mule might envy. However, when +just at the point which, above all others, should have received his +undivided attention, he became gay and festive, and as a consequence, +fell part way over the precipice. By dint of hard labor, he was drawn +back, but little the worse for wear, his pack was removed and he again +started across. Again, however, he became frisky, and pitched head-long +over a rocky precipice five hundred feet high. As his limbs mixed with +those of the trees below, the thoughts of the spectators above were: +"There goes all that is mortal of Croppy, who climbed to the top of Mt. +Shasta, but died in a lonely canyon, by his own hand in a fit of +temporary insanity. Let him R.I.P." + +One day while at work on the lake, my attention was called to what +seemed to be a tall, full-bearded man standing on the southern portion +of Llao Rock's summit. One foot was placed a little forward of the other +and the knee bent slightly but naturally, while before him stood a gun. +His hands were clasped over the muzzle as he gazed intently to the +north. Just behind him stood a boy, apparently about fifteen years of +age. They seemed entirely too natural not to be flesh and blood, and +yet, persons at that distance would not be visible to the naked eye, as +we were two miles out on the lake. Day after day, as our work +progressed, their position remained the same, and, in the absence of a +better explanation, we decided them to be trees. + +Crater Lake is but a striking memento of a dread past. Imagine a vast +mountain, six by seven miles through, at an elevation of eight thousand +feet, with the top removed and the inside hollowed out, then filled with +the clearest water in the world, to within two thousand feet of the top, +then place a round island in one end eight hundred and forty-five feet +high, then dig a circular hole tapering to the center, like a funnel, +one hundred feet deep and four hundred and seventy-five feet in +diameter, and you have a perfect representation of Crater Lake. + +It is hard to comprehend what an immense affair it is. To those living +in New York City, I would say, Crater Lake is large enough to have +Manhattan, Randall's, Ward's and Blackwell's Islands dropped into it, +side by side without touching the walls, or, Chicago or Washington City +might do the same. Our own fair city of Portland with all her suburbs, +from the City Park to Mount Tabor, and from Albina to Sellwood +inclusive, could find ample room on the bottom of the lake. On the other +hand, if it were possible to place the lake, at its present elevation, +above either of these cities, it would be over a mile up to the surface +of the water, and a mile and three-quarters to the top of Llao Rock. Of +this distance, the ascent would be through water for two thousand feet. +To those living in New Hampshire, it might be said, the surface of the +water is twenty-three feet higher than the summit of Mt. Washington. + +[Illustration: + +_1. Rogue River Falls, 180 feet high._ + +_2. Vidae Cliff, Crater Lake, over 2,000 feet high._ + +_3. A point on Vidae Cliff._] + +What an immense affair it must have been, ages upon ages ago, when, long +before the hot breath of a volcano soiled its hoary head, standing as a +proud monarch, with its feet upon earth and its head in the heavens, +it towered far, far above the mountain ranges, aye, looked far down upon +the snowy peaks of Hood and Shasta, and snuffed the air beyond the reach +of Everest. Then streams of fire began to shoot forth, great seas of +lava were hurled upon the earth beneath. The elements seemed bent upon +establishing hell upon earth and fixing its throne upon this great +mountain. At last its foundation gave way and it sank forever from +sight. Down, down, down deep into the bowels of the earth, leaving a +great, black, smoking chasm, which succeeding ages filled with pure, +fresh water, giving to our day and generation one of the most beautiful +lakes within the vision of man. + +In conclusion I will say, Crater Lake is one of the grandest points of +interest on earth. Here all the ingenuity of nature seems to have been +exerted to the fullest capacity, to build one grand, awe-inspiring +temple, within which to live and from which to gaze upon the surrounding +world and say: "Here would I dwell and live forever. Here would I make +my home from choice; the universe is my kingdom, and this my throne." + + + + + JOSEPHINE COUNTY CAVES. + + +On Friday evening, August 24, 1888, S. S. Nicolini of Ragusa, Austria, +E. D. Dewert of Portland, and the writer boarded the south-bound train +for Grant's Pass, intent on a few days' outing. This town of Grant's +Pass was so named for a pass in the mountains several miles south, +where, in early days, the silent hero camped for the night. + +Early Saturday morning my head was banged up against one end of our +sleeping car, an instant after hearing the shrill whistle sounding down +brakes. As soon as possible I got on the outside and found the engines +standing within a few feet of a yawning chasm where a bridge had been. +Now, however, seven bents had been burned away and a terrible railroad +accident was averted by the quick eye of Engineer Elliott, who saw the +fire as we turned the curve and stopped the train almost instantly. + +At Grant's Pass, H. D., M. M. and F. M. Harkness joined us, and we +started for the Josephine County Caves, about thirty miles due south, in +the Siskiyou mountains. For twenty miles the trip was made over a very +good road by wagon. At this point it became necessary to pack our things +on two horses and walk over a trail into the mountains. On a hot day, +this portion of the trip is very laborious, owing to the fact that it +is up the steep mountain side about two-thirds of the way, and down an +equally steep incline the remainder. We arrived at our destination a +little before noon on the 27th, and found two openings, one above the +other, and about one hundred yards apart, on the south side of a deep +canyon. When out hunting a few years since, Elijah Davidson, of Williams +Creek, found a bear and chased it into the lower entrance, thus +discovering the caves. + +Each entrance is high enough to admit a person without stooping, and is +probably about eight feet wide. At noon we entered the upper cave. For a +few feet the floor inclined inward; we then descended a ladder for about +six feet, and found ourselves in a passage way eight feet wide by an +equal height, which changed, however, at every step. Now it would be +wider, and now narrower, now higher, and now lower. Walls, ceiling and +floor were composed of solid rock. To describe them, appropriately would +simply be to use a gift made divine by inspiration. No man can behold +them, then impart to others an accurate idea of their appearance. Soon +after entering we were compelled to progress on hands and knees, then +stood upright in chambers ten feet high, the walls of which were white. +Stalactites were first seen here, and involuntarily we cast sly glances +around to discover the bodies of kings preserved beneath such droppings +in "King Solomon's Mines." We wandered from place to place, from chamber +to chamber, dragging ourselves through passage ways barely large enough +to admit a human body, while with toes and fingers we worked along, or +stood in the midst of rooms that reached far above us. Now we see a +beautiful pool of clearest water, surrounded by a delicate crystal +formation in the shape of a bowl. In color it is as white as the driven +snow, while each crystal is oblong, projecting at right angles with the +main portion for about an eighth of an inch. One peculiarity of these +crystals that disappointed us was the fact that they change from white +to a dull, yellowish color, immediately after being removed from the +caves. + +We were extremely anxious to try a new process for taking photographs in +the dark, so Dewert took his camera and acted as photographer for the +party. Owing to the limited space at times and cramped manner of +locomotion it required the services of four men to carry the camera and +accompanying necessities. Having reached a suitable place for a picture, +the camera was first put in position, a board was laid on the top of it +on which a tin reflector was placed, and a little powder called the +lightning flash was then poured on the board in front of the reflector. +At this point the order was given, "Douse the glim," and all lights were +extinguished. The plate was exposed in perfect darkness, the powder was +ignited, and instantly there was a flash of the most intense light. This +light was so brilliant that, for several minutes, it caused in the eyes +a glimmering sensation of light. Several photographs were taken in this +way, which will doubtless prove excellent examples of what ingenuity +can do in the dark. + +It would require days of constant work to explore all the passages we +found, whereas our time was limited to that portion of one day after 12 +o'clock noon. For this reason we remained in the caves from noon to +midnight, first examining the upper, then the lower one. This difference +exists between them: The one above is possessed of fine stalactite +formations, while below none appear. Instead, however, immense rocks are +piled indiscriminately one upon the other, with great cracks between. +Long ladders were used to climb to the top of the rocks, over the sides +of which yawning pits could be seen that seemed to possess no bottom. +Lack of time alone prevented us from making a thorough investigation, +but I could not resist the temptation to climb over the side of one +friendly rock for a few feet to see how it looked. Down for twenty feet +the space remained unchanged, so that I could easily reach from rock to +rock. It then widened out and I could proceed no farther without ropes, +so I returned to the party. A fine stream of clear cold water flows from +this cave and a strong breeze of cool air rushed forth also. At times in +both upper and lower cave, the wind blew toward the entrance so that it +was impossible to keep the lights burning. No traces of foul air have +been found in either cave. + +Before our visit, visions of square chambers filled my mind, only to be +dashed aside when real ones presented themselves, the irregular shape of +which could not well be surpassed. There are no parallel walls, few +straight ones, but corners everywhere. The floor will pitch in all +directions, likewise ceiling and walls. Beautiful views of stalactites +and stalagmites stand out in bold relief against snow white walls. At +the farthest extremity of the upper cave in one direction an immense +chamber presents itself, and should be known as the devil's banquet +hall. It is probably 75 × 150 feet and sixty in height. Great blocks of +rock hang as by a thread from the ceiling, while on every side rocks of +equal size lie in all conceivable shapes. Standing at the point of entry +one looks at the opposite side and sees great cracks, yawning cavities +with open mouths of blackness, dismal shadows, to which flickering +lights give a ghoulish, dance-like appearance. Yes, the devil seems to +be holding high carnival, while his imps would dance the night away. +They bob up and down and swing their arms in fiendish glee, while the +dance goes on forever. None can look therein without seeing these imps +and their antics. The floor recedes rapidly from the entrance, and is +composed of great rocks scattered in confusion. We placed a number of +lighted candles in different places, then climbed to the opposite side +to view them. The shadows had partially disappeared, crevices and holes +in the walls not before seen became suddenly black and excited our +curiosity, so we climbed over high rocks into unknown passages. In a +small chamber on one side we found a beautiful stream of water, falling +several feet into a crystal basin. The walls of the chamber are white, +and the effect by candle-light is very fine. + +Midnight found us still employed, but we reluctantly ceased our labors +and withdrew. Without unnecessary ceremony we wrapped our blankets about +us, laid down beneath the stars, and slept the sleep of the just until 3 +o'clock, when the dulcet notes of a coyote called us to the business of +the day. Preparations were quickly made for the journey, and at daylight +we were on our way to Grant's Pass, where we arrived at 9 o'clock P.M. + + + + + OUR MOUNTAINS IN WAR. + + +It is a curious fact that the home of Liberty has always been in the +mountains. The reason for this is, that Nature intervenes every barrier +to prevent conquests, and shields the native mountaineer from onslaughts +of a foreign foe. The ringing words, "Make way for Liberty," could never +have become immortal had it not been for a mountain pass. The memory of +William Tell would not now be cherished by liberty-loving Swiss, were it +not for the friendly crags of the Alps that sheltered him. Here in the +Northwest we are blessed with a wonderful mountain range, extending from +California through Oregon and Washington to British Columbia. + +For beauty, grandeur and extent it has no superior; while as a field of +defense, it simply stands unparalleled, and is rich in minerals, +agriculture and commerce. Located at from forty to a hundred miles apart +are the following mountain peaks, covered with perpetual snow: Baker, +Rainier, Adams, St. Helens, Hood, Jefferson, Three Sisters, Pitt and +Shasta. From each of these, convenient points of prominence are visible +in the Coast Range, one or more of which in turn are visible from every +harbor and city as far south as San Francisco. In case of a foreign war +it is one of the possibilities of the Oregon Alpine Club to organize a +sort of Signal Corps, say five hundred men, each of whom would be +thoroughly