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diff --git a/36745-h/36745-h.htm b/36745-h/36745-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1fd74d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/36745-h/36745-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8530 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> +<title>McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1893, a Project Gutenberg eBook</title> + +<style type="text/css"> + @media all { + hr.pb {border:none;page-break-after: always;} + .pagenum { display:none; } + } + @media screen { + hr.pb {margin:30px 0; width:100%; border:none;border-top:thin dashed silver;} + .pagenum {display: inline; font-size: x-small; text-align: right; text-indent: 0; position: absolute; right: 2%; padding: 1px 3px; font-style: normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration: none; background-color: inherit; border:1px solid #eee;} + .pncolor {color: silver;} + body {margin-left: 11%; margin-right: 10%;} + } + p {margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0.5em;} + + .chsp {margin: auto; text-align: center; padding-top: 2em; padding-bottom: 1em;} + .chsub {font-size: .8em;} + .figcenter {margin: 2em auto 2em auto; text-align: center; width: auto;} + .figtag {height: 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .smcaplc {text-transform: lowercase; font-variant: small-caps;} + div.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em;} + div.poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + div.poem p.indent2 {padding-left:3.8em;} + hr {width: 80%; border:none; border-bottom:1px solid silver; clear:both; margin: 1em auto;} + hr.mini {width: 20%; border:none; border-bottom:1px solid silver; clear:both; margin: 1em auto;} + hr.tb {border: none; border-bottom:1px solid black; width: 33%; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;} + p.center {text-align: center !important;} + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} + + .caption {text-align: center; font-size: small;} + .center, .center p {text-align: center;} + .figleft {padding: .5em .5em 0 0; float: left; width: auto; clear: left;} + .figright {padding: .5em 0 0 .5em; float: right; width: auto; clear: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: 0.25em; text-decoration: none; background-color: #DDD; font-size: .9em;} + .larger {font-size: large;} + .muchlarger {font-size: x-large;} + .padtop {margin-top: 2em;} + .ralign, .ralign p {text-align: right;} + .sig1 {display: block; padding-right: 8em; text-align: right;} + .sig2 {display: block; padding-right: 5em; text-align: right;} + .smaller {font-size: small;} + blockquote {display: block; margin: .75em 5%; font-size: 90%;} + div.poem {text-align: center; width: 18em; margin: auto;} + h1,h2,h3,h4 {text-align: center;} + ins {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em; clear: both;} +</style> + +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1893, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1893 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: July 16, 2011 [EBook #36745] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, JUNE 1893 *** + + + + +Produced by Katherine Ward, Juliet Sutherland, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class='center'> +<h1>McClure’s Magazine</h1> +<hr class='mini' /> +<p class='center larger'><b>June, 1893.</b></p> +<p class='center larger'><b>Vol. I. No. 1</b></p> +<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>S. S. McCLURE, Limited</span><br /> +<span class='smcaplc'>NEW YORK AND LONDON</span><br /> +1893</p> +<p class='center padtop'>Copyright, 1893, by <span class='smcap'>S. S. McClure</span>, Limited. All rights reserved.</p> +<p class='smaller center'>Press of J. J. Little & Co.<br /> +Astor Place, New York</p> +<h2>Table of Contents</h2> +<table border='0' cellpadding='2' cellspacing='0' summary='Contents' style='margin:1em auto;'> +<tr> + <td /> + <td valign='top' align='right'><p class="smaller ralign">PAGE</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>A Dialogue between William Dean Howells and Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen.</span> Recorded By Mr. Boyesen.</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#REAL_CONVERSATIONSI_A_DIALOGUE_BETWEEN_WILLIAM_DEAN_HOWELLS_AND_HJALMAR_HJORTH_BOYESEN__RECORDED_BY_MR_BOYESEN'>3</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Nymph of the Eddy.</span> By Gilbert Parker.</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#PARABLES_OF_A_PROVINCEI_THE_NYMPH_OF_THE_EDDY__BY_GILBERT_PARKER'>12</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Human Documents.</span> An Introduction by Sarah Orne Jewett.</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#HUMAN_DOCUMENTS_AN_INTRODUCTION_BY_SARAH_ORNE_JEWETT'>16</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>How They Are Captured, Transported, Trained, and Sold.</span> By Raymond Blathwayt.</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#WILD_ANIMALSI_HOW_THEY_ARE_CAPTURED_TRANSPORTED_TRAINED_AND_SOLD__BY_RAYMOND_BLATHWAYT'>26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Under Sentence of the Law.</span> By Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson.</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#UNDER_SENTENCE_OF_THE_LAW_THE_STORY_OF_A_DOG__BY_MRS_ROBERT_LOUIS_STEVENSON'>34</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Unsolved Problems that Edison Is Studying.</span> By E. J. Edwards.</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_EDGE_OF_THE_FUTURE_UNSOLVED_PROBLEMS_THAT_EDISON_IS_STUDYING__BY_E_J_EDWARDS'>37</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>From “Locksley Hall”.</span> By Alfred, Lord Tennyson.</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#FROM_TENNYSONS_LOCKSLEY_HALL'>43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>A Day With Gladstone.</span> By H. W. Massingham.</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#A_DAY_WITH_GLADSTONE_FROM_THE_MORNING_AT_HAWARDEN_TO_THE_EVENING_AT_THE_HOUSE_OF_COMMONS__BY_H_W_MASSINGHAM_OF_THE_LONDON_CHRONICLE'>44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Where Man Got His Ears.</span> By Henry Drummond.</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#WHERE_MAN_GOT_HIS_EARS_BY_HENRY_DRUMMOND__LLD_FRSE_FGS'>52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>James Parton’s Rules of Biography.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#JAMES_PARTONS_RULES_OF_BIOGRAPHY_PREFATORY_NOTE'>59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Europe at the Present Moment.</span> By Mr. De Blowitz.</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#EUROPE_AT_THE_PRESENT_MOMENT_BY_MR_DE_BLOWITZ_PARIS_CORRESPONDENT_OF_THE_LONDON_TIMES'>63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Comedy of War.</span> By Joel Chandler Harris.</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_COMEDY_OF_WAR_BY_JOEL_CHANDLER_HARRIS__AUTHOR_OF_UNCLE_REMUS_PLANTATION_FABLES_ETC'>69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Rose Is Such a Lady.</span> By Gertrude Hall.</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_ROSE_IS_SUCH_A_LADY_BY_GERTRUDE_HALL'>82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Count de Lesseps of To-day.</span> By R. H. Sherard.</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_COUNT_DE_LESSEPS_OF_TODAY_BY_R_H_SHERARD'>83</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<h2>Illustrations</h2> +<table border='0' cellpadding='2' cellspacing='0' summary='Illustrations' style='margin:1em auto;'> +<col style='width:75%;' /> +<col style='width:25%;' /> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Professor Boyesen in His Study.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_1'>4</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Birthplace of W. D. Howells at Martins Ferry, Ohio.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_2'>5</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Giustiniani Palace.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_3'>6</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>W. D. Howells, After His Return From Venice.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_4'>7</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>W. D. Howells, in Cambridge in 1868.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_5'>8</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>W. D. Howells’ Summer Home at Belmont in 1878.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_6'>9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Author of “Annie Kilburn.”</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_7'>10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>General Lew Wallace.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_11'>19</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>William Dean Howells.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_15'>20</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_24'>22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Alphonse Daudet.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_30'>24</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Hawarden Castle.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_56'>46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Library.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_57'>47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Gladstone Family.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_61'>51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>“Balanoglossus”, and Large Sea Lamprey.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_63'>53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Embryos Showing Gill-slits.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_64'>53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Adult Shark.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_65'>54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Marble Head of Satyr.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_66'>55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Head of Satyr in Group of Marsyas and Apollo.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_67'>55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Faun.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_68'>55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Form of the Ear in Baby Outang.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_69'>55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Horned Sheep and Goat with Cervical Auricles.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_71'>55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Ear of Barbary Ape, Chimpanzee, and Man.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_72'>57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>James Parton in 1852.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_74'>59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>James Parton in 1891.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_75'>62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Chateau de La Chesnaye.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_89'>84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Count de Lesseps in 1869.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_90'>85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Madame de Lesseps in 1880.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_92'>88</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Count de Lesseps in 1880.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_93'>89</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Count de Lesseps in 1892.</span></td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_94'>90</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class='chsp'> +<a name='REAL_CONVERSATIONSI_A_DIALOGUE_BETWEEN_WILLIAM_DEAN_HOWELLS_AND_HJALMAR_HJORTH_BOYESEN__RECORDED_BY_MR_BOYESEN' id='REAL_CONVERSATIONSI_A_DIALOGUE_BETWEEN_WILLIAM_DEAN_HOWELLS_AND_HJALMAR_HJORTH_BOYESEN__RECORDED_BY_MR_BOYESEN'></a> +<h2>REAL CONVERSATIONS.—I.<br /><span class='smcaplc'>A DIALOGUE BETWEEN WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS AND HJALMAR HJORTH BOYESEN.</span> +<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>Recorded By Mr. Boyesen.</span></span></h2> +</div> +<p>When I was requested to furnish +a dramatic biography of Mr. +Howells, I was confronted with what +seemed an insuperable difficulty. The +more I thought of William Dean Howells, +the less dramatic did he seem to +me. The only way that occurred to +me of introducing a dramatic element +into our proposed interview was for me +to assault him with tongue or pen, in +the hope that he might take energetic +measures to resent my intrusion; but +as, notwithstanding his unvarying kindness +to me, and many unforgotten benefits, +I cherished only the friendliest +feelings for him, I could not persuade +myself to procure dramatic interest at +such a price.</p> +<p>My second objection, I am bound +to confess, arose from my own sense +of dignity which rebelled against the +<i>rôle</i> of an interviewer, and it was not +until my conscience was made easy +on this point that I agreed to undertake +the present article. I was reminded +that it was an ancient and +highly dignified form of literature I +was about to revive; and that my +precedent was to be sought not in +the modern newspaper interview, but in +the Platonic dialogue. By the friction +of two kindred minds, sparks of thought +may flash forth which owe their origin +solely to the friendly collision. We +have a far more vivid portrait of +Socrates in the beautiful conversational +turns of “The Symposium” and the +first book of “The Republic,” than in +the purely objective account of Xenophon +in his “Memorabilia.” And +Howells, though he may not know it, +has this trait in common with Socrates, +that he can portray himself, unconsciously, +better than I or anybody else +could do it for him.</p> +<p>If I needed any further encouragement, +I found it in the assurance that +what I was expected to furnish was to +be in the nature of “an exchange of +confidences between two friends with a +view to publication.” It was understood, +of course, that Mr. Howells was +to be more confiding than myself, and +that his reminiscences were to predominate; +for an author, however +unheroic he may appear to his own +modesty, is bound to be the hero of +his biography. What made the subject +so alluring to me, apart from the +personal charm which inheres in the +man and all that appertains to him, +was the consciousness that our friendship +was of twenty-two years’ standing, +and that during all that time not +a single jarring note had been introduced +to mar the harmony of our relation.</p> +<p>Equipped, accordingly, with a good +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_4' name='page_4'></a>4</span> +conscience and a lead pencil (which +remained undisturbed in my breast-pocket), +I set out to “exchange confidences” +with the author of “Silas Lapham” +and “A Modern Instance.” I +reached the enormous human hive on +Fifty-ninth Street where my subject, +for the present, occupies a dozen most +comfortable and ornamental cells, and +was promptly hoisted up to the fourth +floor and deposited in front of his door. +It is a house full of electric wires and +tubes—literally honeycombed with +modern conveniences. But in spite of +all these, I made my way triumphantly +to Mr. Howells’s den, and after a proper +prelude began the novel task assigned +to me.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_1' id='linki_1'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus008.png' alt='' title='' width='700' height='495' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +PROFESSOR BOYESEN IN HIS STUDY AT COLUMBIA COLLEGE.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>“I am afraid,” I remarked quite <i>en +passant</i>, “that I shall be embarrassed +not by my ignorance, but by my knowledge +concerning your life. For it is +difficult to ask with good grace about +what you already know. I am aware, +for instance, that you were born at +Martin’s Ferry, Ohio, March 11, 1837; +that you removed thence to Dayton, +and a few years later to Jefferson, +Ashtabula County; that your father +edited, published, and printed a country +newspaper of Republican complexion, +and that you spent a good part of your +early years in the printing office. +Nevertheless, I have some difficulty in +realizing the environment of your boyhood.”</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> If you have read my “Boy’s +Town,” which is in all essentials autobiographical, +you know as much as I +could tell you. The environment of +my early life was exactly as there described.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Your father, I should judge, +then, was not a strict disciplinarian?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> No. He was the gentlest +of men—a friend and companion to +his sons. He guided us in an unobtrusive +way without our suspecting it. +He was continually putting books into +my hands, and they were always good +books; many of them became events +in my life. I had no end of such literary +passions during my boyhood. Among +the first was Goldsmith, then came +Cervantes and Irving.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Then there was a good deal +of literary atmosphere about your childhood?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes. I can scarcely remember +the time when books did not play +a great part in my life. Father was by +his culture and his interests rather +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_5' name='page_5'></a>5</span> +isolated from the community +in which we lived, and +this made him and all of +us rejoice the more in a +new author, in whose world +we would live for weeks +and months, and who colored +our thoughts and conversation.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:481px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_2' id='linki_2'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus009.png' alt='' title='' width='481' height='477' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE BIRTHPLACE OF W. D. HOWELLS AT MARTINS FERRY, OHIO.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> It has always +been a matter of wonder to +me that, with so little regular +schooling, you stepped +full-fledged into literature +with such an exquisite and +wholly individual style.</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> If you accuse me of that +kind of thing, I must leave you to account +for it. I had always a passion +for literature, and to a boy with a mind +and a desire to learn, a printing office +is not a bad school.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> How old were you when +you left Jefferson, and went to Columbus?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> I was nineteen years old +when I went to the capital and wrote +legislative reports for Cincinnati and +Cleveland papers; afterwards I became +one of the editors of the “Ohio +State Journal.” My duties gradually +took a wide range, and I edited the +literary column and wrote many of the +leading articles. I was then in the +midst of my enthusiasm for Heine, and +was so impregnated with his spirit, +that a poem which I sent to the “Atlantic +Monthly” was mistaken by Mr. +Lowell for a translation from the German +poet. When he had satisfied himself, +however, that it was not a translation, +he accepted and printed it.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Tell me how you happened +to publish your first volume, “Poems +by Two Friends,” in partnership with +John J. Piatt.</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> I had known Piatt as a +young printer; afterwards when he +began to write poems, I read them +and was delighted with them. When +he came to Columbus I made his +acquaintance, and we became friends. +By this time we were both contributors +to the “Atlantic Monthly.” I may as +well tell you that his contributions to +our joint volume were far superior to +mine.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Did Lowell share that +opinion?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> That I don’t know. He +wrote me a very charming letter, in +which he said many encouraging things, +and he briefly reviewed the book in the +“Atlantic.”</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> What was the condition of +society in Columbus during those days?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> There were many delightful +and cultivated people there, and society +was charming; the North and South +were both represented, and their characteristics +united in a kind of informal +Western hospitality, warm and cordial +in its tone, which gave of its very best +without stint. Salmon P. Chase, later +Secretary of the Treasury, and Chief +Justice of the United States, was then +Governor of Ohio. He had a charming +family, and made us young editors +welcome at his house. All winter long +there was a round of parties at the +different houses; the houses were large +and we always danced. These parties +were brilliant affairs, socially, but besides, +we young people had many informal +gayeties. The old Starling +Medical College, which was defunct +as an educational institution, except +for some vivisection and experiments +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_6' name='page_6'></a>6</span> +on hapless cats and dogs that went on +in some out-of-the-way corners, was +used as a boarding-house; and there +was a large circular room in which we +often improvised dances. We young +fellows who lodged in the place were +half a dozen journalists, lawyers, and +law-students; one was, like myself, a +writer for the “Atlantic,” and we saw +life with joyous eyes. We read the +new books, and talked them over with +the young ladies whom we seem to have +been always calling upon. I remember +those years in Columbus as among the +happiest years of my life.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> From Columbus you went +as consul to Venice, did not you?</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:369px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_3' id='linki_3'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus010.png' alt='' title='' width='369' height='682' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE GIUSTINIANI PALACE, HOWELLS’ HOME IN VENICE.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes. You remember I had +written a campaign “Life of Lincoln.” +I was, like my father, an ardent Anti-slavery +man. I went myself to Washington +soon after President Lincoln’s +inauguration. I was first offered the +consulate to Rome; but as it depended +entirely upon perquisites, which +amounted only to three or four hundred +dollars a year, I declined it, and +they gave me Venice. The salary was +raised to fifteen hundred dollars, which +seemed to me quite beyond the dreams +of avarice.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Do not you regard that +Venetian experience as a very valuable +one?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Oh, of course. In the first +place, it gave me four years of almost +uninterrupted leisure for study and literary +work. There was, to be sure, +occasionally an invoice to be verified, +but that did not take much time. +Secondly, it gave me a wider outlook +upon the world than I had hitherto +had. Without much study of a systematic +kind, I had acquired a notion of +English, French, German, and Spanish +literature. I had been an eager and +constant reader, always guided in my +choice of books by my own inclination. +I had learned German. Now, +my first task was to learn Italian; and +one of my early teachers was a Venetian +priest, whom I read Dante with. +This priest in certain ways suggested +Don Ippolito in “A Foregone Conclusion.”</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Then he took snuff, and +had a supernumerary calico handkerchief?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes. But what interested +me most about him was his religious +skepticism. He used to say, “The +saints are the gods baptized.” Then +he was a kind of baffled inventor; +though whether his inventions had the +least merit I was unable to determine.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> But his love story?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> That was wholly fictitious.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> I remember you gave me, in +1874, a letter of introduction to a Venetian +friend of yours, named Brunetta, +whom I failed to find.</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes, Brunetta was the first +friend I had in Venice. He was a distinctly +Latin character—sober, well-regulated, +and probity itself.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Do you call that the Latin +character?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> It is not our conventional +idea of it; but it is fully as characteristic, +if not more so, than the light, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_7' name='page_7'></a>7</span> +mercurial, pleasure-loving type which +somehow in literature has displaced +the other. Brunetta and I promptly +made the discovery that we were congenial. +Then we became daily companions. +I had a number +of other Italian +friends too, full of +beautiful <i>bonhomie</i> and +Southern sweetness of +temperament.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:243px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_4' id='linki_4'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus012.jpg' alt='' title='' width='243' height='694' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +W. D. HOWELLS, AFTER HIS RETURN FROM VENICE.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> You must +have acquired Italian +in a very short time?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes; being +domesticated in that +way in the very heart +of that Italy, which was +then <i>Italia irridente</i>, I +could not help steeping +myself in its atmosphere +and breathing in the +language, with the rest +of its very composite +flavors.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Yes; and +whatever I know of +Italian literature I owe +largely to the completeness +of that soaking +process of yours. Your +book on the Italian +poets is one of the most +charmingly sympathetic +and illuminative bits of +criticism that I know.</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> I am glad +you think so; but the +book was never a popular +success. Of all the +Italian authors, the one +I delighted in the most +was Goldoni. His exquisite realism +fascinated me. It was the sort of thing +which I felt I ought not to like; but +for all that I liked it immensely.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> How do you mean that you +ought not to like it?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Why, I was an idealist in +those days. I was only twenty-four or +twenty-five years old, and I knew the +world chiefly through literature. I was +all the time trying to see things as +others had seen them, and I had a +notion that, in literature, persons and +things should be nobler and better than +they are in the sordid reality; and this +romantic glamour veiled the world to +me, and kept me from seeing things as +they are. But in the lanes and alleys +of Venice I found Goldoni everywhere. +Scenes from his plays were enacted +before my eyes, with all +the charming Southern +vividness of speech and +gesture, and I seemed +at every turn to have +stepped at unawares +into one of his comedies. +I believe this was the +beginning of my revolt. +But it was a good while +yet before I found my +own bearings.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> But permit +me to say that it was an +exquisitely delicate set +of fresh Western senses +you brought with you to +Venice. When I was in +Venice in 1878, I could +not get away from you, +however much I tried. +I saw your old Venetian +senator, in his august +rags, roasting coffee; +and I promenaded about +for days in the chapters +of your “Venetian +Life,” like the Knight +Huldbrand, in the Enchanted +Forest in “Undine,” +and I could not +find my way out. Of +course, I know that, +being what you were, +you could not have +helped writing that +book, but what was +the immediate cause of your writing +it?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> From the day I arrived in +Venice I kept a journal in which I +noted down my impressions. I found +a young pleasure in registering my sensations +at the sight of notable things, +and literary reminiscences usually +shimmered through my observations. +Then I received an offer from the +“Boston Daily Advertiser,” to write +weekly or bi-weekly letters, for which +they paid me five dollars, in greenbacks, +a column, nonpareil. By the +time this sum reached Venice, shaven +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_8' name='page_8'></a>8</span> +and shorn by discounts for exchange +in gold premium, it had usually +shrunk to half its size or less. Still I +was glad enough to get even that, and +I kept on writing joyously. So the book +grew in my hands until, at the time I +resigned in 1865, I was trying to have +it published. I offered it successively +to a number of English publishers; +but they all declined it. At last Mr. +Trübner agreed to take it, if I could +guarantee the sale of five hundred +copies in the United States, or induce +an American publisher to buy that +number of copies in sheets. I happened +to cross the ocean with Mr. +Hurd of the New York firm of Hurd & +Houghton, and repeated Mr. Trübner’s +proposition to him. He refused to +commit himself; but some weeks after +my arrival in New York, he told me +that the risk was practically nothing at +all, and that his firm would agree to +take the five hundred copies. The +book was an instant success. I don’t +know how many editions of it have +been printed, but I should say that its +sale has been upward of forty thousand +copies, and it still continues. The +English weeklies gave me long complimentary +notices, which I carried about +for months in my pocket like love-letters, +and read surreptitiously at odd +moments. I thought it was curious +that other people to whom I showed +the reviews did not seem much interested.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:283px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_5' id='linki_5'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus013.jpg' alt='' title='' width='283' height='281' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +W. D. HOWELLS. FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN AT CAMBRIDGE IN 1868.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> After returning to this country, +did not you settle down in New +York?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes; I was for a while a +free lance in literature. I did whatever +came in my way, and sold my articles +to the newspapers, going about from +office to office, but I was finally offered +a place in “The Nation,” where I +obtained a fixed position at a salary. +I had at times a sense that, by going +abroad, I had fallen out of the American +procession of progress; and, +though I was elbowing my way energetically +through the crowd, I seemed +to have a tremendous difficulty in recovering +my lost place on my native +soil, and asserting my full right to it. +So, when young men beg me to recommend +them for consulships, I always +feel in duty bound to impress on them +this great danger of falling out of the +procession, and asking them whether +they have confidence in their ability to +reconquer the place they have deserted, +for while they are away it will be +pretty sure to be filled by somebody +else. A man returning from a residence +of several years abroad has a sense of +superfluity in his own country—he has +become a mere supernumerary whose +presence or absence makes no particular +difference.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> What year did you leave +“The Nation” and assume the editorship +of “The Atlantic”?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> I took the editorship in +1872, but went to live in Cambridge six +or seven years before. I was first +assistant editor under James T. Fields, +who was uniformly kind and considerate, +and with whom I got along perfectly. +It was a place that he could +have made odious to me, but he made +it delightful. I have the tenderest regard +and the highest respect for his +memory.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> I need scarcely ask you +if your association with Lowell was +agreeable?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> It was in every way charming. +He was twenty years my senior, +but he always treated me as an equal +and a contemporary. And you know the +difference between thirty and fifty is +far greater than between forty and +sixty, or fifty and seventy. I dined +with him every week, and he showed +the friendliest appreciation of the work +I was trying to do. We took long +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_9' name='page_9'></a>9</span> +walks together; and you know what +a rare talker he was. Somehow I got +much nearer to him than to Longfellow. +As a man, Longfellow was flawless. +He was full of noble friendliness and +encouragement to all literary workers +in whom he believed.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Do you remember you once +said to me that he was a most inveterate +praiser?</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_6' id='linki_6'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus015.png' alt='' title='' width='680' height='370' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +W. D. HOWELLS’ SUMMER HOME AT BELMONT IN 1878.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p><i>Howells.</i> I may have said that; for in +the kindness of his heart, and his constitutional +reluctance to give pain, he +did undoubtedly often strain a point +or two in speaking well of things. But +that was part of his beautiful kindliness +of soul and admirable urbanity. +Lowell, you know, confessed to being +“a tory in his nerves;” but Longfellow, +with all his stateliness of manner, was +nobly and perfectly democratic. He +was ideally good; I think he was without +a fault.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> I have never known a man +who was more completely free from +snobbishness and pretence of all kinds. +It delighted him to go out of his way +to do a man a favor. There was, however, +a little touch of Puritan pallor +in his temperament, a slight lack of +robustness; that is, if his brother’s +biography can be trusted. What I +mean to say is, that he appears there +a trifle too perfect; too bloodlessly, +and almost frostily, statuesque. I have +always had a little diminutive grudge +against the Reverend Samuel Longfellow +for not using a single one of those +beautiful anecdotes I sent him illustrative +of the warmer and more genial +side of the poet’s character. He evidently +wanted to portray a Plutarchian +man of heroic size, and he therefore +had to exclude all that was subtly individualizing.</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Well, there is always room +for another biography of Longfellow.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> At the time when I made +your acquaintance in 1871, you were +writing “Their Wedding Journey.” Do +you remember the glorious talks we had +together while the hours of the night +slipped away unnoticed? We have +no more of those splendid conversational +rages now-a-days. How eloquent +we were, to be sure; and with what +delight you read those chapters on +“Niagara,” “Quebec,” and “The St. +Lawrence;” and with what rapture I +listened! I can never read them without +supplying the cadence of your voice, +and seeing you seated, twenty-two years +younger than now, in that cosey little +library in Berkeley Street.</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes; and do you mind our +sudden attacks of hunger, when we +would start on a foraging expedition +into the cellar, in the middle of the +night, and return, you with a cheese +and crackers, and I with a watermelon +and a bottle of champagne? What +jolly meals we improvised! Only it is +a wonder to me that we survived them.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> You will never suspect what +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_10' name='page_10'></a>10</span> +an influence you exerted upon my fate +by your friendliness and sympathy in +those never-to-be-forgotten days. You +Americanized me. I had been an alien, +and felt alien in every fibre of my soul, +until I met you. Then I became domesticated. +I found a kindred spirit +who understood me, and whom I understood; +and that is the first and indispensable +condition of happiness. It was +at your house, at a luncheon, I think, +that I met Henry James.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:472px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_7' id='linki_7'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus016.jpg' alt='' title='' width='472' height='639' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE AUTHOR OF “ANNIE KILBURN.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes; James and I were constant +companions. We took daily walks +together, and his father, the elder Henry +James, was an incomparably delightful +and interesting man.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Yes; I remember him well. +I doubt if I ever heard a more brilliant +talker.</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> No; he was one of the best +talkers in America. And didn’t the immortal +Ralph Keeler appear upon the +scene during the summer of ’71 or ’72?</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Yes; your small son “Bua” +insisted upon calling him “Big Man +Keeler” in spite of his small size.</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes, Bua was the only one +who ever saw Keeler life-size.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> I remember how he sat in +your library and told stories of his +negro minstrel days and his wild adventures +in many climes, and did not +care whether you laughed with him or +at him, but would join you from sheer +sympathy, and how we all laughed in +chorus until our sides ached!</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Poor Keeler! He was a +sort of migratory, nomadic survival; +but he had fine qualities, and was well +equipped for a sort of fiction. If he +had lived he might have written the +great American novel. Who knows?</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Was not it at Cambridge +that Björnstjerne Björnson visited you?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> No; that was in 1881, at +Belmont, where we went in order to be +in the country, and give the children +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_11' name='page_11'></a>11</span> +the benefit of country air. When I met +Björnson before, we had always talked +Italian; but the first thing he said to me +at Belmont, was: “Now we will speak +English.” And when he had got into +the house, he picked up a book and +said in his abrupt way: “We do not +put enough in;” meaning thereby, +that we ignored too much of life in +our fiction—excluded it out of regard +for propriety. But when I met him, +some years later, in Paris, he had +changed his mind about that, for he +detested the French naturalism, and +could find nothing to praise in Zola.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> I am going to ask you one +of the interviewer’s stock questions, +but you need not answer, you know: +Which of your books do you regard as +the greatest?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> I have always taken the +most satisfaction in “A Modern Instance.” +I have there come closest to +American life as I know it.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> But in “Silas Lapham” it +seems to me that you have got a still +firmer grip on American reality.</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Perhaps. Still I prefer “A +Modern Instance.” “Silas Lapham” +is the most successful novel I have +published, except “A Hazard of New +Fortunes,” which has sold nearly twice +as many copies as any of the rest.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> What do you attribute that +to?</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Possibly to the fact that +the scene is laid in New York; the +public throughout the country is far +more interested in New York than in +Boston. New York, as Lowell once +said, is a huge pudding, and every +town and village has been helped to +a slice, or wants to be.</p> +<p><i>Boyesen.</i> I rejoice that New York has +found such a subtly appreciative and +faithful chronicler as you show yourself +to be in “A Hazard of New +Fortunes.” To the equipment of a great +city—a world-city as the Germans say—belongs +a great novelist; that is to +say, at least one. And even though +your modesty may rebel, I shall persist +in regarding you henceforth as <i>the</i> +novelist <i>par excellence</i> of New York.</p> +<p><i>Howells.</i> Ah, you don’t expect me to +live up to <i>that</i> bit of taffy!</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_8' id='linki_8'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus017.jpg' alt='' title='' width='700' height='530' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_12' name='page_12'></a>12</span> +<a name='PARABLES_OF_A_PROVINCEI_THE_NYMPH_OF_THE_EDDY__BY_GILBERT_PARKER' id='PARABLES_OF_A_PROVINCEI_THE_NYMPH_OF_THE_EDDY__BY_GILBERT_PARKER'></a> +<h2>PARABLES OF A PROVINCE.—I.<br /><span class='smcaplc'>THE NYMPH OF THE EDDY.</span> +<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Gilbert Parker.</span></span></h2> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_9' id='linki_9'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus018.png' alt='The Nymph of the Eddy' title='' width='518' height='700' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>It lay in the sharp angle of a wooded shore near Pontiac. +When the river was high it had all the temper +of a maelstrom, but in the hot summer, when the logs +had ceased to run, and the river wallowed idly away +to the rapids, it was like a molten mirror which, with the regularity +of a pulse, resolved itself into a funnel, as though somewhere beneath +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_13' name='page_13'></a>13</span> +there was a blowhole. It had a look of hunger. Even the children +noticed that, and they fed it with many things. What it passed into +its rumbling bowels you never saw again. You threw a stick upon +the shivering surface, and you saw it travel, first slowly, then very +swiftly, round and round the sides, till the throat of the eddy seemed +to open suddenly, and it ran straight down into darkness, and presently +the funnel filled up again. It was shadowed by a huge cedar +tree. If you came suddenly into the thicket above it, you were stilled +with wonder. The place was different from all others on the river. +It looked damp, it was so strangely green; the grass and trees +showed so juicy; you fancied you could slice the fallen logs through +with a penknife. Every sound there carried with a peculiar distinctness, +yet the air was almost painfully still. Through the stillness +there ran ever a sound, metallic, monotonous, pleasant—a clean cling-clung, +cling-clung. It never varied, was the river high or low. If +you lay down in the mossy grass you were lulled by that sing-song +vibration, behind which you heard the low sucking breath of the +eddy. The two sounds belonged to each other, and had a peculiar +sympathy of tone. The birds never sang in the place, not because +it was gloomy, maybe, but as though not to break in upon other +rights.</p> +<p>There was nothing mysterious about that unceasing cling-clung, +it was merely the ram of a force-pump. If you followed the pipe +that led from the ram up the hill, you came to a large white house.</p> +<p>Many a summer day, and especially of a morning, a young girl +came dancing down to the eddy, to sit beside it. She and it were +very good friends; she used to tell it her secrets, and she made up a +little song about it—a simple, almost foolish little song such as a +clever young girl can write—Laure had been to the convent in Montreal, +so she was not a common village maid.</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>“Green, so green, is the cedar tree,</p> +<p class='indent2'>And green is the moss that’s under;</p> +<p>Can you hear the things that he says to me?</p> +<p class='indent2'>Do you like them? O Eddy, I wonder.”</p> +</div></div> +<p>It was very foolish. But she had such a soft, thrilling voice that +you would have thought it beautiful. She was young—about sixteen—and +her hair was so light that it fell about her like spray. But +suddenly she ceased to be quite happy.</p> +<p>Armand, the avocat’s clerk, was a Protestant, and she had been +meeting him at the eddy secretly. What did she care about the Catechism, +or the <i>curé</i>, or an unblessed marriage, if Armand blessed her? +She was afraid of nothing; she would dare anything while she was +certain of him. But the <i>curé</i> discovered something—she ceased to +go to confession, and, though he was a kind man, he had his duty +to do.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:354px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_10' id='linki_10'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_14' name='page_14'></a>14</span> +<img src='images/illus020.jpg' alt='' title='' width='354' height='700' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>There was trouble, and the ways of Laure’s people were devious +and hard. It was said that she must go to the convent again, and +they kept her prisoner in the house. One day they brought her a +letter which, they said, was from Armand. It told her that he was +going away, and that he had given her up. She had never seen his +writing—they had trusted nothing to the village post-office—and she +believed that the letter was from him. She had wept so much that +tears were all done; her eyes only ached now. At first she thought +that she would get away and go to him, and beg him not to give her +up—what does a child know of pride all at once? But the pride +came to her a little later, and she tried to think what she must do. +While her thoughts went waving to and fro, and she could make +nothing of them, she heard all the time the long, sighing breath of +the eddy and the cling-clung of the force-pump. She never slept, +and after a time it grew in her mind that she never would sleep till +she went down to the cedar tree and the eddy; they seemed always +calling her. She had said her Ave Marias over and over again, but +they seemed to do her no good. Nothing could quiet her, not even +the music of the twelfth mass, played on the little reed organ by +the organist of St. Savior’s, when they took her to church against +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_15' name='page_15'></a>15</span> +her will—a passive rebel. The next day she was to go to the convent +again.</p> +<p>That night she stole from the house into the light of the soft harvest +moon, and ran down through the garden, over the road, and +into the cedar thicket. She did not hear behind her the footsteps of +a man who, night after night, had watched the house, hoping that she +would come out. She hastened to the cedar tree, and looked down +into the eddy. From far up the river there came the plaintive cry +of a loon; but she heard no other sound in the night, save this and +the cling-clung of the ram muffled by fallen branches, and the loud-breathing +eddy which invited—until an arm ran round her waist and +held her fast.</p> +<p>A minute later he said: “You will come, then? And we shall be +man and wife very quick.”</p> +<p>“Wait a minute,” she said, and she picked up handfuls of leaves +and dropped them softly into the funnel of water.</p> +<p>“What’s that for?” he asked.</p> +<p>“I am a cock-robin,” she said with her old gayety. “There’s a +girl drowned there. Yes, but it’s true. She was a good Catholic +and unhappy. I’m a heretic now, and happy.”</p> +<p>But she said her Ave Marias again just the same; being happy, +they did her more good. And she says that the eddy is spiteful to +her now. It had counted on a different end to her wooing.</p> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_16' name='page_16'></a>16</span> +<a name='HUMAN_DOCUMENTS_AN_INTRODUCTION_BY_SARAH_ORNE_JEWETT' id='HUMAN_DOCUMENTS_AN_INTRODUCTION_BY_SARAH_ORNE_JEWETT'></a> +<h2>HUMAN DOCUMENTS. +<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>An Introduction by Sarah Orne Jewett.</span></span></h2> +</div> +<p>To give to the world a collection of +the successive portraits of a man +is to tell his affairs openly, and so betray +intimate personalities. We are often +found quarrelling with the tone of the +public press, because it yields to what +is called the public demand to be told +both the private affairs of noteworthy +persons and the trivial details and circumstances +of those who are insignificant. +Some one has said that a sincere +man willingly answers any questions, +however personal, that are asked out of +interest, but instantly resents those that +have their impulse in curiosity; and +that one’s instinct always detects the +difference. This I take to be a wise +rule of conduct; but beyond lies the +wider subject of our right to possess +ourselves of personal information, although +we have a vague remembrance, +even in these days, of the belief of old-fashioned +and decorous people, that +subjects, not persons, are fitting material +for conversation.</p> +<p>But there is an honest interest, which +is as noble a thing as curiosity is contemptible; +and it is in recognition of +this, that Lowell writes in the largest +way in his “Essay on Rousseau and +the Sentimentalists.”</p> +<p>“Yet our love of minute biographical +details,” he says, “our desire to make +ourselves spies upon the men of the +past, seems so much of an instinct in +us, that we must look for the spring of +it in human nature, and that somewhat +deeper than mere curiosity or love of +gossip.” And more emphatically in +another paragraph: “The moment he +undertakes to establish ... a rule +of conduct, we ask at once how far are +his own life and deed in accordance +with what he preaches?”</p> +<p>This I believe to be at the bottom of +even our insatiate modern eagerness to +know the best and the worst of our +contemporaries; it is simply to find out +how far their behavior squares with +their words and position. We seldom +stop to get the best point of view, either +in friendly talk or in a sober effort, to +notice the growth of character, or, in +the widest way, to comprehend the +traits and influence of a man whose life +in any way affects our own.</p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p>Now and then, in an old picture gallery, +one comes upon the grouped portraits +of a great soldier, or man of letters, +or some fine lady whose character still +lifts itself into view above the dead +level of feminine conformity which +prevailed in her time. The blurred +pastel, the cracked and dingy canvas, +the delicate brightness of a miniature +which bears touching signs of wear—from +these we piece together a whole +life’s history. Here are the impersonal +baby face; the domineering glance of +the school-boy, lord of his dog and gun; +the wan-visaged student who was just +beginning to confront the serried ranks +of those successes which conspired to +hinder him from his duty and the fulfilment +of his dreams; here is the mature +man, with grave reticence of look and +a proud sense of achievement; and at +last the older and vaguer face, blurred +and pitifully conscious of fast waning +powers. As they hang in a row they +seem to bear mute witness to all the +successes and failures of a life.</p> +<p>This very day, perhaps, you chanced +to open a drawer and take in your +hand, for amusement’s sake, some old +family daguerreotypes. It is easy +enough to laugh at the stiff positions +and droll costumes; but suddenly you +find an old likeness of yourself, and +walk away with it, self-consciously, to +the window, with a pretence of seeking +a better light on the quick-reflecting, +faintly impressed plate. Your earlier, +half-forgotten self confronts you seriously; +the youth whose hopes you +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_17' name='page_17'></a>17</span> +have disappointed, or whose dreams +you have turned into realities. You +search the young face; perhaps you +even look deep into the eyes of your +own babyhood to discover your dawning +consciousness; to answer back to +yourself, as it were, from the known +and discovered countries of that baby’s +future. There is a fascination in reading +character backwards. You may or +may not be able easily to revive early +thoughts and impressions, but with an +early portrait in your hand they do +revive again in spite of you; they +seem to be living in the pictured face +to applaud or condemn you. In these +old pictures exist our former selves. +They wear a mystical expression. They +are still ourselves, but with unfathomable +eyes staring back to us out of the +strange remoteness of our outgrown +youth.</p> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>“Surely I have known before</p> +<p class='indent2'>Phantoms of the shapes ye be—</p> +<p>Haunters of another shore</p> +<p class='indent2'>’Leaguered by another sea.”</p> +</div></div> +<p>It is somehow far simpler and less startling +to examine a series of portraits of +some other face and figure than one’s +own. Perhaps it is most interesting to +take those of some person whom the +whole world knows, and whose traits +and experiences are somewhat comprehended. +You say to yourself, “This was +Nelson before ever he fought one of +his great sea battles; this was Washington, +with only the faintest trace of +his soldiering and the leisurely undemanding +aspect of a country gentleman!” +<i>Human Documents</i>—the phrase +is Daudet’s, and tells its own story, +with no need of additional attempts of +suggestiveness.</p> +<p>It would seem to be such an inevitable +subject for sermon writing, that +no one need be unfamiliar with warnings, +lest our weakness and wickedness +leave traces upon the countenance—awful, +ineffaceable hieroglyphics, that +belong to the one universal primitive +language of mankind. Who cannot +read faces? The merest savage, who +comprehends no written language, +glances at you to know if he may +expect friendliness or enmity, with a +quicker intelligence than your own.</p> +<p>The lines that are written slowly +and certainly by the pen of character, +the deep mark that sorrow once left, or +the light sign-manual of an unfading +joy, there they are and will remain; it +is at length the aspect of the spiritual +body itself, and belongs to the unfolding +and existence of life. We have +never formulated a science like palmistry +on the larger scale that this character-reading +from the face would need; +but to say that we make our own faces, +and, having made them, have made +pieces of immortality, is to say what +seems trite enough. A child turns with +quick impatience and incredulity from +the dull admonitions of his teachers, +about goodness and good looks. To +say, “Be good and you will be beautiful,” +is like giving him a stone for a lantern. +Beauty seems an accident rather +than an achievement, and a cause instead +of an effect; but when childhood has +passed, one of the things we are sure +to have learned, is to read the sign-language +of faces, and to take the +messages they bring. Recognition of +these things is sure to come to us more +and more by living; there is no such +thing as turning our faces into unbetraying +masks. A series of portraits is +a veritable Human Document, and the +merest glance may discover the progress +of the man, the dwindled or developed +personality, the history of a +character.</p> +<p>These sentences are written merely +as suggestions, and from the point of +view of morals; there is also the point +of view of heredity, and the curious +resemblance between those who belong +to certain professions. Just what it is +that makes us almost certain to recognize +a doctor or a priest at first glance +is too subtle a question for discussion +here. Some one has said that we +usually arrive, in time, at the opposite +extreme to those preferences and opinions +which we hold in early life. The +man who breaks away from conventionalities, +ends by returning to them, +or out of narrow prejudices and restrictions +grows towards a late and +serene liberty. These changes show +themselves in the face with amazing +clearness, and it would seem also, that +even individuality sways us only for a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_18' name='page_18'></a>18</span> +time; that if we live far into the autumnal +period of life we lose much of +our individuality of looks, and become +more emphatically members of the +family from which we spring. A man +like Charles the First was already less +himself than he was a Stuart; we should +not fail in instances of this sort, nor +seek far afield. The return to the +type compels us steadily; at last it has +its way. Very old persons, and those +who are dangerously ill, are often +noticed to be curiously like their nearest +of kin, and to have almost visibly +ceased to be themselves.</p> +<p>All time has been getting our lives +ready to be lived, to be shaped as far +as may be by our own wills, and +furthered by that conscious freedom +that gives us to be ourselves. You +may read all these in any Human Document—the +look of race, the look of +family, the look that is set like a seal +by a man’s occupation, the look of the +spirit’s free or hindered life, and success +or failure in the pursuit of goodness—they +are all plain to see. If we +could read one human face aright, the +history not only of the man, but of +humanity itself, is written there.</p> +<h3>BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES TO ACCOMPANY THE “HUMAN DOCUMENTS” GIVEN IN THIS NUMBER.</h3> +<p><span class='smcap'>General Lew Wallace</span> was born +in Brookville, Indiana, in 1827. After +receiving a common school education, +he studied law. He distinguished himself +in the Civil War, and was made a +brigadier-general. After the war he +practised law in Crawfordsville, Indiana. +A few years later he was for a +time Governor of New Mexico. From +1878-81 he was Governor of Utah, and +from 1881-85 Minister to Turkey. +His first book, “A Fair God,” appeared +in 1877. “Ben Hur,” published in +1880, has reached a sale of several +hundred thousand copies. General +Wallace’s home is in Crawfordsville, +Indiana.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>William Dean Howells</span> was born +in Martin’s Ferry, Ohio, March 11, 1837. +His father was the editor of a country +newspaper, and young Howells learned +the printer’s trade. He began to write +at an early age. At nineteen he was +Columbus correspondent of the “Cincinnati +Gazette,” and at twenty-two, +news editor of the “Ohio State Journal.” +A campaign “Life of Lincoln,” +gained him the consulship at Venice, +where he seriously devoted his leisure +hours to literature. “Venetian Life” +gave him reputation. On his return +to America in 1865, he wrote for newspapers +and magazines. In 1866 Mr. +Howells joined the editorial staff of +“The Atlantic.” In 1872 he became +the editor. About this time the success +of “Their Wedding Journey” determined +his career as a novelist.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen</span> was born +at Frederiksværn, Norway, September +23, 1848. When twenty-one years of +age he came to the United States. In +1874 he was appointed professor of +German at Cornell University, and is +now professor of Germanic languages +and literature at Columbia College, New +York. It was in the early seventies +that Professor Boyesen’s name began +to appear in the magazines. In 1873 +he published his first long romance, +“Gunnar,” and other novels followed, +well known to the reading world.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Alphonse Daudet</span> was born at +Nîmes, May 13, 1840. His early life +was full of hardship and deprivation. +In 1857 he arrived in Paris, with some +manuscript poems and no money. He +almost starved, but kept on writing and +hoping. His volume of verse, “Les +Amoureuses” (1858), attracted some +attention. He persisted, took to writing +novels, and achieved greatness. +The story of his life and struggles, as +told by himself, will be given in an early +number of <span class='smcap'>McClure’s Magazine</span>.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_19' name='page_19'></a>19</span></div> +<h3>GENERAL LEW WALLACE.</h3> +<p class='center'><i>Born in Brookville, Indiana, April 10, 1827.</i></p> +<div class='figleft' style='width:351px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_11' id='linki_11'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus027a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='351' height='550' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 35. 1862. MAJOR-GENERAL OF VOLUNTEERS.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:322px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_12' id='linki_12'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus027b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='322' height='494' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 40. 1867. GOVERNOR OF NEW MEXICO.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figleft' style='width:320px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_13' id='linki_13'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus027c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='320' height='492' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 50. 1877. GOVERNOR OF UTAH.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:319px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_14' id='linki_14'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus027d.jpg' alt='' title='' width='319' height='436' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 66. GENERAL WALLACE AT THE PRESENT DAY.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<hr /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_20' name='page_20'></a>20</span></div> +<h3>WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS.</h3> +<div class='figleft' style='width:241px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_15' id='linki_15'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus028a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='241' height='395' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 18. 1855. RESIDENCE, JEFFERSON, OHIO.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:228px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_16' id='linki_16'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus028b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='228' height='403' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 23. 1860. NEWS EDITOR OF “OHIO STATE JOURNAL.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:321px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_17' id='linki_17'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus028c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='321' height='664' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 28. MAY, 1865. VENICE, “VENETIAN LIFE.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figleft' style='width:261px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_18' id='linki_18'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus028d.jpg' alt='' title='' width='261' height='368' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 25. 1862. CONSUL AT VENICE.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:175px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_19' id='linki_19'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus028e.jpg' alt='' title='' width='175' height='237' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 32. 1869. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. “SUBURBAN SKETCHES.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figleft' style='width:371px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_20' id='linki_20'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_21' name='page_21'></a>21</span> +<img src='images/illus029a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='371' height='532' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 41. 1878. BELMONT, MASS. “THE LADY OF THE AROOSTOOK.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:353px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_21' id='linki_21'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus029b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='353' height='478' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 47. 1884. BOSTON, MASS. “THE RISE OF SILAS LAPHAM.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_22' id='linki_22'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus029c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='361' height='581' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 50. 1887. BOSTON. “APRIL HOPES.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_23' id='linki_23'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_22' name='page_22'></a>22</span> +<img src='images/illus030a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='422' height='511' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 53. 1890. BOSTON. “THE SHADOW OF A DREAM.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<hr /> +<h3>HJALMAR HJORTH BOYESEN.</h3> +<p class='center'><i>Born September 23, 1847, Frederiksværn, Norway.</i></p> +<div class='figleft' style='width:310px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_24' id='linki_24'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus030b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='310' height='304' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 17. 1865. STUDENT, CHRISTIANIA, NORWAY.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:316px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_25' id='linki_25'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus030c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='316' height='312' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 19. 1867. STUDENT, UNIVERSITY OF CHRISTIANIA.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figleft' style='width:260px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_26' id='linki_26'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_23' name='page_23'></a>23</span> +<img src='images/illus031a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='260' height='425' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 22. 1869. CHICAGO. EDITOR OF “FREMAD.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:273px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_27' id='linki_27'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus031b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='273' height='426' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 28. 1875. PROFESSOR OF GERMAN AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, NEW YORK. “TALES OF TWO HEMISPHERES.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figleft' style='width:316px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_28' id='linki_28'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus031c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='316' height='468' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 35. 1882. PROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES, COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW YORK CITY. “DAUGHTER OF THE PHILISTINES.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:314px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_29' id='linki_29'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus031d.jpg' alt='' title='' width='314' height='472' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +1893. THE AUTHOR OF “SOCIAL STRUGGLERS.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<hr /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_24' name='page_24'></a>24</span></div> +<h3>ALPHONSE DAUDET.</h3> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_30' id='linki_30'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus032a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='385' height='640' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 21, PARIS, 1861. “LETTERS FROM MY MILL.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figleft' style='width:255px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_31' id='linki_31'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus032b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='255' height='332' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 30, PARIS, 1870.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:305px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_32' id='linki_32'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus032c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='305' height='422' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +AGE 35, PARIS, 1875. “FROMONT JEUNE ET RISLER AINÉ.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_33' id='linki_33'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_25' name='page_25'></a>25</span> +<img src='images/illus033.jpg' alt='' title='' width='461' height='700' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +DAUDET AT THE PRESENT DAY.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_26' name='page_26'></a>26</span> +<a name='WILD_ANIMALSI_HOW_THEY_ARE_CAPTURED_TRANSPORTED_TRAINED_AND_SOLD__BY_RAYMOND_BLATHWAYT' id='WILD_ANIMALSI_HOW_THEY_ARE_CAPTURED_TRANSPORTED_TRAINED_AND_SOLD__BY_RAYMOND_BLATHWAYT'></a> +<h2>WILD ANIMALS.—I<br /><span class='smcaplc'>HOW THEY ARE CAPTURED, TRANSPORTED, TRAINED, AND SOLD.</span> +<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Raymond Blathwayt.</span></span></h2> +</div> +<div class='figleft' style='width:158px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_34' id='linki_34'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus034a.png' alt='' title='' width='158' height='334' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>The greatest wild animal +trader in the +world is Karl Hagenbeck +of Hamburg. +To hear, +therefore, how he +captures and transports +the brutes that +compose his stock in trade, how he +trains them, and some of the peculiarly +strange adventures which have befallen +him in dealing with them, cannot fail to +be of interest. A few days ago I went +to his Hamburg menagerie, where, on +opening a door, I found myself in a +great shed full of caged wild beasts. +As visitors, except those on business, +are not allowed within those notable +precincts, my unexpected appearance +excited the cages’ occupants to set up +a grand concerto of roars and howls. +Awestruck at +the sight and +sounds, I +stood dazed +until suddenly +recalled to +myself by a +Nubian lion, +who laid hold +of my cloak-flaps +with unsheathed +claws. At +once I leaped +forward, +while the +beast retired +snarling to +the farthest +corner of its +cage, where +in the dark +shadows its +eyes glared +like two living coals. At this moment +Mr. Hagenbeck came forward and gave +me a hearty welcome, coupled with a +word of warning against venturing too +near the cages. He is a tall man, singularly +pleasant looking, with keen eyes +and a decisive manner. Later we sat +in his office, and there I heard many +incidents of the interesting life which +he has led for so many years.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:636px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_35' id='linki_35'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus034b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='636' height='572' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>“My father,” said he, “who started +in life as a fish dealer in this very +town, never dreamed that he would +one day be the founder of the greatest +menagerie in the world. But it chanced +that, in the year 1848, some fishermen, +who usually traded with him, brought +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_27' name='page_27'></a>27</span> +him some seals which they had caught +in their sturgeon nets. They were fine +animals, and he could not help being +delighted with them, and straightway +resolved to take them to Berlin. There +he opened a small exhibition in Kroll’s +Gardens, charging an admission fee. +But there came a revolution; business +was at a standstill, and he was glad +enough to get rid of the seals for a +small sum of money, and to return to +his fish-dealer’s shop in Hamburg. But +he was bitten with the wild-beast fever; +live animals had more attractions for +him than dead fish, and so he told the +fishermen that he would always be +ready to buy any queer animals they +might choose to bring him. A short +time after that a sailor from a whaling +vessel brought him a polar bear; this +he exhibited here in Hamburg. It was +a great novelty, and the people flocked +in crowds to see it. From that time +forward, sailors from all parts of the +world would bring him animals for +sale—monkeys, parrots, deer, snakes, +and so on; once a young lion. Gradually +he got together quite a small +menagerie, but I am bound to say that +at first there was not much profit in +the business. When I left school in +1859, at the age of fifteen, father asked +me which of his two callings I would +rather choose as mine. Of course, +being a boy, I chose the wild beasts. +He gave me a hundred and fifty pounds +to spend as best I could in buying animals. +Fortune favored me from the +start. I made some capital bargains, +increased the business rapidly, and in +1866 father handed the whole business +over to me.”</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_36' id='linki_36'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus035.jpg' alt='' title='' width='571' height='700' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_28' name='page_28'></a>28</span></div> +<h3>HAGENBECK AND BARNUM.</h3> +<div class='figleft' style='width:345px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_37' id='linki_37'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus036a.png' alt='' title='' width='345' height='320' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>At this moment my +eye fell upon a +large photograph +of the +celebrated Mr. +P. T. Barnum, +which hung upon +the wall. +Mr. Hagenbeck, noting the direction +of my gaze, said: “I suppose you +know who that is?”</p> +<p>I replied, “Why, it’s P. T. Barnum.”</p> +<p>“Exactly,” said he. “I was walking +about the menagerie one day in +1872, when Mr. Barnum was announced. +He said: ‘I’ve just come to have a +look round. I’ve got an hour or two +to spare, and I thought I might as well +spend it here as anywhere else.’ Well, +sir,” continued Mr. Hagenbeck, smiling +at the recollection of his first momentous +interview with the great showman, +“he stayed fourteen days, and he filled +two big note-books before he left me. +He was delighted with all he saw, and +still more so with all I told him. I +spoke about ostrich riding, suggested +that it would be a splendid thing if he +got up a regular wild-beast hunt in his +hippodrome. He was immensely taken +with the idea, and wanted me to join +him as partner, but this I was not able +to do. For many years I supplied him +with his animals.”