familiar with every pass, crevasse and crag in the mountains +where detailed for service. With a liberal supply of provisions and +ammunition on each peak, scarcely anything short of a pestilence could +dislodge them. What could a foreign army do around Mt. Hood, for +instance, with fifty resolute men well armed and equipped on the summit. + +It has been but a few years since the entire force of the United States +Army was successfully defied by Captain Jack and a dozen Indians in the +Lava Beds; and yet we have here every advantage of the Lava Beds, to +which is added precipices to the north, east and west, while to the +south a narrow passage would permit men to ascend, but it is necessary +to cut every step in the ice; while directly across the base of this +precipitous glacier, a crevasse extends, of unknown depth, which varies +in width from three to forty feet, according to the season. It is +needless to say that every wounded member of the assaulting party would +pay the penalty with his life, for the slightest misstep would hurl him +into the crevasse where "moth doth not corrupt and where thieves do not +break through and steal." Now for the point of this article. Give to the +corps a liberal supply of heliographs and instruct the men how to use +them. In this way a perfect system of communication can be established +by which messages can be sent from point to point in an instant. Say, +for instance, that a hostile fleet was lying at Victoria and a descent +on San Francisco was planned. From a spy within the enemy's lines, the +party on Mt. Baker gathers full particulars, and immediately informs San +Francisco of the contemplated attack, giving full particulars, including +number of ships, men and guns. + + + + + NIGHT ON THE SUMMIT OF MOUNT RAINIER. + + +Monday, August 14, 1889, Mr. J. Nichols, of Tacoma, and the writer, left +Tacoma for Mt. Rainier, determined, if possible, to reach its highest +point. + +The provisions, blankets, alpine stocks (a hickory staff seven feet long +with a steel point at one end), alpine ax and all that was necessary in +making the ascent easy, were taken from Tacoma, while pack horses were +procured at Yelm, a station twenty-five miles south of Tacoma, and from +which the trail leads eastwardly to Mount Rainier. It first follows +river bottoms, then mountains, ridges and river bottoms again, while an +occasional fording of the glacial stream, lends interest to the +ever-changing scenes. We aimed at the end of each day to camp where feed +could be obtained for hard working horses. Darkness coming on as we +reached the first ford, left in some doubt the exact location of the +crossing, so camp was made on the bank of the river with nothing but +oats for our tired horses. Daylight found us fording the river, which +had risen during the night about ten inches, making it quite exciting as +the foaming water splashed the horses' sides, and wet our feet and +ankles. + +Stopping at the first place where hay could be had, a stay of nearly two +hours was made for breakfast for ourselves and horses. + +From our last night's experience, we decided to carry hay with us and +camp wherever night should overtake us, which was at the foot of a high +mountain our trail led over, and on the bank of the river as before. The +day was uneventful, if we omit mention of the many hornets' nests we +passed through and the four pheasants which fell before the unerring aim +of Nichol's rifle. The pheasants led us to a fitting close of the day in +the shape of pheasants and dumplings, prepared by the writer and +pronounced by Nichols (who, by the way, is an epicure) to be simply _par +excellence_. And here I might add that the writer is a single man. + +The end of the third day found us at the Hotel Longmire at Hot Springs, +located on the southwest slope of Mt. Rainier, at an altitude of three +thousand feet, and some five miles from the perpetual snow limit. And no +finer people ever lived than Mr. and Mrs. Longmire, who own and preside +over the hotel and springs. The hotel material was cut by hand out of +the finest grained cedar that ever grew--boards twelve inches wide and +fifteen feet long--as perfect as though sawed. + +As a matter of information for those interested, it might be well to say +here that the waters of the springs are positively life-giving. The +writer has visited many mineral springs, and has never seen anything +that will compare with the stimulating and health-giving qualities of +these springs. + +But, to resume: we left the springs next morning, with a single pack +horse, expecting to leave the horse at the top of the ridge (eight +thousand feet altitude) overlooking Paradise valley, and, with blankets +on our backs, to make our way to Ewing's camp, ten thousand five hundred +feet above sea level. We reached Paradise valley, and, finding the same +had been so well and truly named, decided to stop till next day and +enjoy some of its beauties. Accordingly, camp was pitched, fire-wood +gathered, and a camp fire built, and a pot of beans placed thereon. +After a light lunch we strolled, enjoying the alpine beauties of the +valley, well named Paradise. + +During the afternoon the wind changed to the southwest, and clouds +gradually spread over the firmament. From our experience a year ago on +Mount Hood in a storm, at no higher altitude than we now were, no +thought was given to ascending higher till fair weather and a northwest +wind prevailed. Morning dawned and no indications of good weather. Our +spirits were accordingly depressed. Observing the barometer, we found it +moving quite rapidly in the direction of storm. By noon the sky was +heavily overcast, and an hour later undercast as well. + +By 3 o'clock rain began to fall. The wind had already risen to quite a +gale. Re-staking our tent, digging a ditch around the head and sides, +and piling wood and rocks along the edges to keep out the wind and rain, +we crawled into our blankets and awaited developments. Soon the storm +broke upon us with all its alpine fury, and raged during the entire +night. By morning the rain had turned into sleet and snow, the +thermometer, at daylight registering 34 degrees. Shortly the storm +ceased. After some difficulty a fire was started and coffee made. +Sampling our pot of beans, which had boiled at least four hours, we +found them still hard; after an hour more boiling we emptied them on the +ground, having learned that beans are hard to cook at an eight thousand +foot altitude. Our barometer still indicating foul weather, we decided +to start at once for a more congenial climate. Accordingly our shivering +horses (which we had blanketed) were packed and four hours later we were +at the Springs hotel, in a rather moody frame of mind. Tuesday morning +all was clear, the barometer indicated fair weather, and we started +early, reaching the 8500-foot ridge at 1 P.M. Turning our horses loose +to feed upon the succulent grass, we bound our blankets upon our backs +and started for Ewing's camp, altitude 11,000 feet. Evening coming on, +we made camp at 10,500. Clearing away the rocks, leaving a sandy bottom, +we stretched our light, small tent, banking wet sand around the edges to +keep out the piercing wind, which almost invariably blows at high +altitudes. Placing our oilcloth over the damp, cool sand, we soon had a +comfortable bed. For tent poles we used our alpine stocks, one of which +was seven and one-half feet long. Our bed being satisfactorily arranged, +we took notes on the scenery, temperature, etc. A haze hung over the +valleys; in fact, it rose to a height of nine thousand feet. The +rosy-tinted summits of Hood, Adams and St. Helens towered away above it, +however, reflecting the rays of the declining sun. + +The chilliness of the temperature, 28 degrees, prevented us from +remaining long outside our tent. Crawling in, we tightly fastened the +flaps and really passed a comfortable night. Twenty minutes after 4 A.M. +found us astir, and at five o'clock we were under way. + +We had scarcely as yet taken time to admire the beauties of the scene, +so intent had we been on getting an early start so as to be able to +return before sundown to our blankets and provisions. + +We soon had an opportunity to admire the beauties around and below us, +as climbing above eleven thousand feet altitude is productive of sudden +stops for rest and breath. + +We expected to reach the summit by noon, at latest; but on account of +the icy condition of portions of the mountain side, it was necessary to +cut steps over quite long stretches. This delayed us more than two +hours. Twelve o'clock came and went and we were not quite to the top of +the "big rock"--a large rock on the south side, the top of which is +about two thousand feet below the summit. + +By 1 o'clock we were past the rock several hundred yards. From here to +the summit we crossed eight or nine crevasses. The snow or ice stood in +pinnacles often six and seven feet high. + +Three o'clock came and the top was still beyond us. Having no blankets +or provisions, the question now presented itself: Could we make the +summit and back over the dangerous points before dark. Not much talking +was done, however, as breath was too precious; but we still pushed on. + +At 4 o'clock we held a council of war and decided that since it was +already so late we could not return before dark, and we would make for +the summit, where steam caverns were said to exist, and where Messrs. +Longmire and Van Trump stayed over night in '83. They found themselves +in the same predicament we were now in, by their determination to reach +the summit. This being settled, we pushed on, turned out of our way by +first one and then another obstacle, until we found ourselves about one +hundred feet, not more, below the summit of the highest western bump or +dome. From this we descended about a hundred feet, and thence across a +level piece of snow about one-third of a mile, to the foot of the main +pinnacle, in which is located the crater. + +Some three hundred feet (in altitude) more climbing, over ashes and fine +pumice stone of the outside walls of the crater, and we stood on the +apex of one of the highest mountains in the United States. Mr. Nichols +claims the honor of being the first and only Tacomaite who has reached +the summit. + +[Illustration: _1. Snowballing on Mt. St. Helens, July 22d, 1889._ + +_2. Summit of Mt. Hood, looking West._ + +_3. Illumination Rock on Mt. Hood._] + +It was now 5:10 P.M., the thermometer registering 23° above zero; and +having no blankets, our first business was to find a warm place in +the steam to pass the night. Steam could be seen issuing from a dozen +different places on the inside rim of the crater, say sixty to seventy +feet below the crest. + +Writing our names on a card, with a short account of the climb, we +placed it inside of a small box, on which was inscribed, "Oregon Alpine +Club, Portland." This was left on the top of the ridge. We heaped rocks +around it to prevent the wind from blowing it away. We soon found a sort +of semi-spherical opening in the rocks, from which the warm steam poured +forth. Clearing away the rocks, leaving a sandy bottom, we built a wall +of rocks two feet in height to break the wind, and then turned our +attention to looking for canned corned beef. + +We were told a can had been left there by Prof. Ingram's party ten days +before. This was soon found, together with a package of French +chocolate, a box of sardines and some cheese. We were already the +possessors of one lemon. As nothing more was needed we got into our den. +Taking a cup found lashed to a rock on the crest of the crater and +filling it with snow we placed it in our oven and soon had plenty of +water. + +We ate some lunch, but fourteen and fifteen thousand foot altitudes are +not productive of strong appetites, so we ate sparingly, and being so +completely exhausted soon fell asleep. + +About 8 o'clock P.M., we were rudely awakened by what appeared to be a +dash of ice water in our faces and down our necks. The sky being clear +the ice water was explained a few moments later. The wind had arisen and +was drifting dry snow--(eight inches of which had fallen Sunday)--from a +bank about fifteen feet distant, against the sloping roof and walls of +our warm den; thus the snow was turned to water by the time it reached +our faces. To prevent being so rudely drenched again we removed our +coats, which were then wrapped around our heads. + +The wind having veered to the west, some anxiety was felt that a storm +might arise before we could return. However, fortune smiled upon us in +our dizzy resting place so far above the clouds, and morning dawned +clear, cold and beautiful. + +Upon the first gleams of the sun we made for the ridge for our dry +clothes, which were placed there before retiring to our den the night +before. We had fortunately worn two suits of heavy underclothes, two +pairs of pants and two coats, so we now had dry clothes, and well it was +we took the precaution of removing a suit and placing it out of the way +of the wet steam. Before we could return to our den every vestige of +clothing, including a soft hat, was frozen stiff. The cold seemed to +strike at once clear through. The agility with which we got into our +steam chest would have been amusing to an uninitiated observer. We were +soon warm again, and by slight assistance from each other, our dripping +clothes were soon changed for dry ones. Mounting the ridge of the crater +on the highest side, sunrise observations were taken. The sun appearing +above the eastern horizon tinted Rainier's top with molten silver, while +the country beneath was still wrapped in shade. Not many moments elapsed +till the adjacent mountains, Hood, Adams and St. Helens, one by one in +order named, donned their silvery shields like mighty giants in battle +attitude, defending themselves against the sun, their common enemy. The +effect at this time was grand, indeed, the heavy rains of two days +previous having entirely dissipated the smoke. + +Eastward all was clear, while westward, nearly fifteen thousand feet +below, the valleys and lowlands were hidden beneath billowy clouds, +which, like the mountain tops, soon turned from gray to shining silver. + +Soon Sol's rays had reached the western horizon. Mountain shadows now +appeared reaching westward to the limit of our vision; the jagged edges +resting on hills and plains and valleys contributed to a changing scene, +the memory of which will last so long as life is given. + +Our selfish aim more than attained, we were satisfied and determined at +once to descend to earth, from whence we came. Our determination being +carried out, we reached Hot Springs at 8 P.M., and Tacoma three days +later. + + CHAS. H. GOVE, + Of Oregon Alpine Club. + + + + + What they Signify. + + +ADAMS, MT.