</p> +<p>“Why,” I said, “Mr. Hagenbeck, +that opened up quite a new field.”</p> +<p>“Exactly,” he replied. “The training +of wild animals is now one of the +most important parts of my business. +I also undertake the establishment of +menageries all over the world. I supply +people with their buildings, with +their animals, with their keepers, with +their trainers. Take, for instance, the +Zoölogical Gardens at Cincinnati. I +filled them from top to bottom. I +recently made one in Rio Janeiro.”</p> +<h3>THE PRICES OF WILD ANIMALS.</h3> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_38' id='linki_38'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus036b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='700' height='313' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>“And can you tell me anything about +the prices of wild animals, Mr. Hagenbeck?” +said I.</p> +<p>“Well,” he replied, “prices differ +from time to time, according to the +fashion; for I can assure you that there +is as much fashion in wild animals as +there is in ladies’ dresses. Prices are +also rising and falling, according as +the market supply is high or low. I +can remember that once I sold in one +day a cargo of African beasts for thirty +thousand dollars. A full grown hippopotamus +is now worth £1,000. A two-horned +rhinoceros, which was worth +£600 in 1883, cannot now be obtained +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_29' name='page_29'></a>29</span> +at any price. An Indian tapir costs +£500, an American tapir £150. Elephants +vary according to size and training, +from £250 to £500. A good +forest-bred lion, full grown, will fetch +from £150 to £200, according to species. +Tigers run from £100 to £150, +according to their variety. <ins title='Removed extra quote'>Do</ins> you +know,” he continued, “that there are +five varieties of royal tigers? And, besides +them, there are the tigers which +come from Java, Sumatra, Penang, and +even from the wastes of Siberia, Snakes +are very much down in the market at +present. Those which formerly fetched +£5 or £10, you can now get for £2. +Very large ones sometimes run up to +£50. Leopards £30. Black panthers +£40 to £60. Striped and spotted +panthers £25. Jaguars run from £30 +to £100. A good polar bear will fetch +from £30 to £40. Brown bears from +£6 to 10£. Black American bears +from £10 to £20. A sloth from Thibet +£25 to £30. Monkeys run from six +shillings apiece. They are most expensive +in the spring, when they will sometimes +fetch as much as £1 6<i>s</i>. Giraffes +are altogether out of the market,” +continued Mr. Hagenbeck with a sigh, +“for there are none now to be obtained. +I have sold one as low as £60, whilst +the last one which I sold, four years +ago, to the Brazils, I was paid upwards +of £1,100 for.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:391px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_39' id='linki_39'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus037.png' alt='' title='' width='391' height='426' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>“And now you might just have a +look round at some of the animals. +Here,” said he, as we stood before a +cage of very charming monkeys, “are +some very clever little animals. They +can ride horses in a circus, they jump +through hoops; in fact, they are trained +exactly like human beings, and can do +almost everything but talk. I have just +sent people to Abyssinia to fetch me +some big silver-gray lion-monkeys, +sometimes called hamadryads. I said +just now,” continued Mr. Hagenbeck, +with a laugh, “that monkeys can’t talk; +and yet I must believe in Professor +Garner, for you give me any monkey, +you like to name, and I’ll guarantee +I’ll make it talk. But you can only +do it by imitating them closely. +Take, for instance, that chimpanzee +over there,” continued the clever +trainer, pointing to a little animal fast +asleep on a crossbar. “Now listen,” +he went on, making a peculiar noise +with his lips. At once the animal +woke up, jabbered a reply in chimpanzee, +flew to the bars of the cage, put +his tiny paw out ready for the nuts +which he knew were forthcoming. +“There,” said Mr. Hagenbeck, “don’t +tell me monkeys can’t talk.”</p> +<p>A little farther on we came across a +tiny baby elephant, two feet nine inches +in height. It was as black as coal, and +had just arrived from Singapore. It +was very playful, but when I began +pushing it about, as one might roll a +big beer barrel, it indulged in a fretful +growling, which much amused us. +Seven beautiful elephants stood in one +big stable together, and as I admired +their huge proportions and wondered +at their entire gentleness, I said to Mr. +Hagenbeck, “Is it true, as the great +English circus proprietor George +Sanger told me last summer, that the +Asiatic elephant is far more intelligent +than its African brother?”</p> +<p>“Certainly not,” replied Mr. Hagenbeck. +“The African elephants are just +as clever, just as gentle, just as intelligent +as the Asiatic elephants. There’s +no difference between them; and I ought +to know, for I have had to do with them +for thirty years, and in only one year +I have imported as many as seventy-six +of them.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_30' name='page_30'></a>30</span></div> +<h3>HOW WILD BEASTS ARE CAPTURED.</h3> +<p>Karl Hagenbeck and I stood in his +beautiful gardens, beside the enclosure +in which the lions and tigers spend +the long, hot summer days so frequent +in Hamburg. Most artistically +this enclosure has been made to resemble +an African desert. In the foreground +there are bushes and a few +small palm trees, whilst in the far-off +distance there rise, towering to a blue +tropical sky, grim mountains and sun-stricken +rocks. There is thus conveyed +to the mind an impression of the great +Nubian deserts—an impression whose +force and reality is strengthened by +the appearance of the wild beasts themselves, +basking in the heat of the sun, or +restlessly prowling about the enclosure.</p> +<p>“I should very much like to hear, +Mr. Hagenbeck,” said I, “everything +you can tell me of the way in which +your wild beasts are captured.”</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:485px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_40' id='linki_40'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus039.jpg' alt='' title='' width='485' height='676' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>“Well,” he replied, “I +will tell you as much as +I can. Let us begin with +the animals from the deserts +of Nubia, for I have +hunting parties all over +the world. I send out a +special messenger, who +goes provided with a lot +of silver coin. Nubians +know my courier, who goes +on ahead of this special +messenger. When the +courier reaches Suakim, +it is announced that my +messenger is coming, and +a great <i>fête</i> is proclaimed. +Guns are fired off, tom-toms +are beaten, and for +at least two days before +he arrives there are the +greatest rejoicings. Then +the people go out to +meet him, and conduct +him with great state to a +place on the borders of +the desert where they have +built a zereba. My messenger +then gives advance +money to the hunters, who +go into Abyssinia to buy +horses for the great hunt. +As soon as the whole +party is collected, business begins. +They are armed with assegais and +long hunting-swords like the old German +swords. They are as broad as +your hand, sharp at both ends, and two +handled. Men upon fast horses hunt +up the animals. Large animals, such +as elephants and rhinoceroses, with +sucklings, are the best game. The +hunters, forming a circle, follow them. +Having caught a rhinoceros with its +young one, a man jumps down from +his horse and cuts the old beast in a +vein, whilst some of the other men +chase another animal in front to distract +attention. Then the black fellow +lets go the big rhinoceros, catches the +little one, ties its legs, and after it has +calmed down brings it to my collector, +who is waiting for him in the zereba. +The old one is killed, skinned, and +eaten. The natives make their best +shields from the hide. Elephants and +giraffes are hunted in the same manner. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_31' name='page_31'></a>31</span> +I have +been describing +to +you chiefly +the old +method of +hunting +animals in +Nubia. Of +late years +they generally +use +guns. The +young animals +are +always +brought up +with goat’s +milk.”</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_41' id='linki_41'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus040a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='627' height='368' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>At this +moment we were passing a large cage +full of the finest lions I had ever seen. +As soon as they caught sight of Mr. +Hagenbeck, they began to purr loudly, +and when he spoke, came up to the bars +of the cage to be stroked and petted.</p> +<p>“There,” said my host, “these are +some very beautiful lions from Nubia. +You can see that they are in perfect +condition, and this is chiefly owing to +the fact that they are being trained for +their performances. There is nothing +that keeps them in good health so +much as constant exercise; that, I +think,” added Mr. Hagenbeck, with a +laugh, “is a very +good argument in +favor of training wild +beasts, and goes a +long way to prove +that there really is +very little cruelty in +it. Now, I’ll tell you +how lions are caught +in the Nubian desert. +The Kauri negroes, +when my messenger +arrives, form parties +to go in search of +young lions. When +they discover the +spoor of a lioness, +they creep about the +bush until they find +the animal’s lair. It +is usually one man +alone who does this, +and he has only a bundle of assegais +under his left arm. Before the lioness +can spring upon him, she has these +spears in her body. Look at this skin,” +continued Mr. Hagenbeck, pointing to +a magnificent tawny skin hanging up +in the hall. “There,” said he, “that +skin has no less than twenty-four holes +in it. The poor mother made a brave +fight for her young ones. Well,” continued +Mr. Hagenbeck, “when the old +lioness is killed he takes the young +ones to the zereba. The little lions are +suckled by goats three times a day, and +get quite fond of their foster-mothers.</p> +<p>“Leopards and +hyenas are caught in +Nubia in traps which +are made out of +wood or cut out of +stone in the mountains. +These traps +are baited with meat, +and catch the big +cats precisely as a +mouse-trap catches a +mouse. Once trapped, +the hunters can +tie the creature’s +legs, and bear it in +triumph to the zereba.”</p> +<p>“And how are the +Asiatic animals +caught?” I asked +Mr. Hagenbeck.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:318px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_42' id='linki_42'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus040b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='318' height='430' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>“Well,” he replied, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_32' name='page_32'></a>32</span> +“very much the same method is pursued +there that we adopt in Africa. +For instance, in Borneo and Java, animals +are caught in trapfalls and pitfalls, +and some in huge mouse-traps. +In these we often catch full-grown +tigers, black panthers, and leopards. +In the pitfalls we find two horned +rhinoceroses and saddlebacked tapirs. +The animals, running through the forest, +run over these pitfalls and drop in. +The greater part of these unfortunately +die directly after they are caught; some +kill themselves +in their +excitement, +others won’t +feed, and so +pine away. A +rhinoceros or +a tapir dies +because it is +often hurt internally, +although +we frequently +do not +discover that +they have been +hurt until they +have been with +us for one or +two months. +I can remember +that I +once imported +seven big rhinoceroses, +and +I sold only one +of them, as +the other six +died. Bengal +tigers are +caught young, +brought up by +the natives in +much the same way as the young lions +in Africa, on milk and fowls. Most +of these come by way of Calcutta.”</p> +<p>Standing in front of a great glass +cage full of snakes, I said to Mr. +Hagenbeck: “Now, how do you manage +to get hold of these reptiles? They +must be very dangerous.”</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:439px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_43' id='linki_43'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus041.jpg' alt='' title='' width='439' height='637' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>“Ah!” he replied, with a thoughtful +look, “I’ll tell you later on one or two +stories of dreadful adventures that I +myself have had with snakes. In the +meantime this is the way they are +caught in India. In the dry season +the jungle is set on fire. As the +snakes run out in all directions, they +are caught by the natives with long +sticks having a hoop at the end, to +which is attached a big bag, a sort of +exaggerated butterfly net. After that +the reptiles are packed in sacks made +of matting, which are fastened to long +bamboos, and carried to Calcutta on +the shoulders of the natives. When +Calcutta is reached, they are packed +in big boxes, +from twelve to +sixteen in a +box, that is +when they are +only eight or +ten feet long; +big snakes, +from fourteen +to sixteen feet +in length, are +only packed +from two to +three in a box. +They are then +sent direct to +Europe without +food or +water on the +journey, for +they require +neither. The +principal thing +is to keep +them warm. +Cold gives +them mouth +disease, which +is certain +death. I remember +once,” +continued Mr. +Hagenbeck, “that I had one hundred +and sixty-two snakes reach London in +perfect condition; a violent snow-storm +then came on, and when the +boxes were opened in Hamburg every +snake was dead.</p> +<p>“The majority of my Asiatic elephants +come from Ceylon, although a +few of them are exported from Burma. +I remember one year there was a great +demand in the American market for +Asiatic elephants; Barnum and Forepaugh +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_33' name='page_33'></a>33</span> +each wanted twelve. I couldn’t +get enough from Burma, so sent direct +to Ceylon, and got no less than sixty-seven +elephants, all of which I disposed +of in the next twelve months. +Most of these were caught by noosing. +This is done by Afghans who take out +a license from the Ceylon Government. +They go out with dogs, find a herd, +follow it up, and drive the elephants +into different flights; they then give +their attention to the younger elephants. +Each man has a long raw-hide +rope with a noose in the end of +it. He chases an elephant, throws the +noose round its hind legs, and follows +it until a tree is reached, round which +the line is fastened. When the elephant +drops down in despair, the rope +is fastened round its other legs, and +it is left for several days until calmed +down; it is then taken and easily tamed. +I can well remember,” said Mr. Hagenbeck, +“how interested Prince Bismarck +was when I told all about the capture +of my elephants.</p> +<p>“I was sitting in my room one day, +when a servant came in and told me +that he believed that Prince Bismarck +was in the menagerie. I went out, and +as soon as I saw his tall, erect figure +and white moustache, I knew it was +the great man himself. I never came +across so intelligent a man, or one who +asked so many questions. I should +think he must be something like your +Gladstone.”</p> +<p>“And how did you first start buying +animals on such a big scale, Mr. +Hagenbeck?” said I.</p> +<p>“Well,” he replied, “it was in this +way. In 1863 the first big lot of animals +that ever appeared in Europe at +one time were brought over by an +Italian named Casanova. He couldn’t +sell them, and we had not the money +to buy them, so they were sold to a +menagerie at Kreutzburg, then the biggest +in Germany. Next year Casanova +came over with a few from Egypt, +which I bought for the Dresden Zoo. +This was the beginning of the African +business. I then gave Casanova a big +order, and arranged that he should +bring over elephants, giraffes, and +young lions at a fixed price. It’s +always cheaper,” added Mr. Hagenbeck, +with a laugh, “to get your dinner +at the <i>table d’hôte</i> than by the card, and +I thought it would be cheaper and +better to get all these animals in one +lot. Well, in 1866 he returned with a +large cargo, in which there were seven +African elephants. At that time an +African elephant was a great novelty, +both in Europe and in America. I +sold these elephants to America, where +they excited great interest, as they were +the first African elephants that had +ever been seen in that country.” As +we were going back to Mr. Hagenbeck’s +office he pointed out to me some +very beautiful zebu bulls which he was +going to send out to South America +to be used for agricultural and breeding +purposes. “There,” said he, “you +can see those animals nowhere else in +Europe except in my place. I got +them from Central India; I have been +after them for ten years, and succeeded +in getting them only two years ago.” +Just then we passed a slaughter-yard, +where a couple of horses were being +cut up for the carnivorous animals.</p> +<p>“It must be a very difficult matter,” +said I, “to know how to feed all these +animals properly.”</p> +<p>“I should think it was,” he replied. +“Animals are most dainty and delicate +as regards their food. Now, for instance, +those lions and tigers which +were exhibiting at the Crystal Palace +last year were fed on such bad food +that they were quite ill when they +came back here. Besides, a number of +young animals were seized with what +appeared to be cholera. I lost three +thousand pounds’ worth of them in +three weeks. It is a very anxious +business, indeed, I can tell you.”</p> +<blockquote> +<p><span class='smcap'>Note.</span>—In the July number will be published an article on “The Training of Wild +Animals,” which includes a description of a special performance given by Mr. Hagenbeck, at +which Mr. Blathwayt, the writer of the articles, was the only spectator.</p> +</blockquote> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_34' name='page_34'></a>34</span> +<a name='UNDER_SENTENCE_OF_THE_LAW_THE_STORY_OF_A_DOG__BY_MRS_ROBERT_LOUIS_STEVENSON' id='UNDER_SENTENCE_OF_THE_LAW_THE_STORY_OF_A_DOG__BY_MRS_ROBERT_LOUIS_STEVENSON'></a> +<h2>UNDER SENTENCE OF THE LAW.<br /><span class='smcaplc'>THE STORY OF A DOG.</span> +<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson.</span></span></h2> +</div> +<div class='figleft' style='width:277px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_44' id='linki_44'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus045a.png' alt='' title='' width='277' height='592' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:236px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_45' id='linki_45'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus045b.png' alt='' title='' width='236' height='166' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:273px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_46' id='linki_46'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus045c.png' alt='' title='' width='273' height='450' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:374px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_47' id='linki_47'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus046a.png' alt='' title='' width='374' height='240' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:405px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_48' id='linki_48'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus046b.png' alt='' title='' width='405' height='196' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:318px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_49' id='linki_49'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus046c.png' alt='' title='' width='318' height='101' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:358px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_50' id='linki_50'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus046d.png' alt='' title='' width='358' height='312' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:286px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_51' id='linki_51'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus047a.png' alt='' title='' width='286' height='484' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>By mandate of law, Rick wore a muzzle, not +often on his nose, but generally hanging +under his chin. It was not because his +present character was a vicious one that +Rick was thus distinguished, but owing to +an awkward circumstance in early life. For +Rick had been tried in a court of law for +the crime of murder, convicted, and sentenced +to death. I believe Canton Grison +is the only province in Switzerland where +the law enforcing capital punishment has not +been repealed; and in Canton Grison it applies +to beasts as well as men.</p> +<p>Rick first appeared, +a starveling puppy +with a large frame and +weak, shambling legs, +before the windows of +a charitable Scotswoman, +who was a +lover of dogs and a +person of sensibility. +Rick, whatever his intellectual shortcomings, +was a shrewd judge of human nature, and +knew where to +find a sure welcome. +Naturally +he soon discovered +the hour for meals, and seldom failed +to be on hand in good season. Once he found +the glass door shut through which he was accustomed +to enter. Spectators on the other +side saw his discomfiture, but, before they +could reach the door, Master Rick had lifted +the latch and was walking triumphantly in. +A later friend of his declared that, when he +asked, “What has become of that enormous +dish of meat?” Rick tipped him an arch wink +and touched his corpulent stomach with a +hind paw. Another instance of his supposed +intelligence was his habit of accompanying +intending customers to the confectioner’s +shop, where he gorged himself at their expense. +This indulgence in sweets, and his +visits to adjacent villages, where he dined +at the hotels <i>à la carte</i>, his bills to be sent +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_35' name='page_35'></a>35</span> +to the Belvedere, induced early obesity, which was particularly observable +in his great tail. I always thought the general belief in Rick’s mental +capacity rested on insufficient grounds. I have lived too much +with dogs not to know a dull fellow, +though kindly, when I see him; but, +as an individual, I loved Rick, and +could not deny him a certain charm. +The fact that one day Rick (who +at that time belonged to a butcher) +did not put in an appearance simultaneously +with the ringing of the +luncheon-bell caused the charitable +Scotswoman misgivings. She +should have known him better. Fortunately she happened to glance +out of the window in the nick of time, for there was poor Rick, flat on +his side, his head turned piteously +towards the door of his +friend, being dragged along the +road at the tail of a terrible +cart—the cart of a man who +bought dead and living cats and +dogs for the sake of their skins. +A maid was hastily despatched +to the rescue, and Rick was +bought for the price of his hide. +His trials were over (it was little he cared for the trial and sentence), +for he was now adopted by the Hotel Belvedere.</p> +<p>Here he passed several uneventful, greedy years, until the day when +the Belvedere was startled by the appearance +of the officers of the law with +an official document—a summons for +Rick. How it was served I cannot imagine, +but Rick was cited to appear, on +a given date, at the Rathhaus, under the +appellation of Tiger Hund. Tiger Hund was a fine, dashing name, +but hardly applicable to Rick, who +had more of the characteristics of +the sheep than of the tiger. The +two leading hotels, the Belvedere +and the Bual, were shaken to their +base by the threatened danger to +Rick. Foreign counsel was appointed +to plead his cause; I cannot +now remember whether the +chosen advocate was Herr Coester +of the Belvedere, or Mr. J. Addington +Symonds of the Bual. One, I +know, appeared for Rick at the +trial; while the other, after conviction, +got up a petition for his pardon.</p> +<div class='figleft' style='width:352px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_52' id='linki_52'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus047b.png' alt='' title='' width='352' height='370' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>The eventful day arrived; the learned gentleman, honest Rick at +his heels, took his way to the ancient Rathhaus, the gloomy aspect of +whose exterior, with its narrow, barred, windowy and high-pitched roof +under the eaves of which were many a row of wolves’ heads now dried +into mummies, should have thrilled with apprehension the heart of the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_36' name='page_36'></a>36</span> +least imaginative dog. But Rick, poor innocent, trotted through the +portals as he would have trotted into the confectioner’s, and curled +himself up for a nap at the feet of his counsel.</p> +<p>His affection for the accused, and the +sympathy of the large audience assembled +to hear his pleading, inspired the learned +gentleman with unwonted eloquence. The +only creature unconcerned was Rick, who, +having finished his nap, thought it a fitting +occasion to make a little excursion into the +next canton.</p> +<p>After a brilliant peroration in which he +dilated on the fidelity of the accused, who, +he asserted, never left the Hotel Belvedere +except in company with some of the guests, +Rick’s advocate wound up with these words: +“Behold at my feet the Tiger Hund!” +But, alas! +Rick was not +at his feet, +nor could he +be found in +any of his +usual haunts, +though eager +searchers beat the precincts for him. +And so, through Rick’s own fault, his +case was lost and his friends put to open +shame. Sentence of death was passed in +the absence of the culprit, and things +for a time looked black for Rick. Strenuous +efforts, however, were made to secure +a pardon; and finally, after the +presentation of a petition pleading for +mercy, numerously signed by the foreign +and native residents, the magistrate +was induced to commute the sentence to muzzlement for life. +I cannot myself believe that Rick had the courage to attack a sheep, +even in company. I know that his first meeting with a donkey threw +him into such fits of terror that his reason was despaired of for days.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_53' id='linki_53'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus047c.png' alt='Muzzlement for Life.' title='' width='318' height='328' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_37' name='page_37'></a>37</span> +<a name='THE_EDGE_OF_THE_FUTURE_UNSOLVED_PROBLEMS_THAT_EDISON_IS_STUDYING__BY_E_J_EDWARDS' id='THE_EDGE_OF_THE_FUTURE_UNSOLVED_PROBLEMS_THAT_EDISON_IS_STUDYING__BY_E_J_EDWARDS'></a> +<h2>THE EDGE OF THE FUTURE.<br /><span class='smcaplc'>UNSOLVED PROBLEMS THAT EDISON IS STUDYING.</span> +<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By E. J. Edwards.</span></span></h2> +</div> +<h3>I.</h3> +<p>Thomas A. Edison, when he +was congratulated upon his forty-sixth +birthday, declared that he did +not measure his life by years, but by +achievements or by campaigns; and he +then confessed that he had planned +ahead many campaigns, and that he +looks forward to no period of rest, believing +that for him, at least, the happiest +life is a life of work. In speaking +of his campaigns Mr. Edison said: “I +do not regard myself as a pure scientist, +as so many persons have insisted that +I am. I do not search for the laws of +nature, and have made no great discoveries +of such laws. I do not study +science as Newton and Kepler and +Faraday and Henry studied it, simply +for the purpose of learning truth. I +am only a professional inventor. My +studies and experiments have been +conducted entirely with the object of +inventing that which will have commercial +utility. I suppose I might be +called a scientific inventor, as distinguished +from a mechanical inventor, +although really there is no distinction.”</p> +<p>When Mr. Edison was asked about +his campaigns and those achievements +by which he measured his life, he said +that in the past there had been first +the stock-ticker and the telephone, upon +the latter of which he worked very +hard. But he regarded the greatest +of his achievements, in the early part +of his career, as the invention of the +phonograph. “That,” said he, “was +an invention pure and simple. No +suggestion of it, so far as I know, had +ever been made; and it was a discovery +made by accident, while experimenting +upon another invention, that led to the +development of the phonograph.</p> +<p>“My second campaign was that +which resulted in the invention of the +incandescent lamp. Of course, an incandescent +lamp had been suggested +before. There had been abortive attempts +to make them, even before I +knew anything about telegraphing. +The work which I did was to make +an incandescent lamp which was commercially +valuable, and the courts have +recently sustained my claim to priority +of invention of this lamp. I worked +about three years upon that. Some of +the experiments were very delicate and +very difficult; some of them needed +help which was very costly. That +so far has been, I suppose, my chief +achievement. It certainly was the first +one which made me independent, and +left me free to begin other campaigns +without the necessity of calling for +outside capital, or of finding my invention +subjected to the mysteries of +Wall Street manipulation.”</p> +<p>The hint contained in Mr. Edison’s +reference to Wall Street, and the mysteries +of financiering which prevail +there, led naturally enough to a question +as to Mr. <ins title="Was Edision's">Edison’s</ins> future purpose with +regard to capitalists, and he said:</p> +<p>“In my future campaigns I expect +myself to control absolutely such inventions +as I make. I am now fortunate +enough to have capital of my +own, and that I shall use in these +campaigns. The most important of +the campaigns I have in mind is one in +which I have now been engaged for +several years. I have long been satisfied +that it was possible to invent an +ore-concentrator which would vastly +simplify the prevailing methods of extracting +iron from earth and rock, and +which would do it so much cheaper +than those processes as to command +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_38' name='page_38'></a>38</span> +the market. Of course I refer to magnetic +iron ore. Some of the New Jersey +mountains contain practically inexhaustible +stores of this magnetic ore, +but it has been expensive to mine. I +was able to secure mining options +upon nearly all these properties, and +then I began the campaign of developing +an ore-concentrator which would +make these deposits profitably available. +This iron is unlike any other +iron ore. It takes four tons of the ore +to produce one ton of pure iron, and +yet I saw, some years ago, that if some +method of extracting this ore could be +devised, and the mines controlled, an +enormously profitable business would +be developed, and yet a cheaper iron +ore—cheaper in its first cost—would be +put upon the market. I worked very +hard upon this problem, and in one +sense successfully, for I have been able +by my methods to extract this magnetic +ore at comparatively small cost, and +deliver from my mills pure iron bricklets. +Yet I have not been satisfied +with the methods; and some months +ago I decided to abandon the old +methods and to undertake to do this +work by an entirely new system. I +had some ten important details to +master before I could get a perfect +machine, and I have already mastered +eight of them. Only two remain to be +solved; and when this work is complete, +I shall have, I think, a plant and mining +privileges which will outrank the +incandescent lamp as a commercial +venture, certainly so far as I am myself +concerned. Whatever the profits +are, I shall myself control them, as I +have taken no capitalists in with me in +this scheme.”</p> +<p>Mr. Edison was asked if he was +willing to be more explicit respecting +this invention, but he declined to be, +further than to say: “When the machinery +is done as I expect to develop +it, it will be capable of handling twenty +thousand tons of ore a day with two +shifts of men, five in a shift. That is +to say, ten workmen, working twenty +hours a day in the aggregate, will be +able to take this ore, crush it, reduce +the iron to cement-like proportions, +extract it from the rock and earth, and +make it into bricklets of pure iron, and +do it so cheaply that it will command +the market for magnetic iron.”</p> +<p>Mr. Edison, in speaking of this campaign, +referred to it as though it was +practically finished; and it was evident +in the conversation that already +his mind turns to a new campaign, +which he will take up as soon as his +iron-ore concentrator is complete and +its work can be left to competent subordinates.</p> +<p>He was asked if he would be willing +to say what he had in mind for the +next campaign, and he replied: “Well, +I think as soon as the ore concentrating +business is developed and can take +care of itself, I shall turn my attention +to one of the greatest problems that I +have ever thought of solving, and that +is, the direct control of the energy +which is stored up in coal, so that it +may be employed without waste and +at a very small margin of cost. Ninety +per cent. of the energy that exists in +coal is now lost in converting it into +power. It goes off in heat through +the chimneys of boiler-rooms. You +perceive it when you step into a room +where there is a furnace and boiler; +it is also greatly wasted in the development +of the latent heat which is +created by the change from water to +steam. Now that is an awful waste, +and even a child can see that if this +wastage can be saved, it will result in +vastly cheapening the cost of everything +which is manufactured by electric +or steam power. In fact, it will vastly +cheapen the cost of all the necessaries +and luxuries of life, and I suppose the +results would be of mightier influence +upon civilization than the development +of the steam-engine and electricity have +been. It will, in fact, do away with +steam-engines and boilers, and make +the use of steam power as much of a +tradition as the stage-coach now is.</p> +<p>“It would enable an ocean steamship +of twenty thousand horse-power +to cross the ocean faster than any of +the crack vessels now do, and require +the burning of only two hundred and +fifty tons of coal instead of three +thousand, which are now required; so +that, of course, the charges for freight +and passenger fares would be greatly +reduced. It would enormously lessen +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_39' name='page_39'></a>39</span> +the cost of manufacturing and of traffic. +It would develop the electric current +directly from coal, so that the cost of +steam-engines and boilers would be +eliminated. I have thought of this +problem very much, and I have already +my theory of the experiments, or some +of them, which may be necessary to +develop this direct use of all the power +that is stored in coal. I can only say +now, that the coal would be put into a +receptacle, the agencies then applied +which would develop its energy and +save it all, and through this energy +electric power of any degree desired +could be furnished. Yes, it can be +done; I am sure of that. Some of +the details I have already mastered, I +think; at least, I am sure that I know +the way to go to work to master them. +I believe that I shall make this my +next campaign. It may be years before +it is finished, and it may not be a +very long time.”</p> +<p>Mr. Edison looks farther ahead than +this campaign, for he said: “I think it +quite likely that I may try to develop +a plan for marine signalling. I have the +idea already pretty well formulated in +my mind. I should use the well-known +principle that water is a more perfect +medium for carrying vibrations than +air, and should develop instruments +which may be carried upon sea-going +vessels, by which they can transmit or +receive, through an international code +of signals, reports within a radius of +say ten miles.”</p> +<p>Mr. Edison believes that Chicago is +to become the London of America early +in the next century, while New York +will be its Liverpool, and he is of +opinion that very likely a ship canal +may connect Chicago with tide water, +so that it will itself become a great seaport.</p> +<p>There is a common impression that +Mr. Edison is an agnostic, but he denies +it; and he said, in closing the conversation, +“I tell you that no person can be +brought into close contact with the +mysteries of nature, or make a study of +chemistry, without being convinced that +behind it all there is supreme intelligence. +I am convinced of that, and I +think that I could, perhaps I may some +time, demonstrate the existence of such +intelligence through the operation of +these mysterious laws with the certainty +of a demonstration in mathematics.”</p> +<div class='chsp'> +<a name='AN_INTERVIEW_WITH_PROFESSOR_ALEXANDER_GRAHAM_BELL_BY_CLEVELAND_MOFFETT' id='AN_INTERVIEW_WITH_PROFESSOR_ALEXANDER_GRAHAM_BELL_BY_CLEVELAND_MOFFETT'></a> +<h3>AN INTERVIEW WITH PROFESSOR ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL. +<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Cleveland Moffett.</span></span></h3> +</div> +<h3>II.</h3> +<p>Professor Graham Bell is not like +some pedantic wise men who talk as if +they believed that the end of knowledge +in their particular line had been +already reached. On the contrary, +this distinguished inventor is convinced +that the discovery and inventions +of the past will seem but trivial +things when compared with those which +are to come. Nor does he think that +the day of man’s greater knowledge is +so very far distant.</p> +<h4>THE AIR-SHIP OF THE NEAR FUTURE.</h4> +<p>“I have not the shadow of a doubt”—these +are his own words, spoken to me +quite recently at Washington—“that +the problem of aerial navigation will +be solved within ten years. That means +an entire revolution in the world’s +methods of transportation and of making +war. I am able to speak with more +authority on this subject from the fact +of being actively associated with Professor +Langley of the Smithsonian Institution +in his researches and experiments. +I am not at liberty to speak in +detail of these experiments, but will +say that the calculations of scientific +men in regard to the amount of power +necessary to maintain an air-ship above +the earth have been strangely erroneous; +I may say ridiculously so. According +to these, Nature would have +given the birds and insects a muscular +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_40' name='page_40'></a>40</span> +force vastly greater and superior in its +qualities to that bestowed upon man. +That seems unreasonable in the first +place, when one reflects that man is at +the head of creation, and we have found +practically that such is not the case. +The power required to lift and propel an +air-ship is very much less than has been +supposed; indeed, Professor Langley +concludes that when the air-ship has +once been lifted above the earth to the +proper height, it will be possible to +maintain it there with proportionately +no greater effort than that expended +by hawks and eagles in sailing about +with extended wings. The air strata +will do the bulk of the lifting, if a +small propelling power is provided. +Of course, a greater power will be +necessary to lift the air-ship originally, +and it may be some time before the art +of managing an air-ship is discovered; +but the final result, I am convinced, +will allow men to sail about in the air +as easily and as safely as the birds do. +I predict that we will see the beginning +of this modern miracle by the end of +the nineteenth century.</p> +<p>“Of course the air-ship of the future +will be constructed without any balloon +attachment. The discovery of the balloon +undoubtedly retarded the solution +of the flying problem for over a hundred +years. Ever since the Montgolfiers +taught the world how to rise in the +air by means of inflated gas-bags, the +inventors working at the problem of +aerial navigation have been thrown on +the wrong track. Scientific men have +been wasting their time trying to steer +balloons, a thing which in the nature +of the case is impossible to any great +extent, inasmuch as balloons, being +lighter than the resisting air, can never +make headway against it. The fundamental +principle of aerial navigation is +that the air-ship must be heavier than +the air. It is only of recent years that +men capable of studying the problem +seriously have accepted this as an +axiom. Electricity in one form or another +will undoubtedly be the motive +power for air-ships, and every advance +in electrical knowledge brings us one +step nearer to the day when we shall +fly. It would be perfectly possible, +to-day, to direct a flying machine by +means of pendant electric wires which +would transmit the necessary current +without increasing the load to be borne. +Perhaps a feasible means of propelling +such an air-ship would be by a kind +of trolley system where the rod would +hang down from the car to the stretched +wire, instead of extending upward. This +is an idea which I would recommend to +inventors.”</p> +<p>It is most interesting to watch Professor +Bell as he talks about the great +inventions which he sees with prophetic +eye in store for the world. He has the +happy faculty of expressing great ideas +in simple words, and there is nothing +ponderous in his speech. He is as enthusiastic +as a school-boy thinking of +the kite he will make as big as a barn-door. +His black eyes flash, and they +seem all the blacker contrasted with +his white hair; the words tumble out +quickly, and those who have the good +fortune to listen are carried away by +the magnetism of this great inventor.</p> +<h4>SEEING BY ELECTRICITY.</h4> +<p>The mention of electricity brought +up new possibilities for future discovery, +some of them so amazing as to +almost pass the bounds of credibility. +He said:</p> +<p>“Morse taught the world years ago +to write at a distance by electricity; +the telephone enables us to talk at +a distance by electricity; and now +scientists are agreed that there is no +theoretical reason why the well-known +principles of light should not be applied +in the same way that the principles of +sound have been applied in the telephone, +and thus allow us to see at a +distance by electricity. It is some ten +years since the scientific papers of the +world were greatly exercised over a report +that I had filed at the Smithsonian +Institution a sealed packet supposed to +contain a method of doing this very +thing; that is, transmit the vision of +persons and things from one point on +the earth to another. As a matter of +fact, there was no truth in the report, +but it resulted in stirring up a dozen +scientific men of eminence to come out +with statements to the effect that they +too had discovered various methods of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_41' name='page_41'></a>41</span> +seeing by electricity. That shows what +I know to be the case, that men are +working at this great problem in many +laboratories, and I firmly believe it will +be solved one day.</p> +<p>“Of course, while the principle of +seeing by electricity at a distance is +precisely that applied in the telephone, +yet it will be very much more difficult +to construct such an apparatus, owing +to the immensely greater rapidity with +which the vibrations of light take place +when compared with the vibrations of +sound. It is merely a question, however, +of finding a diaphragm which will +be sufficiently sensitive to receive these +vibrations and produce the corresponding +electrical variations.”</p> +<h4>THOUGHT TRANSFERENCE BY +ELECTRICITY.</h4> +<p>After he had spoken of this idea for +some time, Professor Bell stopped suddenly, +and, with an amused twinkle in +his eyes, exclaimed: “But while we are +talking of all this, what is to prevent +some one from discovering a way of +thinking at a distance by electricity?”</p> +<p>Having said this, the genial professor +threw himself back and laughed +heartily at the amazement his words +awakened. Was he joking? Apparently +not, for he proceeded seriously +to discuss one of the most astounding +conceptions that ever entered an inventor’s +mind. Thinking by electricity! +Imagine two persons, one +thousand or ten thousand miles apart, +placed in communication electrically, +in such a way that, without any spoken +word, without sounding-board, key, or +any bodily movement, the one receives +instantly the thoughts of the other, and +instantly sends back his own thoughts. +The wife in New York knows what is +passing in the brain of her husband in +Paris. The husband has the same +knowledge. What boundless possibilities, +to be sure, this arrangement offers +for business men, lovers, humorous +writers, and the police authorities!</p> +<p>Preposterous as such an idea appears +in its first conception, it certainly assumes +an increasing plausibility when +one listens to Professor Bell’s reasoning.</p> +<p>“After all,” he says, “what would +there be in such a system more mysterious +than in the processes of the +mind reader? You substitute a wire +and batteries for a strange-eyed man +in a dress suit, that is all.”</p> +<p>The logical basis of Professor Bell’s +scheme is clear, and its details quite +beautiful in their simplicity, when you +admit his major premise. That premise +is that the human brain is merely +a kind of electrical reservoir, and that +thinking is nothing more than an +electrical disturbance, like the aurora +borealis or the sparks from a Holtz +machine. The nerves are the wires +leading from the central battery in +the head. The reasonableness of this +assumption is increased when one remembers +that electricity may be made +to act upon the nerves, even in a lifeless +body, so as to produce the same +muscular contractions which are produced +by the brain force, whatever that +may be. We talk of animal magnetism. +What if it were the same as any other +kind of magnetism? If these two +forces are identical in one respect, why +may they not be so in all respects? So +Professor Bell reasons, and granting +that the human brain is merely a store-house +of electricity for our bodily +needs, of electricity not essentially different +from that which we know elsewhere, +it must be possible to apply the +same electrical laws to the brain as +to any other electric apparatus and to +get similar results.</p> +<p>“Do you begin to see my idea?” +said Professor Bell, growing more and +more enthusiastic as he proceeded. +Then he gave a rapid outline of what +might be a system of thinking by electricity.</p> +<p>Everyone knows, who knows anything +about the subject, that an electric +current passing inside of a coil of wire +induces an electric current in that wire. +Now, if the human brain be taken as a +battery, then currents are constantly +passing from it to various parts of the +body, and the head may be considered +in a state of constant electrical excitement, +the intensity varying with the +character of the thought processes. +Now, suppose a coil of wire properly +prepared in the shape of a helmet, and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_42' name='page_42'></a>42</span> +fitted about the head of one person, +with wires attached and connected with +a helmet similarly fitted upon the head +of another person at any convenient +distance. Every electric current in the +one human battery must induce a current +in the coil around the head, which +current must be transmitted to the +other coil. This other coil must then, +by the reversed process, induce a current +in the brain within helmet No. 2, +and that person must receive some +cerebral sensation. This cerebral sensation +might be a thought, and probably +would be, if it turns out to be true +that brain force is identical with electricity. +In that case, the thought of +the one person would have produced a +thought in the other person, and there +is, if we go as far as this, every reason +to believe that it would be the same +thought. Thus the problem of thinking +at a distance by electricity would +be solved.</p> +<p>So much for a curious theory of +what might be, if so and so were true; +but Professor Bell has not stopped +with theories, but has actually begun +to put them to the test. Not that he +is over-sanguine as to the result, but +he believes the experiment worth the +making, and that seriously. He has +actually had two helmets, such as those +described, constructed, and has begun +a series of experiments in his laboratory. +Thus far, the results have been +for the most part negative, but not so +much so as to prevent him hoping that +more perfect appliances may lead to +something more conclusive. It is true +that the thought in one brain has produced +a sensation in the other, through +the two helmets, but what the relation +was between the thought and the sensation +could not be determined.</p> +<h4>MAKING THE DEAF HEAR BY THE USE +OF ELECTRICITY.</h4> +<p>By quick stages the conversation +ran into another channel with new +wonders possible in the future. Professor +Bell has conceived of a method +of making the deaf hear, which is certainly +startling. He proposes to do +away with ears entirely, and produce +the sensations of hearing by direct communication +with the brain, through the +bones of the head. As a matter of +fact, the brains of deaf people are +usually in a perfectly healthy condition, +and the only thing which prevents +them from hearing is some defect in +communication with the vibrating air. +If their brains could be excited artificially +in the same way that the brains +of ordinary persons are excited by vibrations +communicated through the various +chambers and passages of the +ear, then the deaf would hear in the +same way that other persons do.</p> +<p>It is, of course, a fact, that hearing +in every instance is merely an illusion +of the senses, a sort of tickling of the +brain. This tickling of the brain is +ordinarily accomplished by the nerve +force passing from the third chamber +of the ear to the brain itself. If this +nerve force is nothing more or less +than ordinary electricity, and if science +can train electricity to tickle the brain +artificially in the same way and at the +same points that the nerves from the +ear usually do, then the ordinary sensations +of hearing must result, whether +the person has ears or not. The problem +here is to discover the proper way +of tickling the brain. The gentlemen +who seat themselves in electrocution +chairs have their brains tickled in a +way which would not be generally satisfactory.</p> +<h4>THERE IS DANGER IN SUCH EXPERIMENTS.</h4> +<p>In his desire to bring relief to the +deaf—and his whole life has been devoted +to that object—Professor Bell +has begun a series of remarkable experiments +in this line. Some time ago, +he determined to study the effects produced +upon the brain by turning an +electric current into it through the side +of the head. With this end in view, he +arranged a dynamo machine with a +feeble current, giving a varying number +of interruptions per second, and attached +one of the poles to a wet sponge +which he placed in one of his ears.</p> +<p>“I risked one of my ears,” he said +simply, “in making this experiment, +but I could not risk them both, so I +held the second pole of the machine +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_43' name='page_43'></a>43</span> +in my hand and turned on the current.”</p> +<p>Fortunately no harm resulted, but +immediately Professor Bell experienced +the sensation of a pleasant sound +whose pitch he was able to vary by +increasing or diminishing the number +of interruptions in the dynamo machine. +His assistant standing beside him could +detect no sound at all, so that what +Professor Bell heard must have been +the effect of the electric current upon +his brain. This effect he found could +be varied by varying the character of +the current. Now he argues that +greater variations might be produced +in the sounds heard by the brain if the +current turned into it were varied in +the proper manner. For instance, suppose +the current from a long distance +telephone to be turned through the +head of the deaf mute, a sponge connected +with either pole being placed in +each ear. Then let some one talk into +the telephone in the ordinary way, the +infinite variations in the current produced +by the voice vibrations being +passed into the brain directly. Is it +not conceivable that such a variety of +brain sensations or tones might then +be caused in the head of the deaf mute +as to make it possible to establish a +system of sound signals, so to speak, +which would be the equivalent of ordinary +language? Indeed, is it not possible +that the deaf mute might actually +hear spoken words?</p> +<p>Professor Bell’s experiments upon +himself have been so encouraging as to +make him disposed to try more complete +experiments in the same line +upon persons who have lost all sense +of hearing, and who would doubtless +be willing to take the inevitable risk +for the sake of the great blessing which +a successful issue would bring to them.</p> +<p>We talked a long time about these +strange fancies, and finally I said to +Professor Bell:</p> +<p>“But on this principle of brain tickling, +what is to prevent a blind man +from seeing by electricity?”</p> +<p>“I do not know that there is anything +to prevent it.”</p> +<div class='chsp'> +<a name='FROM_TENNYSONS_LOCKSLEY_HALL' id='FROM_TENNYSONS_LOCKSLEY_HALL'></a> +<h2>FROM TENNYSON’S “LOCKSLEY HALL”.</h2> +</div> +<div class='poem' style='width: 30em'><div class='stanza'> +<p>For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see,</p> +<p>Saw the Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be;</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Saw the heavens fill with commerce, argosies of magic sails,</p> +<p>Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly bales;</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Heard the heavens fill with shouting, and there rain’d a ghastly dew</p> +<p>From the nations’ airy navies grappling in the central blue;</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Far along the world-wide whisper of the south-wind rushing warm,</p> +<p>With the standards of the peoples plunging thro’ the thunder-storm;</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Till the war-drum throbb’d no longer, and the battle-flags were furl’d</p> +<p>In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>There the common sense of most shall hold a fretful realm in awe,</p> +<p>And the kindly earth shall slumber, lapt in universal law.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>So I triumph’d ere my passion sweeping thro’ me left me dry,</p> +<p>Left me with the palsied heart, and left me with the jaundiced eye;</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Eye, to which all order festers, all things here are out of joint:</p> +<p>Science moves, but slowly slowly, creeping on from point to point:</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Slowly comes a hungry people, as a lion creeping nigher,</p> +<p>Glares at one that nods and winks behind a slowly-dying fire.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Yet I doubt not thro’ the ages one increasing purpose runs,</p> +<p>And the thoughts of men are widen’d with the process of the suns.</p> +</div></div> +<p class='center'>By permission from “The Works of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Poet Laureate,” Macmillan & +Co., New York and London, 1893.</p> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_44' name='page_44'></a>44</span> +<a name='A_DAY_WITH_GLADSTONE_FROM_THE_MORNING_AT_HAWARDEN_TO_THE_EVENING_AT_THE_HOUSE_OF_COMMONS__BY_H_W_MASSINGHAM_OF_THE_LONDON_CHRONICLE' id='A_DAY_WITH_GLADSTONE_FROM_THE_MORNING_AT_HAWARDEN_TO_THE_EVENING_AT_THE_HOUSE_OF_COMMONS__BY_H_W_MASSINGHAM_OF_THE_LONDON_CHRONICLE'></a> +<h2>A DAY WITH GLADSTONE<br /><span class='smcaplc'>FROM THE MORNING AT HAWARDEN TO THE EVENING AT THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.</span> +<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By H. W. Massingham of the “London Chronicle.”</span></span></h2> +</div> +<p>I am often asked what is the secret of +Mr. Gladstone’s extraordinary length +of days and of the perfection of his +unvarying health. It may be partly +attributed to the remarkable longevity +of the Gladstone family, a hardy Scottish +stock with fewer weak shoots and +branches than perhaps any of the ruling +families of England. But it has +depended mainly on Mr. Gladstone +himself and on the undeviating regularity +of his habits. Most English +statesmen have been either free livers +or with a touch of the <i>bon vivant</i> in +them. Pitt and Fox were men of the +first character; Melbourne, Palmerston, +and Lord Beaconsfield were of the last. +But Mr. Gladstone is a man who has +been guilty of no excesses, save perhaps +in work. He rises at the same hour +every day, uses the same fairly generous, +but always carefully regulated, +diet, goes to bed about the same hour, +pursues the same round of work and +intellectual and social pleasure. An +extraordinarily varied life is accompanied +by a certain rigidity of personal +habit I have never seen surpassed. +The only change old age has witnessed +has been that the House of Commons +work has been curtailed, and that Mr. +Gladstone has not of late years been +seen in the House after the dinner hour, +which lasts from eight till ten, except on +nights when crucial divisions are expected. +With the approach of winter +and its accompanying chills, to which +he is extremely susceptible, he seeks the +blue skies and dry air of the Mediterranean +coasts and of his beloved Italy. +With this exception his life goes on in +its pleasant monotony. At Hawarden, +of course, it is simpler and more private +than in London. In town to-day +Mr. Gladstone avoids all large parties +and great crushes and gatherings where +he may be expected to be either mobbed +or bored or detained beyond his usual +bed-time.</p> +<h3>HIS PERSONALITY.</h3> +<div class='figright' style='width:223px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_54' id='linki_54'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus066.png' alt='' title='' width='223' height='378' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>Personally Mr. Gladstone is an example +of the most winning, the most +delicate, and the most minute courtesy. +He is a gentleman of the elder English +school, and his manners are grand and +urbane, always stately, never condescending, +and genuinely modest. He +affects even the dress of the old school, +and I have seen him in the morning wearing +an old black evening coat, such as +Professor Jowett still affects. The humblest +passer-by in Piccadilly, raising +his hat to Mr. Gladstone, is sure to +get a sweeping salute in return. This +courtliness is all the more remarkable, +because it accompanies and adorns a +very strong temper, a will of iron, and +a habit of +being regarded +for the +greater part +of his lifetime +as a personal +force +of unequalled +magnitude. +Yet the most +foolish, and +perhaps one +may add the +most impertinent, +of Mr. +Gladstone’s +dinner-table +questioners is +sure of an +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_45' name='page_45'></a>45</span> +elaborate reply, delivered with the air +of a student in deferential talk with +his master. To the cloth Mr. Gladstone +shows a reverence that occasionally +woos the observer to a smile. The +callowest curate is sure of a respectful +listener in the foremost Englishman +of the day. On the other hand, +in private conversation the premier +does not often brook contradiction. +His temper is high, +and though, as +George Russell has +said, it is under vigilant +control, there +are subjects on +which it is easy to +arouse the old lion. +Then the grand eyes +flash, the torrent of +brilliant monologue +flows with more +rapid sweep, and +the dinner table is +breathless at the +spectacle of Mr. +Gladstone angry. As +to his relations with +his family, they are +very charming. It +is a pleasure to hear +Herbert Gladstone—his +youngest, and +possibly his favorite +son—speak of “my +father.” All of them, +sons and daughters, +are absolutely devoted +to his cause, +wrapped up in his +personality, and enthusiastic +as to +every side of his +character. Of children +Mr. Gladstone +has always been +fond, and he has more than one favorite +among his grandchildren.</p> +<h3>MR. GLADSTONE’S MORNING.</h3> +<div class='figright' style='width:530px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_55' id='linki_55'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus067.png' alt='' title='' width='530' height='700' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>Mr. Gladstone’s day begins about +7.30, after seven hours and a half of +sound, dreamless sleep, which no disturbing +crisis in public affairs was ever +known to spoil. At Hawarden it usually +opens with a morning walk to +church, with which no kind of weather—hail, +rain, snow, or frost—is ever allowed +to interfere. In his rough slouch hat +and gray Inverness cape, the old man +plods sturdily to his devotions. To +the rain, the danger of sitting in wet +clothes, and small troubles of this kind, +he is absolutely impervious, and Mrs. +Gladstone’s solicitude has never availed +to change his lifelong custom in this +respect. Breakfast over, working time +commences. I am often astonished at +the manner in which Mr. Gladstone +manages to crowd his almost endlessly +varied occupations into the forenoon, +for when he is in the country he has +practically no other continuous and +regular work-time. Yet into this space +he has to condense his enormous correspondence—for +which, when no private +secretary is available, he seeks the help +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_46' name='page_46'></a>46</span> +of his sons and daughters—his political +work, and his varied literary pursuits. +The explanation of this extreme orderliness +of mind is probably to be found +in his unequaled habit of concentration +on the business before him. As +in matters of policy, so in all his private +habits, Mr. Gladstone thinks of one +thing and of one thing only at a time. +When home rule was up, he had no eyes +or ears for any political subject but +Ireland, of course excepting his favorite +excursions into the twin subjects of +Homer and Christian theology. Enter +the room when Mr. Gladstone is reading +a book; you may move noisily about +the chamber, ransack the books on the +shelves, stir the furniture, but never for +one moment will the reader be conscious +of your presence. At Downing +Street, during his earlier ministries, +these hours of study were often, I +might say usually, preceded by the famous +breakfast at which the celebrated +actor or actress, the rising poet, the +well-known artist, the diplomatist halting +on his way from one station of the +kingdom to another, were welcome +guests. Madame Bernhardt, Miss Ellen +Terry, Henry Irving, Madame Modjeska, +have all assisted at these pleasant +feasts.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_56' id='linki_56'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus068.png' alt='' title='' width='627' height='318' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +HAWARDEN CASTLE.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<h3>HIS AFTERNOON.</h3> +<p>Lunch with Mr. Gladstone is a very +simple meal which neither at Hawarden +nor Downing Street admits of much +form or publicity. The afternoon +which follows is a very much broken +and less regular period. At Hawarden +a portion of it is usually spent out of +doors. In the old days it was devoted +to the felling of some giant of the +woods. Within the last few years, however, +Sir Andrew Clark, Mr. Gladstone’s +favorite physician and intimate friend, +has recommended that tree-felling be +given over; and now Mr. Gladstone’s +recreation, in addition to long walks, +in which he still delights, is that of +lopping branches off veterans whose +trunks have fallen to younger arms.</p> +<h3>AS A READER.</h3> +<p>Between the afternoon tea and dinner +the statesman usually retires again, +and gets through some of the lighter +and more agreeable of his intellectual +tasks. He reads rapidly, and I think I +should say that, especially of late years, +he does a good deal of skipping. If a +book does not interest him, he does not +trouble to read it through. He uses a +rough kind of <i>memoria technica</i> to enable +him to mark passages with which +he agrees, from which he dissents, +which he desires to qualify, or which he +reserves for future reference. I should +say the books he reads most of are +those dealing with theology, always +the first and favorite topic, and the history +of Ireland before and after the +Act of Union. Indeed, everything dealing +with that memorable period is +greatly treasured. I remember one +hasty glance over Mr. Gladstone’s +book table in his town house. In +addition to the liberal weekly, “The +Speaker,” and a few political pamphlets, +there were, I should say, fifteen +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_47' name='page_47'></a>47</span> +or twenty works on theology, none of +them, as far as I could see, of first-rate +importance. Of science Mr. Gladstone +knows little, and it cannot be said that +his interest in it is keen. He belongs, +in a word, to the old-fashioned Oxford +ecclesiastical school, using the controversial +weapons which are to be found +in the works of Pusey and of Hurrell +Froude. In his reading, when a question +of more minute and out-of-the-way +scholarship arises, he appeals to +his constant friend and assistant, Lord +Acton, to whose profound learning he +bows with a deference which is very +touching to note.</p> +<h3>MR. GLADSTONE’S LIBRARY.</h3> +<div class='figright' style='width:640px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_57' id='linki_57'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus069.png' alt='' title='' width='640' height='451' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE LIBRARY.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>Mr. Gladstone’s library is not what +can be called a select or really first-rate +collection. It comprises an undue +proportion of theological literature, of +which he is a large and not over-discriminating +buyer. I doubt, indeed, +whether there is any larger private +bookbuyer in England. All the book-sellers +send him their catalogues, especially +those +of rare and +curious +books. I +have seen +many of +these lists, +with a brief +order in +Mr. Gladstone’s +own +handwriting +on the +flyleaf, with +his tick +against +twenty or +thirty volumes +which +he desires +to buy. +These usually +range +round classical works, archæology, +special periods of English history, and, +above all, works reconciling the Biblical +record with science. Of late, as is +fairly well known, Mr. Gladstone has +built himself an octagonal iron house +in Hawarden village, a mile and a half +from the castle, for the storage of his +specially valuable books and a collection +of private papers which traverse a +good many of the state secrets of the +greater part of the century. The importance +of these is great, and the +chances are that before Mr. Gladstone +dies they will all be grouped and indexed +in his upright, a little crabbed, +but perfectly plain, handwriting. By +the way, a great many statements have +been made about Mr. Gladstone’s +library, and I may as well give the +facts which have never before been +made public. His original library consisted +of about twenty-four thousand +volumes. In the seventies, however, +he parted with his entire collection +of political works, amounting to some +eight thousand volumes, to the late +Lord Wolverton. The remaining fifteen +thousand or so are now distributed +between the little iron house to which +I have referred, and the Hawarden +library. Curiously enough, Mr. Gladstone +is not a worshiper of books for +the sake of their outward adornments. +He loves them for what is inside rather +than outside. He even occasionally +sells extremely rare and costly editions +for which he has no special use. +In all money matters, indeed, he is a +thrifty, orderly Scotchman. He has +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_48' name='page_48'></a>48</span> +never been rich, though his affairs have +greatly improved since the time when +in his first premiership he had to sell +his valuable collection of china.</p> +<h3>AT THE DINNER TABLE.</h3> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_58' id='linki_58'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus070.png' alt='' title='' width='700' height='594' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>Dinner with Mr. Gladstone is the +stately ceremonial meal which it has +become to the upper and upper-middle +class Englishman. Mr. Gladstone invariably +dresses for it, wearing the +high crest collar which Harry Furniss +has immortalized, and a cutaway coat +which strikes one as of a slightly old-fashioned +pattern. His digestion never +fails him, and he eats and drinks with +the healthy appetite of a man of thirty. +A glass of champagne is agreeable to +him, and if he does not take his glass +or two of port at dinner, he makes it +up by two or three glasses of claret, +which he considers an equivalent. +Oysters he never could endure, but, +like Schopenhauer and Goethe and +many another great man, he is a consistently +hearty and unfastidious eater. +He talks much in an animated monologue, +though the common complaint +that he monopolizes the conversation +is not a just one. You cannot easily +turn Mr. Gladstone into a train of ideas +which does not interest him, but he is +a courteous and even eager listener; +and if the subject is of general interest, +he does not bear in it any more than +the commanding part which the rest +of the company invariably allows him. +His speaking voice is a little gruffer +and less musical than his oratorical +notes, which, in spite of the invading +hoarseness, still at times ring out with +their old clearness. As a rule he does +not talk on politics. On ecclesiastical +matters he is a never wearied disputant. +Poetry has also a singular charm for +him, and no modern topic has interested +him more keenly than the discussion +as to Tennyson’s successor to the +laureateship. I remember that at a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_49' name='page_49'></a>49</span> +small dinner at which I recently met +him, the conversation ran almost entirely +on the two subjects of old English +hymns and young English poets. +His favorite religious poet is, I should +say, Cardinal Newman, and his favorite +hymn, Toplady’s “Rock of Ages,” of +which his Latin rendering is to my +mind far stronger and purer than the +original English. When he is in town, +he dines out almost every day, though, +as I have said, he eschews formal and +mixed gatherings, and affects the small +and early dinner party at which he can +meet an old friend or two, and see a +young face which he may be interested +in seeing. One habit of his is quite +unvarying. He likes to walk home, +and to walk home alone. He declines +escort, and slips away for his quiet stroll +under the stars, or even through the fog +and mist on a London winter’s night. +Midnight usually brings his busy, happy +day to a close. Sleeplessness never +has and never does trouble him, and at +eighty-three his nights are as dreamless +and untroubled as those of a boy +of ten.</p> +<h3>IN THE HOUSE.</h3> +<div class='figright' style='width:362px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_59' id='linki_59'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus072.png' alt='' title='' width='362' height='520' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>His afternoons when in town and +during the season are, of course, given +up pretty exclusively to public business +and the House of Commons, +which he usually reaches about four +o’clock. He goes by a side door +straight to his private room, where he +receives his colleagues, and hears of +endless questions and motions, which +fall like leaves in Vallambrosa around +the head of a prime minister. Probably +steps will be taken to remove +much of this irksome and somewhat +petty burden from the shoulders of the +aged minister. But leader Mr. Gladstone +must and will be at eighty-three, +quite as fully as he was at sixty. Indeed, +the complaint of him always has +been that he does too much, both for +his own health and the smooth manipulation +of the great machine which, +as was once remarked, creaks and +moves rather lumberingly under his +masterful but over-minute guidance. +During the last two or three years it +has been customary for the Whigs to +so arrange that Mr. Gladstone speaks +early in the evening. He is not always +able to do this while the Home Rule +Bill is under discussion, but I do not +think he will ever again find it necessary +to follow the entire course of a +Parliamentary debate. He never needed +to do as much listening from the +Treasury Bench as he was wont to do +in his first and second ministries. I do +not think that any prime minister ever +spent half as much time in the House +of Commons as did Mr. Gladstone; +certainly no one ever made one-tenth +part as many speeches. Indeed, it requires +all Mrs. Gladstone’s vigilance to +avert the physical strain consequent +upon overwork. With this purpose she +invariably watches him in the House +of Commons, from a corner seat in the +right hand of the Ladies’ Gallery which +is always reserved for her, and which I +have never known her to miss occupying +on any occasion of the slightest +importance.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_60' id='linki_60'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus073.png' alt='' title='' width='494' height='700' /> +<br /> +</div> +<h3>SPEECH-MAKING.