--Called by Winthrop, Tacoma the Second (1853). Named for +President Adams. + +Indian name Pat-to, signifying high. This name was applied to snow caps +generally by the Indians. + +BAKER, MT.--Named for Lieut. Baker by Vancouver, when discovered April +30, 1792. + +Called by Winthrop (1853), Kulshan; possibly the Indian name. + +Referred to by the Spanish as Montana del Carmelo. + +Called Mt. Polk by the Americans (1846). + +BITTER ROOT RANGE.--Same as the Coeur d'Alene mountains. + +COFFIN, MT.--Originally used as an Indian burying ground and named by +Lieut. Broughton (1792). + +CASTLE ROCK.--Referred to by Lewis and Clark as Beacon Rock (1805). +Subsequently called Castle Rock, because of its appearance. + +CASCADES.--Known as President's Range (1846). The mountains were named +for the cascades of the Columbia river. + +CAPE HORN.--So named because of the difficulty experienced in doubling +it (1812.) + +GOAT MOUNTAIN.--Called Plas (long sound of a) by the Indians, meaning +white. So called because of the white rocks. Mountain goats formerly +abounded in that vicinity, hence the present name. + +HOOD, MT.--Discovered by Broughton, October 29, 1792, and named for Lord +Hood of England. General Indian name, Pat-to. An active volcano in 1846. +Same as Mt. Washington of the Americans (1846). + +JEFFERSON, MT.--Discovered by Lewis and Clark and named for President +Jefferson, 1806. Same as Mt. Vancouver of the British (1846). + +MCLAUGHLIN, MT.--Lat. 43° 30'. Named for John McLaughlin who established +Vancouver, introduced live stock, fruit, vegetables and grain. Same as +Mt. Madison of the Americans (1846). Sometimes called Diamond Peak. + +OREGON.--First used by Capt. Jonathan Carver in a book published in +London (1774). The name appeared in the following statement: "The river +Bourbon empties itself into Hudson's Bay; the waters of St. Lawrence; +the Mississippi and the river Oregon, or the River of the West, that +falls into the Pacific ocean at the straits of Anian." Numerous theories +are advanced as to the origin of the name with Carver, but nothing +conclusive is shown on the subject. The original Oregon embraced an +uncertain portion of the entire Northwest (1578), called by the British +New Albion. One portion of it was called New Georgia (1792), and another +(1806), New Caledonia by British traders. The Spanish government +designated the entire country (1790), as "The Coast of California, in +the South Sea." + +OLYMPUS, MT.--Was discovered by Juan Perez, a Spanish pilot, and called +El Cero de la Santa Rosalia. Named Olympus by Capt. Mears, July 4, 1788. +Same as Mt. Van Buren (1846). + +PUGET SOUND.--Named by Vancouver for his lieutenant, Peter Puget, the +discoverer, May 19th, 1792. Known among the Indians as Whulge, also as +K' uk' lults. + +RAINIER, MT.--Discovered by Vancouver in May, 1792, and named for Rear +Admiral Rainier of the English navy. Sometimes called Mt. Tacoma. Called +Mt. Harrison by the Americans (1846). See pages 55, 57 and 59. + +ROCKY MOUNTAINS.--Named by the Verendrye brothers (1742). First called +Stony Mountains. + +SADDLE MT.--Called by the Indians, "Swallalahoost." Named by Wilkes, +Saddle Mountain (1842), on account of its shape. + +ST. HELENS, MT.--Discovered by Broughton of Vancouver's party, October +20, 1792, and named in honor of His Majesty's ambassador at Madrid. +Known among Americans as Mt. Washington (1846), as also Mt. John Adams. +Called by the Indians Lou-wala-clough, meaning smoking mountain. + +TILLAMOOK HEAD.--(1806), originally spelled Killamook. Lewis and Clark +refer to it as "Clark's Point of View." + +TACOMA, MT.--See Rainier, also pages 55, 57 and 59. + + + + + MOUNT RAINIER. + + + U. S. INDIAN SERVICE. + + NISQUALLY AND SKOKOMISH AGENCY, } + TACOMA, W. T., Dec. 8, 1886. } + +W. G. STEEL, _Portland, Oregon_: + +DEAR SIR:--I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of +Sept. 21st, making certain inquiries about the change of the name of Mt. +Rainier to that of Tacoma. Upon careful and diligent inquiry among the +Puyallup Indians, I find the following to be the true condition of +things: + +There is a general impression that the name Tacoma was the original name +of the mountain among Indians, and that it signified "nourishing +mother," and was so named on account of its being the source of a number +of rivers which head there and flow into the waters of Puget Sound. +This, I find to be entirely erroneous. The Indian word is _Ta-ko-bet_ or +_Ta-ke-man_, the first being the most general pronunciation used among +these Indians, but both words are used, being the different +pronunciation used by the dialects. It means a white mountain, and is a +general name for any high, snow-covered, or white, treeless peak. It is +applied to this mountain by the Indians of this vicinity, because it is +the only, or most prominent one of the kind in the vicinity. They use +the word as we would speak of "The White Mountain," there being but one +near us. In the Skadgit language, the word is a little different, and is +there called _Ko-ma_, and is applied by these Indians to Mt. Baker, it +being the mountain in that vicinity of the kind. The word _Squa-tach_, +or _Squat-letsh_, is a general name for a range of mountains, while +_Ta-ko-bet_ or _Ta-ko-man_ or _Ko-ma_ is the name of the snow covered or +white peaks in the range. + +This information I have gained from inquiry of the Indians with whom I +have come in contact and who live near here. I inclose a statement +written out by Rev. Peter Stanup, an educated Indian of the Puyallup +tribe, and who is unusually well informed on such matters. + +As to when it was first applied and by whom I am not so well advised; +but from what I do know, I understand that it was first applied to the +mountains by the whites about twelve years ago, and at the same time +that the town of Tacoma was laid out and located by the Northern Pacific +Railroad Company, or some of its attaches. I understand that the attempt +was made by the N. P. R. R. Co. to have the name changed, and that it +still makes strenuous efforts to do so. The people of the town of +Tacoma, and the members of the Tacoma Land Company as well as the R. R. +Co., above named, all try hard to have the mountain called by that name; +while the residents of the other part of the Territory, west of the +Cascade mountains and especially of Seattle, are very much opposed to +the change, and continue to call it by its first name. I think that the +facts are that the name Tacoma is an attempted imitation of an Indian +term applied to any high, snow-covered peak, but which was supposed to +be the special name of this peak, because generally used by the Indians +of this vicinity, and that it was applied to this mountain at the time +the town of Tacoma was located and named by the N. P. R. R. Co., for the +purpose of bringing into note its western terminus. + + Yours Respectfully, + + EDWIN EELLS, + U. S. Indian Agent. + + * * * * * + + Statement of Rev. Peter Stanup. + +_Ta-ko-man_ is a name used by many different Indian tribes of this +Territory, with the same meaning and a slight variation of pronunciation +by each different tribe. It is the name or word from which Tacoma was +derived. It originated among the inland Indians. The meaning of +_Ta-ko-man_ is a high, treeless, white or light colored peak or mound. +The name is applicable to any peak or mound as described, but is +generally used for one that is distinguished, or highly honored. And +_Squa-tach_, to climb, and _Sba-date_ mountain, are mostly used for all +mountains and peaks. The individual name of Mt. Tacoma is _Twhauk_, +which was derived from _Twheque_, snow, and _Swheque ad_. Bright, +clear, cloudless sky. _Ta-ko-man_ is mostly used for the Mt. Tacoma, as +it is held with much respect and esteemed by nearly all the Indians of +the Northwest. The reason for conferring the great honor upon _Twhauk_, +is that the second syllable _ko_, means water, corresponding with the +water, or little lake on top of the mountain, and also in that lake is a +great abundance of valuable shells, from which the Indians made their +nose and ear-rings, and other valuable jewelry. + + + + + THOUGHTS ON THE NAME "TACOMA." + + +This beautiful name of the city whose rapid and marvellous growth and +development have been unparalleled even in our Western civilization, is +a pure invention. Its very euphony divests it of all claim as the Indian +nomination of Old Mount Rainier, the name conferred by the illustrious +circumnavigator, George Vancouver, borne for a century upon the map of +the world. + +Tacoma is a word of extremely modern origin, invented, or used first by +Lieut. Theodore Winthrop, U. S. Army, in his readable book--"Canoe and +Saddle." The writer of these thoughts first heard it late in the +"sixties," when Capt. D. B. Finch, among the pioneers of steam +navigation on Puget Sound, presented a building in Olympia to the Good +Templars, and his gift was christened "Tacoma Hall." Contemporaneously +Tacoma City, now the first ward of Tacoma, was thus named by some +Portland town-builders--Gen. McCarver, Lewis M. Starr and James Steel. +The then leading hotel of Olympia, about the same time, assumed that +title and wore it for several years; but a whole decade passed before +the attempt was made to obliterate the time-honored name of the great +mountain peak of Northwest America, conferred at the first visit of +white men to Commencement Bay in 1792. Late in 1878, a lithograph map +and bird's-eye view of the embryo city of New Tacoma was published under +the patronage of the Tacoma Land Company, entitled--"New Tacoma and +Mount Rainier"--issued in 1880. At that date the name "Tacoma" existed, +but it was not applied to the mountain; nor was it even dreamed that the +town was named from the Indian name of the mountain. The fact is that +the name, "Mount Tacoma," has been recently conferred on the mountain by +white men. A decade back, the name will not be found on the maps of +Washington Territory, and it is to be hoped that the attempt to +obliterate from the map of the world the name conferred by that +illustrious contributor to geographic science, Captain George Vancouver, +R. N., will prove unsuccessful. + +When Gen. Hazard Stevens, and that splendid scholar and writer, P. B. +Van Trump, Esq., ascended the grand old mountain, the pronunciation and +spelling of the name which Gen. Stevens, in his narrative, ascribed to +the mountain, was still unsettled. He spelt the word Te-ho-ma. The "h" +being aspirated really represents an Indian guttural grunt without +beauty or even resolving itself into a well-defined consonant. + +In the year 1882, the writer was invited to perform the role of orator +on Independence Day at the beautiful settlement called Puyallup. The +committee coupled with the invitation the expressed desire that the +theme should be Puget Sound reminiscences--the early settlement of +Pierce county. He adopted as a starting theme the thoughts suggested by +the words "Tacoma" and "Puyallup," or their origin thus euphonized into +household words of significance and anglicised beauty, bearing but +little resemblance in sound to the half-uttered nasal grunts of the +fish-eating natives of Puget Sound, whose syllables are "without form +and void;" their language, if such it be considered, acquiring meaning +or intensity of signification when accompanied by pantomimic motion, +speaking far more than all their syllabic combinations. Through the +valued assistance of that veteran Indian student and interlocutor, John +Flett, some twenty aged, prominent Indians, who would not deign to talk +other than their own dialect, who despised even the Chinook Jargon, but +adhered to the grunts and syllabic utterances and the pantomime of their +race for the ages before the advent of the Hudson's Bay Company or +American settlers, gathered in the writer's office in New Tacoma, as the +city of Tacoma was then called, and seated on the floor for hours +discussed what they called the mountains and mountain range, its +surrounding and attributes. About half were of the White river bands, +those who originally lived on the sources of the streams issuing from +Mount Rainier. The remainder were Puyallups and 'Squallys, whose +original haunts were near the Sound. The form was to put the writer's +question or wish for information into Chinook Jargon, which was then +translated into the Indian dialect. The old men expressed themselves in +their native utterances. It would be the grossest perversion to call +their answers "words." They were not so couched--at best, strong +syllabic utterances--mere grunts, at times which, with eloquent +pantomime, assumed grand and eloquent thought and meaning, when +translated, to give just expression