</h3> +<p>I have before me two or three examples +of notes of Mr. Gladstone’s +speeches; one of them refers to one of +the most important of his addresses on +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_50' name='page_50'></a>50</span> +the customs question. It was a long +speech, extending, if I remember rightly, +to considerably over an hour. Yet +the memoranda consist purely of four +or five sentences of two or three words +apiece, written on a single sheet of +note paper, and no hint of the course +of the oration is given. Occasionally, +no doubt, especially in the case of the +speech on the introduction of the Home +Rule Bill, which was to my mind the +finest Mr. Gladstone has ever delivered, +the notes were rather more extensive +than this, but as a rule they are extremely +brief. When Mr. Gladstone +addresses a great public meeting, the +most elaborate pains are taken to insure +his comfort. He can now only +read the very largest print, and careful +and delicate arrangements are made to +provide him with lamps throwing the +light on the desk or table near which +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_51' name='page_51'></a>51</span> +he stands. Sir Andrew Clark observes +the most jealous watchfulness over his +patient. A curious instance of this occurred +at Newcastle, when Mr. Gladstone +was delivering his address to the +great liberal caucus which assembles +as the annual meeting of the National +Liberal Federation. Sir Andrew had +insisted that the orator should confine +himself to a speech lasting only an hour. +Fearing that his charge would forget +all about his promise in the excitement +of speaking, the physician, slipped +onto the platform and timed Mr. +Gladstone, watch in hand. The hour +passed, but there was no pause in the +torrent of words. Sir Andrew was in +despair. At last he pencilled a note to +Mr. Morley, beseeching him to insist +upon the speech coming to an end. +But Mr. Morley would not undertake +the responsibility of cutting a great +oration, and the result was that Mr. +Gladstone stole another half hour from +time and his physician. The next day +a friend of mine went breathlessly up +to Sir Andrew, and asked how the +statesman had borne the additional +strain. “He did not turn a hair,” was +the reply. Practically the only sign of +physical failure which is apparent in +recent speeches has been that the voice +tends to break and die away after about +an hour’s exercise, and for a moment +the sound of the curiously veiled notes +and a glance at the marble pallor of +the face gives one the impression that +after all Mr. Gladstone is a very, very +old man. But there is never anything +like a total breakdown. And no one +is aware of the enormous stores of +physical energy on which the prime +minister can draw, who has not sat +quite close to him, and measured the +wonderful breadth of his shoulders +and heard his voice coming straight +from his chest in great <i>bouffées</i> of +sound. Then you forget all about +the heavy wrinkles in the white +face, the scanty silver hair, and the +patriarchal look of the figure before +you.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_61' id='linki_61'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus074.jpg' alt='' title='' width='700' height='512' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE GLADSTONE FAMILY.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_52' name='page_52'></a>52</span> +<a name='WHERE_MAN_GOT_HIS_EARS_BY_HENRY_DRUMMOND__LLD_FRSE_FGS' id='WHERE_MAN_GOT_HIS_EARS_BY_HENRY_DRUMMOND__LLD_FRSE_FGS'></a> +<h2>WHERE MAN GOT HIS EARS. +<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Henry Drummond</span>, LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.G.S.</span></h2> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_62' id='linki_62'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus006.jpg' alt='Sincerely Yours Henry Drummond' title='' width='407' height='700' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>One of the most humorous sights in +nature, less common in America +than Europe, is a snail wandering about +with a shell on its back. The progenitors +of snails once lived in the sea, and +when they evolved themselves ashore +they carried this relic of the water with +them,—an anomaly which, seen to-day, +seems as ridiculous as if one were to +meet an Indian in Paris with his canoe +on his back. But there are more animals +besides snails that once lived in +the water. If embryology is any guide +to the past, nothing is more certain +than that the ancient progenitors of +Man once lived an aquatic life. As the +traveller, wandering in foreign lands, +brings back all manner of curios to remind +him where he has been—clubs +and spears, clothes and pottery, which +represent the ways of life of those +whom he has met, so the body of Man, +returning from its long journey through +the animal kingdom, emerges laden +with the spoils of its watery pilgrimage. +These relics are not mere curiosities; +they are as real as the clubs +and spears, the clothes and pottery. +Like them, they were once a part of +life’s vicissitude; they represent organs +which have been outgrown; old +forms of apparatus long since exchanged +for better, yet somehow not +yet destroyed by the hand of time. +The physical body of Man, so great is +the number of these relics, is an old +curiosity-shop, a museum of obsolete +anatomies, discarded tools, outgrown +and aborted organs. All other animals +also contain among their useful +organs a proportion which are long +past their work; and so significant are +these rudiments of a former state of +things, that anatomists have often expressed +their willingness to stake the +theory of Evolution upon their presence +alone.</p> +<p>Prominent among these vestigial +structures, as they are called, are those +which smack of the sea. At one time +there was nothing else in the world but +water-life; all the land animals are late +inventions. One reason why animals +began in the water is that it is easier +to live in the water—anatomically and +physiologically cheaper—than to live +on the land. The denser element supports +the body better, demanding a less +supply of muscle and bone; and the +perpetual motion of the sea brings the +food to the animal, making it unnecessary +for the animal to move to the food. +This and other correlated circumstances +call for far less mechanism in the body, +and, as a matter of fact, all the simplest +forms of life at the present day +are inhabitants of the water.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_63' id='linki_63'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_53' name='page_53'></a>53</span> +<img src='images/illus078.png' alt='' title='' width='700' height='93' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +“BALANOGLOSSUS” (AFTER AGASSIZ), AND LARGE SEA LAMPREY (AFTER CUVIER AND HAECKEL), SHOWING GILL-SLITS.—FROM “DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN” BY ROMANES.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>A successful attempt at coming +ashore may be seen in the common +worm. The worm is still so unacclimatized +to land life that instead of +living on the earth like other creatures, +it lives <i>in</i> it, as if it were a thicker water, +and always where there is enough +moisture to keep up the traditions of +its past. Probably it took to the shore +originally by exchanging, first the water +for the ooze at the bottom, then by +wriggling among muddy flats when the +tide was out, and finally, as the struggle +for life grew keen, it pushed further +and further inland, continuing its migration +so long as dampness was to be +found. Its cousin the snail, again, goes +even further, for it not only carries its +shell ashore but when it cannot get +moisture, actually manufactures it.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:544px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_64' id='linki_64'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus079.png' alt='' title='' width='544' height='229' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +EMBRYOS SHOWING GILL-SLITS.—FROM HAECKEL’s “EVOLUTION OF MAN.”<br /> +<br /> +A. FISH. B. CHICK. C. CALF. D. MAN.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>When Man left the water, however,—or +what was to develop into Man—he +took very much more ashore with +him than a shell. Instead of crawling +ashore at the worm stage, he remained +in the water until he evolved into something +like a fish; so that when, after +an amphibian interlude, he finally left +it, many “ancient and fish-like” characters +remained in his body to tell the +tale. Now, it is among these piscine +characteristics that we find the clue to +where Man got his ears. The chief +characteristic of a fish is its apparatus +for breathing the air dissolved in the +water. This consists of gills supported +on strong arches, the branchial arches, +which in the Elasmobranch fishes are +from five to seven in number and uncovered +with any operculum, or lid. +Communicating with these arches, in +order to allow the water which has +been taken in at the mouth to pass out +at the gills, an equal number of slits or +openings are provided in the neck. +Without these holes in their neck all +fishes would instantly perish, and we +may be sure Nature took exceptional +care in perfecting this particular piece +of the mechanism. Now it is one of +the most extraordinary facts in natural +history that these slits in the fish’s +neck are still represented in the neck +of Man. Almost the most prominent +feature, indeed, after the head, in every +mammalian embryo, are the four clefts +or furrows of the old gill-slits.<a name='FNanchor_0001' id='FNanchor_0001'></a><a href='#Footnote_0001' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> They +are still known in embryology by no +other name—gill-slits—and so persistent +are these characters that children +have been known to be born with them +not only externally visible—which is a +common occurrence—but open, through +and through, so that fluids taken in at +the mouth could pass through them and +trickle out at the neck. This fact was +so astounding as to be for a long time +denied. It was thought that when this +happened, the orifice must have been +accidentally made by the probe of the +surgeon. But Dr. Sutton has recently +met with actual cases where this has +occurred. “I have seen milk,” he says, +“issue from such fistulæ in individuals +who have never been submitted to +sounding.”<a name='FNanchor_0002' id='FNanchor_0002'></a><a href='#Footnote_0002' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a></p> +<p>In the common case of children +born with these vestiges, the old gill-slits +are represented by small openings +in the skin on the sides of the neck +and capable of admitting a thin probe. +Sometimes the place where they have +been in childhood is marked throughout +life by small round patches of +white skin. These relics of the sea, +these apparitions of the Fish, these +sudden resurrections, are betrayals of +man’s pedigree. Men wonder at mummy-wheat +germinating after a thousand +years of dormancy. But here are ancient +features bursting into life after +unknown ages, and challenging modern +science for a verdict on their affinities.</p> +<p>When the fish came ashore, its water-breathing +apparatus was no longer of +any use to it. At first it had to keep +it on, for it took a long time to perfect +the air-breathing apparatus which was +to replace it. But when this was ready +the problem was, what to do with the +earlier organ? Nature is exceedingly +economical, and could not throw all +this mechanism away. In fact Nature +almost never parts with any structure +she has once made. What she does is +to change it into something else. Conversely, +Nature seldom makes anything +new; her method of creation is +to adapt something old. Now when +Nature started out to manufacture +ears, she made them out of the old +breathing apparatus. She saw that if +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_54' name='page_54'></a>54</span> +water could pass through a hole in the +neck, sound could pass likewise, and +she set to work upon the highest up of +the five gill-slits and slowly elaborated +it into a hearing organ.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:700px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_65' id='linki_65'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus081.png' alt='' title='' width='700' height='259' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +ADULT SHARK (AFTER CUVIER AND HAECKEL).—FROM “DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>There never had been an external +ear in the +world till +this was +done, or +any good +ear at all. +Creatures +which live in +water do not +seem to use +hearing +much, and +the sound-waves in fishes are simply conveyed +through the walls of the head to +the internal ear without any definite +mechanism. But as soon as land-life +began, owing to the changed medium +through which sound-waves must now +be propagated, a more delicate instrument +was required. And hence one of +the first things attended to was the +construction and improvement of the +ear.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:474px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_66' id='linki_66'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_55' name='page_55'></a>55</span> +<img src='images/illus082.jpg' alt='' title='' width='474' height='475' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +MARBLE HEAD OF SATYR, IN MUNICH, SHOWING CERVICAL AURICLES.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>It has long been a growing certainty +to Comparative Anatomy that the external +and middle ear in Man are simply +a development, an improved edition, +of the first gill-cleft and its surrounding +parts. The tympano-Eustachian passage +is the homologue or counterpart +of the spiracle, associated in the shark +with the first gill-opening. Professor +His of Leipsic has worked out the +whole development in minute detail, +and conclusively demonstrated the +mode of origin of the external ear +from the coalescence of six rounded +tubercles surrounding the first branchial +cleft at an early period of embryonic +life. Haeckel’s account of +the process is as follows: “All the +essential parts of the middle ear—the +tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, +and Eustachian tube—develop +from the first gill-opening with its +surrounding parts, which in the +Primitive Fishes (<i>Selachii</i>) remains +throughout life as an open blowhole, +situated between the first and second +gill-arches. In the embryos of higher +Vertebrates it closes in the centre, the +point of concrescence forming the tympanic +membrane. The remaining outer +part of the first gill-opening is the +rudiment of the outer ear-canal. From +the inner part originates the tympanic +cavity, and further inward, the Eustachian +tube. +In connection +with +these, the +three bonelets +of the +ear develop +from the +first two +gill-arches; +the hammer +and anvil +from the first, and the stirrup from the +upper end of the second gill-arch. +Finally as regards the external ear, +the ear-shell (<i>concha auris</i>), and the +outer ear-canal, leading from the shell +to the tympanic membrane—these +parts develop in the simplest way from +the skin-covering which borders the +outer orifice of the first gill-opening. +At this point the ear-shell rises in the +form of a circular fold of skin, in +which cartilage and muscles afterwards +form.”<a name='FNanchor_0003' id='FNanchor_0003'></a><a href='#Footnote_0003' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a></p> +<div class='figleft' style='width:319px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_67' id='linki_67'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus083a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='319' height='474' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +HEAD OF SATYR IN GROUP OF MARSYAS AND APOLLO, NAPLES MUSEUM, SHOWING CERVICAL AURICLES.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>Now bearing in mind this account +of the origin of ears, an extraordinary +circumstance confronts us. Ears are +actually sometimes found bursting out +<i>in human beings</i> half way down the +neck, in the exact position—namely +along the line of the anterior border of +the sterno-mastoid muscle—which the +gill-slits would occupy if they still persisted. +In some human families where +the tendency to retain these special +structures is strong, one member sometimes +illustrates the abnormality by +possessing the clefts alone, another has +a cervical ear, while a third has both a +cleft and an ear,—all these of course +in addition to the ordinary ears. This +cervical auricle has all the characters +of the ordinary ear, “it contains yellow +elastic cartilage, is skin-covered, and +has muscle-fibre attached to it.”<a name='FNanchor_0004' id='FNanchor_0004'></a><a href='#Footnote_0004' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a></p> +<div class='figright' style='width:438px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_68' id='linki_68'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus083b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='438' height='446' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +FAUN FROM THE CAPITOLINE MUSEUM, SHOWING CERVICAL AURICLES.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>Dr. Sutton further calls attention to +the fact that on ancient statues of +fauns and satyrs cervical auricles are +sometimes found, and he figures the +head of a satyr from the British Museum, +carved long before the days of +anatomy, where a sessile ear on the +neck is most distinct. A still better +illustration may be seen in the Art +Museum at Boston on a full-sized cast +of a faun belonging to the later Greek +period; and there are other examples +in the same building. One interest of +these neck-ears in statues is that they +are not as a rule modelled after the +human ear but taken from the cervical +ear of the goat, from which +the general idea of the +faun was derived. This +shows that neck-ears were +common on the goats of +that period—as they are +on goats to this day—but +the sculptor would hardly +have had the daring to introduce +this feature in the +human subject unless he +had been aware that pathological +facts encouraged +him. The occurrence of +these ears in goats is no +more than one would expect. +Indeed one would +look for them not only in +Man, but in all the Mammalia, +for so far as their +bodies are concerned all +the higher animals are near +relations. Observations on +vestigial structures in animals +are sadly wanting; +but they are certainly +found in the horse, pig, sheep, and +others.</p> +<div class='figleft' style='width:418px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_69' id='linki_69'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus084.png' alt='' title='' width='418' height='422' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +FORM OF THE EAR IN BABY OUTANG.—FROM “DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:506px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_70' id='linki_70'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus085a.png' alt='' title='' width='506' height='369' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>That the human ear was not always +the squat and degenerate instrument it +is at present may be seen by a critical +glance at its structure. Mr. Darwin +records how a celebrated sculptor +called his attention to a little peculiarity +in the external ear, which he had +often noticed both in men and women. +“The peculiarity consists in a little +blunt point, projecting from the inwardly +folded margin or helix. When +present, it is developed at birth, and +according to Professor Ludwig Meyer, +more frequently in man than in woman. +The helix obviously consists of the +extreme margin of the ear folded inwards; +and the folding appears to be +in some manner connected with the +whole external ear being permanently +pressed backwards. In many monkeys +who do not stand high in the order, as +baboons and some species of macacus, +the upper portion of the ear is slightly +pointed, and the margin is not at all +folded inwards; but if the margin were +to be thus folded, a slight point would +necessarily project towards the centre.”<a name='FNanchor_0005' id='FNanchor_0005'></a><a href='#Footnote_0005' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a></p> +<p>Here then, in this discovery of the +lost tip of the ancestral ear, is further +and visible advertisement of man’s +Descent, a surviving symbol of the +stirring times and dangerous days of +his animal youth. It is difficult to +imagine any other theory than that of +Descent which could account for all +these facts. That evolution should +leave such clues lying about is at least +an instance of its candor.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:331px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_71' id='linki_71'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus085b.png' alt='' title='' width='331' height='473' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +HORNED SHEEP AND GOAT WITH CERVICAL AURICLES.—FROM “EVOLUTION AND DISEASE,” J. BLAND-SUTTON.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>But this does not exhaust the betrayals +of this most confiding organ. +If we turn from the outward ear to +the muscular apparatus for working it, +fresh traces of its animal career are +brought to light. The erection of the +ear, in order to catch sound better, is +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_56' name='page_56'></a>56</span> +a power possessed by almost all mammals, +and the attached muscles are +large and greatly developed in all but +domesticated forms. This same apparatus, +though he makes no use of it +whatever, is still attached to the ears +of Man. It is so long since he relied +on the warnings of hearing, that by a +well-known law the muscles +have fallen into disuse and +atrophied. In many cases, +however, the power of twitching +the ear is not wholly lost, +and every school-boy can point +to some one in his class who +retains the capacity and is apt +to revive it in irrelevant circumstances.</p> +<p>One might run over all the +other organs of the human +body and show their affinities +with animal structures and an +animal past. The twitching of +the ear, for instance, suggests +another obsolete or obsolescent +power—the power, or rather +the set of powers, for twitching +the skin, especially the skin +of the scalp and forehead by +which we raise the eyebrows. +Sub-cutaneous muscles for +shaking off flies from the skin, +or for erecting the hair of the scalp, +are common among quadrupeds, and +these are represented in the human +subject by the still functioning muscles +of the forehead, and occasionally +of the head itself. Everyone has met +persons who possess the power of moving +the whole scalp to and fro, and the +muscular apparatus for effecting it is +identical with what is normally found +in some of the Quadrumana.</p> +<p>Another typical vestigial structure is +the <i>plica semi-lunaris</i>, the remnant of +the nictitating membrane characteristic +of nearly the whole vertebrate sub-kingdom. +This membrane is a semi-transparent +curtain which can be drawn +rapidly across the external surface of +the eye for the purpose of sweeping it +clean. In birds it is extremely common, +but it also exists in fish, mammals, +and all the other vertebrates. Where +it is not found of any functional value +it is almost always represented by vestiges +of some kind. In Man all that is +left of it is a little piece of the curtain +draped at the side of the eye.</p> +<p>When one passes from the head to +the other extremity of the human +body one comes upon a somewhat unexpected +but very pronounced characteristic—the +relic of the tail, and +not only of the tail, but of muscles +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_57' name='page_57'></a>57</span> +for wagging it. Everyone who first +sees a human skeleton is amazed at +this discovery. At the end of the +vertebral column, curling faintly outward +in suggestive fashion, are three, +four, and occasionally five vertebræ +forming the coccyx, a true rudimentary +tail. In the adult this is always +concealed beneath the skin, but in the +embryo, both in man and ape, at an +early stage it is much longer than the +limbs. What is decisive as to its true +nature, however, is that even in the embryo +of man the muscles for wagging +it are still found. In the grown-up +human being these muscles are represented +by bands of fibrous tissue, but +cases are known where the actual muscles +persist through life. That a distinct +external tail should not be still +found in Man may seem disappointing +to the evolutionist. But the want of a +tail argues more for the theory of Evolution +than its presence would have +done. It would have been contrary to +the Theory of Descent had he possessed +a longer tail. For all the anthropoids +most allied to Man have long since +also parted with theirs.</p> +<p>It was formerly held that the entire +animal creation had contributed something +to the anatomy of Man, that as +Serres expressed it “Human Organogenesis +is a condensed Comparative +Anatomy.” But though Man has not +such a monopoly of the past as is here +inferred—other types having here and +there emerged and developed along +lines of their own—it is certain that the +materials for his body have been +brought together from an unknown +multitude of +lowlier forms +of life.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_72' id='linki_72'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus086.png' alt='' title='' width='700' height='310' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +EAR OF BARBARY APE, CHIMPANZEE, AND MAN, SHOWING VESTIGIAL CHARACTERS OF THE HUMAN EAR.—FROM “DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN.”<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>Those who +know the Cathedral +of St. +Mark’s will remember +how +this noblest of +the Stones of +Venice owes +its greatness +to the patient +hands of centuries +and centuries +of workers, +how every +quarter of the +globe has been +spoiled of its +treasures to dignify this single shrine. +But he who ponders over the more +ancient temple of the human body will +find imagination fail him as he tries to +think from what remote and mingled +sources, from what lands, seas, climates, +atmospheres, its various parts have been +called together, and by what innumerable +contributory creatures, swimming, +creeping, flying, climbing, each +of its several members was wrought and +perfected. What ancient chisel first +sculptured the rounded columns of the +limbs? What dead hands built the +cupola of the brain, and from what +older ruins were the scattered pieces +of its mosaic-work brought? Who +fixed the windows in its upper walls? +What forgotten looms wove its tapestries +and draperies? What winds and +weathers wrought the strength into its +buttresses? What ocean-beds and forest +glades worked up the colors? +What Love and Terror and Night called +forth the Music? And what Life and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_58' name='page_58'></a>58</span> +Death and Pain and Struggle put all +together in the noiseless workshop of +the past and removed each worker +silently when its task was done? How +these things came to be Biology is one +long record. The architects and builders +of this mighty temple are not anonymous. +Their names, and the work +they did, are graven forever on the +walls and arches of the Human Embryo. +For this is a volume of that Book in +which Man’s members were written, +which in continuance were fashioned, +when as yet there was none of them.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_73' id='linki_73'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus086b.png' alt='' title='' width='700' height='294' /> +<br /> +</div> +<h3>FOOTNOTES</h3> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0001' id='Footnote_0001'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0001'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p>N. B.—They appear as “clefts,” marking not the +adult fish, but the embryo at the corresponding stage.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0002' id='Footnote_0002'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0002'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p>“Evolution and Disease,” p. 81.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0003' id='Footnote_0003'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0003'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p><span class='smcap'>Haeckel</span>: “Evolution of Man,” vol. ii, p. 269.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0004' id='Footnote_0004'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0004'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p><span class='smcap'>Sutton</span>: “Evolution and Disease.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0005' id='Footnote_0005'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0005'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p>“Descent of Man,” p. 15.</p> +</div> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_59' name='page_59'></a>59</span> +<a name='JAMES_PARTONS_RULES_OF_BIOGRAPHY_PREFATORY_NOTE' id='JAMES_PARTONS_RULES_OF_BIOGRAPHY_PREFATORY_NOTE'></a> +<h2>JAMES PARTON’S RULES OF BIOGRAPHY.<br /><span class='smcaplc'>PREFATORY NOTE.</span></h2> +</div> +<p>The following letters were written +in 1888 and 1889, by James Parton to +the Honorable Alfred R. Conkling of +New York City. In December, 1888, +Mr. Conkling wrote to Mr. Parton, +making him a formal offer to assist in +the preparation of the “Life and Letters +of Roscoe Conkling.” Mr. Parton +generously declined to accept payment, +but took a great interest in the work, +and during the following year corresponded +frequently with Mr. Conkling, +advising upon specific points and setting +forth the general principles of the +art of biography.</p> +<p>We are indebted to Mr. Conkling for +permission to print these letters, which +are full of wise suggestion to the literary +“recruit,” and of genuine human +interest to all lovers of good reading. +They give us glimpses of Mr. Parton, +not only as a conscientious writer of +biography who had acquired a rare +mastery of his art, but also as a man of +aggressive interest in public affairs, of +broad mind, and a singularly wholesome +nature.</p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>Dec. 8, 1888</i>.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dear Sir</span>: I am glad to learn from +yours of yesterday that we are to have +a biography of so interesting and +marked a character as the lamented +Roscoe Conkling, and I should esteem +it a privilege to render any assistance +toward it in my power.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:317px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_74' id='linki_74'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus087.jpg' alt='' title='' width='317' height='443' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +JAMES PARTON IN 1852, AT THIRTY YEARS OF AGE.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>The great charm of all biography is +the truth, told simply, directly, boldly, +charitably.</p> +<p>But this is also the great difficulty. +A human life is long. A human character +is complicated. It is often inconsistent +with itself, and it requires +nice judgment to proportion it in such +a way as to make the book really correspond +with the man, and make the +same impression upon the reader that +the man did upon those who knew him +best.</p> +<p><i>Your</i> difficulty will be to present +fairly his less favorable side; but upon +this depends all the value, and much +of the interest of the work.</p> +<p>My great rules are:</p> +<p>1, To know the subject thoroughly +myself; 2, to index fully all the knowledge +in existence relating to it; 3, to +determine beforehand where I will be +brief, where expand, and how much +space I can afford to each part; 4, to +work slowly and finish as I go; 5, to +avoid eulogy and apology and let the +facts have their natural weight; 6, to +hold back nothing which the reader +has a right to know.</p> +<p>I have generally had the great advantage +of loving my subjects warmly, +and I do not believe we can do justice +to any human creature unless we love +him. A true love enlightens, but not +blinds, as we often see in the case of +mothers who love their children better, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_60' name='page_60'></a>60</span> +and also know them better, than anybody +else ever does.</p> +<p>With regard to New York, I am +always going there, but never go; +still, I may have to go soon, and I +will go anyway if I can do anything +important or valuable in the way you +suggest—but not “professionally,” except +as an old soldier helps a recruit.</p> +<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p> +<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>Dec. 24, 1888</i>.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dear Sir</span>: I have examined with +much interest and pleasure your work +upon Mexico, with a title so extravagantly +modest as almost to efface the +author. Let us accept our fate. It is +our destiny to live in an age when all +human distinctions are abolished, or +about to be abolished, except the advertiser +and his victim. Your work +appears to me to be quite a model, and +I wish I were going to be a tourist in +Mexico that I might have the advantage +of using it.</p> +<p>One word more with regard to your +biography. In the case of a person +like Mr. Conkling, whose vocation it +was to express himself in words, and +whose utterances were often most +brilliant and powerful, I think you +should make great and free use of his +letters and speeches. Is not a volume +of five hundred pages too small? Could +you not make a work in two volumes, +and get Mark Twain to sell it by subscription?</p> +<p>Another: I hope you feel the peculiar +character and importance of that part +of New York of which Utica is the +central point. It does not figure much +in books, but there are many strong +and remarkable families there. I should +like to see it elucidated. The first +questions to be asked of a man are: +Where, and of whom, was he born?</p> +<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p> +<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p> +<p>P. S.—For example: If you know +fully what a <i>Corsican</i> is, you have the +key to the understanding of Bonaparte. +He was a Corsican above all things +else, and not in the least a Frenchman.</p> +<p>So of Andrew Jackson: He was a +Scotch-Irishman. Alexander Hamilton: +a Scotch-Frenchman.</p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>March 26, 1889</i>.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>My dear Sir</span>: You can give a sufficiently +“complete account” of an event +without giving a long one. Now, the +duel between two such persons as Burr +and Hamilton <i>may</i> be long, because it +can also be interesting. Readers are +interested in the men, in the time, in +the scene, and the whole affair is surcharged +with human interest. In that +Elmira trial, the chief interest will +centre in your uncle’s tact and success. +I should give enough of the +trial to enable the reader to see and +appreciate his part in the affair. My +impression is: Do not expend many +pages upon it, but pack the pages full +of matter. You want all your room +for other scenes in which he displayed +his great power in a striking way.</p> +<p>Many qualities are desirable in a +book, only one is necessary—to be interesting +enough to be read. The art is, +to be short where the interest is small, +and long where the interest is great.</p> +<p>Your uncle’s speeches do not need +much “comment.” Most speeches contain +one passage which includes the +whole.</p> +<p>I fear I shall not be able to visit +New York this spring.</p> +<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p> +<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>April 3, 1889</i>.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>My Dear Sir:</span> As often as possible +I would insert the bright things where +they belong, as they seem to enliven +the narrative. If you have an inconvenient +surplus, or a number of things +undated, you might make a chapter of +them, or reserve them for the final +chapter. It is a good <i>rule</i>, though +only a <i>rule</i>, not to have breaks in the +continuity, like the “Bagman’s Story” +in “Pickwick.” Readers are apt to +skip them, however good they may be +in themselves. You have doubtless +often done so. A good thing is twice +good when it comes in just where it +ought. The modern reader is very +shy, and easily breaks away from you, +if you only give him a pretext.</p> +<p>I merely send my impressions. You +alone can really judge.</p> +<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p> +<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_61' name='page_61'></a>61</span></div> +<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>April 17, 1889</i>.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>My dear Sir</span>: The description of +your uncle’s oratory will be so sure to +interest the reader, that it may come +in almost anywhere, but best, perhaps, +where you mention his first notable +speech. Remember, too, that the author +has, in his last chapter, not only a +chance to “sum up,” but also an opportunity +to slip in anything he may have +omitted. An interesting thing it is +always to know how a strong man +grew old, what changes occurred in his +manner, methods and character.</p> +<p>By all means, use the personal pronoun +sparingly, and allude unfrequently +to your relationship. It is not necessary +wholly to avoid either. Deal +with the reader honestly and openly. +There may come moments when calling +him “my uncle” would be fair, +and in the best taste—but not often.</p> +<p>The ladies have the privilege of +skipping. Make your late chapter +about the law practice in New York +very full and clear. It will very greatly +interest everybody who will be likely +to read the book. It is the intrinsic +worth of a book that is to be considered +before all things else.</p> +<p>I fear you are making the book too +short. Mind: It <i>cannot</i> be what is called +“popular.” It <i>must</i> appeal to the few. +Ought it not to be two volumes at five +dollars?</p> +<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p> +<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p>Think of Blaine’s book and its sale +by subscription.</p> +<p>The difference between one volume +published in the ordinary way, and two +volumes by subscription, <i>may</i> be the +difference between a profit of two +thousand dollars and one of two hundred +thousand dollars.</p> +<p>Blaine’s book, sold over the counter, +might have gone to the length of five +thousand copies. Sold by subscription, +it made him rich.</p> +<p>On this point, however, Mr. Appleton’s +opinion is worth ten of mine.</p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>April 26, 1889</i>.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>My Dear Sir:</span> The pamphlet has +only just arrived.</p> +<p>So far as the comments are necessary +to elucidate the text, and to explain +why and how the text came to be +uttered, they are justified—no farther. +Your uncle was such a master of expression +that almost anything placed +in juxtaposition must suffer from the +contrast.</p> +<p>Let <i>him</i> have the whole floor, I say, +and just give the indispensable explanations. +It would be impossible to +enhance the effect of his characteristic +passages. They need, like diamonds, +a quiet setting.</p> +<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p> +<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>June 4, 1889</i>.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>My dear Sir</span>: I return your paper +of questions. Give plenty of the +“light matter” to which you refer, +and I hope you will extract many passages +that show your uncle’s horror of +corruption. The pamphlets you were +so good as to send me are valuable and +interesting. I do not wonder at his +great success before a jury. He was +an awful man to have on the other +side. Is there any one who could describe +for you some of the noted +scenes in which your uncle figured, +but which you did not witness yourself? +There may be available interviews +in the newspapers. I remember +hearing Thomas Nast talk about him +very enthusiastically after returning +from a visit to him in Washington. +You could make a nice chapter about +the Senate—its ways and occupations, +traditions and tone—viewed merely as +a club of gentlemen.</p> +<p>I am glad that Mark Twain is going +to publish the book. Give all the pictures +you dare.</p> +<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p> +<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>Aug. 5, 1889</i>.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dear Sir</span>: Would not those “undated +anecdotes” come in well to illustrate +and brighten your summing-up +chapter? If not, then the plan you +suggest might answer very well.</p> +<p>I am glad to hear that you are so +near to the end of your labors, and +that the work is to be published by +the ever victorious firm of Mark +Twain. If I have been able to render +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_62' name='page_62'></a>62</span> +you the smallest service I am glad, and +you are heartily welcome.</p> +<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p> +<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>Dec. 28, 1889</i>.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Dear Sir</span>: Your solid volume reached +me several days ago, and some time +after, your letter of Dec. 20. I have +now read the work pretty carefully, +and shall no doubt often return to it. +Considering the restraints you were +under, as nephew and as Republican, +you have executed your task well and +given to the world the most pathetic +of the tragedies resulting from the system +of spoils. Never again, until that +blighting curse of free institutions is +destroyed, will a man of Roscoe Conkling’s +genius, pride and purity remain +long in the public service, if ever he +enters it. He was the last of the Romans. +My great regret is that he did +not consecrate his whole existence to +the reform of the civil service. I have +such an acute sense of the shame, the +cruelty and the childish folly of the +present system that I sometimes feel +as if we ought to stop all our other +work and enter upon a universal crusade +against it.</p> +<p>You must not expect the public to +remain satisfied with the omissions and +suppressions of your book. Sooner or +later, somebody will supply them, and +you might just as well have told the +whole story.</p> +<p>I am glad to hear of the success of +the book with the public.</p> +<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p> +<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_75' id='linki_75'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus092.jpg' alt='' title='' width='472' height='528' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +JAMES PARTON IN 1891.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_63' name='page_63'></a>63</span> +<a name='EUROPE_AT_THE_PRESENT_MOMENT_BY_MR_DE_BLOWITZ_PARIS_CORRESPONDENT_OF_THE_LONDON_TIMES' id='EUROPE_AT_THE_PRESENT_MOMENT_BY_MR_DE_BLOWITZ_PARIS_CORRESPONDENT_OF_THE_LONDON_TIMES'></a> +<h2>EUROPE AT THE PRESENT MOMENT. +<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Mr. De Blowitz, Paris Correspondent Of The “London Times.”</span></span></h2> +</div> +<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Paris</span>, <i>April 20, 1893</i>.</p> +<p>Let me say, at the very start, that +it is imperative not to forget the +date which heads this article. This +date has a significance of the highest +importance, for it marks the opening of +a new era. The political situation of +Europe is to-day widely different from +what it was only yesterday. Yesterday +the entire world turned an eye feverishly +intent towards Belgium, upon the +spectacle there of the decisive struggle +between an established government and +an unestablished proletariat. There +was to be seen in Belgium the constitutional +authority of an entire realm, +backed by the force of arms, opposed +by a militant labor democracy. On +the one side, law, authority, armed +force; on the other, lack of authority, +of capital, and of arms; in a word, +vague nothingness struggling against +omnipotence. Yet it is the former +that has won the day. Omnipotence +has belied its name, and has been +driven to the wall; the defeat has +been crushing. But more than this, it +has been significant. I repeat, it marks +the opening of a new era.</p> +<p>For the world-wide association of +laborers now comprehends that it holds +the Old World in its hands. It has +discovered the invincible power of the +strike, in obedience to the watchword +emanating from its irresponsible leaders. +Here is a force which is negative, +perhaps, but one against which nothing +henceforth can prevail. Lo, a silent +word of command, and the towers of +Jericho fall! Before a general strike +of this sort the Old World is to-day +powerless, like the child at the breast +to whom the mother refuses to give +suck.</p> +<p>This is a fact so big with suggestion, +so sudden, so almost terrifying, that it +changes all our former points of view. +I could not have written yesterday +what I can write to-day; for when I +saw unexpectedly breaking out “the +troubles in Belgium,” I could not but +postpone till all was over the writing +of the article for which I had been +asked. No one has as yet fairly grappled +with the meaning of the new social +pact prepared in mystery, a pact of +which the dark elaboration had been +only suspected, but which has just +become so startlingly revealed. The +idea of the strike as applied to political +problems upsets all preconceived notions. +What has hitherto been regarded +as the only real force is now as if paralyzed; +instead, sheer, silent will-power +remains the only sovereign. In such +circumstances who would venture to +draw the horoscope of the Europe of +to-morrow?</p> +<p>For consider the situation. Recognized +constitutional government has +actually thought itself fortunate in +treating with “strikers,” and in attempting +to conceal the reality of its +defeat behind the vain show of an arrangement, +the actual significance of +which deceives nobody. The face of +Europe has changed in an instant. +The Old World is conquered. Socialism +bestirs itself, and begins its conquering +march. The dangerous problems, hitherto +so vague, become instantly pressing. +Yet no one is ready with a solution, +and few care even to discuss these +problems. Even the leaders of the +hostile army, the strike generals, do +not, can not, measure all the consequences +of their orders. Drunk with +their new power they forget for the +moment its unseen bearings. When +first, more used to the sensation of omnipotence, +they look about them to see +what their action may have precipitated, +they will draw back in horror.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_76' id='linki_76'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_64' name='page_64'></a>64</span> +<img src='images/illus096.jpg' alt='' title='' width='369' height='700' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>The phrase, “the present situation of +Europe,” therefore, can have reference +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_65' name='page_65'></a>65</span> +now only to a very indefinite and a +future thing. The present is big with +uncertainties for the morrow, and the +prospect would be really distressing, if +the established wielders of power did +not realize—what now is inevitable—the +imperative necessity of coming to +some understanding with this fresh +force; the hopelessness, henceforward, +of playing with theories of repression, +and the duty of negotiating with this +great amorphous army, which, once it +is on the march, may drink dry the +cisterns at which human society is +accustomed to assuage its thirst. And +it is in the light of these events in +Belgium, that I do not hesitate to say, +that Europe for a long time still will +not be menaced by war. The social +problem is now too pressing. It requires +the entire attention. Woe to the +blind! The hour of rest is past; a new +world awakes. It knows its strength. +It has everything to gain, nothing to +lose. Follow it with anxious eye, ye +who sleep now in possession, for if ye +sleep too long, ye will awake in chains!</p> +<p>But apart from this event, which is +the prelude of a social struggle to be +of long duration, yet absolutely inevitable, +it is possible at this moment, +when the European world is preparing +to turn westward beyond the Atlantic, +there to entrust to the proud loyalty +of the United States immense and untold +treasures, to predict for this continent +a prolonged peace—a peace, +however, which is as the uncertain +tranquillity of an old man heavily +dozing on a bed where there is no real +rest. It is alone one of those incidents, +impossible to anticipate, which seize +whole nations as with madness, driving +them to arms and carnage, and leaving +them at the end of the disillusion of +the struggle stupefied with their victory, +or terrified in their defeat, that +can break the uncertain spell of this +restless sleep. But incidents such as +these, which bring to naught all human +calculation, can, indeed must, be left +out of account, when considering the +character of a given moment, and the +prospects of peace or war.</p> +<p>Europe, just now, is divided up +rather arbitrarily, but none the less +really. This is partly due to a +premeditated combination, partly to +chance, partly also to the bungling or +ignorance of rulers. The Triple Alliance, +due to the decisive action of +Prince Bismarck, is the only truly +scientific conception of the sort, the +only one possessing a stable and +seriously laid foundation. It includes +Austria, which relies on Germany to +shield it from Russia, as its directly +<ins title='Was manacing'>menacing</ins> foe, or to bar against Russia +the route to Constantinople whenever +Russia shall appear fatally dangerous +to the existence of the combined empire +of Austria-Hungary. It includes +Germany, which, as careful organizer +of the Alliance, is thus protected +against any possible simultaneous action +of France and Russia. It includes +Italy, which, otherwise weak in the +presence of the disdainful hostility of +France, is thus assured a certain security +and repose. Aside from this great +Triple Alliance, the European states +have no real collective organization; +there are only affinities badly defined, +private interests, or uncertain situations +from which they do not venture +to think of extricating themselves. +What is called the Franco-Russian +understanding is limited at the moment +to an exchange of notes which +might serve as the basis of a military +convention; to demonstrations at once +noisy and platonic, in which France is +playing a sort of Potiphar role; and to +the chance eventuality of Russia’s one +day finding herself engaged in some +formidable struggle when she could +count on the irresistible and unthinking +enthusiasm of France, who would +place blood and treasure at her disposal.</p> +<p>When has human history ever afforded +such a spectacle?</p> +<p>No real alliance exists between Russia +and France, but no French government +could resist popular pressure, +were the question to come up of helping +Russia in the case of a war direct +or indirect against Germany. Yet at a +single gesture of the autocratic czar, +Russia would shoulder arms and fight +in whatever deadly combat France +found itself involved. The Emperor +of Russia is to-day, perhaps, the most +formidable monarch who has ever existed. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_66' name='page_66'></a>66</span> +He has at his unchecked beck +and call the vastest empire in Europe, +but an empire without gold, sunlight, +or liberty. Stop! It is a force, blind and +brutal, and capable of a frightful impact; +a force which the finger of a +single man can set in motion, and +which may be made to fall crushingly +at the exact point designated by the +imperious and imperial gesture. To +this force which does not reason, the +czar can, with a gleam of his sword, +rally the power of France. France, the +country of sunlight and liberty, where +gold flows in rivulets, where every +citizen thinks and wills, and where +every soldier would fight to the death, +conscious that it is only with Russia, +in common struggle against common +enemies, that a great conflict may be +undertaken. The spectacle of such +power, dormant in one human brain, +is almost overwhelming; and the psychologist +who portends that every man +disposing of autocratic power, whether +czar, sultan or pope, must inevitably +go mad, utters a thought perhaps not +so paradoxical after all.</p> +<p>However, this autocrat so formidably +armed is well known to be absolutely +pacific. He turns a constantly listening +ear to the counsels of an experienced +queen, herself full of the spirit +of peace, the Queen of Denmark. This +queen loves Germany; she adores the +young emperor whom she calls “an +angel.” She has already smoothed +down many rough places. It was she +who brought about the Kiel interview +and the visit of the czarevitch to Berlin. +She has strengthened the idea of +peace in the brain of this emperor, +whence, instead, war might spring full-armed; +war <i>fin de siècle</i>; the new, mysterious, +unprecedented form of it; the +war of infinitely multiplied murder, +covering the Old World with corpses +of the slain. The special factor of +armed explosion most to be dreaded in +Europe is thus held in check by an all-powerful +hand gently directed. It is +nothing less than the work of God that +has made him who holds the chief of +the arsenals of power, pacific, and thus +reassuring to the world.</p> +<p>Turn your vision from this tacit +though vague understanding between +France and Russia, and look beyond +the regularly organized Triple Alliance; +the eye falls on three great isolated +powers, directed by various +motives, and the action of which, determined +upon only at the last moment, +is constantly in the thought of the +other ruling nations. Of these three +the first is England. No minister of +foreign affairs in any country would +ever think of committing towards the +English nation the crime of supposing +its policy subservient to that of any +other nation. The dream or the fear +of a quadruple alliance has haunted +only the crudest brains. England remains +free in its movements, and it will +preserve this liberty to the last. This +is, moreover, for the happiness of all; +for, except in those accesses of madness, +a sort of factor of which, as I +said, no account can be taken, no +power will think of taking up a struggle +in which the intervention of England, +on one side or the other, can +determine the issue.</p> +<p>The second great power which remains +free of all entanglement is that +which dominates the Bosphorus. A +strange power, indeed! It has no +friends. There it remains alone on this +European soil, of which it occupies certain +extreme points, like a bit of abandoned +booty tempting the cupidity of +the Christian world. The whole of +Europe looks thither with dull hate, +and each power would willingly bear +away a bit of the trappings and the +hangings that render soft and resplendent +the gilded cage where lies the sick +lion of Yildiz Kiosk. If ever the war +which appears to me so distant breaks +out, Abdul Hamid, or his successor, +will have his hands free; and at the +supreme moment when the conqueror, +whomsoever he may be, cannot reject +them, will impose his conditions. If +the then sultan neglects to seize the +event, it is not at all sure that the crescent +will cease to mark its silhouette +on the firmament of Europe; but at all +events, until then European peace is +the surest safeguard of the Ottoman +Empire, and this Abdul Hamid well +knows.</p> +<p>The third of the great isolated powers +of which I speak is personified to-day +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_67' name='page_67'></a>67</span> +by the grand old man whom an heroic +pertinacity, henceforward to be traditional, +keeps a prisoner at the Vatican. +No one can have any idea of the life +and movement which reigns in this +voluntary prison which lies over against +the Quirinal. Thither flow innumerable +missives from every corner of the +world, and could I only tell some of +them, it would be seen how long still +is the arm extending from the shadow +of St. Peter’s; how dreadful still are +the lips that speak in the shade of the +Vatican. I should show the Holy +Father and his cardinals writing to the +Emperor of Austria, directing him by +counsel and advice, and sometimes almost +by their orders. I should show +Prince Bismarck continuing, since his +fall, to hold before the eyes of the +pope, glimpses of the more or less partial +restoration of the temporal power. +I should show Leo XIII. now trying to +unite, now to alienate, France and Russia, +according as at the moment this or +that policy seems to him most propitious +for his own cause or the cause of +peace; and I should show, at the same +time, the Vatican divided within itself, +and Cardinal Vauncelli working, in +secret letters addressed to powerful +sovereigns, against the policy of Cardinal +Rampolla, and acting on the +mind of Leo XIII. to detach him from +his secretary of state, and wean him +from the democratic policy on which +he is now launched. I should show, +also, all the leading politicians of +France, whether in power or out, soliciting +the support, the protection, the +favor of Leo XIII., and the latter +working with astounding insight for +the fusion, more and more complete, of +the liberal monarchical party with the +Republic. I should show again how, +owing to mysterious action, instability +has become the normal state of France; +and how the action of Russia, driven +by the double current from the north +and the south, not only has been not +a source of strength for M. Ribot, +but even forced him to his fall. Not +only did the czar refuse to send the +Russian fleet to France, and to let the +czarevitch pass through Paris under +pretext of going from Berlin to London, +but he has just of late imposed on +the French prime minister exigencies +of such a nature that the latter has +preferred to lay down the power rather +than to submit. When M. Ribot, minister +of foreign affairs, committed the +political stupidity of carrying to the +tribune the name of Baron Mohrenheim +in connection with the Panama +scandal, the Emperor of Russia showed +that he was much irritated and wounded. +M. Develle, minister of foreign +affairs, hurried to the baron with excuses. +But the czar declared these +excuses unsatisfactory. M. Ribot then +went himself to see the ambassador +and give him certain explanations and +excuses. Still the czar was not satisfied. +He demanded a letter written +by the prime minister and addressed +to the Russian minister of foreign +affairs, M. de Giers, who was then +stopping at the gates of France. M. +Ribot could not accept this demand. +He had already endured the insult of +M. Stambouloff during the affair of the +Chadourne expulsion. He did not wish +to leave behind him a letter of excuse +addressed to M. de Giers. He preferred +to fall, and he fell.</p> +<p>This is a fair instance of the hidden +forces which sweep through the side-scenes +of international European politics. +In the preceding rapid summary +of the present state of politics in the +Old World, the conclusion must come +irrefutably, and that is the ground of +these remarks, that no war is in sight, +nor will be for yet a long time. The +Triple Alliance wishes, and necessarily +wishes, peace. The young German emperor, +from whom people have affected +to anticipate some mad and irresponsible +conduct, has no doubt uttered +some imprudent words, but he has +never committed any dangerous action. +Really, his mouth seems a sort of safety-valve +for the boiling steam within. So +far he is satisfied with the conquests +already secured. He is trying to bring +back to him the Emperor of Russia. +The meeting which he is now having +with the pope is intended to bring +about a formal <i>rapprochement</i> between +the Quirinal and Vatican. Leo XIII., in +turning his face towards the democracy, +disquiets all thrones; but he disquiets +especially the throne of Italy, since he +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_68' name='page_68'></a>68</span> +is showing the Italians that the Papacy +is not only not an enemy of republics, +but that it might be the protector of +future republics in Italy, if the Italian +fatherland, dreaming of the former brilliant +prosperity, tried to found a democratic +federation, with the pope as the +centre and beneficent father. But at +the same time Leo XIII. will whisper +peace in the ear of William II. The +young emperor wishes for a long era +of peace. The new military law, with +its far-reaching bearings, proves this. +Even to-day he would never think of +undertaking a war which left Prince +Bismarck out of account, and he will +never undertake a war which might +cause his return.</p> +<p>So, too, the Emperor of Austria, King +of Hungary; he too is inclined to +peace. He cannot risk a war. The +bonds which link the different portions +of the empire are too fragile to be exposed +to the rude strain of armed +strife. Italy, perhaps, by a fortunate +war might be a gainer; but it is not +strong enough to provoke one, or even +to carry one on. It would regard the +Papacy at the Vatican as too great a +danger at its back; and, with little +hope of conquering anything without +its borders, it might legitimately fear +to find Rome no longer intact on its +return.</p> +<p>As for the Emperor of Russia, he +is moderate at once in his love for +France and his hatred of Germany. +So far, a man of genius has been wanting +to cement the bonds of alliance +between France and Germany. There +is already an understanding, vague, +platonic, and with no morrow assured +to it. The French Republic will recoil +before the thought of war, so long as +Russian action does not precipitate an +explosion. The Republic knows that +war would be at its peril; that vanquished +it is submerged under floods of +anarchy, that victorious it brings forth +a Cæsar, and it wishes peace.</p> +<p>England, rich, industrial, devoted to +its own internal problems, preserves an +attitude which is an earnest of peace. +So that, when one casts a steady glance +over the Europe of the present hour, +one is minded to say to the world +about to repair to the great centre of +industry, of letters, and of art, which +Chicago is so soon to be: “Go in +peace. War is distant. Gather in +peace the fruit of your peaceful victories.”</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Blowitz.</span></p> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_69' name='page_69'></a>69</span> +<a name='THE_COMEDY_OF_WAR_BY_JOEL_CHANDLER_HARRIS__AUTHOR_OF_UNCLE_REMUS_PLANTATION_FABLES_ETC' id='THE_COMEDY_OF_WAR_BY_JOEL_CHANDLER_HARRIS__AUTHOR_OF_UNCLE_REMUS_PLANTATION_FABLES_ETC'></a> +<h2>THE COMEDY OF WAR. +<span class='chsub'> <br /><br />by Joel Chandler Harris<br /><br /><span class='smaller smcap'>Author of “Uncle Remus,” “Plantation Fables,” etc.</span></span></h2> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_77' id='linki_77'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus105.png' alt='' title='' width='699' height='588' /> +<br /> +</div> +<h3 style='clear: none'>I. <br /><br />ON THE UNION SIDE.</h3> +<p>Private O’Halloran, +detailed for +special duty in advance +of the picket line, sat reclining +against a huge red oak. Within reach +lay a rifle of beautiful workmanship. +In one hand he held a blackened +brier-root pipe, gazing on it with an air +of mock regret. It had been his companion +on many a weary march and +on many a lonely day, when, as now, +he was doing duty as a sharp-shooter. +But it was not much of a companion +now. It held the flavor, but not the +fragrance, of other days. It was empty, +and so was O’Halloran’s tobacco-pouch. +It was nothing to grumble +about, but the big, laughing Irishman +liked his pipe, especially when it was +full of tobacco. The words of an old +song came to him, and he hummed +them to himself:</p> +<div class='poem' style='width: 30em'><div class='stanza'> +<p>“There was an ould man, an’ he had a wooden leg,</p> +<p>An’ he had no terbacky, nor terbacky could he beg;</p> +<p>There was another ould man, as keen as a fox,</p> +<p>An’ he always had terbacky in his ould terbacky box.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>“Sez one ould man, ‘Will yez give me a chew?’</p> +<p>Sez the other ould man, ‘I’ll be dommed ef I do.</p> +<p>Kape away from them gin-mills, an’ save up yure rocks,</p> +<p>An’ ye’ll always have terbacky in yer ould terbacky box.’”</p> +</div></div> +<p>What with the singing and the far-away +thoughts that accompanied the +song, Private O’Halloran failed to hear +footsteps approaching until they sounded +quite near.</p> +<p>“Halt!” he cried, seizing his rifle +and springing to his feet. The newcomer +wore the insignia of a Federal +captain, seeing which, O’Halloran lowered +his weapon and saluted. “Sure, +sor, you’re not to mind me capers. I +thought the inimy had me complately +surrounded—I did, upon me sowl.”</p> +<p>“And I,” said the captain, laughing, +“thought the Johnnies had caught me. +It is a pleasant surprise. You are +O’Halloran of the Sharp-shooters, I +have heard of you—a gay singer and +a great fighter.”</p> +<p>“Sure it’s not for me to say that +same. I sings a little bechwane times +for to kape up me sperits, and takes +me chances, right and lift. You’re +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_70' name='page_70'></a>70</span> +takin’ a good many yourself, sor, so far +away from the picket line. If I make +no mistake, sor, it is Captain Somerville +I’m talkin’ to.”</p> +<p>“That is my name,” the captain said.</p> +<p>“I was touchin’ elbows wit’ you at +Gettysburg, sor.”</p> +<p>The captain looked at O’Halloran +again. “Why, certainly!” he exclaimed. +“You are the big fellow that +lifted one of the Johnnies over the +stone wall.”</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:327px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_78' id='linki_78'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus106.png' alt='' title='' width='327' height='642' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>“By the slack of the trousers. I +am that same, sor. He was nothin’ +but a bit of a lad, sor, but he fought +right up to the end of me nose. The +men was jabbin’ at ’im wit’ their bay’nets, +so I sez to him, says I, ‘Come +in out of the inclemency of the weather,’ +says I, and thin I lifted him over. +He made at me, sor, when I put ’im +down, an’ it took two men for to lead +’im kindly to the rear. It was a warm +hour, sor.”</p> +<p>As O’Halloran talked, he kept his +eyes far afield.</p> +<p>“Sure, sor,” he went on, “you stand +too much in the open. They had one +muddlehead on that post yesterday; +they’ll not put another there to-day, +sor.” As he said this, the big Irishman +seized the captain by the arm and +gave him a sudden jerk. It was an +unceremonious proceeding, but a very +timely one, for the next moment the +sapling against which the captain had +been lightly leaning was shattered by +a ball from the Confederate side.</p> +<p>“Tis an old friend of mine, sor,” +said O’Halloran; “I know ’im by his +handwritin’. They had a muddlehead +there yesterday, sor. I set in full +sight of ’im, an’ he blazed at me twice; +the last time I had me fist above me +head, an’ he grazed me knuckles. ‘Be-dad,’ +says I, ‘you’re no good in your +place;’ an’ when he showed his mug, I +plugged ’im where the nose says +howdy to the eyebrows. ’Twas no +hurt to ’im, sor; if he seen the flash, +’twas as much.”</p> +<p>To the left, in a little clearing, was +a comfortable farm-house. Stacks of +fodder and straw and pens of corn in +the shuck were ranged around. There +was every appearance of prosperity, +but no sign of life, save two bluebirds, +the pioneers of spring, that were fighting +around the martin gourds, preparing +to take possession.</p> +<p>“There’s where I was born.” The +captain pointed to the farm-house. “It +is five years since I have seen the place.”</p> +<p>“You don’t tell me, sor! I see in the +Hur’ld that they call it the Civil War, +but it’s nothin’ but oncivil, sor, for to +fight agin’ your ould home.”</p> +<p>“You are right,” assented the captain. +“There’s nothing civil about +war. I suppose the old house has +long been deserted.”</p> +<p>“Sure, look at the forage, thin. +’Tis piled up as nately as you please. +Wait till the b’ys git at it! Look at +the smoke of the chimbly. Barrin’ the +jay-birds, ’tis the peacefulest sight +I’ve seen.”</p> +<p>“My people are gone,” said the captain. +“My father was a Union man. +I wouldn’t be surprised to hear of him +somewhere at the North. The day that +I was eighteen he gave me a larrupping +for disobedience, and I ran away.”</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_79' id='linki_79'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_71' name='page_71'></a>71</span> +<img src='images/illus108.png' alt='' title='' width='700' height='674' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>“Don’t +spake of it, +sor.” O’Halloran +held up +his hands. “Many’s the time I’ve had +me feelin’s hurted wit’ a bar’l stave.”</p> +<p>“That was in 1860,” said the captain. +“I was too proud to go back +home, but when the war began I remembered +what a strong Union man +my father was, and I joined the Union +army.”</p> +<p>“’Tis a great scheme for a play,” +said the big Irishman solemnly.</p> +<p>“My mother was dead,” the +captain went on, “my oldest sister +was married, and my youngest +sister was at school in Philadelphia, +and my brother, two years older than +myself, made life miserable for me in +trying to boss me.”</p> +<p>“Oh!” exclaimed O’Halloran, “don’t +I know that same? ’Tis meself that’s +been along there.”</p> +<p>Captain Somerville looked at the old +place, carefully noting the outward +changes, which were comparatively +few. He noted, too, with the eye of a +soldier, that when the impending conflict +took place between the forces then +facing each other, there would be a +sharp struggle for the knoll on which +the house stood; and he thought it was +a curious feat for his mind to perform, +to regard the old home where he had +been both happy and miserable as a +strategic point of battle. Private O’Halloran +had no such memories to please +or to vex him. To the extent of his opportunities +he was a +man of business. He +took a piece of white +cloth from his pocket +and hung it on the broken sapling.</p> +<p>“I’ll see, sor, if yon chap is in the +grocery business.”</p> +<p>As he turned away, there was a puff +of smoke on the farther hill, a crackling +report, and the hanging cloth jumped +as though it were alive.</p> +<p>“Faith, it’s him, sor!” exclaimed +O’Halloran, “an’ he’s in a mighty +hurry.” Whereupon the big Irishman +brushed a pile of leaves from an oil-cloth +strapped together in the semblance of +a knapsack.</p> +<p>“What have you there?” asked Captain +Somerville.</p> +<p>“Sure, ’tis me grocery store, sor. +Coffee, tay, an’ sugar. Faith, I’ll make +the devil’s mouth water like a baby +cuttin’ his stomach tathe. Would ye +mind comin’ along, sor, for to kape me +from swindlin’ the Johnny out of all +his belongin’s?”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_72' name='page_72'></a>72</span></div> +<h3>II. <br /><br />ON THE CONFEDERATE SIDE.</h3> +<p>Three men sat in a gully that had +once been a hillside ditch. Their uniforms +were various, the result of accident +and capture. One of them wore +a very fine blue overcoat which was in +queer contrast to his ragged pantaloons. +This was Lieutenant Clopton, +who had charge of the picket line. +Another had on the uniform of an +artilleryman, and his left arm was in a +sling. He had come out of the hospital +to do duty as a guide. This was +Private John Fambrough. The third +had on no uniform at all, but was +dressed in plain citizen’s clothes, much +the worse for wear. This was Jack +Kilpatrick, scout and sharp-shooter. +Happy Jack, as he was called.</p> +<p>How long since the gully had been +a ditch it would be impossible to say, +but it must have been a good many +years, for the pines had grown into +stout trees, and here and there a black-jack +loomed up vigorously.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:335px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_80' id='linki_80'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus109.png' alt='' title='' width='335' height='442' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>“Don’t git too permiscus around +here,” said Happy Jack, as the others +were moving about. “This ain’t no +fancy spot.” He eased himself upward +on his elbow, and made a swift but +careful survey of the woodland vista +that led to the Federal lines. Then he +shook down the breech of his rifle, and +slipped a long cartridge into its place. +“You see that big poplar over yonder? +Well, under that tree there’s a man, +leastways he ought to be there, because +he’s always hangin’ around in front of +me.”</p> +<p>“Why don’t you nail him?” asked +Fambrough.</p> +<p>“Bosh! Why don’t he nail me? +It’s because he can’t do it. Well, that’s +the reason I don’t nail him. You know +what happened yesterday, don’t you? +You saw that elegant lookin’ chap that +came out to take my place, didn’t you? +Did you see him when he went back?”</p> +<p>Lieutenant Clopton replied with a +little grimace, but Fambrough said +never a word. He only looked at Kilpatrick +with inquiring eyes.</p> +<p>“Why, he was the nicest lookin’ man +in the army—hair combed, clothes +brushed, and rings on his fingers. He +was all the way from New ’leans, with a +silver-mounted rifle and a globe sight.”</p> +<p>“A which?” asked Fambrough.</p> +<p>“A globe sight. Set down on yourself +a little further, sonny,” said Happy +Jack; “your head’s too high. I says +to him, says I, ‘Friend, you are goin’ +where you’ll have to strip that doll’s +step-ladder off’n your gun, an’ come +down to business,’ says I. I says, says +I, ‘You may have to face a red-headed, +flannel-mouthed Irishman, and you +don’t want to look at him through all +that machinery,’ says I.”</p> +<p>“What did he say?” Fambrough +asked.</p> +<p>“He said, ‘I’ll git him.’ Now, how +did he git him? Why, he come down +here, lammed aloose a time or two, and +then hung his head over the edge of +the gully there, with a ball right spang +betwixt his eyes. I went behind the +picket line to get a wink of sleep, but +I hadn’t more’n curled up in the broom-sage +before I heard that chap a-bangin’ +away. Then come the reply, like this—” +Happy Jack snapped his fingers; +“and then I went to sleep waitin’ for +the rej’inder.”</p> +<p>Kilpatrick paused, and looked steadily +in the direction of the poplar.</p> +<p>“Well, dog my cats! Yonder’s a +chap standin’ right out in front of me. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_73' name='page_73'></a>73</span> +It ain’t the Mickey, neither. I’ll see +what he’s up to.” He raised his rifle +with a light swinging movement, chirruped +to it as though it were a horse +or a little child, and in another moment +the deadly business of war would have +been resumed, but Fambrough laid his +hand on the sharp-shooter’s arm.</p> +<p>“Wait,” he said. “That may be my +old man wandering around out there. +Don’t be too quick on trigger. I ain’t +got but one old man.”</p> +<p>“Shucks!” exclaimed Kilpatrick, +pettishly; “you reckon I don’t know +your old man? He’s big in the body, +an’ wobbly in his legs. You’ve spiled +a mighty purty shot. I believe in my +soul that chap was a colonel, an’ he +might ’a’ been a general. Now that’s +funny.”</p> +<p>“What’s funny?” asked Fambrough.