arising to poetry of ideas, but as a +language, technically so considered, poverty-stricken to the greatest +degree, and without its accompanied earnestness of movement, without a +single attribute of beauty or euphonism. + +That interesting study and those comparative views, by old men of the +mountain and the sea, extended through hours; and the writer will never +forget the eloquence of action required and used by those aged natives, +which more than compensated that paucity of syllables or words, which we +call language. No such word of beauty as "Tacoma" could possibly be +coined by them, nor result from any combination of their uttered but +significant grunts, their attempted vocalization of thoughts or ideas. +True, there were syllabic emissions of sound which might be resolved +into words by toning down grunts and inharmonious belchings of thoughts +rather than their legitimate utterances. The manner of conducting that +"interview" was the assumption that the word "Tacoma," or some kindred +appropriate word identified the grand old mountain in their language; in +other words, their attention was invited to the fact, that our people +had been told that "Tacoma" was the native name of the mountain. Then +began the expression by all, in turn, as to the Indian method of +referring to great landmarks, mountains individual and in range, rivers, +etc., when talking with each other. Their views on the information +communicated found expression in several varied, combined characteristic +grunts and shrugs, which were interspersed with some analogous syllables +or utterances from which Indian philologists have resolved words, some +of which have more or less resemblance to some of the syllables embraced +in the word Tacoma, or that word as spelled by different writers. They +then detailed their reasons for so speaking of the mountain or any of +its natural surroundings or physical features. In that colloquy, no two +of those Indians pronounced the same word or used that same guttural +utterance or combination of syllables. All were especially interrogated +as to the snow-capped mountain. All gave the meaning or idea that they +knew as to the cause for a name, by which any other could identify it, +and the significance of the utterances by each adopted in referring to +it. + +Each band, not to say each individual, had a peculiar reason for his +name of it, contingent upon color, shape or function. In that interview, +the literal translations of their syllabic combinations appertaining +more or less in sound to the syllables constituting the name +Tacoma--Te-ho-ma, Ta-ko-ber, Tak-o-man, etc., as rendered by the +venerable John Flett, a truthful, skillful and reliable Indian authority +was--"A woman's breast that feeds," a "nourishing breast." To one band, +the shape of the cone suggested the breast shape for a name; to another, +the milky whiteness was a reminder of the source of nourishment; to +another, the color of the streams which flow down from the mountain in +the annual freshets, gave origin to the idea of the generous fountain of +the great milk-white breast-shaped sentinel for ages; while the +Puyallups and 'Squallys, more practical in view, associated the fact +that from the mountain rushed the torrents of white water, resembling +milk, which fertilized the valleys of Puget Sound. While such was the +conversation and speech of those old patriarchs, several of whom had +lived to become octogenarians, communicated as above stated, the writer +is well aware that across the mountain chain, residing in the vicinity +of the mountain, that several bands of the Klickitat nation attach +different meanings for synonymous syllabic combinations approximating in +sound to the combinations referred to used by Western Washington bands, +with shades of meaning more practical, less figurative, less Indian; but +the writer has been content to accept as authority, at all events so far +as the Aborigines of Western Washington are concerned, the result of the +conference of Indian patriarchs convened at his instance in 1882. While +that conference failed to establish that there was such an Indian word +as "Tacoma," or that these Indians had any distinctive Indian names for +"Mount Rainier," or that there was any recognized Indian name known to +the several tribes; yet, the different bands did use such syllabic +utterances, by which they referred to the mountain chain, to the leading +mountain of the chain. That color, shape, and attributed function, +suggested such expression, and that the combination of syllables which +have been so euphoniously metamorphosed into the beautiful word +"Tacoma," when pronounced by them in its native utterances, meant as +herein expressed. The writer, however, finds no warrant for adopting +Tacoma as an Indian word, nor does he believe that such word, or its +approximate, was a name conferred by Indians upon the mountain, or +exclusively recognized as the name of the mountain by the original +natives of this region. + + ELWOOD EVANS. + + + + +[Illustration: PRESIDENTS OF THE OREGON ALPINE CLUB.] + + + + + OREGON ALPINE CLUB. + +[Illustration] + + +The Oregon Alpine Club was organized in 1887, and incorporated October +7th of that year. It was originally intended merely as an organization +among half a dozen friends who were in the habit of seeking adventure +and recreation in the mountains. + +After considering the matter for a time a meeting, was called, and more +persons attended than were expected. A committee was appointed on rules, +the adoption of which required several meetings, so that when the +organization was completed there were over seventy charter members on +the roll. + +The institution grew and its objects increased until a Scientific Staff +was formed and a public museum became an important object. Hon. H. W. +Corbett was elected President, and served until October, 1888, when Hon. +D. P. Thompson was chosen. Mr. Thompson served until the close of 1889, +when a re-organization was effected, as outlined by the subjoined +constitutions. Mr. Geo. B. Markle was at this time elected, and is now +the very efficient President of the Club. The Alpine Club is a public +institution and is deserving of the liberal support of the city and +State. The following is a list of officials, as also the Constitutions +of the Club and its various Departments: + + + + + CONSTITUTION. + + +OFFICERS. + + _President_, GEO. B. MARKLE + + {W. G. STEEL + _Vice Presidents_, {W. W. BRETHERTON + {JOHN GILL + + _Secretary_, GEO. H. HIMES + + _Treasurer_, C. M. IDLEMAN + + +ARTICLE I. + +NAME. + +This Association shall be known as the OREGON ALPINE CLUB, and its +subdivisions as the Departments of the same. + + +ARTICLE II. + +OBJECT. + +The object shall be the foundation and maintenance of a Public Museum, +and advancement and encouragement of Amateur Photography, Alpine and +Aquatic exploration, and the protection of our game, fish, birds and +animals. + + +ARTICLE III. + +SECTIONS. + +There shall be Four Departments, namely, (1) Exploration Department; +(2) Photographic Department; (3) Game Protective Department; and (4) +Museum Department. + + +ARTICLE IV. + +OFFICERS. + +SECTION 1. The officers of the Club shall be a President, four Vice +Presidents, Secretary and Treasurer. + +SEC. 2. The Presidents of the various Departments shall be _ex-officio_ +Vice-Presidents of the Club. + + +ARTICLE V. + +ELECTIONS. + +SECTION 1. The officers shall be elected by ballot on the second Friday +of December in each year, a majority of all votes cast being necessary +for election; and shall hold their respective offices until their +successors are elected and qualified. + +SEC. 2. Each Department shall elect its own officers. + + +ARTICLE VI. + +The duties of President, Vice-Presidents, Secretary and Treasurer shall +be those usual to such officers. + + +ARTICLE VII. + +DIRECTORS. + +SECTION 1. The President, Vice-Presidents and four members shall +constitute the Board of Directors, who will be the managing power of the +Club. + +SEC. 2. They shall employ a Curator and provide for his compensation. + + +ARTICLE VIII. + +CURATOR. + +The Curator shall be a taxidermist, and shall have full charge of the +Museum and other property of the Club, under the direction of the Board +of Directors. + + +ARTICLE IX. + +MEMBERSHIP. + +SECTION 1. There shall be three classes of members, namely, Active, +Associate and Honorary. + +SEC. 2. An active member is one who has signed the Constitution, paid +his dues, and been admitted to any of the Departments. + +SEC. 3. An Associate member is one who has not been admitted to any of +the Departments. + +SEC. 4. Any person may become an Associate member by signing the +Constitution and paying his dues. + +SEC. 5. Honorary members shall be entitled to all the privileges of the +Club except voting. Their names shall be proposed at one meeting and +voted on at the next, three-fourths of all votes cast being necessary +for election. + +SEC. 6. Any member may be expelled by a two thirds vote of the members +present: _Provided_, That one week's notice has been given at a regular +meeting. + + +ARTICLE X. + +DUES. + +SECTION 1. An initiation fee of two dollars shall be charged all persons +joining the Club. + +SEC. 2. The dues shall be six dollars a year, payable quarterly, in +advance. + +SEC. 3. Any member who shall fail to pay his dues for six consecutive +months, shall have his name stricken from the roll, and be considered no +longer a member: _Provided, always_, One month's notice has been given +him in writing by the Curator. + + +ARTICLE XI. + +All questions in dispute between the Departments shall be referred to +the Directors for final settlement. + + +ARTICLE XII. + +The Oregon Camera Club is hereby incorporated as the Photographic +Department of the Oregon Alpine Club. All members of the Oregon Camera +Club in good standing, becoming members of the Photographic Department +of the Oregon Alpine Club, on ratification and acceptance of this +article by the Camera Club. + + +ARTICLE XIII. + +AMENDMENTS. + +The Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present: +_Provided_, That one month's notice has been given in writing, at a +regular meeting, and has also been posted in the Club rooms for one +month. + + + EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT. + + +OFFICERS. + + _President_, W. G. STEEL + + _Vice President_, EDWARD CASEY + + _Secretary_, M. W. GORMAN + + _Treasurer_, DR. WILLIS I. COTTEL + + + CONSTITUTION. + + +ARTICLE I + +NAME. + +This body shall be called the EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT OF THE OREGON +ALPINE CLUB. + + +ARTICLE II. + +OBJECT. + +To encourage the exploration of mountains, lakes and rivers, by either +scientists or pleasure seekers, to foster pleasure outings by land or +water, to award appropriate prizes for meritorious outfits for journeys +and cruises, and for speedy trips on land, and swift cruises by water; +and to conserve the handling of gun and sail as an accomplishment, and +incidentally to encourage canoeing as a means to reach wide fields for +research and pleasure, awarding prizes for the handling of the same. + + +ARTICLE III. + +OFFICERS. + +The officers shall be a President, Vice President, Secretary and +Treasurer, whose duties shall be those usual to such offices. + + +ARTICLE IV. + +MEMBERSHIP. + +SECTION 1. No one shall be competent for membership, except members of +the Oregon Alpine Club. + +SEC. 2. It is understood that when the membership of any person ceases +in the Oregon Alpine Club, such person shall cease to be a member of +this Department. + +SEC. 3. All propositions for membership shall be in writing. + +SEC. 4. Every name submitted for membership, shall be proposed at one +meeting, and voted on by ballot at the next, two-thirds of all members +present being necessary for election. + +SEC. 5. Any member may be expelled for conduct unbecoming a gentleman, +by a two-thirds vote of the members present: _Provided_, That one +month's notice has been given at a regular meeting. + + +ARTICLE V. + +DUES. + +SECTION 1. An initiation fee of one dollar shall be charged all members, +and the monthly dues shall be twenty-five cents each, payable quarterly +in advance. + +SEC. 2. Any member who shall fail to pay his regular dues for six +consecutive months, shall have his name stricken from the roll, due +notice having been given him by the Secretary. + + +ARTICLE VI. + +MEETINGS. + +SECTION 1. Regular meetings shall be held on the second Monday evening +of each month, at such hour as shall be agreed upon from time to time. + +SEC. 2. Special meetings may be called by the President, or by a call +signed by five members: _Provided_, That such a call shall state the +object of the meeting. + +SEC. 3. An annual meeting shall be held on the second Monday in December +of each year, for the election of officers, and such other business not +provided for herein. + + +ARTICLE VII. + +TRUSTEES. + +A Board of five Trustees shall be chosen at the annual meeting each +year, who shall have the general management of all the affairs of the +Department. + + +ARTICLE VIII. + +QUORUM. + +Five members shall constitute a quorum competent to transact business. + + +ARTICLE IX. + +AMENDMENTS. + +This Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members +present: _Provided_, That one month's notice has been given in writing +at a regular meeting, and a copy of said notice posted in the Club room +for one month. + + + + + GAME PROTECTIVE DEPARTMENT. + +[Not Organized.] + + + + + PHOTOGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT. + +OFFICERS. + + _President_, W. W. BRETHERTON + + _Vice President_, H. GOLDSMITH + + _Secretary and Treasurer_, E. E. NORTON + + + + + CONSTITUTION. + + +ARTICLE I. + +NAME. + +This association