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_81' id='linki_81'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus111.png' alt='' title='' width='638' height='487' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>“Why, that chap. He’ll never know +you saved him, an’ if he know’d it he +wouldn’t thank you. I’d ’a’ put a hole +right through his gizzard. Now he’s +behind the poplar.”</p> +<p>“It’s luck,” Lieutenant Clopton suggested.</p> +<p>“Maybe,” said Kilpatrick. “Yonder +he is ag’in. Luck won’t save him +this time.” He raised his rifle, glanced +down the barrel, and pulled the trigger. +Simultaneously with the report an expression +of disgust passed over his +face, and with an oath he struck the +ground with his fist.</p> +<p>“Don’t tell me you missed him,” said +Clopton.</p> +<p>“Miss what?” exclaimed Kilpatrick +scornfully. “If he ain’t drunk, somebody +pulled him out of the way.”</p> +<p>“I told you it was luck,” commented +Clopton.</p> +<p>“Shucks! don’t tell me. Luck’s like +lightnin’. She never hits twice in the +same place.”</p> +<p>Kilpatrick sank back in the gully and +gave himself up to ruminating. He +leaned on his elbows and pulled up +little tufts of grass and weeds growing +here and there. Lieutenant Clopton, +looking across towards the poplar, +suddenly reached for the +sharp-shooter’s rifle, but +Kilpatrick placed his hand +on it jealously.</p> +<p>“Give me the gun. Yonder’s +a Yank in full view.”</p> +<p>Kilpatrick, still holding his rifle, +raised himself and looked.</p> +<p>“Why, he’s hanging out a flag of +truce,” said Clopton. “What does the +fellow mean?”</p> +<p>“It’s a message,” said Kilpatrick, +“an’ here’s the answer.” With that +he raised his rifle, dropped it gently +in the palm, of his left hand, and +fired.</p> +<p>“You saw the hankcher jump, didn’t +you?” he exclaimed. “Well, that lets +us out. That’s my Mickey. He wants +tobacco, and I want coffee an’ tea. +Come, watch me swap him out of his +eye teeth.”</p> +<p>Then Kilpatrick went to a clump of +broom sedge and drew forth a wallet +containing several pounds of prepared +smoking tobacco and a bundle of plug +tobacco, and in a few moments the trio +were picking their way through the +underwood towards the open.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_74' name='page_74'></a>74</span></div> +<h3>III. <br /><br />ON NEUTRAL GROUND.</h3> +<p>Matters were getting critical for +Squire Fambrough. He had vowed +and declared that he would never be +a refugee, but he had a responsibility +on his hands that he had not counted +on. That responsibility was his daughter +Julia, twenty-two years old, and as +obstinate as her father. The Squire +had sent off his son’s wife and her +children, together with as many negroes +as had refused to go into the +Union lines. He had expected his +daughter to go at the same time, but +when the time arrived, the fair Julia +showed that she +had a mind of +her own. She +made no scene, +she did not go +into hysterics; +but when everything +was ready, +she asked her +father if he was +going. He said +he would follow +along after a +while. She called +to a negro, and +made him take +her trunks and +band-boxes from +the wagon and +carry them into +the house, while +Squire Fambrough +stood +scratching his +head.</p> +<p>“Why don’t +you make her +come?” his +daughter-in-law +asked, somewhat +sharply.</p> +<p>“Well, Susannah,” +the Squire remarked, “I ain’t +been a jestice of the peace and a married +man, off and on for forty year, +without findin’ out when to fool with the +wimen sek an’ when not to fool wi’ ’em.”</p> +<p>“I’d make her come,” said the +daughter-in-law.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:411px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_82' id='linki_82'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus112.png' alt='' title='' width='411' height='662' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>“I give you lief, Susannah, freely +an’ fully. Lay your baby some’rs wher’ +it won’t git run over, an’ take off your +surplus harness, an’ go an’ fetch her +out of the house an’ put her in the +buggy.”</p> +<p>But the daughter-in-law treated the +courteous invitation with proper scorn, +and the small caravan moved off, leaving +the fair Julia and her father in possession +of the premises. According to +human understanding, the refugees got +off just in the nick of time. A day or +two afterwards, the Union army, figuratively +speaking, marched up, looked +over Squire Fambrough’s front palings, +and then fell back to reflect over the +situation. Shortly afterwards the Confederate +army +marched up, +looked over the +Squire’s back +palings, and also +fell back to reflect. +Evidently +the situation +was one to justify +reflection, for +presently both +armies fell back +still farther. +These movements +were so +courteous and +discreet—were +such a colossal +display of etiquette—that +war seemed to +be out of the +question. Of +course there +were the conservative +pickets, +the thoughtful +videttes, and +the careful +sharp-shooters, +ready to occasion +a little +bloodshed, accidentally or intentionally. +But by far the most boisterously +ferocious appendages of the two armies +were the two brass bands. They were +continually challenging each other, beginning +early in the morning and ending +late in the afternoon; one firing +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_75' name='page_75'></a>75</span> +off “Dixie,” and the other “Yankee +Doodle.” It was “Yankee Doodle, +howdy do?” and “Doodle-doodle, +Dixie, too,” like two chanticleers challenging +each other afar off.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:314px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_83' id='linki_83'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus113.png' alt='' title='' width='314' height='700' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>This was the situation as it appeared +to Squire Fambrough and his daughter. +On this particular morning the +sun was shining brightly, and the birds +were fluttering joyously in the budding +trees. Miss Julia had brought her book +out into the grove of venerable oaks +which was the chief beauty of the place, +and had seated herself on a rustic +bench that was built around one of the +trees. Just as she had become interested, +she heard a rifle-shot. She +moved uneasily, but fell to reading +again, and was apparently absorbed in +the book, when she heard another shot. +Then she threw the book down and +rose to her feet, making a very pretty +centerpiece in the woodland setting.</p> +<p>“Oh! what is the matter with everything?” +she exclaimed. “There’s the +shooting again! How can I read books +and sit quietly here while the soldiers +are preparing to fight? Oh, me! I +don’t know what to do! If there +should be a battle here, I don’t know +what would become of us.”</p> +<p>Julia, in her despair, was fair to look +upon. Her gown of striped homespun +stuff, simply made, set off to admiration +her strong but supple figure. Excitement +added a new lustre to her eye and +gave a heightened color to the rose +that bloomed on her cheeks. She stood +a moment as if listening, and then a +faint smile showed on her lips. She +heard her father calling:</p> +<p>“Jule! Jule! O Jule!”</p> +<p>“Here I am, father!” she cried. +“What is it?”</p> +<p>“Well, the Lord he’p my soul! I’ve +been huntin’ for you high an’ low. Did +you hear that shootin’? I ’lowed may +be you’d been took prisoner an’ carried +bodaciously off. Didn’t I hear you +talkin’ to somebody?”</p> +<p>Squire Fambrough pulled off his hat +and scratched his head. His face, set +in a fringe of gray beard, was kindly +and full of humor, but it contained not +a few of the hard lines of experience.</p> +<p>“No, father,” said Julia, in reply to +the Squire’s question. “I was only +talking to myself.”</p> +<p>“Jest makin’ a speech, eh? Well, I +don’t blame you, honey. I’m a great +mind to jump out here in the clearin’ +an’ yell out my sentiments so that both +sides can hear ’em.”</p> +<p>“Why, what is the matter, father?”</p> +<p>“I’m mad, honey! I’m jest nachally +stirred up—dog my cats ef I ain’t! +Along at fust I did hope there wouldn’t +be no fightin’ in this neighborhood, but +now I jest want to see them two blamed +armies light into one another, tooth and +toe-nail.”</p> +<p>“Why, father!” Julia made a pretty +gesture of dismay. “How can you talk +so?”</p> +<p>“Half of my niggers is gone,” said +Squire Fambrough; “one side has got +my hosses, and t’other side has stole my +cattle. The Yankees has grabbed my +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_76' name='page_76'></a>76</span> +grist mill, an’ the Confeds has laid holt +of my corn crib. One army is squattin’ +in my tater patch, and t’other one is +roostin’ in my cow pastur’. Do you +reckon I was born to set down here +an’ put up wi’ that kind of business?”</p> +<p>“But, father, what can you do? +How can you help yourself? For heaven’s +sake, let’s +go away from +here!”</p> +<p>“Great +Moses, Jule! +Have you +gone an’ lost +what little bit +of common +sense you +was born +with? Do you +reckon I’m a-goin’ +to be +a-refugeein’ +an’ a-skee-daddlin’ +across the +country like +a skeer’d rabbit +at my time +of life? I +hain’t afeared +of nary two +armies they +can find room +for on these +hills! Hain’t +I got one son +on one side +an’ another +son on t’other +side? Much +good they are +doin’, too. If +they’d a-felt +like me they’d +a fit both +sides. Do +you reckon +I’m a-gwine to be drove off’n the place +where I was born, an’ where your granpappy +was born, an’ where your mother +lies buried? No, honey!”</p> +<p>“But, father, you know we can’t +stay here. Suppose there should be a +battle?”</p> +<p>“Come, honey! come!” There was +a touch of petulance in the old man’s +tone. “Don’t get me flustrated. I +told you to go when John’s wife an’ +the children went. By this time you’d +’a’ been out of hearin’ of the war.”</p> +<p>“But, father, how could I go and +leave you here all by yourself?” The +girl laid her hand on the Squire’s +shoulder caressingly.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_84' id='linki_84'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus115.png' alt='' title='' width='539' height='700' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>“No,” exclaimed the Squire, angrily; +“stay you would, stay you did, an’ here +you are!”</p> +<p>“Yes, and now I want to go away, +and I want you to go with me. All the +horses are not taken, and the spring +wagon and the barouche are here.”</p> +<p>“Don’t come a-pesterin’ me, honey! +I’m pestered enough as it is. Lord, if +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_77' name='page_77'></a>77</span> +I had the big men here what started +the war, I’d take ’em an’ butt their +cussed heads together tell you wouldn’t +know ’em from a lot of spiled squashes.”</p> +<p>“Now, don’t get angry and say bad +words, father.”</p> +<p>“I can’t help it, Jule; I jest can’t +help it. When the fuss was a-brewin’ I +sot down an’ wrote to Jeems Buchanan, +and told him, jest as plain as the words +could be put on paper, that war was +boun’ to come if he didn’t look sharp; +an’ then when old Buck dropped out, I +sot down an’ wrote to Abe Lincoln an’ +told him that coercion wouldn’t work +worth a cent, but conciliation——”</p> +<p>“Wait, father!” Julia held up her +pretty hand. “I hear some one calling. +Listen!”</p> +<p>Not far away they heard the voice of +a negro. “Marse Dave Henry! O +Marse Dave Henry!”</p> +<p>“Hello! Who the nation are you +hollerin’ at?” said Squire Fambrough +as a youngish looking negro man came +in view. “An’ where did you come +from, an’ where are you goin’?”</p> +<p>“Howdy, mistiss—howdy, marster!” +The negro took off his hat as he came +up.</p> +<p>“What’s your name?” asked the +Squire.</p> +<p>“I’m name Tuck, suh. None er you +all ain’t seed nothin’ er Marse——”</p> +<p>“Who do you belong to?”</p> +<p>“I b’longs ter de Cloptons down dar +in Georgy, suh. None er you-all ain’t +seed nothin’——”</p> +<p>“What are you doin’ here?” demanded +Squire Fambrough, somewhat angrily. +“Don’t you know you are liable +to get killed any minute? Ain’t you +makin’ your way to the Yankee army?”</p> +<p>“No, suh.” The negro spoke with +unction. “I’m des a-huntin’ my young +marster, suh. He name Dave Henry +Clopton. Dat what we call him—Marse +Henry. None er you-all ain’t seed ’im, +is you?”</p> +<p>“Jule,” said the Squire, rubbing his +nose thoughtfully, “ain’t that the name +of the chap that used to hang around +here before the Yankees got too +close?”</p> +<p>“Do you mean Lieutenant Clopton, +father?” asked Julia, showing some +confusion.</p> +<p>“Yessum.” Tuck grinned and rubbed +his hands together. “Marse Dave +Henry is sholy a lieutender in de company, +an’ mistiss she say he’d a done +been a giner’l ef dey wa’nt so much enviousness +in de army.”</p> +<p>“I saw him this morning—I mean—” +Julia blushed and hesitated. “I +mean, I heard him talking out here in +the grove.”</p> +<p>“Who was he talking to, Jule?” The +Squire put the question calmly and deliberately.</p> +<p>There was a little pause. Julia, still +blushing, adjusted an imaginary hair-pin. +The negro looked sheepishly from +one to the other. The Squire repeated +his question.</p> +<p>“Who was he talking to, Jule?”</p> +<p>“Nobody but me,” said the young +lady, growing redder. Her embarrassment +was not lessened by an involuntary +“eh—eh,” from the negro. Squire +Fambrough raised his eyes heavenwards +and allowed both his heavy hands to +drop helplessly by his side.</p> +<p>“What was he talkin’ about?” The +old man spoke with apparent humility.</p> +<p>“N-o-t-h-i-n-g,” said Julia, demurely, +looking at her pink finger-nails. “He +just asked me if I thought it would +rain, and I told him I didn’t know; and +then he said the spring was coming on +very rapidly, and I said, ‘Yes, I thought +it was.’ And then he had found a +bunch of violets and asked me if I +would accept them, and I said, ‘Thank +you.’”</p> +<p>“Land of the livin’ Moses!” exclaimed +Squire Fambrough, lifting his +hands above his head and allowing +them to fall heavily again. “And they +call this war!”</p> +<p>“Yessum!” The negro’s tone was +triumphant. “Dat sholy wuz Marse +Dave Henry. War er no war, dat wuz +him. Dat des de way he goes ’mongst +de ladies. He gi’um candy yit, let +’lone flowers. Shoo! You can’t tell +me nothin’ ’tall ’bout Marse Dave +Henry.”</p> +<p>“What are you wanderin’ ’round +here in the woods for?” asked the +Squire. His tone was somewhat severe. +“Did anybody tell you he was here?”</p> +<p>“No, suh!” replied Tuck. “Dey +tol’ me back dar at de camps dat I’d +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_78' name='page_78'></a>78</span> +fin’ ’im out on de picket line, an’ when +I got dar dey tol’ me he wuz out dis +a-way, whar dey wuz some sharp-shootin’ +gwine on, but I ain’t foun’ ’im +yit.”</p> +<p>“Ain’t you been with him all the +time?” The Squire was disposed to +treat the negro as a witness for the +defence.</p> +<p>“Lor, no, suh! I des now come right +straight fum Georgy. Mistiss—she +Marse Dave Henry’s ma—she hear talk +dat de solyers ain’t got no cloze fer ter +w’ar an’ no vittles fer ter eat, skacely, +an’ she tuck’n made me come an’ fetch +’im a box full er duds an’ er box full er +vittles. She put cake in dar, yit, ’kaze +I smelt it whiles I wuz handlin’ de box. +De boxes, dey er dar at de camp, an’ +here me, but wharbouts is Marse Dave +Henry? Not ter be a-hidin’ fum somebody, +he de hardest white man ter fin’ +what I ever laid eyes on. I speck I +better be knockin’ ’long. Good-by, +marster; good-by, young mistiss. Ef +I don’ fin’ Marse Dave Henry no +wheres, I’ll know whar ter come an’ +watch fer ’im.”</p> +<p>The Squire watched the negro disappear +in the woods, and then turned to +his daughter. To his surprise, her +eyes were full of tears; but before he +could make any comment, or ask any +question, he heard the noise of tramping +feet in the woods, and presently +saw two Union soldiers approaching. +Almost immediately Julia called his +attention to three soldiers coming from +the Confederate side.</p> +<p>“I believe in my soul we’re surrounded +by both armies,” remarked the +Squire dryly. “But don’t git skeer’d, +honey. I’m goin’ to see what they’re +trespassin’ on my premises for.”</p> +<h3>IV. <br /><br />COMMERCE AND SENTIMENT.</h3> +<p>“Upon my sowl,” said O’Halloran, +as he and Captain Somerville went forward, +the big Irishman leading the +way, “I’m afeard I’m tollin’ you into +a trap.”</p> +<p>“How?” asked the captain.</p> +<p>“Why, there’s three of the Johnnies +comin’, sor, an’ the ould man an’ the +gurrul make five.”</p> +<p>“Halt!” said the captain, using the +word by force of habit. The two +paused, and the captain took in the +situation at a glance. Then he turned +to the big Irishman, with a queer look +on his face.</p> +<p>“What is it, sor?”</p> +<p>“I’m in for it now. That is my +father yonder, and the young lady is +my sister.”</p> +<p>“The Divvle an’ Tom Walker!” exclaimed +O’Halloran. “’Tis quite a family +rayanion, sor.”</p> +<p>“I don’t know whether to make myself +known or not. What could have +possessed them to stay here? I’ll see +whether they know me.” As they +went forward, the captain plucked +O’Halloran by the sleeve. “I’ll be +shot if the Johnny with his arm in the +sling isn’t my brother.”</p> +<p>“I was expectin’ it, sor,” said the +big Irishman, giving matters a humorous +turn. “Soon the cousins will be +poppin’ out from under the bushes.”</p> +<p>By this time the two were near +enough to the approaching Confederates +to carry on a conversation by +lifting their voices a little.</p> +<p>“Hello, Johnny,” said O’Halloran.</p> +<p>“Hello, Yank,” replied Kilpatrick.</p> +<p>“What’s the countersign, Johnny?”</p> +<p>“Tobacco. What is it on your side, +Yank?”</p> +<p>“Tay an’ coffee, Johnny.”</p> +<p>“You are mighty right,” Kilpatrick +exclaimed. “Stack your arms agin a +tree.”</p> +<p>“The same to you,” said O’Halloran.</p> +<p>The Irishman, using his foot as a +broom, cleared the dead leaves and +twigs from a little space of ground, +where he deposited his bundle, and +Kilpatrick did the same. John Fambrough, +the wounded Confederate, +went forward to greet his father and +sister, and Lieutenant Clopton went +with him. The Squire was not in a +good humor.</p> +<p>“I tell you what, John,” he said to +his son, “I don’t like to be harborin’ +nary side. It’s agin’ my principles. I +don’t like this colloguin’ an’ palaverin’ +betwixt folks that ought to be by good +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_79' name='page_79'></a>79</span> +rights a-knockin’ one another on the +head. If they want to collogue an’ palaver, +why don’t they go som’ers else?”</p> +<p>The Squire’s son tried to explain, but +the old gentleman hooted at the explanation. +“Come on, Jule, let’s go and see +what they’re up to.”</p> +<p>As they approached, the Irishman +glanced at Captain Somerville, and +saw that he had turned away, cap in +hand, to hide his emotion.</p> +<p>“You’re just in time,” the Irishman +said to Squire Fambrough in a bantering +tone, “to watch the continding +armies. This mite of a Johnny will +swindle the Government, if I don’t +kape me eye on him.”</p> +<p>“Is this what you call war?” the +Squire inquired sarcastically. “Who +axed you to come trespassin’ on my +land?”</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:560px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_85' id='linki_85'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus120.png' alt='' title='' width='560' height='649' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>“Oh, we’ll put the leaves back where +we found them,” said Kilpatrick, “if +we have to git a furlough.”</p> +<p>“Right you are!” said the Irishman.</p> +<p>“It is just a little trading frolic +among the boys!” Captain Somerville +turned to the old man with a +courteous bow. “They will do no +harm. I’ll answer for that.”</p> +<p>“Well, I’ll tell you how I feel about +it!” Squire Fambrough exclaimed +with some warmth. “I’m in here betwixt +the hostiles. They ain’t nobody +here but me an’ my daughter. We +don’t pester nobody, an’ we don’t want +nobody to pester us. One of my sons +is in the Union army, I hear tell, an’ +the other is in the Confederate army +when he ain’t in the hospital. These +boys, you see, found their old daddy a-straddle +of the fence, an’ one clomb +down one leg on the Union side, an’ +t’other one clomb down t’other leg on +the Confederate +side.”</p> +<p>“That is what I +call an interesting +situation,” said the +captain, drawing a +long breath. +“Perhaps I have +seen your Union +son.”</p> +<p>“Maybe so, maybe +so,” assented the +Squire.</p> +<p>“Perhaps you +have seen him yourself +since the war +began?”</p> +<p>Before the Squire +could make any reply, +Julia rushed at +the captain and +threw her arms +around his neck, +crying, “O brother +George, I know +you!”</p> +<p>The Squire +seemed to be dazed +by this discovery. +He went towards +the captain slowly. +The tears streamed +down his face and the hand he held out +trembled.</p> +<p>“George,” he exclaimed, “God +A’mighty knows I’m glad to see you!”</p> +<p>O’Halloran and Kilpatrick had +paused in the midst of their traffic to +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_80' name='page_80'></a>80</span> +watch this scene, but when they saw +the gray-haired old man crying and +hugging his son, and the young girl +clinging to the two, they were confused. +O’Halloran turned and kicked +his bundles.</p> +<p>“Take all the tay and coffee, you +bloody booger! Just give me a pipeful +of the weed.”</p> +<p>Kilpatrick shook his fist at the big +Irishman.</p> +<p>“Take the darned tobacco, you red-mouthed +Mickey! What do I want +with your tea and coffee?” Then both +started to go a little way into the +woods. Lieutenant Clopton following. +The captain would have called them +back, but they wouldn’t accept the invitation.</p> +<p>“We are just turnin’ our backs, sor, +while you hold a family orgie,” said +O’Halloran. “Me an’ this measly +Johnny will just go on an’ complate +the transaction of swappin’.”</p> +<p>At this moment Tuck reappeared on +the scene. Seeing his young master, +he stopped still and looked at him, +and then broke out into loud complaints.</p> +<p>“Marse Dave Henry, whar de namer +goodness you been? You better come +read dish yer letter what yo’ ma writes +you. I’m gwine tell mistiss she come +mighty nigh losin’ a likely nigger, +an’ she’ll rake you over de coals, +mon.”</p> +<p>“Why, howdy, Tuck,” exclaimed +Lieutenant Clopton. “Ain’t you glad +to see me?”</p> +<p>“Yasser, I speck I is.” The negro +spoke in a querulous and somewhat +doubtful tone, as he produced a letter +from the lining of his hat. “But I’d +’a’ been a heap gladder ef I hadn’t +mighty nigh trapsed all de gladness +out’n me.”</p> +<p>Young Clopton took the letter and +read it with a smile on his lips and a +dimness in his eyes. The negro, left +to himself, had his attention attracted +by the coffee and tobacco lying exposed +on the ground. He looked at +the display, scratching his head.</p> +<p>“Boss, is dat sho nuff coffee?”</p> +<p>“It is that same,” said O’Halloran.</p> +<p>“De ginnywine ole-time coffee?” insisted +the negro.</p> +<p>“’Tis nothin’ else, simlin-head.”</p> +<p>“Marse Dave Henry,” the negro +yelled, “run here an’ look at dish yer +ginnywine coffee! Dey’s nuff coffee +dar fer ter make mistiss happy de +balance er her days. Some done spill +out!” he exclaimed. “Boss, kin I have +dem what’s on de groun’?”</p> +<p>“Take ’em,” said O’Halloran, “an’ +much good may they do you.”</p> +<p>“One, two, th’ee, fo’, fi’, sick, sev’n.” +The negro counted the grains as he +picked them up. “O Marse Dave +Henry, run here an’ look! I got sev’n +grains er ginnywine coffee. I’m gwine +take um ter mistiss.”</p> +<p>The Irishman regarded the negro +with curiosity. Then taking the dead +branch of a tree he drew a line several +yards in length between himself and +Kilpatrick.</p> +<p>“D’ye see that line there?” he said +to the negro.</p> +<p>“Dat ar mark? Oh, yasser, I sees +de mark.”</p> +<p>“Very well. On that side of the line +you are in slavery—on this side the line +you are free.”</p> +<p>“Who? Me?”</p> +<p>“Who else but you?”</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:323px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_86' id='linki_86'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus122.png' alt='' title='' width='323' height='570' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_81' name='page_81'></a>81</span></div> +<p>“I been hear talk er freedom, but I +ain’t seed ’er yit, an’ I dunner how she +feel.” The negro scratched his head +and grinned expectantly.</p> +<p>“’Tis as I tell you,” said the Irishman.</p> +<p>“I b’lieve I’ll step ’cross an’ see how +she feel.” The negro stepped over the +line, and walked up and down as if +to test the matter physically. “’Tain’t +needer no hotter ner no colder on dis +side dan what ’tis on dat,” he remarked. +Then he cried out to his young master: +“Look at me, Marse Dave Henry; +I’m free now.”</p> +<p>“All right.” The young man waved +his hand without taking his eyes from +the letter he was reading.</p> +<p>“He take it mos’ too easy fer ter +suit me,” said the negro. Then he +called out to his young master again: +“O Marse Dave Henry! Don’t you +tell mistiss dat I been free, kase she’ll +take a bresh-broom an’ run me off’n de +place when I go back home.”</p> +<h3>V. <br /><br />THE CURTAIN FALLS.</h3> +<p>Squire Fambrough insisted that his +son should go to the house and look it +over for the sake of old times, and +young Clopton went along to keep +Miss Julia company. O’Halloran, Kilpatrick, +and the negro stayed where +they were—the white men smoking +their pipes, and the negro chewing the +first “mannyfac” tobacco he had seen +in many a day.</p> +<p>The others were not gone long. As +they came back, a courier was seen riding +through the woods at break-neck +speed, going from the Union lines to +those of the Confederates, and carrying +a white flag. Kilpatrick hailed +him, and he drew rein long enough to +cry out, as he waved his flag:</p> +<p>“Lee has surrendered!”</p> +<p>“I was looking out for it,” said Kilpatrick, +“but dang me if I hadn’t +ruther somebody had a-shot me right +spang in the gizzard.”</p> +<p>Lieutenant Clopton took out his +pocket-knife and began to whittle a +stick. John Fambrough turned away, +and his sister leaned her hands on his +shoulder and began to weep. Squire +Fambrough rubbed his chin thoughtfully +and sighed.</p> +<p>“It had to be, father,” the captain +said. “It’s a piece of news that brings +peace to the land.”</p> +<p>“Oh, yes, but it leaves us flat. No +money, and nothing to make a crop +with.”</p> +<p>“I have Government bonds that +will be worth a hundred thousand dollars. +The interest will keep us comfortably.”</p> +<p>“For my part,” said Clopton, “I +have nothing but this free nigger.”</p> +<p>“You b’lieve de half er dat,” spoke +up the free nigger. “Mistiss been +savin’ her cotton craps, an’ ef she got +one bale she got two hundred.”</p> +<p>The captain figured a moment. +“They will bring more than a hundred +thousand dollars.”</p> +<p>“I have me two arrums,” said O’Halloran.</p> +<p>“I’ve got a mighty fine pack of fox-hounds,” +remarked Kilpatrick with real +pride.</p> +<p>There was a pause in the conversation. +In the distance could be heard +the shouting of the Union soldiers and +the band with its “Yankee Doodle, +howd’y-do?” Suddenly Clopton turned +to Captain Fambrough:</p> +<p>“I want to ask you how many troops +have you got over there—fighting +men?”</p> +<p>The captain laughed. Then he put +his hand to his mouth and said in a +stage whisper:</p> +<p>“Five companies.”</p> +<p>“Well, dang my hide!” exclaimed +Kilpatrick.</p> +<p>“What is your fighting force?” Captain +Fambrough asked.</p> +<p>“Four companies,” said Clopton.</p> +<p>“Think o’ that, sir!” cried the Irishman; +“an’ me out there defendin’ meself +ag’in a whole army.”</p> +<p>“More than that,” said Clopton, +“our colonel is a Connecticut man.”</p> +<p>“Shake!” the captain exclaimed. +“My colonel is a Virginian.”</p> +<p>“Lord ’a’ mercy! Lord ’a’ mercy!” +It was Squire Fambrough who spoke. +“I’m a-goin’ off some’rs an’ ontangle +the tangle we’ve got into.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_82' name='page_82'></a>82</span></div> +<p>Soon the small company separated. +The Squire went a short distance +towards the Union army with his new-found +son, who was now willing to call +himself George Somerville Fambrough. +Kilpatrick and the negro went trudging +back to the Confederate camp, while +Clopton lingered awhile, saying something +of great importance to the fair +Julia and himself.</p> +<p>His remarks and her replies were +those which precede and follow both +comedy and tragedy. The thunders of +war cannot drown them, nor can the +sunshine of peace render them commonplace.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_87' id='linki_87'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus125.png' alt='' title='' width='644' height='363' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div class='chsp'> +<a name='THE_ROSE_IS_SUCH_A_LADY_BY_GERTRUDE_HALL' id='THE_ROSE_IS_SUCH_A_LADY_BY_GERTRUDE_HALL'></a> +<h2>THE ROSE IS SUCH A LADY. +<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Gertrude Hall.</span></span></h2> +</div> +<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'> +<p>The rose is such a lady—</p> +<p class='indent2'>So stately, fresh, and sweet;</p> +<p>It joys to hold her image</p> +<p class='indent2'>The rain pool at her feet.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>They look such common lasses,</p> +<p class='indent2'>Those red pinks in a line;</p> +<p>The rose is such a lady—</p> +<p class='indent2'>So dignified and fine.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>The winds would wish to kiss her,</p> +<p class='indent2'>And yet they scarcely dare;</p> +<p>The rose is such a lady—</p> +<p class='indent2'>So courteous, pure, and fair.</p> +</div><div class='stanza'> +<p>Here’s one come from a garden</p> +<p class='indent2'>To die within this book—</p> +<p>See, in the faded features</p> +<p class='indent2'>The old lady-like look!</p> +</div></div> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_83' name='page_83'></a>83</span> +<a name='THE_COUNT_DE_LESSEPS_OF_TODAY_BY_R_H_SHERARD' id='THE_COUNT_DE_LESSEPS_OF_TODAY_BY_R_H_SHERARD'></a> +<h2>THE COUNT DE LESSEPS OF TO-DAY. +<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By R. H. Sherard.</span></span></h2> +</div> +<p>Seated in an arm-chair, now feebly +turning over the leaves of his “Souvenirs +of Forty Years,” now letting his +dimmed eyes wander listlessly over the +broad expanse of fields and woodlands +outside the windows, Ferdinand de +Lesseps, the great Frenchman, drags +out the agony of his old age.</p> +<p>The visitor to him in his retreat +arrives at La Chesnaye to some extent +attuned to melancholy, for the long +diligence ride from the nearest railway +station, twenty-four kilometres away, +is across a most desolate country. +This part of the ancient duchy of Berry +is one of the districts in France which +has most suffered by the ruin of the +vine-culture; the lands seem deserted +and abandoned; the roads are neglected, +and little life is seen anywhere till the +sleepy burgh of Vatan is reached. From +Vatan, which is a market-town on the +old and now disused high-road +from Paris to Toulouse, +to the chateau of La Chesnaye, +there are four more +kilometres of road across an +equally desolate country to +be taken. The buildings of +the home farm +are the first human +habitations +that one sees all +the long way. An +oppressive sense +of desolation imposes +itself on +even the casual +wayfarer, and prepares +for the sorrowful +sight that awaits him who +goes to La Chesnaye to salute the +fallen greatness of the old man who +but two years ago was the greatest +Frenchman in France.</p> +<p>The chateau of La Chesnaye, a +modest country-house of irregular +shape and flanked at the angles with +towers, has been in the possession of +M. de Lesseps for fifty years. Except +for a large modern wing, it stands just +as Agnes Sorel, its first occupant, left it. +In her days it had served as a hunting-box +for her royal patron and the Berry +squires, and at present is still surrounded +with fields scantily timbered. +There is no well-kept lawn, but the +fields of grass are full of violets, and +there is a trim look about the stables. +On a bright day the white of the stone, +contrasted with the green of the grass, +gives a cheerful look to the scene, but +it is indescribably mournful of aspect +in the days of rain and snow and wind.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:578px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_88' id='linki_88'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus126.png' alt='' title='' width='578' height='557' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>About half a mile on the road before +the chateau is in sight, an avenue of +trees is reached. “Those trees were +planted by M. de Lesseps himself, forty +years ago, and every time that he passes +this way he relates the fact.”</p> +<p>So spoke to me the English governess +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_84' name='page_84'></a>84</span> +of the De Lesseps children, whom +Madame de Lesseps had despatched to +meet me with the pony-carriage at +Vatan.</p> +<p>“The countess is terribly busy to-day +with her papers, for she is expecting +a barrister from Paris, who is to +receive some instructions in view of +the new trial; but she will manage to +give you an hour, and wants you to +drive to church with her, so that you +can talk on the way.” As we entered +the courtyard the countess’s carriage +was in waiting at the front entrance. +It was the landau of the days of triumphant +drives in the Champs Élysées, +and the horses were the same pair which +excited the admiration and envy of the +connoisseurs of the Avenue des Acacias, +“Juliette” and “Panama,” which latter +is now never called by that name. It is +talked about as “the other,” for the +ill-fated word, Panama, is never even +whispered, lest any echo of it should +reach the ears of him to whom this +word has meant ruin and disgrace and +a broken heart. I waited for the countess +at the bottom of the spiral stair-case, +and presently saw a lady descending, +who greeted me in a familiar voice, +but whom I failed to recognize. “But, +yes,” she said, holding out her hand, +“I am Madame de Lesseps. I have +changed, have I not?”</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_89' id='linki_89'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus127.png' alt='' title='' width='641' height='367' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +THE CHATEAU DE LA CHESNAYE.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>When I last met Madame de Lesseps +in Paris, though at that time the +shadow of the present was already +upon her, she was in the full of her +matronly beauty, large, ample, and +flourishing. It was a wasted woman +who addressed me, pinched and thin. +“If I were to remove my veil,” she +added, “you would see an even greater +change.”</p> +<p>“It is a sad moment that you have +chosen to visit us, and you find us in +terrible circumstances,” she said as we +drove away. Then turning to the lady +who accompanied her, she remarked, +“This is the first time I have been out +for three weeks, and I ought not to +have gone out to-day, except for the +fact that I can’t miss going to church +again. It is the only comfort I have +left to me. All my days and most +of my nights, when not attending on +my husband, are taken up answering +letters and telegrams which keep pouring +in upon me from all parts of the +world. And then I am in constant +correspondence with the lawyers in +Paris as to the prosecution of my son +for corruption, and the revision of the +last judgment of the Court of Appeal.”</p> +<p>The church which is attended by the +La Chesnaye party is situated in a village +about +three miles +off, which +is called +Guilly, +“the mistletoe +hamlet,” +as all +the trees +around are +covered +with this +parasite. +We were +passing a +fine old oak +tree, the +upper part +of which +was loaded +with mistletoe, when the lady who was +with us laughed scornfully, and, pointing, +said: “One would say Herz, Arton, +and the rest,” referring to the +Panama parasites. “Would you believe +me,” said Madame de Lesseps, +“that until these recent revelations I +had never even heard the names of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_85' name='page_85'></a>85</span> +either Arton or Herz or the Baron de +Reinach?”</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:484px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_90' id='linki_90'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus128.png' alt='' title='' width='484' height='700' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +COUNT DE LESSEPS IN 1869.