shall be known as the PHOTOGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT OF THE +OREGON ALPINE CLUB. + + +ARTICLE II. + +OBJECT. + +Its object shall be to encourage and promote practical Photography, and +to invite and stimulate discussion and investigation of all that +pertains to Photographic science and art. + + +ARTICLE III. + +MEMBERSHIP. + +The Department shall be composed of such members of the Oregon Alpine +Club who practice Photography as amateurs, as shall be elected there and +shall be known as active members, and such Honorary and Associate +members as shall be elected by the Department from the members of the +Oregon Alpine Club. + +Candidates for election may be proposed for election at one meeting, and +voted on at the same meeting. All applications for membership shall be +voted on by ballot, and it shall require two-thirds of all votes cast to +elect any member. + +All professional Photographers who are members of the Oregon Alpine Club +shall be eligible as Associate members, and shall enjoy all the +privileges of the Department except the right of vote or hold office. + + +ARTICLE IV. + +OFFICERS. + +The officers of the Department shall be a President, Vice-President, one +or more, a Secretary, and a Treasurer; the offices of Secretary and +Treasurer being held by one member if so desired by the Department. + + +ARTICLE V. + +QUORUM. + +The attendance of two officers and three or more members shall be +necessary to constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, but +the constitution or by-laws shall not be changed except at a meeting +called for that purpose by the Secretary and by a vote of two-thirds of +all votes cast. + + +ARTICLE VI. + +ANNUAL MEETING. + +The Annual Meeting of the Department shall be held on the third Friday +of January in each year, for the election of officers and such other +business as may come before the meeting. + + +ARTICLE VII. + +MONTHLY MEETINGS. + +The monthly meeting of the Department shall be held on the third Friday +of each month. + + +ARTICLE VIII. + +DUES. + +The dues of the Department shall be $3.00 per year, payable to the +treasurer of the Department. + + + + + PRESIDENTS OF THE OREGON ALPINE CLUB. + + +HENRY WINSLOW CORBETT, the first president of the Oregon Alpine Club was +elected immediately after its organization and served until the close of +1888. He was born at Westborough, Mass., February 18th, 1827, and came +to Oregon, via Cape Horn, with a stock of general merchandise, arriving +at Portland, March 4th, 1851. In 1866, he was elected U. S. Senator and +served six years with credit to himself and honor to his State. He is +one of the wealthiest and most influential men in Oregon. The following +in reference to him is taken from the History of Portland: + +"In person, Mr. Corbett is six feet high, straight and spare in figure, +but symmetrically formed. Cautious, cool-headed and decided, he is not +an inviting mark for the wiles of the schemer or impostor, but he is +thoroughly approachable, respectful and considerate toward those whom he +meets, and utterly lacking either in the arrogance of small greatness, +or in the still more objectionable truckling and assumed _bonhommie_ of +the small politician. He is thoroughly dignified, and yet his manners +are so unassumingly easy that one hardly notices them. Indeed he is a +fine type of that well approved manhood in which courtesy, kindness, +dignity, culture, honor and charity are most happily blended. To these +excellences can be added unswerving integrity, honesty of purpose, +purity of thought and act, and those crowning virtues born of an ever +present and controlling moral sentiment. His career shows what can be +accomplished by steady and quiet energy, directed by sound judgment and +high purpose. His name has been associated with numberless successful +enterprises, but not one failure, and he is justly entitled to a +foremost place among those who have created, established and maintained +the commercial and industrial supremacy of Portland." + + * * * * * + +"DAVID P. THOMPSON, one of the most widely known men in our State, was +born in Harrison county, Ohio, in 1834. In his nineteenth year he came +to Oregon, driving sheep across the plains and walking every rod of the +way. Upon his arrival at Oregon City in 1853 he took a job of cutting +cordwood, which lasted through the winter. Soon after he entered upon +the profession of a surveyor, which he followed during several years. In +pursuance of this business he acquired an unequaled knowledge of the +northwestern country, and laid the foundation of his present ample +fortune. He lived at Oregon City till 1876, when he removed to Portland. +In 1879, and again in 1881, he was elected mayor, and gave the city a +vigorous and efficient administration. Mr. Thompson, throughout his +whole life, has been noted for activity and energy. He is a man of firm +and positive character, tenacious of his purposes, active in business +and successful in his undertakings. By appointment of President Grant he +became governor of Idaho Territory in 1875, but resigned the office in +1876. He is now engaged in the banking business in Portland."--(History +of Portland,--Scott.) Mr. Thompson served as president of the Alpine +Club in 1889. + + * * * * * + +MR. GEORGE B. MARKLE is at the present time serving as president of the +Alpine Club. He was born in Hazleton, Lucerne county, Pennsylvania, +October 7th, 1857, and came to Oregon in 1886. His desire to locate in +the west led him to make a tour of inspection, which embraced Kansas, +Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, California, Oregon and Washington. A careful +examination of all this region convinced him that Portland offered the +best inducements as a business point, combined with all the advantages +of an old settled community, and in the fall of 1886 he permanently +located in this city. He immediately became a factor in the busy life +around him, and displayed a business generalship which marked him as a +man of unusual power, and gave him a place among the foremost business +men of the city seldom accorded in any community to one of his years. +With others he organized the Oregon National Bank, of which he is vice +president; also the Ellensburgh National Bank, the Northwest Loan and +Trust Company and the Commercial Bank of Vancouver, being president of +the last three corporations named. He was one of the purchasers of the +Multnomah Street Railway; reorganized the company and ever since has +been its president. He is also president of the Portland Mining Company, +owning the Sunset group of mines in the famous Coeur d'Alene district. +He was one of the leading spirits in organizing the great enterprise of +the North Pacific Industrial Association; purchased the land upon which +to erect the necessary buildings and secured a large number of +subscriptions to its capital stock. He was one of the leading spirits in +the organization of the Portland Hotel Company and is prominently +identified with many other enterprises.--(History of Portland,--Scott.) + + + + + OREGON BIBLIOGRAPHY. + + +1853.--ADAMS, MT.--Called by Winthrop, "Tacoma the Second,"--(Canoe and +Saddle, page 48). + +1889.--Called by the Indians "Pat-to," which signifies standing up high. +With the Indians this was a general term for snow capped mountains. + +Located in latitude 46° 12' 14.1", longitude 121° 31' 08.3". + +1775.--ADAMS POINT.--Discovered by Heceta and called Cape Frondoso +(Leafy Cape). + +1792.--Capt. Gray subsequently entered the river and named it Point +Adams.--(Life on Puget Sound,--Leighton, page 48. Pacific States, vol. +22, page 163). + +1792.--ADMIRALTY INLET.--Named by Vancouver for the Board of +Admiralty.--(Life on Puget Sound, p. 155). + +1766-9.--ALASKA.--Named by Russians.--(Willamette Valley, page 62). The +name is derived from a Russian corruption of an Aleutian word, +"Alakshak," which signifies Continent, or a large country. The Russian +version of the term was "Aliaska," and it applied only to the prominent +peninsula jutting out from the continent. Made a general term by the +United States.--(Supplement to Encyclopędia Britannica, vol. 1, page +157). + +1507.--AMERICA.--First applied to the new world in a work entitled +"Cosmographię Instructio, etc., in super quatuor Americi Vespucii +Navigationes," written by Marti Waldseemuller, under the assumed name +of Hylacomylus and printed at Saint Die, in Lorraine.--(History of +Oregon and California,--Greenhow, page 48). + +1808.--AMERICAN FUR COMPANY organized.--(Burrows' Oregon, page 58). + +1846.--APPLEGATE, OR SOUTHERN ROUTE.--Constructed by Jesse +Applegate.--(Pacific States, vol 22, page 642). + +1811.--ASTORIA founded by John Jacob Astor, April 12.--(Encyclopędia +Britannica, vol. 2, page 737. History of the Willamette Valley, page +153). + +1813.--Captured by the English and name changed to St. +George.--(Burrows' Oregon, page 63). + +1818.--Repossessed by the United States.--(Burrows' Oregon, page 65). + +1865.--ATMOSPHERIC RIVER OF HEAT.--General course, effects, +etc.--(Miners and Travelers' Guide,--Muller, page 61). + +1792.--BAKER'S BAY.--Named by Broughton for Capt. Baker, of the brig +Jenny.--(Three Years' Residence in W. T.,--Swan, page 129). + +1792.--BAKER, MT.--Named for Lieut. Baker, by Vancouver, April +30.--(Vancouver, vol. 2, page 56). + +1853.--Called by Winthrop, "Kulshan," presumably because of being the +Indian name.--(Canoe and Saddle, page 47). + +1846-8.--Same as Mt. Polk.--(Oregon and California,--Thornton, vol. 1, +page 256). + +1868.--The summit is described and illustrated in Harper's Monthly for +November, page 806, by E. T. Coleman. + +1869.--Called by the Spanish, "Montana del Carmelo."--(Life on Puget +Sound,--Leighton, page 160). + +1842-6.--BARLOW ROAD.--See Indian Trail. + +1851.--BATTLE ROCK AT PORT ORFORD.--First trip from here to the +Willamette Valley (with notes by a participant).--(Oregon and +Washington,--Armstrong, page 60). + +1792.--BELLINGHAM'S BAY.--Named by Vancouver.--(Vancouver, vol. 2, page +214). + +1728.--BEHRING sent out by Russia on a voyage of discovery.--(Barrows' +Oregon, page 22). + +1865.--BITTER ROOT RANGE.--Same as the Coeur d'Alene +Mountains.--(Miners and Travelers' Guide,--Mullan, page 63). + +1841.--BLANCHET, FATHER.--Visited by Wilkes.--(Wilkes' Narrative, vol. +4, page 349). + +1775.--BODEGA, DON JUAN DE LA.--Sailed north to 58° and returning +discovered Bodega Bay in 38° 18'.--(History of Oregon,--Twiss, page 57). + +BONNEVILLE.--Named for B. L. E. Bonneville, who explored the Rocky +Mountains in 1832 and visited the Columbia in 1834.--(Pacific States, +vol. 23, page 568). + +1792.--BROUGHTON, LIEUT.--Entered the Columbia River, October 20th, and +was surprised to find the brig Jenny, of Bristol, Capt. Baker, lying +there at anchor.--(Three Years' Residence in W. T.,--Swan, page 129). + +1792.--BULFINCH'S HARBOR.--Discovered by Captain Gray.--(Oregon and Its +Institutions,--Hines, page 15) See also, Gray's Harbor. + +1543.--CABRILLO.--See Viscaino. + +1775.--CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT.--Discovered by Heceta, August 15, and called +Cape San Roque. Named Disappointment by Mears, because of his not being +able to make the entrance of the river.--(Life on Puget +Sound,--Leighton, page 48). + +1792.--Called Cape Hancock by Gray, but afterwards changed upon hearing +that Mears had already named it.--(Three Years' Residence in W. +T.,--Swan, page 129). + +1778.--CAPE FLATTERY.--Named by Captain Cook.--(Three Years' Residence +in W. T.,--Swan, page 120). + +1792.--CAPE HANCOCK.--See Cape Disappointment. + +1812.--CAPE HORN.--So named because of the difficulty experienced in +doubling it.--(The Columbia River,--Cox, vol. 1, page 118). + +1766.--CARVER, CAPT. JONATHAN.--A resident of Connecticut and a soldier +of the Canadian war. Left Boston, by way of Detroit, for the waters of +the Upper Mississippi, and to cross the continent.--(The Oregon +Territory,--Nicolay, page 93). + +CASCADE MOUNTAINS.--Named for the Cascades of the Columbia +River.--(American Cyclopedia, vol. 4, page 511. Fremont, page 189). + +1846-8.--Same as President's Range.--(Oregon and California,--Thornton, +vol. 1, page 255). + +1805.--CASTLE ROCK, called by Lewis and Clarke, Beacon Rock.--(Pacific +States, vol. 23, page 47). + +1852.--Coal discovered near Seahome by Capt. Pattle.--(Harpers Magazine +for November, 1869, page 795). + +1792.--COFFIN, MT.--Originally used as an Indian burying ground, and +discovered by Lieut. Broughton.--(Vancouver, vol. 3, page 98.--Wilkes +Narrative, vol. 4, page 319). + +1775.--COLUMBIA RIVER.--First discovered by Heceta, August 15. + +Named by him _Ensenada de Asuncion_, or Assumption Inlet. The north +point was called Cape San Roque, and the south, Cape Frondoso, (Leafy +Cape). In the chart published in Mexico soon after the conclusion of the +voyage, the entrance is, however, called _Ensenada de Heceta_, Hecta +Inlet; and _Rio de San Roque_, River of St. Roc. + +While in command of the sloop Washington, in August, Capt. Gray +discovered, and attempted to enter this opening, but the sloop grounded +on the bar and came near being lost; and was also attacked by Indians, +who killed one man and wounded the mate. + +Gray was shortly afterward transferred to the Columbia, and on another +cruise entered the river; sailed up it about twenty miles, and bestowed +the name of his vessel upon it.--(Three Years' Residence in W. T., pages +124 to 128.--Pacific States, vol. 22, page 163.--American Cyclopędia, +vol. 5, page 513). + +Many works published before the discovery refer to a river flowing +westward, as "River of the West," "River of Aguilar," "River +Thegays."--(History of Oregon and California,--Greenhow, pages 144-5). + +1805.--Called by the Indians "Spocatilicum"--Friendly Water.--(Life on +Puget Sound,--Leighton, page 50). The Indians also referred to it as +Wahn-na, or Big River. + +1816.--The bar was first surveyed by Capt. McClellan, of the Col. +Allen.--(Pac. States, vol. 23, page 266). + +1846.--Was considered accessible for vessels only three months in the +year.--(The Oregon Territory,--Nicolay, page 42). + +1853.--COMCOMLI.--This Indian Chief is spoken of by Winthrop as one +Montgomery.--(Canoe and Saddle, page 77). + +1841.--COMMENCEMENT BAY.--Named by Wilkes. (Wilkes' Narrative, vol. 4, +page 479). + +1778.--COOK, CAPT.--Sailed along the coast and sighted land at 44°, +March 7.--(Oregon,--Moseley, page 8.--History of Oregon and +California,--Greenhow, page 150). + +1779.--Murdered by natives in the Sandwich Islands February +16th.--(History of Oregon and California, page 157). + +CORVALLIS.--Of Spanish derivation, and signifies Center of the Valley. +Originally, Marysville.--(Oregon and Washington,--Armstrong, page 18). + +1598.--D'AGUILAR, MARTIN.--See Sebastian Viscanio. + +1805.--DES CHUTES RIVER.--Called by Lewis, "Towahnahiooks," and by Gass, +"The Kimmooenim."--(Pacific States, vol. 23, page 41). + +1775.--DISAPPOINTMENT, CAPE.--See Cape Disappointment. + +1786.--DIXON AND POSTLOCK were sent out by the King Georges Sound Co. of +London and arrived at Cooks River in July.--(History of Oregon,--Twiss, +page 61). + +1824.--DOUGLAS, DAVID.--The botanist who gave his name to the Douglas +pine (_Abies Douglasii_), and named over one thousand plants, was sent +out by the Royal Horticultural Society of London, and remained ten +years.--(Pac. States, vol. 23, pages 507-8). + +1579.--DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS.--Sailed along the coast.--(Oregon,--Moseley, +page 8. History of Oregon and California,--Greenhow, page 73). + +FALSE DUNGENESS, see Port Angeles. + +1542.--FURRELO, BARTOLEME.--Sailed with two vessels to 41° to +44°.--(History of Oregon,--Twiss, pages 26 and 27. History of Oregon and +California,--Greenhow, page 64). + +1576.--First voyage made from England to seek a Northwest Passage was +made by Martin Frobisher.--(History of Oregon and California,--Greenhow, +page 77). + +1793.--First trip to the Pacific, overland, was made by Sir Alex. +Mackenzie, who reached the sea at 52° 20'.--(History of Oregon,--Twiss, +pages 19 and 20). + +1806.--First civilized post, or settlement, west of the Rocky Mountains +was made by the Northwest Co., on Frazer Lake in 54°.--(History of +Oregon,--Twiss, page 21). + +1810.--First settlement attempted and first house in Oregon built by +Capt. Winship forty miles above the sea on the south bank of the +Columbia.--(Pac. States, vol. 23, page 133. Oregon,--Moseley, page 9). + +1814.--First European woman on the Columbia River was Miss Jane Barnes, +who arrived at Astoria on the Isaac Todd, April 17th.--(Pac. States, +vol. 23, page 250). + +1827.--First fruit tree in Oregon was planted at Vancouver by John +McLaughlin, who also introduced live stock, vegetables and +grain.--(Pacific States, vol. 23, page 441). + +1836.--First steamer to visit Oregon was the Beaver, from England--(Pac. +States, vol. 23, page 600). + +1598.--FLOREZ, ANTONIO.--See Sebastian Viscanio. + +1812.--FRASER RIVER.--Known among the Indians as Tacoutche-Tesse. + +1793.--Supposed by Sir Alex. Mackenzie to be the northern source of the +Columbia.--(History of Oregon,--Twiss, page 19. Pacific Coast, vol. 22, +page 205). + +Named for Simon Fraser, who established a post in that region in +1805.--(History of Portland,--Scott, page 16). + +1713.--France secretly conveys to Spain all her possessions west of the +Mississippi River.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 19). + +1800.--France recovers the western half of Louisiana from +Spain.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 20). + +1803.--France sells her claims to the United States.--(Barrows' Oregon, +pages 21 and 210). + +1843.--Fremont follows Whitman to Oregon, arriving October +23.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 250). + +1786.--Fur trade opened by British merchants between Oregon and +China.--(History of Oregon,--Twiss, page 18). + +GOAT, MOUNTAIN.--Known by the Indians as Plas, (white), because of the +white rocks. + +1792.--GRAY, CAPT.--Explored the Columbia river twenty-five miles, and +named it.--(The Oregon Territory,--Nicolay, page 39). + +1792.--GRAY'S BAY.--Named by Broughton for Capt. Gray, of the +Columbia.--(Vancouver, vol. 3, page 92). + +1789.--GRAY'S HARBOR.--First called Bulfinch Harbor, but changed to +Gray's Harbor May 7th.--(Pacific States vol. 22, page 259). + +1791.--GULF OF GEORGIA.--Called by Don Francisco Elisa, "Canal de +Nuestra Senora del Rosary," or The Channel of our Lady of the Rosary. + +1792.--Subsequently named by Vancouver in honor of the +king.--(Vancouver, vol. 2, page 170.--Life on Puget Sound, page 154). + +1846-8.--HARRISON, MT.--See Rainier. + +1771.--HEARNE, SAM'L.--An employee of the Hudson Bay Co. succeeded in +tracing the Coppermine river to tide water in 72°, and his report caused +the Lords of Admiralty to send Capt. Cook to the Northwest +Coast.--(History of Oregon,--Twiss, page 58). + +1775.--HECETA, BRUNO.--Left San Blas for America March 16th. Passed up +the entire coast of Oregon, discovered the Columbia river.--(History of +Oregon,--Twiss, page 567. Oregon,--Moseley, page 8). + +1792.--HOOD, MT.--Discovered by Broughton October 29th, and named for +Lord Hood.--(Vancouver, vol. 3, page 107.--N. W. Coast of +America,--Franchere, page 112). + +1846-8.--Same as Mt. Washington.--(Oregon and California,--Thornton, +vol. 1, page 256). + +1846.--Said to be in a state of eruption.--(Oregon and California, vol. +1, page 336). + +1854.--Belden claimed to have ascended it in October, and reported it as +19,400 feet high. He claimed to have ascended as high as possible with +snowshoes, then with ice hooks and spikes. When they reached a point +some 18,000 feet high respiration became very difficult owing to the +rarity of the atmosphere. At length the blood began to ooze through the +pores of the skin like drops of sweat; their eyes began to bleed, then +the blood gushed from their ears. Then they commenced their downward +march. At the point where they commenced the ascent they had left their +pack mules, and two men to guard them. The men went out hunting, and +when they returned found that the cougars had killed two of their +mules.--(Oregon and Washington,--Armstrong, page 38). + +(Lying seemed to have been reduced to an art in those days). + +1864.--Ascended by Rev. H. K. Hines and the summit described.--(Oregon +and its Institutions,--Hines, page 44). + +Known among Indians as Pat-to, or high mountain. This was a general term +for any high snow-capped mountain. + +Located in latitude 45° 22' 24.3". Longitude 121° 42' 49.6". + +1792.--HOOD'S CANAL.--Named by Vancouver for Lord Hood.--(Life on Puget +Sound, page 155). + +1805.--HOOD RIVER.--Called by Lewis and Clarke, La Biche.--(Pac. States, +vol. 23, page 45). + +1670.--HUDSON BAY CO.--Chartered May 16th.--(Burrows' Oregon, page 33). + +1842-6.--INDIAN TRAIL.--The first pass over the Cascades used by whites +was over the southern flank of Mount Hood. Near it was afterwards made +the Barlow Road, which was named for Barlow, of Barlow, Palmer and +Rector, who were compelled to abandon their trains at the summit and +were rescued by a relief party from the Willamette Valley.--(Pac. +States, vol. 22, page 645). + +1846-8.--JACKSON, MT.--Same as Mt. Pitt of the English. In lat. 41° +40'.--(Oregon and California,--Thornton, vol. 1, page 257.) + +1806.--JEFFERSON, MT.--Named by Lewis and Clarke for President +Jefferson.--(Pac. States, vol. 23, page 61). + +1846-8.--Called by the British, Mt. Vancouver.--(Oregon and +California,--Thornton, vol. 1, page 257). + +Located in latitude 44° 40' 26.1". Longitude 121° 48' 59.9". + +1810-12.--JOHN DAY.--A Virginian, accompanied the Northwest Co. to +Astoria. He was 6 feet, 2 inches in height--(Pac. States, vol. 23, page +179). + +1805.--JOHN DAY RIVER.--Called by Lewis and Clarke, the Lepage.--(Pac. +States, vol. 23. page 41). + +1841.--JOHNSON, LIEUT.--Explores the Cascades from Puget +Sound.--(Wilkes' Narrative, vol. 4, pages 418 and 424). + +1787.--JUAN DE FUCA STRAITS.--Discovered by Capt. Barclay, of the +Imperial Eagle. + +1788.--The entrance was explored by Capt. Meares, in the Felice, and +named by him.--(History of Oregon,--Twiss, p. 19.--Pac. States, vol. 22, +page 197). + +1805.--KLICKITAT RIVER.--Called by Lewis and Clarke, Cataract +River.--(Pacific States, vol. 23, page 45). + +1833.--KELLY, HALL J.--First called attention to the feasibility of +settling the Pacific Coast by overland emigration. Arrived at Vancouver +this year.--(Pacific States, vol. 23, page 549). + +1841.--LAVA formation limited to 48° N.--(Wilkes' Narrative, vol. 4, +page 457). + +1792.--LEDYARD leaves Paris for America, under the direction of +Jefferson, to discover the River of the West, but is stopped by the +Russians.--(Miners' and Travelers' Guide,--Mullan, page 53). + +1834.--LEE, REV. JASON.--Established the first Mission in the Willamette +valley, ten miles below the present Salem.--(History of the Willamette +Valley, page 208). + +1840.--Established a Methodist Mission at the Willamette +Falls.--(Pacific States, vol. 23, page 607). + +1805-6.--LEWIS AND CLARKE.--Spent the winter at the mouth of the +Columbia.--(Oregon,--Moseley, page 8). + +LEWIS RIVER.--The North Fork was known among Indians as Wicht, and was +considered the main river. The South Fork was known as Wa-co-ko, a Pike, +(fish); also Yac-co, for Yac-co prairies, near Mt. St. Helens. + +1789.--MACKENZIE RIVER.--Named for Alexander Mackenzie.--(Zell's +Encyclopedia, vol. 2, page 264). + +1793.--MACKENZIE, SIR ALEX.--Reached the Pacific overland, July +22.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 34). + +1812.--MCKENZIE, DONALD.--Explored the Willamette Valley one hundred +miles or more.--(Pac. States, vol. 23, page 195). + +1818.--McKenzie established Ft. Walla Walla.--(Pac. States, vol. 23, +page 273). + +1825.--MCLAUGHLIN, JOHN..--Established Fort Vancouver, introduced live +stock, fruit, vegetables, grain, etc. + +Took possession of Willamette Falls.--(Pac. States, vol. 23, pages 441 +and 505). + +MADISON, MT.--Is the Mt. McLaughlin of the British. Lat. 43° +30'.--(Oregon and California,--Thornton, vol. 1, page 257). + +MARY'S RIVER.--Named for an Indian woman, wife of a white man, who had +great trouble in making the crossing. Afterwards applied to Mary's Peak, +because the river rises there.--(Oregon and its Institutions,--Hines, +page 22). + +1788.--MEARES, CAPT.--Reached the mouth of the Columbia without +discovering it, July 6th.--(History of Oregon,--Twiss, page 95). + +1840.--MEEK, JOE.--Arrived in the Willamette Valley.--(Pac. States, vol. +23, page 456). + +1846.--MODOC LAKES.--Discovered by Jesse Applegate.--(Pac. States, vol. +22, page 642). + +1823.--MONROE DOCTRINE proclaimed.--(Burrows' Oregon, page 24). + +1846-8.--MONROE, MT.--Same as Mt. Shasta--(Ore. and Cal.,--Thornton, +vol. 1, page 257). + +1853.--NACHESS PASS.--5000 feet above sea level.--(Narrative of +1853,--Stevens, vol. 1, page 259). + +1792.--NEAH BAY.--Called by Vancouver, Poverty Cove, and by the +Spaniards, Port Nunez Gaona.--(Three Years' Residence in W. T.,--Swan, +page 119). + +1579.--NEW ALBION.--Named by Drake, who was crowned by the natives as +their king.--History of Oregon and California,--(Greenhow, page 73; +also, page 53 Mountains of Oregon.) + +1792.--NEW DUNGENESS.--Named by Vancouver for Dungeness, in the British +Channel, because of the similar appearance.--(Vancouver, vol. 2, page +55). + +1883.--NICKEL DEPOSIT in Douglas County.--(Mineral Resources of the U. +S.,--Williams, page 403). + +1778.--NOOTKA SOUND.--Discovered by Capt. Cook, and named King George's +Sound, then changed by him to Nootka.--(Voyages of Capt. Cook, vol. 2, +page 270.) + +1790.--NOOTKA TREATY.--Formed between Spain and England.--(Barrows' +Oregon, page 14). + +1818.--NORTHERN BOUNDARY of the U. S. located at 49° due west to the +Rocky Mountains.--(Burrow's Oregon, page 54). + +1843.--NEZ PERCES.--Pierced Nose.--(Fremont, page 181). + +1834.--NUTTALL AND TOWNSEND, scientists, arrived at Fort Vancouver with +Wyeth.--(Pac. States, vol. 23, page 577). + +1792.--OAK POINT.--Named by Broughton because of finding the first oak +trees there.--(Vancouver, vol. 3, page 100). + +1788.--OLYMPUS, MT.--Named by Capt. Meares, July 4th. Discovered by Juan +Perez, a Spanish pilot, and called El Cero de la Santa +Rosalia.--(Narrative of 1853, vol. 1, page 262). + +1774.--OREGON.--First used by Capt. Jonathan Carver.--(History of the +Willamette Valley, page 73. See also page 53, Mountains of Oregon). + +1846.--Bounded on the north by the 49°, on the east by the Rocky +Mountains, on the south by the 42°, and on the west by the Pacific +Ocean.--(Oregon and California,--Thornton, page 251). + +1846.--Northern boundary first settled by treaty, July 17.--(Barrows' +Oregon, page 282). + +1871-2.--Northern boundary finally settled by arbitration.--(Barrows' +Oregon, pages 56 and 318). + +1874.--Once inhabited by a great number and variety of pre-Adamite +beasts.--(The Columbia River and Puget Sound,--Nordhoff, Harper's +Magazine for February, page 344). + +1818.--Occupied jointly by the United States and England for ten +years.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 55). + +1859.--Admitted to the Union with present limits, February +14th.--(Zell's Encyclopedia, vol. 2, page 527. Hill's Annotated Laws of +Oregon, vol. 1, page 77). + +1792.--ORFORD, CAPE.--Named by Vancouver for Earl (George) +Orford.--(Vancouver, vol. 2, page 23). + +1812-13.--PACIFIC FUR COMPANY.