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>Outside the church was standing a +<i>char-à-banc</i> drawn by two horses, and +it was in this that, after service, I returned +to La Chesnaye with the children +and the governesses. It was +interesting to see how devoted the +people of Guilly seem to +be to the De Lesseps family, +and how the men and +women bowed and courtesied +as the countess came +out of church. Here, as at +Vatan and in all the district, +the love and respect +for “Monsieur le Comte” +have been increased rather +than diminished by the +persecutions to which he +has been subjected. It +was on the great fair-day +at Vatan that the news +of his condemnation was +made public, and at once +the villagers, in sign of +mourning, stopped the +public ball which is a <i>fête</i> +to which the young people +of the district look forward +for months beforehand. +Sturdy Berrichon +lads have been seen to +flourish their sticks and +heard to say that the Parisians +had better keep their +hands off “Monsieur le +Comte.” Nor is it surprising +that in his own country +M. de Lesseps should be +loved and venerated. Always +delighting in acts of +kindness, his generosity +towards his poor neighbors +throughout the district has been +constant and large-handed. Never a +marriage takes place in any of the +surrounding villages but that a handsome +present from La Chesnaye is +thrown into the bride’s <i>corbeille</i>. The +children are dressed for confirmation +at the expense of the chateau; layettes +are found for poor mothers, and no +case of distress is allowed to pass unrelieved. +Since the heavy losses which +the Panama failure has entailed on the +family, no change nor diminution in +these liberalities has been made. But +perhaps what the people in the district +like the best in the La Chesnaye folk +is their extreme simplicity. Chateau +folk are not generally very popular in +France, and certainly not in republican +circumscriptions, because republican +electors of the peasant class have inherited +prejudices about them; and if +the De Lesseps family is so very popular, +it is because of the extreme simplicity +of their manners and of the way +in which they live the lives of the +people around them. For instance, not +the children alone, but even the elegant +Madame de Lesseps herself, are dressed +in clothes purchased and made in Vatan. +Nothing is got from Paris, and +the Vatan people are highly pleased +with the unusual compliment thus paid +to them. By the church at Guilly is +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_86' name='page_86'></a>86</span> +an orphanage, which was founded by +the De Lesseps, and is entirely kept +up at their expense. It is a rule with +Madame de Lesseps to pay a visit to +this orphanage each Sunday after mass, +and, accordingly, as she left church she +asked me to return home with the +children. Of these there are now seven +at home; Matthew, who has just returned +on sick leave from the Soudan, +being in Paris near his stepbrother +Charles. Ismail is serving in the army +as a soldier in a regiment of <i>chasseurs</i> +at St. Germain; and the eldest daughter, +the Comtesse de Gontaut-Biron, +is in Nice, whither she has been sent +by her doctors. Lolo, aged eighteen, +is the eldest girl at home; and Paul, a +handsome lad of twelve, with long +ringlets down his back, is the eldest +boy. The youngest children are mere +babies. There is Zi-Zi, a tiny little +boy, with fair curls and dark eyes; and +Griselle, a charming little mite, who +on that Sunday was dressed in a Kate +Greenaway bonnet and gown, and +looked sweetly pretty. The <i>char-à-banc</i>, +spacious as it was, was quite filled. +Besides all the children from Lolo +down to Zi-Zi, there were the English +and German governesses, Paul and +Robert’s tutor, the niece of Madame +de Lesseps who for many years past +has lived with the family, and an intimate +friend, Mademoiselle Mimaut.</p> +<p>It was a merry party, and yet whenever +the name of the poor old father +at home was mentioned, silence came +over the prattle of the children. “They +all feel it deeply,” said Madame de Lesseps +to me later on, “though their youth +often gets the better of their feelings. +And what grieves them all most is, to +know that their brother Charles, whom +they all love and respect like a second +father, is in prison, whilst they can run +about. Zi-Zi and Griselle write to him +every day at Mazas or the Conciergerie, +and send him violets, and little stories +which they compose for his amusement, +spending long hours inking their fingers +over their paper.”</p> +<p>About half-way home the carriage +passed the rural postman trudging along +on his daily thirty-mile round. The children +would have the carriage stopped, +and, though it was quite full, place +was made for him. Father Pierre +seemed quite a favorite with the children, +for is it not he, as little Griselle +said, who brings letters from brother +Charles? Charles, it seems, writes every +day, and his letters, to judge by what +every member of the family told me, +are admirable in their manly unselfishness. +There is never a word of complaint +about the wretchedness of his +position; his only anxiety is about his +father, and he is ready to undergo +everything so that the old man may +be spared a moment’s pain. Ruined, +disgraced, though not dishonored, having +to face a long period of imprisonment, +which at his age and in his physical +condition may kill him, he affects +in his letters the greatest cheerfulness. +Nor is his heroic unselfishness without +its reward. He is the idol of everybody +at La Chesnaye and for miles +around. Only one complaint has escaped +him since his confinement, and that was +when, during his hurried visit, under +guard, to his father, he went with the +children for a favorite walk to a neighboring +wood. Here, as he was walking +along the avenue which runs +through some magnificent timber, he +looked around at the detectives behind +him, and said with a sigh: “And to-morrow +I shall be again within four +gray walls.” But immediately he +added, that if he could only be allowed +to come and pass an afternoon in the +wood with his brothers and sisters every +month, he would not mind his confinement +in the least, and could resign himself +to the prospect of imprisonment for +the rest of his days. Yet he is past +fifty-three, and his health has suffered +terribly from what he has undergone.</p> +<p>The half hour before lunch was spent +by the children in showing their pets. +A prime favorite with them just now +is a little Newfoundland puppy, which +has quite dethroned in their affections +an old shepherd dog, who, as Zi-Zi relates, +“came one day and liked us so +much that she has never left us.” Another +pet of whom a great deal is made +is an African monkey which Matthew +brought home from the Soudan. It is +called Bou-Bou, and when it is scolded +it hides its face in its hands. It is quite +tame, and runs about without a chain.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_87' name='page_87'></a>87</span></div> +<p>Just before lunch the +children set about picking +violets, each a +bunch. This they do +every day. One is for +Charles at Mazas, another for Madame +de Lesseps, but the sweetest is for the +old father to wear in his buttonhole at +lunch, which is the only meal he takes +with the family. The child whose +bouquet is worn by the father is the +proudest child in Berry that day.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:607px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_91' id='linki_91'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus131.png' alt='' title='' width='607' height='677' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>I could not refrain from a movement +of the most painful surprise when, after +a few moments spent in the drawing-room, +I was invited by Madame de Lesseps +into the room where her husband +sat. I have known M. de Lesseps for +many years, and though the last time +that I saw him he was already under +the influence of the sorrow of defeat—it +was just after he had been called +before a magistrate, for examination—my +recollection of him had always +been as of a man full of the most surprising +vitality and high spirits, keen, +bright, energetic, defying the wear of +time, a man of eternal youth in spite +of his white hairs. I remembered him +last, erect, with clear voice and flashing +eyes, and now I saw him huddled +together in a chair, a wrap about his +knees, nodding his head as under sleep, +pale, inert, and with all the life gone out +of his eyes. Behind him stood a large +screen tapestried with red stuff, against +which the waxen whiteness of his face +and hands +stood out in +strong relief. +How old he +looked, whom +age had seemed +to spare so +long! For the +most part the +head drooped +forward on his +chest, but now +and then he +raised it listlessly +and let +his eyes wander +round the +room, or across +the panes on +to the fields beyond. +There +was rarely recognition +in his +glance; mostly +a look of unalterable +sadness—of +wonder, it +may be, at the +terrible hazards +of life. +Yet, when now +and then one +of the children, who were crowding +about his chair, pressed his hand or +kissed his cheek or said some words of +endearment to him, the smile which +was one of his characteristics came +over his face, and for a brief moment he +seemed himself again. Himself again—that +is to say, in the goodness and +great-heartedness which more than all +he has ever done for France merited +for him the name of the great Frenchman. +For greatness of heart has always +been the keynote of the character of +Ferdinand de Lesseps. It was the +secret of the indescribable seduction +which he exercised over everyone who +came near him, from emperor to laborer. +It was to this quality of his that +M. Renan, albeit a sceptic himself, rendered +such signal homage in the speech +in which he welcomed M. de Lesseps +to the French Academy on the day of +his admittance.</p> +<p>“You were good to all who came,” +said M. Renan; “you made them feel +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_88' name='page_88'></a>88</span> +that their past would be effaced and +that a new life lay before them. In +exchange you only asked them to share +your enthusiasm in the work which +you had devoted to the interest of +France. You held that most people +can amend if only one will forget their +past. One day a whole gang of convicts +arrived at Panama and took work +at the canal. The Austrian consul demanded +that they should be handed +over to him; but you delayed giving +satisfaction to his request, and at the +end of some weeks the Austrian consulate +was fully occupied in remitting +home to Austria, to their families, or, it +may be, to their victims, the moneys +which these outcasts whom you had +transformed into honest workmen +were earning with the work of their +hands. You have declared your faith +in humanity. You have convinced +yourself and tried to convince others +that men are loyal and good if only +they have the wherewithal to live. It +is your opinion that it is only hunger +that makes men bad. ‘Never,’ said +you in one of your lectures, ‘have I +had cause for complaint against any +of the workmen, although I have employed +outcasts, pariahs, and convicts. +Work has redeemed even the most dishonest. +I have never been robbed, not +even of a handkerchief. It is a fact +which I have proved, that men can be +brought to do anything by showing +them kindness and by persuading them +that they are working in a cause of +universal interest.’ Thus you have +made green again what seemed withered +for ever and aye. You have given, +in a century of unbelief, a startling +proof of the efficacy of faith.”</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:307px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_92' id='linki_92'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus132.jpg' alt='' title='' width='307' height='346' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +MADAME DE LESSEPS IN 1880.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>A thousand instances of this kindness +of heart might be cited to show +that M. de Lesseps ever remained a +chivalrous gentleman in the best sense +of the word. A trifling experience of +my own may suffice. A few days after +my first visit to him, at the office of the +Suez Canal, I was dining at a house in +the Cours-la-Reine. It was my first +visit to that house, a fact which somewhat +contributed to my embarrassment +in what was one of my first experiences +in Parisian society. Amongst +the guests was the editor of one of the +principal French papers, and being anxious +to make his acquaintance, I asked +our host to introduce me to my <i>confrère</i>. +The editor in question had no +courtesies to waste upon an insignificant +foreigner, and acknowledged my +bow with a reverence of exaggerated +profundity, bowing almost to the earth, +and then swinging round on his heel to +continue a conversation with another +journalist, which had been interrupted +by the introduction. I was left standing +in the middle of the room, with my +eyes on the editor’s back, suffused +with shame and mortification. M. de +Lesseps saw the slight thus inflicted +on a young man, and from kindness of +heart immediately did what he could to +efface it. From his place at the fire, +where he had been standing surrounded +by the usual crowd of courtiers, he had +noticed the incident, and I saw him +making his way across the drawing-room +towards me, exclaiming to those +around him: “Oh, there is a young +man with whom I must have a few +words!” He then took me by the +hand, drew me aside, and remained +conversing with me until dinner was +announced.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:361px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_93' id='linki_93'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_89' name='page_89'></a>89</span> +<img src='images/illus134.jpg' alt='' title='' width='361' height='411' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +COUNT DE LESSEPS IN 1880.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>In view of the awful change that, +within so short a time, has been made +in this gentleman, I cannot but think +that it must be attributed to the shock +produced in a very old man by an experience +which shows him that he has +been mistaken all his life long. It is +terrible to wake up at eighty-five and +find that things are not what one +has believed during his past life, and +that the men whom one has loved and +respected are unworthy. I believe +that what has struck Ferdinand de +Lesseps down in his chair, in full vitality, +is an immense disappointment, not +at the failure of his hopes, for he has +always been indifferent to money, and +has never had the wish to leave his +children large fortunes, but at the +falseness of a creed which was optimistic +to the point of blindness. I believe +that Ferdinand de Lesseps is +dying of a broken heart, broken by the +immense ingratitude of men. And if +the loss of all the money that has +been sunk in the Panama mud and the +pockets of the intrigants of the Third +Republic adds to his sorrow, it is certainly +not for himself nor his family, +but for all those who are suffering because +they shared his belief in his star, +and who blindly followed him to ruin. +He knew that they were of the humble, +and often told me so. “Panama will +be carried out with the savings in +woollen stockings of the peasant and +of the workman,” he used to say. He +has never been self-seeking. He presented +France with a concession, that +of the Suez Canal, estimated at one +hundred millions of francs, and with +lands worth another thirty millions, +and fought heroically for years to +render to his gift its greatest value. +In the words of M. Renan, the courage, +the energy, the resources of all +sorts expended by M. de Lesseps in +this struggle were nothing short of +prodigious. In exchange he took for +himself enough to enable him to lead +the life of a gentleman and to do good +around him. Each of his children he +endowed with not more than seventy +thousand francs, the revenues from +which, together with his wife’s private +fortune, are now all that remain to +the family. I firmly believe that all +his life he acted only from feelings of +philanthropy and from patriotism of +the most chivalrous type. He never +had any desire to leave a large fortune, +and I can remember his saying to me, +very emphatically, that his children +must do as he had done; and that they +would do so if they were worthy of his +name; and that he never wished to leave +them large fortunes, but an honorable +name, a love for their country equal to +his, and an example which he hoped +they would follow. “Let them work +as I have done,” said this most tender +of fathers.</p> +<p>It seems that not even this heritage +of an honored name is, if the persecutors +of the old man can have their way, +to be left to his family. Since he has +been down the number of his adversaries +has of course increased tenfold. +Even those who owe him all—many +officials at the Suez Canal Company, +for instance, who owe their positions +and fortunes to his genius—seem glad +to revenge themselves for their obligation. +De Lesseps has done too much +good to men not to be hated, and it is +to be regretted that poor De Maupassant +cannot wield his pen in analysis +of the motives which are actuating his +former dependents in their endeavors +to renounce all solidarity with the +dying octogenarian of La Chesnaye. +I visited the offices of the Suez Canal +Company a few days ago, and, prepared +as one is for human ingratitude, it was +distressing in the extreme to see how +poor a thing to charm with was the +name at the sound of which, as I can +well remember, all the flunkeys of the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_90' name='page_90'></a>90</span> +place in livery or black frock coat +doubled up in the days that are past. +The lion is down, and every ass of +Paris has a heel to kick him with.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:432px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_94' id='linki_94'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus136.jpg' alt='' title='' width='432' height='587' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +COUNT DE LESSEPS IN 1892.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>On the other hand, the adversities of +the De Lesseps family have revealed to +them the immense number of friends +which they possess in all parts of the +world. Letters and telegrams keep +pouring in from all sides to La Chesnaye, +and all the available pens are +kept busy most of the day and night +in answering +the kindest expressions +of +sympathy, +many from utter +strangers. +“This is the +only thing +that gives me +courage to +bear it all,” +said Madame +de Lesseps. +Helene told +me, with some +amusement, +that a Spanish +banker had +the day before +written to +Madame de +Lesseps to offer +her a present +of a million, +and that +there had been +many similar +offers of pecuniary +assistance +from +people who +believed the family to be totally ruined. +When Charles was down at La Chesnaye, +and was walking in the woods +with his escort behind him, a serious +offer was made to him by friends who +had gathered around him, to effect his +rescue if he would but give the word. +As for tokens of sympathy from all the +country around, they are unending. +The farmer at the home-farm, which +was built by M. de Lesseps, and which +has been in the occupation of the +present tenants from the beginning, +was at dinner when the paper containing +the news of Charles’s conviction +and sentence reached him. “He turned +quite white,” said his wife to me, “and +rushed out of the house and went +roaming about the woods like a demented +man until late at night. And +I have cried every time I have thought +of M. Charles, whom I knew when he +was a baby not higher than my knee.” +But perhaps the most devoted friend +that remains to the family is M. de +Lesseps’s valet, who since his master’s +fall has never +left him for +more than ten +minutes together, +sleeping +on a mattress +in his +bedroom, and +waiting on +him patiently +all day and all +night. “Don’t +let anyone, I +don’t care who +it may be,” he +says, clenching +his fist, +“come near +my master. I +will be killed +before any +offence shall +be put upon +him.” And +though one is +rather sceptical +as to +such professions, +I fully +believe that in +this case they +are sincere. It was touching to note +with what reverence, when lunch was +served, this valet approached his master, +and, mindful of old formalities of +respect, bowed and said that Monsieur +the Count was served; to note with what +womanly gentleness this strong man +lifted his feeble master up and guided +his tottering steps into the adjoining +dining-room.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:641px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_95' id='linki_95'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_91' name='page_91'></a>91</span> +<img src='images/illus137.png' alt='' title='' width='641' height='615' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>What a beautiful family it was, to be +sure, that gathered round that table! +Paul with his girlish ringlets, Robert +also in curls. Helene, who sat next to +her father, with her jet-black hair loose +down her back, and her bright eyes +contrasting with the ivory pallor of her +face, worn out as the poor child is with +care and sorrow and hard work as her +mother’s penwoman. Then there was +Lolo, a young lady of eighteen, roughly +dressed, but of great elegance, who +looked even sadder than the rest, but +who tried to be bright and gay; and +on the other side of her, Solange, who +though she is quite a woman in appearance, +hates to be considered so, and +wants to be treated as a child, and +refuses to wear long dresses, and loves +to climb trees in the park and to give +picnics to her little brothers and sisters +in a mud hovel which she has constructed +in the garden. Then there is +Zi-Zi and Griselle—more than twenty +in all around the long oval table. Every +now and then one of the children rises +from its seat, and runs up to the old +father and kisses him on the cheek, or +presses his hand; and I think all envied +Helene who sat next to him and could +caress him when she liked. I was +seated just +opposite +the old +man, and I +am afraid +my presence +disturbed +him; for he +seemed to +listen to +what I said, +and to wonder +who I +was, and +what I +might +want. I +shall never +forget the +sight of +him as he +faced me, +sunk down +in his chair, +with one +trembling +hand holding +his napkin +to his +breast, and feebly with the other guiding +the morsels to his mouth. He +seemed to eat with some appetite, +though under persistent drowsiness, +which was only shaken off for a moment +when his wife, who came in +late, took her seat at the table. Then +his head was lifted, and a bright +look came into his eyes, as if of +salute to the comrade of his life. +Whatever Madame de Lesseps may have +suffered, I am sure that she feels herself +repaid each time that those eyes +are so lifted to hers. The <i>dejeuner</i> +was a simple though ample one, the +<i>menu</i> being in keeping with the manner +of life at Chesnaye, which is that +of comfort without ostentation. The +wine is grown by Madame de Lesseps +herself, on vineyards of her own planting, +and is that “gray wine” which is +so much appreciated by connoisseurs. +It has a beautiful color in a cut-glass +decanter. The conversation was a +halting one. Each tried to be gay, +each tried to forget the deep shadow +that lay over that family gathering. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_92' name='page_92'></a>92</span> +When the old man’s eyes wandered +around the table as if in quest of some +one whom he desired but who was not +there, a silence imposed itself on all, +for all knew whom he was seeking, and +where that dear one was.</p> +<p>In his buttonhole was Helene’s bouquet +of violets, underneath which +peeped out the rosette of the grand +officer of the Legion of Honor, alas, +in jeopardy!</p> +<p>We took coffee in the drawing-room. +It was served on a table which stood +underneath a fine portrait of Agnes +Sorel, once the mistress of the house. +Facing us were two pictures of the +inauguration of the Suez Canal. The +furniture was covered with tapestries +mostly from the needle of the countess.</p> +<p>It was here that Madame de Lesseps +told me of the old man’s present life. +“He has the fixed idea that the Queen +of England will come and make all +things right. He often rises in his +chair and asks if Queen Victoria has +arrived, and when any visitor comes he +thinks that it is she at last.”</p> +<p>Then blanching the countess added, +“You think, sir, do you not, that he is +in ignorance of what has happened? +You do not think that he has any suspicion? +Sometimes the dreadful thought +troubles me that he knows all, and that, +great-hearted gentleman that he is, he +lends himself to this most tragic comedy +that we are playing. I sometimes +doubt. Would not that be terrible? +And again there are times when I am +convinced that our efforts to hide all +that is, are successful. We give him last +year’s papers to read. I have had collections +sent down. Formerly we used +to cut out or erase parts which we did +not want him to see, but he seemed to +notice the alterations, and so we ordered +down papers of a year ago. And it is +quite pathetic to hear the remarks he +occasionally makes. Thus a few days +ago he called me to his side in high +glee, and said how happy he was to hear +that his old friend M. Ressman had +been appointed Italian Ambassador to +France, an event of more than a year +ago. There are times, too, when he +gets very impatient at being kept down +here, and what he misses chiefly is the +French Academy. He is constantly +telling me how anxious he is to attend, +and I have to invent the sorriest fables +to explain to him that the Academicians +are not holding any meetings; as, for +instance, that they are all old men, and +that they are taking a long holiday.”</p> +<p>The countess sighed and said: “I +do what I can, but that terrible doubt +pursues me often. You see, he did +know that the Panama affair had resulted +in ruin. It is since he was +called before that examining magistrate, +M. Prinet, that he has been as +you have seen him. He must suspect +something. How much, we shall never +know.”</p> +<p>Then she added: “He is constantly +asking after Charles. He knows that +he is in trouble, but we hope that he +does not suspect what the trouble is. +Before he was taken as he is, Charles +had, to his knowledge, become involved +in that Société des Comptes Courants +bankruptcy, which ruined him; and +perhaps his father thinks that his son’s +troubles are in connection with that +affair.” Then the stepmother broke out +into impassioned praise of the stepson: +“The noblest heart! He will suffer +all, rather than let the slightest harm +come to his father. He is a hero, a +gentleman, a hero, a hero! When he +was here he told us what he had undergone, +and said that he was willing to +undergo ten times as much, so that his +father be left unmolested.</p> +<p>“It is strangers who send us expressions +of their sympathy. Those whom +De Lesseps has enriched have forgotten +him. And yet I am unjust. I have +had letters from people who risked +their positions, their daily bread, in +writing to me as they did. But not a +single political man has written a word +to express condolence with the great +patriot or with his family. They dare +not. None of my letters are safe. +Many of my friends have received my +letters open. Many letters addressed +to me have gone astray. It is dangerous +to-day to be the friend of the +man who gave a fortune to his country.</p> +<p>“He sits there all day,” she continued, +“and reads his ‘Souvenirs of +Forty Years,’ the ‘Souvenirs’ which he +has dedicated to his children. And at +times he is quite his old self again, but +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_93' name='page_93'></a>93</span> +drowsiness is always coming upon him. +<i>Mon Dieu!</i> that he may be spared to us +a little longer!”</p> +<p>Helene just then passed through the +room. “There is a paper in papa’s +room,” she whispered, “which I must +take away. There is the word Panama +upon it.”</p> +<p>Our conversation was with bated +breath, and the ill-fated word was +scouted like an unclean thing.</p> +<p>And whilst we were talking, the +sunny, curly-headed Paul ran into the +room and cried out: “Oh, do come +and see papa! Bou-Bou has jumped +onto his shoulder and is picking his +violets.”</p> +<p>We moved towards the door, and this +was the last that I saw, or may ever see, +of Ferdinand de Lesseps. Against the +red background of the twofold screen +he sat sunken, asleep, in his arm-chair, +with the two volumes that tell the +story of his heroism in his lap, and on +his shoulders perched a grinning Barbary +ape, pulling at and munching the +violets which Helene had picked for +him, and which hid in his buttonhole +his jeopardized rosette of the Legion +of Honor. Around him stood his children, +and it was sad to see, and sadder +still to think, that, his family excepted, +what holds this great heart and splendid +gentleman in dearest affection is +not the millionaire grown rich on his +achievements, but a witless, speechless +thing, that perhaps has feeling what a +great and generous heart is here.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_96' id='linki_96'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/illus140.png' alt='' title='' width='628' height='700' /> +<br /> +</div> +<hr /> +<p class='muchlarger center'><b>McCLURE’S MAGAZINE</b></p> +<p class='larger center'><b><span class='smcap'>Is Published Monthly with Illustrations.</span></b></p> +<p class='larger center'><b><span class='smcap'>Terms, $1.50 a Year; 15 Cents a Copy.</span></b></p> +<p><b>SOME OF THE CONTRIBUTORS.</b></p> +<p>The most famous authors in America and England will contribute to +McCLURE’S MAGAZINE. 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In this way the story will be told of men distinguished as <b>authors</b>, +<b>artists</b>, <b>inventors</b>, <b>explorers</b>, <b>scientists</b>, etc. These interviews will be fully +illustrated, and will have all the value of careful biographical studies set forth in +great part autobiographically.</p> +<p class='center'><b>Jules Verne,<br /> +Frances Hodgson Burnett,<br /> +Tissandier, the famous French Balloonist,<br /> +Archdeacon Farrar,<br /> +Thomas A. Edison,<br /> +F. Hopkinson Smith,<br /> +H. H. Boyesen,<br /> +Alphonse Daudet,<br /> +Camille Flammarion,<br /> +Edward Everett Hale,<br /> +Prof. Graham Bell,</b></p> +<p>and many others, have given material for especially prepared interviews, which +will appear fully illustrated in the magazine.</p> +<p><b>THE EDGE OF THE FUTURE</b></p> +<p>is the title of a series of interviews and articles furnished by Scientists, Inventors, +Notable Enterprisers, including men who have built up great businesses, railroads, +manufactories, etc., Statesmen, Soldiers, Explorers, Surgeons and Investigators, +and which will indicate the lines of future progress. The interviews with Edison +(electricity), Pasteur (bacteriology), Tissandier (ballooning), illustrate the character +of this series.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_94' name='page_94'></a>94</span></div> +<p><b>AN ENTIRELY NEW FORM OF MAGAZINE LITERATURE ARE REAL +CONVERSATIONS.</b></p> +<p>It is expected that each issue of the magazine will contain real conversations +between eminent personalities. The dialogue between William Dean Howells and +Professor H. H. Boyesen, which appears in this number, indicates the general +character of these contributions.</p> +<p><b>HUMAN DOCUMENTS</b></p> +<p>is the title to a department new in American magazine literature, and will consist +principally of portraits of distinguished men and women at different periods of +their lives, showing the gradual development of character in distinguished Soldiers, +Statesmen, Merchants, Novelists, Actors, Inventors, etc.</p> +<p><b>FICTION BY FAMOUS AUTHORS.</b></p> +<p><b>A Group of Notable Short Stories</b> has been secured by the editors of +<span class='smcap'>McClure’s Magazine</span>, and two or three will be published in each issue. Stories +may be expected in early numbers by</p> +<p class='center'><b>Thomas Hardy,<br /> +Rudyard Kipling,<br /> +Joel Chandler Harris,<br /> +Conan Doyle,<br /> +William Dean Howells,<br /> +Bret Harte,<br /> +Harriet Prescott Spofford,<br /> +Frances Hodgson Burnett,<br /> +R. L. Stevenson,<br /> +Sarah Orne Jewett,<br /> +Octave Thanet,<br /> +Stanley J. Weyman.</b></p> +<p>These stories will be fully illustrated.</p> +<p><b>HENRY M. STANLEY</b></p> +<p>will contribute, especially for younger readers, a story of <b>African Adventure</b>.</p> +<p><b>NATURAL HISTORY AND ADVENTURE.</b></p> +<p>There will be several articles written by <b>Raymond Blathwayt</b>, who has +been called by Mr. W. T. Stead the best interviewer in England, from material +furnished him by <b>Karl Hagenbeck</b> of Hamburg, the great animal importer and +trainer. The articles will deal with</p> +<p class='center'><b>The Capture of Wild Beasts.<br /> +The Transportation of Wild Beasts.<br /> +The Training of Wild Beasts.<br /> +The Adventures and Escapes of Karl Hagenbeck.</b></p> +<p>These articles contain a wealth of material of the most interesting description. +The series will be illustrated by an English artist of great skill in drawing animals.</p> +<p><b>John Burroughs, C. F. Holder, Dr. C. C. Abbott</b> and other writers +famous for their work in this field will contribute to the magazine.</p> +<p><b>Of Interest to both Young and Old will be +PROF. R. L. GARNER’S AFRICAN EXPEDITION TO THE GORILLAS.</b></p> +<p>Arrangements have been made, in connection with a leading English review, +to publish Professor Garner’s letters descriptive of his present expedition to Africa. +Professor Garner is noted the world over for the curious and interesting investigations +he is making in the speech of monkeys. He sailed for Africa last September +for the purpose of further pursuing his studies in the native haunts of the gorilla. +He is at present in the heart of the forest. It is expected that the illustrations +of these articles will be from photographs taken by Professor Garner in Africa.</p> +<p><b>KNOWLEDGE OF IMMEDIATE VALUE</b></p> +<p>will afford the subjects of many articles and interviews that will deal with problems +and questions of universal interest. Among the topics treated under this head will +be “<b>How to Obtain a Healthy Old Age</b>.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_95' name='page_95'></a>95</span></div> +<p><b>NEWEST KNOWLEDGE.</b></p> +<p><b>Discoveries About to be Made</b>: A popular and comprehensive report +as gleaned in universities and elsewhere in all departments of knowledge and +investigation. Plans are maturing for an extensive investigation, by able journalists, +of the progress in various departments of knowledge and science as found +in the leading colleges and universities, as well as manufacturing establishments, +where valuable and original investigations and experiments are undertaken in +various fields.</p> +<p>The series will touch upon a variety of subjects. <b>Bacteriology and What +Is Being Done in Its Investigation</b> will be thoroughly explained after visiting: +the laboratories of eminent authorities such as <b>Prof. Welch</b> of Johns Hopkins +University.</p> +<p>The work done in the most <b>Notable Physical Laboratories</b> will be +reported upon. In these laboratories the subjects connected with electricity are +studied and experiments are made that often have far-reaching results.</p> +<p>Another subject of great interest is the work of <b>Famous Astronomical +Observatories</b>, explaining “<b>How Discoveries are Made</b>,” etc.</p> +<p>The recently established <b>Psychological Laboratories</b>, where the action +of the mind is scientifically investigated, will furnish material for a paper of +novel interest.</p> +<p>Special articles will be furnished on <b>The Physique of the American +Student</b>, describing gymnastics, outdoor sports, the effect of training, etc.</p> +<p>A tour of investigation of this kind cannot fail to bring to light a great deal +of material that cannot be anticipated.</p> +<p>The articles secured in this way will supplement the material announced in +other parts of this prospectus.</p> +<p><b>TIMELINESS.</b></p> +<p>In the various fields which this magazine will cultivate, a constant effort will +be made to secure articles of timely interest. The newest book, the latest important +political event, the most recent discovery or invention—in fact, what is newest +and most important in every department of human activity, will be set forth by +specially well-qualified writers, in the form of essays, biographical articles, interviews +or contributions by the men most closely identified with the subjects in hand.</p> +<p><b>THE PRESENT HOUR</b></p> +<p>will be the subject of a series of articles, published month by month, dealing with +men and measures that are making current history. The first one is by M. de +Blowitz, and appears in this issue.</p> +<p><b>STRANGER THAN FICTION</b></p> +<p>is the title of a department which will contain a number of short articles; true +tales of adventure; striking bits of biography; interesting and curious facts in +science; stories of travelers and explorers; picturesque short articles gathered +from every field of human activity and investigation.</p> +<p><b>IN GENERAL.</b></p> +<p>The magazine will not only furnish the best literature, but will make a serious +attempt to report the marvelous activities and developments of modern civilization, +and especially of the United States.</p> +<p class='center'><b>TERMS, $1.50 A YEAR; 15 CENTS A COPY.</b><br /> +<br /> +<b><span class='muchlarger'>S. S. McCLURE</span>, <span class='larger'>Limited</span>,<br /> +743 and 745 Broadway, New York City.</b></p> + +<!-- generated by ppg.rb version: 3.22k3 --> +<!-- timestamp: 2011-07-15 16:31:01 -0500 --> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, +June 1893, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, JUNE 1893 *** + +***** This file should be named 36745-h.htm or 36745-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/7/4/36745/ + +Produced by Katherine Ward, Juliet Sutherland, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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