--The plot to rob Astor shown up by an +Englishman.--(History of Oregon,--Twiss, page 24). + +1513.--PACIFIC OCEAN.--Discovered by Vasco Nunez de Balboa, governor of +the Spanish colony of Darien, and named by Fernando Magalhaens, or, +Magellan, a Portuguese in the naval service of Spain, because of being +so little disturbed by storms. Spoken of as "Mar del Sur."--(History of +Oregon and California,--Greenhow, pages 48 and 78. Barrows' Oregon, page +2). + +1835.--PARKER, REV. SAMUEL.--Sent to Oregon by the American Board of +Foreign Missions.--(Oregon and California, vol. 2, page 22). + +1745.--PARLIAMENTARY GRANT.--£20,000 voted by the House of Commons for +the discovery of a northwest passage by a British vessel.--(History of +Oregon,--Twiss, page 58). + +1774.--PEREZ, JUAN.--Anchored in Nootka Sound.--(History of +Oregon,--Twiss, page 55). + +1846-8.--PITT, MT.--Called at one time Mt. Jackson. (Oregon and +California,--Thornton, vol. 1, page 257). + +1792.--POINT ADAMS.--See Adams' Point. + +POINT DE LOS REYS.--Named by the Spaniards.--(Vancouver, vol. 2, page +413). + +1791.--PORT ANGELES.--Named by Don Francisco Elisa, the Mexican. Called +by Vancouver False Dungeness, because of a similar appearance to New +Dungeness.--(Life on Puget Sound, page 153). + +1792.--PORT DISCOVERY.--Named by Vancouver, for one of his +ships.--(Vancouver, vol. 2, page 66). + +1841.--PORT GAMBLE.--Named by Wilkes for Gamble, a U. S. Naval +officer.--(Narrative of 1853, vol. 1, page 284). + +1869.--Known among Indians as Teekalet.--(Life on Puget Sound, page +156). + +1842.--PORTLAND.--Established by A. L. Lovejoy and F. W. Pettygrove, and +name agreed upon by tossing up a cent.--(Portland City Directory for +1872, page 10). + +1786.--PORTLOCK, CAPT.--See Dixon and Portlock. + +1841.--PORT LUDLOW.--Surveyed by Wilkes, and named for Ludlow, a U. S. +Naval officer.--(Narrative of 1853, vol. 1, page 283). + +1792.--PORT TOWNSEND.--Visited by Vancouver, May 8th, and named in honor +of the Marquis of Townshend, who signed Vancouver's instructions. The h +was subsequently dropped.--(Life on Puget Sound, page 155. Stephens' +Narrative of 1853, vol. 1, page 283. Vancouver, vol. 2, page 76). + +1853.--Known among Indians as Kahtai.--(Canoe and Saddle,--Winthrop, +page 11). + +1854.--Surveyed by the U. S. Coast Survey.--(Stevens' Narrative of 1853, +vol. 1, page 283). + +1792.--POSSESSION SOUND.--So named by Vancouver, because he landed there +on King George's birthday, and took possession of the country.--(The +Oregon Territory,--Nicolay, page 53.--Vancouver, vol. 2, page 170). + +1792.--PUGET SOUND.--Discovered by Vancouver's lieutenant, Peter Puget, +and so named by Vancouver May 19th.--(Vancouver, vol. 2, page +146.--Narrative of 1853, vol. 1, page 289). + +1853.--Known among Indians as Whulge.--(Canoe and Saddle,--Winthrop, +page 11; also among Klalams as K'uk'-luts page 43). + +1792.--PROTECTION ISLAND.--Named by Vancouver because of its +advantageous location with reference to the harbor.--(Vancouver, vol. 2, +page 67). + +1787.--QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS.--Named by Dixon.--(Encyclopędia +Britannica, vol. 20, page 170). + +1789.--Capt. Gray sailed round it and named it Washington, for his +sloop.--(Backwoods of Canada and Oregon Territory,--Nicolay, page 38). + +1786.--QUEEN CHARLOTTE SOUND.--Named by Wedgboro in August.--(Vancouver, +vol. 2, page 308.) + +1841.--RAINIER AND ST. HELENS in activity.--(Wilkes Narrative, vol. 4, +page 440). + +1792.--RAINIER, MT.--Discovered by Vancouver on May 8th and named for +Rear Admiral Rainier of the English Navy.--(Vancouver, vol. 2, page 79). + +1843.--An active volcano, November 13.--(Fremont, page 193). + +1846-8.--Also known as Mt. Harrison.--(Oregon and California,--Thornton, +vol. 1, page 257. See pages 54, 55 and 59. Also Tacoma). + +ROCK CREEK, near Mt. St. Helens, known among Indians as "Cut-to" (a sort +of guttural sound on first syllable), which means "swift stream." + +1742-3.--ROCKY MOUNTAINS.--Named by Verendrye Brothers.--(History of the +Willamette Valley, page 70). + +1798.--RUSSIAN AMERICAN FUR CO. given exclusive privileges.--(Barrows' +Oregon, page 23). + +1821.--RUSSIA claims by public decree all of the Pacific Coast north of +latitude 51°. This claim was disputed by the U. S.--(Barrows' Oregon, +page 24). + +1812.--Russians established at Bodega Bay.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 23). + +1820.--Russians establish a fort forty miles north of Bodega +Bay.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 23). + +1766.--Russian Fur Companies organized to operate in America.--(Barrows' +Oregon, page 23). + +1824.--Russia withdraws to 54° 40'.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 25). + +1824.--Russia withdraws from California at the request of the U. +S.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 26). + +1697.--RYSWICK TREATY FORMED.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 1. American +Cyclopedia, vol. 14, page 245). + +1842.--SADDLE MOUNTAIN.--Called by the Indians "Swallalahoost." Named by +Wilkes, "Saddle Mountain."--(Oregon and Its Institutions,--Hines, page +21). + +1805.--SANDY RIVER.--Called by Lewis & Clarke, "Quicksand +River."--(Pacific States, vol. 23, page 48). + +1741.--ST. ELIAS, MT.--Discovered by Behring, July 18th.--(History of +the Willamette Valley, page 58). + +1792.--ST. HELENS, MT.--Named by Vancouver for His Majesty's ambassador +at Madrid, October 20.--(Vancouver, vol. 2, page 399). + +1831.--In a state of eruption.--(Oregon and California,--Thornton, vol. +1, page 256). + +1843.--In activity November 13.--(Fremont, page 193). + +1846.--Known among Americans as Mt. Washington.--(The Oregon +Territory,--Nicolay, page 109). + +1843.--Described when in a state of eruption.--(History of +Oregon,--Wilkes, page 109). + +1846-8.--Known also as Mt. John Adams.--(Oregon and +California,--Thornton, vol. 1, page 256). + +1852-4.--An active volcano.--(Three years' residence in W. T., +Swan--page 395. Canoe and Saddle, page 48). + +Known among Indians as "Lou-wala'-clough," meaning Smoking Mountain. + +Located in latitude 46° 11' 52.3". Longitude 122° 12' 37". + +1805.--SAUVIES ISLAND.--Called by Lewis and Clarke, Wapato Island, +because of an abundance of wapatos found there. It subsequently acquired +its name from Jean Baptiste Sauve, a French Canadian, who established a +dairy there after the abandonment of Ft. William.--(Pacific States, vol. +23, pages 48 and 598). + +SEATTLE.--Named for an Indian.--(Harper's Monthly for September, 1870, +page 490). + +1846.--SHASTA, MT.--Called Pitt by the English, Jackson and Monroe by +the Americans, and Shasta by the trappers.--(The Oregon +Territory,--Nicolay, page 109). (Oregon and California,--Thornton, vol +1, page 257). + +1788.--SHOALWATER BAY.--Discovered and named by Captain John Mears, July +5th.--(Mears' Voyages, vol. 1, page 263). + +1852.--First surveyed by Lieut. Com. Alden.--(Narrative of 1853, vol. 1, +page 263). + +1792.--SKAGIT HEAD.--Named by Vancouver.--(Life on Puget Sound, page +156). + +1836.--SLACUM, WM. A.--An agent of the State Department, in the guise of +a private citizen, visited the Columbia and Willamette Rivers.--(Pacific +States, vol. 23, page 602). + +SPAIN'S FIRST CLAIM TO OREGON.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 12). + +1795.--Spain withdraws from Oregon.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 14). + +Spaniards coveted a position in the East Indies, but the Bull of Pope +Alexander III precluded them from sailing eastward, round the Cape of +Good Hope, hence their attempts to go by way of the Pacific.--(History +of Oregon,--Twiss, page 50). + +1800.--Spanish territory west of the Mississippi conveyed to +France.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 210). + +1814.--Spanish claims conceded to the United States through France and +acknowledged by Great Britain.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 208). + +SPELYAH PRAIRIE.--An Indian name, meaning Cayote. + +SPIRIT LAKE.--Near Mt. St. Helens. Indian name, Che-wa-tum, meaning +Spirit. + +1499-1500.--STRAITS OF ANIAN.--Supposed to have been discovered by +Gaspar Cortereal, who explored the coasts of Labrador, and named by him. +The name possibly signifies Brother. Cortereal had two brothers with +him. In the earliest maps the northwest part of America is called Ania. +Ani, in the Japanese language, signifies Brother.--(History of Oregon +and California,--Greenhow, page 47). + +1592.--Purchas claimed in the seventeenth century, in his "Pilgrims"--a +narrative--that a Greek pilot, called Juan de Fuca, in the service of +the Spaniards, had informed Michael Lock, the elder, whilst he was +sojourning at Venice, that he had discovered (1596) the outlet of the +Straits of Anian, in the Pacific Ocean, between 47° and 48°, and had +sailed through it into the North Sea.--(History of Oregon,--Twiss, page +18.--History of Oregon and California,--Greenhow, page 87). + +1841.--SUNKEN FOREST in the Columbia described.--(Wilkes' Narrative, +vol. 4, page 381.--Burnett's Recollections of a Pioneer, page 136.--The +Oregon Territory, Nicolay,--page 137.--Fremont, page 195). + +1841.--SURVEY OF PUGET SOUND finished.--(Wilkes' Narrative, vol. 4, page +479). + +TACOMA, MT.--Ta-ho-ma is the Indian name for the Great Spirit who dwells +on the mountains.--(George Baily, in the Overland Monthly for Sept., +1886, page 268). + +1853.--Called by the Indians, Tacoma, a generic term also applied to all +snow peaks.--(Canoe and Saddle,--Winthrop, page 44). + +TACOMA THE SECOND.--See Mt. Adams. + +Tamanous is the name of the Great Spirit supposed to dwell on this +mountain.--(Canoe and Saddle, page 131). Tacoma the Less--(Canoe and +Saddle, page 280). Each fiery Tacoma.--(Canoe and Saddle, page 286). The +eruptions of the Tacomas.--(Canoe and Saddle, page 287). Tacoma, the +Nourishing Breast. Tahoma, almost to Heaven.--(Life on Puget +Sound,--Leighton, page 39). Red Tamahnous, Love.--(Life on Puget +Sound,--page 41), Black Tamahnous, Hate, Anger.--(Life on Puget Sound, +page 114). + +1841.--TENINO MOUNDS.--Described.--(Wilkes' Narrative, vol. 4, page +415). + +1848-9.--TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT.--Granted, covering all the original +Oregon.--(Barrow's Oregon, page 335. Encyclopędia Britannica, vol. 17, +page 825. General Laws of Oregon, page 52). + +THE DALLES.--Stone pavement, or trough, or gutter.--(Pacific States, +vol. 23, page 44). + +1788.--TILLAMOOK BAY.--Known as Murderers' Harbor and Quicksand +Bay.--(Pacific States, vol. 22, pages 188 and 198). + +1806.--TILLAMOOK, OR KILLAMOOK HEAD.--Called by Clarke, Clarke's Point +of View.--(Pacific States, vol. 22, page 164, and vol. 23, page 58). + +1792.--TONGUE POINT.--Named by Broughton.--(Vancouver, vol. 3, page 86). + +1805.--Called by Lewis and Clarke, William.--(Pacific States, vol. 23, +page 53). + +1834.--TOWNSEND, JOHN K.--A member of the Philadelphia Academy of +Natural Science, arrived at Vancouver with Wyeth, Sept. +16th.--(Townsend's Narrative, page 169. Pacific States, vol. 23, page +577). + +TROUT LAKE.--Near Mt. St. Helens. Known among Indians as Qual-i'-as, +meaning Trout. + +1806.--UMATILLA RIVER.--Called by the Indians, "Youmalolam."--(Pacific +States, vol. 23, page 64). Named for the Umatilla tribe of Indians. + +1832.--UMPQUA FORT.--Built by John McLeod for the Hudson's Bay +Co.--(Pacific States, vol. 23, page 521). + +1792.--UNITED STATES' CLAIMS TO OREGON.--1st, right of discovery; 2d, by +the Louisiana purchase; 3d, by prior explorations; 4th, by prior +settlements.--(Barrows' Oregon, pages 213, 216, 217 and 219). + +1713.--UTRECHT TREATY.--Between France and England.--(Barrows' Oregon, +page 18). + +1846-8.--VAN BUREN, MT.--Same as Olympus.--(Oregon and +California,--Thornton, vol. 1, page 257). + +1826.--VANCOUVER, FORT.--Established by John McLaughlin, and + +1849.--As a United States military post.--(Pacific States, vol. 23, +pages 437 and 439). + +1792.--VANCOUVER ISLAND.--Named by Vancouver, Quadra and Vancouver +Island.--(Vancouver, vol. 2, page 357). + +1598.--VISCAINO, SEBASTIAN.--Reached a headland at 42° to which he gave +name of Cape Sebastian. The smallest of his three vessels, however, +conducted by Martin d'Aguilar and Antonio Florez, doubled Cape Mendocino +and reached 43° where they found the mouth of a + +1543.--River which Cabrillo has been supposed to have +discovered.--(History of Oregon,--Twiss, page 53). + +1818.--WALLA WALLA, FORT.--Established by McKenzie.--(Pacific States, +vol. 23, page 273). + +1805.--WAPATO ISLAND.--See Sauvie's Island, also--(Pacific States, vol. +23, page 593). + +WASCO.--Horn Basin.--(Pacific States, vol. 23, page 44). + +1853.--WASHINGTON TERRITORY formed March 2d.--(American Cyclopedia, vol. +12, page 560. Zell's Encyclopędia, vol. 2, page 527). + +1805.--WASHOUGAL RIVER.--Called by Lewis and Clarke, Seal +River.--(Pacific States, vol. 23, page 48). + +1792.--WHIDBY'S ISLAND.--Named by Vancouver for one of his officers who +explored it.--(Vancouver, vol. 2, page 180). + +1805.--WHITE SALMON.--Called Canoe River by Lewis and Clarke.--(Pacific +States, vol. 23. page 45). + +1836.--WHITMAN, DR. MARCUS, arrived at Vancouver in September.--(History +of the Willamette Valley, page 213). + +1842.--Started on his famous ride to Washington, October 3d, to prevent +our government from abandoning Oregon.--(Barrow's Oregon, page 166). + +1843.--Saved by a mule.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 170). + +1843.--Returns from Washington, September 4th, accompanied by 200 wagons +and 875 immigrants.--(Barrows' Oregon, page 250). + +1847.--Murdered by the Indians in November.--(Barrows' Oregon, page +320). + +1841.--WILKES, CHARLES,--DRAYTON, R. R. Waldron and two other men +visited the Willamette Valley on a scientific campaign.--(Pacific +States, vol. 23, page 673. Wilkes' Narrative, vol. 4, page 341). + +1829.--WILLAMETTE FALLS taken possession of by McLaughlin, and a saw +mill established.--(Pacific States, vol. 23, page 505). + +1806.--WILLAMETTE RIVER.--Part of it called by the Indians +Multnomah.--(Pacific States, vol. 23, page 60). + +1843.--WINDS, peculiarity of, in the Columbia River.--(Fremont, page +190). + +1834.--WORK, JOHN.--explored the Umpqua region.--(Pacific States, vol. +23, page 527). + +1832.--WYETH, NATHANIEL J.--Arrives at Vancouver. + +1834.--Arrives there second time, September 16th. Established Fort +William and a Salmon fishery on Wapato Island on his second trip. + +1837.--Returns to Oregon again and sells Forts William and Hall to the +Hudson's Bay Co.--(Pacific States, vol. 23, pages 564, 592, 594 and +598). + +YAQUINA BAY.--Probably named for Yaquina, a female Indian chief.--(Life +on Puget Sound, page 174). + +1805.--YOUNG'S BAY.--Called by Lewis and Clarke, Meriwether +Bay.--(Pacific States, vol. 23, page 54). + +1792.--YOUNG'S RIVER.--Named by Broughton for Sir George Young of the +Royal Navy.--(Vancouver, vol. 3, page 90). + + + + + Topical Index. + + + + + A + + Adams, C. F., 3. + --Mt., 40, 47, 51, 52, 85. + + Admiralty Inlet, 85. + + Alaska, 85. + --Alakshak, 85. + --Aliaska, 85. + + Alden, Lieut. Com., 103. + + America, 85, 95. + + American Bd. of Frn. Msns., 89. + --Fur Co., 86. + + Ania, 104. + + Applegate, Jesse, 86, 97, + --Route, 86. + + Astoria, 86. + + Astor, John Jacob, 86. + + Atmospheric, River of Heat, 86. + + + B + + Baker, Capt., 86, 87. + --Lieut., 52, 86. + --Mt., 40, 42, 52, 56, 86. + + Baker's Bay, 86. + + Barclay, Capt., 95. + + Barlow, + --Palmer and Rector, 94. + --Road, 87. + + Barnes, Miss Jane, 91. + + Battle Rock, 87. + + Beacon Rock, 52, 88. + + Beaver, Steamer, 91. + + Behring, 87, 102. + + Belden, 93. + + Bellingham's Bay, 87. + + Bitter Root Range, 52, 87. + + Blanchet, Father, 87. + + Board of Admiralty, 85. + + Bodega, Bay, 87, 102. + --Don Juan de la, 87. + + Bonneville, B. L. E., 87. + + Bourbon River, 53. + + Breck, J. M. Jr., 3. + + Bretherton, W. W., 69, 79. + + Broughton, Lieut., 52, 53, 54, 86, 87, 88, 92, 93, 98, 106, 109. + + Bulfinch's Harbor, 87, 92. + + + C + + Cabrillo, 87, 107. + + California, 21, 40, 84, 102. + + Canal de Nuestra del Rosary, 92. + + Cape Disappointment, 87, 90. + + Cape Flattery, 88. + + Cape Frondoso, 85, 89. + + Cape Hancock, 88. + + Cape Horn, 52, 82, 88. + + Cape Mendocino, 107. + + Cape San Roque, 87, 89. + + Cape Sebastian, 107. + + Canoe River, 108. + + Carver, Capt. Jonathan, 53, 88, 98. + + Cascade Range, 3, 6, 21, 52, 56, 88, 94, 95. + + Cascades of the Columbia, 88. + + Casey, Edw., 73. + + Castle Rock, 52, 88. + + Cataract River, 95. + + Cathedral Rock, 21. + + Clark's Point of View, 54, 106. + + Cleetwood, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24. + --Cove, 25. + + Coast of Cal. in South Sea, 54. + + Coeur d'Alene Mts., 52. + + Coffin, Mt., 52, 88. + + Coleman, E. T., 86. + + Columbia River, 3, 7, 8, 52, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 103. + + Comcomli, 89. + + Commencement Bay, 59, 90. + + Cook, Capt., 88, 90, 93, 97. + + Cooks River, 90. + + Coppermine River, 93. + + Corbett, Hon. H. W., 67, 82. + + Cortereal, Gaspar, 104. + + Corvallis, 90. + + Cosmographię Instructio, 85. + + Cottel, Dr. Willis I., 73. + + Crater Lake, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 25, 29, 31, 32, 33. + + Cut-to, 101. + + + D + + d'Aguilar, Martin, 90, 107. + + Davey, Allen, 15. + + Davidson, Elijah, 35. + + Davis, Capt. Geo. W., 17, 18, 25. + + Day, John, 94. + --River, 95. + + de Balboa, Vasco Nunez, 99. + + Deep Blue Lake, 13. + + Deschutes River, 90. + + Dewert, E. D., 34, 36. + + Diamond Peak, 54. + + Dixon, 90, 100, 101. + + Dodd, Mr., 13. + + Douglas, David, 90. + + Drake, Sir Francis, 90. + + Durham, N. W., 3. + + Dutton, Capt., C. E., 17, 18, 25. + --Cliff, 25, 28, 30. + + + E + + Eels, Edwin, 57. + + El Cero de la Santa Rosalia, 54, 98. + + Elisa, Don Francisco, 92, 99. + + Ensenada de Asuncion, 89. + + " " Heceta, 89. + + Evans, Elwood, 65. + + Exploration Department, 71. + + + F + + False Dungeness, 90, 99. + + Felice, The, 95. + + Finch, Capt. D. B., 59. + + Flett, John, 61, 63. + + Florez, Antonio, 91, 107. + + Fraser River, 91. + --Simon, 92. + + Frazer Lake, 91. + + Fremont, 92. + + Frobisher, Martin, 91. + + Furrelo, Bartoleme, 91. + + + G + + Game Protective Department, 77. + + Gill, John, 69. + + Goat Mountain, 53, 92. + + Goldsmith, H., 79. + + Gorman, M. W., 73. + + Gove, Chas. H., 3, 51. + + Government Camp, 4, 6, 9. + + Grant's Pass, 34, 39. + + Gray, Capt., 85, 87, 88, 89, 92, 101. + + Gray's Bay, 92. + --Harbor, 92. + + Gulf of Georgia, 92. + + + H + + Hall, Fort, 109. + + Harkness, H. D., M. M., and F. M., 34. + + Harrison, Mt., 54, 92, 101. + + Hearne, Sam'l., 93. + + Heceta, 87, 88, 93. + + Hermann, Hon. Binger, 17. + + Hillman, J. W., 13. + + Himes, Geo. H., 69. + + Hines, Rev. H. K., 94. + + Hood, Lord, 53, 93, 94. + --Mt., 3, 7, 10, 33, 40, 41, 45, 47, 51, 53, 93, 94. + --River, 94. + + Hood's Canal, 94. + + Hudson's Bay, 53. + --Co., 61, 93, 94, 106, 109. + + Hylacomylus, 86. + + + I + + Idleman, C. M., 69. + + Imperial Eagle, The, 95. + + Indian Trail, 94. + + Ingram, Prof., 49. + + Isaac Todd, The, 91. + + + J + + Jack, Capt., 41. + + Jackson, Mt., 94, 99, 103. + + Jefferson, 95. + --Mt. 6, 7, 40, 53, 94. + + John Adams, Mt., 54, 103. + + Johnson, Lieut., 95. + + Josephine County Caves, 34. + + Juan de Fuca, 95, 104. + + + K + + Kahtai, 100. + + Keene, Dr. J. M., 3, 6. + + Kelly, Hall J., 95. + + Killamook Head, 54, 106. + + Kimmooenim, 90. + + King George's Sound, 97. + --Co., 90. + + Klamath, Ft., 12. + --Indians, 12, 15, 16, 17. + --Lake, 21. + + Klickitat Indians, 64. + --River, 95. + + Ko-ma, 56. + + Kukluts, 54. + + Kulshan, 86. + + + L + + La Riche, 94. + + Lake Majesty, 13. + + Ledyard, 95. + + Lee, Rev. Jason, 95. + + Lepage, The, 95. + + Lewis & Clarke, 52, 53, 54, 88, 94, 95, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109. + + Lewis River, 96. + + Llao Rock, 14, 21, 24, 25, 30, 31, 32. + + Lock, Michael, 104. + + Longmire, 44, 48. + + Louden, James, 13. + + Lords of Admiralty, 93. + + Louisiana, 92. + + Lou-wala-clough, 54, 103. + + Lovejoy, A. L., 100. + + Ludlow, 100. + + + M + + Mackenzie, Sir Alex., 91, 96. + --River, 96. + + Madison, Mt., 53, 96. + + Magalhaens, Fernando, 99. + + Mar del Sur, 99. + + Markle, Geo. B., 68, 69, 84. + + Mary's Peak, 7, 96. + --River, 96. + + Marysville, 90. + + McCarver, Genl., 59. + + McClellan, 89. + + McKenzie, 107. + --Donald, 96. + + McLaughlin, John, 53, 91, 96, 107, 108. + --Mt., 7, 53, 96. + + McLeod, John, 106. + + McManus, Pat., 13. + + Meares, Capt., 54, 87, 88, 95, 96, 98, 103. + + Meek, Joe, 96. + + Meriwether Bay, 109. + + Mill Creek, 27. + + Mississippi River, 53, 92, 104. + + Modoc Lakes, 97. + + Monroe Doctrine, 97. + --Mt. 97, 103. + + Montana del Carmelo, 52, 86. + + Montgomery, 89. + + Murderer's Harbor, 106. + + Multnomah, 108. + + Mysterious Lake, 13. + + + N + + Nachess Pass, 97. + + Nea Bay, 97. + + New Albion, 53, 97. + + " Caledonia, 53. + + " Dungeness, 97, 99. + + " Georgia, 53. + + " Tacoma, 60, 61. + + Nez Perces, 98. + + Nichols, J., 43, 44, 48. + + Nickel deposit, 97. + + Nicolini, S. S., 34. + + Nootka Sound, 97, 99. + --Treaty, 97. + + Northern boundary of U. S., 97. + + Northwest Co., 91, 94. + --Passage, 91, 99. + + Norton, E. E., 79. + + + O + + Oak Point, 98. + + Olympus, Mt., 54, 98, 107. + + Oregon, 3, 40, 54, 82, 83, 84, 91, 92, 93, 98. + --Alpine Club, 40, 49, 51, 67, 69, 82. + + Orford, 99. + + + P + + Pacific Fur Co., 99. + --Ocean, 99. + + Paradise Valley, 45. + + Parker, Rev. Sam'l., 99. + + Parliamentary Grant, 99. + + Pattle, Capt., 88. + + Pat-to, 52, 85, 94. + + Perez, Juan, 54, 98, 99. + + Pettygrove, F. W., 100. + + Phantom Ship, 29. + + Photographic Department, 79. + + Pitt, Mt., 21, 40, 94, 99, 103. + + Plas, 53, 92. + + Point Adams, 8, 85, 99. + + " de los Reys, 99. + + Polk, Mt., 52, 86. + + Pope, Alexander III, 104. + + Port Angeles, 99. + + " Discovery, 100. + + " Gamble, 100. + + Portland, 3, 4, 7, 8, 17, 19, 32, 34, 49, 59, 82, 83, 100. + + Portlock, Capt., 91, 100. + + Port Ludlow, 100. + + " Nunez Gaona, 97. + + " Townsend, 100. + + Poverty Cove, 97. + + Possession Sound, 100. + + President's Range, 52, 88. + + Protection Island, 101. + + Puget, Peter, 54, 100. + --Sound, 54, 55, 59, 60, 61, 64, 95, 100. + + Purchas, 104. + + Puyallup, 60. + --Indians, 55, 56, 61, 64. + + + Q + + Quadra and Vancouver's Island, 107. + + Qualias, 106. + + Queen Charlotte Islands, 101. + --Sound, 101. + + Quicksand Bay, 106. + --River, 102. + + + R + + Rainier, Mt., 40, 43, 51, 54, 55, 59, 60, 61, 64, 101. + --Rear Admiral, 54, 101. + + River Aguilar, 89. + + " of the West, 53, 89, 95. + + " Thegays, 89. + + Rio de San Roque, 89. + + Rock Creek, 101. + + Rocky Mountains, 54, 91, 101. + + Rogue River, 27. + --Falls, 27. + + Ross, Geo., 13. + + Royal Hort. Soc. of London, 90. + + Russian American Fur Co., 101. + + Ryswick Treaty, 102. + + + S + + Saddle Mountain, 54, 102. + + San Blas, 93. + + Sandy River, 102. + + Sauvie, Jean Baptiste, 103. + --Island, 103, 107. + + Sba-date, 57. + + Scott, Mt., 21. + + Seahome, 88. + + Seal River, 107. + + Seattle, 57, 103. + + Shasta, Mt., 31, 33, 40, 97, 103. + + Shoalwater Bay, 103. + + Siskiyou Mountains, 34. + + Skagit, 56, 103. + + Skeeters, Isaac, 13. + + Slacum, Wm. A., 103. + + Spelyah Prairie, 104. + + Spirit Lake, 104. + + Spocatilicum, 89. + + Squallys, 61, 64. + + Squa-tach, 56, 57. + + Squat-utsh, 56. + + Stanup, Rev. Peter, 56, 57. + + Starr, Lewis M., 59. + + Steel, James, 59. + + Steel, W. G., 55, 69, 73. + + St. Elias, Mt., 102. + + Stevens, Gen. Hazard, 60. + + St. George, 86. + + St. Helens, Mt., 40, 47, 51, 54, 101, 102, 106. + + St. Lawrence River, 53. + + Stony Mountains, 54. + + Straights of Anian, 53, 104. + + Sunken Forest, 105. + + Survey of Puget Sound, 105. + + Swallalahoost, 54, 102. + + + T + + Tacoma, 43, 51, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 105. + --The Less, 105. + --The Second, 52, 85, 105. + --Mt., 54, 55, 58, 60, 105. + --Land Co., 56, 60. + --Ta-ho-ma, 105. + --Ta-ke-man, 55. + --Ta-ko-ber, 63. + --Ta-ko-bet, 55, 56. + --Ta-ko-man, 56, 57, 58, 63. + --Tamanous, 105. + --Te-ho-ma, 60, 63, 64. + --Twheque, 57. + --Twhauk, 57, 58. + + Tacoutche, Tesse, 91. + + Teekalet, 100. + + Tenino, 105. + + The Dalles, 106. + + Thielsen, Mt., 21. + + Thompson, Hon. D. P., 67, 83. + + Three Sisters, 7, 40. + + Tillamook Head, 54, 106. + + Tongue Point, 106. + + Towahnahiooks, 90. + + Townsend, John K., 98, 106. + + Townshend, Marquis, 100. + + Trout Lake, 106. + + + U + + Umatilla River, 106. + + Umpqua, 108. + --Fort, 106. + + U. S. Claims to Oregon, 106. + + Utrecht Treaty, 106. + + + V + + Van Buren, Mt., 54, 107. + + Vancouver, Capt., 52, 54, 59, 60, 85, 86, 89, 92, 94, 97, 99, 100, + 101, 102, 103, 107. + --Fort, 9, 53, 91, 95, 96, 98, 107, 108. + --Island, 107. + --Mt., 53, 94. + + Van Trump, P. V., 48, 60. + + Verendrye Brothers, 54, 101. + + Vidae Cliff, 29. + + Viscanio, Sebastian, 107. + + + W + + Wa-co-ko, 96. + + Wahn-na, 89. + + Waldseemuller, Marti, 86. + + Waldron, R. R., 108. + + Walla Walla, Fort, 96, 107. + + Wapato Island, 103, 107, 108. + + Wasco, 107. + + Washington, 40, 84, 101, 107. + --Mt., 7, 32, 53, 54, 102. + --Sloop, 89. + + Washougal River, 107. + + Wedgboro, 101. + + Whidby's Island, 107. + + White River Indians, 61. + + Whitman, 92, 108. + + White Salmon, 108. + + Whulge, 54, 101. + + Wicht, 96. + + Wilkes, 54, 90, 100, 102, 108. + + Willamette, 7, 94, 95, 96, 103, 108. + + William, 106. + --Fort, 103, 108, 109. + + Williams Creek, 35. + + Winship, Capt., 91. + + Winthrop, Theodore, 52, 59, 86, 89. + + Witches Cauldron, 13, 21. + + Wizard Island, 13, 21, 27. + + Work, John, 108. + + Wyeth, Nathaniel J., 98, 106, 108. + + + Y + + Yac-co, 96. + + Yaquina Bay, 109. + + Yelm, 43. + + Yocum, O. C., 3. + + Youmalolam, 106. + + Young's Bay, 109. + --River, 109. + + Young, Sir George, 109. + + + * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber Notes: + + Punctuation corrected without note. + + page 19: "sidling" changed to "sliding" (When a sliding place + was reached). + + page 19: "sideling" changed to "sliding" (very steep, sliding, rocky). + + page 36: "acompanying" changed to "accompanying" (and accompanying + necessities). + + page 42: "imimmediately" changed to "immediately" (and immediately + informs San Francisco of the contemplated attack,). + + page 48: "decended" changed to "descended" (we descended about). + + page 59: "Cotemporaneously" changed to "Contemporaneously" + (Contemporaneously Tacoma City,). + + page 64: "Klikitat" changed to "Klickitat" (several bands of the + Klickitat). + + page 91: "pages" changed to "page" (page 250). + + page 99: "Portugese" changed to "Portuguese" (a Portuguese in the + naval service of Spain). + + page 101 and 105: "Brittanica" changed to "Britannica" + (Encyclopędia Britannica). + + page 102: "embassador" changed to "ambassador" (His Majesty's + ambassador at Madrid). + + page 104: "dicovered" changed to "discovered" (that he had + discovered). + + page 111: "Nea" changed to "Neah" (Neah Bay). + + page 112: "Waldscemuller" changed to "Waldseemuller" + (Waldseemuller, Marti). + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Mountains of Oregon, by William Gladstone Steel + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MOUNTAINS OF OREGON *** + +***** This file should be named 36746-8.txt or 36746-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/7/4/36746/ + +Produced by Pat McCoy, Greg Bergquist and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |