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+Project Gutenberg's McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1893, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1893
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 16, 2011 [EBook #36745]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, JUNE 1893 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Katherine Ward, Juliet Sutherland, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+VOL. I    JUNE, 1893    No. 1
+
+  S. S. McCLURE, Limited
+  NEW YORK AND LONDON
+  1893
+
+
+Copyright, 1893, by S. S. McClure, Limited. All rights reserved.
+
+  Press of J. J. Little & Co.
+  Astor Place, New York
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+  A Dialogue between William Dean Howells and Hjalmar Hjorth
+      Boyesen. Recorded By Mr. Boyesen.                              3
+  The Nymph of the Eddy. By Gilbert Parker.                         12
+  Human Documents. An Introduction by Sarah Orne Jewett.            16
+  How They Are Captured, Transported, Trained, and Sold. By
+      Raymond Blathwayt.                                            26
+  Under Sentence of the Law. By Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson.        34
+  Unsolved Problems that Edison Is Studying. By E. J. Edwards.      37
+  From "Locksley Hall". By Alfred, Lord Tennyson.                   43
+  A Day With Gladstone. By H. W. Massingham.                        44
+  Where Man Got His Ears. By Henry Drummond.                        52
+  James Parton's Rules of Biography.                                59
+  Europe at the Present Moment. By Mr. De Blowitz.                  63
+  The Comedy of War. By Joel Chandler Harris.                       69
+  The Rose Is Such a Lady. By Gertrude Hall.                        82
+  The Count de Lesseps of To-day. By R. H. Sherard.                 83
+
+
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+  Professor Boyesen in His Study.                                    4
+  The Birthplace of W. D. Howells at Martins Ferry, Ohio.            5
+  The Giustiniani Palace.                                            6
+  W. D. Howells, After His Return From Venice.                       7
+  W. D. Howells, in Cambridge in 1868.                               8
+  W. D. Howells' Summer Home at Belmont in 1878.                     9
+  The Author of "Annie Kilburn."                                    10
+  General Lew Wallace.                                              19
+  William Dean Howells.                                             20
+  Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen.                                           22
+  Alphonse Daudet.                                                  24
+  Hawarden Castle.                                                  46
+  The Library.                                                      47
+  The Gladstone Family.                                             51
+  "Balanoglossus", and Large Sea Lamprey.                           53
+  Embryos Showing Gill-slits.                                       53
+  Adult Shark.                                                      54
+  Marble Head of Satyr.                                             55
+  Head of Satyr in Group of Marsyas and Apollo.                     55
+  Faun.                                                             55
+  Form of the Ear in Baby Outang.                                   55
+  Horned Sheep and Goat with Cervical Auricles.                     55
+  Ear of Barbary Ape, Chimpanzee, and Man.                          57
+  James Parton in 1852.                                             59
+  James Parton in 1891.                                             62
+  The Chateau de La Chesnaye.                                       84
+  Count de Lesseps in 1869.                                         85
+  Madame de Lesseps in 1880.                                        88
+  Count de Lesseps in 1880.                                         89
+  Count de Lesseps in 1892.                                         90
+
+
+
+
+REAL CONVERSATIONS.--I.
+
+A DIALOGUE BETWEEN WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS AND HJALMAR HJORTH BOYESEN.
+
+RECORDED BY MR. BOYESEN.
+
+
+When I was requested to furnish a dramatic biography of Mr. Howells, I
+was confronted with what seemed an insuperable difficulty. The more I
+thought of William Dean Howells, the less dramatic did he seem to me.
+The only way that occurred to me of introducing a dramatic element
+into our proposed interview was for me to assault him with tongue or
+pen, in the hope that he might take energetic measures to resent my
+intrusion; but as, notwithstanding his unvarying kindness to me, and
+many unforgotten benefits, I cherished only the friendliest feelings
+for him, I could not persuade myself to procure dramatic interest at
+such a price.
+
+My second objection, I am bound to confess, arose from my own sense of
+dignity which rebelled against the _rôle_ of an interviewer, and it
+was not until my conscience was made easy on this point that I agreed
+to undertake the present article. I was reminded that it was an
+ancient and highly dignified form of literature I was about to revive;
+and that my precedent was to be sought not in the modern newspaper
+interview, but in the Platonic dialogue. By the friction of two
+kindred minds, sparks of thought may flash forth which owe their
+origin solely to the friendly collision. We have a far more vivid
+portrait of Socrates in the beautiful conversational turns of "The
+Symposium" and the first book of "The Republic," than in the purely
+objective account of Xenophon in his "Memorabilia." And Howells,
+though he may not know it, has this trait in common with Socrates,
+that he can portray himself, unconsciously, better than I or anybody
+else could do it for him.
+
+If I needed any further encouragement, I found it in the assurance that
+what I was expected to furnish was to be in the nature of "an exchange
+of confidences between two friends with a view to publication." It
+was understood, of course, that Mr. Howells was to be more confiding
+than myself, and that his reminiscences were to predominate; for an
+author, however unheroic he may appear to his own modesty, is bound
+to be the hero of his biography. What made the subject so alluring to
+me, apart from the personal charm which inheres in the man and all
+that appertains to him, was the consciousness that our friendship was of
+twenty-two years' standing, and that during all that time not a
+single jarring note had been introduced to mar the harmony of our
+relation.
+
+Equipped, accordingly, with a good conscience and a lead pencil
+(which remained undisturbed in my breast-pocket), I set out to
+"exchange confidences" with the author of "Silas Lapham" and "A Modern
+Instance." I reached the enormous human hive on Fifty-ninth Street
+where my subject, for the present, occupies a dozen most comfortable
+and ornamental cells, and was promptly hoisted up to the fourth floor
+and deposited in front of his door. It is a house full of electric
+wires and tubes--literally honeycombed with modern conveniences. But
+in spite of all these, I made my way triumphantly to Mr. Howells's
+den, and after a proper prelude began the novel task assigned to me.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR BOYESEN IN HIS STUDY AT COLUMBIA COLLEGE.]
+
+"I am afraid," I remarked quite _en passant_, "that I shall be
+embarrassed not by my ignorance, but by my knowledge concerning your
+life. For it is difficult to ask with good grace about what you
+already know. I am aware, for instance, that you were born at Martin's
+Ferry, Ohio, March 11, 1837; that you removed thence to Dayton, and a
+few years later to Jefferson, Ashtabula County; that your father
+edited, published, and printed a country newspaper of Republican
+complexion, and that you spent a good part of your early years in the
+printing office. Nevertheless, I have some difficulty in realizing the
+environment of your boyhood."
+
+_Howells._ If you have read my "Boy's Town," which is in all
+essentials autobiographical, you know as much as I could tell you. The
+environment of my early life was exactly as there described.
+
+_Boyesen._ Your father, I should judge, then, was not a strict
+disciplinarian?
+
+_Howells._ No. He was the gentlest of men--a friend and companion to
+his sons. He guided us in an unobtrusive way without our suspecting
+it. He was continually putting books into my hands, and they were
+always good books; many of them became events in my life. I had no end
+of such literary passions during my boyhood. Among the first was
+Goldsmith, then came Cervantes and Irving.
+
+_Boyesen._ Then there was a good deal of literary atmosphere about
+your childhood?
+
+_Howells._ Yes. I can scarcely remember the time when books did not
+play a great part in my life. Father was by his culture and his
+interests rather isolated from the community in which we lived, and
+this made him and all of us rejoice the more in a new author, in whose
+world we would live for weeks and months, and who colored our thoughts
+and conversation.
+
+[Illustration: THE BIRTHPLACE OF W. D. HOWELLS AT MARTINS FERRY, OHIO.]
+
+_Boyesen._ It has always been a matter of wonder to me that, with so
+little regular schooling, you stepped full-fledged into literature
+with such an exquisite and wholly individual style.
+
+_Howells._ If you accuse me of that kind of thing, I must leave you to
+account for it. I had always a passion for literature, and to a boy
+with a mind and a desire to learn, a printing office is not a bad
+school.
+
+_Boyesen._ How old were you when you left Jefferson, and went to
+Columbus?
+
+_Howells._ I was nineteen years old when I went to the capital and
+wrote legislative reports for Cincinnati and Cleveland papers;
+afterwards I became one of the editors of the "Ohio State Journal." My
+duties gradually took a wide range, and I edited the literary column
+and wrote many of the leading articles. I was then in the midst of my
+enthusiasm for Heine, and was so impregnated with his spirit, that a
+poem which I sent to the "Atlantic Monthly" was mistaken by Mr. Lowell
+for a translation from the German poet. When he had satisfied himself,
+however, that it was not a translation, he accepted and printed it.
+
+_Boyesen._ Tell me how you happened to publish your first volume,
+"Poems by Two Friends," in partnership with John J. Piatt.
+
+_Howells._ I had known Piatt as a young printer; afterwards when he
+began to write poems, I read them and was delighted with them. When he
+came to Columbus I made his acquaintance, and we became friends. By
+this time we were both contributors to the "Atlantic Monthly." I may
+as well tell you that his contributions to our joint volume were far
+superior to mine.
+
+_Boyesen._ Did Lowell share that opinion?
+
+_Howells._ That I don't know. He wrote me a very charming letter, in
+which he said many encouraging things, and he briefly reviewed the
+book in the "Atlantic."
+
+_Boyesen._ What was the condition of society in Columbus during those
+days?
+
+_Howells._ There were many delightful and cultivated people there,
+and society was charming; the North and South were both represented,
+and their characteristics united in a kind of informal Western
+hospitality, warm and cordial in its tone, which gave of its very
+best without stint. Salmon P. Chase, later Secretary of the Treasury,
+and Chief Justice of the United States, was then Governor of Ohio.
+He had a charming family, and made us young editors welcome at his
+house. All winter long there was a round of parties at the different
+houses; the houses were large and we always danced. These parties were
+brilliant affairs, socially, but besides, we young people had many
+informal gayeties. The old Starling Medical College, which was
+defunct as an educational institution, except for some vivisection
+and experiments on hapless cats and dogs that went on in some
+out-of-the-way corners, was used as a boarding-house; and there was
+a large circular room in which we often improvised dances. We young
+fellows who lodged in the place were half a dozen journalists,
+lawyers, and law-students; one was, like myself, a writer for the
+"Atlantic," and we saw life with joyous eyes. We read the new
+books, and talked them over with the young ladies whom we seem to
+have been always calling upon. I remember those years in Columbus
+as among the happiest years of my life.
+
+_Boyesen._ From Columbus you went as consul to Venice, did not you?
+
+[Illustration: THE GIUSTINIANI PALACE, HOWELLS' HOME IN VENICE.]
+
+_Howells._ Yes. You remember I had written a campaign "Life of
+Lincoln." I was, like my father, an ardent Anti-slavery man. I went
+myself to Washington soon after President Lincoln's inauguration. I
+was first offered the consulate to Rome; but as it depended entirely
+upon perquisites, which amounted only to three or four hundred dollars
+a year, I declined it, and they gave me Venice. The salary was raised
+to fifteen hundred dollars, which seemed to me quite beyond the dreams
+of avarice.
+
+_Boyesen._ Do not you regard that Venetian experience as a very
+valuable one?
+
+_Howells._ Oh, of course. In the first place, it gave me four years of
+almost uninterrupted leisure for study and literary work. There was,
+to be sure, occasionally an invoice to be verified, but that did not
+take much time. Secondly, it gave me a wider outlook upon the world
+than I had hitherto had. Without much study of a systematic kind, I
+had acquired a notion of English, French, German, and Spanish
+literature. I had been an eager and constant reader, always guided in
+my choice of books by my own inclination. I had learned German. Now,
+my first task was to learn Italian; and one of my early teachers was a
+Venetian priest, whom I read Dante with. This priest in certain ways
+suggested Don Ippolito in "A Foregone Conclusion."
+
+_Boyesen._ Then he took snuff, and had a supernumerary calico
+handkerchief?
+
+_Howells._ Yes. But what interested me most about him was his
+religious skepticism. He used to say, "The saints are the gods
+baptized." Then he was a kind of baffled inventor; though whether his
+inventions had the least merit I was unable to determine.
+
+_Boyesen._ But his love story?
+
+_Howells._ That was wholly fictitious.
+
+_Boyesen._ I remember you gave me, in 1874, a letter of introduction
+to a Venetian friend of yours, named Brunetta, whom I failed to find.
+
+_Howells._ Yes, Brunetta was the first friend I had in Venice. He was
+a distinctly Latin character--sober, well-regulated, and probity
+itself.
+
+_Boyesen._ Do you call that the Latin character?
+
+_Howells._ It is not our conventional idea of it; but it is fully as
+characteristic, if not more so, than the light, mercurial,
+pleasure-loving type which somehow in literature has displaced the
+other. Brunetta and I promptly made the discovery that we were
+congenial. Then we became daily companions. I had a number of other
+Italian friends too, full of beautiful _bonhomie_ and Southern
+sweetness of temperament.
+
+[Illustration: W. D. HOWELLS, AFTER HIS RETURN FROM VENICE.]
+
+_Boyesen._ You must have acquired Italian in a very short time?
+
+_Howells._ Yes; being domesticated in that way in the very heart of
+that Italy, which was then _Italia irridente_, I could not help
+steeping myself in its atmosphere and breathing in the language, with
+the rest of its very composite flavors.
+
+_Boyesen._ Yes; and whatever I know of Italian literature I owe
+largely to the completeness of that soaking process of yours. Your
+book on the Italian poets is one of the most charmingly sympathetic
+and illuminative bits of criticism that I know.
+
+_Howells._ I am glad you think so; but the book was never a popular
+success. Of all the Italian authors, the one I delighted in the most
+was Goldoni. His exquisite realism fascinated me. It was the sort of
+thing which I felt I ought not to like; but for all that I liked it
+immensely.
+
+_Boyesen._ How do you mean that you ought not to like it?
+
+_Howells._ Why, I was an idealist in those days. I was only
+twenty-four or twenty-five years old, and I knew the world chiefly
+through literature. I was all the time trying to see things as others
+had seen them, and I had a notion that, in literature, persons and
+things should be nobler and better than they are in the sordid
+reality; and this romantic glamour veiled the world to me, and kept me
+from seeing things as they are. But in the lanes and alleys of Venice
+I found Goldoni everywhere. Scenes from his plays were enacted before
+my eyes, with all the charming Southern vividness of speech and
+gesture, and I seemed at every turn to have stepped at unawares into
+one of his comedies. I believe this was the beginning of my revolt.
+But it was a good while yet before I found my own bearings.
+
+_Boyesen._ But permit me to say that it was an exquisitely delicate
+set of fresh Western senses you brought with you to Venice. When I was
+in Venice in 1878, I could not get away from you, however much I
+tried. I saw your old Venetian senator, in his august rags, roasting
+coffee; and I promenaded about for days in the chapters of your
+"Venetian Life," like the Knight Huldbrand, in the Enchanted Forest in
+"Undine," and I could not find my way out. Of course, I know that,
+being what you were, you could not have helped writing that book, but
+what was the immediate cause of your writing it?
+
+_Howells._ From the day I arrived in Venice I kept a journal in
+which I noted down my impressions. I found a young pleasure in
+registering my sensations at the sight of notable things, and
+literary reminiscences usually shimmered through my observations. Then
+I received an offer from the "Boston Daily Advertiser," to write
+weekly or bi-weekly letters, for which they paid me five dollars, in
+greenbacks, a column, nonpareil. By the time this sum reached Venice,
+shaven and shorn by discounts for exchange in gold premium, it had
+usually shrunk to half its size or less. Still I was glad enough to
+get even that, and I kept on writing joyously. So the book grew in my
+hands until, at the time I resigned in 1865, I was trying to have it
+published. I offered it successively to a number of English
+publishers; but they all declined it. At last Mr. Trübner agreed to
+take it, if I could guarantee the sale of five hundred copies in
+the United States, or induce an American publisher to buy that
+number of copies in sheets. I happened to cross the ocean with Mr.
+Hurd of the New York firm of Hurd & Houghton, and repeated Mr.
+Trübner's proposition to him. He refused to commit himself; but some
+weeks after my arrival in New York, he told me that the risk was
+practically nothing at all, and that his firm would agree to take the
+five hundred copies. The book was an instant success. I don't know
+how many editions of it have been printed, but I should say that
+its sale has been upward of forty thousand copies, and it still
+continues. The English weeklies gave me long complimentary notices,
+which I carried about for months in my pocket like love-letters, and
+read surreptitiously at odd moments. I thought it was curious that
+other people to whom I showed the reviews did not seem much
+interested.
+
+[Illustration: W. D. HOWELLS. FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN AT CAMBRIDGE IN
+1868.]
+
+_Boyesen._ After returning to this country, did not you settle down in
+New York?
+
+_Howells._ Yes; I was for a while a free lance in literature. I did
+whatever came in my way, and sold my articles to the newspapers,
+going about from office to office, but I was finally offered a place
+in "The Nation," where I obtained a fixed position at a salary. I
+had at times a sense that, by going abroad, I had fallen out of the
+American procession of progress; and, though I was elbowing my way
+energetically through the crowd, I seemed to have a tremendous
+difficulty in recovering my lost place on my native soil, and
+asserting my full right to it. So, when young men beg me to recommend
+them for consulships, I always feel in duty bound to impress on them
+this great danger of falling out of the procession, and asking them
+whether they have confidence in their ability to reconquer the
+place they have deserted, for while they are away it will be pretty
+sure to be filled by somebody else. A man returning from a residence
+of several years abroad has a sense of superfluity in his own
+country--he has become a mere supernumerary whose presence or absence
+makes no particular difference.
+
+_Boyesen._ What year did you leave "The Nation" and assume the
+editorship of "The Atlantic"?
+
+_Howells._ I took the editorship in 1872, but went to live in
+Cambridge six or seven years before. I was first assistant editor
+under James T. Fields, who was uniformly kind and considerate, and
+with whom I got along perfectly. It was a place that he could have
+made odious to me, but he made it delightful. I have the tenderest
+regard and the highest respect for his memory.
+
+_Boyesen._ I need scarcely ask you if your association with Lowell was
+agreeable?
+
+_Howells._ It was in every way charming. He was twenty years my
+senior, but he always treated me as an equal and a contemporary. And
+you know the difference between thirty and fifty is far greater than
+between forty and sixty, or fifty and seventy. I dined with him every
+week, and he showed the friendliest appreciation of the work I was
+trying to do. We took long walks together; and you know what a rare
+talker he was. Somehow I got much nearer to him than to Longfellow. As
+a man, Longfellow was flawless. He was full of noble friendliness and
+encouragement to all literary workers in whom he believed.
+
+_Boyesen._ Do you remember you once said to me that he was a most
+inveterate praiser?
+
+[Illustration: W. D. HOWELLS' SUMMER HOME AT BELMONT IN 1878.]
+
+_Howells._ I may have said that; for in the kindness of his heart, and
+his constitutional reluctance to give pain, he did undoubtedly often
+strain a point or two in speaking well of things. But that was part of
+his beautiful kindliness of soul and admirable urbanity. Lowell, you
+know, confessed to being "a tory in his nerves;" but Longfellow, with
+all his stateliness of manner, was nobly and perfectly democratic. He
+was ideally good; I think he was without a fault.
+
+_Boyesen._ I have never known a man who was more completely free from
+snobbishness and pretence of all kinds. It delighted him to go out of
+his way to do a man a favor. There was, however, a little touch of
+Puritan pallor in his temperament, a slight lack of robustness; that
+is, if his brother's biography can be trusted. What I mean to say is,
+that he appears there a trifle too perfect; too bloodlessly, and
+almost frostily, statuesque. I have always had a little diminutive
+grudge against the Reverend Samuel Longfellow for not using a single
+one of those beautiful anecdotes I sent him illustrative of the warmer
+and more genial side of the poet's character. He evidently wanted to
+portray a Plutarchian man of heroic size, and he therefore had to
+exclude all that was subtly individualizing.
+
+_Howells._ Well, there is always room for another biography of
+Longfellow.
+
+_Boyesen._ At the time when I made your acquaintance in 1871, you were
+writing "Their Wedding Journey." Do you remember the glorious talks we
+had together while the hours of the night slipped away unnoticed? We
+have no more of those splendid conversational rages now-a-days. How
+eloquent we were, to be sure; and with what delight you read those
+chapters on "Niagara," "Quebec," and "The St. Lawrence;" and with what
+rapture I listened! I can never read them without supplying the
+cadence of your voice, and seeing you seated, twenty-two years younger
+than now, in that cosey little library in Berkeley Street.
+
+_Howells._ Yes; and do you mind our sudden attacks of hunger, when we
+would start on a foraging expedition into the cellar, in the middle of
+the night, and return, you with a cheese and crackers, and I with a
+watermelon and a bottle of champagne? What jolly meals we improvised!
+Only it is a wonder to me that we survived them.
+
+_Boyesen._ You will never suspect what an influence you exerted upon my
+fate by your friendliness and sympathy in those never-to-be-forgotten
+days. You Americanized me. I had been an alien, and felt alien in
+every fibre of my soul, until I met you. Then I became domesticated.
+I found a kindred spirit who understood me, and whom I understood; and
+that is the first and indispensable condition of happiness. It was at
+your house, at a luncheon, I think, that I met Henry James.
+
+[Illustration: THE AUTHOR OF "ANNIE KILBURN."]
+
+_Howells._ Yes; James and I were constant companions. We took daily
+walks together, and his father, the elder Henry James, was an
+incomparably delightful and interesting man.
+
+_Boyesen._ Yes; I remember him well. I doubt if I ever heard a more
+brilliant talker.
+
+_Howells._ No; he was one of the best talkers in America. And didn't
+the immortal Ralph Keeler appear upon the scene during the summer of
+'71 or '72?
+
+_Boyesen._ Yes; your small son "Bua" insisted upon calling him "Big
+Man Keeler" in spite of his small size.
+
+_Howells._ Yes, Bua was the only one who ever saw Keeler life-size.
+
+_Boyesen._ I remember how he sat in your library and told stories of
+his negro minstrel days and his wild adventures in many climes, and
+did not care whether you laughed with him or at him, but would join
+you from sheer sympathy, and how we all laughed in chorus until our
+sides ached!
+
+_Howells._ Poor Keeler! He was a sort of migratory, nomadic survival;
+but he had fine qualities, and was well equipped for a sort of
+fiction. If he had lived he might have written the great American
+novel. Who knows?
+
+_Boyesen._ Was not it at Cambridge that Björnstjerne Björnson visited
+you?
+
+_Howells._ No; that was in 1881, at Belmont, where we went in order to
+be in the country, and give the children the benefit of country air.
+When I met Björnson before, we had always talked Italian; but the
+first thing he said to me at Belmont, was: "Now we will speak
+English." And when he had got into the house, he picked up a book and
+said in his abrupt way: "We do not put enough in;" meaning thereby,
+that we ignored too much of life in our fiction--excluded it out of
+regard for propriety. But when I met him, some years later, in Paris,
+he had changed his mind about that, for he detested the French
+naturalism, and could find nothing to praise in Zola.
+
+_Boyesen._ I am going to ask you one of the interviewer's stock
+questions, but you need not answer, you know: Which of your books do
+you regard as the greatest?
+
+_Howells._ I have always taken the most satisfaction in "A Modern
+Instance." I have there come closest to American life as I know it.
+
+_Boyesen._ But in "Silas Lapham" it seems to me that you have got a
+still firmer grip on American reality.
+
+_Howells._ Perhaps. Still I prefer "A Modern Instance." "Silas Lapham"
+is the most successful novel I have published, except "A Hazard of New
+Fortunes," which has sold nearly twice as many copies as any of the
+rest.
+
+_Boyesen._ What do you attribute that to?
+
+_Howells._ Possibly to the fact that the scene is laid in New York;
+the public throughout the country is far more interested in New York
+than in Boston. New York, as Lowell once said, is a huge pudding, and
+every town and village has been helped to a slice, or wants to be.
+
+_Boyesen._ I rejoice that New York has found such a subtly appreciative
+and faithful chronicler as you show yourself to be in "A Hazard of New
+Fortunes." To the equipment of a great city--a world-city as the Germans
+say--belongs a great novelist; that is to say, at least one. And even
+though your modesty may rebel, I shall persist in regarding you
+henceforth as _the_ novelist _par excellence_ of New York.
+
+_Howells._ Ah, you don't expect me to live up to _that_ bit of taffy!
+
+
+
+
+PARABLES OF A PROVINCE.--I.
+
+THE NYMPH OF THE EDDY.
+
+BY GILBERT PARKER.
+
+
+It lay in the sharp angle of a wooded shore near Pontiac. When the
+river was high it had all the temper of a maelstrom, but in the hot
+summer, when the logs had ceased to run, and the river wallowed idly
+away to the rapids, it was like a molten mirror which, with the
+regularity of a pulse, resolved itself into a funnel, as though
+somewhere beneath there was a blowhole. It had a look of hunger. Even
+the children noticed that, and they fed it with many things. What it
+passed into its rumbling bowels you never saw again. You threw a stick
+upon the shivering surface, and you saw it travel, first slowly, then
+very swiftly, round and round the sides, till the throat of the eddy
+seemed to open suddenly, and it ran straight down into darkness, and
+presently the funnel filled up again. It was shadowed by a huge cedar
+tree. If you came suddenly into the thicket above it, you were stilled
+with wonder. The place was different from all others on the river. It
+looked damp, it was so strangely green; the grass and trees showed so
+juicy; you fancied you could slice the fallen logs through with a
+penknife. Every sound there carried with a peculiar distinctness, yet
+the air was almost painfully still. Through the stillness there ran
+ever a sound, metallic, monotonous, pleasant--a clean cling-clung,
+cling-clung. It never varied, was the river high or low. If you lay
+down in the mossy grass you were lulled by that sing-song vibration,
+behind which you heard the low sucking breath of the eddy. The two
+sounds belonged to each other, and had a peculiar sympathy of tone.
+The birds never sang in the place, not because it was gloomy, maybe,
+but as though not to break in upon other rights.
+
+There was nothing mysterious about that unceasing cling-clung, it was
+merely the ram of a force-pump. If you followed the pipe that led from
+the ram up the hill, you came to a large white house.
+
+Many a summer day, and especially of a morning, a young girl came
+dancing down to the eddy, to sit beside it. She and it were very good
+friends; she used to tell it her secrets, and she made up a little
+song about it--a simple, almost foolish little song such as a clever
+young girl can write--Laure had been to the convent in Montreal, so
+she was not a common village maid.
+
+  "Green, so green, is the cedar tree,
+    And green is the moss that's under;
+  Can you hear the things that he says to me?
+    Do you like them? O Eddy, I wonder."
+
+It was very foolish. But she had such a soft, thrilling voice that you
+would have thought it beautiful. She was young--about sixteen--and her
+hair was so light that it fell about her like spray. But suddenly she
+ceased to be quite happy.
+
+Armand, the avocat's clerk, was a Protestant, and she had been meeting
+him at the eddy secretly. What did she care about the Catechism, or
+the _curé_, or an unblessed marriage, if Armand blessed her? She was
+afraid of nothing; she would dare anything while she was certain of
+him. But the _curé_ discovered something--she ceased to go to
+confession, and, though he was a kind man, he had his duty to do.
+
+There was trouble, and the ways of Laure's people were devious and
+hard. It was said that she must go to the convent again, and they kept
+her prisoner in the house. One day they brought her a letter which,
+they said, was from Armand. It told her that he was going away, and
+that he had given her up. She had never seen his writing--they had
+trusted nothing to the village post-office--and she believed that the
+letter was from him. She had wept so much that tears were all done;
+her eyes only ached now. At first she thought that she would get away
+and go to him, and beg him not to give her up--what does a child know
+of pride all at once? But the pride came to her a little later, and
+she tried to think what she must do. While her thoughts went waving
+to and fro, and she could make nothing of them, she heard all the time
+the long, sighing breath of the eddy and the cling-clung of the
+force-pump. She never slept, and after a time it grew in her mind that
+she never would sleep till she went down to the cedar tree and the
+eddy; they seemed always calling her. She had said her Ave Marias over
+and over again, but they seemed to do her no good. Nothing could quiet
+her, not even the music of the twelfth mass, played on the little reed
+organ by the organist of St. Savior's, when they took her to church
+against her will--a passive rebel. The next day she was to go to the
+convent again.
+
+That night she stole from the house into the light of the soft harvest
+moon, and ran down through the garden, over the road, and into the
+cedar thicket. She did not hear behind her the footsteps of a man who,
+night after night, had watched the house, hoping that she would come
+out. She hastened to the cedar tree, and looked down into the eddy.
+From far up the river there came the plaintive cry of a loon; but she
+heard no other sound in the night, save this and the cling-clung of
+the ram muffled by fallen branches, and the loud-breathing eddy which
+invited--until an arm ran round her waist and held her fast.
+
+A minute later he said: "You will come, then? And we shall be man and
+wife very quick."
+
+"Wait a minute," she said, and she picked up handfuls of leaves and
+dropped them softly into the funnel of water.
+
+"What's that for?" he asked.
+
+"I am a cock-robin," she said with her old gayety. "There's a girl
+drowned there. Yes, but it's true. She was a good Catholic and
+unhappy. I'm a heretic now, and happy."
+
+But she said her Ave Marias again just the same; being happy, they did
+her more good. And she says that the eddy is spiteful to her now. It
+had counted on a different end to her wooing.
+
+
+
+
+HUMAN DOCUMENTS.
+
+AN INTRODUCTION BY SARAH ORNE JEWETT.
+
+
+To give to the world a collection of the successive portraits of a man
+is to tell his affairs openly, and so betray intimate personalities.
+We are often found quarrelling with the tone of the public press,
+because it yields to what is called the public demand to be told both
+the private affairs of noteworthy persons and the trivial details and
+circumstances of those who are insignificant. Some one has said that a
+sincere man willingly answers any questions, however personal, that
+are asked out of interest, but instantly resents those that have their
+impulse in curiosity; and that one's instinct always detects the
+difference. This I take to be a wise rule of conduct; but beyond lies
+the wider subject of our right to possess ourselves of personal
+information, although we have a vague remembrance, even in these days,
+of the belief of old-fashioned and decorous people, that subjects, not
+persons, are fitting material for conversation.
+
+But there is an honest interest, which is as noble a thing as
+curiosity is contemptible; and it is in recognition of this, that
+Lowell writes in the largest way in his "Essay on Rousseau and the
+Sentimentalists."
+
+"Yet our love of minute biographical details," he says, "our desire to
+make ourselves spies upon the men of the past, seems so much of an
+instinct in us, that we must look for the spring of it in human
+nature, and that somewhat deeper than mere curiosity or love of
+gossip." And more emphatically in another paragraph: "The moment he
+undertakes to establish ... a rule of conduct, we ask at once how far
+are his own life and deed in accordance with what he preaches?"
+
+This I believe to be at the bottom of even our insatiate modern
+eagerness to know the best and the worst of our contemporaries; it is
+simply to find out how far their behavior squares with their words and
+position. We seldom stop to get the best point of view, either in
+friendly talk or in a sober effort, to notice the growth of character,
+or, in the widest way, to comprehend the traits and influence of a man
+whose life in any way affects our own.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Now and then, in an old picture gallery, one comes upon the grouped
+portraits of a great soldier, or man of letters, or some fine lady
+whose character still lifts itself into view above the dead level of
+feminine conformity which prevailed in her time. The blurred pastel,
+the cracked and dingy canvas, the delicate brightness of a miniature
+which bears touching signs of wear--from these we piece together a
+whole life's history. Here are the impersonal baby face; the
+domineering glance of the school-boy, lord of his dog and gun; the
+wan-visaged student who was just beginning to confront the serried
+ranks of those successes which conspired to hinder him from his duty
+and the fulfilment of his dreams; here is the mature man, with grave
+reticence of look and a proud sense of achievement; and at last the
+older and vaguer face, blurred and pitifully conscious of fast waning
+powers. As they hang in a row they seem to bear mute witness to all
+the successes and failures of a life.
+
+This very day, perhaps, you chanced to open a drawer and take in your
+hand, for amusement's sake, some old family daguerreotypes. It is easy
+enough to laugh at the stiff positions and droll costumes; but
+suddenly you find an old likeness of yourself, and walk away with it,
+self-consciously, to the window, with a pretence of seeking a better
+light on the quick-reflecting, faintly impressed plate. Your earlier,
+half-forgotten self confronts you seriously; the youth whose hopes
+you have disappointed, or whose dreams you have turned into
+realities. You search the young face; perhaps you even look deep into
+the eyes of your own babyhood to discover your dawning consciousness;
+to answer back to yourself, as it were, from the known and discovered
+countries of that baby's future. There is a fascination in reading
+character backwards. You may or may not be able easily to revive early
+thoughts and impressions, but with an early portrait in your hand they
+do revive again in spite of you; they seem to be living in the
+pictured face to applaud or condemn you. In these old pictures exist
+our former selves. They wear a mystical expression. They are still
+ourselves, but with unfathomable eyes staring back to us out of the
+strange remoteness of our outgrown youth.
+
+  "Surely I have known before
+    Phantoms of the shapes ye be--
+  Haunters of another shore
+    'Leaguered by another sea."
+
+It is somehow far simpler and less startling to examine a series of
+portraits of some other face and figure than one's own. Perhaps it is
+most interesting to take those of some person whom the whole world
+knows, and whose traits and experiences are somewhat comprehended. You
+say to yourself, "This was Nelson before ever he fought one of his
+great sea battles; this was Washington, with only the faintest trace
+of his soldiering and the leisurely undemanding aspect of a country
+gentleman!" _Human Documents_--the phrase is Daudet's, and tells its
+own story, with no need of additional attempts of suggestiveness.
+
+It would seem to be such an inevitable subject for sermon writing,
+that no one need be unfamiliar with warnings, lest our weakness and
+wickedness leave traces upon the countenance--awful, ineffaceable
+hieroglyphics, that belong to the one universal primitive language of
+mankind. Who cannot read faces? The merest savage, who comprehends no
+written language, glances at you to know if he may expect friendliness
+or enmity, with a quicker intelligence than your own.
+
+The lines that are written slowly and certainly by the pen of
+character, the deep mark that sorrow once left, or the light
+sign-manual of an unfading joy, there they are and will remain; it is
+at length the aspect of the spiritual body itself, and belongs to the
+unfolding and existence of life. We have never formulated a science
+like palmistry on the larger scale that this character-reading from
+the face would need; but to say that we make our own faces, and,
+having made them, have made pieces of immortality, is to say what
+seems trite enough. A child turns with quick impatience and
+incredulity from the dull admonitions of his teachers, about goodness
+and good looks. To say, "Be good and you will be beautiful," is like
+giving him a stone for a lantern. Beauty seems an accident rather than
+an achievement, and a cause instead of an effect; but when childhood
+has passed, one of the things we are sure to have learned, is to read
+the sign-language of faces, and to take the messages they bring.
+Recognition of these things is sure to come to us more and more by
+living; there is no such thing as turning our faces into unbetraying
+masks. A series of portraits is a veritable Human Document, and the
+merest glance may discover the progress of the man, the dwindled or
+developed personality, the history of a character.
+
+These sentences are written merely as suggestions, and from the point
+of view of morals; there is also the point of view of heredity, and
+the curious resemblance between those who belong to certain
+professions. Just what it is that makes us almost certain to recognize
+a doctor or a priest at first glance is too subtle a question for
+discussion here. Some one has said that we usually arrive, in time, at
+the opposite extreme to those preferences and opinions which we hold
+in early life. The man who breaks away from conventionalities, ends by
+returning to them, or out of narrow prejudices and restrictions grows
+towards a late and serene liberty. These changes show themselves in
+the face with amazing clearness, and it would seem also, that even
+individuality sways us only for a time; that if we live far into the
+autumnal period of life we lose much of our individuality of looks,
+and become more emphatically members of the family from which we
+spring. A man like Charles the First was already less himself than he
+was a Stuart; we should not fail in instances of this sort, nor seek
+far afield. The return to the type compels us steadily; at last it has
+its way. Very old persons, and those who are dangerously ill, are
+often noticed to be curiously like their nearest of kin, and to have
+almost visibly ceased to be themselves.
+
+All time has been getting our lives ready to be lived, to be shaped
+as far as may be by our own wills, and furthered by that conscious
+freedom that gives us to be ourselves. You may read all these in any
+Human Document--the look of race, the look of family, the look that
+is set like a seal by a man's occupation, the look of the spirit's
+free or hindered life, and success or failure in the pursuit of
+goodness--they are all plain to see. If we could read one human face
+aright, the history not only of the man, but of humanity itself, is
+written there.
+
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES TO ACCOMPANY THE "HUMAN DOCUMENTS" GIVEN IN THIS
+NUMBER.
+
+GENERAL LEW WALLACE was born in Brookville, Indiana, in 1827. After
+receiving a common school education, he studied law. He distinguished
+himself in the Civil War, and was made a brigadier-general. After the
+war he practised law in Crawfordsville, Indiana. A few years later he
+was for a time Governor of New Mexico. From 1878-81 he was Governor of
+Utah, and from 1881-85 Minister to Turkey. His first book, "A Fair
+God," appeared in 1877. "Ben Hur," published in 1880, has reached a
+sale of several hundred thousand copies. General Wallace's home is in
+Crawfordsville, Indiana.
+
+WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS was born in Martin's Ferry, Ohio, March 11, 1837.
+His father was the editor of a country newspaper, and young Howells
+learned the printer's trade. He began to write at an early age. At
+nineteen he was Columbus correspondent of the "Cincinnati Gazette,"
+and at twenty-two, news editor of the "Ohio State Journal." A campaign
+"Life of Lincoln," gained him the consulship at Venice, where he
+seriously devoted his leisure hours to literature. "Venetian Life"
+gave him reputation. On his return to America in 1865, he wrote for
+newspapers and magazines. In 1866 Mr. Howells joined the editorial
+staff of "The Atlantic." In 1872 he became the editor. About this time
+the success of "Their Wedding Journey" determined his career as a
+novelist.
+
+HJALMAR HJORTH BOYESEN was born at Frederiksværn, Norway, September
+23, 1848. When twenty-one years of age he came to the United States.
+In 1874 he was appointed professor of German at Cornell University,
+and is now professor of Germanic languages and literature at Columbia
+College, New York. It was in the early seventies that Professor
+Boyesen's name began to appear in the magazines. In 1873 he published
+his first long romance, "Gunnar," and other novels followed, well
+known to the reading world.
+
+ALPHONSE DAUDET was born at Nîmes, May 13, 1840. His early life was
+full of hardship and deprivation. In 1857 he arrived in Paris, with
+some manuscript poems and no money. He almost starved, but kept on
+writing and hoping. His volume of verse, "Les Amoureuses" (1858),
+attracted some attention. He persisted, took to writing novels, and
+achieved greatness. The story of his life and struggles, as told by
+himself, will be given in an early number of MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+
+GENERAL LEW WALLACE.
+
+_Born in Brookville, Indiana, April 10, 1827._
+
+[Illustration: AGE 35. 1862. MAJOR-GENERAL OF VOLUNTEERS.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 40. 1867. GOVERNOR OF NEW MEXICO.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 50. 1877. GOVERNOR OF UTAH.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 66. GENERAL WALLACE AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+
+WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS.
+
+[Illustration: AGE 18. 1855. RESIDENCE, JEFFERSON, OHIO.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 23. 1860. NEWS EDITOR OF "OHIO STATE JOURNAL."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 28. MAY, 1865. VENICE, "VENETIAN LIFE."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 25. 1862. CONSUL AT VENICE.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 32. 1869. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. "SUBURBAN SKETCHES."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 41. 1878. BELMONT, MASS. "THE LADY OF THE AROOSTOOK."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 47. 1884. BOSTON, MASS. "THE RISE OF SILAS LAPHAM."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 50. 1887. BOSTON. "APRIL HOPES."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 53. 1890. BOSTON. "THE SHADOW OF A DREAM."]
+
+
+HJALMAR HJORTH BOYESEN.
+
+_Born September 23, 1847, Frederiksværn, Norway._
+
+[Illustration: AGE 17. 1865. STUDENT, CHRISTIANIA, NORWAY.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 19. 1867. STUDENT, UNIVERSITY OF CHRISTIANIA.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 22. 1869. CHICAGO. EDITOR OF "FREMAD."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 28. 1875. PROFESSOR OF GERMAN AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY,
+ITHACA, NEW YORK. "TALES OF TWO HEMISPHERES."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 35. 1882. PROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES, COLUMBIA
+COLLEGE, NEW YORK CITY. "DAUGHTER OF THE PHILISTINES."]
+
+[Illustration: 1893. THE AUTHOR OF "SOCIAL STRUGGLERS."]
+
+
+ALPHONSE DAUDET.
+
+[Illustration: AGE 21, PARIS, 1861. "LETTERS FROM MY MILL."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 30, PARIS, 1870.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 35, PARIS, 1875. "FROMONT JEUNE ET RISLER AINÉ."]
+
+[Illustration: DAUDET AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+
+
+
+WILD ANIMALS.--I
+
+HOW THEY ARE CAPTURED, TRANSPORTED, TRAINED, AND SOLD.
+
+BY RAYMOND BLATHWAYT.
+
+
+The greatest wild animal trader in the world is Karl Hagenbeck of
+Hamburg. To hear, therefore, how he captures and transports the brutes
+that compose his stock in trade, how he trains them, and some of the
+peculiarly strange adventures which have befallen him in dealing with
+them, cannot fail to be of interest. A few days ago I went to his
+Hamburg menagerie, where, on opening a door, I found myself in a great
+shed full of caged wild beasts. As visitors, except those on business,
+are not allowed within those notable precincts, my unexpected
+appearance excited the cages' occupants to set up a grand concerto of
+roars and howls. Awestruck at the sight and sounds, I stood dazed
+until suddenly recalled to myself by a Nubian lion, who laid hold of
+my cloak-flaps with unsheathed claws. At once I leaped forward, while
+the beast retired snarling to the farthest corner of its cage, where
+in the dark shadows its eyes glared like two living coals. At this
+moment Mr. Hagenbeck came forward and gave me a hearty welcome,
+coupled with a word of warning against venturing too near the cages.
+He is a tall man, singularly pleasant looking, with keen eyes and a
+decisive manner. Later we sat in his office, and there I heard many
+incidents of the interesting life which he has led for so many years.
+
+"My father," said he, "who started in life as a fish dealer in this
+very town, never dreamed that he would one day be the founder of the
+greatest menagerie in the world. But it chanced that, in the year
+1848, some fishermen, who usually traded with him, brought him some
+seals which they had caught in their sturgeon nets. They were fine
+animals, and he could not help being delighted with them, and
+straightway resolved to take them to Berlin. There he opened a small
+exhibition in Kroll's Gardens, charging an admission fee. But there
+came a revolution; business was at a standstill, and he was glad
+enough to get rid of the seals for a small sum of money, and to return
+to his fish-dealer's shop in Hamburg. But he was bitten with the
+wild-beast fever; live animals had more attractions for him than dead
+fish, and so he told the fishermen that he would always be ready to
+buy any queer animals they might choose to bring him. A short time
+after that a sailor from a whaling vessel brought him a polar bear;
+this he exhibited here in Hamburg. It was a great novelty, and the
+people flocked in crowds to see it. From that time forward, sailors
+from all parts of the world would bring him animals for sale--monkeys,
+parrots, deer, snakes, and so on; once a young lion. Gradually he got
+together quite a small menagerie, but I am bound to say that at first
+there was not much profit in the business. When I left school in 1859,
+at the age of fifteen, father asked me which of his two callings I
+would rather choose as mine. Of course, being a boy, I chose the wild
+beasts. He gave me a hundred and fifty pounds to spend as best I could
+in buying animals. Fortune favored me from the start. I made some
+capital bargains, increased the business rapidly, and in 1866 father
+handed the whole business over to me."
+
+
+HAGENBECK AND BARNUM.
+
+At this moment my eye fell upon a large photograph of the celebrated
+Mr. P. T. Barnum, which hung upon the wall. Mr. Hagenbeck, noting the
+direction of my gaze, said: "I suppose you know who that is?"
+
+I replied, "Why, it's P. T. Barnum."
+
+"Exactly," said he. "I was walking about the menagerie one day in
+1872, when Mr. Barnum was announced. He said: 'I've just come to have
+a look round. I've got an hour or two to spare, and I thought I might
+as well spend it here as anywhere else.' Well, sir," continued Mr.
+Hagenbeck, smiling at the recollection of his first momentous
+interview with the great showman, "he stayed fourteen days, and he
+filled two big note-books before he left me. He was delighted with all
+he saw, and still more so with all I told him. I spoke about ostrich
+riding, suggested that it would be a splendid thing if he got up a
+regular wild-beast hunt in his hippodrome. He was immensely taken with
+the idea, and wanted me to join him as partner, but this I was not
+able to do. For many years I supplied him with his animals."
+
+"Why," I said, "Mr. Hagenbeck, that opened up quite a new field."
+
+"Exactly," he replied. "The training of wild animals is now one of
+the most important parts of my business. I also undertake the
+establishment of menageries all over the world. I supply people with
+their buildings, with their animals, with their keepers, with their
+trainers. Take, for instance, the Zoölogical Gardens at Cincinnati. I
+filled them from top to bottom. I recently made one in Rio Janeiro."
+
+
+THE PRICES OF WILD ANIMALS.
+
+"And can you tell me anything about the prices of wild animals, Mr.
+Hagenbeck?" said I.
+
+"Well," he replied, "prices differ from time to time, according to the
+fashion; for I can assure you that there is as much fashion in wild
+animals as there is in ladies' dresses. Prices are also rising and
+falling, according as the market supply is high or low. I can remember
+that once I sold in one day a cargo of African beasts for thirty
+thousand dollars. A full grown hippopotamus is now worth £1,000. A
+two-horned rhinoceros, which was worth £600 in 1883, cannot now be
+obtained at any price. An Indian tapir costs £500, an American tapir
+£150. Elephants vary according to size and training, from £250 to
+£500. A good forest-bred lion, full grown, will fetch from £150 to
+£200, according to species. Tigers run from £100 to £150, according to
+their variety. Do you know," he continued, "that there are five
+varieties of royal tigers? And, besides them, there are the tigers
+which come from Java, Sumatra, Penang, and even from the wastes of
+Siberia, Snakes are very much down in the market at present. Those
+which formerly fetched £5 or £10, you can now get for £2. Very large
+ones sometimes run up to £50. Leopards £30. Black panthers £40 to £60.
+Striped and spotted panthers £25. Jaguars run from £30 to £100. A good
+polar bear will fetch from £30 to £40. Brown bears from £6 to 10£.
+Black American bears from £10 to £20. A sloth from Thibet £25 to £30.
+Monkeys run from six shillings apiece. They are most expensive in the
+spring, when they will sometimes fetch as much as £1 6_s_. Giraffes
+are altogether out of the market," continued Mr. Hagenbeck with a
+sigh, "for there are none now to be obtained. I have sold one as low
+as £60, whilst the last one which I sold, four years ago, to the
+Brazils, I was paid upwards of £1,100 for.
+
+"And now you might just have a look round at some of the animals.
+Here," said he, as we stood before a cage of very charming monkeys,
+"are some very clever little animals. They can ride horses in a
+circus, they jump through hoops; in fact, they are trained exactly
+like human beings, and can do almost everything but talk. I have
+just sent people to Abyssinia to fetch me some big silver-gray
+lion-monkeys, sometimes called hamadryads. I said just now,"
+continued Mr. Hagenbeck, with a laugh, "that monkeys can't talk; and
+yet I must believe in Professor Garner, for you give me any monkey,
+you like to name, and I'll guarantee I'll make it talk. But you can
+only do it by imitating them closely. Take, for instance, that
+chimpanzee over there," continued the clever trainer, pointing to a
+little animal fast asleep on a crossbar. "Now listen," he went on,
+making a peculiar noise with his lips. At once the animal woke up,
+jabbered a reply in chimpanzee, flew to the bars of the cage, put his
+tiny paw out ready for the nuts which he knew were forthcoming.
+"There," said Mr. Hagenbeck, "don't tell me monkeys can't talk."
+
+A little farther on we came across a tiny baby elephant, two feet nine
+inches in height. It was as black as coal, and had just arrived from
+Singapore. It was very playful, but when I began pushing it about, as
+one might roll a big beer barrel, it indulged in a fretful growling,
+which much amused us. Seven beautiful elephants stood in one big
+stable together, and as I admired their huge proportions and wondered
+at their entire gentleness, I said to Mr. Hagenbeck, "Is it true, as
+the great English circus proprietor George Sanger told me last summer,
+that the Asiatic elephant is far more intelligent than its African
+brother?"
+
+"Certainly not," replied Mr. Hagenbeck. "The African elephants are
+just as clever, just as gentle, just as intelligent as the Asiatic
+elephants. There's no difference between them; and I ought to know,
+for I have had to do with them for thirty years, and in only one year
+I have imported as many as seventy-six of them."
+
+
+HOW WILD BEASTS ARE CAPTURED.
+
+Karl Hagenbeck and I stood in his beautiful gardens, beside the
+enclosure in which the lions and tigers spend the long, hot summer
+days so frequent in Hamburg. Most artistically this enclosure has been
+made to resemble an African desert. In the foreground there are bushes
+and a few small palm trees, whilst in the far-off distance there rise,
+towering to a blue tropical sky, grim mountains and sun-stricken
+rocks. There is thus conveyed to the mind an impression of the great
+Nubian deserts--an impression whose force and reality is strengthened
+by the appearance of the wild beasts themselves, basking in the heat
+of the sun, or restlessly prowling about the enclosure.
+
+"I should very much like to hear, Mr. Hagenbeck," said I, "everything
+you can tell me of the way in which your wild beasts are captured."
+
+"Well," he replied, "I will tell you as much as I can. Let us begin
+with the animals from the deserts of Nubia, for I have hunting parties
+all over the world. I send out a special messenger, who goes provided
+with a lot of silver coin. Nubians know my courier, who goes on ahead
+of this special messenger. When the courier reaches Suakim, it is
+announced that my messenger is coming, and a great _fête_ is
+proclaimed. Guns are fired off, tom-toms are beaten, and for at least
+two days before he arrives there are the greatest rejoicings. Then the
+people go out to meet him, and conduct him with great state to a place
+on the borders of the desert where they have built a zereba. My
+messenger then gives advance money to the hunters, who go into
+Abyssinia to buy horses for the great hunt. As soon as the whole party
+is collected, business begins. They are armed with assegais and long
+hunting-swords like the old German swords. They are as broad as your
+hand, sharp at both ends, and two handled. Men upon fast horses hunt
+up the animals. Large animals, such as elephants and rhinoceroses,
+with sucklings, are the best game. The hunters, forming a circle,
+follow them. Having caught a rhinoceros with its young one, a man
+jumps down from his horse and cuts the old beast in a vein, whilst
+some of the other men chase another animal in front to distract
+attention. Then the black fellow lets go the big rhinoceros, catches
+the little one, ties its legs, and after it has calmed down brings it
+to my collector, who is waiting for him in the zereba. The old one is
+killed, skinned, and eaten. The natives make their best shields from
+the hide. Elephants and giraffes are hunted in the same manner. I
+have been describing to you chiefly the old method of hunting animals
+in Nubia. Of late years they generally use guns. The young animals are
+always brought up with goat's milk."
+
+At this moment we were passing a large cage full of the finest lions I
+had ever seen. As soon as they caught sight of Mr. Hagenbeck, they
+began to purr loudly, and when he spoke, came up to the bars of the
+cage to be stroked and petted.
+
+"There," said my host, "these are some very beautiful lions from
+Nubia. You can see that they are in perfect condition, and this is
+chiefly owing to the fact that they are being trained for their
+performances. There is nothing that keeps them in good health so much
+as constant exercise; that, I think," added Mr. Hagenbeck, with a
+laugh, "is a very good argument in favor of training wild beasts, and
+goes a long way to prove that there really is very little cruelty in
+it. Now, I'll tell you how lions are caught in the Nubian desert. The
+Kauri negroes, when my messenger arrives, form parties to go in search
+of young lions. When they discover the spoor of a lioness, they creep
+about the bush until they find the animal's lair. It is usually one
+man alone who does this, and he has only a bundle of assegais under
+his left arm. Before the lioness can spring upon him, she has these
+spears in her body. Look at this skin," continued Mr. Hagenbeck,
+pointing to a magnificent tawny skin hanging up in the hall. "There,"
+said he, "that skin has no less than twenty-four holes in it. The poor
+mother made a brave fight for her young ones. Well," continued Mr.
+Hagenbeck, "when the old lioness is killed he takes the young ones to
+the zereba. The little lions are suckled by goats three times a day,
+and get quite fond of their foster-mothers.
+
+"Leopards and hyenas are caught in Nubia in traps which are made out
+of wood or cut out of stone in the mountains. These traps are baited
+with meat, and catch the big cats precisely as a mouse-trap catches a
+mouse. Once trapped, the hunters can tie the creature's legs, and bear
+it in triumph to the zereba."
+
+"And how are the Asiatic animals caught?" I asked Mr. Hagenbeck.
+
+"Well," he replied, "very much the same method is pursued there that
+we adopt in Africa. For instance, in Borneo and Java, animals are
+caught in trapfalls and pitfalls, and some in huge mouse-traps. In
+these we often catch full-grown tigers, black panthers, and leopards.
+In the pitfalls we find two horned rhinoceroses and saddlebacked
+tapirs. The animals, running through the forest, run over these
+pitfalls and drop in. The greater part of these unfortunately die
+directly after they are caught; some kill themselves in their
+excitement, others won't feed, and so pine away. A rhinoceros or a
+tapir dies because it is often hurt internally, although we frequently
+do not discover that they have been hurt until they have been with us
+for one or two months. I can remember that I once imported seven big
+rhinoceroses, and I sold only one of them, as the other six died.
+Bengal tigers are caught young, brought up by the natives in much the
+same way as the young lions in Africa, on milk and fowls. Most of
+these come by way of Calcutta."
+
+Standing in front of a great glass cage full of snakes, I said to Mr.
+Hagenbeck: "Now, how do you manage to get hold of these reptiles? They
+must be very dangerous."
+
+"Ah!" he replied, with a thoughtful look, "I'll tell you later on one
+or two stories of dreadful adventures that I myself have had with
+snakes. In the meantime this is the way they are caught in India. In
+the dry season the jungle is set on fire. As the snakes run out in all
+directions, they are caught by the natives with long sticks having a
+hoop at the end, to which is attached a big bag, a sort of exaggerated
+butterfly net. After that the reptiles are packed in sacks made of
+matting, which are fastened to long bamboos, and carried to Calcutta
+on the shoulders of the natives. When Calcutta is reached, they are
+packed in big boxes, from twelve to sixteen in a box, that is when
+they are only eight or ten feet long; big snakes, from fourteen to
+sixteen feet in length, are only packed from two to three in a box.
+They are then sent direct to Europe without food or water on the
+journey, for they require neither. The principal thing is to keep them
+warm. Cold gives them mouth disease, which is certain death. I
+remember once," continued Mr. Hagenbeck, "that I had one hundred and
+sixty-two snakes reach London in perfect condition; a violent
+snow-storm then came on, and when the boxes were opened in Hamburg
+every snake was dead.
+
+"The majority of my Asiatic elephants come from Ceylon, although a few
+of them are exported from Burma. I remember one year there was a great
+demand in the American market for Asiatic elephants; Barnum and
+Forepaugh each wanted twelve. I couldn't get enough from Burma, so
+sent direct to Ceylon, and got no less than sixty-seven elephants, all
+of which I disposed of in the next twelve months. Most of these were
+caught by noosing. This is done by Afghans who take out a license from
+the Ceylon Government. They go out with dogs, find a herd, follow it
+up, and drive the elephants into different flights; they then give
+their attention to the younger elephants. Each man has a long raw-hide
+rope with a noose in the end of it. He chases an elephant, throws the
+noose round its hind legs, and follows it until a tree is reached,
+round which the line is fastened. When the elephant drops down in
+despair, the rope is fastened round its other legs, and it is left for
+several days until calmed down; it is then taken and easily tamed. I
+can well remember," said Mr. Hagenbeck, "how interested Prince
+Bismarck was when I told all about the capture of my elephants.
+
+"I was sitting in my room one day, when a servant came in and told me
+that he believed that Prince Bismarck was in the menagerie. I went
+out, and as soon as I saw his tall, erect figure and white moustache,
+I knew it was the great man himself. I never came across so
+intelligent a man, or one who asked so many questions. I should think
+he must be something like your Gladstone."
+
+"And how did you first start buying animals on such a big scale, Mr.
+Hagenbeck?" said I.
+
+"Well," he replied, "it was in this way. In 1863 the first big lot of
+animals that ever appeared in Europe at one time were brought over by
+an Italian named Casanova. He couldn't sell them, and we had not the
+money to buy them, so they were sold to a menagerie at Kreutzburg,
+then the biggest in Germany. Next year Casanova came over with a few
+from Egypt, which I bought for the Dresden Zoo. This was the
+beginning of the African business. I then gave Casanova a big order,
+and arranged that he should bring over elephants, giraffes, and young
+lions at a fixed price. It's always cheaper," added Mr. Hagenbeck,
+with a laugh, "to get your dinner at the _table d'hôte_ than by the
+card, and I thought it would be cheaper and better to get all these
+animals in one lot. Well, in 1866 he returned with a large cargo, in
+which there were seven African elephants. At that time an African
+elephant was a great novelty, both in Europe and in America. I sold
+these elephants to America, where they excited great interest, as they
+were the first African elephants that had ever been seen in that
+country." As we were going back to Mr. Hagenbeck's office he pointed
+out to me some very beautiful zebu bulls which he was going to send
+out to South America to be used for agricultural and breeding
+purposes. "There," said he, "you can see those animals nowhere else in
+Europe except in my place. I got them from Central India; I have been
+after them for ten years, and succeeded in getting them only two years
+ago." Just then we passed a slaughter-yard, where a couple of horses
+were being cut up for the carnivorous animals.
+
+"It must be a very difficult matter," said I, "to know how to feed all
+these animals properly."
+
+"I should think it was," he replied. "Animals are most dainty and
+delicate as regards their food. Now, for instance, those lions and
+tigers which were exhibiting at the Crystal Palace last year were fed
+on such bad food that they were quite ill when they came back here.
+Besides, a number of young animals were seized with what appeared to
+be cholera. I lost three thousand pounds' worth of them in three
+weeks. It is a very anxious business, indeed, I can tell you."
+
+
+  NOTE.--In the July number will be published an article on "The
+  Training of Wild Animals," which includes a description of a
+  special performance given by Mr. Hagenbeck, at which Mr.
+  Blathwayt, the writer of the articles, was the only spectator.
+
+
+
+
+UNDER SENTENCE OF THE LAW.
+
+THE STORY OF A DOG.
+
+BY MRS. ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON.
+
+
+By mandate of law, Rick wore a muzzle, not often on his nose, but
+generally hanging under his chin. It was not because his present
+character was a vicious one that Rick was thus distinguished, but
+owing to an awkward circumstance in early life. For Rick had been
+tried in a court of law for the crime of murder, convicted, and
+sentenced to death. I believe Canton Grison is the only province in
+Switzerland where the law enforcing capital punishment has not been
+repealed; and in Canton Grison it applies to beasts as well as men.
+
+Rick first appeared, a starveling puppy with a large frame and weak,
+shambling legs, before the windows of a charitable Scotswoman, who was
+a lover of dogs and a person of sensibility. Rick, whatever his
+intellectual shortcomings, was a shrewd judge of human nature, and
+knew where to find a sure welcome. Naturally he soon discovered the
+hour for meals, and seldom failed to be on hand in good season. Once
+he found the glass door shut through which he was accustomed to enter.
+Spectators on the other side saw his discomfiture, but, before they
+could reach the door, Master Rick had lifted the latch and was walking
+triumphantly in. A later friend of his declared that, when he asked,
+"What has become of that enormous dish of meat?" Rick tipped him an
+arch wink and touched his corpulent stomach with a hind paw. Another
+instance of his supposed intelligence was his habit of accompanying
+intending customers to the confectioner's shop, where he gorged
+himself at their expense. This indulgence in sweets, and his visits to
+adjacent villages, where he dined at the hotels _à la carte_, his
+bills to be sent to the Belvedere, induced early obesity, which was
+particularly observable in his great tail. I always thought the
+general belief in Rick's mental capacity rested on insufficient
+grounds. I have lived too much with dogs not to know a dull fellow,
+though kindly, when I see him; but, as an individual, I loved Rick,
+and could not deny him a certain charm. The fact that one day Rick
+(who at that time belonged to a butcher) did not put in an appearance
+simultaneously with the ringing of the luncheon-bell caused the
+charitable Scotswoman misgivings. She should have known him better.
+Fortunately she happened to glance out of the window in the nick of
+time, for there was poor Rick, flat on his side, his head turned
+piteously towards the door of his friend, being dragged along the road
+at the tail of a terrible cart--the cart of a man who bought dead and
+living cats and dogs for the sake of their skins. A maid was hastily
+despatched to the rescue, and Rick was bought for the price of his
+hide. His trials were over (it was little he cared for the trial and
+sentence), for he was now adopted by the Hotel Belvedere.
+
+Here he passed several uneventful, greedy years, until the day when
+the Belvedere was startled by the appearance of the officers of the
+law with an official document--a summons for Rick. How it was served I
+cannot imagine, but Rick was cited to appear, on a given date, at the
+Rathhaus, under the appellation of Tiger Hund. Tiger Hund was a fine,
+dashing name, but hardly applicable to Rick, who had more of the
+characteristics of the sheep than of the tiger. The two leading
+hotels, the Belvedere and the Bual, were shaken to their base by the
+threatened danger to Rick. Foreign counsel was appointed to plead his
+cause; I cannot now remember whether the chosen advocate was Herr
+Coester of the Belvedere, or Mr. J. Addington Symonds of the Bual.
+One, I know, appeared for Rick at the trial; while the other, after
+conviction, got up a petition for his pardon.
+
+The eventful day arrived; the learned gentleman, honest Rick at his
+heels, took his way to the ancient Rathhaus, the gloomy aspect of
+whose exterior, with its narrow, barred, windowy and high-pitched roof
+under the eaves of which were many a row of wolves' heads now dried
+into mummies, should have thrilled with apprehension the heart of the
+least imaginative dog. But Rick, poor innocent, trotted through the
+portals as he would have trotted into the confectioner's, and curled
+himself up for a nap at the feet of his counsel.
+
+His affection for the accused, and the sympathy of the large audience
+assembled to hear his pleading, inspired the learned gentleman with
+unwonted eloquence. The only creature unconcerned was Rick, who,
+having finished his nap, thought it a fitting occasion to make a
+little excursion into the next canton.
+
+After a brilliant peroration in which he dilated on the fidelity of
+the accused, who, he asserted, never left the Hotel Belvedere except
+in company with some of the guests, Rick's advocate wound up with
+these words: "Behold at my feet the Tiger Hund!" But, alas! Rick was
+not at his feet, nor could he be found in any of his usual haunts,
+though eager searchers beat the precincts for him. And so, through
+Rick's own fault, his case was lost and his friends put to open shame.
+Sentence of death was passed in the absence of the culprit, and things
+for a time looked black for Rick. Strenuous efforts, however, were
+made to secure a pardon; and finally, after the presentation of a
+petition pleading for mercy, numerously signed by the foreign and
+native residents, the magistrate was induced to commute the sentence
+to muzzlement for life. I cannot myself believe that Rick had the
+courage to attack a sheep, even in company. I know that his first
+meeting with a donkey threw him into such fits of terror that his
+reason was despaired of for days.
+
+
+
+
+THE EDGE OF THE FUTURE.
+
+UNSOLVED PROBLEMS THAT EDISON IS STUDYING.
+
+BY E. J. EDWARDS.
+
+
+I.
+
+Thomas A. Edison, when he was congratulated upon his forty-sixth
+birthday, declared that he did not measure his life by years, but by
+achievements or by campaigns; and he then confessed that he had
+planned ahead many campaigns, and that he looks forward to no period
+of rest, believing that for him, at least, the happiest life is a life
+of work. In speaking of his campaigns Mr. Edison said: "I do not
+regard myself as a pure scientist, as so many persons have insisted
+that I am. I do not search for the laws of nature, and have made no
+great discoveries of such laws. I do not study science as Newton and
+Kepler and Faraday and Henry studied it, simply for the purpose of
+learning truth. I am only a professional inventor. My studies and
+experiments have been conducted entirely with the object of inventing
+that which will have commercial utility. I suppose I might be called a
+scientific inventor, as distinguished from a mechanical inventor,
+although really there is no distinction."
+
+When Mr. Edison was asked about his campaigns and those achievements
+by which he measured his life, he said that in the past there had been
+first the stock-ticker and the telephone, upon the latter of which he
+worked very hard. But he regarded the greatest of his achievements, in
+the early part of his career, as the invention of the phonograph.
+"That," said he, "was an invention pure and simple. No suggestion of
+it, so far as I know, had ever been made; and it was a discovery made
+by accident, while experimenting upon another invention, that led to
+the development of the phonograph.
+
+"My second campaign was that which resulted in the invention of the
+incandescent lamp. Of course, an incandescent lamp had been suggested
+before. There had been abortive attempts to make them, even before I
+knew anything about telegraphing. The work which I did was to make an
+incandescent lamp which was commercially valuable, and the courts have
+recently sustained my claim to priority of invention of this lamp. I
+worked about three years upon that. Some of the experiments were very
+delicate and very difficult; some of them needed help which was very
+costly. That so far has been, I suppose, my chief achievement. It
+certainly was the first one which made me independent, and left me
+free to begin other campaigns without the necessity of calling for
+outside capital, or of finding my invention subjected to the mysteries
+of Wall Street manipulation."
+
+The hint contained in Mr. Edison's reference to Wall Street, and the
+mysteries of financiering which prevail there, led naturally enough to
+a question as to Mr. Edison's future purpose with regard to
+capitalists, and he said:
+
+"In my future campaigns I expect myself to control absolutely such
+inventions as I make. I am now fortunate enough to have capital of my
+own, and that I shall use in these campaigns. The most important of
+the campaigns I have in mind is one in which I have now been engaged
+for several years. I have long been satisfied that it was possible to
+invent an ore-concentrator which would vastly simplify the prevailing
+methods of extracting iron from earth and rock, and which would do it
+so much cheaper than those processes as to command the market. Of
+course I refer to magnetic iron ore. Some of the New Jersey mountains
+contain practically inexhaustible stores of this magnetic ore, but it
+has been expensive to mine. I was able to secure mining options upon
+nearly all these properties, and then I began the campaign of
+developing an ore-concentrator which would make these deposits
+profitably available. This iron is unlike any other iron ore. It takes
+four tons of the ore to produce one ton of pure iron, and yet I saw,
+some years ago, that if some method of extracting this ore could be
+devised, and the mines controlled, an enormously profitable business
+would be developed, and yet a cheaper iron ore--cheaper in its first
+cost--would be put upon the market. I worked very hard upon this
+problem, and in one sense successfully, for I have been able by my
+methods to extract this magnetic ore at comparatively small cost, and
+deliver from my mills pure iron bricklets. Yet I have not been
+satisfied with the methods; and some months ago I decided to abandon
+the old methods and to undertake to do this work by an entirely new
+system. I had some ten important details to master before I could get
+a perfect machine, and I have already mastered eight of them. Only two
+remain to be solved; and when this work is complete, I shall have, I
+think, a plant and mining privileges which will outrank the
+incandescent lamp as a commercial venture, certainly so far as I am
+myself concerned. Whatever the profits are, I shall myself control
+them, as I have taken no capitalists in with me in this scheme."
+
+Mr. Edison was asked if he was willing to be more explicit respecting
+this invention, but he declined to be, further than to say: "When the
+machinery is done as I expect to develop it, it will be capable of
+handling twenty thousand tons of ore a day with two shifts of men,
+five in a shift. That is to say, ten workmen, working twenty hours a
+day in the aggregate, will be able to take this ore, crush it, reduce
+the iron to cement-like proportions, extract it from the rock and
+earth, and make it into bricklets of pure iron, and do it so cheaply
+that it will command the market for magnetic iron."
+
+Mr. Edison, in speaking of this campaign, referred to it as though it
+was practically finished; and it was evident in the conversation that
+already his mind turns to a new campaign, which he will take up as
+soon as his iron-ore concentrator is complete and its work can be left
+to competent subordinates.
+
+He was asked if he would be willing to say what he had in mind for the
+next campaign, and he replied: "Well, I think as soon as the ore
+concentrating business is developed and can take care of itself, I
+shall turn my attention to one of the greatest problems that I have
+ever thought of solving, and that is, the direct control of the energy
+which is stored up in coal, so that it may be employed without waste
+and at a very small margin of cost. Ninety per cent. of the energy
+that exists in coal is now lost in converting it into power. It goes
+off in heat through the chimneys of boiler-rooms. You perceive it when
+you step into a room where there is a furnace and boiler; it is also
+greatly wasted in the development of the latent heat which is created
+by the change from water to steam. Now that is an awful waste, and
+even a child can see that if this wastage can be saved, it will result
+in vastly cheapening the cost of everything which is manufactured by
+electric or steam power. In fact, it will vastly cheapen the cost of
+all the necessaries and luxuries of life, and I suppose the results
+would be of mightier influence upon civilization than the development
+of the steam-engine and electricity have been. It will, in fact, do
+away with steam-engines and boilers, and make the use of steam power
+as much of a tradition as the stage-coach now is.
+
+"It would enable an ocean steamship of twenty thousand horse-power to
+cross the ocean faster than any of the crack vessels now do, and
+require the burning of only two hundred and fifty tons of coal instead
+of three thousand, which are now required; so that, of course, the
+charges for freight and passenger fares would be greatly reduced. It
+would enormously lessen the cost of manufacturing and of traffic. It
+would develop the electric current directly from coal, so that the
+cost of steam-engines and boilers would be eliminated. I have thought
+of this problem very much, and I have already my theory of the
+experiments, or some of them, which may be necessary to develop this
+direct use of all the power that is stored in coal. I can only say
+now, that the coal would be put into a receptacle, the agencies then
+applied which would develop its energy and save it all, and through
+this energy electric power of any degree desired could be furnished.
+Yes, it can be done; I am sure of that. Some of the details I have
+already mastered, I think; at least, I am sure that I know the way to
+go to work to master them. I believe that I shall make this my next
+campaign. It may be years before it is finished, and it may not be a
+very long time."
+
+Mr. Edison looks farther ahead than this campaign, for he said: "I
+think it quite likely that I may try to develop a plan for marine
+signalling. I have the idea already pretty well formulated in my mind.
+I should use the well-known principle that water is a more perfect
+medium for carrying vibrations than air, and should develop
+instruments which may be carried upon sea-going vessels, by which they
+can transmit or receive, through an international code of signals,
+reports within a radius of say ten miles."
+
+Mr. Edison believes that Chicago is to become the London of America
+early in the next century, while New York will be its Liverpool, and
+he is of opinion that very likely a ship canal may connect Chicago
+with tide water, so that it will itself become a great seaport.
+
+There is a common impression that Mr. Edison is an agnostic, but he
+denies it; and he said, in closing the conversation, "I tell you that
+no person can be brought into close contact with the mysteries of
+nature, or make a study of chemistry, without being convinced that
+behind it all there is supreme intelligence. I am convinced of that,
+and I think that I could, perhaps I may some time, demonstrate the
+existence of such intelligence through the operation of these
+mysterious laws with the certainty of a demonstration in mathematics."
+
+
+
+
+AN INTERVIEW WITH PROFESSOR ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL.
+
+BY CLEVELAND MOFFETT.
+
+
+II.
+
+Professor Graham Bell is not like some pedantic wise men who talk as
+if they believed that the end of knowledge in their particular line
+had been already reached. On the contrary, this distinguished inventor
+is convinced that the discovery and inventions of the past will seem
+but trivial things when compared with those which are to come. Nor
+does he think that the day of man's greater knowledge is so very far
+distant.
+
+
+THE AIR-SHIP OF THE NEAR FUTURE.
+
+"I have not the shadow of a doubt"--these are his own words, spoken to
+me quite recently at Washington--"that the problem of aerial
+navigation will be solved within ten years. That means an entire
+revolution in the world's methods of transportation and of making war.
+I am able to speak with more authority on this subject from the fact
+of being actively associated with Professor Langley of the Smithsonian
+Institution in his researches and experiments. I am not at liberty to
+speak in detail of these experiments, but will say that the
+calculations of scientific men in regard to the amount of power
+necessary to maintain an air-ship above the earth have been strangely
+erroneous; I may say ridiculously so. According to these, Nature would
+have given the birds and insects a muscular force vastly greater and
+superior in its qualities to that bestowed upon man. That seems
+unreasonable in the first place, when one reflects that man is at the
+head of creation, and we have found practically that such is not the
+case. The power required to lift and propel an air-ship is very much
+less than has been supposed; indeed, Professor Langley concludes that
+when the air-ship has once been lifted above the earth to the proper
+height, it will be possible to maintain it there with proportionately
+no greater effort than that expended by hawks and eagles in sailing
+about with extended wings. The air strata will do the bulk of the
+lifting, if a small propelling power is provided. Of course, a greater
+power will be necessary to lift the air-ship originally, and it may be
+some time before the art of managing an air-ship is discovered; but
+the final result, I am convinced, will allow men to sail about in the
+air as easily and as safely as the birds do. I predict that we will
+see the beginning of this modern miracle by the end of the nineteenth
+century.
+
+"Of course the air-ship of the future will be constructed without any
+balloon attachment. The discovery of the balloon undoubtedly retarded
+the solution of the flying problem for over a hundred years. Ever
+since the Montgolfiers taught the world how to rise in the air by
+means of inflated gas-bags, the inventors working at the problem of
+aerial navigation have been thrown on the wrong track. Scientific men
+have been wasting their time trying to steer balloons, a thing which
+in the nature of the case is impossible to any great extent, inasmuch
+as balloons, being lighter than the resisting air, can never make
+headway against it. The fundamental principle of aerial navigation is
+that the air-ship must be heavier than the air. It is only of recent
+years that men capable of studying the problem seriously have accepted
+this as an axiom. Electricity in one form or another will undoubtedly
+be the motive power for air-ships, and every advance in electrical
+knowledge brings us one step nearer to the day when we shall fly. It
+would be perfectly possible, to-day, to direct a flying machine by
+means of pendant electric wires which would transmit the necessary
+current without increasing the load to be borne. Perhaps a feasible
+means of propelling such an air-ship would be by a kind of trolley
+system where the rod would hang down from the car to the stretched
+wire, instead of extending upward. This is an idea which I would
+recommend to inventors."
+
+It is most interesting to watch Professor Bell as he talks about the
+great inventions which he sees with prophetic eye in store for the
+world. He has the happy faculty of expressing great ideas in simple
+words, and there is nothing ponderous in his speech. He is as
+enthusiastic as a school-boy thinking of the kite he will make as big
+as a barn-door. His black eyes flash, and they seem all the blacker
+contrasted with his white hair; the words tumble out quickly, and
+those who have the good fortune to listen are carried away by the
+magnetism of this great inventor.
+
+
+SEEING BY ELECTRICITY.
+
+The mention of electricity brought up new possibilities for future
+discovery, some of them so amazing as to almost pass the bounds of
+credibility. He said:
+
+"Morse taught the world years ago to write at a distance by
+electricity; the telephone enables us to talk at a distance by
+electricity; and now scientists are agreed that there is no
+theoretical reason why the well-known principles of light should not
+be applied in the same way that the principles of sound have been
+applied in the telephone, and thus allow us to see at a distance by
+electricity. It is some ten years since the scientific papers of the
+world were greatly exercised over a report that I had filed at the
+Smithsonian Institution a sealed packet supposed to contain a method
+of doing this very thing; that is, transmit the vision of persons and
+things from one point on the earth to another. As a matter of fact,
+there was no truth in the report, but it resulted in stirring up a
+dozen scientific men of eminence to come out with statements to the
+effect that they too had discovered various methods of seeing by
+electricity. That shows what I know to be the case, that men are
+working at this great problem in many laboratories, and I firmly
+believe it will be solved one day.
+
+"Of course, while the principle of seeing by electricity at a distance
+is precisely that applied in the telephone, yet it will be very much
+more difficult to construct such an apparatus, owing to the immensely
+greater rapidity with which the vibrations of light take place when
+compared with the vibrations of sound. It is merely a question,
+however, of finding a diaphragm which will be sufficiently sensitive
+to receive these vibrations and produce the corresponding electrical
+variations."
+
+
+THOUGHT TRANSFERENCE BY ELECTRICITY.
+
+After he had spoken of this idea for some time, Professor Bell stopped
+suddenly, and, with an amused twinkle in his eyes, exclaimed: "But
+while we are talking of all this, what is to prevent some one from
+discovering a way of thinking at a distance by electricity?"
+
+Having said this, the genial professor threw himself back and laughed
+heartily at the amazement his words awakened. Was he joking?
+Apparently not, for he proceeded seriously to discuss one of the most
+astounding conceptions that ever entered an inventor's mind. Thinking
+by electricity! Imagine two persons, one thousand or ten thousand
+miles apart, placed in communication electrically, in such a way that,
+without any spoken word, without sounding-board, key, or any bodily
+movement, the one receives instantly the thoughts of the other, and
+instantly sends back his own thoughts. The wife in New York knows what
+is passing in the brain of her husband in Paris. The husband has the
+same knowledge. What boundless possibilities, to be sure, this
+arrangement offers for business men, lovers, humorous writers, and the
+police authorities!
+
+Preposterous as such an idea appears in its first conception, it
+certainly assumes an increasing plausibility when one listens to
+Professor Bell's reasoning.
+
+"After all," he says, "what would there be in such a system more
+mysterious than in the processes of the mind reader? You substitute a
+wire and batteries for a strange-eyed man in a dress suit, that is
+all."
+
+The logical basis of Professor Bell's scheme is clear, and its details
+quite beautiful in their simplicity, when you admit his major premise.
+That premise is that the human brain is merely a kind of electrical
+reservoir, and that thinking is nothing more than an electrical
+disturbance, like the aurora borealis or the sparks from a Holtz
+machine. The nerves are the wires leading from the central battery in
+the head. The reasonableness of this assumption is increased when one
+remembers that electricity may be made to act upon the nerves, even in
+a lifeless body, so as to produce the same muscular contractions which
+are produced by the brain force, whatever that may be. We talk of
+animal magnetism. What if it were the same as any other kind of
+magnetism? If these two forces are identical in one respect, why may
+they not be so in all respects? So Professor Bell reasons, and
+granting that the human brain is merely a store-house of electricity
+for our bodily needs, of electricity not essentially different from
+that which we know elsewhere, it must be possible to apply the same
+electrical laws to the brain as to any other electric apparatus and to
+get similar results.
+
+"Do you begin to see my idea?" said Professor Bell, growing more and
+more enthusiastic as he proceeded. Then he gave a rapid outline of
+what might be a system of thinking by electricity.
+
+Everyone knows, who knows anything about the subject, that an electric
+current passing inside of a coil of wire induces an electric current
+in that wire. Now, if the human brain be taken as a battery, then
+currents are constantly passing from it to various parts of the body,
+and the head may be considered in a state of constant electrical
+excitement, the intensity varying with the character of the thought
+processes. Now, suppose a coil of wire properly prepared in the shape
+of a helmet, and fitted about the head of one person, with wires
+attached and connected with a helmet similarly fitted upon the head of
+another person at any convenient distance. Every electric current in
+the one human battery must induce a current in the coil around the
+head, which current must be transmitted to the other coil. This other
+coil must then, by the reversed process, induce a current in the brain
+within helmet No. 2, and that person must receive some cerebral
+sensation. This cerebral sensation might be a thought, and probably
+would be, if it turns out to be true that brain force is identical
+with electricity. In that case, the thought of the one person would
+have produced a thought in the other person, and there is, if we go as
+far as this, every reason to believe that it would be the same
+thought. Thus the problem of thinking at a distance by electricity
+would be solved.
+
+So much for a curious theory of what might be, if so and so were true;
+but Professor Bell has not stopped with theories, but has actually
+begun to put them to the test. Not that he is over-sanguine as to the
+result, but he believes the experiment worth the making, and that
+seriously. He has actually had two helmets, such as those described,
+constructed, and has begun a series of experiments in his laboratory.
+Thus far, the results have been for the most part negative, but not so
+much so as to prevent him hoping that more perfect appliances may lead
+to something more conclusive. It is true that the thought in one brain
+has produced a sensation in the other, through the two helmets, but
+what the relation was between the thought and the sensation could not
+be determined.
+
+
+MAKING THE DEAF HEAR BY THE USE OF ELECTRICITY.
+
+By quick stages the conversation ran into another channel with new
+wonders possible in the future. Professor Bell has conceived of a
+method of making the deaf hear, which is certainly startling. He
+proposes to do away with ears entirely, and produce the sensations of
+hearing by direct communication with the brain, through the bones of
+the head. As a matter of fact, the brains of deaf people are usually
+in a perfectly healthy condition, and the only thing which prevents
+them from hearing is some defect in communication with the vibrating
+air. If their brains could be excited artificially in the same way
+that the brains of ordinary persons are excited by vibrations
+communicated through the various chambers and passages of the ear,
+then the deaf would hear in the same way that other persons do.
+
+It is, of course, a fact, that hearing in every instance is merely an
+illusion of the senses, a sort of tickling of the brain. This tickling
+of the brain is ordinarily accomplished by the nerve force passing
+from the third chamber of the ear to the brain itself. If this nerve
+force is nothing more or less than ordinary electricity, and if
+science can train electricity to tickle the brain artificially in the
+same way and at the same points that the nerves from the ear usually
+do, then the ordinary sensations of hearing must result, whether the
+person has ears or not. The problem here is to discover the proper way
+of tickling the brain. The gentlemen who seat themselves in
+electrocution chairs have their brains tickled in a way which would
+not be generally satisfactory.
+
+
+THERE IS DANGER IN SUCH EXPERIMENTS.
+
+In his desire to bring relief to the deaf--and his whole life has been
+devoted to that object--Professor Bell has begun a series of
+remarkable experiments in this line. Some time ago, he determined to
+study the effects produced upon the brain by turning an electric
+current into it through the side of the head. With this end in view,
+he arranged a dynamo machine with a feeble current, giving a varying
+number of interruptions per second, and attached one of the poles to a
+wet sponge which he placed in one of his ears.
+
+"I risked one of my ears," he said simply, "in making this experiment,
+but I could not risk them both, so I held the second pole of the
+machine in my hand and turned on the current."
+
+Fortunately no harm resulted, but immediately Professor Bell
+experienced the sensation of a pleasant sound whose pitch he was able
+to vary by increasing or diminishing the number of interruptions in
+the dynamo machine. His assistant standing beside him could detect no
+sound at all, so that what Professor Bell heard must have been the
+effect of the electric current upon his brain. This effect he found
+could be varied by varying the character of the current. Now he argues
+that greater variations might be produced in the sounds heard by the
+brain if the current turned into it were varied in the proper manner.
+For instance, suppose the current from a long distance telephone to be
+turned through the head of the deaf mute, a sponge connected with
+either pole being placed in each ear. Then let some one talk into the
+telephone in the ordinary way, the infinite variations in the current
+produced by the voice vibrations being passed into the brain directly.
+Is it not conceivable that such a variety of brain sensations or tones
+might then be caused in the head of the deaf mute as to make it
+possible to establish a system of sound signals, so to speak, which
+would be the equivalent of ordinary language? Indeed, is it not
+possible that the deaf mute might actually hear spoken words?
+
+Professor Bell's experiments upon himself have been so encouraging as
+to make him disposed to try more complete experiments in the same line
+upon persons who have lost all sense of hearing, and who would
+doubtless be willing to take the inevitable risk for the sake of the
+great blessing which a successful issue would bring to them.
+
+We talked a long time about these strange fancies, and finally I said
+to Professor Bell:
+
+"But on this principle of brain tickling, what is to prevent a blind
+man from seeing by electricity?"
+
+"I do not know that there is anything to prevent it."
+
+
+
+
+FROM TENNYSON'S "LOCKSLEY HALL".
+
+
+  For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see,
+  Saw the Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be;
+
+  Saw the heavens fill with commerce, argosies of magic sails,
+  Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly bales;
+
+  Heard the heavens fill with shouting, and there rain'd a ghastly dew
+  From the nations' airy navies grappling in the central blue;
+
+  Far along the world-wide whisper of the south-wind rushing warm,
+  With the standards of the peoples plunging thro' the thunder-storm;
+
+  Till the war-drum throbb'd no longer, and the battle-flags were furl'd
+  In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world.
+
+  There the common sense of most shall hold a fretful realm in awe,
+  And the kindly earth shall slumber, lapt in universal law.
+
+  So I triumph'd ere my passion sweeping thro' me left me dry,
+  Left me with the palsied heart, and left me with the jaundiced eye;
+
+  Eye, to which all order festers, all things here are out of joint:
+  Science moves, but slowly slowly, creeping on from point to point:
+
+  Slowly comes a hungry people, as a lion creeping nigher,
+  Glares at one that nods and winks behind a slowly-dying fire.
+
+  Yet I doubt not thro' the ages one increasing purpose runs,
+  And the thoughts of men are widen'd with the process of the suns.
+
+By permission from "The Works of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Poet
+Laureate," Macmillan & Co., New York and London, 1893.
+
+
+
+
+A DAY WITH GLADSTONE
+
+FROM THE MORNING AT HAWARDEN TO THE EVENING AT THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.
+
+BY H. W. MASSINGHAM OF THE "LONDON CHRONICLE."
+
+
+I am often asked what is the secret of Mr. Gladstone's extraordinary
+length of days and of the perfection of his unvarying health. It may
+be partly attributed to the remarkable longevity of the Gladstone
+family, a hardy Scottish stock with fewer weak shoots and branches
+than perhaps any of the ruling families of England. But it has
+depended mainly on Mr. Gladstone himself and on the undeviating
+regularity of his habits. Most English statesmen have been either free
+livers or with a touch of the _bon vivant_ in them. Pitt and Fox were
+men of the first character; Melbourne, Palmerston, and Lord
+Beaconsfield were of the last. But Mr. Gladstone is a man who has been
+guilty of no excesses, save perhaps in work. He rises at the same hour
+every day, uses the same fairly generous, but always carefully
+regulated, diet, goes to bed about the same hour, pursues the same
+round of work and intellectual and social pleasure. An extraordinarily
+varied life is accompanied by a certain rigidity of personal habit I
+have never seen surpassed. The only change old age has witnessed has
+been that the House of Commons work has been curtailed, and that Mr.
+Gladstone has not of late years been seen in the House after the
+dinner hour, which lasts from eight till ten, except on nights when
+crucial divisions are expected. With the approach of winter and its
+accompanying chills, to which he is extremely susceptible, he seeks
+the blue skies and dry air of the Mediterranean coasts and of his
+beloved Italy. With this exception his life goes on in its pleasant
+monotony. At Hawarden, of course, it is simpler and more private than
+in London. In town to-day Mr. Gladstone avoids all large parties and
+great crushes and gatherings where he may be expected to be either
+mobbed or bored or detained beyond his usual bed-time.
+
+
+HIS PERSONALITY.
+
+Personally Mr. Gladstone is an example of the most winning, the most
+delicate, and the most minute courtesy. He is a gentleman of the elder
+English school, and his manners are grand and urbane, always stately,
+never condescending, and genuinely modest. He affects even the dress
+of the old school, and I have seen him in the morning wearing an old
+black evening coat, such as Professor Jowett still affects. The
+humblest passer-by in Piccadilly, raising his hat to Mr. Gladstone, is
+sure to get a sweeping salute in return. This courtliness is all the
+more remarkable, because it accompanies and adorns a very strong
+temper, a will of iron, and a habit of being regarded for the greater
+part of his lifetime as a personal force of unequalled magnitude. Yet
+the most foolish, and perhaps one may add the most impertinent, of Mr.
+Gladstone's dinner-table questioners is sure of an elaborate reply,
+delivered with the air of a student in deferential talk with his
+master. To the cloth Mr. Gladstone shows a reverence that occasionally
+woos the observer to a smile. The callowest curate is sure of a
+respectful listener in the foremost Englishman of the day. On the
+other hand, in private conversation the premier does not often brook
+contradiction. His temper is high, and though, as George Russell has
+said, it is under vigilant control, there are subjects on which it is
+easy to arouse the old lion. Then the grand eyes flash, the torrent of
+brilliant monologue flows with more rapid sweep, and the dinner table
+is breathless at the spectacle of Mr. Gladstone angry. As to his
+relations with his family, they are very charming. It is a pleasure to
+hear Herbert Gladstone--his youngest, and possibly his favorite
+son--speak of "my father." All of them, sons and daughters, are
+absolutely devoted to his cause, wrapped up in his personality, and
+enthusiastic as to every side of his character. Of children Mr.
+Gladstone has always been fond, and he has more than one favorite
+among his grandchildren.
+
+
+MR. GLADSTONE'S MORNING.
+
+Mr. Gladstone's day begins about 7.30, after seven hours and a half of
+sound, dreamless sleep, which no disturbing crisis in public affairs
+was ever known to spoil. At Hawarden it usually opens with a morning
+walk to church, with which no kind of weather--hail, rain, snow, or
+frost--is ever allowed to interfere. In his rough slouch hat and gray
+Inverness cape, the old man plods sturdily to his devotions. To the
+rain, the danger of sitting in wet clothes, and small troubles of this
+kind, he is absolutely impervious, and Mrs. Gladstone's solicitude has
+never availed to change his lifelong custom in this respect. Breakfast
+over, working time commences. I am often astonished at the manner in
+which Mr. Gladstone manages to crowd his almost endlessly varied
+occupations into the forenoon, for when he is in the country he has
+practically no other continuous and regular work-time. Yet into this
+space he has to condense his enormous correspondence--for which, when
+no private secretary is available, he seeks the help of his sons and
+daughters--his political work, and his varied literary pursuits. The
+explanation of this extreme orderliness of mind is probably to be
+found in his unequaled habit of concentration on the business before
+him. As in matters of policy, so in all his private habits, Mr.
+Gladstone thinks of one thing and of one thing only at a time. When
+home rule was up, he had no eyes or ears for any political subject but
+Ireland, of course excepting his favorite excursions into the twin
+subjects of Homer and Christian theology. Enter the room when Mr.
+Gladstone is reading a book; you may move noisily about the chamber,
+ransack the books on the shelves, stir the furniture, but never for
+one moment will the reader be conscious of your presence. At Downing
+Street, during his earlier ministries, these hours of study were
+often, I might say usually, preceded by the famous breakfast at which
+the celebrated actor or actress, the rising poet, the well-known
+artist, the diplomatist halting on his way from one station of the
+kingdom to another, were welcome guests. Madame Bernhardt, Miss Ellen
+Terry, Henry Irving, Madame Modjeska, have all assisted at these
+pleasant feasts.
+
+[Illustration: HAWARDEN CASTLE.]
+
+
+HIS AFTERNOON.
+
+Lunch with Mr. Gladstone is a very simple meal which neither at
+Hawarden nor Downing Street admits of much form or publicity. The
+afternoon which follows is a very much broken and less regular period.
+At Hawarden a portion of it is usually spent out of doors. In the old
+days it was devoted to the felling of some giant of the woods. Within
+the last few years, however, Sir Andrew Clark, Mr. Gladstone's
+favorite physician and intimate friend, has recommended that
+tree-felling be given over; and now Mr. Gladstone's recreation, in
+addition to long walks, in which he still delights, is that of lopping
+branches off veterans whose trunks have fallen to younger arms.
+
+
+AS A READER.
+
+Between the afternoon tea and dinner the statesman usually retires
+again, and gets through some of the lighter and more agreeable of his
+intellectual tasks. He reads rapidly, and I think I should say that,
+especially of late years, he does a good deal of skipping. If a book
+does not interest him, he does not trouble to read it through. He uses
+a rough kind of _memoria technica_ to enable him to mark passages with
+which he agrees, from which he dissents, which he desires to qualify,
+or which he reserves for future reference. I should say the books he
+reads most of are those dealing with theology, always the first and
+favorite topic, and the history of Ireland before and after the Act of
+Union. Indeed, everything dealing with that memorable period is
+greatly treasured. I remember one hasty glance over Mr. Gladstone's
+book table in his town house. In addition to the liberal weekly, "The
+Speaker," and a few political pamphlets, there were, I should say,
+fifteen or twenty works on theology, none of them, as far as I could
+see, of first-rate importance. Of science Mr. Gladstone knows little,
+and it cannot be said that his interest in it is keen. He belongs, in
+a word, to the old-fashioned Oxford ecclesiastical school, using the
+controversial weapons which are to be found in the works of Pusey and
+of Hurrell Froude. In his reading, when a question of more minute and
+out-of-the-way scholarship arises, he appeals to his constant friend
+and assistant, Lord Acton, to whose profound learning he bows with a
+deference which is very touching to note.
+
+
+MR. GLADSTONE'S LIBRARY.
+
+[Illustration: THE LIBRARY.]
+
+Mr. Gladstone's library is not what can be called a select or really
+first-rate collection. It comprises an undue proportion of theological
+literature, of which he is a large and not over-discriminating buyer.
+I doubt, indeed, whether there is any larger private bookbuyer in
+England. All the book-sellers send him their catalogues, especially
+those of rare and curious books. I have seen many of these lists, with
+a brief order in Mr. Gladstone's own handwriting on the flyleaf, with
+his tick against twenty or thirty volumes which he desires to buy.
+These usually range round classical works, archæology, special periods
+of English history, and, above all, works reconciling the Biblical
+record with science. Of late, as is fairly well known, Mr. Gladstone
+has built himself an octagonal iron house in Hawarden village, a mile
+and a half from the castle, for the storage of his specially valuable
+books and a collection of private papers which traverse a good many of
+the state secrets of the greater part of the century. The importance
+of these is great, and the chances are that before Mr. Gladstone dies
+they will all be grouped and indexed in his upright, a little crabbed,
+but perfectly plain, handwriting. By the way, a great many statements
+have been made about Mr. Gladstone's library, and I may as well give
+the facts which have never before been made public. His original
+library consisted of about twenty-four thousand volumes. In the
+seventies, however, he parted with his entire collection of political
+works, amounting to some eight thousand volumes, to the late Lord
+Wolverton. The remaining fifteen thousand or so are now distributed
+between the little iron house to which I have referred, and the
+Hawarden library. Curiously enough, Mr. Gladstone is not a worshiper
+of books for the sake of their outward adornments. He loves them for
+what is inside rather than outside. He even occasionally sells
+extremely rare and costly editions for which he has no special use. In
+all money matters, indeed, he is a thrifty, orderly Scotchman. He has
+never been rich, though his affairs have greatly improved since the
+time when in his first premiership he had to sell his valuable
+collection of china.
+
+
+AT THE DINNER TABLE.
+
+Dinner with Mr. Gladstone is the stately ceremonial meal which it has
+become to the upper and upper-middle class Englishman. Mr. Gladstone
+invariably dresses for it, wearing the high crest collar which Harry
+Furniss has immortalized, and a cutaway coat which strikes one as of a
+slightly old-fashioned pattern. His digestion never fails him, and he
+eats and drinks with the healthy appetite of a man of thirty. A glass
+of champagne is agreeable to him, and if he does not take his glass or
+two of port at dinner, he makes it up by two or three glasses of
+claret, which he considers an equivalent. Oysters he never could
+endure, but, like Schopenhauer and Goethe and many another great man,
+he is a consistently hearty and unfastidious eater. He talks much in
+an animated monologue, though the common complaint that he monopolizes
+the conversation is not a just one. You cannot easily turn Mr.
+Gladstone into a train of ideas which does not interest him, but he is
+a courteous and even eager listener; and if the subject is of general
+interest, he does not bear in it any more than the commanding part
+which the rest of the company invariably allows him. His speaking
+voice is a little gruffer and less musical than his oratorical notes,
+which, in spite of the invading hoarseness, still at times ring out
+with their old clearness. As a rule he does not talk on politics. On
+ecclesiastical matters he is a never wearied disputant. Poetry has
+also a singular charm for him, and no modern topic has interested him
+more keenly than the discussion as to Tennyson's successor to the
+laureateship. I remember that at a small dinner at which I recently
+met him, the conversation ran almost entirely on the two subjects of
+old English hymns and young English poets. His favorite religious poet
+is, I should say, Cardinal Newman, and his favorite hymn, Toplady's
+"Rock of Ages," of which his Latin rendering is to my mind far
+stronger and purer than the original English. When he is in town, he
+dines out almost every day, though, as I have said, he eschews formal
+and mixed gatherings, and affects the small and early dinner party at
+which he can meet an old friend or two, and see a young face which he
+may be interested in seeing. One habit of his is quite unvarying. He
+likes to walk home, and to walk home alone. He declines escort, and
+slips away for his quiet stroll under the stars, or even through the
+fog and mist on a London winter's night. Midnight usually brings his
+busy, happy day to a close. Sleeplessness never has and never does
+trouble him, and at eighty-three his nights are as dreamless and
+untroubled as those of a boy of ten.
+
+
+IN THE HOUSE.
+
+His afternoons when in town and during the season are, of course,
+given up pretty exclusively to public business and the House of
+Commons, which he usually reaches about four o'clock. He goes by a
+side door straight to his private room, where he receives his
+colleagues, and hears of endless questions and motions, which fall
+like leaves in Vallambrosa around the head of a prime minister.
+Probably steps will be taken to remove much of this irksome and
+somewhat petty burden from the shoulders of the aged minister. But
+leader Mr. Gladstone must and will be at eighty-three, quite as fully
+as he was at sixty. Indeed, the complaint of him always has been that
+he does too much, both for his own health and the smooth manipulation
+of the great machine which, as was once remarked, creaks and moves
+rather lumberingly under his masterful but over-minute guidance.
+During the last two or three years it has been customary for the Whigs
+to so arrange that Mr. Gladstone speaks early in the evening. He is
+not always able to do this while the Home Rule Bill is under
+discussion, but I do not think he will ever again find it necessary to
+follow the entire course of a Parliamentary debate. He never needed to
+do as much listening from the Treasury Bench as he was wont to do in
+his first and second ministries. I do not think that any prime
+minister ever spent half as much time in the House of Commons as did
+Mr. Gladstone; certainly no one ever made one-tenth part as many
+speeches. Indeed, it requires all Mrs. Gladstone's vigilance to avert
+the physical strain consequent upon overwork. With this purpose she
+invariably watches him in the House of Commons, from a corner seat in
+the right hand of the Ladies' Gallery which is always reserved for
+her, and which I have never known her to miss occupying on any
+occasion of the slightest importance.
+
+
+SPEECH-MAKING.
+
+I have before me two or three examples of notes of Mr. Gladstone's
+speeches; one of them refers to one of the most important of his
+addresses on the customs question. It was a long speech, extending,
+if I remember rightly, to considerably over an hour. Yet the memoranda
+consist purely of four or five sentences of two or three words apiece,
+written on a single sheet of note paper, and no hint of the course of
+the oration is given. Occasionally, no doubt, especially in the case
+of the speech on the introduction of the Home Rule Bill, which was to
+my mind the finest Mr. Gladstone has ever delivered, the notes were
+rather more extensive than this, but as a rule they are extremely
+brief. When Mr. Gladstone addresses a great public meeting, the most
+elaborate pains are taken to insure his comfort. He can now only read
+the very largest print, and careful and delicate arrangements are made
+to provide him with lamps throwing the light on the desk or table near
+which he stands. Sir Andrew Clark observes the most jealous
+watchfulness over his patient. A curious instance of this occurred at
+Newcastle, when Mr. Gladstone was delivering his address to the great
+liberal caucus which assembles as the annual meeting of the National
+Liberal Federation. Sir Andrew had insisted that the orator should
+confine himself to a speech lasting only an hour. Fearing that his
+charge would forget all about his promise in the excitement of
+speaking, the physician, slipped onto the platform and timed Mr.
+Gladstone, watch in hand. The hour passed, but there was no pause in
+the torrent of words. Sir Andrew was in despair. At last he pencilled
+a note to Mr. Morley, beseeching him to insist upon the speech coming
+to an end. But Mr. Morley would not undertake the responsibility of
+cutting a great oration, and the result was that Mr. Gladstone stole
+another half hour from time and his physician. The next day a friend
+of mine went breathlessly up to Sir Andrew, and asked how the
+statesman had borne the additional strain. "He did not turn a hair,"
+was the reply. Practically the only sign of physical failure which is
+apparent in recent speeches has been that the voice tends to break and
+die away after about an hour's exercise, and for a moment the sound of
+the curiously veiled notes and a glance at the marble pallor of the
+face gives one the impression that after all Mr. Gladstone is a very,
+very old man. But there is never anything like a total breakdown. And
+no one is aware of the enormous stores of physical energy on which the
+prime minister can draw, who has not sat quite close to him, and
+measured the wonderful breadth of his shoulders and heard his voice
+coming straight from his chest in great _bouffées_ of sound. Then you
+forget all about the heavy wrinkles in the white face, the scanty
+silver hair, and the patriarchal look of the figure before you.
+
+[Illustration: THE GLADSTONE FAMILY.]
+
+
+
+
+WHERE MAN GOT HIS EARS.
+
+BY HENRY DRUMMOND, LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.G.S.
+
+[Illustration: _Sincerely Yours Henry Drummond._]
+
+
+One of the most humorous sights in nature, less common in America than
+Europe, is a snail wandering about with a shell on its back. The
+progenitors of snails once lived in the sea, and when they evolved
+themselves ashore they carried this relic of the water with them,--an
+anomaly which, seen to-day, seems as ridiculous as if one were to meet
+an Indian in Paris with his canoe on his back. But there are more
+animals besides snails that once lived in the water. If embryology is
+any guide to the past, nothing is more certain than that the ancient
+progenitors of Man once lived an aquatic life. As the traveller,
+wandering in foreign lands, brings back all manner of curios to remind
+him where he has been--clubs and spears, clothes and pottery, which
+represent the ways of life of those whom he has met, so the body of
+Man, returning from its long journey through the animal kingdom,
+emerges laden with the spoils of its watery pilgrimage. These relics
+are not mere curiosities; they are as real as the clubs and spears,
+the clothes and pottery. Like them, they were once a part of life's
+vicissitude; they represent organs which have been outgrown; old forms
+of apparatus long since exchanged for better, yet somehow not yet
+destroyed by the hand of time. The physical body of Man, so great is
+the number of these relics, is an old curiosity-shop, a museum of
+obsolete anatomies, discarded tools, outgrown and aborted organs. All
+other animals also contain among their useful organs a proportion
+which are long past their work; and so significant are these rudiments
+of a former state of things, that anatomists have often expressed
+their willingness to stake the theory of Evolution upon their presence
+alone.
+
+Prominent among these vestigial structures, as they are called, are
+those which smack of the sea. At one time there was nothing else in
+the world but water-life; all the land animals are late inventions.
+One reason why animals began in the water is that it is easier to live
+in the water--anatomically and physiologically cheaper--than to live
+on the land. The denser element supports the body better, demanding a
+less supply of muscle and bone; and the perpetual motion of the sea
+brings the food to the animal, making it unnecessary for the animal to
+move to the food. This and other correlated circumstances call for far
+less mechanism in the body, and, as a matter of fact, all the simplest
+forms of life at the present day are inhabitants of the water.
+
+[Illustration: "BALANOGLOSSUS" (AFTER AGASSIZ), AND LARGE SEA LAMPREY
+(AFTER CUVIER AND HAECKEL), SHOWING GILL-SLITS.--FROM "DARWIN AND AFTER
+DARWIN" BY ROMANES.]
+
+A successful attempt at coming ashore may be seen in the common worm.
+The worm is still so unacclimatized to land life that instead of
+living on the earth like other creatures, it lives _in_ it, as if it
+were a thicker water, and always where there is enough moisture to
+keep up the traditions of its past. Probably it took to the shore
+originally by exchanging, first the water for the ooze at the bottom,
+then by wriggling among muddy flats when the tide was out, and
+finally, as the struggle for life grew keen, it pushed further and
+further inland, continuing its migration so long as dampness was to be
+found. Its cousin the snail, again, goes even further, for it not only
+carries its shell ashore but when it cannot get moisture, actually
+manufactures it.
+
+[Illustration: EMBRYOS SHOWING GILL-SLITS.--FROM HAECKEL's "EVOLUTION OF
+MAN."
+
+A. FISH. B. CHICK. C. CALF. D. MAN.]
+
+When Man left the water, however,--or what was to develop into Man--he
+took very much more ashore with him than a shell. Instead of crawling
+ashore at the worm stage, he remained in the water until he evolved
+into something like a fish; so that when, after an amphibian
+interlude, he finally left it, many "ancient and fish-like"
+characters remained in his body to tell the tale. Now, it is among
+these piscine characteristics that we find the clue to where Man got
+his ears. The chief characteristic of a fish is its apparatus for
+breathing the air dissolved in the water. This consists of gills
+supported on strong arches, the branchial arches, which in the
+Elasmobranch fishes are from five to seven in number and uncovered
+with any operculum, or lid. Communicating with these arches, in order
+to allow the water which has been taken in at the mouth to pass out at
+the gills, an equal number of slits or openings are provided in the
+neck. Without these holes in their neck all fishes would instantly
+perish, and we may be sure Nature took exceptional care in perfecting
+this particular piece of the mechanism. Now it is one of the most
+extraordinary facts in natural history that these slits in the fish's
+neck are still represented in the neck of Man. Almost the most
+prominent feature, indeed, after the head, in every mammalian embryo,
+are the four clefts or furrows of the old gill-slits.[1] They are
+still known in embryology by no other name--gill-slits--and so
+persistent are these characters that children have been known to be
+born with them not only externally visible--which is a common
+occurrence--but open, through and through, so that fluids taken in at
+the mouth could pass through them and trickle out at the neck. This
+fact was so astounding as to be for a long time denied. It was thought
+that when this happened, the orifice must have been accidentally made
+by the probe of the surgeon. But Dr. Sutton has recently met with
+actual cases where this has occurred. "I have seen milk," he says,
+"issue from such fistulæ in individuals who have never been submitted
+to sounding."[2]
+
+  [1] N. B.--They appear as "clefts," marking not the adult fish, but
+      the embryo at the corresponding stage.
+
+  [2] "Evolution and Disease," p. 81.
+
+In the common case of children born with these vestiges, the old
+gill-slits are represented by small openings in the skin on the sides
+of the neck and capable of admitting a thin probe. Sometimes the place
+where they have been in childhood is marked throughout life by small
+round patches of white skin. These relics of the sea, these
+apparitions of the Fish, these sudden resurrections, are betrayals of
+man's pedigree. Men wonder at mummy-wheat germinating after a thousand
+years of dormancy. But here are ancient features bursting into life
+after unknown ages, and challenging modern science for a verdict on
+their affinities.
+
+When the fish came ashore, its water-breathing apparatus was no longer
+of any use to it. At first it had to keep it on, for it took a long
+time to perfect the air-breathing apparatus which was to replace it.
+But when this was ready the problem was, what to do with the earlier
+organ? Nature is exceedingly economical, and could not throw all this
+mechanism away. In fact Nature almost never parts with any structure
+she has once made. What she does is to change it into something else.
+Conversely, Nature seldom makes anything new; her method of creation
+is to adapt something old. Now when Nature started out to manufacture
+ears, she made them out of the old breathing apparatus. She saw that
+if water could pass through a hole in the neck, sound could pass
+likewise, and she set to work upon the highest up of the five
+gill-slits and slowly elaborated it into a hearing organ.
+
+[Illustration: ADULT SHARK (AFTER CUVIER AND HAECKEL).--FROM "DARWIN AND
+AFTER DARWIN."]
+
+There never had been an external ear in the world till this was done,
+or any good ear at all. Creatures which live in water do not seem to
+use hearing much, and the sound-waves in fishes are simply conveyed
+through the walls of the head to the internal ear without any definite
+mechanism. But as soon as land-life began, owing to the changed medium
+through which sound-waves must now be propagated, a more delicate
+instrument was required. And hence one of the first things attended to
+was the construction and improvement of the ear.
+
+[Illustration: MARBLE HEAD OF SATYR, IN MUNICH, SHOWING CERVICAL
+AURICLES.]
+
+It has long been a growing certainty to Comparative Anatomy that the
+external and middle ear in Man are simply a development, an improved
+edition, of the first gill-cleft and its surrounding parts. The
+tympano-Eustachian passage is the homologue or counterpart of the
+spiracle, associated in the shark with the first gill-opening.
+Professor His of Leipsic has worked out the whole development in
+minute detail, and conclusively demonstrated the mode of origin of the
+external ear from the coalescence of six rounded tubercles surrounding
+the first branchial cleft at an early period of embryonic life.
+Haeckel's account of the process is as follows: "All the essential
+parts of the middle ear--the tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, and
+Eustachian tube--develop from the first gill-opening with its
+surrounding parts, which in the Primitive Fishes (_Selachii_) remains
+throughout life as an open blowhole, situated between the first and
+second gill-arches. In the embryos of higher Vertebrates it closes in
+the centre, the point of concrescence forming the tympanic membrane.
+The remaining outer part of the first gill-opening is the rudiment of
+the outer ear-canal. From the inner part originates the tympanic
+cavity, and further inward, the Eustachian tube. In connection with
+these, the three bonelets of the ear develop from the first two
+gill-arches; the hammer and anvil from the first, and the stirrup from
+the upper end of the second gill-arch. Finally as regards the external
+ear, the ear-shell (_concha auris_), and the outer ear-canal, leading
+from the shell to the tympanic membrane--these parts develop in the
+simplest way from the skin-covering which borders the outer orifice of
+the first gill-opening. At this point the ear-shell rises in the form
+of a circular fold of skin, in which cartilage and muscles afterwards
+form."[3]
+
+  [3] HAECKEL: "Evolution of Man," vol. ii, p. 269.
+
+[Illustration: HEAD OF SATYR IN GROUP OF MARSYAS AND APOLLO, NAPLES
+MUSEUM, SHOWING CERVICAL AURICLES.]
+
+Now bearing in mind this account of the origin of ears, an
+extraordinary circumstance confronts us. Ears are actually sometimes
+found bursting out _in human beings_ half way down the neck, in the
+exact position--namely along the line of the anterior border of the
+sterno-mastoid muscle--which the gill-slits would occupy if they still
+persisted. In some human families where the tendency to retain these
+special structures is strong, one member sometimes illustrates the
+abnormality by possessing the clefts alone, another has a cervical
+ear, while a third has both a cleft and an ear,--all these of course
+in addition to the ordinary ears. This cervical auricle has all the
+characters of the ordinary ear, "it contains yellow elastic cartilage,
+is skin-covered, and has muscle-fibre attached to it."[4]
+
+  [4] SUTTON: "Evolution and Disease."
+
+[Illustration: FAUN FROM THE CAPITOLINE MUSEUM, SHOWING CERVICAL
+AURICLES.]
+
+Dr. Sutton further calls attention to the fact that on ancient statues
+of fauns and satyrs cervical auricles are sometimes found, and he
+figures the head of a satyr from the British Museum, carved long
+before the days of anatomy, where a sessile ear on the neck is most
+distinct. A still better illustration may be seen in the Art Museum at
+Boston on a full-sized cast of a faun belonging to the later Greek
+period; and there are other examples in the same building. One
+interest of these neck-ears in statues is that they are not as a rule
+modelled after the human ear but taken from the cervical ear of the
+goat, from which the general idea of the faun was derived. This shows
+that neck-ears were common on the goats of that period--as they are on
+goats to this day--but the sculptor would hardly have had the daring
+to introduce this feature in the human subject unless he had been
+aware that pathological facts encouraged him. The occurrence of these
+ears in goats is no more than one would expect. Indeed one would look
+for them not only in Man, but in all the Mammalia, for so far as their
+bodies are concerned all the higher animals are near relations.
+Observations on vestigial structures in animals are sadly wanting; but
+they are certainly found in the horse, pig, sheep, and others.
+
+[Illustration: FORM OF THE EAR IN BABY OUTANG.--FROM "DARWIN AND AFTER
+DARWIN"]
+
+That the human ear was not always the squat and degenerate instrument
+it is at present may be seen by a critical glance at its structure.
+Mr. Darwin records how a celebrated sculptor called his attention to a
+little peculiarity in the external ear, which he had often noticed
+both in men and women. "The peculiarity consists in a little blunt
+point, projecting from the inwardly folded margin or helix. When
+present, it is developed at birth, and according to Professor Ludwig
+Meyer, more frequently in man than in woman. The helix obviously
+consists of the extreme margin of the ear folded inwards; and the
+folding appears to be in some manner connected with the whole external
+ear being permanently pressed backwards. In many monkeys who do not
+stand high in the order, as baboons and some species of macacus, the
+upper portion of the ear is slightly pointed, and the margin is not at
+all folded inwards; but if the margin were to be thus folded, a slight
+point would necessarily project towards the centre."[5]
+
+  [5] "Descent of Man," p. 15.
+
+Here then, in this discovery of the lost tip of the ancestral ear, is
+further and visible advertisement of man's Descent, a surviving symbol
+of the stirring times and dangerous days of his animal youth. It is
+difficult to imagine any other theory than that of Descent which could
+account for all these facts. That evolution should leave such clues
+lying about is at least an instance of its candor.
+
+[Illustration: HORNED SHEEP AND GOAT WITH CERVICAL AURICLES.--FROM
+"EVOLUTION AND DISEASE," J. BLAND-SUTTON.]
+
+But this does not exhaust the betrayals of this most confiding organ.
+If we turn from the outward ear to the muscular apparatus for working
+it, fresh traces of its animal career are brought to light. The
+erection of the ear, in order to catch sound better, is a power
+possessed by almost all mammals, and the attached muscles are large
+and greatly developed in all but domesticated forms. This same
+apparatus, though he makes no use of it whatever, is still attached to
+the ears of Man. It is so long since he relied on the warnings of
+hearing, that by a well-known law the muscles have fallen into disuse
+and atrophied. In many cases, however, the power of twitching the ear
+is not wholly lost, and every school-boy can point to some one in his
+class who retains the capacity and is apt to revive it in irrelevant
+circumstances.
+
+One might run over all the other organs of the human body and show
+their affinities with animal structures and an animal past. The
+twitching of the ear, for instance, suggests another obsolete or
+obsolescent power--the power, or rather the set of powers, for
+twitching the skin, especially the skin of the scalp and forehead
+by which we raise the eyebrows. Sub-cutaneous muscles for shaking
+off flies from the skin, or for erecting the hair of the scalp,
+are common among quadrupeds, and these are represented in the human
+subject by the still functioning muscles of the forehead, and
+occasionally of the head itself. Everyone has met persons who possess
+the power of moving the whole scalp to and fro, and the muscular
+apparatus for effecting it is identical with what is normally
+found in some of the Quadrumana.
+
+Another typical vestigial structure is the _plica semi-lunaris_, the
+remnant of the nictitating membrane characteristic of nearly the whole
+vertebrate sub-kingdom. This membrane is a semi-transparent curtain
+which can be drawn rapidly across the external surface of the eye for
+the purpose of sweeping it clean. In birds it is extremely common, but
+it also exists in fish, mammals, and all the other vertebrates. Where
+it is not found of any functional value it is almost always
+represented by vestiges of some kind. In Man all that is left of it is
+a little piece of the curtain draped at the side of the eye.
+
+When one passes from the head to the other extremity of the human
+body one comes upon a somewhat unexpected but very pronounced
+characteristic--the relic of the tail, and not only of the tail, but
+of muscles for wagging it. Everyone who first sees a human skeleton
+is amazed at this discovery. At the end of the vertebral column,
+curling faintly outward in suggestive fashion, are three, four, and
+occasionally five vertebræ forming the coccyx, a true rudimentary
+tail. In the adult this is always concealed beneath the skin, but
+in the embryo, both in man and ape, at an early stage it is much
+longer than the limbs. What is decisive as to its true nature,
+however, is that even in the embryo of man the muscles for wagging
+it are still found. In the grown-up human being these muscles are
+represented by bands of fibrous tissue, but cases are known where
+the actual muscles persist through life. That a distinct external
+tail should not be still found in Man may seem disappointing to the
+evolutionist. But the want of a tail argues more for the theory of
+Evolution than its presence would have done. It would have been
+contrary to the Theory of Descent had he possessed a longer tail. For
+all the anthropoids most allied to Man have long since also parted
+with theirs.
+
+It was formerly held that the entire animal creation had contributed
+something to the anatomy of Man, that as Serres expressed it "Human
+Organogenesis is a condensed Comparative Anatomy." But though Man has
+not such a monopoly of the past as is here inferred--other types
+having here and there emerged and developed along lines of their
+own--it is certain that the materials for his body have been brought
+together from an unknown multitude of lowlier forms of life.
+
+[Illustration: EAR OF BARBARY APE, CHIMPANZEE, AND MAN, SHOWING VESTIGIAL
+CHARACTERS OF THE HUMAN EAR.--FROM "DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN."]
+
+Those who know the Cathedral of St. Mark's will remember how this
+noblest of the Stones of Venice owes its greatness to the patient
+hands of centuries and centuries of workers, how every quarter of the
+globe has been spoiled of its treasures to dignify this single shrine.
+But he who ponders over the more ancient temple of the human body will
+find imagination fail him as he tries to think from what remote and
+mingled sources, from what lands, seas, climates, atmospheres, its
+various parts have been called together, and by what innumerable
+contributory creatures, swimming, creeping, flying, climbing, each of
+its several members was wrought and perfected. What ancient chisel
+first sculptured the rounded columns of the limbs? What dead hands
+built the cupola of the brain, and from what older ruins were the
+scattered pieces of its mosaic-work brought? Who fixed the windows in
+its upper walls? What forgotten looms wove its tapestries and
+draperies? What winds and weathers wrought the strength into its
+buttresses? What ocean-beds and forest glades worked up the colors?
+What Love and Terror and Night called forth the Music? And what Life
+and Death and Pain and Struggle put all together in the noiseless
+workshop of the past and removed each worker silently when its task
+was done? How these things came to be Biology is one long record. The
+architects and builders of this mighty temple are not anonymous. Their
+names, and the work they did, are graven forever on the walls and
+arches of the Human Embryo. For this is a volume of that Book in which
+Man's members were written, which in continuance were fashioned, when
+as yet there was none of them.
+
+
+
+
+JAMES PARTON'S RULES OF BIOGRAPHY.
+
+PREFATORY NOTE.
+
+
+The following letters were written in 1888 and 1889, by James Parton
+to the Honorable Alfred R. Conkling of New York City. In December,
+1888, Mr. Conkling wrote to Mr. Parton, making him a formal offer to
+assist in the preparation of the "Life and Letters of Roscoe
+Conkling." Mr. Parton generously declined to accept payment, but took
+a great interest in the work, and during the following year
+corresponded frequently with Mr. Conkling, advising upon specific
+points and setting forth the general principles of the art of
+biography.
+
+We are indebted to Mr. Conkling for permission to print these letters,
+which are full of wise suggestion to the literary "recruit," and of
+genuine human interest to all lovers of good reading. They give us
+glimpses of Mr. Parton, not only as a conscientious writer of
+biography who had acquired a rare mastery of his art, but also as a
+man of aggressive interest in public affairs, of broad mind, and a
+singularly wholesome nature.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _Dec. 8, 1888_.
+
+DEAR SIR: I am glad to learn from yours of yesterday that we are to
+have a biography of so interesting and marked a character as the
+lamented Roscoe Conkling, and I should esteem it a privilege to render
+any assistance toward it in my power.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES PARTON IN 1852, AT THIRTY YEARS OF AGE.]
+
+The great charm of all biography is the truth, told simply, directly,
+boldly, charitably.
+
+But this is also the great difficulty. A human life is long. A human
+character is complicated. It is often inconsistent with itself, and it
+requires nice judgment to proportion it in such a way as to make the
+book really correspond with the man, and make the same impression upon
+the reader that the man did upon those who knew him best.
+
+_Your_ difficulty will be to present fairly his less favorable side;
+but upon this depends all the value, and much of the interest of the
+work.
+
+My great rules are:
+
+1, To know the subject thoroughly myself; 2, to index fully all the
+knowledge in existence relating to it; 3, to determine beforehand
+where I will be brief, where expand, and how much space I can afford
+to each part; 4, to work slowly and finish as I go; 5, to avoid eulogy
+and apology and let the facts have their natural weight; 6, to hold
+back nothing which the reader has a right to know.
+
+I have generally had the great advantage of loving my subjects warmly,
+and I do not believe we can do justice to any human creature unless we
+love him. A true love enlightens, but not blinds, as we often see in
+the case of mothers who love their children better, and also know
+them better, than anybody else ever does.
+
+With regard to New York, I am always going there, but never go;
+still, I may have to go soon, and I will go anyway if I can do
+anything important or valuable in the way you suggest--but not
+"professionally," except as an old soldier helps a recruit.
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _Dec. 24, 1888_.
+
+DEAR SIR: I have examined with much interest and pleasure your work
+upon Mexico, with a title so extravagantly modest as almost to efface
+the author. Let us accept our fate. It is our destiny to live in an
+age when all human distinctions are abolished, or about to be
+abolished, except the advertiser and his victim. Your work appears to
+me to be quite a model, and I wish I were going to be a tourist in
+Mexico that I might have the advantage of using it.
+
+One word more with regard to your biography. In the case of a person
+like Mr. Conkling, whose vocation it was to express himself in words,
+and whose utterances were often most brilliant and powerful, I think
+you should make great and free use of his letters and speeches. Is not
+a volume of five hundred pages too small? Could you not make a work in
+two volumes, and get Mark Twain to sell it by subscription?
+
+Another: I hope you feel the peculiar character and importance of that
+part of New York of which Utica is the central point. It does not
+figure much in books, but there are many strong and remarkable
+families there. I should like to see it elucidated. The first
+questions to be asked of a man are: Where, and of whom, was he born?
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+P. S.--For example: If you know fully what a _Corsican_ is, you have
+the key to the understanding of Bonaparte. He was a Corsican above all
+things else, and not in the least a Frenchman.
+
+So of Andrew Jackson: He was a Scotch-Irishman. Alexander Hamilton: a
+Scotch-Frenchman.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _March 26, 1889_.
+
+MY DEAR SIR: You can give a sufficiently "complete account" of an
+event without giving a long one. Now, the duel between two such
+persons as Burr and Hamilton _may_ be long, because it can also be
+interesting. Readers are interested in the men, in the time, in the
+scene, and the whole affair is surcharged with human interest. In that
+Elmira trial, the chief interest will centre in your uncle's tact and
+success. I should give enough of the trial to enable the reader to see
+and appreciate his part in the affair. My impression is: Do not expend
+many pages upon it, but pack the pages full of matter. You want all
+your room for other scenes in which he displayed his great power in a
+striking way.
+
+Many qualities are desirable in a book, only one is necessary--to be
+interesting enough to be read. The art is, to be short where the
+interest is small, and long where the interest is great.
+
+Your uncle's speeches do not need much "comment." Most speeches
+contain one passage which includes the whole.
+
+I fear I shall not be able to visit New York this spring.
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _April 3, 1889_.
+
+MY DEAR SIR: As often as possible I would insert the bright things
+where they belong, as they seem to enliven the narrative. If you have
+an inconvenient surplus, or a number of things undated, you might make
+a chapter of them, or reserve them for the final chapter. It is a good
+_rule_, though only a _rule_, not to have breaks in the continuity,
+like the "Bagman's Story" in "Pickwick." Readers are apt to skip them,
+however good they may be in themselves. You have doubtless often done
+so. A good thing is twice good when it comes in just where it ought.
+The modern reader is very shy, and easily breaks away from you, if you
+only give him a pretext.
+
+I merely send my impressions. You alone can really judge.
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _April 17, 1889_.
+
+MY DEAR SIR: The description of your uncle's oratory will be so sure
+to interest the reader, that it may come in almost anywhere, but best,
+perhaps, where you mention his first notable speech. Remember, too,
+that the author has, in his last chapter, not only a chance to "sum
+up," but also an opportunity to slip in anything he may have omitted.
+An interesting thing it is always to know how a strong man grew old,
+what changes occurred in his manner, methods and character.
+
+By all means, use the personal pronoun sparingly, and allude
+unfrequently to your relationship. It is not necessary wholly to avoid
+either. Deal with the reader honestly and openly. There may come
+moments when calling him "my uncle" would be fair, and in the best
+taste--but not often.
+
+The ladies have the privilege of skipping. Make your late chapter
+about the law practice in New York very full and clear. It will very
+greatly interest everybody who will be likely to read the book. It is
+the intrinsic worth of a book that is to be considered before all
+things else.
+
+I fear you are making the book too short. Mind: It _cannot_ be what is
+called "popular." It _must_ appeal to the few. Ought it not to be two
+volumes at five dollars?
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Think of Blaine's book and its sale by subscription.
+
+The difference between one volume published in the ordinary way, and
+two volumes by subscription, _may_ be the difference between a profit
+of two thousand dollars and one of two hundred thousand dollars.
+
+Blaine's book, sold over the counter, might have gone to the length of
+five thousand copies. Sold by subscription, it made him rich.
+
+On this point, however, Mr. Appleton's opinion is worth ten of mine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _April 26, 1889_.
+
+MY DEAR SIR: The pamphlet has only just arrived.
+
+So far as the comments are necessary to elucidate the text, and
+to explain why and how the text came to be uttered, they are
+justified--no farther. Your uncle was such a master of expression
+that almost anything placed in juxtaposition must suffer from the
+contrast.
+
+Let _him_ have the whole floor, I say, and just give the indispensable
+explanations. It would be impossible to enhance the effect of his
+characteristic passages. They need, like diamonds, a quiet setting.
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _June 4, 1889_.
+
+MY DEAR SIR: I return your paper of questions. Give plenty of the
+"light matter" to which you refer, and I hope you will extract many
+passages that show your uncle's horror of corruption. The pamphlets
+you were so good as to send me are valuable and interesting. I do not
+wonder at his great success before a jury. He was an awful man to have
+on the other side. Is there any one who could describe for you some of
+the noted scenes in which your uncle figured, but which you did not
+witness yourself? There may be available interviews in the newspapers.
+I remember hearing Thomas Nast talk about him very enthusiastically
+after returning from a visit to him in Washington. You could make a
+nice chapter about the Senate--its ways and occupations, traditions
+and tone--viewed merely as a club of gentlemen.
+
+I am glad that Mark Twain is going to publish the book. Give all the
+pictures you dare.
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _Aug. 5, 1889_.
+
+DEAR SIR: Would not those "undated anecdotes" come in well to
+illustrate and brighten your summing-up chapter? If not, then the plan
+you suggest might answer very well.
+
+I am glad to hear that you are so near to the end of your labors, and
+that the work is to be published by the ever victorious firm of Mark
+Twain. If I have been able to render you the smallest service I am
+glad, and you are heartily welcome.
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _Dec. 28, 1889_.
+
+DEAR SIR: Your solid volume reached me several days ago, and some time
+after, your letter of Dec. 20. I have now read the work pretty
+carefully, and shall no doubt often return to it. Considering the
+restraints you were under, as nephew and as Republican, you have
+executed your task well and given to the world the most pathetic of
+the tragedies resulting from the system of spoils. Never again, until
+that blighting curse of free institutions is destroyed, will a man of
+Roscoe Conkling's genius, pride and purity remain long in the public
+service, if ever he enters it. He was the last of the Romans. My great
+regret is that he did not consecrate his whole existence to the reform
+of the civil service. I have such an acute sense of the shame, the
+cruelty and the childish folly of the present system that I sometimes
+feel as if we ought to stop all our other work and enter upon a
+universal crusade against it.
+
+You must not expect the public to remain satisfied with the omissions
+and suppressions of your book. Sooner or later, somebody will supply
+them, and you might just as well have told the whole story.
+
+I am glad to hear of the success of the book with the public.
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES PARTON IN 1891.]
+
+
+
+
+EUROPE AT THE PRESENT MOMENT.
+
+BY MR. DE BLOWITZ, PARIS CORRESPONDENT OF THE "LONDON TIMES."
+
+
+PARIS, _April 20, 1893_.
+
+Let me say, at the very start, that it is imperative not to forget
+the date which heads this article. This date has a significance of
+the highest importance, for it marks the opening of a new era.
+The political situation of Europe is to-day widely different from
+what it was only yesterday. Yesterday the entire world turned an
+eye feverishly intent towards Belgium, upon the spectacle there of
+the decisive struggle between an established government and an
+unestablished proletariat. There was to be seen in Belgium the
+constitutional authority of an entire realm, backed by the force of
+arms, opposed by a militant labor democracy. On the one side,
+law, authority, armed force; on the other, lack of authority, of
+capital, and of arms; in a word, vague nothingness struggling
+against omnipotence. Yet it is the former that has won the day.
+Omnipotence has belied its name, and has been driven to the wall;
+the defeat has been crushing. But more than this, it has been
+significant. I repeat, it marks the opening of a new era.
+
+For the world-wide association of laborers now comprehends that it
+holds the Old World in its hands. It has discovered the invincible
+power of the strike, in obedience to the watchword emanating from its
+irresponsible leaders. Here is a force which is negative, perhaps, but
+one against which nothing henceforth can prevail. Lo, a silent word of
+command, and the towers of Jericho fall! Before a general strike of
+this sort the Old World is to-day powerless, like the child at the
+breast to whom the mother refuses to give suck.
+
+This is a fact so big with suggestion, so sudden, so almost
+terrifying, that it changes all our former points of view. I could
+not have written yesterday what I can write to-day; for when I saw
+unexpectedly breaking out "the troubles in Belgium," I could not but
+postpone till all was over the writing of the article for which I had
+been asked. No one has as yet fairly grappled with the meaning of the
+new social pact prepared in mystery, a pact of which the dark
+elaboration had been only suspected, but which has just become so
+startlingly revealed. The idea of the strike as applied to political
+problems upsets all preconceived notions. What has hitherto been
+regarded as the only real force is now as if paralyzed; instead,
+sheer, silent will-power remains the only sovereign. In such
+circumstances who would venture to draw the horoscope of the Europe of
+to-morrow?
+
+For consider the situation. Recognized constitutional government
+has actually thought itself fortunate in treating with "strikers,"
+and in attempting to conceal the reality of its defeat behind the
+vain show of an arrangement, the actual significance of which
+deceives nobody. The face of Europe has changed in an instant. The Old
+World is conquered. Socialism bestirs itself, and begins its
+conquering march. The dangerous problems, hitherto so vague, become
+instantly pressing. Yet no one is ready with a solution, and few care
+even to discuss these problems. Even the leaders of the hostile
+army, the strike generals, do not, can not, measure all the
+consequences of their orders. Drunk with their new power they
+forget for the moment its unseen bearings. When first, more used to
+the sensation of omnipotence, they look about them to see what
+their action may have precipitated, they will draw back in horror.
+
+The phrase, "the present situation of Europe," therefore, can have
+reference now only to a very indefinite and a future thing. The
+present is big with uncertainties for the morrow, and the prospect
+would be really distressing, if the established wielders of power did
+not realize--what now is inevitable--the imperative necessity of
+coming to some understanding with this fresh force; the hopelessness,
+henceforward, of playing with theories of repression, and the duty of
+negotiating with this great amorphous army, which, once it is on the
+march, may drink dry the cisterns at which human society is accustomed
+to assuage its thirst. And it is in the light of these events in
+Belgium, that I do not hesitate to say, that Europe for a long time
+still will not be menaced by war. The social problem is now too
+pressing. It requires the entire attention. Woe to the blind! The hour
+of rest is past; a new world awakes. It knows its strength. It has
+everything to gain, nothing to lose. Follow it with anxious eye, ye
+who sleep now in possession, for if ye sleep too long, ye will awake
+in chains!
+
+But apart from this event, which is the prelude of a social struggle
+to be of long duration, yet absolutely inevitable, it is possible at
+this moment, when the European world is preparing to turn westward
+beyond the Atlantic, there to entrust to the proud loyalty of the
+United States immense and untold treasures, to predict for this
+continent a prolonged peace--a peace, however, which is as the
+uncertain tranquillity of an old man heavily dozing on a bed where
+there is no real rest. It is alone one of those incidents, impossible
+to anticipate, which seize whole nations as with madness, driving them
+to arms and carnage, and leaving them at the end of the disillusion of
+the struggle stupefied with their victory, or terrified in their
+defeat, that can break the uncertain spell of this restless sleep. But
+incidents such as these, which bring to naught all human calculation,
+can, indeed must, be left out of account, when considering the
+character of a given moment, and the prospects of peace or war.
+
+Europe, just now, is divided up rather arbitrarily, but none the less
+really. This is partly due to a premeditated combination, partly to
+chance, partly also to the bungling or ignorance of rulers. The Triple
+Alliance, due to the decisive action of Prince Bismarck, is the only
+truly scientific conception of the sort, the only one possessing a
+stable and seriously laid foundation. It includes Austria, which
+relies on Germany to shield it from Russia, as its directly menacing
+foe, or to bar against Russia the route to Constantinople whenever
+Russia shall appear fatally dangerous to the existence of the combined
+empire of Austria-Hungary. It includes Germany, which, as careful
+organizer of the Alliance, is thus protected against any possible
+simultaneous action of France and Russia. It includes Italy, which,
+otherwise weak in the presence of the disdainful hostility of France,
+is thus assured a certain security and repose. Aside from this great
+Triple Alliance, the European states have no real collective
+organization; there are only affinities badly defined, private
+interests, or uncertain situations from which they do not venture to
+think of extricating themselves. What is called the Franco-Russian
+understanding is limited at the moment to an exchange of notes which
+might serve as the basis of a military convention; to demonstrations
+at once noisy and platonic, in which France is playing a sort of
+Potiphar role; and to the chance eventuality of Russia's one day
+finding herself engaged in some formidable struggle when she could
+count on the irresistible and unthinking enthusiasm of France, who
+would place blood and treasure at her disposal.
+
+When has human history ever afforded such a spectacle?
+
+No real alliance exists between Russia and France, but no French
+government could resist popular pressure, were the question to come up
+of helping Russia in the case of a war direct or indirect against
+Germany. Yet at a single gesture of the autocratic czar, Russia would
+shoulder arms and fight in whatever deadly combat France found itself
+involved. The Emperor of Russia is to-day, perhaps, the most
+formidable monarch who has ever existed. He has at his unchecked beck
+and call the vastest empire in Europe, but an empire without gold,
+sunlight, or liberty. Stop! It is a force, blind and brutal, and
+capable of a frightful impact; a force which the finger of a single
+man can set in motion, and which may be made to fall crushingly at the
+exact point designated by the imperious and imperial gesture. To this
+force which does not reason, the czar can, with a gleam of his sword,
+rally the power of France. France, the country of sunlight and
+liberty, where gold flows in rivulets, where every citizen thinks and
+wills, and where every soldier would fight to the death, conscious
+that it is only with Russia, in common struggle against common
+enemies, that a great conflict may be undertaken. The spectacle of
+such power, dormant in one human brain, is almost overwhelming; and
+the psychologist who portends that every man disposing of autocratic
+power, whether czar, sultan or pope, must inevitably go mad, utters a
+thought perhaps not so paradoxical after all.
+
+However, this autocrat so formidably armed is well known to be
+absolutely pacific. He turns a constantly listening ear to the
+counsels of an experienced queen, herself full of the spirit of peace,
+the Queen of Denmark. This queen loves Germany; she adores the young
+emperor whom she calls "an angel." She has already smoothed down many
+rough places. It was she who brought about the Kiel interview and the
+visit of the czarevitch to Berlin. She has strengthened the idea of
+peace in the brain of this emperor, whence, instead, war might spring
+full-armed; war _fin de siècle_; the new, mysterious, unprecedented
+form of it; the war of infinitely multiplied murder, covering the Old
+World with corpses of the slain. The special factor of armed explosion
+most to be dreaded in Europe is thus held in check by an all-powerful
+hand gently directed. It is nothing less than the work of God that has
+made him who holds the chief of the arsenals of power, pacific, and
+thus reassuring to the world.
+
+Turn your vision from this tacit though vague understanding between
+France and Russia, and look beyond the regularly organized Triple
+Alliance; the eye falls on three great isolated powers, directed by
+various motives, and the action of which, determined upon only at the
+last moment, is constantly in the thought of the other ruling nations.
+Of these three the first is England. No minister of foreign affairs in
+any country would ever think of committing towards the English nation
+the crime of supposing its policy subservient to that of any other
+nation. The dream or the fear of a quadruple alliance has haunted only
+the crudest brains. England remains free in its movements, and it will
+preserve this liberty to the last. This is, moreover, for the
+happiness of all; for, except in those accesses of madness, a sort of
+factor of which, as I said, no account can be taken, no power will
+think of taking up a struggle in which the intervention of England, on
+one side or the other, can determine the issue.
+
+The second great power which remains free of all entanglement is that
+which dominates the Bosphorus. A strange power, indeed! It has no
+friends. There it remains alone on this European soil, of which it
+occupies certain extreme points, like a bit of abandoned booty
+tempting the cupidity of the Christian world. The whole of Europe
+looks thither with dull hate, and each power would willingly bear away
+a bit of the trappings and the hangings that render soft and
+resplendent the gilded cage where lies the sick lion of Yildiz Kiosk.
+If ever the war which appears to me so distant breaks out, Abdul
+Hamid, or his successor, will have his hands free; and at the supreme
+moment when the conqueror, whomsoever he may be, cannot reject them,
+will impose his conditions. If the then sultan neglects to seize the
+event, it is not at all sure that the crescent will cease to mark its
+silhouette on the firmament of Europe; but at all events, until then
+European peace is the surest safeguard of the Ottoman Empire, and this
+Abdul Hamid well knows.
+
+The third of the great isolated powers of which I speak is personified
+to-day by the grand old man whom an heroic pertinacity, henceforward
+to be traditional, keeps a prisoner at the Vatican. No one can have
+any idea of the life and movement which reigns in this voluntary
+prison which lies over against the Quirinal. Thither flow innumerable
+missives from every corner of the world, and could I only tell some of
+them, it would be seen how long still is the arm extending from the
+shadow of St. Peter's; how dreadful still are the lips that speak in
+the shade of the Vatican. I should show the Holy Father and his
+cardinals writing to the Emperor of Austria, directing him by counsel
+and advice, and sometimes almost by their orders. I should show Prince
+Bismarck continuing, since his fall, to hold before the eyes of the
+pope, glimpses of the more or less partial restoration of the temporal
+power. I should show Leo XIII. now trying to unite, now to alienate,
+France and Russia, according as at the moment this or that policy
+seems to him most propitious for his own cause or the cause of peace;
+and I should show, at the same time, the Vatican divided within
+itself, and Cardinal Vauncelli working, in secret letters addressed to
+powerful sovereigns, against the policy of Cardinal Rampolla, and
+acting on the mind of Leo XIII. to detach him from his secretary of
+state, and wean him from the democratic policy on which he is now
+launched. I should show, also, all the leading politicians of France,
+whether in power or out, soliciting the support, the protection, the
+favor of Leo XIII., and the latter working with astounding insight for
+the fusion, more and more complete, of the liberal monarchical party
+with the Republic. I should show again how, owing to mysterious
+action, instability has become the normal state of France; and how the
+action of Russia, driven by the double current from the north and the
+south, not only has been not a source of strength for M. Ribot, but
+even forced him to his fall. Not only did the czar refuse to send the
+Russian fleet to France, and to let the czarevitch pass through Paris
+under pretext of going from Berlin to London, but he has just of late
+imposed on the French prime minister exigencies of such a nature that
+the latter has preferred to lay down the power rather than to submit.
+When M. Ribot, minister of foreign affairs, committed the political
+stupidity of carrying to the tribune the name of Baron Mohrenheim in
+connection with the Panama scandal, the Emperor of Russia showed that
+he was much irritated and wounded. M. Develle, minister of foreign
+affairs, hurried to the baron with excuses. But the czar declared
+these excuses unsatisfactory. M. Ribot then went himself to see the
+ambassador and give him certain explanations and excuses. Still the
+czar was not satisfied. He demanded a letter written by the prime
+minister and addressed to the Russian minister of foreign affairs, M.
+de Giers, who was then stopping at the gates of France. M. Ribot could
+not accept this demand. He had already endured the insult of M.
+Stambouloff during the affair of the Chadourne expulsion. He did not
+wish to leave behind him a letter of excuse addressed to M. de Giers.
+He preferred to fall, and he fell.
+
+This is a fair instance of the hidden forces which sweep through the
+side-scenes of international European politics. In the preceding rapid
+summary of the present state of politics in the Old World, the
+conclusion must come irrefutably, and that is the ground of these
+remarks, that no war is in sight, nor will be for yet a long time. The
+Triple Alliance wishes, and necessarily wishes, peace. The young
+German emperor, from whom people have affected to anticipate some mad
+and irresponsible conduct, has no doubt uttered some imprudent words,
+but he has never committed any dangerous action. Really, his mouth
+seems a sort of safety-valve for the boiling steam within. So far he
+is satisfied with the conquests already secured. He is trying to bring
+back to him the Emperor of Russia. The meeting which he is now having
+with the pope is intended to bring about a formal _rapprochement_
+between the Quirinal and Vatican. Leo XIII., in turning his face
+towards the democracy, disquiets all thrones; but he disquiets
+especially the throne of Italy, since he is showing the Italians that
+the Papacy is not only not an enemy of republics, but that it might be
+the protector of future republics in Italy, if the Italian fatherland,
+dreaming of the former brilliant prosperity, tried to found a
+democratic federation, with the pope as the centre and beneficent
+father. But at the same time Leo XIII. will whisper peace in the ear
+of William II. The young emperor wishes for a long era of peace. The
+new military law, with its far-reaching bearings, proves this. Even
+to-day he would never think of undertaking a war which left Prince
+Bismarck out of account, and he will never undertake a war which might
+cause his return.
+
+So, too, the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary; he too is inclined
+to peace. He cannot risk a war. The bonds which link the different
+portions of the empire are too fragile to be exposed to the rude
+strain of armed strife. Italy, perhaps, by a fortunate war might be a
+gainer; but it is not strong enough to provoke one, or even to carry
+one on. It would regard the Papacy at the Vatican as too great a
+danger at its back; and, with little hope of conquering anything
+without its borders, it might legitimately fear to find Rome no
+longer intact on its return.
+
+As for the Emperor of Russia, he is moderate at once in his love for
+France and his hatred of Germany. So far, a man of genius has been
+wanting to cement the bonds of alliance between France and Germany.
+There is already an understanding, vague, platonic, and with no morrow
+assured to it. The French Republic will recoil before the thought of
+war, so long as Russian action does not precipitate an explosion. The
+Republic knows that war would be at its peril; that vanquished it is
+submerged under floods of anarchy, that victorious it brings forth a
+Cæsar, and it wishes peace.
+
+England, rich, industrial, devoted to its own internal problems,
+preserves an attitude which is an earnest of peace. So that, when one
+casts a steady glance over the Europe of the present hour, one is
+minded to say to the world about to repair to the great centre of
+industry, of letters, and of art, which Chicago is so soon to be: "Go
+in peace. War is distant. Gather in peace the fruit of your peaceful
+victories."
+
+BLOWITZ.
+
+
+
+
+THE COMEDY OF WAR.
+
+by Joel Chandler Harris
+
+Author of "Uncle Remus," "Plantation Fables," etc.
+
+
+I. ON THE UNION SIDE.
+
+Private O'Halloran, detailed for special duty in advance of the picket
+line, sat reclining against a huge red oak. Within reach lay a rifle
+of beautiful workmanship. In one hand he held a blackened brier-root
+pipe, gazing on it with an air of mock regret. It had been his
+companion on many a weary march and on many a lonely day, when, as
+now, he was doing duty as a sharp-shooter. But it was not much of a
+companion now. It held the flavor, but not the fragrance, of other
+days. It was empty, and so was O'Halloran's tobacco-pouch. It was
+nothing to grumble about, but the big, laughing Irishman liked his
+pipe, especially when it was full of tobacco. The words of an old song
+came to him, and he hummed them to himself:
+
+  "There was an ould man, an' he had a wooden leg,
+  An' he had no terbacky, nor terbacky could he beg;
+  There was another ould man, as keen as a fox,
+  An' he always had terbacky in his ould terbacky box.
+
+  "Sez one ould man, 'Will yez give me a chew?'
+  Sez the other ould man, 'I'll be dommed ef I do.
+  Kape away from them gin-mills, an' save up yure rocks,
+  An' ye'll always have terbacky in yer ould terbacky box.'"
+
+What with the singing and the far-away thoughts that accompanied the
+song, Private O'Halloran failed to hear footsteps approaching until
+they sounded quite near.
+
+"Halt!" he cried, seizing his rifle and springing to his feet. The
+newcomer wore the insignia of a Federal captain, seeing which,
+O'Halloran lowered his weapon and saluted. "Sure, sor, you're not to
+mind me capers. I thought the inimy had me complately surrounded--I
+did, upon me sowl."
+
+"And I," said the captain, laughing, "thought the Johnnies had
+caught me. It is a pleasant surprise. You are O'Halloran of the
+Sharp-shooters, I have heard of you--a gay singer and a great
+fighter."
+
+"Sure it's not for me to say that same. I sings a little bechwane
+times for to kape up me sperits, and takes me chances, right and lift.
+You're takin' a good many yourself, sor, so far away from the picket
+line. If I make no mistake, sor, it is Captain Somerville I'm talkin'
+to."
+
+"That is my name," the captain said.
+
+"I was touchin' elbows wit' you at Gettysburg, sor."
+
+The captain looked at O'Halloran again. "Why, certainly!" he
+exclaimed. "You are the big fellow that lifted one of the Johnnies
+over the stone wall."
+
+"By the slack of the trousers. I am that same, sor. He was nothin' but
+a bit of a lad, sor, but he fought right up to the end of me nose. The
+men was jabbin' at 'im wit' their bay'nets, so I sez to him, says I,
+'Come in out of the inclemency of the weather,' says I, and thin I
+lifted him over. He made at me, sor, when I put 'im down, an' it took
+two men for to lead 'im kindly to the rear. It was a warm hour, sor."
+
+As O'Halloran talked, he kept his eyes far afield.
+
+"Sure, sor," he went on, "you stand too much in the open. They had one
+muddlehead on that post yesterday; they'll not put another there
+to-day, sor." As he said this, the big Irishman seized the captain by
+the arm and gave him a sudden jerk. It was an unceremonious
+proceeding, but a very timely one, for the next moment the sapling
+against which the captain had been lightly leaning was shattered by a
+ball from the Confederate side.
+
+"Tis an old friend of mine, sor," said O'Halloran; "I know 'im by his
+handwritin'. They had a muddlehead there yesterday, sor. I set in full
+sight of 'im, an' he blazed at me twice; the last time I had me fist
+above me head, an' he grazed me knuckles. 'Be-dad,' says I, 'you're no
+good in your place;' an' when he showed his mug, I plugged 'im where
+the nose says howdy to the eyebrows. 'Twas no hurt to 'im, sor; if he
+seen the flash, 'twas as much."
+
+To the left, in a little clearing, was a comfortable farm-house.
+Stacks of fodder and straw and pens of corn in the shuck were ranged
+around. There was every appearance of prosperity, but no sign of life,
+save two bluebirds, the pioneers of spring, that were fighting around
+the martin gourds, preparing to take possession.
+
+"There's where I was born." The captain pointed to the farm-house. "It
+is five years since I have seen the place."
+
+"You don't tell me, sor! I see in the Hur'ld that they call it the
+Civil War, but it's nothin' but oncivil, sor, for to fight agin' your
+ould home."
+
+"You are right," assented the captain. "There's nothing civil about
+war. I suppose the old house has long been deserted."
+
+"Sure, look at the forage, thin. 'Tis piled up as nately as you
+please. Wait till the b'ys git at it! Look at the smoke of the
+chimbly. Barrin' the jay-birds, 'tis the peacefulest sight I've
+seen."
+
+"My people are gone," said the captain. "My father was a Union man. I
+wouldn't be surprised to hear of him somewhere at the North. The day
+that I was eighteen he gave me a larrupping for disobedience, and I
+ran away."
+
+"Don't spake of it, sor." O'Halloran held up his hands. "Many's the
+time I've had me feelin's hurted wit' a bar'l stave."
+
+"That was in 1860," said the captain. "I was too proud to go back
+home, but when the war began I remembered what a strong Union man my
+father was, and I joined the Union army."
+
+"'Tis a great scheme for a play," said the big Irishman solemnly.
+
+"My mother was dead," the captain went on, "my oldest sister was
+married, and my youngest sister was at school in Philadelphia, and my
+brother, two years older than myself, made life miserable for me in
+trying to boss me."
+
+"Oh!" exclaimed O'Halloran, "don't I know that same? 'Tis meself
+that's been along there."
+
+Captain Somerville looked at the old place, carefully noting the
+outward changes, which were comparatively few. He noted, too, with the
+eye of a soldier, that when the impending conflict took place between
+the forces then facing each other, there would be a sharp struggle for
+the knoll on which the house stood; and he thought it was a curious
+feat for his mind to perform, to regard the old home where he had been
+both happy and miserable as a strategic point of battle. Private
+O'Halloran had no such memories to please or to vex him. To the extent
+of his opportunities he was a man of business. He took a piece of
+white cloth from his pocket and hung it on the broken sapling.
+
+"I'll see, sor, if yon chap is in the grocery business."
+
+As he turned away, there was a puff of smoke on the farther hill, a
+crackling report, and the hanging cloth jumped as though it were
+alive.
+
+"Faith, it's him, sor!" exclaimed O'Halloran, "an' he's in a mighty
+hurry." Whereupon the big Irishman brushed a pile of leaves from an
+oil-cloth strapped together in the semblance of a knapsack.
+
+"What have you there?" asked Captain Somerville.
+
+"Sure, 'tis me grocery store, sor. Coffee, tay, an' sugar. Faith, I'll
+make the devil's mouth water like a baby cuttin' his stomach tathe.
+Would ye mind comin' along, sor, for to kape me from swindlin' the
+Johnny out of all his belongin's?"
+
+
+II. ON THE CONFEDERATE SIDE.
+
+Three men sat in a gully that had once been a hillside ditch. Their
+uniforms were various, the result of accident and capture. One of them
+wore a very fine blue overcoat which was in queer contrast to his
+ragged pantaloons. This was Lieutenant Clopton, who had charge of the
+picket line. Another had on the uniform of an artilleryman, and his
+left arm was in a sling. He had come out of the hospital to do duty as
+a guide. This was Private John Fambrough. The third had on no uniform
+at all, but was dressed in plain citizen's clothes, much the worse for
+wear. This was Jack Kilpatrick, scout and sharp-shooter. Happy Jack,
+as he was called.
+
+How long since the gully had been a ditch it would be impossible to
+say, but it must have been a good many years, for the pines had grown
+into stout trees, and here and there a black-jack loomed up
+vigorously.
+
+"Don't git too permiscus around here," said Happy Jack, as the others
+were moving about. "This ain't no fancy spot." He eased himself upward
+on his elbow, and made a swift but careful survey of the woodland
+vista that led to the Federal lines. Then he shook down the breech of
+his rifle, and slipped a long cartridge into its place. "You see that
+big poplar over yonder? Well, under that tree there's a man, leastways
+he ought to be there, because he's always hangin' around in front of
+me."
+
+"Why don't you nail him?" asked Fambrough.
+
+"Bosh! Why don't he nail me? It's because he can't do it. Well, that's
+the reason I don't nail him. You know what happened yesterday, don't
+you? You saw that elegant lookin' chap that came out to take my place,
+didn't you? Did you see him when he went back?"
+
+Lieutenant Clopton replied with a little grimace, but Fambrough said
+never a word. He only looked at Kilpatrick with inquiring eyes.
+
+"Why, he was the nicest lookin' man in the army--hair combed, clothes
+brushed, and rings on his fingers. He was all the way from New 'leans,
+with a silver-mounted rifle and a globe sight."
+
+"A which?" asked Fambrough.
+
+"A globe sight. Set down on yourself a little further, sonny," said
+Happy Jack; "your head's too high. I says to him, says I, 'Friend, you
+are goin' where you'll have to strip that doll's step-ladder off'n
+your gun, an' come down to business,' says I. I says, says I, 'You may
+have to face a red-headed, flannel-mouthed Irishman, and you don't
+want to look at him through all that machinery,' says I."
+
+"What did he say?" Fambrough asked.
+
+"He said, 'I'll git him.' Now, how did he git him? Why, he come down
+here, lammed aloose a time or two, and then hung his head over the
+edge of the gully there, with a ball right spang betwixt his eyes. I
+went behind the picket line to get a wink of sleep, but I hadn't
+more'n curled up in the broom-sage before I heard that chap a-bangin'
+away. Then come the reply, like this--" Happy Jack snapped his
+fingers; "and then I went to sleep waitin' for the rej'inder."
+
+Kilpatrick paused, and looked steadily in the direction of the
+poplar.
+
+"Well, dog my cats! Yonder's a chap standin' right out in front of
+me. It ain't the Mickey, neither. I'll see what he's up to." He
+raised his rifle with a light swinging movement, chirruped to it as
+though it were a horse or a little child, and in another moment the
+deadly business of war would have been resumed, but Fambrough laid his
+hand on the sharp-shooter's arm.
+
+"Wait," he said. "That may be my old man wandering around out there.
+Don't be too quick on trigger. I ain't got but one old man."
+
+"Shucks!" exclaimed Kilpatrick, pettishly; "you reckon I don't know
+your old man? He's big in the body, an' wobbly in his legs. You've
+spiled a mighty purty shot. I believe in my soul that chap was a
+colonel, an' he might 'a' been a general. Now that's funny."
+
+"What's funny?" asked Fambrough.
+
+"Why, that chap. He'll never know you saved him, an' if he know'd it
+he wouldn't thank you. I'd 'a' put a hole right through his gizzard.
+Now he's behind the poplar."
+
+"It's luck," Lieutenant Clopton suggested.
+
+"Maybe," said Kilpatrick. "Yonder he is ag'in. Luck won't save him
+this time." He raised his rifle, glanced down the barrel, and pulled
+the trigger. Simultaneously with the report an expression of disgust
+passed over his face, and with an oath he struck the ground with his
+fist.
+
+"Don't tell me you missed him," said Clopton.
+
+"Miss what?" exclaimed Kilpatrick scornfully. "If he ain't drunk,
+somebody pulled him out of the way."
+
+"I told you it was luck," commented Clopton.
+
+"Shucks! don't tell me. Luck's like lightnin'. She never hits twice in
+the same place."
+
+Kilpatrick sank back in the gully and gave himself up to ruminating.
+He leaned on his elbows and pulled up little tufts of grass and weeds
+growing here and there. Lieutenant Clopton, looking across towards the
+poplar, suddenly reached for the sharp-shooter's rifle, but Kilpatrick
+placed his hand on it jealously.
+
+"Give me the gun. Yonder's a Yank in full view."
+
+Kilpatrick, still holding his rifle, raised himself and looked.
+
+"Why, he's hanging out a flag of truce," said Clopton. "What does the
+fellow mean?"
+
+"It's a message," said Kilpatrick, "an' here's the answer." With that
+he raised his rifle, dropped it gently in the palm, of his left hand,
+and fired.
+
+"You saw the hankcher jump, didn't you?" he exclaimed. "Well, that
+lets us out. That's my Mickey. He wants tobacco, and I want coffee an'
+tea. Come, watch me swap him out of his eye teeth."
+
+Then Kilpatrick went to a clump of broom sedge and drew forth a wallet
+containing several pounds of prepared smoking tobacco and a bundle of
+plug tobacco, and in a few moments the trio were picking their way
+through the underwood towards the open.
+
+
+III. ON NEUTRAL GROUND.
+
+Matters were getting critical for Squire Fambrough. He had vowed and
+declared that he would never be a refugee, but he had a responsibility
+on his hands that he had not counted on. That responsibility was his
+daughter Julia, twenty-two years old, and as obstinate as her father.
+The Squire had sent off his son's wife and her children, together with
+as many negroes as had refused to go into the Union lines. He had
+expected his daughter to go at the same time, but when the time
+arrived, the fair Julia showed that she had a mind of her own. She
+made no scene, she did not go into hysterics; but when everything was
+ready, she asked her father if he was going. He said he would follow
+along after a while. She called to a negro, and made him take her
+trunks and band-boxes from the wagon and carry them into the house,
+while Squire Fambrough stood scratching his head.
+
+"Why don't you make her come?" his daughter-in-law asked, somewhat
+sharply.
+
+"Well, Susannah," the Squire remarked, "I ain't been a jestice of the
+peace and a married man, off and on for forty year, without findin'
+out when to fool with the wimen sek an' when not to fool wi' 'em."
+
+"I'd make her come," said the daughter-in-law.
+
+"I give you lief, Susannah, freely an' fully. Lay your baby some'rs
+wher' it won't git run over, an' take off your surplus harness, an' go
+an' fetch her out of the house an' put her in the buggy."
+
+But the daughter-in-law treated the courteous invitation with
+proper scorn, and the small caravan moved off, leaving the fair Julia
+and her father in possession of the premises. According to human
+understanding, the refugees got off just in the nick of time. A day or
+two afterwards, the Union army, figuratively speaking, marched up,
+looked over Squire Fambrough's front palings, and then fell back to
+reflect over the situation. Shortly afterwards the Confederate
+army marched up, looked over the Squire's back palings, and also
+fell back to reflect. Evidently the situation was one to justify
+reflection, for presently both armies fell back still farther.
+These movements were so courteous and discreet--were such a
+colossal display of etiquette--that war seemed to be out of the
+question. Of course there were the conservative pickets, the
+thoughtful videttes, and the careful sharp-shooters, ready to
+occasion a little bloodshed, accidentally or intentionally. But by
+far the most boisterously ferocious appendages of the two armies
+were the two brass bands. They were continually challenging each
+other, beginning early in the morning and ending late in the
+afternoon; one firing off "Dixie," and the other "Yankee Doodle." It
+was "Yankee Doodle, howdy do?" and "Doodle-doodle, Dixie, too," like
+two chanticleers challenging each other afar off.
+
+This was the situation as it appeared to Squire Fambrough and his
+daughter. On this particular morning the sun was shining brightly, and
+the birds were fluttering joyously in the budding trees. Miss Julia
+had brought her book out into the grove of venerable oaks which was
+the chief beauty of the place, and had seated herself on a rustic
+bench that was built around one of the trees. Just as she had become
+interested, she heard a rifle-shot. She moved uneasily, but fell to
+reading again, and was apparently absorbed in the book, when she heard
+another shot. Then she threw the book down and rose to her feet,
+making a very pretty centerpiece in the woodland setting.
+
+"Oh! what is the matter with everything?" she exclaimed. "There's the
+shooting again! How can I read books and sit quietly here while the
+soldiers are preparing to fight? Oh, me! I don't know what to do! If
+there should be a battle here, I don't know what would become of us."
+
+Julia, in her despair, was fair to look upon. Her gown of striped
+homespun stuff, simply made, set off to admiration her strong but
+supple figure. Excitement added a new lustre to her eye and gave a
+heightened color to the rose that bloomed on her cheeks. She stood a
+moment as if listening, and then a faint smile showed on her lips. She
+heard her father calling:
+
+"Jule! Jule! O Jule!"
+
+"Here I am, father!" she cried. "What is it?"
+
+"Well, the Lord he'p my soul! I've been huntin' for you high an' low.
+Did you hear that shootin'? I 'lowed may be you'd been took prisoner
+an' carried bodaciously off. Didn't I hear you talkin' to somebody?"
+
+Squire Fambrough pulled off his hat and scratched his head. His face,
+set in a fringe of gray beard, was kindly and full of humor, but it
+contained not a few of the hard lines of experience.
+
+"No, father," said Julia, in reply to the Squire's question. "I was
+only talking to myself."
+
+"Jest makin' a speech, eh? Well, I don't blame you, honey. I'm a great
+mind to jump out here in the clearin' an' yell out my sentiments so
+that both sides can hear 'em."
+
+"Why, what is the matter, father?"
+
+"I'm mad, honey! I'm jest nachally stirred up--dog my cats ef I ain't!
+Along at fust I did hope there wouldn't be no fightin' in this
+neighborhood, but now I jest want to see them two blamed armies light
+into one another, tooth and toe-nail."
+
+"Why, father!" Julia made a pretty gesture of dismay. "How can you
+talk so?"
+
+"Half of my niggers is gone," said Squire Fambrough; "one side has got
+my hosses, and t'other side has stole my cattle. The Yankees has
+grabbed my grist mill, an' the Confeds has laid holt of my corn crib.
+One army is squattin' in my tater patch, and t'other one is roostin'
+in my cow pastur'. Do you reckon I was born to set down here an' put
+up wi' that kind of business?"
+
+"But, father, what can you do? How can you help yourself? For heaven's
+sake, let's go away from here!"
+
+"Great Moses, Jule! Have you gone an' lost what little bit of common
+sense you was born with? Do you reckon I'm a-goin' to be a-refugeein'
+an' a-skee-daddlin' across the country like a skeer'd rabbit at my
+time of life? I hain't afeared of nary two armies they can find room
+for on these hills! Hain't I got one son on one side an' another son
+on t'other side? Much good they are doin', too. If they'd a-felt like
+me they'd a fit both sides. Do you reckon I'm a-gwine to be drove
+off'n the place where I was born, an' where your granpappy was born,
+an' where your mother lies buried? No, honey!"
+
+"But, father, you know we can't stay here. Suppose there should be a
+battle?"
+
+"Come, honey! come!" There was a touch of petulance in the old man's
+tone. "Don't get me flustrated. I told you to go when John's wife an'
+the children went. By this time you'd 'a' been out of hearin' of the
+war."
+
+"But, father, how could I go and leave you here all by yourself?" The
+girl laid her hand on the Squire's shoulder caressingly.
+
+"No," exclaimed the Squire, angrily; "stay you would, stay you did,
+an' here you are!"
+
+"Yes, and now I want to go away, and I want you to go with me. All the
+horses are not taken, and the spring wagon and the barouche are
+here."
+
+"Don't come a-pesterin' me, honey! I'm pestered enough as it is. Lord,
+if I had the big men here what started the war, I'd take 'em an' butt
+their cussed heads together tell you wouldn't know 'em from a lot of
+spiled squashes."
+
+"Now, don't get angry and say bad words, father."
+
+"I can't help it, Jule; I jest can't help it. When the fuss was
+a-brewin' I sot down an' wrote to Jeems Buchanan, and told him, jest
+as plain as the words could be put on paper, that war was boun' to
+come if he didn't look sharp; an' then when old Buck dropped out, I
+sot down an' wrote to Abe Lincoln an' told him that coercion wouldn't
+work worth a cent, but conciliation----"
+
+"Wait, father!" Julia held up her pretty hand. "I hear some one
+calling. Listen!"
+
+Not far away they heard the voice of a negro. "Marse Dave Henry! O
+Marse Dave Henry!"
+
+"Hello! Who the nation are you hollerin' at?" said Squire Fambrough as
+a youngish looking negro man came in view. "An' where did you come
+from, an' where are you goin'?"
+
+"Howdy, mistiss--howdy, marster!" The negro took off his hat as he
+came up.
+
+"What's your name?" asked the Squire.
+
+"I'm name Tuck, suh. None er you all ain't seed nothin' er Marse----"
+
+"Who do you belong to?"
+
+"I b'longs ter de Cloptons down dar in Georgy, suh. None er you-all
+ain't seed nothin'----"
+
+"What are you doin' here?" demanded Squire Fambrough, somewhat
+angrily. "Don't you know you are liable to get killed any minute?
+Ain't you makin' your way to the Yankee army?"
+
+"No, suh." The negro spoke with unction. "I'm des a-huntin' my young
+marster, suh. He name Dave Henry Clopton. Dat what we call him--Marse
+Henry. None er you-all ain't seed 'im, is you?"
+
+"Jule," said the Squire, rubbing his nose thoughtfully, "ain't that
+the name of the chap that used to hang around here before the Yankees
+got too close?"
+
+"Do you mean Lieutenant Clopton, father?" asked Julia, showing some
+confusion.
+
+"Yessum." Tuck grinned and rubbed his hands together. "Marse Dave
+Henry is sholy a lieutender in de company, an' mistiss she say he'd a
+done been a giner'l ef dey wa'nt so much enviousness in de army."
+
+"I saw him this morning--I mean--" Julia blushed and hesitated. "I
+mean, I heard him talking out here in the grove."
+
+"Who was he talking to, Jule?" The Squire put the question calmly and
+deliberately.
+
+There was a little pause. Julia, still blushing, adjusted an imaginary
+hair-pin. The negro looked sheepishly from one to the other. The
+Squire repeated his question.
+
+"Who was he talking to, Jule?"
+
+"Nobody but me," said the young lady, growing redder. Her embarrassment
+was not lessened by an involuntary "eh--eh," from the negro. Squire
+Fambrough raised his eyes heavenwards and allowed both his heavy hands
+to drop helplessly by his side.
+
+"What was he talkin' about?" The old man spoke with apparent
+humility.
+
+"N-o-t-h-i-n-g," said Julia, demurely, looking at her pink finger-nails.
+"He just asked me if I thought it would rain, and I told him I
+didn't know; and then he said the spring was coming on very rapidly,
+and I said, 'Yes, I thought it was.' And then he had found a bunch of
+violets and asked me if I would accept them, and I said, 'Thank you.'"
+
+"Land of the livin' Moses!" exclaimed Squire Fambrough, lifting his
+hands above his head and allowing them to fall heavily again. "And
+they call this war!"
+
+"Yessum!" The negro's tone was triumphant. "Dat sholy wuz Marse Dave
+Henry. War er no war, dat wuz him. Dat des de way he goes 'mongst de
+ladies. He gi'um candy yit, let 'lone flowers. Shoo! You can't tell me
+nothin' 'tall 'bout Marse Dave Henry."
+
+"What are you wanderin' 'round here in the woods for?" asked the
+Squire. His tone was somewhat severe. "Did anybody tell you he was
+here?"
+
+"No, suh!" replied Tuck. "Dey tol' me back dar at de camps dat I'd
+fin' 'im out on de picket line, an' when I got dar dey tol' me he wuz
+out dis a-way, whar dey wuz some sharp-shootin' gwine on, but I ain't
+foun' 'im yit."
+
+"Ain't you been with him all the time?" The Squire was disposed to
+treat the negro as a witness for the defence.
+
+"Lor, no, suh! I des now come right straight fum Georgy. Mistiss--she
+Marse Dave Henry's ma--she hear talk dat de solyers ain't got no cloze
+fer ter w'ar an' no vittles fer ter eat, skacely, an' she tuck'n made
+me come an' fetch 'im a box full er duds an' er box full er vittles.
+She put cake in dar, yit, 'kaze I smelt it whiles I wuz handlin' de
+box. De boxes, dey er dar at de camp, an' here me, but wharbouts is
+Marse Dave Henry? Not ter be a-hidin' fum somebody, he de hardest
+white man ter fin' what I ever laid eyes on. I speck I better be
+knockin' 'long. Good-by, marster; good-by, young mistiss. Ef I don'
+fin' Marse Dave Henry no wheres, I'll know whar ter come an' watch fer
+'im."
+
+The Squire watched the negro disappear in the woods, and then turned
+to his daughter. To his surprise, her eyes were full of tears; but
+before he could make any comment, or ask any question, he heard the
+noise of tramping feet in the woods, and presently saw two Union
+soldiers approaching. Almost immediately Julia called his attention to
+three soldiers coming from the Confederate side.
+
+"I believe in my soul we're surrounded by both armies," remarked the
+Squire dryly. "But don't git skeer'd, honey. I'm goin' to see what
+they're trespassin' on my premises for."
+
+
+IV. COMMERCE AND SENTIMENT.
+
+"Upon my sowl," said O'Halloran, as he and Captain Somerville went
+forward, the big Irishman leading the way, "I'm afeard I'm tollin' you
+into a trap."
+
+"How?" asked the captain.
+
+"Why, there's three of the Johnnies comin', sor, an' the ould man an'
+the gurrul make five."
+
+"Halt!" said the captain, using the word by force of habit. The two
+paused, and the captain took in the situation at a glance. Then he
+turned to the big Irishman, with a queer look on his face.
+
+"What is it, sor?"
+
+"I'm in for it now. That is my father yonder, and the young lady is my
+sister."
+
+"The Divvle an' Tom Walker!" exclaimed O'Halloran. "'Tis quite a
+family rayanion, sor."
+
+"I don't know whether to make myself known or not. What could have
+possessed them to stay here? I'll see whether they know me." As they
+went forward, the captain plucked O'Halloran by the sleeve. "I'll be
+shot if the Johnny with his arm in the sling isn't my brother."
+
+"I was expectin' it, sor," said the big Irishman, giving matters a
+humorous turn. "Soon the cousins will be poppin' out from under the
+bushes."
+
+By this time the two were near enough to the approaching Confederates
+to carry on a conversation by lifting their voices a little.
+
+"Hello, Johnny," said O'Halloran.
+
+"Hello, Yank," replied Kilpatrick.
+
+"What's the countersign, Johnny?"
+
+"Tobacco. What is it on your side, Yank?"
+
+"Tay an' coffee, Johnny."
+
+"You are mighty right," Kilpatrick exclaimed. "Stack your arms agin a
+tree."
+
+"The same to you," said O'Halloran.
+
+The Irishman, using his foot as a broom, cleared the dead leaves and
+twigs from a little space of ground, where he deposited his bundle,
+and Kilpatrick did the same. John Fambrough, the wounded Confederate,
+went forward to greet his father and sister, and Lieutenant Clopton
+went with him. The Squire was not in a good humor.
+
+"I tell you what, John," he said to his son, "I don't like to be
+harborin' nary side. It's agin' my principles. I don't like this
+colloguin' an' palaverin' betwixt folks that ought to be by good
+rights a-knockin' one another on the head. If they want to collogue
+an' palaver, why don't they go som'ers else?"
+
+The Squire's son tried to explain, but the old gentleman hooted at the
+explanation. "Come on, Jule, let's go and see what they're up to."
+
+As they approached, the Irishman glanced at Captain Somerville, and
+saw that he had turned away, cap in hand, to hide his emotion.
+
+"You're just in time," the Irishman said to Squire Fambrough in a
+bantering tone, "to watch the continding armies. This mite of a Johnny
+will swindle the Government, if I don't kape me eye on him."
+
+"Is this what you call war?" the Squire inquired sarcastically. "Who
+axed you to come trespassin' on my land?"
+
+"Oh, we'll put the leaves back where we found them," said Kilpatrick,
+"if we have to git a furlough."
+
+"Right you are!" said the Irishman.
+
+"It is just a little trading frolic among the boys!" Captain
+Somerville turned to the old man with a courteous bow. "They will do
+no harm. I'll answer for that."
+
+"Well, I'll tell you how I feel about it!" Squire Fambrough exclaimed
+with some warmth. "I'm in here betwixt the hostiles. They ain't nobody
+here but me an' my daughter. We don't pester nobody, an' we don't want
+nobody to pester us. One of my sons is in the Union army, I hear tell,
+an' the other is in the Confederate army when he ain't in the
+hospital. These boys, you see, found their old daddy a-straddle of the
+fence, an' one clomb down one leg on the Union side, an' t'other one
+clomb down t'other leg on the Confederate side."
+
+"That is what I call an interesting situation," said the captain,
+drawing a long breath. "Perhaps I have seen your Union son."
+
+"Maybe so, maybe so," assented the Squire.
+
+"Perhaps you have seen him yourself since the war began?"
+
+Before the Squire could make any reply, Julia rushed at the captain
+and threw her arms around his neck, crying, "O brother George, I know
+you!"
+
+The Squire seemed to be dazed by this discovery. He went towards the
+captain slowly. The tears streamed down his face and the hand he held
+out trembled.
+
+"George," he exclaimed, "God A'mighty knows I'm glad to see you!"
+
+O'Halloran and Kilpatrick had paused in the midst of their traffic to
+watch this scene, but when they saw the gray-haired old man crying and
+hugging his son, and the young girl clinging to the two, they were
+confused. O'Halloran turned and kicked his bundles.
+
+"Take all the tay and coffee, you bloody booger! Just give me a
+pipeful of the weed."
+
+Kilpatrick shook his fist at the big Irishman.
+
+"Take the darned tobacco, you red-mouthed Mickey! What do I want with
+your tea and coffee?" Then both started to go a little way into the
+woods. Lieutenant Clopton following. The captain would have called
+them back, but they wouldn't accept the invitation.
+
+"We are just turnin' our backs, sor, while you hold a family orgie,"
+said O'Halloran. "Me an' this measly Johnny will just go on an'
+complate the transaction of swappin'."
+
+At this moment Tuck reappeared on the scene. Seeing his young master,
+he stopped still and looked at him, and then broke out into loud
+complaints.
+
+"Marse Dave Henry, whar de namer goodness you been? You better come
+read dish yer letter what yo' ma writes you. I'm gwine tell mistiss
+she come mighty nigh losin' a likely nigger, an' she'll rake you over
+de coals, mon."
+
+"Why, howdy, Tuck," exclaimed Lieutenant Clopton. "Ain't you glad to
+see me?"
+
+"Yasser, I speck I is." The negro spoke in a querulous and somewhat
+doubtful tone, as he produced a letter from the lining of his hat.
+"But I'd 'a' been a heap gladder ef I hadn't mighty nigh trapsed all
+de gladness out'n me."
+
+Young Clopton took the letter and read it with a smile on his lips and
+a dimness in his eyes. The negro, left to himself, had his attention
+attracted by the coffee and tobacco lying exposed on the ground. He
+looked at the display, scratching his head.
+
+"Boss, is dat sho nuff coffee?"
+
+"It is that same," said O'Halloran.
+
+"De ginnywine ole-time coffee?" insisted the negro.
+
+"'Tis nothin' else, simlin-head."
+
+"Marse Dave Henry," the negro yelled, "run here an' look at dish yer
+ginnywine coffee! Dey's nuff coffee dar fer ter make mistiss happy de
+balance er her days. Some done spill out!" he exclaimed. "Boss, kin I
+have dem what's on de groun'?"
+
+"Take 'em," said O'Halloran, "an' much good may they do you."
+
+"One, two, th'ee, fo', fi', sick, sev'n." The negro counted the grains
+as he picked them up. "O Marse Dave Henry, run here an' look! I got
+sev'n grains er ginnywine coffee. I'm gwine take um ter mistiss."
+
+The Irishman regarded the negro with curiosity. Then taking the dead
+branch of a tree he drew a line several yards in length between
+himself and Kilpatrick.
+
+"D'ye see that line there?" he said to the negro.
+
+"Dat ar mark? Oh, yasser, I sees de mark."
+
+"Very well. On that side of the line you are in slavery--on this side
+the line you are free."
+
+"Who? Me?"
+
+"Who else but you?"
+
+"I been hear talk er freedom, but I ain't seed 'er yit, an' I dunner
+how she feel." The negro scratched his head and grinned expectantly.
+
+"'Tis as I tell you," said the Irishman.
+
+"I b'lieve I'll step 'cross an' see how she feel." The negro stepped
+over the line, and walked up and down as if to test the matter
+physically. "'Tain't needer no hotter ner no colder on dis side dan
+what 'tis on dat," he remarked. Then he cried out to his young master:
+"Look at me, Marse Dave Henry; I'm free now."
+
+"All right." The young man waved his hand without taking his eyes from
+the letter he was reading.
+
+"He take it mos' too easy fer ter suit me," said the negro. Then he
+called out to his young master again: "O Marse Dave Henry! Don't you
+tell mistiss dat I been free, kase she'll take a bresh-broom an' run
+me off'n de place when I go back home."
+
+
+V. THE CURTAIN FALLS.
+
+Squire Fambrough insisted that his son should go to the house and look
+it over for the sake of old times, and young Clopton went along to
+keep Miss Julia company. O'Halloran, Kilpatrick, and the negro stayed
+where they were--the white men smoking their pipes, and the negro
+chewing the first "mannyfac" tobacco he had seen in many a day.
+
+The others were not gone long. As they came back, a courier was seen
+riding through the woods at break-neck speed, going from the Union
+lines to those of the Confederates, and carrying a white flag.
+Kilpatrick hailed him, and he drew rein long enough to cry out, as he
+waved his flag:
+
+"Lee has surrendered!"
+
+"I was looking out for it," said Kilpatrick, "but dang me if I hadn't
+ruther somebody had a-shot me right spang in the gizzard."
+
+Lieutenant Clopton took out his pocket-knife and began to whittle a
+stick. John Fambrough turned away, and his sister leaned her hands on
+his shoulder and began to weep. Squire Fambrough rubbed his chin
+thoughtfully and sighed.
+
+"It had to be, father," the captain said. "It's a piece of news that
+brings peace to the land."
+
+"Oh, yes, but it leaves us flat. No money, and nothing to make a crop
+with."
+
+"I have Government bonds that will be worth a hundred thousand
+dollars. The interest will keep us comfortably."
+
+"For my part," said Clopton, "I have nothing but this free nigger."
+
+"You b'lieve de half er dat," spoke up the free nigger. "Mistiss been
+savin' her cotton craps, an' ef she got one bale she got two
+hundred."
+
+The captain figured a moment. "They will bring more than a hundred
+thousand dollars."
+
+"I have me two arrums," said O'Halloran.
+
+"I've got a mighty fine pack of fox-hounds," remarked Kilpatrick with
+real pride.
+
+There was a pause in the conversation. In the distance could be heard
+the shouting of the Union soldiers and the band with its "Yankee
+Doodle, howd'y-do?" Suddenly Clopton turned to Captain Fambrough:
+
+"I want to ask you how many troops have you got over there--fighting
+men?"
+
+The captain laughed. Then he put his hand to his mouth and said in a
+stage whisper:
+
+"Five companies."
+
+"Well, dang my hide!" exclaimed Kilpatrick.
+
+"What is your fighting force?" Captain Fambrough asked.
+
+"Four companies," said Clopton.
+
+"Think o' that, sir!" cried the Irishman; "an' me out there defendin'
+meself ag'in a whole army."
+
+"More than that," said Clopton, "our colonel is a Connecticut man."
+
+"Shake!" the captain exclaimed. "My colonel is a Virginian."
+
+"Lord 'a' mercy! Lord 'a' mercy!" It was Squire Fambrough who spoke.
+"I'm a-goin' off some'rs an' ontangle the tangle we've got into."
+
+Soon the small company separated. The Squire went a short distance
+towards the Union army with his new-found son, who was now willing to
+call himself George Somerville Fambrough. Kilpatrick and the negro
+went trudging back to the Confederate camp, while Clopton lingered
+awhile, saying something of great importance to the fair Julia and
+himself.
+
+His remarks and her replies were those which precede and follow both
+comedy and tragedy. The thunders of war cannot drown them, nor can the
+sunshine of peace render them commonplace.
+
+
+
+
+THE ROSE IS SUCH A LADY.
+
+BY GERTRUDE HALL.
+
+
+  The rose is such a lady--
+    So stately, fresh, and sweet;
+  It joys to hold her image
+    The rain pool at her feet.
+
+  They look such common lasses,
+    Those red pinks in a line;
+  The rose is such a lady--
+    So dignified and fine.
+
+  The winds would wish to kiss her,
+    And yet they scarcely dare;
+  The rose is such a lady--
+    So courteous, pure, and fair.
+
+  Here's one come from a garden
+    To die within this book--
+  See, in the faded features
+    The old lady-like look!
+
+
+
+
+THE COUNT DE LESSEPS OF TO-DAY.
+
+BY R. H. SHERARD.
+
+
+Seated in an arm-chair, now feebly turning over the leaves of his
+"Souvenirs of Forty Years," now letting his dimmed eyes wander
+listlessly over the broad expanse of fields and woodlands outside the
+windows, Ferdinand de Lesseps, the great Frenchman, drags out the
+agony of his old age.
+
+The visitor to him in his retreat arrives at La Chesnaye to some
+extent attuned to melancholy, for the long diligence ride from the
+nearest railway station, twenty-four kilometres away, is across a most
+desolate country. This part of the ancient duchy of Berry is one of
+the districts in France which has most suffered by the ruin of the
+vine-culture; the lands seem deserted and abandoned; the roads are
+neglected, and little life is seen anywhere till the sleepy burgh of
+Vatan is reached. From Vatan, which is a market-town on the old and
+now disused high-road from Paris to Toulouse, to the chateau of La
+Chesnaye, there are four more kilometres of road across an equally
+desolate country to be taken. The buildings of the home farm are the
+first human habitations that one sees all the long way. An oppressive
+sense of desolation imposes itself on even the casual wayfarer, and
+prepares for the sorrowful sight that awaits him who goes to La
+Chesnaye to salute the fallen greatness of the old man who but two
+years ago was the greatest Frenchman in France.
+
+The chateau of La Chesnaye, a modest country-house of irregular shape
+and flanked at the angles with towers, has been in the possession of
+M. de Lesseps for fifty years. Except for a large modern wing, it
+stands just as Agnes Sorel, its first occupant, left it. In her days
+it had served as a hunting-box for her royal patron and the Berry
+squires, and at present is still surrounded with fields scantily
+timbered. There is no well-kept lawn, but the fields of grass are full
+of violets, and there is a trim look about the stables. On a bright
+day the white of the stone, contrasted with the green of the grass,
+gives a cheerful look to the scene, but it is indescribably mournful
+of aspect in the days of rain and snow and wind.
+
+About half a mile on the road before the chateau is in sight, an
+avenue of trees is reached. "Those trees were planted by M. de Lesseps
+himself, forty years ago, and every time that he passes this way he
+relates the fact."
+
+So spoke to me the English governess of the De Lesseps children, whom
+Madame de Lesseps had despatched to meet me with the pony-carriage at
+Vatan.
+
+"The countess is terribly busy to-day with her papers, for she is
+expecting a barrister from Paris, who is to receive some instructions
+in view of the new trial; but she will manage to give you an hour, and
+wants you to drive to church with her, so that you can talk on the
+way." As we entered the courtyard the countess's carriage was in
+waiting at the front entrance. It was the landau of the days of
+triumphant drives in the Champs Élysées, and the horses were the same
+pair which excited the admiration and envy of the connoisseurs of the
+Avenue des Acacias, "Juliette" and "Panama," which latter is now never
+called by that name. It is talked about as "the other," for the
+ill-fated word, Panama, is never even whispered, lest any echo of it
+should reach the ears of him to whom this word has meant ruin and
+disgrace and a broken heart. I waited for the countess at the bottom
+of the spiral stair-case, and presently saw a lady descending, who
+greeted me in a familiar voice, but whom I failed to recognize. "But,
+yes," she said, holding out her hand, "I am Madame de Lesseps. I have
+changed, have I not?"
+
+[Illustration: THE CHATEAU DE LA CHESNAYE.]
+
+When I last met Madame de Lesseps in Paris, though at that time the
+shadow of the present was already upon her, she was in the full of her
+matronly beauty, large, ample, and flourishing. It was a wasted woman
+who addressed me, pinched and thin. "If I were to remove my veil," she
+added, "you would see an even greater change."
+
+"It is a sad moment that you have chosen to visit us, and you find us
+in terrible circumstances," she said as we drove away. Then turning to
+the lady who accompanied her, she remarked, "This is the first time I
+have been out for three weeks, and I ought not to have gone out
+to-day, except for the fact that I can't miss going to church again.
+It is the only comfort I have left to me. All my days and most of my
+nights, when not attending on my husband, are taken up answering
+letters and telegrams which keep pouring in upon me from all parts of
+the world. And then I am in constant correspondence with the lawyers
+in Paris as to the prosecution of my son for corruption, and the
+revision of the last judgment of the Court of Appeal."
+
+The church which is attended by the La Chesnaye party is situated in a
+village about three miles off, which is called Guilly, "the mistletoe
+hamlet," as all the trees around are covered with this parasite. We
+were passing a fine old oak tree, the upper part of which was loaded
+with mistletoe, when the lady who was with us laughed scornfully, and,
+pointing, said: "One would say Herz, Arton, and the rest," referring
+to the Panama parasites. "Would you believe me," said Madame de
+Lesseps, "that until these recent revelations I had never even heard
+the names of either Arton or Herz or the Baron de Reinach?"
+
+[Illustration: COUNT DE LESSEPS IN 1869.]
+
+Outside the church was standing a _char-à-banc_ drawn by two horses,
+and it was in this that, after service, I returned to La Chesnaye with
+the children and the governesses. It was interesting to see how
+devoted the people of Guilly seem to be to the De Lesseps family, and
+how the men and women bowed and courtesied as the countess came out
+of church. Here, as at Vatan and in all the district, the love and
+respect for "Monsieur le Comte" have been increased rather than
+diminished by the persecutions to which he has been subjected. It was
+on the great fair-day at Vatan that the news of his condemnation was
+made public, and at once the villagers, in sign of mourning,
+stopped the public ball which is a _fête_ to which the young
+people of the district look forward for months beforehand. Sturdy
+Berrichon lads have been seen to flourish their sticks and heard
+to say that the Parisians had better keep their hands off "Monsieur le
+Comte." Nor is it surprising that in his own country M. de Lesseps
+should be loved and venerated. Always delighting in acts of
+kindness, his generosity towards his poor neighbors throughout the
+district has been constant and large-handed. Never a marriage
+takes place in any of the surrounding villages but that a handsome
+present from La Chesnaye is thrown into the bride's _corbeille_.
+The children are dressed for confirmation at the expense of the
+chateau; layettes are found for poor mothers, and no case of
+distress is allowed to pass unrelieved. Since the heavy losses which
+the Panama failure has entailed on the family, no change nor
+diminution in these liberalities has been made. But perhaps what
+the people in the district like the best in the La Chesnaye folk is
+their extreme simplicity. Chateau folk are not generally very popular
+in France, and certainly not in republican circumscriptions,
+because republican electors of the peasant class have inherited
+prejudices about them; and if the De Lesseps family is so very
+popular, it is because of the extreme simplicity of their manners and
+of the way in which they live the lives of the people around them. For
+instance, not the children alone, but even the elegant Madame de
+Lesseps herself, are dressed in clothes purchased and made in Vatan.
+Nothing is got from Paris, and the Vatan people are highly pleased
+with the unusual compliment thus paid to them. By the church at Guilly
+is an orphanage, which was founded by the De Lesseps, and is
+entirely kept up at their expense. It is a rule with Madame de
+Lesseps to pay a visit to this orphanage each Sunday after mass,
+and, accordingly, as she left church she asked me to return home
+with the children. Of these there are now seven at home; Matthew, who
+has just returned on sick leave from the Soudan, being in Paris near
+his stepbrother Charles. Ismail is serving in the army as a
+soldier in a regiment of _chasseurs_ at St. Germain; and the
+eldest daughter, the Comtesse de Gontaut-Biron, is in Nice,
+whither she has been sent by her doctors. Lolo, aged eighteen, is
+the eldest girl at home; and Paul, a handsome lad of twelve, with
+long ringlets down his back, is the eldest boy. The youngest children
+are mere babies. There is Zi-Zi, a tiny little boy, with fair
+curls and dark eyes; and Griselle, a charming little mite, who on
+that Sunday was dressed in a Kate Greenaway bonnet and gown, and
+looked sweetly pretty. The _char-à-banc_, spacious as it was, was
+quite filled. Besides all the children from Lolo down to Zi-Zi, there
+were the English and German governesses, Paul and Robert's tutor,
+the niece of Madame de Lesseps who for many years past has lived
+with the family, and an intimate friend, Mademoiselle Mimaut.
+
+It was a merry party, and yet whenever the name of the poor old father
+at home was mentioned, silence came over the prattle of the children.
+"They all feel it deeply," said Madame de Lesseps to me later on,
+"though their youth often gets the better of their feelings. And what
+grieves them all most is, to know that their brother Charles, whom
+they all love and respect like a second father, is in prison, whilst
+they can run about. Zi-Zi and Griselle write to him every day at Mazas
+or the Conciergerie, and send him violets, and little stories which
+they compose for his amusement, spending long hours inking their
+fingers over their paper."
+
+About half-way home the carriage passed the rural postman trudging
+along on his daily thirty-mile round. The children would have the
+carriage stopped, and, though it was quite full, place was made for
+him. Father Pierre seemed quite a favorite with the children, for is
+it not he, as little Griselle said, who brings letters from brother
+Charles? Charles, it seems, writes every day, and his letters, to
+judge by what every member of the family told me, are admirable in
+their manly unselfishness. There is never a word of complaint about
+the wretchedness of his position; his only anxiety is about his
+father, and he is ready to undergo everything so that the old man may
+be spared a moment's pain. Ruined, disgraced, though not dishonored,
+having to face a long period of imprisonment, which at his age and in
+his physical condition may kill him, he affects in his letters the
+greatest cheerfulness. Nor is his heroic unselfishness without its
+reward. He is the idol of everybody at La Chesnaye and for miles
+around. Only one complaint has escaped him since his confinement, and
+that was when, during his hurried visit, under guard, to his father,
+he went with the children for a favorite walk to a neighboring wood.
+Here, as he was walking along the avenue which runs through some
+magnificent timber, he looked around at the detectives behind him, and
+said with a sigh: "And to-morrow I shall be again within four gray
+walls." But immediately he added, that if he could only be allowed to
+come and pass an afternoon in the wood with his brothers and sisters
+every month, he would not mind his confinement in the least, and could
+resign himself to the prospect of imprisonment for the rest of his
+days. Yet he is past fifty-three, and his health has suffered terribly
+from what he has undergone.
+
+The half hour before lunch was spent by the children in showing their
+pets. A prime favorite with them just now is a little Newfoundland
+puppy, which has quite dethroned in their affections an old shepherd
+dog, who, as Zi-Zi relates, "came one day and liked us so much that
+she has never left us." Another pet of whom a great deal is made is an
+African monkey which Matthew brought home from the Soudan. It is
+called Bou-Bou, and when it is scolded it hides its face in its hands.
+It is quite tame, and runs about without a chain.
+
+Just before lunch the children set about picking violets, each a
+bunch. This they do every day. One is for Charles at Mazas, another
+for Madame de Lesseps, but the sweetest is for the old father to wear
+in his buttonhole at lunch, which is the only meal he takes with the
+family. The child whose bouquet is worn by the father is the proudest
+child in Berry that day.
+
+I could not refrain from a movement of the most painful surprise
+when, after a few moments spent in the drawing-room, I was invited by
+Madame de Lesseps into the room where her husband sat. I have known M.
+de Lesseps for many years, and though the last time that I saw him he
+was already under the influence of the sorrow of defeat--it was
+just after he had been called before a magistrate, for examination--my
+recollection of him had always been as of a man full of the most
+surprising vitality and high spirits, keen, bright, energetic,
+defying the wear of time, a man of eternal youth in spite of his
+white hairs. I remembered him last, erect, with clear voice and
+flashing eyes, and now I saw him huddled together in a chair, a wrap
+about his knees, nodding his head as under sleep, pale, inert, and
+with all the life gone out of his eyes. Behind him stood a large
+screen tapestried with red stuff, against which the waxen whiteness
+of his face and hands stood out in strong relief. How old he
+looked, whom age had seemed to spare so long! For the most part
+the head drooped forward on his chest, but now and then he raised it
+listlessly and let his eyes wander round the room, or across the
+panes on to the fields beyond. There was rarely recognition in his
+glance; mostly a look of unalterable sadness--of wonder, it may be,
+at the terrible hazards of life. Yet, when now and then one of the
+children, who were crowding about his chair, pressed his hand or
+kissed his cheek or said some words of endearment to him, the smile
+which was one of his characteristics came over his face, and for a
+brief moment he seemed himself again. Himself again--that is to say,
+in the goodness and great-heartedness which more than all he has ever
+done for France merited for him the name of the great Frenchman. For
+greatness of heart has always been the keynote of the character of
+Ferdinand de Lesseps. It was the secret of the indescribable
+seduction which he exercised over everyone who came near him, from
+emperor to laborer. It was to this quality of his that M. Renan,
+albeit a sceptic himself, rendered such signal homage in the speech
+in which he welcomed M. de Lesseps to the French Academy on the day
+of his admittance.
+
+"You were good to all who came," said M. Renan; "you made them feel
+that their past would be effaced and that a new life lay before them.
+In exchange you only asked them to share your enthusiasm in the work
+which you had devoted to the interest of France. You held that most
+people can amend if only one will forget their past. One day a whole
+gang of convicts arrived at Panama and took work at the canal. The
+Austrian consul demanded that they should be handed over to him; but
+you delayed giving satisfaction to his request, and at the end of some
+weeks the Austrian consulate was fully occupied in remitting home to
+Austria, to their families, or, it may be, to their victims, the
+moneys which these outcasts whom you had transformed into honest
+workmen were earning with the work of their hands. You have declared
+your faith in humanity. You have convinced yourself and tried to
+convince others that men are loyal and good if only they have the
+wherewithal to live. It is your opinion that it is only hunger that
+makes men bad. 'Never,' said you in one of your lectures, 'have I had
+cause for complaint against any of the workmen, although I have
+employed outcasts, pariahs, and convicts. Work has redeemed even the
+most dishonest. I have never been robbed, not even of a handkerchief.
+It is a fact which I have proved, that men can be brought to do
+anything by showing them kindness and by persuading them that they are
+working in a cause of universal interest.' Thus you have made green
+again what seemed withered for ever and aye. You have given, in a
+century of unbelief, a startling proof of the efficacy of faith."
+
+[Illustration: MADAME DE LESSEPS IN 1880.]
+
+A thousand instances of this kindness of heart might be cited to show
+that M. de Lesseps ever remained a chivalrous gentleman in the best
+sense of the word. A trifling experience of my own may suffice. A few
+days after my first visit to him, at the office of the Suez Canal, I
+was dining at a house in the Cours-la-Reine. It was my first visit to
+that house, a fact which somewhat contributed to my embarrassment in
+what was one of my first experiences in Parisian society. Amongst the
+guests was the editor of one of the principal French papers, and being
+anxious to make his acquaintance, I asked our host to introduce me to
+my _confrère_. The editor in question had no courtesies to waste upon
+an insignificant foreigner, and acknowledged my bow with a reverence
+of exaggerated profundity, bowing almost to the earth, and then
+swinging round on his heel to continue a conversation with another
+journalist, which had been interrupted by the introduction. I was left
+standing in the middle of the room, with my eyes on the editor's back,
+suffused with shame and mortification. M. de Lesseps saw the slight
+thus inflicted on a young man, and from kindness of heart immediately
+did what he could to efface it. From his place at the fire, where he
+had been standing surrounded by the usual crowd of courtiers, he had
+noticed the incident, and I saw him making his way across the
+drawing-room towards me, exclaiming to those around him: "Oh, there is
+a young man with whom I must have a few words!" He then took me by the
+hand, drew me aside, and remained conversing with me until dinner was
+announced.
+
+[Illustration: COUNT DE LESSEPS IN 1880.]
+
+In view of the awful change that, within so short a time, has been
+made in this gentleman, I cannot but think that it must be attributed
+to the shock produced in a very old man by an experience which
+shows him that he has been mistaken all his life long. It is
+terrible to wake up at eighty-five and find that things are not
+what one has believed during his past life, and that the men whom
+one has loved and respected are unworthy. I believe that what has
+struck Ferdinand de Lesseps down in his chair, in full vitality, is
+an immense disappointment, not at the failure of his hopes, for he
+has always been indifferent to money, and has never had the wish to
+leave his children large fortunes, but at the falseness of a creed
+which was optimistic to the point of blindness. I believe that
+Ferdinand de Lesseps is dying of a broken heart, broken by the immense
+ingratitude of men. And if the loss of all the money that has been
+sunk in the Panama mud and the pockets of the intrigants of the
+Third Republic adds to his sorrow, it is certainly not for himself
+nor his family, but for all those who are suffering because they
+shared his belief in his star, and who blindly followed him to
+ruin. He knew that they were of the humble, and often told me so.
+"Panama will be carried out with the savings in woollen stockings of
+the peasant and of the workman," he used to say. He has never been
+self-seeking. He presented France with a concession, that of the Suez
+Canal, estimated at one hundred millions of francs, and with
+lands worth another thirty millions, and fought heroically for years
+to render to his gift its greatest value. In the words of M. Renan,
+the courage, the energy, the resources of all sorts expended by M.
+de Lesseps in this struggle were nothing short of prodigious. In
+exchange he took for himself enough to enable him to lead the life
+of a gentleman and to do good around him. Each of his children he
+endowed with not more than seventy thousand francs, the revenues
+from which, together with his wife's private fortune, are now all
+that remain to the family. I firmly believe that all his life he
+acted only from feelings of philanthropy and from patriotism of the
+most chivalrous type. He never had any desire to leave a large
+fortune, and I can remember his saying to me, very emphatically, that
+his children must do as he had done; and that they would do so if
+they were worthy of his name; and that he never wished to leave them
+large fortunes, but an honorable name, a love for their country equal
+to his, and an example which he hoped they would follow. "Let them
+work as I have done," said this most tender of fathers.
+
+It seems that not even this heritage of an honored name is, if the
+persecutors of the old man can have their way, to be left to his
+family. Since he has been down the number of his adversaries has of
+course increased tenfold. Even those who owe him all--many officials
+at the Suez Canal Company, for instance, who owe their positions and
+fortunes to his genius--seem glad to revenge themselves for their
+obligation. De Lesseps has done too much good to men not to be hated,
+and it is to be regretted that poor De Maupassant cannot wield his pen
+in analysis of the motives which are actuating his former dependents
+in their endeavors to renounce all solidarity with the dying
+octogenarian of La Chesnaye. I visited the offices of the Suez Canal
+Company a few days ago, and, prepared as one is for human ingratitude,
+it was distressing in the extreme to see how poor a thing to charm
+with was the name at the sound of which, as I can well remember, all
+the flunkeys of the place in livery or black frock coat doubled up in
+the days that are past. The lion is down, and every ass of Paris has a
+heel to kick him with.
+
+[Illustration: COUNT DE LESSEPS IN 1892.]
+
+On the other hand, the adversities of the De Lesseps family have
+revealed to them the immense number of friends which they possess in
+all parts of the world. Letters and telegrams keep pouring in from all
+sides to La Chesnaye, and all the available pens are kept busy most of
+the day and night in answering the kindest expressions of sympathy,
+many from utter strangers. "This is the only thing that gives me
+courage to bear it all," said Madame de Lesseps. Helene told me, with
+some amusement, that a Spanish banker had the day before written to
+Madame de Lesseps to offer her a present of a million, and that there
+had been many similar offers of pecuniary assistance from people who
+believed the family to be totally ruined. When Charles was down at La
+Chesnaye, and was walking in the woods with his escort behind him, a
+serious offer was made to him by friends who had gathered around him,
+to effect his rescue if he would but give the word. As for tokens of
+sympathy from all the country around, they are unending. The farmer at
+the home-farm, which was built by M. de Lesseps, and which has been in
+the occupation of the present tenants from the beginning, was at
+dinner when the paper containing the news of Charles's conviction and
+sentence reached him. "He turned quite white," said his wife to me,
+"and rushed out of the house and went roaming about the woods like a
+demented man until late at night. And I have cried every time I have
+thought of M. Charles, whom I knew when he was a baby not higher than
+my knee." But perhaps the most devoted friend that remains to the
+family is M. de Lesseps's valet, who since his master's fall has never
+left him for more than ten minutes together, sleeping on a mattress in
+his bedroom, and waiting on him patiently all day and all night.
+"Don't let anyone, I don't care who it may be," he says, clenching his
+fist, "come near my master. I will be killed before any offence shall
+be put upon him." And though one is rather sceptical as to such
+professions, I fully believe that in this case they are sincere. It
+was touching to note with what reverence, when lunch was served, this
+valet approached his master, and, mindful of old formalities of
+respect, bowed and said that Monsieur the Count was served; to note
+with what womanly gentleness this strong man lifted his feeble master
+up and guided his tottering steps into the adjoining dining-room.
+
+What a beautiful family it was, to be sure, that gathered round that
+table! Paul with his girlish ringlets, Robert also in curls. Helene,
+who sat next to her father, with her jet-black hair loose down her
+back, and her bright eyes contrasting with the ivory pallor of her
+face, worn out as the poor child is with care and sorrow and hard work
+as her mother's penwoman. Then there was Lolo, a young lady of
+eighteen, roughly dressed, but of great elegance, who looked even
+sadder than the rest, but who tried to be bright and gay; and on the
+other side of her, Solange, who though she is quite a woman in
+appearance, hates to be considered so, and wants to be treated as a
+child, and refuses to wear long dresses, and loves to climb trees in
+the park and to give picnics to her little brothers and sisters in a
+mud hovel which she has constructed in the garden. Then there is Zi-Zi
+and Griselle--more than twenty in all around the long oval table.
+Every now and then one of the children rises from its seat, and runs
+up to the old father and kisses him on the cheek, or presses his hand;
+and I think all envied Helene who sat next to him and could caress him
+when she liked. I was seated just opposite the old man, and I am
+afraid my presence disturbed him; for he seemed to listen to what I
+said, and to wonder who I was, and what I might want. I shall never
+forget the sight of him as he faced me, sunk down in his chair, with
+one trembling hand holding his napkin to his breast, and feebly with
+the other guiding the morsels to his mouth. He seemed to eat with some
+appetite, though under persistent drowsiness, which was only shaken
+off for a moment when his wife, who came in late, took her seat at the
+table. Then his head was lifted, and a bright look came into his eyes,
+as if of salute to the comrade of his life. Whatever Madame de Lesseps
+may have suffered, I am sure that she feels herself repaid each time
+that those eyes are so lifted to hers. The _dejeuner_ was a simple
+though ample one, the _menu_ being in keeping with the manner of life
+at Chesnaye, which is that of comfort without ostentation. The wine is
+grown by Madame de Lesseps herself, on vineyards of her own planting,
+and is that "gray wine" which is so much appreciated by connoisseurs.
+It has a beautiful color in a cut-glass decanter. The conversation was
+a halting one. Each tried to be gay, each tried to forget the deep
+shadow that lay over that family gathering. When the old man's eyes
+wandered around the table as if in quest of some one whom he desired
+but who was not there, a silence imposed itself on all, for all knew
+whom he was seeking, and where that dear one was.
+
+In his buttonhole was Helene's bouquet of violets, underneath which
+peeped out the rosette of the grand officer of the Legion of Honor,
+alas, in jeopardy!
+
+We took coffee in the drawing-room. It was served on a table which
+stood underneath a fine portrait of Agnes Sorel, once the mistress of
+the house. Facing us were two pictures of the inauguration of the Suez
+Canal. The furniture was covered with tapestries mostly from the
+needle of the countess.
+
+It was here that Madame de Lesseps told me of the old man's present
+life. "He has the fixed idea that the Queen of England will come and
+make all things right. He often rises in his chair and asks if Queen
+Victoria has arrived, and when any visitor comes he thinks that it is
+she at last."
+
+Then blanching the countess added, "You think, sir, do you not, that
+he is in ignorance of what has happened? You do not think that he has
+any suspicion? Sometimes the dreadful thought troubles me that he
+knows all, and that, great-hearted gentleman that he is, he lends
+himself to this most tragic comedy that we are playing. I sometimes
+doubt. Would not that be terrible? And again there are times when I am
+convinced that our efforts to hide all that is, are successful. We
+give him last year's papers to read. I have had collections sent down.
+Formerly we used to cut out or erase parts which we did not want him
+to see, but he seemed to notice the alterations, and so we ordered
+down papers of a year ago. And it is quite pathetic to hear the
+remarks he occasionally makes. Thus a few days ago he called me to his
+side in high glee, and said how happy he was to hear that his old
+friend M. Ressman had been appointed Italian Ambassador to France, an
+event of more than a year ago. There are times, too, when he gets very
+impatient at being kept down here, and what he misses chiefly is the
+French Academy. He is constantly telling me how anxious he is to
+attend, and I have to invent the sorriest fables to explain to him
+that the Academicians are not holding any meetings; as, for instance,
+that they are all old men, and that they are taking a long holiday."
+
+The countess sighed and said: "I do what I can, but that terrible
+doubt pursues me often. You see, he did know that the Panama affair
+had resulted in ruin. It is since he was called before that examining
+magistrate, M. Prinet, that he has been as you have seen him. He must
+suspect something. How much, we shall never know."
+
+Then she added: "He is constantly asking after Charles. He knows that
+he is in trouble, but we hope that he does not suspect what the
+trouble is. Before he was taken as he is, Charles had, to his
+knowledge, become involved in that Société des Comptes Courants
+bankruptcy, which ruined him; and perhaps his father thinks that his
+son's troubles are in connection with that affair." Then the
+stepmother broke out into impassioned praise of the stepson: "The
+noblest heart! He will suffer all, rather than let the slightest harm
+come to his father. He is a hero, a gentleman, a hero, a hero! When he
+was here he told us what he had undergone, and said that he was
+willing to undergo ten times as much, so that his father be left
+unmolested.
+
+"It is strangers who send us expressions of their sympathy. Those whom
+De Lesseps has enriched have forgotten him. And yet I am unjust. I
+have had letters from people who risked their positions, their daily
+bread, in writing to me as they did. But not a single political man
+has written a word to express condolence with the great patriot or
+with his family. They dare not. None of my letters are safe. Many of
+my friends have received my letters open. Many letters addressed to me
+have gone astray. It is dangerous to-day to be the friend of the man
+who gave a fortune to his country.
+
+"He sits there all day," she continued, "and reads his 'Souvenirs of
+Forty Years,' the 'Souvenirs' which he has dedicated to his children.
+And at times he is quite his old self again, but drowsiness is always
+coming upon him. _Mon Dieu!_ that he may be spared to us a little
+longer!"
+
+Helene just then passed through the room. "There is a paper in papa's
+room," she whispered, "which I must take away. There is the word
+Panama upon it."
+
+Our conversation was with bated breath, and the ill-fated word was
+scouted like an unclean thing.
+
+And whilst we were talking, the sunny, curly-headed Paul ran into the
+room and cried out: "Oh, do come and see papa! Bou-Bou has jumped onto
+his shoulder and is picking his violets."
+
+We moved towards the door, and this was the last that I saw, or may
+ever see, of Ferdinand de Lesseps. Against the red background of the
+twofold screen he sat sunken, asleep, in his arm-chair, with the two
+volumes that tell the story of his heroism in his lap, and on his
+shoulders perched a grinning Barbary ape, pulling at and munching the
+violets which Helene had picked for him, and which hid in his
+buttonhole his jeopardized rosette of the Legion of Honor. Around him
+stood his children, and it was sad to see, and sadder still to think,
+that, his family excepted, what holds this great heart and splendid
+gentleman in dearest affection is not the millionaire grown rich on
+his achievements, but a witless, speechless thing, that perhaps has
+feeling what a great and generous heart is here.
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
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+AFRICAN EXPEDITION TO THE GORILLAS.=
+
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+He is at present in the heart of the forest. It is expected that the
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+
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+
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+
+A tour of investigation of this kind cannot fail to bring to light a
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+
+The articles secured in this way will supplement the material
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+
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+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1,
+June 1893, by Various
+
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+<title>McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1893, a Project Gutenberg eBook</title>
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+
+Project Gutenberg's McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1893, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1893
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 16, 2011 [EBook #36745]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, JUNE 1893 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Katherine Ward, Juliet Sutherland, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<h1>McClure&#8217;s Magazine</h1>
+<hr class='mini' />
+<p class='center larger'><b>June, 1893.</b></p>
+<p class='center larger'><b>Vol. I. No. 1</b></p>
+<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>S. S. McCLURE, Limited</span><br />
+<span class='smcaplc'>NEW YORK AND LONDON</span><br />
+1893</p>
+<p class='center padtop'>Copyright, 1893, by <span class='smcap'>S. S. McClure</span>, Limited. All rights reserved.</p>
+<p class='smaller center'>Press of J. J. Little &amp; Co.<br />
+Astor Place, New York</p>
+<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
+<table border='0' cellpadding='2' cellspacing='0' summary='Contents' style='margin:1em auto;'>
+<tr>
+  <td />
+  <td valign='top' align='right'><p class="smaller ralign">PAGE</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>A Dialogue between William Dean Howells and Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen.</span> Recorded By Mr. Boyesen.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#REAL_CONVERSATIONSI_A_DIALOGUE_BETWEEN_WILLIAM_DEAN_HOWELLS_AND_HJALMAR_HJORTH_BOYESEN__RECORDED_BY_MR_BOYESEN'>3</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Nymph of the Eddy.</span> By Gilbert Parker.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#PARABLES_OF_A_PROVINCEI_THE_NYMPH_OF_THE_EDDY__BY_GILBERT_PARKER'>12</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Human Documents.</span> An Introduction by Sarah Orne Jewett.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#HUMAN_DOCUMENTS_AN_INTRODUCTION_BY_SARAH_ORNE_JEWETT'>16</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>How They Are Captured, Transported, Trained, and Sold.</span> By Raymond Blathwayt.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#WILD_ANIMALSI_HOW_THEY_ARE_CAPTURED_TRANSPORTED_TRAINED_AND_SOLD__BY_RAYMOND_BLATHWAYT'>26</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Under Sentence of the Law.</span> By Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#UNDER_SENTENCE_OF_THE_LAW_THE_STORY_OF_A_DOG__BY_MRS_ROBERT_LOUIS_STEVENSON'>34</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Unsolved Problems that Edison Is Studying.</span> By E. J. Edwards.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_EDGE_OF_THE_FUTURE_UNSOLVED_PROBLEMS_THAT_EDISON_IS_STUDYING__BY_E_J_EDWARDS'>37</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>From &#8220;Locksley Hall&#8221;.</span> By Alfred, Lord Tennyson.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#FROM_TENNYSONS_LOCKSLEY_HALL'>43</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>A Day With Gladstone.</span> By H. W. Massingham.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#A_DAY_WITH_GLADSTONE_FROM_THE_MORNING_AT_HAWARDEN_TO_THE_EVENING_AT_THE_HOUSE_OF_COMMONS__BY_H_W_MASSINGHAM_OF_THE_LONDON_CHRONICLE'>44</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Where Man Got His Ears.</span> By Henry Drummond.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#WHERE_MAN_GOT_HIS_EARS_BY_HENRY_DRUMMOND__LLD_FRSE_FGS'>52</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>James Parton&#8217;s Rules of Biography.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#JAMES_PARTONS_RULES_OF_BIOGRAPHY_PREFATORY_NOTE'>59</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Europe at the Present Moment.</span> By Mr. De Blowitz.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#EUROPE_AT_THE_PRESENT_MOMENT_BY_MR_DE_BLOWITZ_PARIS_CORRESPONDENT_OF_THE_LONDON_TIMES'>63</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Comedy of War.</span> By Joel Chandler Harris.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_COMEDY_OF_WAR_BY_JOEL_CHANDLER_HARRIS__AUTHOR_OF_UNCLE_REMUS_PLANTATION_FABLES_ETC'>69</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Rose Is Such a Lady.</span> By Gertrude Hall.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_ROSE_IS_SUCH_A_LADY_BY_GERTRUDE_HALL'>82</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Count de Lesseps of To-day.</span> By R. H. Sherard.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_COUNT_DE_LESSEPS_OF_TODAY_BY_R_H_SHERARD'>83</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2>Illustrations</h2>
+<table border='0' cellpadding='2' cellspacing='0' summary='Illustrations' style='margin:1em auto;'>
+<col style='width:75%;' />
+<col style='width:25%;' />
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Professor Boyesen in His Study.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_1'>4</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Birthplace of W. D. Howells at Martins Ferry, Ohio.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_2'>5</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Giustiniani Palace.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_3'>6</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>W. D. Howells, After His Return From Venice.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_4'>7</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>W. D. Howells, in Cambridge in 1868.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_5'>8</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>W. D. Howells&#8217; Summer Home at Belmont in 1878.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_6'>9</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Author of &#8220;Annie Kilburn.&#8221;</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_7'>10</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>General Lew Wallace.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_11'>19</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>William Dean Howells.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_15'>20</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_24'>22</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Alphonse Daudet.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_30'>24</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Hawarden Castle.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_56'>46</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Library.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_57'>47</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Gladstone Family.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_61'>51</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>&#8220;Balanoglossus&#8221;, and Large Sea Lamprey.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_63'>53</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Embryos Showing Gill-slits.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_64'>53</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Adult Shark.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_65'>54</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Marble Head of Satyr.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_66'>55</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Head of Satyr in Group of Marsyas and Apollo.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_67'>55</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Faun.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_68'>55</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Form of the Ear in Baby Outang.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_69'>55</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Horned Sheep and Goat with Cervical Auricles.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_71'>55</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Ear of Barbary Ape, Chimpanzee, and Man.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_72'>57</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>James Parton in 1852.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_74'>59</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>James Parton in 1891.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_75'>62</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Chateau de La Chesnaye.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_89'>84</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Count de Lesseps in 1869.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_90'>85</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Madame de Lesseps in 1880.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_92'>88</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Count de Lesseps in 1880.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_93'>89</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Count de Lesseps in 1892.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_94'>90</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<a name='REAL_CONVERSATIONSI_A_DIALOGUE_BETWEEN_WILLIAM_DEAN_HOWELLS_AND_HJALMAR_HJORTH_BOYESEN__RECORDED_BY_MR_BOYESEN' id='REAL_CONVERSATIONSI_A_DIALOGUE_BETWEEN_WILLIAM_DEAN_HOWELLS_AND_HJALMAR_HJORTH_BOYESEN__RECORDED_BY_MR_BOYESEN'></a>
+<h2>REAL CONVERSATIONS.&mdash;I.<br /><span class='smcaplc'>A DIALOGUE BETWEEN WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS AND HJALMAR HJORTH BOYESEN.</span>
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>Recorded By Mr. Boyesen.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>When I was requested to furnish
+a dramatic biography of Mr.
+Howells, I was confronted with what
+seemed an insuperable difficulty. The
+more I thought of William Dean Howells,
+the less dramatic did he seem to
+me. The only way that occurred to
+me of introducing a dramatic element
+into our proposed interview was for me
+to assault him with tongue or pen, in
+the hope that he might take energetic
+measures to resent my intrusion; but
+as, notwithstanding his unvarying kindness
+to me, and many unforgotten benefits,
+I cherished only the friendliest
+feelings for him, I could not persuade
+myself to procure dramatic interest at
+such a price.</p>
+<p>My second objection, I am bound
+to confess, arose from my own sense
+of dignity which rebelled against the
+<i>rôle</i> of an interviewer, and it was not
+until my conscience was made easy
+on this point that I agreed to undertake
+the present article. I was reminded
+that it was an ancient and
+highly dignified form of literature I
+was about to revive; and that my
+precedent was to be sought not in
+the modern newspaper interview, but in
+the Platonic dialogue. By the friction
+of two kindred minds, sparks of thought
+may flash forth which owe their origin
+solely to the friendly collision. We
+have a far more vivid portrait of
+Socrates in the beautiful conversational
+turns of &#8220;The Symposium&#8221; and the
+first book of &#8220;The Republic,&#8221; than in
+the purely objective account of Xenophon
+in his &#8220;Memorabilia.&#8221; And
+Howells, though he may not know it,
+has this trait in common with Socrates,
+that he can portray himself, unconsciously,
+better than I or anybody else
+could do it for him.</p>
+<p>If I needed any further encouragement,
+I found it in the assurance that
+what I was expected to furnish was to
+be in the nature of &#8220;an exchange of
+confidences between two friends with a
+view to publication.&#8221; It was understood,
+of course, that Mr. Howells was
+to be more confiding than myself, and
+that his reminiscences were to predominate;
+for an author, however
+unheroic he may appear to his own
+modesty, is bound to be the hero of
+his biography. What made the subject
+so alluring to me, apart from the
+personal charm which inheres in the
+man and all that appertains to him,
+was the consciousness that our friendship
+was of twenty-two years&#8217; standing,
+and that during all that time not
+a single jarring note had been introduced
+to mar the harmony of our relation.</p>
+<p>Equipped, accordingly, with a good
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_4' name='page_4'></a>4</span>
+conscience and a lead pencil (which
+remained undisturbed in my breast-pocket),
+I set out to &#8220;exchange confidences&#8221;
+with the author of &#8220;Silas Lapham&#8221;
+and &#8220;A Modern Instance.&#8221; I
+reached the enormous human hive on
+Fifty-ninth Street where my subject,
+for the present, occupies a dozen most
+comfortable and ornamental cells, and
+was promptly hoisted up to the fourth
+floor and deposited in front of his door.
+It is a house full of electric wires and
+tubes&mdash;literally honeycombed with
+modern conveniences. But in spite of
+all these, I made my way triumphantly
+to Mr. Howells&#8217;s den, and after a proper
+prelude began the novel task assigned
+to me.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_1' id='linki_1'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus008.png' alt='' title='' width='700' height='495' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+PROFESSOR BOYESEN IN HIS STUDY AT COLUMBIA COLLEGE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;I am afraid,&#8221; I remarked quite <i>en
+passant</i>, &#8220;that I shall be embarrassed
+not by my ignorance, but by my knowledge
+concerning your life. For it is
+difficult to ask with good grace about
+what you already know. I am aware,
+for instance, that you were born at
+Martin&#8217;s Ferry, Ohio, March 11, 1837;
+that you removed thence to Dayton,
+and a few years later to Jefferson,
+Ashtabula County; that your father
+edited, published, and printed a country
+newspaper of Republican complexion,
+and that you spent a good part of your
+early years in the printing office.
+Nevertheless, I have some difficulty in
+realizing the environment of your boyhood.&#8221;</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> If you have read my &#8220;Boy&#8217;s
+Town,&#8221; which is in all essentials autobiographical,
+you know as much as I
+could tell you. The environment of
+my early life was exactly as there described.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Your father, I should judge,
+then, was not a strict disciplinarian?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> No. He was the gentlest
+of men&mdash;a friend and companion to
+his sons. He guided us in an unobtrusive
+way without our suspecting it.
+He was continually putting books into
+my hands, and they were always good
+books; many of them became events
+in my life. I had no end of such literary
+passions during my boyhood. Among
+the first was Goldsmith, then came
+Cervantes and Irving.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Then there was a good deal
+of literary atmosphere about your childhood?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes. I can scarcely remember
+the time when books did not play
+a great part in my life. Father was by
+his culture and his interests rather
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_5' name='page_5'></a>5</span>
+isolated from the community
+in which we lived, and
+this made him and all of
+us rejoice the more in a
+new author, in whose world
+we would live for weeks
+and months, and who colored
+our thoughts and conversation.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:481px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_2' id='linki_2'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus009.png' alt='' title='' width='481' height='477' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE BIRTHPLACE OF W. D. HOWELLS AT MARTINS FERRY, OHIO.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> It has always
+been a matter of wonder to
+me that, with so little regular
+schooling, you stepped
+full-fledged into literature
+with such an exquisite and
+wholly individual style.</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> If you accuse me of that
+kind of thing, I must leave you to account
+for it. I had always a passion
+for literature, and to a boy with a mind
+and a desire to learn, a printing office
+is not a bad school.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> How old were you when
+you left Jefferson, and went to Columbus?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> I was nineteen years old
+when I went to the capital and wrote
+legislative reports for Cincinnati and
+Cleveland papers; afterwards I became
+one of the editors of the &#8220;Ohio
+State Journal.&#8221; My duties gradually
+took a wide range, and I edited the
+literary column and wrote many of the
+leading articles. I was then in the
+midst of my enthusiasm for Heine, and
+was so impregnated with his spirit,
+that a poem which I sent to the &#8220;Atlantic
+Monthly&#8221; was mistaken by Mr.
+Lowell for a translation from the German
+poet. When he had satisfied himself,
+however, that it was not a translation,
+he accepted and printed it.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Tell me how you happened
+to publish your first volume, &#8220;Poems
+by Two Friends,&#8221; in partnership with
+John J. Piatt.</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> I had known Piatt as a
+young printer; afterwards when he
+began to write poems, I read them
+and was delighted with them. When
+he came to Columbus I made his
+acquaintance, and we became friends.
+By this time we were both contributors
+to the &#8220;Atlantic Monthly.&#8221; I may as
+well tell you that his contributions to
+our joint volume were far superior to
+mine.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Did Lowell share that
+opinion?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> That I don&#8217;t know. He
+wrote me a very charming letter, in
+which he said many encouraging things,
+and he briefly reviewed the book in the
+&#8220;Atlantic.&#8221;</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> What was the condition of
+society in Columbus during those days?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> There were many delightful
+and cultivated people there, and society
+was charming; the North and South
+were both represented, and their characteristics
+united in a kind of informal
+Western hospitality, warm and cordial
+in its tone, which gave of its very best
+without stint. Salmon P. Chase, later
+Secretary of the Treasury, and Chief
+Justice of the United States, was then
+Governor of Ohio. He had a charming
+family, and made us young editors
+welcome at his house. All winter long
+there was a round of parties at the
+different houses; the houses were large
+and we always danced. These parties
+were brilliant affairs, socially, but besides,
+we young people had many informal
+gayeties. The old Starling
+Medical College, which was defunct
+as an educational institution, except
+for some vivisection and experiments
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_6' name='page_6'></a>6</span>
+on hapless cats and dogs that went on
+in some out-of-the-way corners, was
+used as a boarding-house; and there
+was a large circular room in which we
+often improvised dances. We young
+fellows who lodged in the place were
+half a dozen journalists, lawyers, and
+law-students; one was, like myself, a
+writer for the &#8220;Atlantic,&#8221; and we saw
+life with joyous eyes. We read the
+new books, and talked them over with
+the young ladies whom we seem to have
+been always calling upon. I remember
+those years in Columbus as among the
+happiest years of my life.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> From Columbus you went
+as consul to Venice, did not you?</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:369px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_3' id='linki_3'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus010.png' alt='' title='' width='369' height='682' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE GIUSTINIANI PALACE, HOWELLS&#8217; HOME IN VENICE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes. You remember I had
+written a campaign &#8220;Life of Lincoln.&#8221;
+I was, like my father, an ardent Anti-slavery
+man. I went myself to Washington
+soon after President Lincoln&#8217;s
+inauguration. I was first offered the
+consulate to Rome; but as it depended
+entirely upon perquisites, which
+amounted only to three or four hundred
+dollars a year, I declined it, and
+they gave me Venice. The salary was
+raised to fifteen hundred dollars, which
+seemed to me quite beyond the dreams
+of avarice.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Do not you regard that
+Venetian experience as a very valuable
+one?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Oh, of course. In the first
+place, it gave me four years of almost
+uninterrupted leisure for study and literary
+work. There was, to be sure,
+occasionally an invoice to be verified,
+but that did not take much time.
+Secondly, it gave me a wider outlook
+upon the world than I had hitherto
+had. Without much study of a systematic
+kind, I had acquired a notion of
+English, French, German, and Spanish
+literature. I had been an eager and
+constant reader, always guided in my
+choice of books by my own inclination.
+I had learned German. Now,
+my first task was to learn Italian; and
+one of my early teachers was a Venetian
+priest, whom I read Dante with.
+This priest in certain ways suggested
+Don Ippolito in &#8220;A Foregone Conclusion.&#8221;</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Then he took snuff, and
+had a supernumerary calico handkerchief?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes. But what interested
+me most about him was his religious
+skepticism. He used to say, &#8220;The
+saints are the gods baptized.&#8221; Then
+he was a kind of baffled inventor;
+though whether his inventions had the
+least merit I was unable to determine.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> But his love story?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> That was wholly fictitious.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> I remember you gave me, in
+1874, a letter of introduction to a Venetian
+friend of yours, named Brunetta,
+whom I failed to find.</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes, Brunetta was the first
+friend I had in Venice. He was a distinctly
+Latin character&mdash;sober, well-regulated,
+and probity itself.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Do you call that the Latin
+character?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> It is not our conventional
+idea of it; but it is fully as characteristic,
+if not more so, than the light,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_7' name='page_7'></a>7</span>
+mercurial, pleasure-loving type which
+somehow in literature has displaced
+the other. Brunetta and I promptly
+made the discovery that we were congenial.
+Then we became daily companions.
+I had a number
+of other Italian
+friends too, full of
+beautiful <i>bonhomie</i> and
+Southern sweetness of
+temperament.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:243px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_4' id='linki_4'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus012.jpg' alt='' title='' width='243' height='694' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+W. D. HOWELLS, AFTER HIS RETURN FROM VENICE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> You must
+have acquired Italian
+in a very short time?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes; being
+domesticated in that
+way in the very heart
+of that Italy, which was
+then <i>Italia irridente</i>, I
+could not help steeping
+myself in its atmosphere
+and breathing in the
+language, with the rest
+of its very composite
+flavors.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Yes; and
+whatever I know of
+Italian literature I owe
+largely to the completeness
+of that soaking
+process of yours. Your
+book on the Italian
+poets is one of the most
+charmingly sympathetic
+and illuminative bits of
+criticism that I know.</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> I am glad
+you think so; but the
+book was never a popular
+success. Of all the
+Italian authors, the one
+I delighted in the most
+was Goldoni. His exquisite realism
+fascinated me. It was the sort of thing
+which I felt I ought not to like; but
+for all that I liked it immensely.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> How do you mean that you
+ought not to like it?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Why, I was an idealist in
+those days. I was only twenty-four or
+twenty-five years old, and I knew the
+world chiefly through literature. I was
+all the time trying to see things as
+others had seen them, and I had a
+notion that, in literature, persons and
+things should be nobler and better than
+they are in the sordid reality; and this
+romantic glamour veiled the world to
+me, and kept me from seeing things as
+they are. But in the lanes and alleys
+of Venice I found Goldoni everywhere.
+Scenes from his plays were enacted
+before my eyes, with all
+the charming Southern
+vividness of speech and
+gesture, and I seemed
+at every turn to have
+stepped at unawares
+into one of his comedies.
+I believe this was the
+beginning of my revolt.
+But it was a good while
+yet before I found my
+own bearings.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> But permit
+me to say that it was an
+exquisitely delicate set
+of fresh Western senses
+you brought with you to
+Venice. When I was in
+Venice in 1878, I could
+not get away from you,
+however much I tried.
+I saw your old Venetian
+senator, in his august
+rags, roasting coffee;
+and I promenaded about
+for days in the chapters
+of your &#8220;Venetian
+Life,&#8221; like the Knight
+Huldbrand, in the Enchanted
+Forest in &#8220;Undine,&#8221;
+and I could not
+find my way out. Of
+course, I know that,
+being what you were,
+you could not have
+helped writing that
+book, but what was
+the immediate cause of your writing
+it?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> From the day I arrived in
+Venice I kept a journal in which I
+noted down my impressions. I found
+a young pleasure in registering my sensations
+at the sight of notable things,
+and literary reminiscences usually
+shimmered through my observations.
+Then I received an offer from the
+&#8220;Boston Daily Advertiser,&#8221; to write
+weekly or bi-weekly letters, for which
+they paid me five dollars, in greenbacks,
+a column, nonpareil. By the
+time this sum reached Venice, shaven
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_8' name='page_8'></a>8</span>
+and shorn by discounts for exchange
+in gold premium, it had usually
+shrunk to half its size or less. Still I
+was glad enough to get even that, and
+I kept on writing joyously. So the book
+grew in my hands until, at the time I
+resigned in 1865, I was trying to have
+it published. I offered it successively
+to a number of English publishers;
+but they all declined it. At last Mr.
+Trübner agreed to take it, if I could
+guarantee the sale of five hundred
+copies in the United States, or induce
+an American publisher to buy that
+number of copies in sheets. I happened
+to cross the ocean with Mr.
+Hurd of the New York firm of Hurd &amp;
+Houghton, and repeated Mr. Trübner&#8217;s
+proposition to him. He refused to
+commit himself; but some weeks after
+my arrival in New York, he told me
+that the risk was practically nothing at
+all, and that his firm would agree to
+take the five hundred copies. The
+book was an instant success. I don&#8217;t
+know how many editions of it have
+been printed, but I should say that its
+sale has been upward of forty thousand
+copies, and it still continues. The
+English weeklies gave me long complimentary
+notices, which I carried about
+for months in my pocket like love-letters,
+and read surreptitiously at odd
+moments. I thought it was curious
+that other people to whom I showed
+the reviews did not seem much interested.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:283px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_5' id='linki_5'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus013.jpg' alt='' title='' width='283' height='281' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+W. D. HOWELLS. FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN AT CAMBRIDGE IN 1868.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> After returning to this country,
+did not you settle down in New
+York?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes; I was for a while a
+free lance in literature. I did whatever
+came in my way, and sold my articles
+to the newspapers, going about from
+office to office, but I was finally offered
+a place in &#8220;The Nation,&#8221; where I
+obtained a fixed position at a salary.
+I had at times a sense that, by going
+abroad, I had fallen out of the American
+procession of progress; and,
+though I was elbowing my way energetically
+through the crowd, I seemed
+to have a tremendous difficulty in recovering
+my lost place on my native
+soil, and asserting my full right to it.
+So, when young men beg me to recommend
+them for consulships, I always
+feel in duty bound to impress on them
+this great danger of falling out of the
+procession, and asking them whether
+they have confidence in their ability to
+reconquer the place they have deserted,
+for while they are away it will be
+pretty sure to be filled by somebody
+else. A man returning from a residence
+of several years abroad has a sense of
+superfluity in his own country&mdash;he has
+become a mere supernumerary whose
+presence or absence makes no particular
+difference.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> What year did you leave
+&#8220;The Nation&#8221; and assume the editorship
+of &#8220;The Atlantic&#8221;?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> I took the editorship in
+1872, but went to live in Cambridge six
+or seven years before. I was first
+assistant editor under James T. Fields,
+who was uniformly kind and considerate,
+and with whom I got along perfectly.
+It was a place that he could
+have made odious to me, but he made
+it delightful. I have the tenderest regard
+and the highest respect for his
+memory.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> I need scarcely ask you
+if your association with Lowell was
+agreeable?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> It was in every way charming.
+He was twenty years my senior,
+but he always treated me as an equal
+and a contemporary. And you know the
+difference between thirty and fifty is
+far greater than between forty and
+sixty, or fifty and seventy. I dined
+with him every week, and he showed
+the friendliest appreciation of the work
+I was trying to do. We took long
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_9' name='page_9'></a>9</span>
+walks together; and you know what
+a rare talker he was. Somehow I got
+much nearer to him than to Longfellow.
+As a man, Longfellow was flawless.
+He was full of noble friendliness and
+encouragement to all literary workers
+in whom he believed.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Do you remember you once
+said to me that he was a most inveterate
+praiser?</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_6' id='linki_6'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus015.png' alt='' title='' width='680' height='370' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+W. D. HOWELLS&#8217; SUMMER HOME AT BELMONT IN 1878.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> I may have said that; for in
+the kindness of his heart, and his constitutional
+reluctance to give pain, he
+did undoubtedly often strain a point
+or two in speaking well of things. But
+that was part of his beautiful kindliness
+of soul and admirable urbanity.
+Lowell, you know, confessed to being
+&#8220;a tory in his nerves;&#8221; but Longfellow,
+with all his stateliness of manner, was
+nobly and perfectly democratic. He
+was ideally good; I think he was without
+a fault.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> I have never known a man
+who was more completely free from
+snobbishness and pretence of all kinds.
+It delighted him to go out of his way
+to do a man a favor. There was, however,
+a little touch of Puritan pallor
+in his temperament, a slight lack of
+robustness; that is, if his brother&#8217;s
+biography can be trusted. What I
+mean to say is, that he appears there
+a trifle too perfect; too bloodlessly,
+and almost frostily, statuesque. I have
+always had a little diminutive grudge
+against the Reverend Samuel Longfellow
+for not using a single one of those
+beautiful anecdotes I sent him illustrative
+of the warmer and more genial
+side of the poet&#8217;s character. He evidently
+wanted to portray a Plutarchian
+man of heroic size, and he therefore
+had to exclude all that was subtly individualizing.</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Well, there is always room
+for another biography of Longfellow.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> At the time when I made
+your acquaintance in 1871, you were
+writing &#8220;Their Wedding Journey.&#8221; Do
+you remember the glorious talks we had
+together while the hours of the night
+slipped away unnoticed? We have
+no more of those splendid conversational
+rages now-a-days. How eloquent
+we were, to be sure; and with what
+delight you read those chapters on
+&#8220;Niagara,&#8221; &#8220;Quebec,&#8221; and &#8220;The St.
+Lawrence;&#8221; and with what rapture I
+listened! I can never read them without
+supplying the cadence of your voice,
+and seeing you seated, twenty-two years
+younger than now, in that cosey little
+library in Berkeley Street.</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes; and do you mind our
+sudden attacks of hunger, when we
+would start on a foraging expedition
+into the cellar, in the middle of the
+night, and return, you with a cheese
+and crackers, and I with a watermelon
+and a bottle of champagne? What
+jolly meals we improvised! Only it is
+a wonder to me that we survived them.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> You will never suspect what
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_10' name='page_10'></a>10</span>
+an influence you exerted upon my fate
+by your friendliness and sympathy in
+those never-to-be-forgotten days. You
+Americanized me. I had been an alien,
+and felt alien in every fibre of my soul,
+until I met you. Then I became domesticated.
+I found a kindred spirit
+who understood me, and whom I understood;
+and that is the first and indispensable
+condition of happiness. It was
+at your house, at a luncheon, I think,
+that I met Henry James.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:472px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_7' id='linki_7'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus016.jpg' alt='' title='' width='472' height='639' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE AUTHOR OF &#8220;ANNIE KILBURN.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes; James and I were constant
+companions. We took daily walks
+together, and his father, the elder Henry
+James, was an incomparably delightful
+and interesting man.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Yes; I remember him well.
+I doubt if I ever heard a more brilliant
+talker.</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> No; he was one of the best
+talkers in America. And didn&#8217;t the immortal
+Ralph Keeler appear upon the
+scene during the summer of &#8217;71 or &#8217;72?</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Yes; your small son &#8220;Bua&#8221;
+insisted upon calling him &#8220;Big Man
+Keeler&#8221; in spite of his small size.</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Yes, Bua was the only one
+who ever saw Keeler life-size.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> I remember how he sat in
+your library and told stories of his
+negro minstrel days and his wild adventures
+in many climes, and did not
+care whether you laughed with him or
+at him, but would join you from sheer
+sympathy, and how we all laughed in
+chorus until our sides ached!</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Poor Keeler! He was a
+sort of migratory, nomadic survival;
+but he had fine qualities, and was well
+equipped for a sort of fiction. If he
+had lived he might have written the
+great American novel. Who knows?</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> Was not it at Cambridge
+that Björnstjerne Björnson visited you?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> No; that was in 1881, at
+Belmont, where we went in order to be
+in the country, and give the children
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_11' name='page_11'></a>11</span>
+the benefit of country air. When I met
+Björnson before, we had always talked
+Italian; but the first thing he said to me
+at Belmont, was: &#8220;Now we will speak
+English.&#8221; And when he had got into
+the house, he picked up a book and
+said in his abrupt way: &#8220;We do not
+put enough in;&#8221; meaning thereby,
+that we ignored too much of life in
+our fiction&mdash;excluded it out of regard
+for propriety. But when I met him,
+some years later, in Paris, he had
+changed his mind about that, for he
+detested the French naturalism, and
+could find nothing to praise in Zola.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> I am going to ask you one
+of the interviewer&#8217;s stock questions,
+but you need not answer, you know:
+Which of your books do you regard as
+the greatest?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> I have always taken the
+most satisfaction in &#8220;A Modern Instance.&#8221;
+I have there come closest to
+American life as I know it.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> But in &#8220;Silas Lapham&#8221; it
+seems to me that you have got a still
+firmer grip on American reality.</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Perhaps. Still I prefer &#8220;A
+Modern Instance.&#8221; &#8220;Silas Lapham&#8221;
+is the most successful novel I have
+published, except &#8220;A Hazard of New
+Fortunes,&#8221; which has sold nearly twice
+as many copies as any of the rest.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> What do you attribute that
+to?</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Possibly to the fact that
+the scene is laid in New York; the
+public throughout the country is far
+more interested in New York than in
+Boston. New York, as Lowell once
+said, is a huge pudding, and every
+town and village has been helped to
+a slice, or wants to be.</p>
+<p><i>Boyesen.</i> I rejoice that New York has
+found such a subtly appreciative and
+faithful chronicler as you show yourself
+to be in &#8220;A Hazard of New
+Fortunes.&#8221; To the equipment of a great
+city&mdash;a world-city as the Germans say&mdash;belongs
+a great novelist; that is to
+say, at least one. And even though
+your modesty may rebel, I shall persist
+in regarding you henceforth as <i>the</i>
+novelist <i>par excellence</i> of New York.</p>
+<p><i>Howells.</i> Ah, you don&#8217;t expect me to
+live up to <i>that</i> bit of taffy!</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_8' id='linki_8'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus017.jpg' alt='' title='' width='700' height='530' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_12' name='page_12'></a>12</span>
+<a name='PARABLES_OF_A_PROVINCEI_THE_NYMPH_OF_THE_EDDY__BY_GILBERT_PARKER' id='PARABLES_OF_A_PROVINCEI_THE_NYMPH_OF_THE_EDDY__BY_GILBERT_PARKER'></a>
+<h2>PARABLES OF A PROVINCE.&mdash;I.<br /><span class='smcaplc'>THE NYMPH OF THE EDDY.</span>
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Gilbert Parker.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_9' id='linki_9'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus018.png' alt='The Nymph of the Eddy' title='' width='518' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>It lay in the sharp angle of a wooded shore near Pontiac.
+When the river was high it had all the temper
+of a maelstrom, but in the hot summer, when the logs
+had ceased to run, and the river wallowed idly away
+to the rapids, it was like a molten mirror which, with the regularity
+of a pulse, resolved itself into a funnel, as though somewhere beneath
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_13' name='page_13'></a>13</span>
+there was a blowhole. It had a look of hunger. Even the children
+noticed that, and they fed it with many things. What it passed into
+its rumbling bowels you never saw again. You threw a stick upon
+the shivering surface, and you saw it travel, first slowly, then very
+swiftly, round and round the sides, till the throat of the eddy seemed
+to open suddenly, and it ran straight down into darkness, and presently
+the funnel filled up again. It was shadowed by a huge cedar
+tree. If you came suddenly into the thicket above it, you were stilled
+with wonder. The place was different from all others on the river.
+It looked damp, it was so strangely green; the grass and trees
+showed so juicy; you fancied you could slice the fallen logs through
+with a penknife. Every sound there carried with a peculiar distinctness,
+yet the air was almost painfully still. Through the stillness
+there ran ever a sound, metallic, monotonous, pleasant&mdash;a clean cling-clung,
+cling-clung. It never varied, was the river high or low. If
+you lay down in the mossy grass you were lulled by that sing-song
+vibration, behind which you heard the low sucking breath of the
+eddy. The two sounds belonged to each other, and had a peculiar
+sympathy of tone. The birds never sang in the place, not because
+it was gloomy, maybe, but as though not to break in upon other
+rights.</p>
+<p>There was nothing mysterious about that unceasing cling-clung,
+it was merely the ram of a force-pump. If you followed the pipe
+that led from the ram up the hill, you came to a large white house.</p>
+<p>Many a summer day, and especially of a morning, a young girl
+came dancing down to the eddy, to sit beside it. She and it were
+very good friends; she used to tell it her secrets, and she made up a
+little song about it&mdash;a simple, almost foolish little song such as a
+clever young girl can write&mdash;Laure had been to the convent in Montreal,
+so she was not a common village maid.</p>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>&#8220;Green, so green, is the cedar tree,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>And green is the moss that&#8217;s under;</p>
+<p>Can you hear the things that he says to me?</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Do you like them? O Eddy, I wonder.&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>It was very foolish. But she had such a soft, thrilling voice that
+you would have thought it beautiful. She was young&mdash;about sixteen&mdash;and
+her hair was so light that it fell about her like spray. But
+suddenly she ceased to be quite happy.</p>
+<p>Armand, the avocat&#8217;s clerk, was a Protestant, and she had been
+meeting him at the eddy secretly. What did she care about the Catechism,
+or the <i>curé</i>, or an unblessed marriage, if Armand blessed her?
+She was afraid of nothing; she would dare anything while she was
+certain of him. But the <i>curé</i> discovered something&mdash;she ceased to
+go to confession, and, though he was a kind man, he had his duty
+to do.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:354px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_10' id='linki_10'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_14' name='page_14'></a>14</span>
+<img src='images/illus020.jpg' alt='' title='' width='354' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>There&nbsp;was trouble, and the ways of Laure&#8217;s people were devious
+and hard. It was said that she must go to the convent again, and
+they kept her prisoner in the house. One day they brought her a
+letter which, they said, was from Armand. It told her that he was
+going away, and that he had given her up. She had never seen his
+writing&mdash;they had trusted nothing to the village post-office&mdash;and she
+believed that the letter was from him. She had wept so much that
+tears were all done; her eyes only ached now. At first she thought
+that she would get away and go to him, and beg him not to give her
+up&mdash;what does a child know of pride all at once? But the pride
+came to her a little later, and she tried to think what she must do.
+While her thoughts went waving to and fro, and she could make
+nothing of them, she heard all the time the long, sighing breath of
+the eddy and the cling-clung of the force-pump. She never slept,
+and after a time it grew in her mind that she never would sleep till
+she went down to the cedar tree and the eddy; they seemed always
+calling her. She had said her Ave Marias over and over again, but
+they seemed to do her no good. Nothing could quiet her, not even
+the music of the twelfth mass, played on the little reed organ by
+the organist of St. Savior&#8217;s, when they took her to church against
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_15' name='page_15'></a>15</span>
+her will&mdash;a passive rebel. The next day she was to go to the convent
+again.</p>
+<p>That night she stole from the house into the light of the soft harvest
+moon, and ran down through the garden, over the road, and
+into the cedar thicket. She did not hear behind her the footsteps of
+a man who, night after night, had watched the house, hoping that she
+would come out. She hastened to the cedar tree, and looked down
+into the eddy. From far up the river there came the plaintive cry
+of a loon; but she heard no other sound in the night, save this and
+the cling-clung of the ram muffled by fallen branches, and the loud-breathing
+eddy which invited&mdash;until an arm ran round her waist and
+held her fast.</p>
+<p>A minute later he said: &#8220;You will come, then? And we shall be
+man and wife very quick.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Wait a minute,&#8221; she said, and she picked up handfuls of leaves
+and dropped them softly into the funnel of water.</p>
+<p>&#8220;What&#8217;s that for?&#8221; he asked.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I am a cock-robin,&#8221; she said with her old gayety. &#8220;There&#8217;s a
+girl drowned there. Yes, but it&#8217;s true. She was a good Catholic
+and unhappy. I&#8217;m a heretic now, and happy.&#8221;</p>
+<p>But she said her Ave Marias again just the same; being happy,
+they did her more good. And she says that the eddy is spiteful to
+her now. It had counted on a different end to her wooing.</p>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_16' name='page_16'></a>16</span>
+<a name='HUMAN_DOCUMENTS_AN_INTRODUCTION_BY_SARAH_ORNE_JEWETT' id='HUMAN_DOCUMENTS_AN_INTRODUCTION_BY_SARAH_ORNE_JEWETT'></a>
+<h2>HUMAN DOCUMENTS.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>An Introduction by Sarah Orne Jewett.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>To give to the world a collection of
+the successive portraits of a man
+is to tell his affairs openly, and so betray
+intimate personalities. We are often
+found quarrelling with the tone of the
+public press, because it yields to what
+is called the public demand to be told
+both the private affairs of noteworthy
+persons and the trivial details and circumstances
+of those who are insignificant.
+Some one has said that a sincere
+man willingly answers any questions,
+however personal, that are asked out of
+interest, but instantly resents those that
+have their impulse in curiosity; and
+that one&#8217;s instinct always detects the
+difference. This I take to be a wise
+rule of conduct; but beyond lies the
+wider subject of our right to possess
+ourselves of personal information, although
+we have a vague remembrance,
+even in these days, of the belief of old-fashioned
+and decorous people, that
+subjects, not persons, are fitting material
+for conversation.</p>
+<p>But there is an honest interest, which
+is as noble a thing as curiosity is contemptible;
+and it is in recognition of
+this, that Lowell writes in the largest
+way in his &#8220;Essay on Rousseau and
+the Sentimentalists.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yet our love of minute biographical
+details,&#8221; he says, &#8220;our desire to make
+ourselves spies upon the men of the
+past, seems so much of an instinct in
+us, that we must look for the spring of
+it in human nature, and that somewhat
+deeper than mere curiosity or love of
+gossip.&#8221; And more emphatically in
+another paragraph: &#8220;The moment he
+undertakes to establish ... a rule
+of conduct, we ask at once how far are
+his own life and deed in accordance
+with what he preaches?&#8221;</p>
+<p>This I believe to be at the bottom of
+even our insatiate modern eagerness to
+know the best and the worst of our
+contemporaries; it is simply to find out
+how far their behavior squares with
+their words and position. We seldom
+stop to get the best point of view, either
+in friendly talk or in a sober effort, to
+notice the growth of character, or, in
+the widest way, to comprehend the
+traits and influence of a man whose life
+in any way affects our own.</p>
+<hr class='tb' />
+<p>Now and then, in an old picture gallery,
+one comes upon the grouped portraits
+of a great soldier, or man of letters,
+or some fine lady whose character still
+lifts itself into view above the dead
+level of feminine conformity which
+prevailed in her time. The blurred
+pastel, the cracked and dingy canvas,
+the delicate brightness of a miniature
+which bears touching signs of wear&mdash;from
+these we piece together a whole
+life&#8217;s history. Here are the impersonal
+baby face; the domineering glance of
+the school-boy, lord of his dog and gun;
+the wan-visaged student who was just
+beginning to confront the serried ranks
+of those successes which conspired to
+hinder him from his duty and the fulfilment
+of his dreams; here is the mature
+man, with grave reticence of look and
+a proud sense of achievement; and at
+last the older and vaguer face, blurred
+and pitifully conscious of fast waning
+powers. As they hang in a row they
+seem to bear mute witness to all the
+successes and failures of a life.</p>
+<p>This very day, perhaps, you chanced
+to open a drawer and take in your
+hand, for amusement&#8217;s sake, some old
+family daguerreotypes. It is easy
+enough to laugh at the stiff positions
+and droll costumes; but suddenly you
+find an old likeness of yourself, and
+walk away with it, self-consciously, to
+the window, with a pretence of seeking
+a better light on the quick-reflecting,
+faintly impressed plate. Your earlier,
+half-forgotten self confronts you seriously;
+the youth whose hopes you
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_17' name='page_17'></a>17</span>
+have disappointed, or whose dreams
+you have turned into realities. You
+search the young face; perhaps you
+even look deep into the eyes of your
+own babyhood to discover your dawning
+consciousness; to answer back to
+yourself, as it were, from the known
+and discovered countries of that baby&#8217;s
+future. There is a fascination in reading
+character backwards. You may or
+may not be able easily to revive early
+thoughts and impressions, but with an
+early portrait in your hand they do
+revive again in spite of you; they
+seem to be living in the pictured face
+to applaud or condemn you. In these
+old pictures exist our former selves.
+They wear a mystical expression. They
+are still ourselves, but with unfathomable
+eyes staring back to us out of the
+strange remoteness of our outgrown
+youth.</p>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>&#8220;Surely I have known before</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Phantoms of the shapes ye be&mdash;</p>
+<p>Haunters of another shore</p>
+<p class='indent2'>&#8217;Leaguered by another sea.&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>It is somehow far simpler and less startling
+to examine a series of portraits of
+some other face and figure than one&#8217;s
+own. Perhaps it is most interesting to
+take those of some person whom the
+whole world knows, and whose traits
+and experiences are somewhat comprehended.
+You say to yourself, &#8220;This was
+Nelson before ever he fought one of
+his great sea battles; this was Washington,
+with only the faintest trace of
+his soldiering and the leisurely undemanding
+aspect of a country gentleman!&#8221;
+<i>Human Documents</i>&mdash;the phrase
+is Daudet&#8217;s, and tells its own story,
+with no need of additional attempts of
+suggestiveness.</p>
+<p>It would seem to be such an inevitable
+subject for sermon writing, that
+no one need be unfamiliar with warnings,
+lest our weakness and wickedness
+leave traces upon the countenance&mdash;awful,
+ineffaceable hieroglyphics, that
+belong to the one universal primitive
+language of mankind. Who cannot
+read faces? The merest savage, who
+comprehends no written language,
+glances at you to know if he may
+expect friendliness or enmity, with a
+quicker intelligence than your own.</p>
+<p>The lines that are written slowly
+and certainly by the pen of character,
+the deep mark that sorrow once left, or
+the light sign-manual of an unfading
+joy, there they are and will remain; it
+is at length the aspect of the spiritual
+body itself, and belongs to the unfolding
+and existence of life. We have
+never formulated a science like palmistry
+on the larger scale that this character-reading
+from the face would need;
+but to say that we make our own faces,
+and, having made them, have made
+pieces of immortality, is to say what
+seems trite enough. A child turns with
+quick impatience and incredulity from
+the dull admonitions of his teachers,
+about goodness and good looks. To
+say, &#8220;Be good and you will be beautiful,&#8221;
+is like giving him a stone for a lantern.
+Beauty seems an accident rather
+than an achievement, and a cause instead
+of an effect; but when childhood has
+passed, one of the things we are sure
+to have learned, is to read the sign-language
+of faces, and to take the
+messages they bring. Recognition of
+these things is sure to come to us more
+and more by living; there is no such
+thing as turning our faces into unbetraying
+masks. A series of portraits is
+a veritable Human Document, and the
+merest glance may discover the progress
+of the man, the dwindled or developed
+personality, the history of a
+character.</p>
+<p>These sentences are written merely
+as suggestions, and from the point of
+view of morals; there is also the point
+of view of heredity, and the curious
+resemblance between those who belong
+to certain professions. Just what it is
+that makes us almost certain to recognize
+a doctor or a priest at first glance
+is too subtle a question for discussion
+here. Some one has said that we
+usually arrive, in time, at the opposite
+extreme to those preferences and opinions
+which we hold in early life. The
+man who breaks away from conventionalities,
+ends by returning to them,
+or out of narrow prejudices and restrictions
+grows towards a late and
+serene liberty. These changes show
+themselves in the face with amazing
+clearness, and it would seem also, that
+even individuality sways us only for a
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_18' name='page_18'></a>18</span>
+time; that if we live far into the autumnal
+period of life we lose much of
+our individuality of looks, and become
+more emphatically members of the
+family from which we spring. A man
+like Charles the First was already less
+himself than he was a Stuart; we should
+not fail in instances of this sort, nor
+seek far afield. The return to the
+type compels us steadily; at last it has
+its way. Very old persons, and those
+who are dangerously ill, are often
+noticed to be curiously like their nearest
+of kin, and to have almost visibly
+ceased to be themselves.</p>
+<p>All time has been getting our lives
+ready to be lived, to be shaped as far
+as may be by our own wills, and
+furthered by that conscious freedom
+that gives us to be ourselves. You
+may read all these in any Human Document&mdash;the
+look of race, the look of
+family, the look that is set like a seal
+by a man&#8217;s occupation, the look of the
+spirit&#8217;s free or hindered life, and success
+or failure in the pursuit of goodness&mdash;they
+are all plain to see. If we
+could read one human face aright, the
+history not only of the man, but of
+humanity itself, is written there.</p>
+<h3>BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES TO ACCOMPANY THE &#8220;HUMAN DOCUMENTS&#8221; GIVEN IN THIS NUMBER.</h3>
+<p><span class='smcap'>General Lew Wallace</span> was born
+in Brookville, Indiana, in 1827. After
+receiving a common school education,
+he studied law. He distinguished himself
+in the Civil War, and was made a
+brigadier-general. After the war he
+practised law in Crawfordsville, Indiana.
+A few years later he was for a
+time Governor of New Mexico. From
+1878-81 he was Governor of Utah, and
+from 1881-85 Minister to Turkey.
+His first book, &#8220;A Fair God,&#8221; appeared
+in 1877. &#8220;Ben Hur,&#8221; published in
+1880, has reached a sale of several
+hundred thousand copies. General
+Wallace&#8217;s home is in Crawfordsville,
+Indiana.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>William Dean Howells</span> was born
+in Martin&#8217;s Ferry, Ohio, March 11, 1837.
+His father was the editor of a country
+newspaper, and young Howells learned
+the printer&#8217;s trade. He began to write
+at an early age. At nineteen he was
+Columbus correspondent of the &#8220;Cincinnati
+Gazette,&#8221; and at twenty-two,
+news editor of the &#8220;Ohio State Journal.&#8221;
+A campaign &#8220;Life of Lincoln,&#8221;
+gained him the consulship at Venice,
+where he seriously devoted his leisure
+hours to literature. &#8220;Venetian Life&#8221;
+gave him reputation. On his return
+to America in 1865, he wrote for newspapers
+and magazines. In 1866 Mr.
+Howells joined the editorial staff of
+&#8220;The Atlantic.&#8221; In 1872 he became
+the editor. About this time the success
+of &#8220;Their Wedding Journey&#8221; determined
+his career as a novelist.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen</span> was born
+at Frederiksværn, Norway, September
+23, 1848. When twenty-one years of
+age he came to the United States. In
+1874 he was appointed professor of
+German at Cornell University, and is
+now professor of Germanic languages
+and literature at Columbia College, New
+York. It was in the early seventies
+that Professor Boyesen&#8217;s name began
+to appear in the magazines. In 1873
+he published his first long romance,
+&#8220;Gunnar,&#8221; and other novels followed,
+well known to the reading world.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Alphonse Daudet</span> was born at
+Nîmes, May 13, 1840. His early life
+was full of hardship and deprivation.
+In 1857 he arrived in Paris, with some
+manuscript poems and no money. He
+almost starved, but kept on writing and
+hoping. His volume of verse, &#8220;Les
+Amoureuses&#8221; (1858), attracted some
+attention. He persisted, took to writing
+novels, and achieved greatness.
+The story of his life and struggles, as
+told by himself, will be given in an early
+number of <span class='smcap'>McClure&#8217;s Magazine</span>.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_19' name='page_19'></a>19</span></div>
+<h3>GENERAL LEW WALLACE.</h3>
+<p class='center'><i>Born in Brookville, Indiana, April 10, 1827.</i></p>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:351px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_11' id='linki_11'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus027a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='351' height='550' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 35. 1862. MAJOR-GENERAL OF VOLUNTEERS.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:322px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_12' id='linki_12'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus027b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='322' height='494' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 40. 1867. GOVERNOR OF NEW MEXICO.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:320px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_13' id='linki_13'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus027c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='320' height='492' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 50. 1877. GOVERNOR OF UTAH.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:319px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_14' id='linki_14'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus027d.jpg' alt='' title='' width='319' height='436' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 66. GENERAL WALLACE AT THE PRESENT DAY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_20' name='page_20'></a>20</span></div>
+<h3>WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS.</h3>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:241px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_15' id='linki_15'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus028a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='241' height='395' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 18. 1855. RESIDENCE, JEFFERSON, OHIO.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:228px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_16' id='linki_16'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus028b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='228' height='403' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 23. 1860. NEWS EDITOR OF &#8220;OHIO STATE JOURNAL.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:321px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_17' id='linki_17'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus028c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='321' height='664' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 28. MAY, 1865. VENICE, &#8220;VENETIAN LIFE.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:261px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_18' id='linki_18'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus028d.jpg' alt='' title='' width='261' height='368' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 25. 1862. CONSUL AT VENICE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:175px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_19' id='linki_19'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus028e.jpg' alt='' title='' width='175' height='237' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 32. 1869. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. &#8220;SUBURBAN SKETCHES.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:371px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_20' id='linki_20'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_21' name='page_21'></a>21</span>
+<img src='images/illus029a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='371' height='532' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 41. 1878. BELMONT, MASS. &#8220;THE LADY OF THE AROOSTOOK.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:353px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_21' id='linki_21'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus029b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='353' height='478' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 47. 1884. BOSTON, MASS. &#8220;THE RISE OF SILAS LAPHAM.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_22' id='linki_22'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus029c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='361' height='581' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 50. 1887. BOSTON. &#8220;APRIL HOPES.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_23' id='linki_23'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_22' name='page_22'></a>22</span>
+<img src='images/illus030a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='422' height='511' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 53. 1890. BOSTON. &#8220;THE SHADOW OF A DREAM.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<h3>HJALMAR HJORTH BOYESEN.</h3>
+<p class='center'><i>Born September 23, 1847, Frederiksværn, Norway.</i></p>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:310px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_24' id='linki_24'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus030b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='310' height='304' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 17. 1865. STUDENT, CHRISTIANIA, NORWAY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:316px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_25' id='linki_25'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus030c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='316' height='312' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 19. 1867. STUDENT, UNIVERSITY OF CHRISTIANIA.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:260px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_26' id='linki_26'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_23' name='page_23'></a>23</span>
+<img src='images/illus031a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='260' height='425' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 22. 1869. CHICAGO. EDITOR OF &#8220;FREMAD.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:273px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_27' id='linki_27'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus031b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='273' height='426' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 28. 1875. PROFESSOR OF GERMAN AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, NEW YORK. &#8220;TALES OF TWO HEMISPHERES.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:316px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_28' id='linki_28'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus031c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='316' height='468' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 35. 1882. PROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES, COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW YORK CITY. &#8220;DAUGHTER OF THE PHILISTINES.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:314px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_29' id='linki_29'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus031d.jpg' alt='' title='' width='314' height='472' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+1893. THE AUTHOR OF &#8220;SOCIAL STRUGGLERS.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_24' name='page_24'></a>24</span></div>
+<h3>ALPHONSE DAUDET.</h3>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_30' id='linki_30'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus032a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='385' height='640' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 21, PARIS, 1861. &#8220;LETTERS FROM MY MILL.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:255px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_31' id='linki_31'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus032b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='255' height='332' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 30, PARIS, 1870.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:305px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_32' id='linki_32'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus032c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='305' height='422' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 35, PARIS, 1875. &#8220;FROMONT JEUNE ET RISLER AINÉ.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_33' id='linki_33'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_25' name='page_25'></a>25</span>
+<img src='images/illus033.jpg' alt='' title='' width='461' height='700' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+DAUDET AT THE PRESENT DAY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_26' name='page_26'></a>26</span>
+<a name='WILD_ANIMALSI_HOW_THEY_ARE_CAPTURED_TRANSPORTED_TRAINED_AND_SOLD__BY_RAYMOND_BLATHWAYT' id='WILD_ANIMALSI_HOW_THEY_ARE_CAPTURED_TRANSPORTED_TRAINED_AND_SOLD__BY_RAYMOND_BLATHWAYT'></a>
+<h2>WILD ANIMALS.&mdash;I<br /><span class='smcaplc'>HOW THEY ARE CAPTURED, TRANSPORTED, TRAINED, AND SOLD.</span>
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Raymond Blathwayt.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:158px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_34' id='linki_34'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus034a.png' alt='' title='' width='158' height='334' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>The&nbsp;greatest wild animal
+trader in the
+world is Karl Hagenbeck
+of Hamburg.
+To hear,
+therefore, how he
+captures and transports
+the brutes that
+compose his stock in trade, how he
+trains them, and some of the peculiarly
+strange adventures which have befallen
+him in dealing with them, cannot fail to
+be of interest. A few days ago I went
+to his Hamburg menagerie, where, on
+opening a door, I found myself in a
+great shed full of caged wild beasts.
+As visitors, except those on business,
+are not allowed within those notable
+precincts, my unexpected appearance
+excited the cages&#8217; occupants to set up
+a grand concerto of roars and howls.
+Awestruck at
+the sight and
+sounds, I
+stood dazed
+until suddenly
+recalled to
+myself by a
+Nubian lion,
+who laid hold
+of my cloak-flaps
+with unsheathed
+claws. At
+once I leaped
+forward,
+while the
+beast retired
+snarling to
+the farthest
+corner of its
+cage, where
+in the dark
+shadows its
+eyes glared
+like two living coals. At this moment
+Mr. Hagenbeck came forward and gave
+me a hearty welcome, coupled with a
+word of warning against venturing too
+near the cages. He is a tall man, singularly
+pleasant looking, with keen eyes
+and a decisive manner. Later we sat
+in his office, and there I heard many
+incidents of the interesting life which
+he has led for so many years.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:636px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_35' id='linki_35'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus034b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='636' height='572' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;My&nbsp;father,&#8221; said he, &#8220;who started
+in life as a fish dealer in this very
+town, never dreamed that he would
+one day be the founder of the greatest
+menagerie in the world. But it chanced
+that, in the year 1848, some fishermen,
+who usually traded with him, brought
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_27' name='page_27'></a>27</span>
+him some seals which they had caught
+in their sturgeon nets. They were fine
+animals, and he could not help being
+delighted with them, and straightway
+resolved to take them to Berlin. There
+he opened a small exhibition in Kroll&#8217;s
+Gardens, charging an admission fee.
+But there came a revolution; business
+was at a standstill, and he was glad
+enough to get rid of the seals for a
+small sum of money, and to return to
+his fish-dealer&#8217;s shop in Hamburg. But
+he was bitten with the wild-beast fever;
+live animals had more attractions for
+him than dead fish, and so he told the
+fishermen that he would always be
+ready to buy any queer animals they
+might choose to bring him. A short
+time after that a sailor from a whaling
+vessel brought him a polar bear; this
+he exhibited here in Hamburg. It was
+a great novelty, and the people flocked
+in crowds to see it. From that time
+forward, sailors from all parts of the
+world would bring him animals for
+sale&mdash;monkeys, parrots, deer, snakes,
+and so on; once a young lion. Gradually
+he got together quite a small
+menagerie, but I am bound to say that
+at first there was not much profit in
+the business. When I left school in
+1859, at the age of fifteen, father asked
+me which of his two callings I would
+rather choose as mine. Of course,
+being a boy, I chose the wild beasts.
+He gave me a hundred and fifty pounds
+to spend as best I could in buying animals.
+Fortune favored me from the
+start. I made some capital bargains,
+increased the business rapidly, and in
+1866 father handed the whole business
+over to me.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_36' id='linki_36'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus035.jpg' alt='' title='' width='571' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_28' name='page_28'></a>28</span></div>
+<h3>HAGENBECK AND BARNUM.</h3>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:345px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_37' id='linki_37'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus036a.png' alt='' title='' width='345' height='320' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>At&nbsp;this moment my
+eye fell upon a
+large photograph
+of the
+celebrated Mr.
+P. T. Barnum,
+which hung upon
+the wall.
+Mr. Hagenbeck, noting the direction
+of my gaze, said: &#8220;I suppose you
+know who that is?&#8221;</p>
+<p>I replied, &#8220;Why, it&#8217;s P. T. Barnum.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Exactly,&#8221; said he. &#8220;I was walking
+about the menagerie one day in
+1872, when Mr. Barnum was announced.
+He said: &#8216;I&#8217;ve just come to have a
+look round. I&#8217;ve got an hour or two
+to spare, and I thought I might as well
+spend it here as anywhere else.&#8217; Well,
+sir,&#8221; continued Mr. Hagenbeck, smiling
+at the recollection of his first momentous
+interview with the great showman,
+&#8220;he stayed fourteen days, and he filled
+two big note-books before he left me.
+He was delighted with all he saw, and
+still more so with all I told him. I
+spoke about ostrich riding, suggested
+that it would be a splendid thing if he
+got up a regular wild-beast hunt in his
+hippodrome. He was immensely taken
+with the idea, and wanted me to join
+him as partner, but this I was not able
+to do. For many years I supplied him
+with his animals.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why,&#8221; I said, &#8220;Mr. Hagenbeck,
+that opened up quite a new field.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Exactly,&#8221; he replied. &#8220;The training
+of wild animals is now one of the
+most important parts of my business.
+I also undertake the establishment of
+menageries all over the world. I supply
+people with their buildings, with
+their animals, with their keepers, with
+their trainers. Take, for instance, the
+Zoölogical Gardens at Cincinnati. I
+filled them from top to bottom. I
+recently made one in Rio Janeiro.&#8221;</p>
+<h3>THE PRICES OF WILD ANIMALS.</h3>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_38' id='linki_38'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus036b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='700' height='313' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;And can you tell me anything about
+the prices of wild animals, Mr. Hagenbeck?&#8221;
+said I.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well,&#8221; he replied, &#8220;prices differ
+from time to time, according to the
+fashion; for I can assure you that there
+is as much fashion in wild animals as
+there is in ladies&#8217; dresses. Prices are
+also rising and falling, according as
+the market supply is high or low. I
+can remember that once I sold in one
+day a cargo of African beasts for thirty
+thousand dollars. A full grown hippopotamus
+is now worth £1,000. A two-horned
+rhinoceros, which was worth
+£600 in 1883, cannot now be obtained
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_29' name='page_29'></a>29</span>
+at any price. An Indian tapir costs
+£500, an American tapir £150. Elephants
+vary according to size and training,
+from £250 to £500. A good
+forest-bred lion, full grown, will fetch
+from £150 to £200, according to species.
+Tigers run from £100 to £150,
+according to their variety. <ins title='Removed extra quote'>Do</ins> you
+know,&#8221; he continued, &#8220;that there are
+five varieties of royal tigers? And, besides
+them, there are the tigers which
+come from Java, Sumatra, Penang, and
+even from the wastes of Siberia, Snakes
+are very much down in the market at
+present. Those which formerly fetched
+£5 or £10, you can now get for £2.
+Very large ones sometimes run up to
+£50. Leopards £30. Black panthers
+£40 to £60. Striped and spotted
+panthers £25. Jaguars run from £30
+to £100. A good polar bear will fetch
+from £30 to £40. Brown bears from
+£6 to 10£. Black American bears
+from £10 to £20. A sloth from Thibet
+£25 to £30. Monkeys run from six
+shillings apiece. They are most expensive
+in the spring, when they will sometimes
+fetch as much as £1 6<i>s</i>. Giraffes
+are altogether out of the market,&#8221;
+continued Mr. Hagenbeck with a sigh,
+&#8220;for there are none now to be obtained.
+I have sold one as low as £60, whilst
+the last one which I sold, four years
+ago, to the Brazils, I was paid upwards
+of £1,100 for.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:391px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_39' id='linki_39'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus037.png' alt='' title='' width='391' height='426' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;And&nbsp;now you might just have a
+look round at some of the animals.
+Here,&#8221; said he, as we stood before a
+cage of very charming monkeys, &#8220;are
+some very clever little animals. They
+can ride horses in a circus, they jump
+through hoops; in fact, they are trained
+exactly like human beings, and can do
+almost everything but talk. I have just
+sent people to Abyssinia to fetch me
+some big silver-gray lion-monkeys,
+sometimes called hamadryads. I said
+just now,&#8221; continued Mr. Hagenbeck,
+with a laugh, &#8220;that monkeys can&#8217;t talk;
+and yet I must believe in Professor
+Garner, for you give me any monkey,
+you like to name, and I&#8217;ll guarantee
+I&#8217;ll make it talk. But you can only
+do it by imitating them closely.
+Take, for instance, that chimpanzee
+over there,&#8221; continued the clever
+trainer, pointing to a little animal fast
+asleep on a crossbar. &#8220;Now listen,&#8221;
+he went on, making a peculiar noise
+with his lips. At once the animal
+woke up, jabbered a reply in chimpanzee,
+flew to the bars of the cage, put
+his tiny paw out ready for the nuts
+which he knew were forthcoming.
+&#8220;There,&#8221; said Mr. Hagenbeck, &#8220;don&#8217;t
+tell me monkeys can&#8217;t talk.&#8221;</p>
+<p>A little farther on we came across a
+tiny baby elephant, two feet nine inches
+in height. It was as black as coal, and
+had just arrived from Singapore. It
+was very playful, but when I began
+pushing it about, as one might roll a
+big beer barrel, it indulged in a fretful
+growling, which much amused us.
+Seven beautiful elephants stood in one
+big stable together, and as I admired
+their huge proportions and wondered
+at their entire gentleness, I said to Mr.
+Hagenbeck, &#8220;Is it true, as the great
+English circus proprietor George
+Sanger told me last summer, that the
+Asiatic elephant is far more intelligent
+than its African brother?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Certainly not,&#8221; replied Mr. Hagenbeck.
+&#8220;The African elephants are just
+as clever, just as gentle, just as intelligent
+as the Asiatic elephants. There&#8217;s
+no difference between them; and I ought
+to know, for I have had to do with them
+for thirty years, and in only one year
+I have imported as many as seventy-six
+of them.&#8221;</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_30' name='page_30'></a>30</span></div>
+<h3>HOW WILD BEASTS ARE CAPTURED.</h3>
+<p>Karl Hagenbeck and I stood in his
+beautiful gardens, beside the enclosure
+in which the lions and tigers spend
+the long, hot summer days so frequent
+in Hamburg. Most artistically
+this enclosure has been made to resemble
+an African desert. In the foreground
+there are bushes and a few
+small palm trees, whilst in the far-off
+distance there rise, towering to a blue
+tropical sky, grim mountains and sun-stricken
+rocks. There is thus conveyed
+to the mind an impression of the great
+Nubian deserts&mdash;an impression whose
+force and reality is strengthened by
+the appearance of the wild beasts themselves,
+basking in the heat of the sun, or
+restlessly prowling about the enclosure.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I should very much like to hear,
+Mr. Hagenbeck,&#8221; said I, &#8220;everything
+you can tell me of the way in which
+your wild beasts are captured.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:485px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_40' id='linki_40'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus039.jpg' alt='' title='' width='485' height='676' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;Well,&#8221;&nbsp;he replied, &#8220;I
+will tell you as much as
+I can. Let us begin with
+the animals from the deserts
+of Nubia, for I have
+hunting parties all over
+the world. I send out a
+special messenger, who
+goes provided with a lot
+of silver coin. Nubians
+know my courier, who goes
+on ahead of this special
+messenger. When the
+courier reaches Suakim,
+it is announced that my
+messenger is coming, and
+a great <i>fête</i> is proclaimed.
+Guns are fired off, tom-toms
+are beaten, and for
+at least two days before
+he arrives there are the
+greatest rejoicings. Then
+the people go out to
+meet him, and conduct
+him with great state to a
+place on the borders of
+the desert where they have
+built a zereba. My messenger
+then gives advance
+money to the hunters, who
+go into Abyssinia to buy
+horses for the great hunt.
+As soon as the whole
+party is collected, business begins.
+They are armed with assegais and
+long hunting-swords like the old German
+swords. They are as broad as
+your hand, sharp at both ends, and two
+handled. Men upon fast horses hunt
+up the animals. Large animals, such
+as elephants and rhinoceroses, with
+sucklings, are the best game. The
+hunters, forming a circle, follow them.
+Having caught a rhinoceros with its
+young one, a man jumps down from
+his horse and cuts the old beast in a
+vein, whilst some of the other men
+chase another animal in front to distract
+attention. Then the black fellow
+lets go the big rhinoceros, catches the
+little one, ties its legs, and after it has
+calmed down brings it to my collector,
+who is waiting for him in the zereba.
+The old one is killed, skinned, and
+eaten. The natives make their best
+shields from the hide. Elephants and
+giraffes are hunted in the same manner.
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_31' name='page_31'></a>31</span>
+I have
+been describing
+to
+you chiefly
+the old
+method of
+hunting
+animals in
+Nubia. Of
+late years
+they generally
+use
+guns. The
+young animals
+are
+always
+brought up
+with goat&#8217;s
+milk.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_41' id='linki_41'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus040a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='627' height='368' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>At this
+moment we were passing a large cage
+full of the finest lions I had ever seen.
+As soon as they caught sight of Mr.
+Hagenbeck, they began to purr loudly,
+and when he spoke, came up to the bars
+of the cage to be stroked and petted.</p>
+<p>&#8220;There,&#8221; said my host, &#8220;these are
+some very beautiful lions from Nubia.
+You can see that they are in perfect
+condition, and this is chiefly owing to
+the fact that they are being trained for
+their performances. There is nothing
+that keeps them in good health so
+much as constant exercise; that, I
+think,&#8221; added Mr. Hagenbeck, with a
+laugh, &#8220;is a very
+good argument in
+favor of training wild
+beasts, and goes a
+long way to prove
+that there really is
+very little cruelty in
+it. Now, I&#8217;ll tell you
+how lions are caught
+in the Nubian desert.
+The Kauri negroes,
+when my messenger
+arrives, form parties
+to go in search of
+young lions. When
+they discover the
+spoor of a lioness,
+they creep about the
+bush until they find
+the animal&#8217;s lair. It
+is usually one man
+alone who does this,
+and he has only a bundle of assegais
+under his left arm. Before the lioness
+can spring upon him, she has these
+spears in her body. Look at this skin,&#8221;
+continued Mr. Hagenbeck, pointing to
+a magnificent tawny skin hanging up
+in the hall. &#8220;There,&#8221; said he, &#8220;that
+skin has no less than twenty-four holes
+in it. The poor mother made a brave
+fight for her young ones. Well,&#8221; continued
+Mr. Hagenbeck, &#8220;when the old
+lioness is killed he takes the young
+ones to the zereba. The little lions are
+suckled by goats three times a day, and
+get quite fond of their foster-mothers.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Leopards and
+hyenas are caught in
+Nubia in traps which
+are made out of
+wood or cut out of
+stone in the mountains.
+These traps
+are baited with meat,
+and catch the big
+cats precisely as a
+mouse-trap catches a
+mouse. Once trapped,
+the hunters can
+tie the creature&#8217;s
+legs, and bear it in
+triumph to the zereba.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;And how are the
+Asiatic animals
+caught?&#8221; I asked
+Mr. Hagenbeck.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:318px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_42' id='linki_42'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus040b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='318' height='430' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;Well,&#8221;&nbsp;he replied,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_32' name='page_32'></a>32</span>
+&#8220;very much the same method is pursued
+there that we adopt in Africa.
+For instance, in Borneo and Java, animals
+are caught in trapfalls and pitfalls,
+and some in huge mouse-traps.
+In these we often catch full-grown
+tigers, black panthers, and leopards.
+In the pitfalls we find two horned
+rhinoceroses and saddlebacked tapirs.
+The animals, running through the forest,
+run over these pitfalls and drop in.
+The greater part of these unfortunately
+die directly after they are caught; some
+kill themselves
+in their
+excitement,
+others won&#8217;t
+feed, and so
+pine away. A
+rhinoceros or
+a tapir dies
+because it is
+often hurt internally,
+although
+we frequently
+do not
+discover that
+they have been
+hurt until they
+have been with
+us for one or
+two months.
+I can remember
+that I
+once imported
+seven big rhinoceroses,
+and
+I sold only one
+of them, as
+the other six
+died. Bengal
+tigers are
+caught young,
+brought up by
+the natives in
+much the same way as the young lions
+in Africa, on milk and fowls. Most
+of these come by way of Calcutta.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Standing in front of a great glass
+cage full of snakes, I said to Mr.
+Hagenbeck: &#8220;Now, how do you manage
+to get hold of these reptiles? They
+must be very dangerous.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:439px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_43' id='linki_43'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus041.jpg' alt='' title='' width='439' height='637' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;Ah!&#8221;&nbsp;he replied, with a thoughtful
+look, &#8220;I&#8217;ll tell you later on one or two
+stories of dreadful adventures that I
+myself have had with snakes. In the
+meantime this is the way they are
+caught in India. In the dry season
+the jungle is set on fire. As the
+snakes run out in all directions, they
+are caught by the natives with long
+sticks having a hoop at the end, to
+which is attached a big bag, a sort of
+exaggerated butterfly net. After that
+the reptiles are packed in sacks made
+of matting, which are fastened to long
+bamboos, and carried to Calcutta on
+the shoulders of the natives. When
+Calcutta is reached, they are packed
+in big boxes,
+from twelve to
+sixteen in a
+box, that is
+when they are
+only eight or
+ten feet long;
+big snakes,
+from fourteen
+to sixteen feet
+in length, are
+only packed
+from two to
+three in a box.
+They are then
+sent direct to
+Europe without
+food or
+water on the
+journey, for
+they require
+neither. The
+principal thing
+is to keep
+them warm.
+Cold gives
+them mouth
+disease, which
+is certain
+death. I remember
+once,&#8221;
+continued Mr.
+Hagenbeck, &#8220;that I had one hundred
+and sixty-two snakes reach London in
+perfect condition; a violent snow-storm
+then came on, and when the
+boxes were opened in Hamburg every
+snake was dead.</p>
+<p>&#8220;The majority of my Asiatic elephants
+come from Ceylon, although a
+few of them are exported from Burma.
+I remember one year there was a great
+demand in the American market for
+Asiatic elephants; Barnum and Forepaugh
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_33' name='page_33'></a>33</span>
+each wanted twelve. I couldn&#8217;t
+get enough from Burma, so sent direct
+to Ceylon, and got no less than sixty-seven
+elephants, all of which I disposed
+of in the next twelve months.
+Most of these were caught by noosing.
+This is done by Afghans who take out
+a license from the Ceylon Government.
+They go out with dogs, find a herd,
+follow it up, and drive the elephants
+into different flights; they then give
+their attention to the younger elephants.
+Each man has a long raw-hide
+rope with a noose in the end of
+it. He chases an elephant, throws the
+noose round its hind legs, and follows
+it until a tree is reached, round which
+the line is fastened. When the elephant
+drops down in despair, the rope
+is fastened round its other legs, and
+it is left for several days until calmed
+down; it is then taken and easily tamed.
+I can well remember,&#8221; said Mr. Hagenbeck,
+&#8220;how interested Prince Bismarck
+was when I told all about the capture
+of my elephants.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I was sitting in my room one day,
+when a servant came in and told me
+that he believed that Prince Bismarck
+was in the menagerie. I went out, and
+as soon as I saw his tall, erect figure
+and white moustache, I knew it was
+the great man himself. I never came
+across so intelligent a man, or one who
+asked so many questions. I should
+think he must be something like your
+Gladstone.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;And how did you first start buying
+animals on such a big scale, Mr.
+Hagenbeck?&#8221; said I.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well,&#8221; he replied, &#8220;it was in this
+way. In 1863 the first big lot of animals
+that ever appeared in Europe at
+one time were brought over by an
+Italian named Casanova. He couldn&#8217;t
+sell them, and we had not the money
+to buy them, so they were sold to a
+menagerie at Kreutzburg, then the biggest
+in Germany. Next year Casanova
+came over with a few from Egypt,
+which I bought for the Dresden Zoo.
+This was the beginning of the African
+business. I then gave Casanova a big
+order, and arranged that he should
+bring over elephants, giraffes, and
+young lions at a fixed price. It&#8217;s
+always cheaper,&#8221; added Mr. Hagenbeck,
+with a laugh, &#8220;to get your dinner
+at the <i>table d&#8217;hôte</i> than by the card, and
+I thought it would be cheaper and
+better to get all these animals in one
+lot. Well, in 1866 he returned with a
+large cargo, in which there were seven
+African elephants. At that time an
+African elephant was a great novelty,
+both in Europe and in America. I
+sold these elephants to America, where
+they excited great interest, as they were
+the first African elephants that had
+ever been seen in that country.&#8221; As
+we were going back to Mr. Hagenbeck&#8217;s
+office he pointed out to me some
+very beautiful zebu bulls which he was
+going to send out to South America
+to be used for agricultural and breeding
+purposes. &#8220;There,&#8221; said he, &#8220;you
+can see those animals nowhere else in
+Europe except in my place. I got
+them from Central India; I have been
+after them for ten years, and succeeded
+in getting them only two years ago.&#8221;
+Just then we passed a slaughter-yard,
+where a couple of horses were being
+cut up for the carnivorous animals.</p>
+<p>&#8220;It must be a very difficult matter,&#8221;
+said I, &#8220;to know how to feed all these
+animals properly.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I should think it was,&#8221; he replied.
+&#8220;Animals are most dainty and delicate
+as regards their food. Now, for instance,
+those lions and tigers which
+were exhibiting at the Crystal Palace
+last year were fed on such bad food
+that they were quite ill when they
+came back here. Besides, a number of
+young animals were seized with what
+appeared to be cholera. I lost three
+thousand pounds&#8217; worth of them in
+three weeks. It is a very anxious
+business, indeed, I can tell you.&#8221;</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Note.</span>&mdash;In the July number will be published an article on &#8220;The Training of Wild
+Animals,&#8221; which includes a description of a special performance given by Mr. Hagenbeck, at
+which Mr. Blathwayt, the writer of the articles, was the only spectator.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_34' name='page_34'></a>34</span>
+<a name='UNDER_SENTENCE_OF_THE_LAW_THE_STORY_OF_A_DOG__BY_MRS_ROBERT_LOUIS_STEVENSON' id='UNDER_SENTENCE_OF_THE_LAW_THE_STORY_OF_A_DOG__BY_MRS_ROBERT_LOUIS_STEVENSON'></a>
+<h2>UNDER SENTENCE OF THE LAW.<br /><span class='smcaplc'>THE STORY OF A DOG.</span>
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:277px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_44' id='linki_44'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus045a.png' alt='' title='' width='277' height='592' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:236px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_45' id='linki_45'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus045b.png' alt='' title='' width='236' height='166' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:273px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_46' id='linki_46'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus045c.png' alt='' title='' width='273' height='450' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:374px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_47' id='linki_47'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus046a.png' alt='' title='' width='374' height='240' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:405px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_48' id='linki_48'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus046b.png' alt='' title='' width='405' height='196' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:318px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_49' id='linki_49'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus046c.png' alt='' title='' width='318' height='101' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:358px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_50' id='linki_50'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus046d.png' alt='' title='' width='358' height='312' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:286px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_51' id='linki_51'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus047a.png' alt='' title='' width='286' height='484' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>By&nbsp;mandate of law, Rick wore a muzzle, not
+often on his nose, but generally hanging
+under his chin. It was not because his
+present character was a vicious one that
+Rick was thus distinguished, but owing to
+an awkward circumstance in early life. For
+Rick had been tried in a court of law for
+the crime of murder, convicted, and sentenced
+to death. I believe Canton Grison
+is the only province in Switzerland where
+the law enforcing capital punishment has not
+been repealed; and in Canton Grison it applies
+to beasts as well as men.</p>
+<p>Rick first appeared,
+a starveling puppy
+with a large frame and
+weak, shambling legs,
+before the windows of
+a charitable Scotswoman,
+who was a
+lover of dogs and a
+person of sensibility.
+Rick, whatever his intellectual shortcomings,
+was a shrewd judge of human nature, and
+knew where to
+find a sure welcome.
+Naturally
+he soon discovered
+the hour for meals, and seldom failed
+to be on hand in good season. Once he found
+the glass door shut through which he was accustomed
+to enter. Spectators on the other
+side saw his discomfiture, but, before they
+could reach the door, Master Rick had lifted
+the latch and was walking triumphantly in.
+A later friend of his declared that, when he
+asked, &#8220;What has become of that enormous
+dish of meat?&#8221; Rick tipped him an arch wink
+and touched his corpulent stomach with a
+hind paw. Another instance of his supposed
+intelligence was his habit of accompanying
+intending customers to the confectioner&#8217;s
+shop, where he gorged himself at their expense.
+This indulgence in sweets, and his
+visits to adjacent villages, where he dined
+at the hotels <i>à la carte</i>, his bills to be sent
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_35' name='page_35'></a>35</span>
+to the Belvedere, induced early obesity, which was particularly observable
+in his great tail. I always thought the general belief in Rick&#8217;s mental
+capacity rested on insufficient grounds. I have lived too much
+with dogs not to know a dull fellow,
+though kindly, when I see him; but,
+as an individual, I loved Rick, and
+could not deny him a certain charm.
+The fact that one day Rick (who
+at that time belonged to a butcher)
+did not put in an appearance simultaneously
+with the ringing of the
+luncheon-bell caused the charitable
+Scotswoman misgivings. She
+should have known him better. Fortunately she happened to glance
+out of the window in the nick of time, for there was poor Rick, flat on
+his side, his head turned piteously
+towards the door of his
+friend, being dragged along the
+road at the tail of a terrible
+cart&mdash;the cart of a man who
+bought dead and living cats and
+dogs for the sake of their skins.
+A maid was hastily despatched
+to the rescue, and Rick was
+bought for the price of his hide.
+His trials were over (it was little he cared for the trial and sentence),
+for he was now adopted by the Hotel Belvedere.</p>
+<p>Here he passed several uneventful, greedy years, until the day when
+the Belvedere was startled by the appearance
+of the officers of the law with
+an official document&mdash;a summons for
+Rick. How it was served I cannot imagine,
+but Rick was cited to appear, on
+a given date, at the Rathhaus, under the
+appellation of Tiger Hund. Tiger Hund was a fine, dashing name,
+but hardly applicable to Rick, who
+had more of the characteristics of
+the sheep than of the tiger. The
+two leading hotels, the Belvedere
+and the Bual, were shaken to their
+base by the threatened danger to
+Rick. Foreign counsel was appointed
+to plead his cause; I cannot
+now remember whether the
+chosen advocate was Herr Coester
+of the Belvedere, or Mr. J. Addington
+Symonds of the Bual. One, I
+know, appeared for Rick at the
+trial; while the other, after conviction,
+got up a petition for his pardon.</p>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:352px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_52' id='linki_52'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus047b.png' alt='' title='' width='352' height='370' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>The&nbsp;eventful day arrived; the learned gentleman, honest Rick at
+his heels, took his way to the ancient Rathhaus, the gloomy aspect of
+whose exterior, with its narrow, barred, windowy and high-pitched roof
+under the eaves of which were many a row of wolves&#8217; heads now dried
+into mummies, should have thrilled with apprehension the heart of the
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_36' name='page_36'></a>36</span>
+least imaginative dog. But Rick, poor innocent, trotted through the
+portals as he would have trotted into the confectioner&#8217;s, and curled
+himself up for a nap at the feet of his counsel.</p>
+<p>His affection for the accused, and the
+sympathy of the large audience assembled
+to hear his pleading, inspired the learned
+gentleman with unwonted eloquence. The
+only creature unconcerned was Rick, who,
+having finished his nap, thought it a fitting
+occasion to make a little excursion into the
+next canton.</p>
+<p>After a brilliant peroration in which he
+dilated on the fidelity of the accused, who,
+he asserted, never left the Hotel Belvedere
+except in company with some of the guests,
+Rick&#8217;s advocate wound up with these words:
+&#8220;Behold at my feet the Tiger Hund!&#8221;
+But, alas!
+Rick was not
+at his feet,
+nor could he
+be found in
+any of his
+usual haunts,
+though eager
+searchers beat the precincts for him.
+And so, through Rick&#8217;s own fault, his
+case was lost and his friends put to open
+shame. Sentence of death was passed in
+the absence of the culprit, and things
+for a time looked black for Rick. Strenuous
+efforts, however, were made to secure
+a pardon; and finally, after the
+presentation of a petition pleading for
+mercy, numerously signed by the foreign
+and native residents, the magistrate
+was induced to commute the sentence to muzzlement for life.
+I cannot myself believe that Rick had the courage to attack a sheep,
+even in company. I know that his first meeting with a donkey threw
+him into such fits of terror that his reason was despaired of for days.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_53' id='linki_53'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus047c.png' alt='Muzzlement for Life.' title='' width='318' height='328' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_37' name='page_37'></a>37</span>
+<a name='THE_EDGE_OF_THE_FUTURE_UNSOLVED_PROBLEMS_THAT_EDISON_IS_STUDYING__BY_E_J_EDWARDS' id='THE_EDGE_OF_THE_FUTURE_UNSOLVED_PROBLEMS_THAT_EDISON_IS_STUDYING__BY_E_J_EDWARDS'></a>
+<h2>THE EDGE OF THE FUTURE.<br /><span class='smcaplc'>UNSOLVED PROBLEMS THAT EDISON IS STUDYING.</span>
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By E. J. Edwards.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<h3>I.</h3>
+<p>Thomas A. Edison, when he
+was congratulated upon his forty-sixth
+birthday, declared that he did
+not measure his life by years, but by
+achievements or by campaigns; and he
+then confessed that he had planned
+ahead many campaigns, and that he
+looks forward to no period of rest, believing
+that for him, at least, the happiest
+life is a life of work. In speaking
+of his campaigns Mr. Edison said: &#8220;I
+do not regard myself as a pure scientist,
+as so many persons have insisted that
+I am. I do not search for the laws of
+nature, and have made no great discoveries
+of such laws. I do not study
+science as Newton and Kepler and
+Faraday and Henry studied it, simply
+for the purpose of learning truth. I
+am only a professional inventor. My
+studies and experiments have been
+conducted entirely with the object of
+inventing that which will have commercial
+utility. I suppose I might be
+called a scientific inventor, as distinguished
+from a mechanical inventor,
+although really there is no distinction.&#8221;</p>
+<p>When Mr. Edison was asked about
+his campaigns and those achievements
+by which he measured his life, he said
+that in the past there had been first
+the stock-ticker and the telephone, upon
+the latter of which he worked very
+hard. But he regarded the greatest
+of his achievements, in the early part
+of his career, as the invention of the
+phonograph. &#8220;That,&#8221; said he, &#8220;was
+an invention pure and simple. No
+suggestion of it, so far as I know, had
+ever been made; and it was a discovery
+made by accident, while experimenting
+upon another invention, that led to the
+development of the phonograph.</p>
+<p>&#8220;My second campaign was that
+which resulted in the invention of the
+incandescent lamp. Of course, an incandescent
+lamp had been suggested
+before. There had been abortive attempts
+to make them, even before I
+knew anything about telegraphing.
+The work which I did was to make
+an incandescent lamp which was commercially
+valuable, and the courts have
+recently sustained my claim to priority
+of invention of this lamp. I worked
+about three years upon that. Some of
+the experiments were very delicate and
+very difficult; some of them needed
+help which was very costly. That
+so far has been, I suppose, my chief
+achievement. It certainly was the first
+one which made me independent, and
+left me free to begin other campaigns
+without the necessity of calling for
+outside capital, or of finding my invention
+subjected to the mysteries of
+Wall Street manipulation.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The hint contained in Mr. Edison&#8217;s
+reference to Wall Street, and the mysteries
+of financiering which prevail
+there, led naturally enough to a question
+as to Mr. <ins title="Was Edision's">Edison&#8217;s</ins> future purpose with
+regard to capitalists, and he said:</p>
+<p>&#8220;In my future campaigns I expect
+myself to control absolutely such inventions
+as I make. I am now fortunate
+enough to have capital of my
+own, and that I shall use in these
+campaigns. The most important of
+the campaigns I have in mind is one in
+which I have now been engaged for
+several years. I have long been satisfied
+that it was possible to invent an
+ore-concentrator which would vastly
+simplify the prevailing methods of extracting
+iron from earth and rock, and
+which would do it so much cheaper
+than those processes as to command
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_38' name='page_38'></a>38</span>
+the market. Of course I refer to magnetic
+iron ore. Some of the New Jersey
+mountains contain practically inexhaustible
+stores of this magnetic ore,
+but it has been expensive to mine. I
+was able to secure mining options
+upon nearly all these properties, and
+then I began the campaign of developing
+an ore-concentrator which would
+make these deposits profitably available.
+This iron is unlike any other
+iron ore. It takes four tons of the ore
+to produce one ton of pure iron, and
+yet I saw, some years ago, that if some
+method of extracting this ore could be
+devised, and the mines controlled, an
+enormously profitable business would
+be developed, and yet a cheaper iron
+ore&mdash;cheaper in its first cost&mdash;would be
+put upon the market. I worked very
+hard upon this problem, and in one
+sense successfully, for I have been able
+by my methods to extract this magnetic
+ore at comparatively small cost, and
+deliver from my mills pure iron bricklets.
+Yet I have not been satisfied
+with the methods; and some months
+ago I decided to abandon the old
+methods and to undertake to do this
+work by an entirely new system. I
+had some ten important details to
+master before I could get a perfect
+machine, and I have already mastered
+eight of them. Only two remain to be
+solved; and when this work is complete,
+I shall have, I think, a plant and mining
+privileges which will outrank the
+incandescent lamp as a commercial
+venture, certainly so far as I am myself
+concerned. Whatever the profits
+are, I shall myself control them, as I
+have taken no capitalists in with me in
+this scheme.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Mr. Edison was asked if he was
+willing to be more explicit respecting
+this invention, but he declined to be,
+further than to say: &#8220;When the machinery
+is done as I expect to develop
+it, it will be capable of handling twenty
+thousand tons of ore a day with two
+shifts of men, five in a shift. That is
+to say, ten workmen, working twenty
+hours a day in the aggregate, will be
+able to take this ore, crush it, reduce
+the iron to cement-like proportions,
+extract it from the rock and earth, and
+make it into bricklets of pure iron, and
+do it so cheaply that it will command
+the market for magnetic iron.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Mr. Edison, in speaking of this campaign,
+referred to it as though it was
+practically finished; and it was evident
+in the conversation that already
+his mind turns to a new campaign,
+which he will take up as soon as his
+iron-ore concentrator is complete and
+its work can be left to competent subordinates.</p>
+<p>He was asked if he would be willing
+to say what he had in mind for the
+next campaign, and he replied: &#8220;Well,
+I think as soon as the ore concentrating
+business is developed and can take
+care of itself, I shall turn my attention
+to one of the greatest problems that I
+have ever thought of solving, and that
+is, the direct control of the energy
+which is stored up in coal, so that it
+may be employed without waste and
+at a very small margin of cost. Ninety
+per cent. of the energy that exists in
+coal is now lost in converting it into
+power. It goes off in heat through
+the chimneys of boiler-rooms. You
+perceive it when you step into a room
+where there is a furnace and boiler;
+it is also greatly wasted in the development
+of the latent heat which is
+created by the change from water to
+steam. Now that is an awful waste,
+and even a child can see that if this
+wastage can be saved, it will result in
+vastly cheapening the cost of everything
+which is manufactured by electric
+or steam power. In fact, it will vastly
+cheapen the cost of all the necessaries
+and luxuries of life, and I suppose the
+results would be of mightier influence
+upon civilization than the development
+of the steam-engine and electricity have
+been. It will, in fact, do away with
+steam-engines and boilers, and make
+the use of steam power as much of a
+tradition as the stage-coach now is.</p>
+<p>&#8220;It would enable an ocean steamship
+of twenty thousand horse-power
+to cross the ocean faster than any of
+the crack vessels now do, and require
+the burning of only two hundred and
+fifty tons of coal instead of three
+thousand, which are now required; so
+that, of course, the charges for freight
+and passenger fares would be greatly
+reduced. It would enormously lessen
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_39' name='page_39'></a>39</span>
+the cost of manufacturing and of traffic.
+It would develop the electric current
+directly from coal, so that the cost of
+steam-engines and boilers would be
+eliminated. I have thought of this
+problem very much, and I have already
+my theory of the experiments, or some
+of them, which may be necessary to
+develop this direct use of all the power
+that is stored in coal. I can only say
+now, that the coal would be put into a
+receptacle, the agencies then applied
+which would develop its energy and
+save it all, and through this energy
+electric power of any degree desired
+could be furnished. Yes, it can be
+done; I am sure of that. Some of
+the details I have already mastered, I
+think; at least, I am sure that I know
+the way to go to work to master them.
+I believe that I shall make this my
+next campaign. It may be years before
+it is finished, and it may not be a
+very long time.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Mr. Edison looks farther ahead than
+this campaign, for he said: &#8220;I think it
+quite likely that I may try to develop
+a plan for marine signalling. I have the
+idea already pretty well formulated in
+my mind. I should use the well-known
+principle that water is a more perfect
+medium for carrying vibrations than
+air, and should develop instruments
+which may be carried upon sea-going
+vessels, by which they can transmit or
+receive, through an international code
+of signals, reports within a radius of
+say ten miles.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Mr. Edison believes that Chicago is
+to become the London of America early
+in the next century, while New York
+will be its Liverpool, and he is of
+opinion that very likely a ship canal
+may connect Chicago with tide water,
+so that it will itself become a great seaport.</p>
+<p>There is a common impression that
+Mr. Edison is an agnostic, but he denies
+it; and he said, in closing the conversation,
+&#8220;I tell you that no person can be
+brought into close contact with the
+mysteries of nature, or make a study of
+chemistry, without being convinced that
+behind it all there is supreme intelligence.
+I am convinced of that, and I
+think that I could, perhaps I may some
+time, demonstrate the existence of such
+intelligence through the operation of
+these mysterious laws with the certainty
+of a demonstration in mathematics.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<a name='AN_INTERVIEW_WITH_PROFESSOR_ALEXANDER_GRAHAM_BELL_BY_CLEVELAND_MOFFETT' id='AN_INTERVIEW_WITH_PROFESSOR_ALEXANDER_GRAHAM_BELL_BY_CLEVELAND_MOFFETT'></a>
+<h3>AN INTERVIEW WITH PROFESSOR ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Cleveland Moffett.</span></span></h3>
+</div>
+<h3>II.</h3>
+<p>Professor Graham Bell is not like
+some pedantic wise men who talk as if
+they believed that the end of knowledge
+in their particular line had been
+already reached. On the contrary,
+this distinguished inventor is convinced
+that the discovery and inventions
+of the past will seem but trivial
+things when compared with those which
+are to come. Nor does he think that
+the day of man&#8217;s greater knowledge is
+so very far distant.</p>
+<h4>THE AIR-SHIP OF THE NEAR FUTURE.</h4>
+<p>&#8220;I have not the shadow of a doubt&#8221;&mdash;these
+are his own words, spoken to me
+quite recently at Washington&mdash;&#8220;that
+the problem of aerial navigation will
+be solved within ten years. That means
+an entire revolution in the world&#8217;s
+methods of transportation and of making
+war. I am able to speak with more
+authority on this subject from the fact
+of being actively associated with Professor
+Langley of the Smithsonian Institution
+in his researches and experiments.
+I am not at liberty to speak in
+detail of these experiments, but will
+say that the calculations of scientific
+men in regard to the amount of power
+necessary to maintain an air-ship above
+the earth have been strangely erroneous;
+I may say ridiculously so. According
+to these, Nature would have
+given the birds and insects a muscular
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_40' name='page_40'></a>40</span>
+force vastly greater and superior in its
+qualities to that bestowed upon man.
+That seems unreasonable in the first
+place, when one reflects that man is at
+the head of creation, and we have found
+practically that such is not the case.
+The power required to lift and propel an
+air-ship is very much less than has been
+supposed; indeed, Professor Langley
+concludes that when the air-ship has
+once been lifted above the earth to the
+proper height, it will be possible to
+maintain it there with proportionately
+no greater effort than that expended
+by hawks and eagles in sailing about
+with extended wings. The air strata
+will do the bulk of the lifting, if a
+small propelling power is provided.
+Of course, a greater power will be
+necessary to lift the air-ship originally,
+and it may be some time before the art
+of managing an air-ship is discovered;
+but the final result, I am convinced,
+will allow men to sail about in the air
+as easily and as safely as the birds do.
+I predict that we will see the beginning
+of this modern miracle by the end of
+the nineteenth century.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Of course the air-ship of the future
+will be constructed without any balloon
+attachment. The discovery of the balloon
+undoubtedly retarded the solution
+of the flying problem for over a hundred
+years. Ever since the Montgolfiers
+taught the world how to rise in the
+air by means of inflated gas-bags, the
+inventors working at the problem of
+aerial navigation have been thrown on
+the wrong track. Scientific men have
+been wasting their time trying to steer
+balloons, a thing which in the nature
+of the case is impossible to any great
+extent, inasmuch as balloons, being
+lighter than the resisting air, can never
+make headway against it. The fundamental
+principle of aerial navigation is
+that the air-ship must be heavier than
+the air. It is only of recent years that
+men capable of studying the problem
+seriously have accepted this as an
+axiom. Electricity in one form or another
+will undoubtedly be the motive
+power for air-ships, and every advance
+in electrical knowledge brings us one
+step nearer to the day when we shall
+fly. It would be perfectly possible,
+to-day, to direct a flying machine by
+means of pendant electric wires which
+would transmit the necessary current
+without increasing the load to be borne.
+Perhaps a feasible means of propelling
+such an air-ship would be by a kind
+of trolley system where the rod would
+hang down from the car to the stretched
+wire, instead of extending upward. This
+is an idea which I would recommend to
+inventors.&#8221;</p>
+<p>It is most interesting to watch Professor
+Bell as he talks about the great
+inventions which he sees with prophetic
+eye in store for the world. He has the
+happy faculty of expressing great ideas
+in simple words, and there is nothing
+ponderous in his speech. He is as enthusiastic
+as a school-boy thinking of
+the kite he will make as big as a barn-door.
+His black eyes flash, and they
+seem all the blacker contrasted with
+his white hair; the words tumble out
+quickly, and those who have the good
+fortune to listen are carried away by
+the magnetism of this great inventor.</p>
+<h4>SEEING BY ELECTRICITY.</h4>
+<p>The mention of electricity brought
+up new possibilities for future discovery,
+some of them so amazing as to
+almost pass the bounds of credibility.
+He said:</p>
+<p>&#8220;Morse taught the world years ago
+to write at a distance by electricity;
+the telephone enables us to talk at
+a distance by electricity; and now
+scientists are agreed that there is no
+theoretical reason why the well-known
+principles of light should not be applied
+in the same way that the principles of
+sound have been applied in the telephone,
+and thus allow us to see at a
+distance by electricity. It is some ten
+years since the scientific papers of the
+world were greatly exercised over a report
+that I had filed at the Smithsonian
+Institution a sealed packet supposed to
+contain a method of doing this very
+thing; that is, transmit the vision of
+persons and things from one point on
+the earth to another. As a matter of
+fact, there was no truth in the report,
+but it resulted in stirring up a dozen
+scientific men of eminence to come out
+with statements to the effect that they
+too had discovered various methods of
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_41' name='page_41'></a>41</span>
+seeing by electricity. That shows what
+I know to be the case, that men are
+working at this great problem in many
+laboratories, and I firmly believe it will
+be solved one day.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Of course, while the principle of
+seeing by electricity at a distance is
+precisely that applied in the telephone,
+yet it will be very much more difficult
+to construct such an apparatus, owing
+to the immensely greater rapidity with
+which the vibrations of light take place
+when compared with the vibrations of
+sound. It is merely a question, however,
+of finding a diaphragm which will
+be sufficiently sensitive to receive these
+vibrations and produce the corresponding
+electrical variations.&#8221;</p>
+<h4>THOUGHT TRANSFERENCE BY
+ELECTRICITY.</h4>
+<p>After he had spoken of this idea for
+some time, Professor Bell stopped suddenly,
+and, with an amused twinkle in
+his eyes, exclaimed: &#8220;But while we are
+talking of all this, what is to prevent
+some one from discovering a way of
+thinking at a distance by electricity?&#8221;</p>
+<p>Having said this, the genial professor
+threw himself back and laughed
+heartily at the amazement his words
+awakened. Was he joking? Apparently
+not, for he proceeded seriously
+to discuss one of the most astounding
+conceptions that ever entered an inventor&#8217;s
+mind. Thinking by electricity!
+Imagine two persons, one
+thousand or ten thousand miles apart,
+placed in communication electrically,
+in such a way that, without any spoken
+word, without sounding-board, key, or
+any bodily movement, the one receives
+instantly the thoughts of the other, and
+instantly sends back his own thoughts.
+The wife in New York knows what is
+passing in the brain of her husband in
+Paris. The husband has the same
+knowledge. What boundless possibilities,
+to be sure, this arrangement offers
+for business men, lovers, humorous
+writers, and the police authorities!</p>
+<p>Preposterous as such an idea appears
+in its first conception, it certainly assumes
+an increasing plausibility when
+one listens to Professor Bell&#8217;s reasoning.</p>
+<p>&#8220;After all,&#8221; he says, &#8220;what would
+there be in such a system more mysterious
+than in the processes of the
+mind reader? You substitute a wire
+and batteries for a strange-eyed man
+in a dress suit, that is all.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The logical basis of Professor Bell&#8217;s
+scheme is clear, and its details quite
+beautiful in their simplicity, when you
+admit his major premise. That premise
+is that the human brain is merely
+a kind of electrical reservoir, and that
+thinking is nothing more than an
+electrical disturbance, like the aurora
+borealis or the sparks from a Holtz
+machine. The nerves are the wires
+leading from the central battery in
+the head. The reasonableness of this
+assumption is increased when one remembers
+that electricity may be made
+to act upon the nerves, even in a lifeless
+body, so as to produce the same
+muscular contractions which are produced
+by the brain force, whatever that
+may be. We talk of animal magnetism.
+What if it were the same as any other
+kind of magnetism? If these two
+forces are identical in one respect, why
+may they not be so in all respects? So
+Professor Bell reasons, and granting
+that the human brain is merely a store-house
+of electricity for our bodily
+needs, of electricity not essentially different
+from that which we know elsewhere,
+it must be possible to apply the
+same electrical laws to the brain as
+to any other electric apparatus and to
+get similar results.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Do you begin to see my idea?&#8221;
+said Professor Bell, growing more and
+more enthusiastic as he proceeded.
+Then he gave a rapid outline of what
+might be a system of thinking by electricity.</p>
+<p>Everyone knows, who knows anything
+about the subject, that an electric
+current passing inside of a coil of wire
+induces an electric current in that wire.
+Now, if the human brain be taken as a
+battery, then currents are constantly
+passing from it to various parts of the
+body, and the head may be considered
+in a state of constant electrical excitement,
+the intensity varying with the
+character of the thought processes.
+Now, suppose a coil of wire properly
+prepared in the shape of a helmet, and
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_42' name='page_42'></a>42</span>
+fitted about the head of one person,
+with wires attached and connected with
+a helmet similarly fitted upon the head
+of another person at any convenient
+distance. Every electric current in the
+one human battery must induce a current
+in the coil around the head, which
+current must be transmitted to the
+other coil. This other coil must then,
+by the reversed process, induce a current
+in the brain within helmet No. 2,
+and that person must receive some
+cerebral sensation. This cerebral sensation
+might be a thought, and probably
+would be, if it turns out to be true
+that brain force is identical with electricity.
+In that case, the thought of
+the one person would have produced a
+thought in the other person, and there
+is, if we go as far as this, every reason
+to believe that it would be the same
+thought. Thus the problem of thinking
+at a distance by electricity would
+be solved.</p>
+<p>So much for a curious theory of
+what might be, if so and so were true;
+but Professor Bell has not stopped
+with theories, but has actually begun
+to put them to the test. Not that he
+is over-sanguine as to the result, but
+he believes the experiment worth the
+making, and that seriously. He has
+actually had two helmets, such as those
+described, constructed, and has begun
+a series of experiments in his laboratory.
+Thus far, the results have been
+for the most part negative, but not so
+much so as to prevent him hoping that
+more perfect appliances may lead to
+something more conclusive. It is true
+that the thought in one brain has produced
+a sensation in the other, through
+the two helmets, but what the relation
+was between the thought and the sensation
+could not be determined.</p>
+<h4>MAKING THE DEAF HEAR BY THE USE
+OF ELECTRICITY.</h4>
+<p>By quick stages the conversation
+ran into another channel with new
+wonders possible in the future. Professor
+Bell has conceived of a method
+of making the deaf hear, which is certainly
+startling. He proposes to do
+away with ears entirely, and produce
+the sensations of hearing by direct communication
+with the brain, through the
+bones of the head. As a matter of
+fact, the brains of deaf people are
+usually in a perfectly healthy condition,
+and the only thing which prevents
+them from hearing is some defect in
+communication with the vibrating air.
+If their brains could be excited artificially
+in the same way that the brains
+of ordinary persons are excited by vibrations
+communicated through the various
+chambers and passages of the
+ear, then the deaf would hear in the
+same way that other persons do.</p>
+<p>It is, of course, a fact, that hearing
+in every instance is merely an illusion
+of the senses, a sort of tickling of the
+brain. This tickling of the brain is
+ordinarily accomplished by the nerve
+force passing from the third chamber
+of the ear to the brain itself. If this
+nerve force is nothing more or less
+than ordinary electricity, and if science
+can train electricity to tickle the brain
+artificially in the same way and at the
+same points that the nerves from the
+ear usually do, then the ordinary sensations
+of hearing must result, whether
+the person has ears or not. The problem
+here is to discover the proper way
+of tickling the brain. The gentlemen
+who seat themselves in electrocution
+chairs have their brains tickled in a
+way which would not be generally satisfactory.</p>
+<h4>THERE IS DANGER IN SUCH EXPERIMENTS.</h4>
+<p>In his desire to bring relief to the
+deaf&mdash;and his whole life has been devoted
+to that object&mdash;Professor Bell
+has begun a series of remarkable experiments
+in this line. Some time ago,
+he determined to study the effects produced
+upon the brain by turning an
+electric current into it through the side
+of the head. With this end in view, he
+arranged a dynamo machine with a
+feeble current, giving a varying number
+of interruptions per second, and attached
+one of the poles to a wet sponge
+which he placed in one of his ears.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I risked one of my ears,&#8221; he said
+simply, &#8220;in making this experiment,
+but I could not risk them both, so I
+held the second pole of the machine
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_43' name='page_43'></a>43</span>
+in my hand and turned on the current.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Fortunately no harm resulted, but
+immediately Professor Bell experienced
+the sensation of a pleasant sound
+whose pitch he was able to vary by
+increasing or diminishing the number
+of interruptions in the dynamo machine.
+His assistant standing beside him could
+detect no sound at all, so that what
+Professor Bell heard must have been
+the effect of the electric current upon
+his brain. This effect he found could
+be varied by varying the character of
+the current. Now he argues that
+greater variations might be produced
+in the sounds heard by the brain if the
+current turned into it were varied in
+the proper manner. For instance, suppose
+the current from a long distance
+telephone to be turned through the
+head of the deaf mute, a sponge connected
+with either pole being placed in
+each ear. Then let some one talk into
+the telephone in the ordinary way, the
+infinite variations in the current produced
+by the voice vibrations being
+passed into the brain directly. Is it
+not conceivable that such a variety of
+brain sensations or tones might then
+be caused in the head of the deaf mute
+as to make it possible to establish a
+system of sound signals, so to speak,
+which would be the equivalent of ordinary
+language? Indeed, is it not possible
+that the deaf mute might actually
+hear spoken words?</p>
+<p>Professor Bell&#8217;s experiments upon
+himself have been so encouraging as to
+make him disposed to try more complete
+experiments in the same line
+upon persons who have lost all sense
+of hearing, and who would doubtless
+be willing to take the inevitable risk
+for the sake of the great blessing which
+a successful issue would bring to them.</p>
+<p>We talked a long time about these
+strange fancies, and finally I said to
+Professor Bell:</p>
+<p>&#8220;But on this principle of brain tickling,
+what is to prevent a blind man
+from seeing by electricity?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I do not know that there is anything
+to prevent it.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<a name='FROM_TENNYSONS_LOCKSLEY_HALL' id='FROM_TENNYSONS_LOCKSLEY_HALL'></a>
+<h2>FROM TENNYSON&#8217;S &#8220;LOCKSLEY HALL&#8221;.</h2>
+</div>
+<div class='poem' style='width: 30em'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see,</p>
+<p>Saw the Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be;</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>Saw the heavens fill with commerce, argosies of magic sails,</p>
+<p>Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly bales;</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>Heard the heavens fill with shouting, and there rain&#8217;d a ghastly dew</p>
+<p>From the nations&#8217; airy navies grappling in the central blue;</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>Far along the world-wide whisper of the south-wind rushing warm,</p>
+<p>With the standards of the peoples plunging thro&#8217; the thunder-storm;</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>Till the war-drum throbb&#8217;d no longer, and the battle-flags were furl&#8217;d</p>
+<p>In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>There the common sense of most shall hold a fretful realm in awe,</p>
+<p>And the kindly earth shall slumber, lapt in universal law.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>So I triumph&#8217;d ere my passion sweeping thro&#8217; me left me dry,</p>
+<p>Left me with the palsied heart, and left me with the jaundiced eye;</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>Eye, to which all order festers, all things here are out of joint:</p>
+<p>Science moves, but slowly slowly, creeping on from point to point:</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>Slowly comes a hungry people, as a lion creeping nigher,</p>
+<p>Glares at one that nods and winks behind a slowly-dying fire.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>Yet I doubt not thro&#8217; the ages one increasing purpose runs,</p>
+<p>And the thoughts of men are widen&#8217;d with the process of the suns.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p class='center'>By permission from &#8220;The Works of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Poet Laureate,&#8221; Macmillan &amp;
+Co., New York and London, 1893.</p>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_44' name='page_44'></a>44</span>
+<a name='A_DAY_WITH_GLADSTONE_FROM_THE_MORNING_AT_HAWARDEN_TO_THE_EVENING_AT_THE_HOUSE_OF_COMMONS__BY_H_W_MASSINGHAM_OF_THE_LONDON_CHRONICLE' id='A_DAY_WITH_GLADSTONE_FROM_THE_MORNING_AT_HAWARDEN_TO_THE_EVENING_AT_THE_HOUSE_OF_COMMONS__BY_H_W_MASSINGHAM_OF_THE_LONDON_CHRONICLE'></a>
+<h2>A DAY WITH GLADSTONE<br /><span class='smcaplc'>FROM THE MORNING AT HAWARDEN TO THE EVENING AT THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.</span>
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By H. W. Massingham of the &#8220;London Chronicle.&#8221;</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>I am often asked what is the secret of
+Mr. Gladstone&#8217;s extraordinary length
+of days and of the perfection of his
+unvarying health. It may be partly
+attributed to the remarkable longevity
+of the Gladstone family, a hardy Scottish
+stock with fewer weak shoots and
+branches than perhaps any of the ruling
+families of England. But it has
+depended mainly on Mr. Gladstone
+himself and on the undeviating regularity
+of his habits. Most English
+statesmen have been either free livers
+or with a touch of the <i>bon vivant</i> in
+them. Pitt and Fox were men of the
+first character; Melbourne, Palmerston,
+and Lord Beaconsfield were of the last.
+But Mr. Gladstone is a man who has
+been guilty of no excesses, save perhaps
+in work. He rises at the same hour
+every day, uses the same fairly generous,
+but always carefully regulated,
+diet, goes to bed about the same hour,
+pursues the same round of work and
+intellectual and social pleasure. An
+extraordinarily varied life is accompanied
+by a certain rigidity of personal
+habit I have never seen surpassed.
+The only change old age has witnessed
+has been that the House of Commons
+work has been curtailed, and that Mr.
+Gladstone has not of late years been
+seen in the House after the dinner hour,
+which lasts from eight till ten, except on
+nights when crucial divisions are expected.
+With the approach of winter
+and its accompanying chills, to which
+he is extremely susceptible, he seeks the
+blue skies and dry air of the Mediterranean
+coasts and of his beloved Italy.
+With this exception his life goes on in
+its pleasant monotony. At Hawarden,
+of course, it is simpler and more private
+than in London. In town to-day
+Mr. Gladstone avoids all large parties
+and great crushes and gatherings where
+he may be expected to be either mobbed
+or bored or detained beyond his usual
+bed-time.</p>
+<h3>HIS PERSONALITY.</h3>
+<div class='figright' style='width:223px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_54' id='linki_54'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus066.png' alt='' title='' width='223' height='378' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>Personally Mr. Gladstone is an example
+of the most winning, the most
+delicate, and the most minute courtesy.
+He is a gentleman of the elder English
+school, and his manners are grand and
+urbane, always stately, never condescending,
+and genuinely modest. He
+affects even the dress of the old school,
+and I have seen him in the morning wearing
+an old black evening coat, such as
+Professor Jowett still affects. The humblest
+passer-by in Piccadilly, raising
+his hat to Mr. Gladstone, is sure to
+get a sweeping salute in return. This
+courtliness is all the more remarkable,
+because it accompanies and adorns a
+very strong temper, a will of iron, and
+a habit of
+being regarded
+for the
+greater part
+of his lifetime
+as a personal
+force
+of unequalled
+magnitude.
+Yet the most
+foolish, and
+perhaps one
+may add the
+most impertinent,
+of Mr.
+Gladstone&#8217;s
+dinner-table
+questioners is
+sure of an
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_45' name='page_45'></a>45</span>
+elaborate reply, delivered with the air
+of a student in deferential talk with
+his master. To the cloth Mr. Gladstone
+shows a reverence that occasionally
+woos the observer to a smile. The
+callowest curate is sure of a respectful
+listener in the foremost Englishman
+of the day. On the other hand,
+in private conversation the premier
+does not often brook contradiction.
+His temper is high,
+and though, as
+George Russell has
+said, it is under vigilant
+control, there
+are subjects on
+which it is easy to
+arouse the old lion.
+Then the grand eyes
+flash, the torrent of
+brilliant monologue
+flows with more
+rapid sweep, and
+the dinner table is
+breathless at the
+spectacle of Mr.
+Gladstone angry. As
+to his relations with
+his family, they are
+very charming. It
+is a pleasure to hear
+Herbert Gladstone&mdash;his
+youngest, and
+possibly his favorite
+son&mdash;speak of &#8220;my
+father.&#8221; All of them,
+sons and daughters,
+are absolutely devoted
+to his cause,
+wrapped up in his
+personality, and enthusiastic
+as to
+every side of his
+character. Of children
+Mr. Gladstone
+has always been
+fond, and he has more than one favorite
+among his grandchildren.</p>
+<h3>MR. GLADSTONE&#8217;S MORNING.</h3>
+<div class='figright' style='width:530px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_55' id='linki_55'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus067.png' alt='' title='' width='530' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>Mr.&nbsp;Gladstone&#8217;s day begins about
+7.30, after seven hours and a half of
+sound, dreamless sleep, which no disturbing
+crisis in public affairs was ever
+known to spoil. At Hawarden it usually
+opens with a morning walk to
+church, with which no kind of weather&mdash;hail,
+rain, snow, or frost&mdash;is ever allowed
+to interfere. In his rough slouch hat
+and gray Inverness cape, the old man
+plods sturdily to his devotions. To
+the rain, the danger of sitting in wet
+clothes, and small troubles of this kind,
+he is absolutely impervious, and Mrs.
+Gladstone&#8217;s solicitude has never availed
+to change his lifelong custom in this
+respect. Breakfast over, working time
+commences. I am often astonished at
+the manner in which Mr. Gladstone
+manages to crowd his almost endlessly
+varied occupations into the forenoon,
+for when he is in the country he has
+practically no other continuous and
+regular work-time. Yet into this space
+he has to condense his enormous correspondence&mdash;for
+which, when no private
+secretary is available, he seeks the help
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_46' name='page_46'></a>46</span>
+of his sons and daughters&mdash;his political
+work, and his varied literary pursuits.
+The explanation of this extreme orderliness
+of mind is probably to be found
+in his unequaled habit of concentration
+on the business before him. As
+in matters of policy, so in all his private
+habits, Mr. Gladstone thinks of one
+thing and of one thing only at a time.
+When home rule was up, he had no eyes
+or ears for any political subject but
+Ireland, of course excepting his favorite
+excursions into the twin subjects of
+Homer and Christian theology. Enter
+the room when Mr. Gladstone is reading
+a book; you may move noisily about
+the chamber, ransack the books on the
+shelves, stir the furniture, but never for
+one moment will the reader be conscious
+of your presence. At Downing
+Street, during his earlier ministries,
+these hours of study were often, I
+might say usually, preceded by the famous
+breakfast at which the celebrated
+actor or actress, the rising poet, the
+well-known artist, the diplomatist halting
+on his way from one station of the
+kingdom to another, were welcome
+guests. Madame Bernhardt, Miss Ellen
+Terry, Henry Irving, Madame Modjeska,
+have all assisted at these pleasant
+feasts.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_56' id='linki_56'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus068.png' alt='' title='' width='627' height='318' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+HAWARDEN CASTLE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<h3>HIS AFTERNOON.</h3>
+<p>Lunch with Mr. Gladstone is a very
+simple meal which neither at Hawarden
+nor Downing Street admits of much
+form or publicity. The afternoon
+which follows is a very much broken
+and less regular period. At Hawarden
+a portion of it is usually spent out of
+doors. In the old days it was devoted
+to the felling of some giant of the
+woods. Within the last few years, however,
+Sir Andrew Clark, Mr. Gladstone&#8217;s
+favorite physician and intimate friend,
+has recommended that tree-felling be
+given over; and now Mr. Gladstone&#8217;s
+recreation, in addition to long walks,
+in which he still delights, is that of
+lopping branches off veterans whose
+trunks have fallen to younger arms.</p>
+<h3>AS A READER.</h3>
+<p>Between the afternoon tea and dinner
+the statesman usually retires again,
+and gets through some of the lighter
+and more agreeable of his intellectual
+tasks. He reads rapidly, and I think I
+should say that, especially of late years,
+he does a good deal of skipping. If a
+book does not interest him, he does not
+trouble to read it through. He uses a
+rough kind of <i>memoria technica</i> to enable
+him to mark passages with which
+he agrees, from which he dissents,
+which he desires to qualify, or which he
+reserves for future reference. I should
+say the books he reads most of are
+those dealing with theology, always
+the first and favorite topic, and the history
+of Ireland before and after the
+Act of Union. Indeed, everything dealing
+with that memorable period is
+greatly treasured. I remember one
+hasty glance over Mr. Gladstone&#8217;s
+book table in his town house. In
+addition to the liberal weekly, &#8220;The
+Speaker,&#8221; and a few political pamphlets,
+there were, I should say, fifteen
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_47' name='page_47'></a>47</span>
+or twenty works on theology, none of
+them, as far as I could see, of first-rate
+importance. Of science Mr. Gladstone
+knows little, and it cannot be said that
+his interest in it is keen. He belongs,
+in a word, to the old-fashioned Oxford
+ecclesiastical school, using the controversial
+weapons which are to be found
+in the works of Pusey and of Hurrell
+Froude. In his reading, when a question
+of more minute and out-of-the-way
+scholarship arises, he appeals to
+his constant friend and assistant, Lord
+Acton, to whose profound learning he
+bows with a deference which is very
+touching to note.</p>
+<h3>MR. GLADSTONE&#8217;S LIBRARY.</h3>
+<div class='figright' style='width:640px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_57' id='linki_57'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus069.png' alt='' title='' width='640' height='451' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE LIBRARY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>Mr.&nbsp;Gladstone&#8217;s library is not what
+can be called a select or really first-rate
+collection. It comprises an undue
+proportion of theological literature, of
+which he is a large and not over-discriminating
+buyer. I doubt, indeed,
+whether there is any larger private
+bookbuyer in England. All the book-sellers
+send him their catalogues, especially
+those
+of rare and
+curious
+books. I
+have seen
+many of
+these lists,
+with a brief
+order in
+Mr. Gladstone&#8217;s
+own
+handwriting
+on the
+flyleaf, with
+his tick
+against
+twenty or
+thirty volumes
+which
+he desires
+to buy.
+These usually
+range
+round classical works, archæology,
+special periods of English history, and,
+above all, works reconciling the Biblical
+record with science. Of late, as is
+fairly well known, Mr. Gladstone has
+built himself an octagonal iron house
+in Hawarden village, a mile and a half
+from the castle, for the storage of his
+specially valuable books and a collection
+of private papers which traverse a
+good many of the state secrets of the
+greater part of the century. The importance
+of these is great, and the
+chances are that before Mr. Gladstone
+dies they will all be grouped and indexed
+in his upright, a little crabbed,
+but perfectly plain, handwriting. By
+the way, a great many statements have
+been made about Mr. Gladstone&#8217;s
+library, and I may as well give the
+facts which have never before been
+made public. His original library consisted
+of about twenty-four thousand
+volumes. In the seventies, however,
+he parted with his entire collection
+of political works, amounting to some
+eight thousand volumes, to the late
+Lord Wolverton. The remaining fifteen
+thousand or so are now distributed
+between the little iron house to which
+I have referred, and the Hawarden
+library. Curiously enough, Mr. Gladstone
+is not a worshiper of books for
+the sake of their outward adornments.
+He loves them for what is inside rather
+than outside. He even occasionally
+sells extremely rare and costly editions
+for which he has no special use.
+In all money matters, indeed, he is a
+thrifty, orderly Scotchman. He has
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_48' name='page_48'></a>48</span>
+never been rich, though his affairs have
+greatly improved since the time when
+in his first premiership he had to sell
+his valuable collection of china.</p>
+<h3>AT THE DINNER TABLE.</h3>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_58' id='linki_58'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus070.png' alt='' title='' width='700' height='594' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>Dinner with Mr. Gladstone is the
+stately ceremonial meal which it has
+become to the upper and upper-middle
+class Englishman. Mr. Gladstone invariably
+dresses for it, wearing the
+high crest collar which Harry Furniss
+has immortalized, and a cutaway coat
+which strikes one as of a slightly old-fashioned
+pattern. His digestion never
+fails him, and he eats and drinks with
+the healthy appetite of a man of thirty.
+A glass of champagne is agreeable to
+him, and if he does not take his glass
+or two of port at dinner, he makes it
+up by two or three glasses of claret,
+which he considers an equivalent.
+Oysters he never could endure, but,
+like Schopenhauer and Goethe and
+many another great man, he is a consistently
+hearty and unfastidious eater.
+He talks much in an animated monologue,
+though the common complaint
+that he monopolizes the conversation
+is not a just one. You cannot easily
+turn Mr. Gladstone into a train of ideas
+which does not interest him, but he is
+a courteous and even eager listener;
+and if the subject is of general interest,
+he does not bear in it any more than
+the commanding part which the rest
+of the company invariably allows him.
+His speaking voice is a little gruffer
+and less musical than his oratorical
+notes, which, in spite of the invading
+hoarseness, still at times ring out with
+their old clearness. As a rule he does
+not talk on politics. On ecclesiastical
+matters he is a never wearied disputant.
+Poetry has also a singular charm for
+him, and no modern topic has interested
+him more keenly than the discussion
+as to Tennyson&#8217;s successor to the
+laureateship. I remember that at a
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_49' name='page_49'></a>49</span>
+small dinner at which I recently met
+him, the conversation ran almost entirely
+on the two subjects of old English
+hymns and young English poets.
+His favorite religious poet is, I should
+say, Cardinal Newman, and his favorite
+hymn, Toplady&#8217;s &#8220;Rock of Ages,&#8221; of
+which his Latin rendering is to my
+mind far stronger and purer than the
+original English. When he is in town,
+he dines out almost every day, though,
+as I have said, he eschews formal and
+mixed gatherings, and affects the small
+and early dinner party at which he can
+meet an old friend or two, and see a
+young face which he may be interested
+in seeing. One habit of his is quite
+unvarying. He likes to walk home,
+and to walk home alone. He declines
+escort, and slips away for his quiet stroll
+under the stars, or even through the fog
+and mist on a London winter&#8217;s night.
+Midnight usually brings his busy, happy
+day to a close. Sleeplessness never
+has and never does trouble him, and at
+eighty-three his nights are as dreamless
+and untroubled as those of a boy
+of ten.</p>
+<h3>IN THE HOUSE.</h3>
+<div class='figright' style='width:362px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_59' id='linki_59'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus072.png' alt='' title='' width='362' height='520' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>His&nbsp;afternoons when in town and
+during the season are, of course, given
+up pretty exclusively to public business
+and the House of Commons,
+which he usually reaches about four
+o&#8217;clock. He goes by a side door
+straight to his private room, where he
+receives his colleagues, and hears of
+endless questions and motions, which
+fall like leaves in Vallambrosa around
+the head of a prime minister. Probably
+steps will be taken to remove
+much of this irksome and somewhat
+petty burden from the shoulders of the
+aged minister. But leader Mr. Gladstone
+must and will be at eighty-three,
+quite as fully as he was at sixty. Indeed,
+the complaint of him always has
+been that he does too much, both for
+his own health and the smooth manipulation
+of the great machine which,
+as was once remarked, creaks and
+moves rather lumberingly under his
+masterful but over-minute guidance.
+During the last two or three years it
+has been customary for the Whigs to
+so arrange that Mr. Gladstone speaks
+early in the evening. He is not always
+able to do this while the Home Rule
+Bill is under discussion, but I do not
+think he will ever again find it necessary
+to follow the entire course of a
+Parliamentary debate. He never needed
+to do as much listening from the
+Treasury Bench as he was wont to do
+in his first and second ministries. I do
+not think that any prime minister ever
+spent half as much time in the House
+of Commons as did Mr. Gladstone;
+certainly no one ever made one-tenth
+part as many speeches. Indeed, it requires
+all Mrs. Gladstone&#8217;s vigilance to
+avert the physical strain consequent
+upon overwork. With this purpose she
+invariably watches him in the House
+of Commons, from a corner seat in the
+right hand of the Ladies&#8217; Gallery which
+is always reserved for her, and which I
+have never known her to miss occupying
+on any occasion of the slightest
+importance.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_60' id='linki_60'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus073.png' alt='' title='' width='494' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<h3>SPEECH-MAKING.</h3>
+<p>I have before me two or three examples
+of notes of Mr. Gladstone&#8217;s
+speeches; one of them refers to one of
+the most important of his addresses on
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_50' name='page_50'></a>50</span>
+the customs question. It was a long
+speech, extending, if I remember rightly,
+to considerably over an hour. Yet
+the memoranda consist purely of four
+or five sentences of two or three words
+apiece, written on a single sheet of
+note paper, and no hint of the course
+of the oration is given. Occasionally,
+no doubt, especially in the case of the
+speech on the introduction of the Home
+Rule Bill, which was to my mind the
+finest Mr. Gladstone has ever delivered,
+the notes were rather more extensive
+than this, but as a rule they are extremely
+brief. When Mr. Gladstone
+addresses a great public meeting, the
+most elaborate pains are taken to insure
+his comfort. He can now only
+read the very largest print, and careful
+and delicate arrangements are made to
+provide him with lamps throwing the
+light on the desk or table near which
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_51' name='page_51'></a>51</span>
+he stands. Sir Andrew Clark observes
+the most jealous watchfulness over his
+patient. A curious instance of this occurred
+at Newcastle, when Mr. Gladstone
+was delivering his address to the
+great liberal caucus which assembles
+as the annual meeting of the National
+Liberal Federation. Sir Andrew had
+insisted that the orator should confine
+himself to a speech lasting only an hour.
+Fearing that his charge would forget
+all about his promise in the excitement
+of speaking, the physician, slipped
+onto the platform and timed Mr.
+Gladstone, watch in hand. The hour
+passed, but there was no pause in the
+torrent of words. Sir Andrew was in
+despair. At last he pencilled a note to
+Mr. Morley, beseeching him to insist
+upon the speech coming to an end.
+But Mr. Morley would not undertake
+the responsibility of cutting a great
+oration, and the result was that Mr.
+Gladstone stole another half hour from
+time and his physician. The next day
+a friend of mine went breathlessly up
+to Sir Andrew, and asked how the
+statesman had borne the additional
+strain. &#8220;He did not turn a hair,&#8221; was
+the reply. Practically the only sign of
+physical failure which is apparent in
+recent speeches has been that the voice
+tends to break and die away after about
+an hour&#8217;s exercise, and for a moment
+the sound of the curiously veiled notes
+and a glance at the marble pallor of
+the face gives one the impression that
+after all Mr. Gladstone is a very, very
+old man. But there is never anything
+like a total breakdown. And no one
+is aware of the enormous stores of
+physical energy on which the prime
+minister can draw, who has not sat
+quite close to him, and measured the
+wonderful breadth of his shoulders
+and heard his voice coming straight
+from his chest in great <i>bouffées</i> of
+sound. Then you forget all about
+the heavy wrinkles in the white
+face, the scanty silver hair, and the
+patriarchal look of the figure before
+you.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_61' id='linki_61'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus074.jpg' alt='' title='' width='700' height='512' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE GLADSTONE FAMILY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_52' name='page_52'></a>52</span>
+<a name='WHERE_MAN_GOT_HIS_EARS_BY_HENRY_DRUMMOND__LLD_FRSE_FGS' id='WHERE_MAN_GOT_HIS_EARS_BY_HENRY_DRUMMOND__LLD_FRSE_FGS'></a>
+<h2>WHERE MAN GOT HIS EARS.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Henry Drummond</span>, LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.G.S.</span></h2>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_62' id='linki_62'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus006.jpg' alt='Sincerely Yours Henry Drummond' title='' width='407' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>One of the most humorous sights in
+nature, less common in America
+than Europe, is a snail wandering about
+with a shell on its back. The progenitors
+of snails once lived in the sea, and
+when they evolved themselves ashore
+they carried this relic of the water with
+them,&mdash;an anomaly which, seen to-day,
+seems as ridiculous as if one were to
+meet an Indian in Paris with his canoe
+on his back. But there are more animals
+besides snails that once lived in
+the water. If embryology is any guide
+to the past, nothing is more certain
+than that the ancient progenitors of
+Man once lived an aquatic life. As the
+traveller, wandering in foreign lands,
+brings back all manner of curios to remind
+him where he has been&mdash;clubs
+and spears, clothes and pottery, which
+represent the ways of life of those
+whom he has met, so the body of Man,
+returning from its long journey through
+the animal kingdom, emerges laden
+with the spoils of its watery pilgrimage.
+These relics are not mere curiosities;
+they are as real as the clubs
+and spears, the clothes and pottery.
+Like them, they were once a part of
+life&#8217;s vicissitude; they represent organs
+which have been outgrown; old
+forms of apparatus long since exchanged
+for better, yet somehow not
+yet destroyed by the hand of time.
+The physical body of Man, so great is
+the number of these relics, is an old
+curiosity-shop, a museum of obsolete
+anatomies, discarded tools, outgrown
+and aborted organs. All other animals
+also contain among their useful
+organs a proportion which are long
+past their work; and so significant are
+these rudiments of a former state of
+things, that anatomists have often expressed
+their willingness to stake the
+theory of Evolution upon their presence
+alone.</p>
+<p>Prominent among these vestigial
+structures, as they are called, are those
+which smack of the sea. At one time
+there was nothing else in the world but
+water-life; all the land animals are late
+inventions. One reason why animals
+began in the water is that it is easier
+to live in the water&mdash;anatomically and
+physiologically cheaper&mdash;than to live
+on the land. The denser element supports
+the body better, demanding a less
+supply of muscle and bone; and the
+perpetual motion of the sea brings the
+food to the animal, making it unnecessary
+for the animal to move to the food.
+This and other correlated circumstances
+call for far less mechanism in the body,
+and, as a matter of fact, all the simplest
+forms of life at the present day
+are inhabitants of the water.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_63' id='linki_63'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_53' name='page_53'></a>53</span>
+<img src='images/illus078.png' alt='' title='' width='700' height='93' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+&#8220;BALANOGLOSSUS&#8221; (AFTER AGASSIZ), AND LARGE SEA LAMPREY (AFTER CUVIER AND HAECKEL), SHOWING GILL-SLITS.&mdash;FROM &#8220;DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN&#8221; BY ROMANES.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>A successful attempt at coming
+ashore may be seen in the common
+worm. The worm is still so unacclimatized
+to land life that instead of
+living on the earth like other creatures,
+it lives <i>in</i> it, as if it were a thicker water,
+and always where there is enough
+moisture to keep up the traditions of
+its past. Probably it took to the shore
+originally by exchanging, first the water
+for the ooze at the bottom, then by
+wriggling among muddy flats when the
+tide was out, and finally, as the struggle
+for life grew keen, it pushed further
+and further inland, continuing its migration
+so long as dampness was to be
+found. Its cousin the snail, again, goes
+even further, for it not only carries its
+shell ashore but when it cannot get
+moisture, actually manufactures it.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:544px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_64' id='linki_64'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus079.png' alt='' title='' width='544' height='229' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+EMBRYOS SHOWING GILL-SLITS.&mdash;FROM HAECKEL&#8217;s &#8220;EVOLUTION OF MAN.&#8221;<br />
+<br />
+A. FISH. B. CHICK. C. CALF. D. MAN.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>When&nbsp;Man left the water, however,&mdash;or
+what was to develop into Man&mdash;he
+took very much more ashore with
+him than a shell. Instead of crawling
+ashore at the worm stage, he remained
+in the water until he evolved into something
+like a fish; so that when, after
+an amphibian interlude, he finally left
+it, many &#8220;ancient and fish-like&#8221; characters
+remained in his body to tell the
+tale. Now, it is among these piscine
+characteristics that we find the clue to
+where Man got his ears. The chief
+characteristic of a fish is its apparatus
+for breathing the air dissolved in the
+water. This consists of gills supported
+on strong arches, the branchial arches,
+which in the Elasmobranch fishes are
+from five to seven in number and uncovered
+with any operculum, or lid.
+Communicating with these arches, in
+order to allow the water which has
+been taken in at the mouth to pass out
+at the gills, an equal number of slits or
+openings are provided in the neck.
+Without these holes in their neck all
+fishes would instantly perish, and we
+may be sure Nature took exceptional
+care in perfecting this particular piece
+of the mechanism. Now it is one of
+the most extraordinary facts in natural
+history that these slits in the fish&#8217;s
+neck are still represented in the neck
+of Man. Almost the most prominent
+feature, indeed, after the head, in every
+mammalian embryo, are the four clefts
+or furrows of the old gill-slits.<a name='FNanchor_0001' id='FNanchor_0001'></a><a href='#Footnote_0001' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> They
+are still known in embryology by no
+other name&mdash;gill-slits&mdash;and so persistent
+are these characters that children
+have been known to be born with them
+not only externally visible&mdash;which is a
+common occurrence&mdash;but open, through
+and through, so that fluids taken in at
+the mouth could pass through them and
+trickle out at the neck. This fact was
+so astounding as to be for a long time
+denied. It was thought that when this
+happened, the orifice must have been
+accidentally made by the probe of the
+surgeon. But Dr. Sutton has recently
+met with actual cases where this has
+occurred. &#8220;I have seen milk,&#8221; he says,
+&#8220;issue from such fistulæ in individuals
+who have never been submitted to
+sounding.&#8221;<a name='FNanchor_0002' id='FNanchor_0002'></a><a href='#Footnote_0002' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a></p>
+<p>In the common case of children
+born with these vestiges, the old gill-slits
+are represented by small openings
+in the skin on the sides of the neck
+and capable of admitting a thin probe.
+Sometimes the place where they have
+been in childhood is marked throughout
+life by small round patches of
+white skin. These relics of the sea,
+these apparitions of the Fish, these
+sudden resurrections, are betrayals of
+man&#8217;s pedigree. Men wonder at mummy-wheat
+germinating after a thousand
+years of dormancy. But here are ancient
+features bursting into life after
+unknown ages, and challenging modern
+science for a verdict on their affinities.</p>
+<p>When the fish came ashore, its water-breathing
+apparatus was no longer of
+any use to it. At first it had to keep
+it on, for it took a long time to perfect
+the air-breathing apparatus which was
+to replace it. But when this was ready
+the problem was, what to do with the
+earlier organ? Nature is exceedingly
+economical, and could not throw all
+this mechanism away. In fact Nature
+almost never parts with any structure
+she has once made. What she does is
+to change it into something else. Conversely,
+Nature seldom makes anything
+new; her method of creation is
+to adapt something old. Now when
+Nature started out to manufacture
+ears, she made them out of the old
+breathing apparatus. She saw that if
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_54' name='page_54'></a>54</span>
+water could pass through a hole in the
+neck, sound could pass likewise, and
+she set to work upon the highest up of
+the five gill-slits and slowly elaborated
+it into a hearing organ.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:700px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_65' id='linki_65'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus081.png' alt='' title='' width='700' height='259' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+ADULT SHARK (AFTER CUVIER AND HAECKEL).&mdash;FROM &#8220;DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>There&nbsp;never had been an external
+ear in the
+world till
+this was
+done, or
+any good
+ear at all.
+Creatures
+which live in
+water do not
+seem to use
+hearing
+much, and
+the sound-waves in fishes are simply conveyed
+through the walls of the head to
+the internal ear without any definite
+mechanism. But as soon as land-life
+began, owing to the changed medium
+through which sound-waves must now
+be propagated, a more delicate instrument
+was required. And hence one of
+the first things attended to was the
+construction and improvement of the
+ear.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:474px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_66' id='linki_66'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_55' name='page_55'></a>55</span>
+<img src='images/illus082.jpg' alt='' title='' width='474' height='475' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+MARBLE HEAD OF SATYR, IN MUNICH, SHOWING CERVICAL AURICLES.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>It&nbsp;has&nbsp;long been a growing certainty
+to Comparative Anatomy that the external
+and middle ear in Man are simply
+a development, an improved edition,
+of the first gill-cleft and its surrounding
+parts. The tympano-Eustachian passage
+is the homologue or counterpart
+of the spiracle, associated in the shark
+with the first gill-opening. Professor
+His of Leipsic has worked out the
+whole development in minute detail,
+and conclusively demonstrated the
+mode of origin of the external ear
+from the coalescence of six rounded
+tubercles surrounding the first branchial
+cleft at an early period of embryonic
+life. Haeckel&#8217;s account of
+the process is as follows: &#8220;All the
+essential parts of the middle ear&mdash;the
+tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity,
+and Eustachian tube&mdash;develop
+from the first gill-opening with its
+surrounding parts, which in the
+Primitive Fishes (<i>Selachii</i>) remains
+throughout life as an open blowhole,
+situated between the first and second
+gill-arches. In the embryos of higher
+Vertebrates it closes in the centre, the
+point of concrescence forming the tympanic
+membrane. The remaining outer
+part of the first gill-opening is the
+rudiment of the outer ear-canal. From
+the inner part originates the tympanic
+cavity, and further inward, the Eustachian
+tube.
+In connection
+with
+these, the
+three bonelets
+of the
+ear develop
+from the
+first two
+gill-arches;
+the hammer
+and anvil
+from the first, and the stirrup from the
+upper end of the second gill-arch.
+Finally as regards the external ear,
+the ear-shell (<i>concha auris</i>), and the
+outer ear-canal, leading from the shell
+to the tympanic membrane&mdash;these
+parts develop in the simplest way from
+the skin-covering which borders the
+outer orifice of the first gill-opening.
+At this point the ear-shell rises in the
+form of a circular fold of skin, in
+which cartilage and muscles afterwards
+form.&#8221;<a name='FNanchor_0003' id='FNanchor_0003'></a><a href='#Footnote_0003' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a></p>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:319px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_67' id='linki_67'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus083a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='319' height='474' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+HEAD OF SATYR IN GROUP OF MARSYAS AND APOLLO, NAPLES MUSEUM, SHOWING CERVICAL AURICLES.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>Now&nbsp;bearing in mind this account
+of the origin of ears, an extraordinary
+circumstance confronts us. Ears are
+actually sometimes found bursting out
+<i>in human beings</i> half way down the
+neck, in the exact position&mdash;namely
+along the line of the anterior border of
+the sterno-mastoid muscle&mdash;which the
+gill-slits would occupy if they still persisted.
+In some human families where
+the tendency to retain these special
+structures is strong, one member sometimes
+illustrates the abnormality by
+possessing the clefts alone, another has
+a cervical ear, while a third has both a
+cleft and an ear,&mdash;all these of course
+in addition to the ordinary ears. This
+cervical auricle has all the characters
+of the ordinary ear, &#8220;it contains yellow
+elastic cartilage, is skin-covered, and
+has muscle-fibre attached to it.&#8221;<a name='FNanchor_0004' id='FNanchor_0004'></a><a href='#Footnote_0004' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a></p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:438px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_68' id='linki_68'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus083b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='438' height='446' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+FAUN FROM THE CAPITOLINE MUSEUM, SHOWING CERVICAL AURICLES.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>Dr.&nbsp;Sutton further calls attention to
+the fact that on ancient statues of
+fauns and satyrs cervical auricles are
+sometimes found, and he figures the
+head of a satyr from the British Museum,
+carved long before the days of
+anatomy, where a sessile ear on the
+neck is most distinct. A still better
+illustration may be seen in the Art
+Museum at Boston on a full-sized cast
+of a faun belonging to the later Greek
+period; and there are other examples
+in the same building. One interest of
+these neck-ears in statues is that they
+are not as a rule modelled after the
+human ear but taken from the cervical
+ear of the goat, from which
+the general idea of the
+faun was derived. This
+shows that neck-ears were
+common on the goats of
+that period&mdash;as they are
+on goats to this day&mdash;but
+the sculptor would hardly
+have had the daring to introduce
+this feature in the
+human subject unless he
+had been aware that pathological
+facts encouraged
+him. The occurrence of
+these ears in goats is no
+more than one would expect.
+Indeed one would
+look for them not only in
+Man, but in all the Mammalia,
+for so far as their
+bodies are concerned all
+the higher animals are near
+relations. Observations on
+vestigial structures in animals
+are sadly wanting;
+but they are certainly
+found in the horse, pig, sheep, and
+others.</p>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:418px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_69' id='linki_69'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus084.png' alt='' title='' width='418' height='422' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+FORM OF THE EAR IN BABY OUTANG.&mdash;FROM &#8220;DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:506px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_70' id='linki_70'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus085a.png' alt='' title='' width='506' height='369' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>That&nbsp;the human ear was not always
+the squat and degenerate instrument it
+is at present may be seen by a critical
+glance at its structure. Mr. Darwin
+records how a celebrated sculptor
+called his attention to a little peculiarity
+in the external ear, which he had
+often noticed both in men and women.
+&#8220;The peculiarity consists in a little
+blunt point, projecting from the inwardly
+folded margin or helix. When
+present, it is developed at birth, and
+according to Professor Ludwig Meyer,
+more frequently in man than in woman.
+The helix obviously consists of the
+extreme margin of the ear folded inwards;
+and the folding appears to be
+in some manner connected with the
+whole external ear being permanently
+pressed backwards. In many monkeys
+who do not stand high in the order, as
+baboons and some species of macacus,
+the upper portion of the ear is slightly
+pointed, and the margin is not at all
+folded inwards; but if the margin were
+to be thus folded, a slight point would
+necessarily project towards the centre.&#8221;<a name='FNanchor_0005' id='FNanchor_0005'></a><a href='#Footnote_0005' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a></p>
+<p>Here then, in this discovery of the
+lost tip of the ancestral ear, is further
+and visible advertisement of man&#8217;s
+Descent, a surviving symbol of the
+stirring times and dangerous days of
+his animal youth. It is difficult to
+imagine any other theory than that of
+Descent which could account for all
+these facts. That evolution should
+leave such clues lying about is at least
+an instance of its candor.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:331px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_71' id='linki_71'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus085b.png' alt='' title='' width='331' height='473' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+HORNED SHEEP AND GOAT WITH CERVICAL AURICLES.&mdash;FROM &#8220;EVOLUTION AND DISEASE,&#8221; J. BLAND-SUTTON.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>But&nbsp;this does not exhaust the betrayals
+of this most confiding organ.
+If we turn from the outward ear to
+the muscular apparatus for working it,
+fresh traces of its animal career are
+brought to light. The erection of the
+ear, in order to catch sound better, is
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_56' name='page_56'></a>56</span>
+a power possessed by almost all mammals,
+and the attached muscles are
+large and greatly developed in all but
+domesticated forms. This same apparatus,
+though he makes no use of it
+whatever, is still attached to the ears
+of Man. It is so long since he relied
+on the warnings of hearing, that by a
+well-known law the muscles
+have fallen into disuse and
+atrophied. In many cases,
+however, the power of twitching
+the ear is not wholly lost,
+and every school-boy can point
+to some one in his class who
+retains the capacity and is apt
+to revive it in irrelevant circumstances.</p>
+<p>One might run over all the
+other organs of the human
+body and show their affinities
+with animal structures and an
+animal past. The twitching of
+the ear, for instance, suggests
+another obsolete or obsolescent
+power&mdash;the power, or rather
+the set of powers, for twitching
+the skin, especially the skin
+of the scalp and forehead by
+which we raise the eyebrows.
+Sub-cutaneous muscles for
+shaking off flies from the skin,
+or for erecting the hair of the scalp,
+are common among quadrupeds, and
+these are represented in the human
+subject by the still functioning muscles
+of the forehead, and occasionally
+of the head itself. Everyone has met
+persons who possess the power of moving
+the whole scalp to and fro, and the
+muscular apparatus for effecting it is
+identical with what is normally found
+in some of the Quadrumana.</p>
+<p>Another typical vestigial structure is
+the <i>plica semi-lunaris</i>, the remnant of
+the nictitating membrane characteristic
+of nearly the whole vertebrate sub-kingdom.
+This membrane is a semi-transparent
+curtain which can be drawn
+rapidly across the external surface of
+the eye for the purpose of sweeping it
+clean. In birds it is extremely common,
+but it also exists in fish, mammals,
+and all the other vertebrates. Where
+it is not found of any functional value
+it is almost always represented by vestiges
+of some kind. In Man all that is
+left of it is a little piece of the curtain
+draped at the side of the eye.</p>
+<p>When one passes from the head to
+the other extremity of the human
+body one comes upon a somewhat unexpected
+but very pronounced characteristic&mdash;the
+relic of the tail, and
+not only of the tail, but of muscles
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_57' name='page_57'></a>57</span>
+for wagging it. Everyone who first
+sees a human skeleton is amazed at
+this discovery. At the end of the
+vertebral column, curling faintly outward
+in suggestive fashion, are three,
+four, and occasionally five vertebræ
+forming the coccyx, a true rudimentary
+tail. In the adult this is always
+concealed beneath the skin, but in the
+embryo, both in man and ape, at an
+early stage it is much longer than the
+limbs. What is decisive as to its true
+nature, however, is that even in the embryo
+of man the muscles for wagging
+it are still found. In the grown-up
+human being these muscles are represented
+by bands of fibrous tissue, but
+cases are known where the actual muscles
+persist through life. That a distinct
+external tail should not be still
+found in Man may seem disappointing
+to the evolutionist. But the want of a
+tail argues more for the theory of Evolution
+than its presence would have
+done. It would have been contrary to
+the Theory of Descent had he possessed
+a longer tail. For all the anthropoids
+most allied to Man have long since
+also parted with theirs.</p>
+<p>It was formerly held that the entire
+animal creation had contributed something
+to the anatomy of Man, that as
+Serres expressed it &#8220;Human Organogenesis
+is a condensed Comparative
+Anatomy.&#8221; But though Man has not
+such a monopoly of the past as is here
+inferred&mdash;other types having here and
+there emerged and developed along
+lines of their own&mdash;it is certain that the
+materials for his body have been
+brought together from an unknown
+multitude of
+lowlier forms
+of life.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_72' id='linki_72'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus086.png' alt='' title='' width='700' height='310' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+EAR OF BARBARY APE, CHIMPANZEE, AND MAN, SHOWING VESTIGIAL CHARACTERS OF THE HUMAN EAR.&mdash;FROM &#8220;DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN.&#8221;<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>Those who
+know the Cathedral
+of St.
+Mark&#8217;s will remember
+how
+this noblest of
+the Stones of
+Venice owes
+its greatness
+to the patient
+hands of centuries
+and centuries
+of workers,
+how every
+quarter of the
+globe has been
+spoiled of its
+treasures to dignify this single shrine.
+But he who ponders over the more
+ancient temple of the human body will
+find imagination fail him as he tries to
+think from what remote and mingled
+sources, from what lands, seas, climates,
+atmospheres, its various parts have been
+called together, and by what innumerable
+contributory creatures, swimming,
+creeping, flying, climbing, each
+of its several members was wrought and
+perfected. What ancient chisel first
+sculptured the rounded columns of the
+limbs? What dead hands built the
+cupola of the brain, and from what
+older ruins were the scattered pieces
+of its mosaic-work brought? Who
+fixed the windows in its upper walls?
+What forgotten looms wove its tapestries
+and draperies? What winds and
+weathers wrought the strength into its
+buttresses? What ocean-beds and forest
+glades worked up the colors?
+What Love and Terror and Night called
+forth the Music? And what Life and
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_58' name='page_58'></a>58</span>
+Death and Pain and Struggle put all
+together in the noiseless workshop of
+the past and removed each worker
+silently when its task was done? How
+these things came to be Biology is one
+long record. The architects and builders
+of this mighty temple are not anonymous.
+Their names, and the work
+they did, are graven forever on the
+walls and arches of the Human Embryo.
+For this is a volume of that Book in
+which Man&#8217;s members were written,
+which in continuance were fashioned,
+when as yet there was none of them.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_73' id='linki_73'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus086b.png' alt='' title='' width='700' height='294' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<h3>FOOTNOTES</h3>
+<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0001' id='Footnote_0001'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0001'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a>
+<p>N. B.&mdash;They appear as &#8220;clefts,&#8221; marking not the
+adult fish, but the embryo at the corresponding stage.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0002' id='Footnote_0002'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0002'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a>
+<p>&#8220;Evolution and Disease,&#8221; p. 81.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0003' id='Footnote_0003'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0003'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Haeckel</span>: &#8220;Evolution of Man,&#8221; vol. ii, p. 269.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0004' id='Footnote_0004'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0004'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Sutton</span>: &#8220;Evolution and Disease.&#8221;</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0005' id='Footnote_0005'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0005'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a>
+<p>&#8220;Descent of Man,&#8221; p. 15.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_59' name='page_59'></a>59</span>
+<a name='JAMES_PARTONS_RULES_OF_BIOGRAPHY_PREFATORY_NOTE' id='JAMES_PARTONS_RULES_OF_BIOGRAPHY_PREFATORY_NOTE'></a>
+<h2>JAMES PARTON&#8217;S RULES OF BIOGRAPHY.<br /><span class='smcaplc'>PREFATORY NOTE.</span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>The following letters were written
+in 1888 and 1889, by James Parton to
+the Honorable Alfred R. Conkling of
+New York City. In December, 1888,
+Mr. Conkling wrote to Mr. Parton,
+making him a formal offer to assist in
+the preparation of the &#8220;Life and Letters
+of Roscoe Conkling.&#8221; Mr. Parton
+generously declined to accept payment,
+but took a great interest in the work,
+and during the following year corresponded
+frequently with Mr. Conkling,
+advising upon specific points and setting
+forth the general principles of the
+art of biography.</p>
+<p>We are indebted to Mr. Conkling for
+permission to print these letters, which
+are full of wise suggestion to the literary
+&#8220;recruit,&#8221; and of genuine human
+interest to all lovers of good reading.
+They give us glimpses of Mr. Parton,
+not only as a conscientious writer of
+biography who had acquired a rare
+mastery of his art, but also as a man of
+aggressive interest in public affairs, of
+broad mind, and a singularly wholesome
+nature.</p>
+<hr class='tb' />
+<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>Dec. 8, 1888</i>.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Dear Sir</span>: I am glad to learn from
+yours of yesterday that we are to have
+a biography of so interesting and
+marked a character as the lamented
+Roscoe Conkling, and I should esteem
+it a privilege to render any assistance
+toward it in my power.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:317px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_74' id='linki_74'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus087.jpg' alt='' title='' width='317' height='443' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+JAMES PARTON IN 1852, AT THIRTY YEARS OF AGE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The&nbsp;great charm of all biography is
+the truth, told simply, directly, boldly,
+charitably.</p>
+<p>But this is also the great difficulty.
+A human life is long. A human character
+is complicated. It is often inconsistent
+with itself, and it requires
+nice judgment to proportion it in such
+a way as to make the book really correspond
+with the man, and make the
+same impression upon the reader that
+the man did upon those who knew him
+best.</p>
+<p><i>Your</i> difficulty will be to present
+fairly his less favorable side; but upon
+this depends all the value, and much
+of the interest of the work.</p>
+<p>My great rules are:</p>
+<p>1, To know the subject thoroughly
+myself; 2, to index fully all the knowledge
+in existence relating to it; 3, to
+determine beforehand where I will be
+brief, where expand, and how much
+space I can afford to each part; 4, to
+work slowly and finish as I go; 5, to
+avoid eulogy and apology and let the
+facts have their natural weight; 6, to
+hold back nothing which the reader
+has a right to know.</p>
+<p>I have generally had the great advantage
+of loving my subjects warmly,
+and I do not believe we can do justice
+to any human creature unless we love
+him. A true love enlightens, but not
+blinds, as we often see in the case of
+mothers who love their children better,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_60' name='page_60'></a>60</span>
+and also know them better, than anybody
+else ever does.</p>
+<p>With regard to New York, I am
+always going there, but never go;
+still, I may have to go soon, and I
+will go anyway if I can do anything
+important or valuable in the way you
+suggest&mdash;but not &#8220;professionally,&#8221; except
+as an old soldier helps a recruit.</p>
+<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p>
+<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p>
+<hr class='tb' />
+<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>Dec. 24, 1888</i>.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Dear Sir</span>: I have examined with
+much interest and pleasure your work
+upon Mexico, with a title so extravagantly
+modest as almost to efface the
+author. Let us accept our fate. It is
+our destiny to live in an age when all
+human distinctions are abolished, or
+about to be abolished, except the advertiser
+and his victim. Your work
+appears to me to be quite a model, and
+I wish I were going to be a tourist in
+Mexico that I might have the advantage
+of using it.</p>
+<p>One word more with regard to your
+biography. In the case of a person
+like Mr. Conkling, whose vocation it
+was to express himself in words, and
+whose utterances were often most
+brilliant and powerful, I think you
+should make great and free use of his
+letters and speeches. Is not a volume
+of five hundred pages too small? Could
+you not make a work in two volumes,
+and get Mark Twain to sell it by subscription?</p>
+<p>Another: I hope you feel the peculiar
+character and importance of that part
+of New York of which Utica is the
+central point. It does not figure much
+in books, but there are many strong
+and remarkable families there. I should
+like to see it elucidated. The first
+questions to be asked of a man are:
+Where, and of whom, was he born?</p>
+<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p>
+<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p>
+<p>P. S.&mdash;For example: If you know
+fully what a <i>Corsican</i> is, you have the
+key to the understanding of Bonaparte.
+He was a Corsican above all things
+else, and not in the least a Frenchman.</p>
+<p>So of Andrew Jackson: He was a
+Scotch-Irishman. Alexander Hamilton:
+a Scotch-Frenchman.</p>
+<hr class='tb' />
+<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>March 26, 1889</i>.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>My dear Sir</span>: You can give a sufficiently
+&#8220;complete account&#8221; of an event
+without giving a long one. Now, the
+duel between two such persons as Burr
+and Hamilton <i>may</i> be long, because it
+can also be interesting. Readers are
+interested in the men, in the time, in
+the scene, and the whole affair is surcharged
+with human interest. In that
+Elmira trial, the chief interest will
+centre in your uncle&#8217;s tact and success.
+I should give enough of the
+trial to enable the reader to see and
+appreciate his part in the affair. My
+impression is: Do not expend many
+pages upon it, but pack the pages full
+of matter. You want all your room
+for other scenes in which he displayed
+his great power in a striking way.</p>
+<p>Many qualities are desirable in a
+book, only one is necessary&mdash;to be interesting
+enough to be read. The art is,
+to be short where the interest is small,
+and long where the interest is great.</p>
+<p>Your uncle&#8217;s speeches do not need
+much &#8220;comment.&#8221; Most speeches contain
+one passage which includes the
+whole.</p>
+<p>I fear I shall not be able to visit
+New York this spring.</p>
+<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p>
+<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p>
+<hr class='tb' />
+<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>April 3, 1889</i>.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>My Dear Sir:</span> As often as possible
+I would insert the bright things where
+they belong, as they seem to enliven
+the narrative. If you have an inconvenient
+surplus, or a number of things
+undated, you might make a chapter of
+them, or reserve them for the final
+chapter. It is a good <i>rule</i>, though
+only a <i>rule</i>, not to have breaks in the
+continuity, like the &#8220;Bagman&#8217;s Story&#8221;
+in &#8220;Pickwick.&#8221; Readers are apt to
+skip them, however good they may be
+in themselves. You have doubtless
+often done so. A good thing is twice
+good when it comes in just where it
+ought. The modern reader is very
+shy, and easily breaks away from you,
+if you only give him a pretext.</p>
+<p>I merely send my impressions. You
+alone can really judge.</p>
+<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p>
+<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p>
+<hr class='tb' />
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_61' name='page_61'></a>61</span></div>
+<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>April 17, 1889</i>.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>My dear Sir</span>: The description of
+your uncle&#8217;s oratory will be so sure to
+interest the reader, that it may come
+in almost anywhere, but best, perhaps,
+where you mention his first notable
+speech. Remember, too, that the author
+has, in his last chapter, not only a
+chance to &#8220;sum up,&#8221; but also an opportunity
+to slip in anything he may have
+omitted. An interesting thing it is
+always to know how a strong man
+grew old, what changes occurred in his
+manner, methods and character.</p>
+<p>By all means, use the personal pronoun
+sparingly, and allude unfrequently
+to your relationship. It is not necessary
+wholly to avoid either. Deal
+with the reader honestly and openly.
+There may come moments when calling
+him &#8220;my uncle&#8221; would be fair,
+and in the best taste&mdash;but not often.</p>
+<p>The ladies have the privilege of
+skipping. Make your late chapter
+about the law practice in New York
+very full and clear. It will very greatly
+interest everybody who will be likely
+to read the book. It is the intrinsic
+worth of a book that is to be considered
+before all things else.</p>
+<p>I fear you are making the book too
+short. Mind: It <i>cannot</i> be what is called
+&#8220;popular.&#8221; It <i>must</i> appeal to the few.
+Ought it not to be two volumes at five
+dollars?</p>
+<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p>
+<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p>
+<hr class='tb' />
+<p>Think of Blaine&#8217;s book and its sale
+by subscription.</p>
+<p>The difference between one volume
+published in the ordinary way, and two
+volumes by subscription, <i>may</i> be the
+difference between a profit of two
+thousand dollars and one of two hundred
+thousand dollars.</p>
+<p>Blaine&#8217;s book, sold over the counter,
+might have gone to the length of five
+thousand copies. Sold by subscription,
+it made him rich.</p>
+<p>On this point, however, Mr. Appleton&#8217;s
+opinion is worth ten of mine.</p>
+<hr class='tb' />
+<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>April 26, 1889</i>.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>My Dear Sir:</span> The pamphlet has
+only just arrived.</p>
+<p>So far as the comments are necessary
+to elucidate the text, and to explain
+why and how the text came to be
+uttered, they are justified&mdash;no farther.
+Your uncle was such a master of expression
+that almost anything placed
+in juxtaposition must suffer from the
+contrast.</p>
+<p>Let <i>him</i> have the whole floor, I say,
+and just give the indispensable explanations.
+It would be impossible to
+enhance the effect of his characteristic
+passages. They need, like diamonds,
+a quiet setting.</p>
+<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p>
+<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p>
+<hr class='tb' />
+<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>June 4, 1889</i>.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>My dear Sir</span>: I return your paper
+of questions. Give plenty of the
+&#8220;light matter&#8221; to which you refer,
+and I hope you will extract many passages
+that show your uncle&#8217;s horror of
+corruption. The pamphlets you were
+so good as to send me are valuable and
+interesting. I do not wonder at his
+great success before a jury. He was
+an awful man to have on the other
+side. Is there any one who could describe
+for you some of the noted
+scenes in which your uncle figured,
+but which you did not witness yourself?
+There may be available interviews
+in the newspapers. I remember
+hearing Thomas Nast talk about him
+very enthusiastically after returning
+from a visit to him in Washington.
+You could make a nice chapter about
+the Senate&mdash;its ways and occupations,
+traditions and tone&mdash;viewed merely as
+a club of gentlemen.</p>
+<p>I am glad that Mark Twain is going
+to publish the book. Give all the pictures
+you dare.</p>
+<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p>
+<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p>
+<hr class='tb' />
+<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>Aug. 5, 1889</i>.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Dear Sir</span>: Would not those &#8220;undated
+anecdotes&#8221; come in well to illustrate
+and brighten your summing-up
+chapter? If not, then the plan you
+suggest might answer very well.</p>
+<p>I am glad to hear that you are so
+near to the end of your labors, and
+that the work is to be published by
+the ever victorious firm of Mark
+Twain. If I have been able to render
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_62' name='page_62'></a>62</span>
+you the smallest service I am glad, and
+you are heartily welcome.</p>
+<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p>
+<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p>
+<hr class='tb' />
+<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Newburyport, Mass.</span>, <i>Dec. 28, 1889</i>.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Dear Sir</span>: Your solid volume reached
+me several days ago, and some time
+after, your letter of Dec. 20. I have
+now read the work pretty carefully,
+and shall no doubt often return to it.
+Considering the restraints you were
+under, as nephew and as Republican,
+you have executed your task well and
+given to the world the most pathetic
+of the tragedies resulting from the system
+of spoils. Never again, until that
+blighting curse of free institutions is
+destroyed, will a man of Roscoe Conkling&#8217;s
+genius, pride and purity remain
+long in the public service, if ever he
+enters it. He was the last of the Romans.
+My great regret is that he did
+not consecrate his whole existence to
+the reform of the civil service. I have
+such an acute sense of the shame, the
+cruelty and the childish folly of the
+present system that I sometimes feel
+as if we ought to stop all our other
+work and enter upon a universal crusade
+against it.</p>
+<p>You must not expect the public to
+remain satisfied with the omissions and
+suppressions of your book. Sooner or
+later, somebody will supply them, and
+you might just as well have told the
+whole story.</p>
+<p>I am glad to hear of the success of
+the book with the public.</p>
+<p class='sig1'>Very truly yours,</p>
+<p class='sig2'><span class='smcap'>James Parton.</span></p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_75' id='linki_75'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus092.jpg' alt='' title='' width='472' height='528' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+JAMES PARTON IN 1891.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_63' name='page_63'></a>63</span>
+<a name='EUROPE_AT_THE_PRESENT_MOMENT_BY_MR_DE_BLOWITZ_PARIS_CORRESPONDENT_OF_THE_LONDON_TIMES' id='EUROPE_AT_THE_PRESENT_MOMENT_BY_MR_DE_BLOWITZ_PARIS_CORRESPONDENT_OF_THE_LONDON_TIMES'></a>
+<h2>EUROPE AT THE PRESENT MOMENT.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Mr. De Blowitz, Paris Correspondent Of The &#8220;London Times.&#8221;</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<p class='center'><span class='smcap'>Paris</span>, <i>April 20, 1893</i>.</p>
+<p>Let me say, at the very start, that
+it is imperative not to forget the
+date which heads this article. This
+date has a significance of the highest
+importance, for it marks the opening of
+a new era. The political situation of
+Europe is to-day widely different from
+what it was only yesterday. Yesterday
+the entire world turned an eye feverishly
+intent towards Belgium, upon the
+spectacle there of the decisive struggle
+between an established government and
+an unestablished proletariat. There
+was to be seen in Belgium the constitutional
+authority of an entire realm,
+backed by the force of arms, opposed
+by a militant labor democracy. On
+the one side, law, authority, armed
+force; on the other, lack of authority,
+of capital, and of arms; in a word,
+vague nothingness struggling against
+omnipotence. Yet it is the former
+that has won the day. Omnipotence
+has belied its name, and has been
+driven to the wall; the defeat has
+been crushing. But more than this, it
+has been significant. I repeat, it marks
+the opening of a new era.</p>
+<p>For the world-wide association of
+laborers now comprehends that it holds
+the Old World in its hands. It has
+discovered the invincible power of the
+strike, in obedience to the watchword
+emanating from its irresponsible leaders.
+Here is a force which is negative,
+perhaps, but one against which nothing
+henceforth can prevail. Lo, a silent
+word of command, and the towers of
+Jericho fall! Before a general strike
+of this sort the Old World is to-day
+powerless, like the child at the breast
+to whom the mother refuses to give
+suck.</p>
+<p>This is a fact so big with suggestion,
+so sudden, so almost terrifying, that it
+changes all our former points of view.
+I could not have written yesterday
+what I can write to-day; for when I
+saw unexpectedly breaking out &#8220;the
+troubles in Belgium,&#8221; I could not but
+postpone till all was over the writing
+of the article for which I had been
+asked. No one has as yet fairly grappled
+with the meaning of the new social
+pact prepared in mystery, a pact of
+which the dark elaboration had been
+only suspected, but which has just
+become so startlingly revealed. The
+idea of the strike as applied to political
+problems upsets all preconceived notions.
+What has hitherto been regarded
+as the only real force is now as if paralyzed;
+instead, sheer, silent will-power
+remains the only sovereign. In such
+circumstances who would venture to
+draw the horoscope of the Europe of
+to-morrow?</p>
+<p>For consider the situation. Recognized
+constitutional government has
+actually thought itself fortunate in
+treating with &#8220;strikers,&#8221; and in attempting
+to conceal the reality of its
+defeat behind the vain show of an arrangement,
+the actual significance of
+which deceives nobody. The face of
+Europe has changed in an instant.
+The Old World is conquered. Socialism
+bestirs itself, and begins its conquering
+march. The dangerous problems, hitherto
+so vague, become instantly pressing.
+Yet no one is ready with a solution,
+and few care even to discuss these
+problems. Even the leaders of the
+hostile army, the strike generals, do
+not, can not, measure all the consequences
+of their orders. Drunk with
+their new power they forget for the
+moment its unseen bearings. When
+first, more used to the sensation of omnipotence,
+they look about them to see
+what their action may have precipitated,
+they will draw back in horror.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_76' id='linki_76'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_64' name='page_64'></a>64</span>
+<img src='images/illus096.jpg' alt='' title='' width='369' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>The phrase, &#8220;the present situation of
+Europe,&#8221; therefore, can have reference
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_65' name='page_65'></a>65</span>
+now only to a very indefinite and a
+future thing. The present is big with
+uncertainties for the morrow, and the
+prospect would be really distressing, if
+the established wielders of power did
+not realize&mdash;what now is inevitable&mdash;the
+imperative necessity of coming to
+some understanding with this fresh
+force; the hopelessness, henceforward,
+of playing with theories of repression,
+and the duty of negotiating with this
+great amorphous army, which, once it
+is on the march, may drink dry the
+cisterns at which human society is
+accustomed to assuage its thirst. And
+it is in the light of these events in
+Belgium, that I do not hesitate to say,
+that Europe for a long time still will
+not be menaced by war. The social
+problem is now too pressing. It requires
+the entire attention. Woe to the
+blind! The hour of rest is past; a new
+world awakes. It knows its strength.
+It has everything to gain, nothing to
+lose. Follow it with anxious eye, ye
+who sleep now in possession, for if ye
+sleep too long, ye will awake in chains!</p>
+<p>But apart from this event, which is
+the prelude of a social struggle to be
+of long duration, yet absolutely inevitable,
+it is possible at this moment,
+when the European world is preparing
+to turn westward beyond the Atlantic,
+there to entrust to the proud loyalty
+of the United States immense and untold
+treasures, to predict for this continent
+a prolonged peace&mdash;a peace,
+however, which is as the uncertain
+tranquillity of an old man heavily
+dozing on a bed where there is no real
+rest. It is alone one of those incidents,
+impossible to anticipate, which seize
+whole nations as with madness, driving
+them to arms and carnage, and leaving
+them at the end of the disillusion of
+the struggle stupefied with their victory,
+or terrified in their defeat, that
+can break the uncertain spell of this
+restless sleep. But incidents such as
+these, which bring to naught all human
+calculation, can, indeed must, be left
+out of account, when considering the
+character of a given moment, and the
+prospects of peace or war.</p>
+<p>Europe, just now, is divided up
+rather arbitrarily, but none the less
+really. This is partly due to a
+premeditated combination, partly to
+chance, partly also to the bungling or
+ignorance of rulers. The Triple Alliance,
+due to the decisive action of
+Prince Bismarck, is the only truly
+scientific conception of the sort, the
+only one possessing a stable and
+seriously laid foundation. It includes
+Austria, which relies on Germany to
+shield it from Russia, as its directly
+<ins title='Was manacing'>menacing</ins> foe, or to bar against Russia
+the route to Constantinople whenever
+Russia shall appear fatally dangerous
+to the existence of the combined empire
+of Austria-Hungary. It includes
+Germany, which, as careful organizer
+of the Alliance, is thus protected
+against any possible simultaneous action
+of France and Russia. It includes
+Italy, which, otherwise weak in the
+presence of the disdainful hostility of
+France, is thus assured a certain security
+and repose. Aside from this great
+Triple Alliance, the European states
+have no real collective organization;
+there are only affinities badly defined,
+private interests, or uncertain situations
+from which they do not venture
+to think of extricating themselves.
+What is called the Franco-Russian
+understanding is limited at the moment
+to an exchange of notes which
+might serve as the basis of a military
+convention; to demonstrations at once
+noisy and platonic, in which France is
+playing a sort of Potiphar role; and to
+the chance eventuality of Russia&#8217;s one
+day finding herself engaged in some
+formidable struggle when she could
+count on the irresistible and unthinking
+enthusiasm of France, who would
+place blood and treasure at her disposal.</p>
+<p>When has human history ever afforded
+such a spectacle?</p>
+<p>No real alliance exists between Russia
+and France, but no French government
+could resist popular pressure,
+were the question to come up of helping
+Russia in the case of a war direct
+or indirect against Germany. Yet at a
+single gesture of the autocratic czar,
+Russia would shoulder arms and fight
+in whatever deadly combat France
+found itself involved. The Emperor
+of Russia is to-day, perhaps, the most
+formidable monarch who has ever existed.
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_66' name='page_66'></a>66</span>
+He has at his unchecked beck
+and call the vastest empire in Europe,
+but an empire without gold, sunlight,
+or liberty. Stop! It is a force, blind and
+brutal, and capable of a frightful impact;
+a force which the finger of a
+single man can set in motion, and
+which may be made to fall crushingly
+at the exact point designated by the
+imperious and imperial gesture. To
+this force which does not reason, the
+czar can, with a gleam of his sword,
+rally the power of France. France, the
+country of sunlight and liberty, where
+gold flows in rivulets, where every
+citizen thinks and wills, and where
+every soldier would fight to the death,
+conscious that it is only with Russia,
+in common struggle against common
+enemies, that a great conflict may be
+undertaken. The spectacle of such
+power, dormant in one human brain,
+is almost overwhelming; and the psychologist
+who portends that every man
+disposing of autocratic power, whether
+czar, sultan or pope, must inevitably
+go mad, utters a thought perhaps not
+so paradoxical after all.</p>
+<p>However, this autocrat so formidably
+armed is well known to be absolutely
+pacific. He turns a constantly listening
+ear to the counsels of an experienced
+queen, herself full of the spirit
+of peace, the Queen of Denmark. This
+queen loves Germany; she adores the
+young emperor whom she calls &#8220;an
+angel.&#8221; She has already smoothed
+down many rough places. It was she
+who brought about the Kiel interview
+and the visit of the czarevitch to Berlin.
+She has strengthened the idea of
+peace in the brain of this emperor,
+whence, instead, war might spring full-armed;
+war <i>fin de siècle</i>; the new, mysterious,
+unprecedented form of it; the
+war of infinitely multiplied murder,
+covering the Old World with corpses
+of the slain. The special factor of
+armed explosion most to be dreaded in
+Europe is thus held in check by an all-powerful
+hand gently directed. It is
+nothing less than the work of God that
+has made him who holds the chief of
+the arsenals of power, pacific, and thus
+reassuring to the world.</p>
+<p>Turn your vision from this tacit
+though vague understanding between
+France and Russia, and look beyond
+the regularly organized Triple Alliance;
+the eye falls on three great isolated
+powers, directed by various
+motives, and the action of which, determined
+upon only at the last moment,
+is constantly in the thought of the
+other ruling nations. Of these three
+the first is England. No minister of
+foreign affairs in any country would
+ever think of committing towards the
+English nation the crime of supposing
+its policy subservient to that of any
+other nation. The dream or the fear
+of a quadruple alliance has haunted
+only the crudest brains. England remains
+free in its movements, and it will
+preserve this liberty to the last. This
+is, moreover, for the happiness of all;
+for, except in those accesses of madness,
+a sort of factor of which, as I
+said, no account can be taken, no
+power will think of taking up a struggle
+in which the intervention of England,
+on one side or the other, can
+determine the issue.</p>
+<p>The second great power which remains
+free of all entanglement is that
+which dominates the Bosphorus. A
+strange power, indeed! It has no
+friends. There it remains alone on this
+European soil, of which it occupies certain
+extreme points, like a bit of abandoned
+booty tempting the cupidity of
+the Christian world. The whole of
+Europe looks thither with dull hate,
+and each power would willingly bear
+away a bit of the trappings and the
+hangings that render soft and resplendent
+the gilded cage where lies the sick
+lion of Yildiz Kiosk. If ever the war
+which appears to me so distant breaks
+out, Abdul Hamid, or his successor,
+will have his hands free; and at the
+supreme moment when the conqueror,
+whomsoever he may be, cannot reject
+them, will impose his conditions. If
+the then sultan neglects to seize the
+event, it is not at all sure that the crescent
+will cease to mark its silhouette
+on the firmament of Europe; but at all
+events, until then European peace is
+the surest safeguard of the Ottoman
+Empire, and this Abdul Hamid well
+knows.</p>
+<p>The third of the great isolated powers
+of which I speak is personified to-day
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_67' name='page_67'></a>67</span>
+by the grand old man whom an heroic
+pertinacity, henceforward to be traditional,
+keeps a prisoner at the Vatican.
+No one can have any idea of the life
+and movement which reigns in this
+voluntary prison which lies over against
+the Quirinal. Thither flow innumerable
+missives from every corner of the
+world, and could I only tell some of
+them, it would be seen how long still
+is the arm extending from the shadow
+of St. Peter&#8217;s; how dreadful still are
+the lips that speak in the shade of the
+Vatican. I should show the Holy
+Father and his cardinals writing to the
+Emperor of Austria, directing him by
+counsel and advice, and sometimes almost
+by their orders. I should show
+Prince Bismarck continuing, since his
+fall, to hold before the eyes of the
+pope, glimpses of the more or less partial
+restoration of the temporal power.
+I should show Leo XIII. now trying to
+unite, now to alienate, France and Russia,
+according as at the moment this or
+that policy seems to him most propitious
+for his own cause or the cause of
+peace; and I should show, at the same
+time, the Vatican divided within itself,
+and Cardinal Vauncelli working, in
+secret letters addressed to powerful
+sovereigns, against the policy of Cardinal
+Rampolla, and acting on the
+mind of Leo XIII. to detach him from
+his secretary of state, and wean him
+from the democratic policy on which
+he is now launched. I should show,
+also, all the leading politicians of
+France, whether in power or out, soliciting
+the support, the protection, the
+favor of Leo XIII., and the latter
+working with astounding insight for
+the fusion, more and more complete, of
+the liberal monarchical party with the
+Republic. I should show again how,
+owing to mysterious action, instability
+has become the normal state of France;
+and how the action of Russia, driven
+by the double current from the north
+and the south, not only has been not
+a source of strength for M. Ribot,
+but even forced him to his fall. Not
+only did the czar refuse to send the
+Russian fleet to France, and to let the
+czarevitch pass through Paris under
+pretext of going from Berlin to London,
+but he has just of late imposed on
+the French prime minister exigencies
+of such a nature that the latter has
+preferred to lay down the power rather
+than to submit. When M. Ribot, minister
+of foreign affairs, committed the
+political stupidity of carrying to the
+tribune the name of Baron Mohrenheim
+in connection with the Panama
+scandal, the Emperor of Russia showed
+that he was much irritated and wounded.
+M. Develle, minister of foreign
+affairs, hurried to the baron with excuses.
+But the czar declared these
+excuses unsatisfactory. M. Ribot then
+went himself to see the ambassador
+and give him certain explanations and
+excuses. Still the czar was not satisfied.
+He demanded a letter written
+by the prime minister and addressed
+to the Russian minister of foreign
+affairs, M. de Giers, who was then
+stopping at the gates of France. M.
+Ribot could not accept this demand.
+He had already endured the insult of
+M. Stambouloff during the affair of the
+Chadourne expulsion. He did not wish
+to leave behind him a letter of excuse
+addressed to M. de Giers. He preferred
+to fall, and he fell.</p>
+<p>This is a fair instance of the hidden
+forces which sweep through the side-scenes
+of international European politics.
+In the preceding rapid summary
+of the present state of politics in the
+Old World, the conclusion must come
+irrefutably, and that is the ground of
+these remarks, that no war is in sight,
+nor will be for yet a long time. The
+Triple Alliance wishes, and necessarily
+wishes, peace. The young German emperor,
+from whom people have affected
+to anticipate some mad and irresponsible
+conduct, has no doubt uttered
+some imprudent words, but he has
+never committed any dangerous action.
+Really, his mouth seems a sort of safety-valve
+for the boiling steam within. So
+far he is satisfied with the conquests
+already secured. He is trying to bring
+back to him the Emperor of Russia.
+The meeting which he is now having
+with the pope is intended to bring
+about a formal <i>rapprochement</i> between
+the Quirinal and Vatican. Leo XIII., in
+turning his face towards the democracy,
+disquiets all thrones; but he disquiets
+especially the throne of Italy, since he
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_68' name='page_68'></a>68</span>
+is showing the Italians that the Papacy
+is not only not an enemy of republics,
+but that it might be the protector of
+future republics in Italy, if the Italian
+fatherland, dreaming of the former brilliant
+prosperity, tried to found a democratic
+federation, with the pope as the
+centre and beneficent father. But at
+the same time Leo XIII. will whisper
+peace in the ear of William II. The
+young emperor wishes for a long era
+of peace. The new military law, with
+its far-reaching bearings, proves this.
+Even to-day he would never think of
+undertaking a war which left Prince
+Bismarck out of account, and he will
+never undertake a war which might
+cause his return.</p>
+<p>So, too, the Emperor of Austria, King
+of Hungary; he too is inclined to
+peace. He cannot risk a war. The
+bonds which link the different portions
+of the empire are too fragile to be exposed
+to the rude strain of armed
+strife. Italy, perhaps, by a fortunate
+war might be a gainer; but it is not
+strong enough to provoke one, or even
+to carry one on. It would regard the
+Papacy at the Vatican as too great a
+danger at its back; and, with little
+hope of conquering anything without
+its borders, it might legitimately fear
+to find Rome no longer intact on its
+return.</p>
+<p>As for the Emperor of Russia, he
+is moderate at once in his love for
+France and his hatred of Germany.
+So far, a man of genius has been wanting
+to cement the bonds of alliance
+between France and Germany. There
+is already an understanding, vague,
+platonic, and with no morrow assured
+to it. The French Republic will recoil
+before the thought of war, so long as
+Russian action does not precipitate an
+explosion. The Republic knows that
+war would be at its peril; that vanquished
+it is submerged under floods of
+anarchy, that victorious it brings forth
+a Cæsar, and it wishes peace.</p>
+<p>England, rich, industrial, devoted to
+its own internal problems, preserves an
+attitude which is an earnest of peace.
+So that, when one casts a steady glance
+over the Europe of the present hour,
+one is minded to say to the world
+about to repair to the great centre of
+industry, of letters, and of art, which
+Chicago is so soon to be: &#8220;Go in
+peace. War is distant. Gather in
+peace the fruit of your peaceful victories.&#8221;</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Blowitz.</span></p>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_69' name='page_69'></a>69</span>
+<a name='THE_COMEDY_OF_WAR_BY_JOEL_CHANDLER_HARRIS__AUTHOR_OF_UNCLE_REMUS_PLANTATION_FABLES_ETC' id='THE_COMEDY_OF_WAR_BY_JOEL_CHANDLER_HARRIS__AUTHOR_OF_UNCLE_REMUS_PLANTATION_FABLES_ETC'></a>
+<h2>THE COMEDY OF WAR.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br />by Joel Chandler Harris<br /><br /><span class='smaller smcap'>Author of &#8220;Uncle Remus,&#8221; &#8220;Plantation Fables,&#8221; etc.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_77' id='linki_77'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus105.png' alt='' title='' width='699' height='588' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<h3 style='clear: none'>I. <br /><br />ON THE UNION SIDE.</h3>
+<p>Private O&#8217;Halloran,
+detailed for
+special duty in advance
+of the picket line, sat reclining
+against a huge red oak. Within reach
+lay a rifle of beautiful workmanship.
+In one hand he held a blackened
+brier-root pipe, gazing on it with an air
+of mock regret. It had been his companion
+on many a weary march and
+on many a lonely day, when, as now,
+he was doing duty as a sharp-shooter.
+But it was not much of a companion
+now. It held the flavor, but not the
+fragrance, of other days. It was empty,
+and so was O&#8217;Halloran&#8217;s tobacco-pouch.
+It was nothing to grumble
+about, but the big, laughing Irishman
+liked his pipe, especially when it was
+full of tobacco. The words of an old
+song came to him, and he hummed
+them to himself:</p>
+<div class='poem' style='width: 30em'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>&#8220;There was an ould man, an&#8217; he had a wooden leg,</p>
+<p>An&#8217; he had no terbacky, nor terbacky could he beg;</p>
+<p>There was another ould man, as keen as a fox,</p>
+<p>An&#8217; he always had terbacky in his ould terbacky box.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>&#8220;Sez one ould man, &#8216;Will yez give me a chew?&#8217;</p>
+<p>Sez the other ould man, &#8216;I&#8217;ll be dommed ef I do.</p>
+<p>Kape away from them gin-mills, an&#8217; save up yure rocks,</p>
+<p>An&#8217; ye&#8217;ll always have terbacky in yer ould terbacky box.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>What with the singing and the far-away
+thoughts that accompanied the
+song, Private O&#8217;Halloran failed to hear
+footsteps approaching until they sounded
+quite near.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Halt!&#8221; he cried, seizing his rifle
+and springing to his feet. The newcomer
+wore the insignia of a Federal
+captain, seeing which, O&#8217;Halloran lowered
+his weapon and saluted. &#8220;Sure,
+sor, you&#8217;re not to mind me capers. I
+thought the inimy had me complately
+surrounded&mdash;I did, upon me sowl.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;And I,&#8221; said the captain, laughing,
+&#8220;thought the Johnnies had caught me.
+It is a pleasant surprise. You are
+O&#8217;Halloran of the Sharp-shooters, I
+have heard of you&mdash;a gay singer and
+a great fighter.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Sure it&#8217;s not for me to say that
+same. I sings a little bechwane times
+for to kape up me sperits, and takes
+me chances, right and lift. You&#8217;re
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_70' name='page_70'></a>70</span>
+takin&#8217; a good many yourself, sor, so far
+away from the picket line. If I make
+no mistake, sor, it is Captain Somerville
+I&#8217;m talkin&#8217; to.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;That is my name,&#8221; the captain said.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I was touchin&#8217; elbows wit&#8217; you at
+Gettysburg, sor.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The captain looked at O&#8217;Halloran
+again. &#8220;Why, certainly!&#8221; he exclaimed.
+&#8220;You are the big fellow that
+lifted one of the Johnnies over the
+stone wall.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:327px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_78' id='linki_78'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus106.png' alt='' title='' width='327' height='642' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;By&nbsp;the&nbsp;slack of the trousers. I
+am that same, sor. He was nothin&#8217;
+but a bit of a lad, sor, but he fought
+right up to the end of me nose. The
+men was jabbin&#8217; at &#8217;im wit&#8217; their bay&#8217;nets,
+so I sez to him, says I, &#8216;Come
+in out of the inclemency of the weather,&#8217;
+says I, and thin I lifted him over.
+He made at me, sor, when I put &#8217;im
+down, an&#8217; it took two men for to lead
+&#8217;im kindly to the rear. It was a warm
+hour, sor.&#8221;</p>
+<p>As O&#8217;Halloran talked, he kept his
+eyes far afield.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Sure, sor,&#8221; he went on, &#8220;you stand
+too much in the open. They had one
+muddlehead on that post yesterday;
+they&#8217;ll not put another there to-day,
+sor.&#8221; As he said this, the big Irishman
+seized the captain by the arm and
+gave him a sudden jerk. It was an
+unceremonious proceeding, but a very
+timely one, for the next moment the
+sapling against which the captain had
+been lightly leaning was shattered by
+a ball from the Confederate side.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Tis an old friend of mine, sor,&#8221;
+said O&#8217;Halloran; &#8220;I know &#8217;im by his
+handwritin&#8217;. They had a muddlehead
+there yesterday, sor. I set in full
+sight of &#8217;im, an&#8217; he blazed at me twice;
+the last time I had me fist above me
+head, an&#8217; he grazed me knuckles. &#8216;Be-dad,&#8217;
+says I, &#8216;you&#8217;re no good in your
+place;&#8217; an&#8217; when he showed his mug, I
+plugged &#8217;im where the nose says
+howdy to the eyebrows. &#8217;Twas no
+hurt to &#8217;im, sor; if he seen the flash,
+&#8217;twas as much.&#8221;</p>
+<p>To the left, in a little clearing, was
+a comfortable farm-house. Stacks of
+fodder and straw and pens of corn in
+the shuck were ranged around. There
+was every appearance of prosperity,
+but no sign of life, save two bluebirds,
+the pioneers of spring, that were fighting
+around the martin gourds, preparing
+to take possession.</p>
+<p>&#8220;There&#8217;s where I was born.&#8221; The
+captain pointed to the farm-house. &#8220;It
+is five years since I have seen the place.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;You don&#8217;t tell me, sor! I see in the
+Hur&#8217;ld that they call it the Civil War,
+but it&#8217;s nothin&#8217; but oncivil, sor, for to
+fight agin&#8217; your ould home.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;You are right,&#8221; assented the captain.
+&#8220;There&#8217;s nothing civil about
+war. I suppose the old house has
+long been deserted.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Sure, look at the forage, thin.
+&#8217;Tis piled up as nately as you please.
+Wait till the b&#8217;ys git at it! Look at
+the smoke of the chimbly. Barrin&#8217; the
+jay-birds, &#8217;tis the peacefulest sight
+I&#8217;ve seen.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;My people are gone,&#8221; said the captain.
+&#8220;My father was a Union man.
+I wouldn&#8217;t be surprised to hear of him
+somewhere at the North. The day that
+I was eighteen he gave me a larrupping
+for disobedience, and I ran away.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_79' id='linki_79'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_71' name='page_71'></a>71</span>
+<img src='images/illus108.png' alt='' title='' width='700' height='674' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;Don&#8217;t
+spake of it,
+sor.&#8221; O&#8217;Halloran
+held up
+his hands. &#8220;Many&#8217;s the time I&#8217;ve had
+me feelin&#8217;s hurted wit&#8217; a bar&#8217;l stave.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;That was in 1860,&#8221; said the captain.
+&#8220;I was too proud to go back
+home, but when the war began I remembered
+what a strong Union man
+my father was, and I joined the Union
+army.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;&#8217;Tis a great scheme for a play,&#8221;
+said the big Irishman solemnly.</p>
+<p>&#8220;My mother was dead,&#8221; the
+captain went on, &#8220;my oldest sister
+was married, and my youngest
+sister was at school in Philadelphia,
+and my brother, two years older than
+myself, made life miserable for me in
+trying to boss me.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh!&#8221; exclaimed O&#8217;Halloran, &#8220;don&#8217;t
+I know that same? &#8217;Tis meself that&#8217;s
+been along there.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Captain Somerville looked at the old
+place, carefully noting the outward
+changes, which were comparatively
+few. He noted, too, with the eye of a
+soldier, that when the impending conflict
+took place between the forces then
+facing each other, there would be a
+sharp struggle for the knoll on which
+the house stood; and he thought it was
+a curious feat for his mind to perform,
+to regard the old home where he had
+been both happy and miserable as a
+strategic point of battle. Private O&#8217;Halloran
+had no such memories to please
+or to vex him. To the extent of his opportunities
+he was a
+man of business. He
+took a piece of white
+cloth from his pocket
+and hung it on the broken sapling.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I&#8217;ll see, sor, if yon chap is in the
+grocery business.&#8221;</p>
+<p>As he turned away, there was a puff
+of smoke on the farther hill, a crackling
+report, and the hanging cloth jumped
+as though it were alive.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Faith, it&#8217;s him, sor!&#8221; exclaimed
+O&#8217;Halloran, &#8220;an&#8217; he&#8217;s in a mighty
+hurry.&#8221; Whereupon the big Irishman
+brushed a pile of leaves from an oil-cloth
+strapped together in the semblance of
+a knapsack.</p>
+<p>&#8220;What have you there?&#8221; asked Captain
+Somerville.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Sure, &#8217;tis me grocery store, sor.
+Coffee, tay, an&#8217; sugar. Faith, I&#8217;ll make
+the devil&#8217;s mouth water like a baby
+cuttin&#8217; his stomach tathe. Would ye
+mind comin&#8217; along, sor, for to kape me
+from swindlin&#8217; the Johnny out of all
+his belongin&#8217;s?&#8221;</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_72' name='page_72'></a>72</span></div>
+<h3>II. <br /><br />ON THE CONFEDERATE SIDE.</h3>
+<p>Three men sat in a gully that had
+once been a hillside ditch. Their uniforms
+were various, the result of accident
+and capture. One of them wore
+a very fine blue overcoat which was in
+queer contrast to his ragged pantaloons.
+This was Lieutenant Clopton,
+who had charge of the picket line.
+Another had on the uniform of an
+artilleryman, and his left arm was in a
+sling. He had come out of the hospital
+to do duty as a guide. This was
+Private John Fambrough. The third
+had on no uniform at all, but was
+dressed in plain citizen&#8217;s clothes, much
+the worse for wear. This was Jack
+Kilpatrick, scout and sharp-shooter.
+Happy Jack, as he was called.</p>
+<p>How long since the gully had been
+a ditch it would be impossible to say,
+but it must have been a good many
+years, for the pines had grown into
+stout trees, and here and there a black-jack
+loomed up vigorously.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:335px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_80' id='linki_80'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus109.png' alt='' title='' width='335' height='442' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;Don&#8217;t&nbsp;git too permiscus around
+here,&#8221; said Happy Jack, as the others
+were moving about. &#8220;This ain&#8217;t no
+fancy spot.&#8221; He eased himself upward
+on his elbow, and made a swift but
+careful survey of the woodland vista
+that led to the Federal lines. Then he
+shook down the breech of his rifle, and
+slipped a long cartridge into its place.
+&#8220;You see that big poplar over yonder?
+Well, under that tree there&#8217;s a man,
+leastways he ought to be there, because
+he&#8217;s always hangin&#8217; around in front of
+me.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why don&#8217;t you nail him?&#8221; asked
+Fambrough.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Bosh! Why don&#8217;t he nail me?
+It&#8217;s because he can&#8217;t do it. Well, that&#8217;s
+the reason I don&#8217;t nail him. You know
+what happened yesterday, don&#8217;t you?
+You saw that elegant lookin&#8217; chap that
+came out to take my place, didn&#8217;t you?
+Did you see him when he went back?&#8221;</p>
+<p>Lieutenant Clopton replied with a
+little grimace, but Fambrough said
+never a word. He only looked at Kilpatrick
+with inquiring eyes.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why, he was the nicest lookin&#8217; man
+in the army&mdash;hair combed, clothes
+brushed, and rings on his fingers. He
+was all the way from New &#8217;leans, with a
+silver-mounted rifle and a globe sight.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;A which?&#8221; asked Fambrough.</p>
+<p>&#8220;A globe sight. Set down on yourself
+a little further, sonny,&#8221; said Happy
+Jack; &#8220;your head&#8217;s too high. I says
+to him, says I, &#8216;Friend, you are goin&#8217;
+where you&#8217;ll have to strip that doll&#8217;s
+step-ladder off&#8217;n your gun, an&#8217; come
+down to business,&#8217; says I. I says, says
+I, &#8216;You may have to face a red-headed,
+flannel-mouthed Irishman, and you
+don&#8217;t want to look at him through all
+that machinery,&#8217; says I.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;What did he say?&#8221; Fambrough
+asked.</p>
+<p>&#8220;He said, &#8216;I&#8217;ll git him.&#8217; Now, how
+did he git him? Why, he come down
+here, lammed aloose a time or two, and
+then hung his head over the edge of
+the gully there, with a ball right spang
+betwixt his eyes. I went behind the
+picket line to get a wink of sleep, but
+I hadn&#8217;t more&#8217;n curled up in the broom-sage
+before I heard that chap a-bangin&#8217;
+away. Then come the reply, like this&mdash;&#8221;
+Happy Jack snapped his fingers;
+&#8220;and then I went to sleep waitin&#8217; for
+the rej&#8217;inder.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Kilpatrick paused, and looked steadily
+in the direction of the poplar.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, dog my cats! Yonder&#8217;s a
+chap standin&#8217; right out in front of me.
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_73' name='page_73'></a>73</span>
+It ain&#8217;t the Mickey, neither. I&#8217;ll see
+what he&#8217;s up to.&#8221; He raised his rifle
+with a light swinging movement, chirruped
+to it as though it were a horse
+or a little child, and in another moment
+the deadly business of war would have
+been resumed, but Fambrough laid his
+hand on the sharp-shooter&#8217;s arm.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Wait,&#8221; he said. &#8220;That may be my
+old man wandering around out there.
+Don&#8217;t be too quick on trigger. I ain&#8217;t
+got but one old man.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Shucks!&#8221; exclaimed Kilpatrick,
+pettishly; &#8220;you reckon I don&#8217;t know
+your old man? He&#8217;s big in the body,
+an&#8217; wobbly in his legs. You&#8217;ve spiled
+a mighty purty shot. I believe in my
+soul that chap was a colonel, an&#8217; he
+might &#8217;a&#8217; been a general. Now that&#8217;s
+funny.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;What&#8217;s funny?&#8221; asked Fambrough.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_81' id='linki_81'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus111.png' alt='' title='' width='638' height='487' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;Why, that chap. He&#8217;ll never know
+you saved him, an&#8217; if he know&#8217;d it he
+wouldn&#8217;t thank you. I&#8217;d &#8217;a&#8217; put a hole
+right through his gizzard. Now he&#8217;s
+behind the poplar.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;It&#8217;s luck,&#8221; Lieutenant Clopton suggested.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Maybe,&#8221; said Kilpatrick. &#8220;Yonder
+he is ag&#8217;in. Luck won&#8217;t save him
+this time.&#8221; He raised his rifle, glanced
+down the barrel, and pulled the trigger.
+Simultaneously with the report an expression
+of disgust passed over his
+face, and with an oath he struck the
+ground with his fist.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Don&#8217;t tell me you missed him,&#8221; said
+Clopton.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Miss what?&#8221; exclaimed Kilpatrick
+scornfully. &#8220;If he ain&#8217;t drunk, somebody
+pulled him out of the way.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I told you it was luck,&#8221; commented
+Clopton.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Shucks! don&#8217;t tell me. Luck&#8217;s like
+lightnin&#8217;. She never hits twice in the
+same place.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Kilpatrick sank back in the gully and
+gave himself up to ruminating. He
+leaned on his elbows and pulled up
+little tufts of grass and weeds growing
+here and there. Lieutenant Clopton,
+looking across towards the poplar,
+suddenly reached for the
+sharp-shooter&#8217;s rifle, but
+Kilpatrick placed his hand
+on it jealously.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Give me the gun. Yonder&#8217;s
+a Yank in full view.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Kilpatrick, still holding his rifle,
+raised himself and looked.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why, he&#8217;s hanging out a flag of
+truce,&#8221; said Clopton. &#8220;What does the
+fellow mean?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;It&#8217;s a message,&#8221; said Kilpatrick,
+&#8220;an&#8217; here&#8217;s the answer.&#8221; With that
+he raised his rifle, dropped it gently
+in the palm, of his left hand, and
+fired.</p>
+<p>&#8220;You saw the hankcher jump, didn&#8217;t
+you?&#8221; he exclaimed. &#8220;Well, that lets
+us out. That&#8217;s my Mickey. He wants
+tobacco, and I want coffee an&#8217; tea.
+Come, watch me swap him out of his
+eye teeth.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Then Kilpatrick went to a clump of
+broom sedge and drew forth a wallet
+containing several pounds of prepared
+smoking tobacco and a bundle of plug
+tobacco, and in a few moments the trio
+were picking their way through the
+underwood towards the open.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_74' name='page_74'></a>74</span></div>
+<h3>III. <br /><br />ON NEUTRAL GROUND.</h3>
+<p>Matters were getting critical for
+Squire Fambrough. He had vowed
+and declared that he would never be
+a refugee, but he had a responsibility
+on his hands that he had not counted
+on. That responsibility was his daughter
+Julia, twenty-two years old, and as
+obstinate as her father. The Squire
+had sent off his son&#8217;s wife and her
+children, together with as many negroes
+as had refused to go into the
+Union lines. He had expected his
+daughter to go at the same time, but
+when the time arrived, the fair Julia
+showed that she
+had a mind of
+her own. She
+made no scene,
+she did not go
+into hysterics;
+but when everything
+was ready,
+she asked her
+father if he was
+going. He said
+he would follow
+along after a
+while. She called
+to a negro, and
+made him take
+her trunks and
+band-boxes from
+the wagon and
+carry them into
+the house, while
+Squire Fambrough
+stood
+scratching his
+head.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why don&#8217;t
+you make her
+come?&#8221; his
+daughter-in-law
+asked, somewhat
+sharply.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, Susannah,&#8221;
+the Squire remarked, &#8220;I ain&#8217;t
+been a jestice of the peace and a married
+man, off and on for forty year,
+without findin&#8217; out when to fool with the
+wimen sek an&#8217; when not to fool wi&#8217; &#8217;em.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I&#8217;d make her come,&#8221; said the
+daughter-in-law.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:411px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_82' id='linki_82'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus112.png' alt='' title='' width='411' height='662' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;I&nbsp;give&nbsp;you lief, Susannah, freely
+an&#8217; fully. Lay your baby some&#8217;rs wher&#8217;
+it won&#8217;t git run over, an&#8217; take off your
+surplus harness, an&#8217; go an&#8217; fetch her
+out of the house an&#8217; put her in the
+buggy.&#8221;</p>
+<p>But the daughter-in-law treated the
+courteous invitation with proper scorn,
+and the small caravan moved off, leaving
+the fair Julia and her father in possession
+of the premises. According to
+human understanding, the refugees got
+off just in the nick of time. A day or
+two afterwards, the Union army, figuratively
+speaking, marched up, looked
+over Squire Fambrough&#8217;s front palings,
+and then fell back to reflect over the
+situation. Shortly afterwards the Confederate
+army
+marched up,
+looked over the
+Squire&#8217;s back
+palings, and also
+fell back to reflect.
+Evidently
+the situation
+was one to justify
+reflection, for
+presently both
+armies fell back
+still farther.
+These movements
+were so
+courteous and
+discreet&mdash;were
+such a colossal
+display of etiquette&mdash;that
+war seemed to
+be out of the
+question. Of
+course there
+were the conservative
+pickets,
+the thoughtful
+videttes, and
+the careful
+sharp-shooters,
+ready to occasion
+a little
+bloodshed, accidentally or intentionally.
+But by far the most boisterously
+ferocious appendages of the two armies
+were the two brass bands. They were
+continually challenging each other, beginning
+early in the morning and ending
+late in the afternoon; one firing
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_75' name='page_75'></a>75</span>
+off &#8220;Dixie,&#8221; and the other &#8220;Yankee
+Doodle.&#8221; It was &#8220;Yankee Doodle,
+howdy do?&#8221; and &#8220;Doodle-doodle,
+Dixie, too,&#8221; like two chanticleers challenging
+each other afar off.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:314px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_83' id='linki_83'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus113.png' alt='' title='' width='314' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>This&nbsp;was the situation as it appeared
+to Squire Fambrough and his daughter.
+On this particular morning the
+sun was shining brightly, and the birds
+were fluttering joyously in the budding
+trees. Miss Julia had brought her book
+out into the grove of venerable oaks
+which was the chief beauty of the place,
+and had seated herself on a rustic
+bench that was built around one of the
+trees. Just as she had become interested,
+she heard a rifle-shot. She
+moved uneasily, but fell to reading
+again, and was apparently absorbed in
+the book, when she heard another shot.
+Then she threw the book down and
+rose to her feet, making a very pretty
+centerpiece in the woodland setting.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh! what is the matter with everything?&#8221;
+she exclaimed. &#8220;There&#8217;s the
+shooting again! How can I read books
+and sit quietly here while the soldiers
+are preparing to fight? Oh, me! I
+don&#8217;t know what to do! If there
+should be a battle here, I don&#8217;t know
+what would become of us.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Julia, in her despair, was fair to look
+upon. Her gown of striped homespun
+stuff, simply made, set off to admiration
+her strong but supple figure. Excitement
+added a new lustre to her eye and
+gave a heightened color to the rose
+that bloomed on her cheeks. She stood
+a moment as if listening, and then a
+faint smile showed on her lips. She
+heard her father calling:</p>
+<p>&#8220;Jule! Jule! O Jule!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Here I am, father!&#8221; she cried.
+&#8220;What is it?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, the Lord he&#8217;p my soul! I&#8217;ve
+been huntin&#8217; for you high an&#8217; low. Did
+you hear that shootin&#8217;? I &#8217;lowed may
+be you&#8217;d been took prisoner an&#8217; carried
+bodaciously off. Didn&#8217;t I hear you
+talkin&#8217; to somebody?&#8221;</p>
+<p>Squire Fambrough pulled off his hat
+and scratched his head. His face, set
+in a fringe of gray beard, was kindly
+and full of humor, but it contained not
+a few of the hard lines of experience.</p>
+<p>&#8220;No, father,&#8221; said Julia, in reply to
+the Squire&#8217;s question. &#8220;I was only
+talking to myself.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Jest makin&#8217; a speech, eh? Well, I
+don&#8217;t blame you, honey. I&#8217;m a great
+mind to jump out here in the clearin&#8217;
+an&#8217; yell out my sentiments so that both
+sides can hear &#8217;em.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why, what is the matter, father?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I&#8217;m mad, honey! I&#8217;m jest nachally
+stirred up&mdash;dog my cats ef I ain&#8217;t!
+Along at fust I did hope there wouldn&#8217;t
+be no fightin&#8217; in this neighborhood, but
+now I jest want to see them two blamed
+armies light into one another, tooth and
+toe-nail.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why, father!&#8221; Julia made a pretty
+gesture of dismay. &#8220;How can you talk
+so?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Half of my niggers is gone,&#8221; said
+Squire Fambrough; &#8220;one side has got
+my hosses, and t&#8217;other side has stole my
+cattle. The Yankees has grabbed my
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_76' name='page_76'></a>76</span>
+grist mill, an&#8217; the Confeds has laid holt
+of my corn crib. One army is squattin&#8217;
+in my tater patch, and t&#8217;other one is
+roostin&#8217; in my cow pastur&#8217;. Do you
+reckon I was born to set down here
+an&#8217; put up wi&#8217; that kind of business?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;But, father, what can you do?
+How can you help yourself? For heaven&#8217;s
+sake, let&#8217;s
+go away from
+here!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Great
+Moses, Jule!
+Have you
+gone an&#8217; lost
+what little bit
+of common
+sense you
+was born
+with? Do you
+reckon I&#8217;m a-goin&#8217;
+to be
+a-refugeein&#8217;
+an&#8217; a-skee-daddlin&#8217;
+across the
+country like
+a skeer&#8217;d rabbit
+at my time
+of life? I
+hain&#8217;t afeared
+of nary two
+armies they
+can find room
+for on these
+hills! Hain&#8217;t
+I got one son
+on one side
+an&#8217; another
+son on t&#8217;other
+side? Much
+good they are
+doin&#8217;, too. If
+they&#8217;d a-felt
+like me they&#8217;d
+a fit both
+sides. Do
+you reckon
+I&#8217;m a-gwine to be drove off&#8217;n the place
+where I was born, an&#8217; where your granpappy
+was born, an&#8217; where your mother
+lies buried? No, honey!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;But, father, you know we can&#8217;t
+stay here. Suppose there should be a
+battle?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Come, honey! come!&#8221; There was
+a touch of petulance in the old man&#8217;s
+tone. &#8220;Don&#8217;t get me flustrated. I
+told you to go when John&#8217;s wife an&#8217;
+the children went. By this time you&#8217;d
+&#8217;a&#8217; been out of hearin&#8217; of the war.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;But, father, how could I go and
+leave you here all by yourself?&#8221; The
+girl laid her hand on the Squire&#8217;s
+shoulder caressingly.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_84' id='linki_84'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus115.png' alt='' title='' width='539' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;No,&#8221; exclaimed the Squire, angrily;
+&#8220;stay you would, stay you did, an&#8217; here
+you are!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes, and now I want to go away,
+and I want you to go with me. All the
+horses are not taken, and the spring
+wagon and the barouche are here.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Don&#8217;t come a-pesterin&#8217; me, honey!
+I&#8217;m pestered enough as it is. Lord, if
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_77' name='page_77'></a>77</span>
+I had the big men here what started
+the war, I&#8217;d take &#8217;em an&#8217; butt their
+cussed heads together tell you wouldn&#8217;t
+know &#8217;em from a lot of spiled squashes.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Now, don&#8217;t get angry and say bad
+words, father.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I can&#8217;t help it, Jule; I jest can&#8217;t
+help it. When the fuss was a-brewin&#8217; I
+sot down an&#8217; wrote to Jeems Buchanan,
+and told him, jest as plain as the words
+could be put on paper, that war was
+boun&#8217; to come if he didn&#8217;t look sharp;
+an&#8217; then when old Buck dropped out, I
+sot down an&#8217; wrote to Abe Lincoln an&#8217;
+told him that coercion wouldn&#8217;t work
+worth a cent, but conciliation&mdash;&mdash;&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Wait, father!&#8221; Julia held up her
+pretty hand. &#8220;I hear some one calling.
+Listen!&#8221;</p>
+<p>Not far away they heard the voice of
+a negro. &#8220;Marse Dave Henry! O
+Marse Dave Henry!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Hello! Who the nation are you
+hollerin&#8217; at?&#8221; said Squire Fambrough
+as a youngish looking negro man came
+in view. &#8220;An&#8217; where did you come
+from, an&#8217; where are you goin&#8217;?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Howdy, mistiss&mdash;howdy, marster!&#8221;
+The negro took off his hat as he came
+up.</p>
+<p>&#8220;What&#8217;s your name?&#8221; asked the
+Squire.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I&#8217;m name Tuck, suh. None er you
+all ain&#8217;t seed nothin&#8217; er Marse&mdash;&mdash;&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Who do you belong to?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I b&#8217;longs ter de Cloptons down dar
+in Georgy, suh. None er you-all ain&#8217;t
+seed nothin&#8217;&mdash;&mdash;&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;What are you doin&#8217; here?&#8221; demanded
+Squire Fambrough, somewhat angrily.
+&#8220;Don&#8217;t you know you are liable
+to get killed any minute? Ain&#8217;t you
+makin&#8217; your way to the Yankee army?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;No, suh.&#8221; The negro spoke with
+unction. &#8220;I&#8217;m des a-huntin&#8217; my young
+marster, suh. He name Dave Henry
+Clopton. Dat what we call him&mdash;Marse
+Henry. None er you-all ain&#8217;t seed &#8217;im,
+is you?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Jule,&#8221; said the Squire, rubbing his
+nose thoughtfully, &#8220;ain&#8217;t that the name
+of the chap that used to hang around
+here before the Yankees got too
+close?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Do you mean Lieutenant Clopton,
+father?&#8221; asked Julia, showing some
+confusion.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yessum.&#8221; Tuck grinned and rubbed
+his hands together. &#8220;Marse Dave
+Henry is sholy a lieutender in de company,
+an&#8217; mistiss she say he&#8217;d a done
+been a giner&#8217;l ef dey wa&#8217;nt so much enviousness
+in de army.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I saw him this morning&mdash;I mean&mdash;&#8221;
+Julia blushed and hesitated. &#8220;I
+mean, I heard him talking out here in
+the grove.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Who was he talking to, Jule?&#8221; The
+Squire put the question calmly and deliberately.</p>
+<p>There was a little pause. Julia, still
+blushing, adjusted an imaginary hair-pin.
+The negro looked sheepishly from
+one to the other. The Squire repeated
+his question.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Who was he talking to, Jule?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Nobody but me,&#8221; said the young
+lady, growing redder. Her embarrassment
+was not lessened by an involuntary
+&#8220;eh&mdash;eh,&#8221; from the negro. Squire
+Fambrough raised his eyes heavenwards
+and allowed both his heavy hands to
+drop helplessly by his side.</p>
+<p>&#8220;What was he talkin&#8217; about?&#8221; The
+old man spoke with apparent humility.</p>
+<p>&#8220;N-o-t-h-i-n-g,&#8221; said Julia, demurely,
+looking at her pink finger-nails. &#8220;He
+just asked me if I thought it would
+rain, and I told him I didn&#8217;t know; and
+then he said the spring was coming on
+very rapidly, and I said, &#8216;Yes, I thought
+it was.&#8217; And then he had found a
+bunch of violets and asked me if I
+would accept them, and I said, &#8216;Thank
+you.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Land of the livin&#8217; Moses!&#8221; exclaimed
+Squire Fambrough, lifting his
+hands above his head and allowing
+them to fall heavily again. &#8220;And they
+call this war!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yessum!&#8221; The negro&#8217;s tone was
+triumphant. &#8220;Dat sholy wuz Marse
+Dave Henry. War er no war, dat wuz
+him. Dat des de way he goes &#8217;mongst
+de ladies. He gi&#8217;um candy yit, let
+&#8217;lone flowers. Shoo! You can&#8217;t tell
+me nothin&#8217; &#8217;tall &#8217;bout Marse Dave
+Henry.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;What are you wanderin&#8217; &#8217;round
+here in the woods for?&#8221; asked the
+Squire. His tone was somewhat severe.
+&#8220;Did anybody tell you he was here?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;No, suh!&#8221; replied Tuck. &#8220;Dey
+tol&#8217; me back dar at de camps dat I&#8217;d
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_78' name='page_78'></a>78</span>
+fin&#8217; &#8217;im out on de picket line, an&#8217; when
+I got dar dey tol&#8217; me he wuz out dis
+a-way, whar dey wuz some sharp-shootin&#8217;
+gwine on, but I ain&#8217;t foun&#8217; &#8217;im
+yit.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Ain&#8217;t you been with him all the
+time?&#8221; The Squire was disposed to
+treat the negro as a witness for the
+defence.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Lor, no, suh! I des now come right
+straight fum Georgy. Mistiss&mdash;she
+Marse Dave Henry&#8217;s ma&mdash;she hear talk
+dat de solyers ain&#8217;t got no cloze fer ter
+w&#8217;ar an&#8217; no vittles fer ter eat, skacely,
+an&#8217; she tuck&#8217;n made me come an&#8217; fetch
+&#8217;im a box full er duds an&#8217; er box full er
+vittles. She put cake in dar, yit, &#8217;kaze
+I smelt it whiles I wuz handlin&#8217; de box.
+De boxes, dey er dar at de camp, an&#8217;
+here me, but wharbouts is Marse Dave
+Henry? Not ter be a-hidin&#8217; fum somebody,
+he de hardest white man ter fin&#8217;
+what I ever laid eyes on. I speck I
+better be knockin&#8217; &#8217;long. Good-by,
+marster; good-by, young mistiss. Ef
+I don&#8217; fin&#8217; Marse Dave Henry no
+wheres, I&#8217;ll know whar ter come an&#8217;
+watch fer &#8217;im.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The Squire watched the negro disappear
+in the woods, and then turned to
+his daughter. To his surprise, her
+eyes were full of tears; but before he
+could make any comment, or ask any
+question, he heard the noise of tramping
+feet in the woods, and presently
+saw two Union soldiers approaching.
+Almost immediately Julia called his
+attention to three soldiers coming from
+the Confederate side.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I believe in my soul we&#8217;re surrounded
+by both armies,&#8221; remarked the
+Squire dryly. &#8220;But don&#8217;t git skeer&#8217;d,
+honey. I&#8217;m goin&#8217; to see what they&#8217;re
+trespassin&#8217; on my premises for.&#8221;</p>
+<h3>IV. <br /><br />COMMERCE AND SENTIMENT.</h3>
+<p>&#8220;Upon my sowl,&#8221; said O&#8217;Halloran,
+as he and Captain Somerville went forward,
+the big Irishman leading the
+way, &#8220;I&#8217;m afeard I&#8217;m tollin&#8217; you into
+a trap.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;How?&#8221; asked the captain.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why, there&#8217;s three of the Johnnies
+comin&#8217;, sor, an&#8217; the ould man an&#8217; the
+gurrul make five.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Halt!&#8221; said the captain, using the
+word by force of habit. The two
+paused, and the captain took in the
+situation at a glance. Then he turned
+to the big Irishman, with a queer look
+on his face.</p>
+<p>&#8220;What is it, sor?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I&#8217;m in for it now. That is my
+father yonder, and the young lady is
+my sister.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;The Divvle an&#8217; Tom Walker!&#8221; exclaimed
+O&#8217;Halloran. &#8220;&#8217;Tis quite a family
+rayanion, sor.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I don&#8217;t know whether to make myself
+known or not. What could have
+possessed them to stay here? I&#8217;ll see
+whether they know me.&#8221; As they
+went forward, the captain plucked
+O&#8217;Halloran by the sleeve. &#8220;I&#8217;ll be
+shot if the Johnny with his arm in the
+sling isn&#8217;t my brother.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I was expectin&#8217; it, sor,&#8221; said the
+big Irishman, giving matters a humorous
+turn. &#8220;Soon the cousins will be
+poppin&#8217; out from under the bushes.&#8221;</p>
+<p>By this time the two were near
+enough to the approaching Confederates
+to carry on a conversation by
+lifting their voices a little.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Hello, Johnny,&#8221; said O&#8217;Halloran.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Hello, Yank,&#8221; replied Kilpatrick.</p>
+<p>&#8220;What&#8217;s the countersign, Johnny?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Tobacco. What is it on your side,
+Yank?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Tay an&#8217; coffee, Johnny.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;You are mighty right,&#8221; Kilpatrick
+exclaimed. &#8220;Stack your arms agin a
+tree.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;The same to you,&#8221; said O&#8217;Halloran.</p>
+<p>The Irishman, using his foot as a
+broom, cleared the dead leaves and
+twigs from a little space of ground,
+where he deposited his bundle, and
+Kilpatrick did the same. John Fambrough,
+the wounded Confederate,
+went forward to greet his father and
+sister, and Lieutenant Clopton went
+with him. The Squire was not in a
+good humor.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I tell you what, John,&#8221; he said to
+his son, &#8220;I don&#8217;t like to be harborin&#8217;
+nary side. It&#8217;s agin&#8217; my principles. I
+don&#8217;t like this colloguin&#8217; an&#8217; palaverin&#8217;
+betwixt folks that ought to be by good
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_79' name='page_79'></a>79</span>
+rights a-knockin&#8217; one another on the
+head. If they want to collogue an&#8217; palaver,
+why don&#8217;t they go som&#8217;ers else?&#8221;</p>
+<p>The Squire&#8217;s son tried to explain, but
+the old gentleman hooted at the explanation.
+&#8220;Come on, Jule, let&#8217;s go and see
+what they&#8217;re up to.&#8221;</p>
+<p>As they approached, the Irishman
+glanced at Captain Somerville, and
+saw that he had turned away, cap in
+hand, to hide his emotion.</p>
+<p>&#8220;You&#8217;re just in time,&#8221; the Irishman
+said to Squire Fambrough in a bantering
+tone, &#8220;to watch the continding
+armies. This mite of a Johnny will
+swindle the Government, if I don&#8217;t
+kape me eye on him.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Is this what you call war?&#8221; the
+Squire inquired sarcastically. &#8220;Who
+axed you to come trespassin&#8217; on my
+land?&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:560px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_85' id='linki_85'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus120.png' alt='' title='' width='560' height='649' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;Oh,&nbsp;we&#8217;ll&nbsp;put the leaves back where
+we found them,&#8221; said Kilpatrick, &#8220;if
+we have to git a furlough.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Right you are!&#8221; said the Irishman.</p>
+<p>&#8220;It is just a little trading frolic
+among the boys!&#8221; Captain Somerville
+turned to the old man with a
+courteous bow. &#8220;They will do no
+harm. I&#8217;ll answer for that.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, I&#8217;ll tell you how I feel about
+it!&#8221; Squire Fambrough exclaimed
+with some warmth. &#8220;I&#8217;m in here betwixt
+the hostiles. They ain&#8217;t nobody
+here but me an&#8217; my daughter. We
+don&#8217;t pester nobody, an&#8217; we don&#8217;t want
+nobody to pester us. One of my sons
+is in the Union army, I hear tell, an&#8217;
+the other is in the Confederate army
+when he ain&#8217;t in the hospital. These
+boys, you see, found their old daddy a-straddle
+of the fence, an&#8217; one clomb
+down one leg on the Union side, an&#8217;
+t&#8217;other one clomb down t&#8217;other leg on
+the Confederate
+side.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;That is what I
+call an interesting
+situation,&#8221; said the
+captain, drawing a
+long breath.
+&#8220;Perhaps I have
+seen your Union
+son.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Maybe so, maybe
+so,&#8221; assented the
+Squire.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Perhaps you
+have seen him yourself
+since the war
+began?&#8221;</p>
+<p>Before the Squire
+could make any reply,
+Julia rushed at
+the captain and
+threw her arms
+around his neck,
+crying, &#8220;O brother
+George, I know
+you!&#8221;</p>
+<p>The Squire
+seemed to be dazed
+by this discovery.
+He went towards
+the captain slowly.
+The tears streamed
+down his face and the hand he held out
+trembled.</p>
+<p>&#8220;George,&#8221; he exclaimed, &#8220;God
+A&#8217;mighty knows I&#8217;m glad to see you!&#8221;</p>
+<p>O&#8217;Halloran and Kilpatrick had
+paused in the midst of their traffic to
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_80' name='page_80'></a>80</span>
+watch this scene, but when they saw
+the gray-haired old man crying and
+hugging his son, and the young girl
+clinging to the two, they were confused.
+O&#8217;Halloran turned and kicked
+his bundles.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Take all the tay and coffee, you
+bloody booger! Just give me a pipeful
+of the weed.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Kilpatrick shook his fist at the big
+Irishman.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Take the darned tobacco, you red-mouthed
+Mickey! What do I want
+with your tea and coffee?&#8221; Then both
+started to go a little way into the
+woods. Lieutenant Clopton following.
+The captain would have called them
+back, but they wouldn&#8217;t accept the invitation.</p>
+<p>&#8220;We are just turnin&#8217; our backs, sor,
+while you hold a family orgie,&#8221; said
+O&#8217;Halloran. &#8220;Me an&#8217; this measly
+Johnny will just go on an&#8217; complate
+the transaction of swappin&#8217;.&#8221;</p>
+<p>At this moment Tuck reappeared on
+the scene. Seeing his young master,
+he stopped still and looked at him,
+and then broke out into loud complaints.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Marse Dave Henry, whar de namer
+goodness you been? You better come
+read dish yer letter what yo&#8217; ma writes
+you. I&#8217;m gwine tell mistiss she come
+mighty nigh losin&#8217; a likely nigger,
+an&#8217; she&#8217;ll rake you over de coals,
+mon.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why, howdy, Tuck,&#8221; exclaimed
+Lieutenant Clopton. &#8220;Ain&#8217;t you glad
+to see me?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yasser, I speck I is.&#8221; The negro
+spoke in a querulous and somewhat
+doubtful tone, as he produced a letter
+from the lining of his hat. &#8220;But I&#8217;d
+&#8217;a&#8217; been a heap gladder ef I hadn&#8217;t
+mighty nigh trapsed all de gladness
+out&#8217;n me.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Young Clopton took the letter and
+read it with a smile on his lips and a
+dimness in his eyes. The negro, left
+to himself, had his attention attracted
+by the coffee and tobacco lying exposed
+on the ground. He looked at
+the display, scratching his head.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Boss, is dat sho nuff coffee?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;It is that same,&#8221; said O&#8217;Halloran.</p>
+<p>&#8220;De ginnywine ole-time coffee?&#8221; insisted
+the negro.</p>
+<p>&#8220;&#8217;Tis nothin&#8217; else, simlin-head.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Marse Dave Henry,&#8221; the negro
+yelled, &#8220;run here an&#8217; look at dish yer
+ginnywine coffee! Dey&#8217;s nuff coffee
+dar fer ter make mistiss happy de
+balance er her days. Some done spill
+out!&#8221; he exclaimed. &#8220;Boss, kin I have
+dem what&#8217;s on de groun&#8217;?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Take &#8217;em,&#8221; said O&#8217;Halloran, &#8220;an&#8217;
+much good may they do you.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;One, two, th&#8217;ee, fo&#8217;, fi&#8217;, sick, sev&#8217;n.&#8221;
+The negro counted the grains as he
+picked them up. &#8220;O Marse Dave
+Henry, run here an&#8217; look! I got sev&#8217;n
+grains er ginnywine coffee. I&#8217;m gwine
+take um ter mistiss.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The Irishman regarded the negro
+with curiosity. Then taking the dead
+branch of a tree he drew a line several
+yards in length between himself and
+Kilpatrick.</p>
+<p>&#8220;D&#8217;ye see that line there?&#8221; he said
+to the negro.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Dat ar mark? Oh, yasser, I sees
+de mark.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Very well. On that side of the line
+you are in slavery&mdash;on this side the line
+you are free.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Who? Me?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Who else but you?&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:323px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_86' id='linki_86'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus122.png' alt='' title='' width='323' height='570' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_81' name='page_81'></a>81</span></div>
+<p>&#8220;I&nbsp;been&nbsp;hear talk er freedom, but I
+ain&#8217;t seed &#8217;er yit, an&#8217; I dunner how she
+feel.&#8221; The negro scratched his head
+and grinned expectantly.</p>
+<p>&#8220;&#8217;Tis as I tell you,&#8221; said the Irishman.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I b&#8217;lieve I&#8217;ll step &#8217;cross an&#8217; see how
+she feel.&#8221; The negro stepped over the
+line, and walked up and down as if
+to test the matter physically. &#8220;&#8217;Tain&#8217;t
+needer no hotter ner no colder on dis
+side dan what &#8217;tis on dat,&#8221; he remarked.
+Then he cried out to his young master:
+&#8220;Look at me, Marse Dave Henry;
+I&#8217;m free now.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;All right.&#8221; The young man waved
+his hand without taking his eyes from
+the letter he was reading.</p>
+<p>&#8220;He take it mos&#8217; too easy fer ter
+suit me,&#8221; said the negro. Then he
+called out to his young master again:
+&#8220;O Marse Dave Henry! Don&#8217;t you
+tell mistiss dat I been free, kase she&#8217;ll
+take a bresh-broom an&#8217; run me off&#8217;n de
+place when I go back home.&#8221;</p>
+<h3>V. <br /><br />THE CURTAIN FALLS.</h3>
+<p>Squire Fambrough insisted that his
+son should go to the house and look it
+over for the sake of old times, and
+young Clopton went along to keep
+Miss Julia company. O&#8217;Halloran, Kilpatrick,
+and the negro stayed where
+they were&mdash;the white men smoking
+their pipes, and the negro chewing the
+first &#8220;mannyfac&#8221; tobacco he had seen
+in many a day.</p>
+<p>The others were not gone long. As
+they came back, a courier was seen riding
+through the woods at break-neck
+speed, going from the Union lines to
+those of the Confederates, and carrying
+a white flag. Kilpatrick hailed
+him, and he drew rein long enough to
+cry out, as he waved his flag:</p>
+<p>&#8220;Lee has surrendered!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I was looking out for it,&#8221; said Kilpatrick,
+&#8220;but dang me if I hadn&#8217;t
+ruther somebody had a-shot me right
+spang in the gizzard.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Lieutenant Clopton took out his
+pocket-knife and began to whittle a
+stick. John Fambrough turned away,
+and his sister leaned her hands on his
+shoulder and began to weep. Squire
+Fambrough rubbed his chin thoughtfully
+and sighed.</p>
+<p>&#8220;It had to be, father,&#8221; the captain
+said. &#8220;It&#8217;s a piece of news that brings
+peace to the land.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, yes, but it leaves us flat. No
+money, and nothing to make a crop
+with.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I have Government bonds that
+will be worth a hundred thousand dollars.
+The interest will keep us comfortably.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;For my part,&#8221; said Clopton, &#8220;I
+have nothing but this free nigger.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;You b&#8217;lieve de half er dat,&#8221; spoke
+up the free nigger. &#8220;Mistiss been
+savin&#8217; her cotton craps, an&#8217; ef she got
+one bale she got two hundred.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The captain figured a moment.
+&#8220;They will bring more than a hundred
+thousand dollars.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I have me two arrums,&#8221; said O&#8217;Halloran.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I&#8217;ve got a mighty fine pack of fox-hounds,&#8221;
+remarked Kilpatrick with real
+pride.</p>
+<p>There was a pause in the conversation.
+In the distance could be heard
+the shouting of the Union soldiers and
+the band with its &#8220;Yankee Doodle,
+howd&#8217;y-do?&#8221; Suddenly Clopton turned
+to Captain Fambrough:</p>
+<p>&#8220;I want to ask you how many troops
+have you got over there&mdash;fighting
+men?&#8221;</p>
+<p>The captain laughed. Then he put
+his hand to his mouth and said in a
+stage whisper:</p>
+<p>&#8220;Five companies.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, dang my hide!&#8221; exclaimed
+Kilpatrick.</p>
+<p>&#8220;What is your fighting force?&#8221; Captain
+Fambrough asked.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Four companies,&#8221; said Clopton.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Think o&#8217; that, sir!&#8221; cried the Irishman;
+&#8220;an&#8217; me out there defendin&#8217; meself
+ag&#8217;in a whole army.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;More than that,&#8221; said Clopton,
+&#8220;our colonel is a Connecticut man.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Shake!&#8221; the captain exclaimed.
+&#8220;My colonel is a Virginian.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Lord &#8217;a&#8217; mercy! Lord &#8217;a&#8217; mercy!&#8221;
+It was Squire Fambrough who spoke.
+&#8220;I&#8217;m a-goin&#8217; off some&#8217;rs an&#8217; ontangle
+the tangle we&#8217;ve got into.&#8221;</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_82' name='page_82'></a>82</span></div>
+<p>Soon the small company separated.
+The Squire went a short distance
+towards the Union army with his new-found
+son, who was now willing to call
+himself George Somerville Fambrough.
+Kilpatrick and the negro went trudging
+back to the Confederate camp, while
+Clopton lingered awhile, saying something
+of great importance to the fair
+Julia and himself.</p>
+<p>His remarks and her replies were
+those which precede and follow both
+comedy and tragedy. The thunders of
+war cannot drown them, nor can the
+sunshine of peace render them commonplace.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_87' id='linki_87'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus125.png' alt='' title='' width='644' height='363' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<a name='THE_ROSE_IS_SUCH_A_LADY_BY_GERTRUDE_HALL' id='THE_ROSE_IS_SUCH_A_LADY_BY_GERTRUDE_HALL'></a>
+<h2>THE ROSE IS SUCH A LADY.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Gertrude Hall.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>The rose is such a lady&mdash;</p>
+<p class='indent2'>So stately, fresh, and sweet;</p>
+<p>It joys to hold her image</p>
+<p class='indent2'>The rain pool at her feet.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>They look such common lasses,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Those red pinks in a line;</p>
+<p>The rose is such a lady&mdash;</p>
+<p class='indent2'>So dignified and fine.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>The winds would wish to kiss her,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>And yet they scarcely dare;</p>
+<p>The rose is such a lady&mdash;</p>
+<p class='indent2'>So courteous, pure, and fair.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>Here&#8217;s one come from a garden</p>
+<p class='indent2'>To die within this book&mdash;</p>
+<p>See, in the faded features</p>
+<p class='indent2'>The old lady-like look!</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_83' name='page_83'></a>83</span>
+<a name='THE_COUNT_DE_LESSEPS_OF_TODAY_BY_R_H_SHERARD' id='THE_COUNT_DE_LESSEPS_OF_TODAY_BY_R_H_SHERARD'></a>
+<h2>THE COUNT DE LESSEPS OF TO-DAY.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By R. H. Sherard.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>Seated in an arm-chair, now feebly
+turning over the leaves of his &#8220;Souvenirs
+of Forty Years,&#8221; now letting his
+dimmed eyes wander listlessly over the
+broad expanse of fields and woodlands
+outside the windows, Ferdinand de
+Lesseps, the great Frenchman, drags
+out the agony of his old age.</p>
+<p>The visitor to him in his retreat
+arrives at La Chesnaye to some extent
+attuned to melancholy, for the long
+diligence ride from the nearest railway
+station, twenty-four kilometres away,
+is across a most desolate country.
+This part of the ancient duchy of Berry
+is one of the districts in France which
+has most suffered by the ruin of the
+vine-culture; the lands seem deserted
+and abandoned; the roads are neglected,
+and little life is seen anywhere till the
+sleepy burgh of Vatan is reached. From
+Vatan, which is a market-town on the
+old and now disused high-road
+from Paris to Toulouse,
+to the chateau of La Chesnaye,
+there are four more
+kilometres of road across an
+equally desolate country to
+be taken. The buildings of
+the home farm
+are the first human
+habitations
+that one sees all
+the long way. An
+oppressive sense
+of desolation imposes
+itself on
+even the casual
+wayfarer, and prepares
+for the sorrowful
+sight that awaits him who
+goes to La Chesnaye to salute the
+fallen greatness of the old man who
+but two years ago was the greatest
+Frenchman in France.</p>
+<p>The chateau of La Chesnaye, a
+modest country-house of irregular
+shape and flanked at the angles with
+towers, has been in the possession of
+M. de Lesseps for fifty years. Except
+for a large modern wing, it stands just
+as Agnes Sorel, its first occupant, left it.
+In her days it had served as a hunting-box
+for her royal patron and the Berry
+squires, and at present is still surrounded
+with fields scantily timbered.
+There is no well-kept lawn, but the
+fields of grass are full of violets, and
+there is a trim look about the stables.
+On a bright day the white of the stone,
+contrasted with the green of the grass,
+gives a cheerful look to the scene, but
+it is indescribably mournful of aspect
+in the days of rain and snow and wind.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:578px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_88' id='linki_88'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus126.png' alt='' title='' width='578' height='557' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>About&nbsp;half a mile on the road before
+the chateau is in sight, an avenue of
+trees is reached. &#8220;Those trees were
+planted by M. de Lesseps himself, forty
+years ago, and every time that he passes
+this way he relates the fact.&#8221;</p>
+<p>So spoke to me the English governess
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_84' name='page_84'></a>84</span>
+of the De Lesseps children, whom
+Madame de Lesseps had despatched to
+meet me with the pony-carriage at
+Vatan.</p>
+<p>&#8220;The countess is terribly busy to-day
+with her papers, for she is expecting
+a barrister from Paris, who is to
+receive some instructions in view of
+the new trial; but she will manage to
+give you an hour, and wants you to
+drive to church with her, so that you
+can talk on the way.&#8221; As we entered
+the courtyard the countess&#8217;s carriage
+was in waiting at the front entrance.
+It was the landau of the days of triumphant
+drives in the Champs Élysées,
+and the horses were the same pair which
+excited the admiration and envy of the
+connoisseurs of the Avenue des Acacias,
+&#8220;Juliette&#8221; and &#8220;Panama,&#8221; which latter
+is now never called by that name. It is
+talked about as &#8220;the other,&#8221; for the
+ill-fated word, Panama, is never even
+whispered, lest any echo of it should
+reach the ears of him to whom this
+word has meant ruin and disgrace and
+a broken heart. I waited for the countess
+at the bottom of the spiral stair-case,
+and presently saw a lady descending,
+who greeted me in a familiar voice,
+but whom I failed to recognize. &#8220;But,
+yes,&#8221; she said, holding out her hand,
+&#8220;I am Madame de Lesseps. I have
+changed, have I not?&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_89' id='linki_89'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus127.png' alt='' title='' width='641' height='367' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE CHATEAU DE LA CHESNAYE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>When I last met Madame de Lesseps
+in Paris, though at that time the
+shadow of the present was already
+upon her, she was in the full of her
+matronly beauty, large, ample, and
+flourishing. It was a wasted woman
+who addressed me, pinched and thin.
+&#8220;If I were to remove my veil,&#8221; she
+added, &#8220;you would see an even greater
+change.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;It is a sad moment that you have
+chosen to visit us, and you find us in
+terrible circumstances,&#8221; she said as we
+drove away. Then turning to the lady
+who accompanied her, she remarked,
+&#8220;This is the first time I have been out
+for three weeks, and I ought not to
+have gone out to-day, except for the
+fact that I can&#8217;t miss going to church
+again. It is the only comfort I have
+left to me. All my days and most
+of my nights, when not attending on
+my husband, are taken up answering
+letters and telegrams which keep pouring
+in upon me from all parts of the
+world. And then I am in constant
+correspondence with the lawyers in
+Paris as to the prosecution of my son
+for corruption, and the revision of the
+last judgment of the Court of Appeal.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The church which is attended by the
+La Chesnaye party is situated in a village
+about
+three miles
+off, which
+is called
+Guilly,
+&#8220;the mistletoe
+hamlet,&#8221;
+as all
+the trees
+around are
+covered
+with this
+parasite.
+We were
+passing a
+fine old oak
+tree, the
+upper part
+of which
+was loaded
+with mistletoe, when the lady who was
+with us laughed scornfully, and, pointing,
+said: &#8220;One would say Herz, Arton,
+and the rest,&#8221; referring to the
+Panama parasites. &#8220;Would you believe
+me,&#8221; said Madame de Lesseps,
+&#8220;that until these recent revelations I
+had never even heard the names of
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_85' name='page_85'></a>85</span>
+either Arton or Herz or the Baron de
+Reinach?&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:484px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_90' id='linki_90'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus128.png' alt='' title='' width='484' height='700' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+COUNT DE LESSEPS IN 1869.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>Outside&nbsp;the church was standing a
+<i>char-à-banc</i> drawn by two horses, and
+it was in this that, after service, I returned
+to La Chesnaye with the children
+and the governesses. It was
+interesting to see how devoted the
+people of Guilly seem to
+be to the De Lesseps family,
+and how the men and
+women bowed and courtesied
+as the countess came
+out of church. Here, as at
+Vatan and in all the district,
+the love and respect
+for &#8220;Monsieur le Comte&#8221;
+have been increased rather
+than diminished by the
+persecutions to which he
+has been subjected. It
+was on the great fair-day
+at Vatan that the news
+of his condemnation was
+made public, and at once
+the villagers, in sign of
+mourning, stopped the
+public ball which is a <i>fête</i>
+to which the young people
+of the district look forward
+for months beforehand.
+Sturdy Berrichon
+lads have been seen to
+flourish their sticks and
+heard to say that the Parisians
+had better keep their
+hands off &#8220;Monsieur le
+Comte.&#8221; Nor is it surprising
+that in his own country
+M. de Lesseps should be
+loved and venerated. Always
+delighting in acts of
+kindness, his generosity
+towards his poor neighbors
+throughout the district has been
+constant and large-handed. Never a
+marriage takes place in any of the
+surrounding villages but that a handsome
+present from La Chesnaye is
+thrown into the bride&#8217;s <i>corbeille</i>. The
+children are dressed for confirmation
+at the expense of the chateau; layettes
+are found for poor mothers, and no
+case of distress is allowed to pass unrelieved.
+Since the heavy losses which
+the Panama failure has entailed on the
+family, no change nor diminution in
+these liberalities has been made. But
+perhaps what the people in the district
+like the best in the La Chesnaye folk
+is their extreme simplicity. Chateau
+folk are not generally very popular in
+France, and certainly not in republican
+circumscriptions, because republican
+electors of the peasant class have inherited
+prejudices about them; and if
+the De Lesseps family is so very popular,
+it is because of the extreme simplicity
+of their manners and of the way
+in which they live the lives of the
+people around them. For instance, not
+the children alone, but even the elegant
+Madame de Lesseps herself, are dressed
+in clothes purchased and made in Vatan.
+Nothing is got from Paris, and
+the Vatan people are highly pleased
+with the unusual compliment thus paid
+to them. By the church at Guilly is
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_86' name='page_86'></a>86</span>
+an orphanage, which was founded by
+the De Lesseps, and is entirely kept
+up at their expense. It is a rule with
+Madame de Lesseps to pay a visit to
+this orphanage each Sunday after mass,
+and, accordingly, as she left church she
+asked me to return home with the
+children. Of these there are now seven
+at home; Matthew, who has just returned
+on sick leave from the Soudan,
+being in Paris near his stepbrother
+Charles. Ismail is serving in the army
+as a soldier in a regiment of <i>chasseurs</i>
+at St. Germain; and the eldest daughter,
+the Comtesse de Gontaut-Biron,
+is in Nice, whither she has been sent
+by her doctors. Lolo, aged eighteen,
+is the eldest girl at home; and Paul, a
+handsome lad of twelve, with long
+ringlets down his back, is the eldest
+boy. The youngest children are mere
+babies. There is Zi-Zi, a tiny little
+boy, with fair curls and dark eyes; and
+Griselle, a charming little mite, who
+on that Sunday was dressed in a Kate
+Greenaway bonnet and gown, and
+looked sweetly pretty. The <i>char-à-banc</i>,
+spacious as it was, was quite filled.
+Besides all the children from Lolo
+down to Zi-Zi, there were the English
+and German governesses, Paul and
+Robert&#8217;s tutor, the niece of Madame
+de Lesseps who for many years past
+has lived with the family, and an intimate
+friend, Mademoiselle Mimaut.</p>
+<p>It was a merry party, and yet whenever
+the name of the poor old father
+at home was mentioned, silence came
+over the prattle of the children. &#8220;They
+all feel it deeply,&#8221; said Madame de Lesseps
+to me later on, &#8220;though their youth
+often gets the better of their feelings.
+And what grieves them all most is, to
+know that their brother Charles, whom
+they all love and respect like a second
+father, is in prison, whilst they can run
+about. Zi-Zi and Griselle write to him
+every day at Mazas or the Conciergerie,
+and send him violets, and little stories
+which they compose for his amusement,
+spending long hours inking their fingers
+over their paper.&#8221;</p>
+<p>About half-way home the carriage
+passed the rural postman trudging along
+on his daily thirty-mile round. The children
+would have the carriage stopped,
+and, though it was quite full, place
+was made for him. Father Pierre
+seemed quite a favorite with the children,
+for is it not he, as little Griselle
+said, who brings letters from brother
+Charles? Charles, it seems, writes every
+day, and his letters, to judge by what
+every member of the family told me,
+are admirable in their manly unselfishness.
+There is never a word of complaint
+about the wretchedness of his
+position; his only anxiety is about his
+father, and he is ready to undergo
+everything so that the old man may
+be spared a moment&#8217;s pain. Ruined,
+disgraced, though not dishonored, having
+to face a long period of imprisonment,
+which at his age and in his physical
+condition may kill him, he affects
+in his letters the greatest cheerfulness.
+Nor is his heroic unselfishness without
+its reward. He is the idol of everybody
+at La Chesnaye and for miles
+around. Only one complaint has escaped
+him since his confinement, and that was
+when, during his hurried visit, under
+guard, to his father, he went with the
+children for a favorite walk to a neighboring
+wood. Here, as he was walking
+along the avenue which runs
+through some magnificent timber, he
+looked around at the detectives behind
+him, and said with a sigh: &#8220;And to-morrow
+I shall be again within four
+gray walls.&#8221; But immediately he
+added, that if he could only be allowed
+to come and pass an afternoon in the
+wood with his brothers and sisters every
+month, he would not mind his confinement
+in the least, and could resign himself
+to the prospect of imprisonment for
+the rest of his days. Yet he is past
+fifty-three, and his health has suffered
+terribly from what he has undergone.</p>
+<p>The half hour before lunch was spent
+by the children in showing their pets.
+A prime favorite with them just now
+is a little Newfoundland puppy, which
+has quite dethroned in their affections
+an old shepherd dog, who, as Zi-Zi relates,
+&#8220;came one day and liked us so
+much that she has never left us.&#8221; Another
+pet of whom a great deal is made
+is an African monkey which Matthew
+brought home from the Soudan. It is
+called Bou-Bou, and when it is scolded
+it hides its face in its hands. It is quite
+tame, and runs about without a chain.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_87' name='page_87'></a>87</span></div>
+<p>Just before lunch the
+children set about picking
+violets, each a
+bunch. This they do
+every day. One is for
+Charles at Mazas, another for Madame
+de Lesseps, but the sweetest is for the
+old father to wear in his buttonhole at
+lunch, which is the only meal he takes
+with the family. The child whose
+bouquet is worn by the father is the
+proudest child in Berry that day.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:607px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_91' id='linki_91'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus131.png' alt='' title='' width='607' height='677' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>I&nbsp;could&nbsp;not refrain from a movement
+of the most painful surprise when, after
+a few moments spent in the drawing-room,
+I was invited by Madame de Lesseps
+into the room where her husband
+sat. I have known M. de Lesseps for
+many years, and though the last time
+that I saw him he was already under
+the influence of the sorrow of defeat&mdash;it
+was just after he had been called
+before a magistrate, for examination&mdash;my
+recollection of him had always
+been as of a man full of the most surprising
+vitality and high spirits, keen,
+bright, energetic, defying the wear of
+time, a man of eternal youth in spite
+of his white hairs. I remembered him
+last, erect, with clear voice and flashing
+eyes, and now I saw him huddled
+together in a chair, a wrap about his
+knees, nodding his head as under sleep,
+pale, inert, and with all the life gone out
+of his eyes. Behind him stood a large
+screen tapestried with red stuff, against
+which the waxen whiteness of his face
+and hands
+stood out in
+strong relief.
+How old he
+looked, whom
+age had seemed
+to spare so
+long! For the
+most part the
+head drooped
+forward on his
+chest, but now
+and then he
+raised it listlessly
+and let
+his eyes wander
+round the
+room, or across
+the panes on
+to the fields beyond.
+There
+was rarely recognition
+in his
+glance; mostly
+a look of unalterable
+sadness&mdash;of
+wonder, it
+may be, at the
+terrible hazards
+of life.
+Yet, when now
+and then one
+of the children, who were crowding
+about his chair, pressed his hand or
+kissed his cheek or said some words of
+endearment to him, the smile which
+was one of his characteristics came
+over his face, and for a brief moment he
+seemed himself again. Himself again&mdash;that
+is to say, in the goodness and
+great-heartedness which more than all
+he has ever done for France merited
+for him the name of the great Frenchman.
+For greatness of heart has always
+been the keynote of the character of
+Ferdinand de Lesseps. It was the
+secret of the indescribable seduction
+which he exercised over everyone who
+came near him, from emperor to laborer.
+It was to this quality of his that
+M. Renan, albeit a sceptic himself, rendered
+such signal homage in the speech
+in which he welcomed M. de Lesseps
+to the French Academy on the day of
+his admittance.</p>
+<p>&#8220;You were good to all who came,&#8221;
+said M. Renan; &#8220;you made them feel
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_88' name='page_88'></a>88</span>
+that their past would be effaced and
+that a new life lay before them. In
+exchange you only asked them to share
+your enthusiasm in the work which
+you had devoted to the interest of
+France. You held that most people
+can amend if only one will forget their
+past. One day a whole gang of convicts
+arrived at Panama and took work
+at the canal. The Austrian consul demanded
+that they should be handed
+over to him; but you delayed giving
+satisfaction to his request, and at the
+end of some weeks the Austrian consulate
+was fully occupied in remitting
+home to Austria, to their families, or, it
+may be, to their victims, the moneys
+which these outcasts whom you had
+transformed into honest workmen
+were earning with the work of their
+hands. You have declared your faith
+in humanity. You have convinced
+yourself and tried to convince others
+that men are loyal and good if only
+they have the wherewithal to live. It
+is your opinion that it is only hunger
+that makes men bad. &#8216;Never,&#8217; said
+you in one of your lectures, &#8216;have I
+had cause for complaint against any
+of the workmen, although I have employed
+outcasts, pariahs, and convicts.
+Work has redeemed even the most dishonest.
+I have never been robbed, not
+even of a handkerchief. It is a fact
+which I have proved, that men can be
+brought to do anything by showing
+them kindness and by persuading them
+that they are working in a cause of
+universal interest.&#8217; Thus you have
+made green again what seemed withered
+for ever and aye. You have given,
+in a century of unbelief, a startling
+proof of the efficacy of faith.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:307px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_92' id='linki_92'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus132.jpg' alt='' title='' width='307' height='346' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+MADAME DE LESSEPS IN 1880.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>A&nbsp;thousand instances of this kindness
+of heart might be cited to show
+that M. de Lesseps ever remained a
+chivalrous gentleman in the best sense
+of the word. A trifling experience of
+my own may suffice. A few days after
+my first visit to him, at the office of the
+Suez Canal, I was dining at a house in
+the Cours-la-Reine. It was my first
+visit to that house, a fact which somewhat
+contributed to my embarrassment
+in what was one of my first experiences
+in Parisian society. Amongst
+the guests was the editor of one of the
+principal French papers, and being anxious
+to make his acquaintance, I asked
+our host to introduce me to my <i>confrère</i>.
+The editor in question had no
+courtesies to waste upon an insignificant
+foreigner, and acknowledged my
+bow with a reverence of exaggerated
+profundity, bowing almost to the earth,
+and then swinging round on his heel to
+continue a conversation with another
+journalist, which had been interrupted
+by the introduction. I was left standing
+in the middle of the room, with my
+eyes on the editor&#8217;s back, suffused
+with shame and mortification. M. de
+Lesseps saw the slight thus inflicted
+on a young man, and from kindness of
+heart immediately did what he could to
+efface it. From his place at the fire,
+where he had been standing surrounded
+by the usual crowd of courtiers, he had
+noticed the incident, and I saw him
+making his way across the drawing-room
+towards me, exclaiming to those
+around him: &#8220;Oh, there is a young
+man with whom I must have a few
+words!&#8221; He then took me by the
+hand, drew me aside, and remained
+conversing with me until dinner was
+announced.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:361px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_93' id='linki_93'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_89' name='page_89'></a>89</span>
+<img src='images/illus134.jpg' alt='' title='' width='361' height='411' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+COUNT DE LESSEPS IN 1880.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>In&nbsp;view of the awful change that,
+within so short a time, has been made
+in this gentleman, I cannot but think
+that it must be attributed to the shock
+produced in a very old man by an experience
+which shows him that he has
+been mistaken all his life long. It is
+terrible to wake up at eighty-five and
+find that things are not what one
+has believed during his past life, and
+that the men whom one has loved and
+respected are unworthy. I believe
+that what has struck Ferdinand de
+Lesseps down in his chair, in full vitality,
+is an immense disappointment, not
+at the failure of his hopes, for he has
+always been indifferent to money, and
+has never had the wish to leave his
+children large fortunes, but at the
+falseness of a creed which was optimistic
+to the point of blindness. I believe
+that Ferdinand de Lesseps is
+dying of a broken heart, broken by the
+immense ingratitude of men. And if
+the loss of all the money that has
+been sunk in the Panama mud and the
+pockets of the intrigants of the Third
+Republic adds to his sorrow, it is certainly
+not for himself nor his family,
+but for all those who are suffering because
+they shared his belief in his star,
+and who blindly followed him to ruin.
+He knew that they were of the humble,
+and often told me so. &#8220;Panama will
+be carried out with the savings in
+woollen stockings of the peasant and
+of the workman,&#8221; he used to say. He
+has never been self-seeking. He presented
+France with a concession, that
+of the Suez Canal, estimated at one
+hundred millions of francs, and with
+lands worth another thirty millions,
+and fought heroically for years to
+render to his gift its greatest value.
+In the words of M. Renan, the courage,
+the energy, the resources of all
+sorts expended by M. de Lesseps in
+this struggle were nothing short of
+prodigious. In exchange he took for
+himself enough to enable him to lead
+the life of a gentleman and to do good
+around him. Each of his children he
+endowed with not more than seventy
+thousand francs, the revenues from
+which, together with his wife&#8217;s private
+fortune, are now all that remain to
+the family. I firmly believe that all
+his life he acted only from feelings of
+philanthropy and from patriotism of
+the most chivalrous type. He never
+had any desire to leave a large fortune,
+and I can remember his saying to me,
+very emphatically, that his children
+must do as he had done; and that they
+would do so if they were worthy of his
+name; and that he never wished to leave
+them large fortunes, but an honorable
+name, a love for their country equal to
+his, and an example which he hoped
+they would follow. &#8220;Let them work
+as I have done,&#8221; said this most tender
+of fathers.</p>
+<p>It seems that not even this heritage
+of an honored name is, if the persecutors
+of the old man can have their way,
+to be left to his family. Since he has
+been down the number of his adversaries
+has of course increased tenfold.
+Even those who owe him all&mdash;many
+officials at the Suez Canal Company,
+for instance, who owe their positions
+and fortunes to his genius&mdash;seem glad
+to revenge themselves for their obligation.
+De Lesseps has done too much
+good to men not to be hated, and it is
+to be regretted that poor De Maupassant
+cannot wield his pen in analysis
+of the motives which are actuating his
+former dependents in their endeavors
+to renounce all solidarity with the
+dying octogenarian of La Chesnaye.
+I visited the offices of the Suez Canal
+Company a few days ago, and, prepared
+as one is for human ingratitude, it was
+distressing in the extreme to see how
+poor a thing to charm with was the
+name at the sound of which, as I can
+well remember, all the flunkeys of the
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_90' name='page_90'></a>90</span>
+place in livery or black frock coat
+doubled up in the days that are past.
+The lion is down, and every ass of
+Paris has a heel to kick him with.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:432px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_94' id='linki_94'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus136.jpg' alt='' title='' width='432' height='587' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+COUNT DE LESSEPS IN 1892.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>On&nbsp;the&nbsp;other hand, the adversities of
+the De Lesseps family have revealed to
+them the immense number of friends
+which they possess in all parts of the
+world. Letters and telegrams keep
+pouring in from all sides to La Chesnaye,
+and all the available pens are
+kept busy most of the day and night
+in answering
+the kindest expressions
+of
+sympathy,
+many from utter
+strangers.
+&#8220;This is the
+only thing
+that gives me
+courage to
+bear it all,&#8221;
+said Madame
+de Lesseps.
+Helene told
+me, with some
+amusement,
+that a Spanish
+banker had
+the day before
+written to
+Madame de
+Lesseps to offer
+her a present
+of a million,
+and that
+there had been
+many similar
+offers of pecuniary
+assistance
+from
+people who
+believed the family to be totally ruined.
+When Charles was down at La Chesnaye,
+and was walking in the woods
+with his escort behind him, a serious
+offer was made to him by friends who
+had gathered around him, to effect his
+rescue if he would but give the word.
+As for tokens of sympathy from all the
+country around, they are unending.
+The farmer at the home-farm, which
+was built by M. de Lesseps, and which
+has been in the occupation of the
+present tenants from the beginning,
+was at dinner when the paper containing
+the news of Charles&#8217;s conviction
+and sentence reached him. &#8220;He turned
+quite white,&#8221; said his wife to me, &#8220;and
+rushed out of the house and went
+roaming about the woods like a demented
+man until late at night. And
+I have cried every time I have thought
+of M. Charles, whom I knew when he
+was a baby not higher than my knee.&#8221;
+But perhaps the most devoted friend
+that remains to the family is M. de
+Lesseps&#8217;s valet, who since his master&#8217;s
+fall has never
+left him for
+more than ten
+minutes together,
+sleeping
+on a mattress
+in his
+bedroom, and
+waiting on
+him patiently
+all day and all
+night. &#8220;Don&#8217;t
+let anyone, I
+don&#8217;t care who
+it may be,&#8221; he
+says, clenching
+his fist,
+&#8220;come near
+my master. I
+will be killed
+before any
+offence shall
+be put upon
+him.&#8221; And
+though one is
+rather sceptical
+as to
+such professions,
+I fully
+believe that in
+this case they
+are sincere. It was touching to note
+with what reverence, when lunch was
+served, this valet approached his master,
+and, mindful of old formalities of
+respect, bowed and said that Monsieur
+the Count was served; to note with what
+womanly gentleness this strong man
+lifted his feeble master up and guided
+his tottering steps into the adjoining
+dining-room.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:641px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_95' id='linki_95'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_91' name='page_91'></a>91</span>
+<img src='images/illus137.png' alt='' title='' width='641' height='615' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>What&nbsp;a&nbsp;beautiful family it was, to be
+sure, that gathered round that table!
+Paul with his girlish ringlets, Robert
+also in curls. Helene, who sat next to
+her father, with her jet-black hair loose
+down her back, and her bright eyes
+contrasting with the ivory pallor of her
+face, worn out as the poor child is with
+care and sorrow and hard work as her
+mother&#8217;s penwoman. Then there was
+Lolo, a young lady of eighteen, roughly
+dressed, but of great elegance, who
+looked even sadder than the rest, but
+who tried to be bright and gay; and
+on the other side of her, Solange, who
+though she is quite a woman in appearance,
+hates to be considered so, and
+wants to be treated as a child, and
+refuses to wear long dresses, and loves
+to climb trees in the park and to give
+picnics to her little brothers and sisters
+in a mud hovel which she has constructed
+in the garden. Then there is
+Zi-Zi and Griselle&mdash;more than twenty
+in all around the long oval table. Every
+now and then one of the children rises
+from its seat, and runs up to the old
+father and kisses him on the cheek, or
+presses his hand; and I think all envied
+Helene who sat next to him and could
+caress him when she liked. I was
+seated just
+opposite
+the old
+man, and I
+am afraid
+my presence
+disturbed
+him; for he
+seemed to
+listen to
+what I said,
+and to wonder
+who I
+was, and
+what I
+might
+want. I
+shall never
+forget the
+sight of
+him as he
+faced me,
+sunk down
+in his chair,
+with one
+trembling
+hand holding
+his napkin
+to his
+breast, and feebly with the other guiding
+the morsels to his mouth. He
+seemed to eat with some appetite,
+though under persistent drowsiness,
+which was only shaken off for a moment
+when his wife, who came in
+late, took her seat at the table. Then
+his head was lifted, and a bright
+look came into his eyes, as if of
+salute to the comrade of his life.
+Whatever Madame de Lesseps may have
+suffered, I am sure that she feels herself
+repaid each time that those eyes
+are so lifted to hers. The <i>dejeuner</i>
+was a simple though ample one, the
+<i>menu</i> being in keeping with the manner
+of life at Chesnaye, which is that
+of comfort without ostentation. The
+wine is grown by Madame de Lesseps
+herself, on vineyards of her own planting,
+and is that &#8220;gray wine&#8221; which is
+so much appreciated by connoisseurs.
+It has a beautiful color in a cut-glass
+decanter. The conversation was a
+halting one. Each tried to be gay,
+each tried to forget the deep shadow
+that lay over that family gathering.
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_92' name='page_92'></a>92</span>
+When the old man&#8217;s eyes wandered
+around the table as if in quest of some
+one whom he desired but who was not
+there, a silence imposed itself on all,
+for all knew whom he was seeking, and
+where that dear one was.</p>
+<p>In his buttonhole was Helene&#8217;s bouquet
+of violets, underneath which
+peeped out the rosette of the grand
+officer of the Legion of Honor, alas,
+in jeopardy!</p>
+<p>We took coffee in the drawing-room.
+It was served on a table which stood
+underneath a fine portrait of Agnes
+Sorel, once the mistress of the house.
+Facing us were two pictures of the
+inauguration of the Suez Canal. The
+furniture was covered with tapestries
+mostly from the needle of the countess.</p>
+<p>It was here that Madame de Lesseps
+told me of the old man&#8217;s present life.
+&#8220;He has the fixed idea that the Queen
+of England will come and make all
+things right. He often rises in his
+chair and asks if Queen Victoria has
+arrived, and when any visitor comes he
+thinks that it is she at last.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Then blanching the countess added,
+&#8220;You think, sir, do you not, that he is
+in ignorance of what has happened?
+You do not think that he has any suspicion?
+Sometimes the dreadful thought
+troubles me that he knows all, and that,
+great-hearted gentleman that he is, he
+lends himself to this most tragic comedy
+that we are playing. I sometimes
+doubt. Would not that be terrible?
+And again there are times when I am
+convinced that our efforts to hide all
+that is, are successful. We give him last
+year&#8217;s papers to read. I have had collections
+sent down. Formerly we used
+to cut out or erase parts which we did
+not want him to see, but he seemed to
+notice the alterations, and so we ordered
+down papers of a year ago. And it is
+quite pathetic to hear the remarks he
+occasionally makes. Thus a few days
+ago he called me to his side in high
+glee, and said how happy he was to hear
+that his old friend M. Ressman had
+been appointed Italian Ambassador to
+France, an event of more than a year
+ago. There are times, too, when he
+gets very impatient at being kept down
+here, and what he misses chiefly is the
+French Academy. He is constantly
+telling me how anxious he is to attend,
+and I have to invent the sorriest fables
+to explain to him that the Academicians
+are not holding any meetings; as, for
+instance, that they are all old men, and
+that they are taking a long holiday.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The countess sighed and said: &#8220;I
+do what I can, but that terrible doubt
+pursues me often. You see, he did
+know that the Panama affair had resulted
+in ruin. It is since he was
+called before that examining magistrate,
+M. Prinet, that he has been as
+you have seen him. He must suspect
+something. How much, we shall never
+know.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Then she added: &#8220;He is constantly
+asking after Charles. He knows that
+he is in trouble, but we hope that he
+does not suspect what the trouble is.
+Before he was taken as he is, Charles
+had, to his knowledge, become involved
+in that Société des Comptes Courants
+bankruptcy, which ruined him; and
+perhaps his father thinks that his son&#8217;s
+troubles are in connection with that
+affair.&#8221; Then the stepmother broke out
+into impassioned praise of the stepson:
+&#8220;The noblest heart! He will suffer
+all, rather than let the slightest harm
+come to his father. He is a hero, a
+gentleman, a hero, a hero! When he
+was here he told us what he had undergone,
+and said that he was willing to
+undergo ten times as much, so that his
+father be left unmolested.</p>
+<p>&#8220;It is strangers who send us expressions
+of their sympathy. Those whom
+De Lesseps has enriched have forgotten
+him. And yet I am unjust. I have
+had letters from people who risked
+their positions, their daily bread, in
+writing to me as they did. But not a
+single political man has written a word
+to express condolence with the great
+patriot or with his family. They dare
+not. None of my letters are safe.
+Many of my friends have received my
+letters open. Many letters addressed
+to me have gone astray. It is dangerous
+to-day to be the friend of the
+man who gave a fortune to his country.</p>
+<p>&#8220;He sits there all day,&#8221; she continued,
+&#8220;and reads his &#8216;Souvenirs of
+Forty Years,&#8217; the &#8216;Souvenirs&#8217; which he
+has dedicated to his children. And at
+times he is quite his old self again, but
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_93' name='page_93'></a>93</span>
+drowsiness is always coming upon him.
+<i>Mon Dieu!</i> that he may be spared to us
+a little longer!&#8221;</p>
+<p>Helene just then passed through the
+room. &#8220;There is a paper in papa&#8217;s
+room,&#8221; she whispered, &#8220;which I must
+take away. There is the word Panama
+upon it.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Our conversation was with bated
+breath, and the ill-fated word was
+scouted like an unclean thing.</p>
+<p>And whilst we were talking, the
+sunny, curly-headed Paul ran into the
+room and cried out: &#8220;Oh, do come
+and see papa! Bou-Bou has jumped
+onto his shoulder and is picking his
+violets.&#8221;</p>
+<p>We moved towards the door, and this
+was the last that I saw, or may ever see,
+of Ferdinand de Lesseps. Against the
+red background of the twofold screen
+he sat sunken, asleep, in his arm-chair,
+with the two volumes that tell the
+story of his heroism in his lap, and on
+his shoulders perched a grinning Barbary
+ape, pulling at and munching the
+violets which Helene had picked for
+him, and which hid in his buttonhole
+his jeopardized rosette of the Legion
+of Honor. Around him stood his children,
+and it was sad to see, and sadder
+still to think, that, his family excepted,
+what holds this great heart and splendid
+gentleman in dearest affection is
+not the millionaire grown rich on his
+achievements, but a witless, speechless
+thing, that perhaps has feeling what a
+great and generous heart is here.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_96' id='linki_96'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus140.png' alt='' title='' width='628' height='700' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<hr />
+<p class='muchlarger center'><b>McCLURE&#8217;S MAGAZINE</b></p>
+<p class='larger center'><b><span class='smcap'>Is Published Monthly with Illustrations.</span></b></p>
+<p class='larger center'><b><span class='smcap'>Terms, $1.50 a Year; 15 Cents a Copy.</span></b></p>
+<p><b>SOME OF THE CONTRIBUTORS.</b></p>
+<p>The most famous authors in America and England will contribute to
+McCLURE&#8217;S MAGAZINE. A partial list of these authors is as follows:</p>
+<p class='center'><b>R. L. Stevenson,<br />
+Rudyard Kipling,<br />
+A. Conan Doyle,<br />
+Octave Thanet,<br />
+William Dean Howells,<br />
+Bret Harte,<br />
+Clark Russell,<br />
+Joel Chandler Harris,<br />
+Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson,<br />
+F. Marion Crawford,<br />
+Margaret Deland,<br />
+Herbert D. Ward,<br />
+Elizabeth Stuart Phelps,<br />
+Thomas Hardy,<br />
+J. T. Trowbridge,<br />
+Jerome K. Jerome,<br />
+Frances Hodgson Burnett,<br />
+Theodore Roosevelt,<br />
+Joaquin Miller,<br />
+Gilbert Parker,<br />
+John Burroughs,<br />
+Camille Flammarion,<br />
+Lillie Chace Wyman,<br />
+Sarah Orne Jewett,<br />
+Edward Everett Hale,<br />
+Louise Chandler Moulton,<br />
+Hamlin Garland,<br />
+Prof. E. S. Holden,<br />
+Prof. C. A. Young,<br />
+H. H. Boyesen,<br />
+Robert Barr,<br />
+Henry M. Stanley,<br />
+Archibald Forbes,<br />
+Andrew Lang,<br />
+Harriet Prescott Spofford,<br />
+Dr. J. S. Billings,<br />
+W. E. Henley,<br />
+Capt. Charles King.</b></p>
+<p><b>PRICE, 15 CENTS A COPY. SUBSCRIPTION, $1.50 A YEAR.</b></p>
+<p>The price of this magazine marks a radical departure in the history of American
+magazines. This price is possible on account of the connection of the
+magazine with the Newspaper Syndicate established by S. S. McClure.</p>
+<p>Many stories by famous authors, and frequently special articles, will be secured
+for the newspapers and afterwards be republished in the magazine, with new and
+splendid illustrations.</p>
+<p><b>INTERVIEWS WITH FAMOUS PEOPLE.</b></p>
+<p>In addition to contributions by noted authors there will be in every issue of
+the magazine interviews, prepared by well qualified writers, with eminent men and
+women. In this way the story will be told of men distinguished as <b>authors</b>,
+<b>artists</b>, <b>inventors</b>, <b>explorers</b>, <b>scientists</b>, etc. These interviews will be fully
+illustrated, and will have all the value of careful biographical studies set forth in
+great part autobiographically.</p>
+<p class='center'><b>Jules Verne,<br />
+Frances Hodgson Burnett,<br />
+Tissandier, the famous French Balloonist,<br />
+Archdeacon Farrar,<br />
+Thomas A. Edison,<br />
+F. Hopkinson Smith,<br />
+H. H. Boyesen,<br />
+Alphonse Daudet,<br />
+Camille Flammarion,<br />
+Edward Everett Hale,<br />
+Prof. Graham Bell,</b></p>
+<p>and many others, have given material for especially prepared interviews, which
+will appear fully illustrated in the magazine.</p>
+<p><b>THE EDGE OF THE FUTURE</b></p>
+<p>is the title of a series of interviews and articles furnished by Scientists, Inventors,
+Notable Enterprisers, including men who have built up great businesses, railroads,
+manufactories, etc., Statesmen, Soldiers, Explorers, Surgeons and Investigators,
+and which will indicate the lines of future progress. The interviews with Edison
+(electricity), Pasteur (bacteriology), Tissandier (ballooning), illustrate the character
+of this series.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_94' name='page_94'></a>94</span></div>
+<p><b>AN ENTIRELY NEW FORM OF MAGAZINE LITERATURE ARE REAL
+CONVERSATIONS.</b></p>
+<p>It is expected that each issue of the magazine will contain real conversations
+between eminent personalities. The dialogue between William Dean Howells and
+Professor H. H. Boyesen, which appears in this number, indicates the general
+character of these contributions.</p>
+<p><b>HUMAN DOCUMENTS</b></p>
+<p>is the title to a department new in American magazine literature, and will consist
+principally of portraits of distinguished men and women at different periods of
+their lives, showing the gradual development of character in distinguished Soldiers,
+Statesmen, Merchants, Novelists, Actors, Inventors, etc.</p>
+<p><b>FICTION BY FAMOUS AUTHORS.</b></p>
+<p><b>A Group of Notable Short Stories</b> has been secured by the editors of
+<span class='smcap'>McClure&#8217;s Magazine</span>, and two or three will be published in each issue. Stories
+may be expected in early numbers by</p>
+<p class='center'><b>Thomas Hardy,<br />
+Rudyard Kipling,<br />
+Joel Chandler Harris,<br />
+Conan Doyle,<br />
+William Dean Howells,<br />
+Bret Harte,<br />
+Harriet Prescott Spofford,<br />
+Frances Hodgson Burnett,<br />
+R. L. Stevenson,<br />
+Sarah Orne Jewett,<br />
+Octave Thanet,<br />
+Stanley J. Weyman.</b></p>
+<p>These stories will be fully illustrated.</p>
+<p><b>HENRY M. STANLEY</b></p>
+<p>will contribute, especially for younger readers, a story of <b>African Adventure</b>.</p>
+<p><b>NATURAL HISTORY AND ADVENTURE.</b></p>
+<p>There will be several articles written by <b>Raymond Blathwayt</b>, who has
+been called by Mr. W. T. Stead the best interviewer in England, from material
+furnished him by <b>Karl Hagenbeck</b> of Hamburg, the great animal importer and
+trainer. The articles will deal with</p>
+<p class='center'><b>The Capture of Wild Beasts.<br />
+The Transportation of Wild Beasts.<br />
+The Training of Wild Beasts.<br />
+The Adventures and Escapes of Karl Hagenbeck.</b></p>
+<p>These articles contain a wealth of material of the most interesting description.
+The series will be illustrated by an English artist of great skill in drawing animals.</p>
+<p><b>John Burroughs, C. F. Holder, Dr. C. C. Abbott</b> and other writers
+famous for their work in this field will contribute to the magazine.</p>
+<p><b>Of Interest to both Young and Old will be
+PROF. R. L. GARNER&#8217;S AFRICAN EXPEDITION TO THE GORILLAS.</b></p>
+<p>Arrangements have been made, in connection with a leading English review,
+to publish Professor Garner&#8217;s letters descriptive of his present expedition to Africa.
+Professor Garner is noted the world over for the curious and interesting investigations
+he is making in the speech of monkeys. He sailed for Africa last September
+for the purpose of further pursuing his studies in the native haunts of the gorilla.
+He is at present in the heart of the forest. It is expected that the illustrations
+of these articles will be from photographs taken by Professor Garner in Africa.</p>
+<p><b>KNOWLEDGE OF IMMEDIATE VALUE</b></p>
+<p>will afford the subjects of many articles and interviews that will deal with problems
+and questions of universal interest. Among the topics treated under this head will
+be &#8220;<b>How to Obtain a Healthy Old Age</b>.&#8221;</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_95' name='page_95'></a>95</span></div>
+<p><b>NEWEST KNOWLEDGE.</b></p>
+<p><b>Discoveries About to be Made</b>: A popular and comprehensive report
+as gleaned in universities and elsewhere in all departments of knowledge and
+investigation. Plans are maturing for an extensive investigation, by able journalists,
+of the progress in various departments of knowledge and science as found
+in the leading colleges and universities, as well as manufacturing establishments,
+where valuable and original investigations and experiments are undertaken in
+various fields.</p>
+<p>The series will touch upon a variety of subjects. <b>Bacteriology and What
+Is Being Done in Its Investigation</b> will be thoroughly explained after visiting:
+the laboratories of eminent authorities such as <b>Prof. Welch</b> of Johns Hopkins
+University.</p>
+<p>The work done in the most <b>Notable Physical Laboratories</b> will be
+reported upon. In these laboratories the subjects connected with electricity are
+studied and experiments are made that often have far-reaching results.</p>
+<p>Another subject of great interest is the work of <b>Famous Astronomical
+Observatories</b>, explaining &#8220;<b>How Discoveries are Made</b>,&#8221; etc.</p>
+<p>The recently established <b>Psychological Laboratories</b>, where the action
+of the mind is scientifically investigated, will furnish material for a paper of
+novel interest.</p>
+<p>Special articles will be furnished on <b>The Physique of the American
+Student</b>, describing gymnastics, outdoor sports, the effect of training, etc.</p>
+<p>A tour of investigation of this kind cannot fail to bring to light a great deal
+of material that cannot be anticipated.</p>
+<p>The articles secured in this way will supplement the material announced in
+other parts of this prospectus.</p>
+<p><b>TIMELINESS.</b></p>
+<p>In the various fields which this magazine will cultivate, a constant effort will
+be made to secure articles of timely interest. The newest book, the latest important
+political event, the most recent discovery or invention&mdash;in fact, what is newest
+and most important in every department of human activity, will be set forth by
+specially well-qualified writers, in the form of essays, biographical articles, interviews
+or contributions by the men most closely identified with the subjects in hand.</p>
+<p><b>THE PRESENT HOUR</b></p>
+<p>will be the subject of a series of articles, published month by month, dealing with
+men and measures that are making current history. The first one is by M. de
+Blowitz, and appears in this issue.</p>
+<p><b>STRANGER THAN FICTION</b></p>
+<p>is the title of a department which will contain a number of short articles; true
+tales of adventure; striking bits of biography; interesting and curious facts in
+science; stories of travelers and explorers; picturesque short articles gathered
+from every field of human activity and investigation.</p>
+<p><b>IN GENERAL.</b></p>
+<p>The magazine will not only furnish the best literature, but will make a serious
+attempt to report the marvelous activities and developments of modern civilization,
+and especially of the United States.</p>
+<p class='center'><b>TERMS, $1.50 A YEAR; 15 CENTS A COPY.</b><br />
+<br />
+<b><span class='muchlarger'>S. S. McCLURE</span>, <span class='larger'>Limited</span>,<br />
+743 and 745 Broadway, New York City.</b></p>
+
+<!-- generated by ppg.rb version: 3.22k3 -->
+<!-- timestamp: 2011-07-15 16:31:01 -0500 -->
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1,
+June 1893, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, JUNE 1893 ***
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+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg's McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1893, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1893
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 16, 2011 [EBook #36745]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, JUNE 1893 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Katherine Ward, Juliet Sutherland, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+VOL. I    JUNE, 1893    No. 1
+
+  S. S. McCLURE, Limited
+  NEW YORK AND LONDON
+  1893
+
+
+Copyright, 1893, by S. S. McClure, Limited. All rights reserved.
+
+  Press of J. J. Little & Co.
+  Astor Place, New York
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+  A Dialogue between William Dean Howells and Hjalmar Hjorth
+      Boyesen. Recorded By Mr. Boyesen.                              3
+  The Nymph of the Eddy. By Gilbert Parker.                         12
+  Human Documents. An Introduction by Sarah Orne Jewett.            16
+  How They Are Captured, Transported, Trained, and Sold. By
+      Raymond Blathwayt.                                            26
+  Under Sentence of the Law. By Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson.        34
+  Unsolved Problems that Edison Is Studying. By E. J. Edwards.      37
+  From "Locksley Hall". By Alfred, Lord Tennyson.                   43
+  A Day With Gladstone. By H. W. Massingham.                        44
+  Where Man Got His Ears. By Henry Drummond.                        52
+  James Parton's Rules of Biography.                                59
+  Europe at the Present Moment. By Mr. De Blowitz.                  63
+  The Comedy of War. By Joel Chandler Harris.                       69
+  The Rose Is Such a Lady. By Gertrude Hall.                        82
+  The Count de Lesseps of To-day. By R. H. Sherard.                 83
+
+
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+  Professor Boyesen in His Study.                                    4
+  The Birthplace of W. D. Howells at Martins Ferry, Ohio.            5
+  The Giustiniani Palace.                                            6
+  W. D. Howells, After His Return From Venice.                       7
+  W. D. Howells, in Cambridge in 1868.                               8
+  W. D. Howells' Summer Home at Belmont in 1878.                     9
+  The Author of "Annie Kilburn."                                    10
+  General Lew Wallace.                                              19
+  William Dean Howells.                                             20
+  Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen.                                           22
+  Alphonse Daudet.                                                  24
+  Hawarden Castle.                                                  46
+  The Library.                                                      47
+  The Gladstone Family.                                             51
+  "Balanoglossus", and Large Sea Lamprey.                           53
+  Embryos Showing Gill-slits.                                       53
+  Adult Shark.                                                      54
+  Marble Head of Satyr.                                             55
+  Head of Satyr in Group of Marsyas and Apollo.                     55
+  Faun.                                                             55
+  Form of the Ear in Baby Outang.                                   55
+  Horned Sheep and Goat with Cervical Auricles.                     55
+  Ear of Barbary Ape, Chimpanzee, and Man.                          57
+  James Parton in 1852.                                             59
+  James Parton in 1891.                                             62
+  The Chateau de La Chesnaye.                                       84
+  Count de Lesseps in 1869.                                         85
+  Madame de Lesseps in 1880.                                        88
+  Count de Lesseps in 1880.                                         89
+  Count de Lesseps in 1892.                                         90
+
+
+
+
+REAL CONVERSATIONS.--I.
+
+A DIALOGUE BETWEEN WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS AND HJALMAR HJORTH BOYESEN.
+
+RECORDED BY MR. BOYESEN.
+
+
+When I was requested to furnish a dramatic biography of Mr. Howells, I
+was confronted with what seemed an insuperable difficulty. The more I
+thought of William Dean Howells, the less dramatic did he seem to me.
+The only way that occurred to me of introducing a dramatic element
+into our proposed interview was for me to assault him with tongue or
+pen, in the hope that he might take energetic measures to resent my
+intrusion; but as, notwithstanding his unvarying kindness to me, and
+many unforgotten benefits, I cherished only the friendliest feelings
+for him, I could not persuade myself to procure dramatic interest at
+such a price.
+
+My second objection, I am bound to confess, arose from my own sense of
+dignity which rebelled against the _role_ of an interviewer, and it
+was not until my conscience was made easy on this point that I agreed
+to undertake the present article. I was reminded that it was an
+ancient and highly dignified form of literature I was about to revive;
+and that my precedent was to be sought not in the modern newspaper
+interview, but in the Platonic dialogue. By the friction of two
+kindred minds, sparks of thought may flash forth which owe their
+origin solely to the friendly collision. We have a far more vivid
+portrait of Socrates in the beautiful conversational turns of "The
+Symposium" and the first book of "The Republic," than in the purely
+objective account of Xenophon in his "Memorabilia." And Howells,
+though he may not know it, has this trait in common with Socrates,
+that he can portray himself, unconsciously, better than I or anybody
+else could do it for him.
+
+If I needed any further encouragement, I found it in the assurance that
+what I was expected to furnish was to be in the nature of "an exchange
+of confidences between two friends with a view to publication." It
+was understood, of course, that Mr. Howells was to be more confiding
+than myself, and that his reminiscences were to predominate; for an
+author, however unheroic he may appear to his own modesty, is bound
+to be the hero of his biography. What made the subject so alluring to
+me, apart from the personal charm which inheres in the man and all
+that appertains to him, was the consciousness that our friendship was of
+twenty-two years' standing, and that during all that time not a
+single jarring note had been introduced to mar the harmony of our
+relation.
+
+Equipped, accordingly, with a good conscience and a lead pencil
+(which remained undisturbed in my breast-pocket), I set out to
+"exchange confidences" with the author of "Silas Lapham" and "A Modern
+Instance." I reached the enormous human hive on Fifty-ninth Street
+where my subject, for the present, occupies a dozen most comfortable
+and ornamental cells, and was promptly hoisted up to the fourth floor
+and deposited in front of his door. It is a house full of electric
+wires and tubes--literally honeycombed with modern conveniences. But
+in spite of all these, I made my way triumphantly to Mr. Howells's
+den, and after a proper prelude began the novel task assigned to me.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR BOYESEN IN HIS STUDY AT COLUMBIA COLLEGE.]
+
+"I am afraid," I remarked quite _en passant_, "that I shall be
+embarrassed not by my ignorance, but by my knowledge concerning your
+life. For it is difficult to ask with good grace about what you
+already know. I am aware, for instance, that you were born at Martin's
+Ferry, Ohio, March 11, 1837; that you removed thence to Dayton, and a
+few years later to Jefferson, Ashtabula County; that your father
+edited, published, and printed a country newspaper of Republican
+complexion, and that you spent a good part of your early years in the
+printing office. Nevertheless, I have some difficulty in realizing the
+environment of your boyhood."
+
+_Howells._ If you have read my "Boy's Town," which is in all
+essentials autobiographical, you know as much as I could tell you. The
+environment of my early life was exactly as there described.
+
+_Boyesen._ Your father, I should judge, then, was not a strict
+disciplinarian?
+
+_Howells._ No. He was the gentlest of men--a friend and companion to
+his sons. He guided us in an unobtrusive way without our suspecting
+it. He was continually putting books into my hands, and they were
+always good books; many of them became events in my life. I had no end
+of such literary passions during my boyhood. Among the first was
+Goldsmith, then came Cervantes and Irving.
+
+_Boyesen._ Then there was a good deal of literary atmosphere about
+your childhood?
+
+_Howells._ Yes. I can scarcely remember the time when books did not
+play a great part in my life. Father was by his culture and his
+interests rather isolated from the community in which we lived, and
+this made him and all of us rejoice the more in a new author, in whose
+world we would live for weeks and months, and who colored our thoughts
+and conversation.
+
+[Illustration: THE BIRTHPLACE OF W. D. HOWELLS AT MARTINS FERRY, OHIO.]
+
+_Boyesen._ It has always been a matter of wonder to me that, with so
+little regular schooling, you stepped full-fledged into literature
+with such an exquisite and wholly individual style.
+
+_Howells._ If you accuse me of that kind of thing, I must leave you to
+account for it. I had always a passion for literature, and to a boy
+with a mind and a desire to learn, a printing office is not a bad
+school.
+
+_Boyesen._ How old were you when you left Jefferson, and went to
+Columbus?
+
+_Howells._ I was nineteen years old when I went to the capital and
+wrote legislative reports for Cincinnati and Cleveland papers;
+afterwards I became one of the editors of the "Ohio State Journal." My
+duties gradually took a wide range, and I edited the literary column
+and wrote many of the leading articles. I was then in the midst of my
+enthusiasm for Heine, and was so impregnated with his spirit, that a
+poem which I sent to the "Atlantic Monthly" was mistaken by Mr. Lowell
+for a translation from the German poet. When he had satisfied himself,
+however, that it was not a translation, he accepted and printed it.
+
+_Boyesen._ Tell me how you happened to publish your first volume,
+"Poems by Two Friends," in partnership with John J. Piatt.
+
+_Howells._ I had known Piatt as a young printer; afterwards when he
+began to write poems, I read them and was delighted with them. When he
+came to Columbus I made his acquaintance, and we became friends. By
+this time we were both contributors to the "Atlantic Monthly." I may
+as well tell you that his contributions to our joint volume were far
+superior to mine.
+
+_Boyesen._ Did Lowell share that opinion?
+
+_Howells._ That I don't know. He wrote me a very charming letter, in
+which he said many encouraging things, and he briefly reviewed the
+book in the "Atlantic."
+
+_Boyesen._ What was the condition of society in Columbus during those
+days?
+
+_Howells._ There were many delightful and cultivated people there,
+and society was charming; the North and South were both represented,
+and their characteristics united in a kind of informal Western
+hospitality, warm and cordial in its tone, which gave of its very
+best without stint. Salmon P. Chase, later Secretary of the Treasury,
+and Chief Justice of the United States, was then Governor of Ohio.
+He had a charming family, and made us young editors welcome at his
+house. All winter long there was a round of parties at the different
+houses; the houses were large and we always danced. These parties were
+brilliant affairs, socially, but besides, we young people had many
+informal gayeties. The old Starling Medical College, which was
+defunct as an educational institution, except for some vivisection
+and experiments on hapless cats and dogs that went on in some
+out-of-the-way corners, was used as a boarding-house; and there was
+a large circular room in which we often improvised dances. We young
+fellows who lodged in the place were half a dozen journalists,
+lawyers, and law-students; one was, like myself, a writer for the
+"Atlantic," and we saw life with joyous eyes. We read the new
+books, and talked them over with the young ladies whom we seem to
+have been always calling upon. I remember those years in Columbus
+as among the happiest years of my life.
+
+_Boyesen._ From Columbus you went as consul to Venice, did not you?
+
+[Illustration: THE GIUSTINIANI PALACE, HOWELLS' HOME IN VENICE.]
+
+_Howells._ Yes. You remember I had written a campaign "Life of
+Lincoln." I was, like my father, an ardent Anti-slavery man. I went
+myself to Washington soon after President Lincoln's inauguration. I
+was first offered the consulate to Rome; but as it depended entirely
+upon perquisites, which amounted only to three or four hundred dollars
+a year, I declined it, and they gave me Venice. The salary was raised
+to fifteen hundred dollars, which seemed to me quite beyond the dreams
+of avarice.
+
+_Boyesen._ Do not you regard that Venetian experience as a very
+valuable one?
+
+_Howells._ Oh, of course. In the first place, it gave me four years of
+almost uninterrupted leisure for study and literary work. There was,
+to be sure, occasionally an invoice to be verified, but that did not
+take much time. Secondly, it gave me a wider outlook upon the world
+than I had hitherto had. Without much study of a systematic kind, I
+had acquired a notion of English, French, German, and Spanish
+literature. I had been an eager and constant reader, always guided in
+my choice of books by my own inclination. I had learned German. Now,
+my first task was to learn Italian; and one of my early teachers was a
+Venetian priest, whom I read Dante with. This priest in certain ways
+suggested Don Ippolito in "A Foregone Conclusion."
+
+_Boyesen._ Then he took snuff, and had a supernumerary calico
+handkerchief?
+
+_Howells._ Yes. But what interested me most about him was his
+religious skepticism. He used to say, "The saints are the gods
+baptized." Then he was a kind of baffled inventor; though whether his
+inventions had the least merit I was unable to determine.
+
+_Boyesen._ But his love story?
+
+_Howells._ That was wholly fictitious.
+
+_Boyesen._ I remember you gave me, in 1874, a letter of introduction
+to a Venetian friend of yours, named Brunetta, whom I failed to find.
+
+_Howells._ Yes, Brunetta was the first friend I had in Venice. He was
+a distinctly Latin character--sober, well-regulated, and probity
+itself.
+
+_Boyesen._ Do you call that the Latin character?
+
+_Howells._ It is not our conventional idea of it; but it is fully as
+characteristic, if not more so, than the light, mercurial,
+pleasure-loving type which somehow in literature has displaced the
+other. Brunetta and I promptly made the discovery that we were
+congenial. Then we became daily companions. I had a number of other
+Italian friends too, full of beautiful _bonhomie_ and Southern
+sweetness of temperament.
+
+[Illustration: W. D. HOWELLS, AFTER HIS RETURN FROM VENICE.]
+
+_Boyesen._ You must have acquired Italian in a very short time?
+
+_Howells._ Yes; being domesticated in that way in the very heart of
+that Italy, which was then _Italia irridente_, I could not help
+steeping myself in its atmosphere and breathing in the language, with
+the rest of its very composite flavors.
+
+_Boyesen._ Yes; and whatever I know of Italian literature I owe
+largely to the completeness of that soaking process of yours. Your
+book on the Italian poets is one of the most charmingly sympathetic
+and illuminative bits of criticism that I know.
+
+_Howells._ I am glad you think so; but the book was never a popular
+success. Of all the Italian authors, the one I delighted in the most
+was Goldoni. His exquisite realism fascinated me. It was the sort of
+thing which I felt I ought not to like; but for all that I liked it
+immensely.
+
+_Boyesen._ How do you mean that you ought not to like it?
+
+_Howells._ Why, I was an idealist in those days. I was only
+twenty-four or twenty-five years old, and I knew the world chiefly
+through literature. I was all the time trying to see things as others
+had seen them, and I had a notion that, in literature, persons and
+things should be nobler and better than they are in the sordid
+reality; and this romantic glamour veiled the world to me, and kept me
+from seeing things as they are. But in the lanes and alleys of Venice
+I found Goldoni everywhere. Scenes from his plays were enacted before
+my eyes, with all the charming Southern vividness of speech and
+gesture, and I seemed at every turn to have stepped at unawares into
+one of his comedies. I believe this was the beginning of my revolt.
+But it was a good while yet before I found my own bearings.
+
+_Boyesen._ But permit me to say that it was an exquisitely delicate
+set of fresh Western senses you brought with you to Venice. When I was
+in Venice in 1878, I could not get away from you, however much I
+tried. I saw your old Venetian senator, in his august rags, roasting
+coffee; and I promenaded about for days in the chapters of your
+"Venetian Life," like the Knight Huldbrand, in the Enchanted Forest in
+"Undine," and I could not find my way out. Of course, I know that,
+being what you were, you could not have helped writing that book, but
+what was the immediate cause of your writing it?
+
+_Howells._ From the day I arrived in Venice I kept a journal in
+which I noted down my impressions. I found a young pleasure in
+registering my sensations at the sight of notable things, and
+literary reminiscences usually shimmered through my observations. Then
+I received an offer from the "Boston Daily Advertiser," to write
+weekly or bi-weekly letters, for which they paid me five dollars, in
+greenbacks, a column, nonpareil. By the time this sum reached Venice,
+shaven and shorn by discounts for exchange in gold premium, it had
+usually shrunk to half its size or less. Still I was glad enough to
+get even that, and I kept on writing joyously. So the book grew in my
+hands until, at the time I resigned in 1865, I was trying to have it
+published. I offered it successively to a number of English
+publishers; but they all declined it. At last Mr. Truebner agreed to
+take it, if I could guarantee the sale of five hundred copies in
+the United States, or induce an American publisher to buy that
+number of copies in sheets. I happened to cross the ocean with Mr.
+Hurd of the New York firm of Hurd & Houghton, and repeated Mr.
+Truebner's proposition to him. He refused to commit himself; but some
+weeks after my arrival in New York, he told me that the risk was
+practically nothing at all, and that his firm would agree to take the
+five hundred copies. The book was an instant success. I don't know
+how many editions of it have been printed, but I should say that
+its sale has been upward of forty thousand copies, and it still
+continues. The English weeklies gave me long complimentary notices,
+which I carried about for months in my pocket like love-letters, and
+read surreptitiously at odd moments. I thought it was curious that
+other people to whom I showed the reviews did not seem much
+interested.
+
+[Illustration: W. D. HOWELLS. FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN AT CAMBRIDGE IN
+1868.]
+
+_Boyesen._ After returning to this country, did not you settle down in
+New York?
+
+_Howells._ Yes; I was for a while a free lance in literature. I did
+whatever came in my way, and sold my articles to the newspapers,
+going about from office to office, but I was finally offered a place
+in "The Nation," where I obtained a fixed position at a salary. I
+had at times a sense that, by going abroad, I had fallen out of the
+American procession of progress; and, though I was elbowing my way
+energetically through the crowd, I seemed to have a tremendous
+difficulty in recovering my lost place on my native soil, and
+asserting my full right to it. So, when young men beg me to recommend
+them for consulships, I always feel in duty bound to impress on them
+this great danger of falling out of the procession, and asking them
+whether they have confidence in their ability to reconquer the
+place they have deserted, for while they are away it will be pretty
+sure to be filled by somebody else. A man returning from a residence
+of several years abroad has a sense of superfluity in his own
+country--he has become a mere supernumerary whose presence or absence
+makes no particular difference.
+
+_Boyesen._ What year did you leave "The Nation" and assume the
+editorship of "The Atlantic"?
+
+_Howells._ I took the editorship in 1872, but went to live in
+Cambridge six or seven years before. I was first assistant editor
+under James T. Fields, who was uniformly kind and considerate, and
+with whom I got along perfectly. It was a place that he could have
+made odious to me, but he made it delightful. I have the tenderest
+regard and the highest respect for his memory.
+
+_Boyesen._ I need scarcely ask you if your association with Lowell was
+agreeable?
+
+_Howells._ It was in every way charming. He was twenty years my
+senior, but he always treated me as an equal and a contemporary. And
+you know the difference between thirty and fifty is far greater than
+between forty and sixty, or fifty and seventy. I dined with him every
+week, and he showed the friendliest appreciation of the work I was
+trying to do. We took long walks together; and you know what a rare
+talker he was. Somehow I got much nearer to him than to Longfellow. As
+a man, Longfellow was flawless. He was full of noble friendliness and
+encouragement to all literary workers in whom he believed.
+
+_Boyesen._ Do you remember you once said to me that he was a most
+inveterate praiser?
+
+[Illustration: W. D. HOWELLS' SUMMER HOME AT BELMONT IN 1878.]
+
+_Howells._ I may have said that; for in the kindness of his heart, and
+his constitutional reluctance to give pain, he did undoubtedly often
+strain a point or two in speaking well of things. But that was part of
+his beautiful kindliness of soul and admirable urbanity. Lowell, you
+know, confessed to being "a tory in his nerves;" but Longfellow, with
+all his stateliness of manner, was nobly and perfectly democratic. He
+was ideally good; I think he was without a fault.
+
+_Boyesen._ I have never known a man who was more completely free from
+snobbishness and pretence of all kinds. It delighted him to go out of
+his way to do a man a favor. There was, however, a little touch of
+Puritan pallor in his temperament, a slight lack of robustness; that
+is, if his brother's biography can be trusted. What I mean to say is,
+that he appears there a trifle too perfect; too bloodlessly, and
+almost frostily, statuesque. I have always had a little diminutive
+grudge against the Reverend Samuel Longfellow for not using a single
+one of those beautiful anecdotes I sent him illustrative of the warmer
+and more genial side of the poet's character. He evidently wanted to
+portray a Plutarchian man of heroic size, and he therefore had to
+exclude all that was subtly individualizing.
+
+_Howells._ Well, there is always room for another biography of
+Longfellow.
+
+_Boyesen._ At the time when I made your acquaintance in 1871, you were
+writing "Their Wedding Journey." Do you remember the glorious talks we
+had together while the hours of the night slipped away unnoticed? We
+have no more of those splendid conversational rages now-a-days. How
+eloquent we were, to be sure; and with what delight you read those
+chapters on "Niagara," "Quebec," and "The St. Lawrence;" and with what
+rapture I listened! I can never read them without supplying the
+cadence of your voice, and seeing you seated, twenty-two years younger
+than now, in that cosey little library in Berkeley Street.
+
+_Howells._ Yes; and do you mind our sudden attacks of hunger, when we
+would start on a foraging expedition into the cellar, in the middle of
+the night, and return, you with a cheese and crackers, and I with a
+watermelon and a bottle of champagne? What jolly meals we improvised!
+Only it is a wonder to me that we survived them.
+
+_Boyesen._ You will never suspect what an influence you exerted upon my
+fate by your friendliness and sympathy in those never-to-be-forgotten
+days. You Americanized me. I had been an alien, and felt alien in
+every fibre of my soul, until I met you. Then I became domesticated.
+I found a kindred spirit who understood me, and whom I understood; and
+that is the first and indispensable condition of happiness. It was at
+your house, at a luncheon, I think, that I met Henry James.
+
+[Illustration: THE AUTHOR OF "ANNIE KILBURN."]
+
+_Howells._ Yes; James and I were constant companions. We took daily
+walks together, and his father, the elder Henry James, was an
+incomparably delightful and interesting man.
+
+_Boyesen._ Yes; I remember him well. I doubt if I ever heard a more
+brilliant talker.
+
+_Howells._ No; he was one of the best talkers in America. And didn't
+the immortal Ralph Keeler appear upon the scene during the summer of
+'71 or '72?
+
+_Boyesen._ Yes; your small son "Bua" insisted upon calling him "Big
+Man Keeler" in spite of his small size.
+
+_Howells._ Yes, Bua was the only one who ever saw Keeler life-size.
+
+_Boyesen._ I remember how he sat in your library and told stories of
+his negro minstrel days and his wild adventures in many climes, and
+did not care whether you laughed with him or at him, but would join
+you from sheer sympathy, and how we all laughed in chorus until our
+sides ached!
+
+_Howells._ Poor Keeler! He was a sort of migratory, nomadic survival;
+but he had fine qualities, and was well equipped for a sort of
+fiction. If he had lived he might have written the great American
+novel. Who knows?
+
+_Boyesen._ Was not it at Cambridge that Bjoernstjerne Bjoernson visited
+you?
+
+_Howells._ No; that was in 1881, at Belmont, where we went in order to
+be in the country, and give the children the benefit of country air.
+When I met Bjoernson before, we had always talked Italian; but the
+first thing he said to me at Belmont, was: "Now we will speak
+English." And when he had got into the house, he picked up a book and
+said in his abrupt way: "We do not put enough in;" meaning thereby,
+that we ignored too much of life in our fiction--excluded it out of
+regard for propriety. But when I met him, some years later, in Paris,
+he had changed his mind about that, for he detested the French
+naturalism, and could find nothing to praise in Zola.
+
+_Boyesen._ I am going to ask you one of the interviewer's stock
+questions, but you need not answer, you know: Which of your books do
+you regard as the greatest?
+
+_Howells._ I have always taken the most satisfaction in "A Modern
+Instance." I have there come closest to American life as I know it.
+
+_Boyesen._ But in "Silas Lapham" it seems to me that you have got a
+still firmer grip on American reality.
+
+_Howells._ Perhaps. Still I prefer "A Modern Instance." "Silas Lapham"
+is the most successful novel I have published, except "A Hazard of New
+Fortunes," which has sold nearly twice as many copies as any of the
+rest.
+
+_Boyesen._ What do you attribute that to?
+
+_Howells._ Possibly to the fact that the scene is laid in New York;
+the public throughout the country is far more interested in New York
+than in Boston. New York, as Lowell once said, is a huge pudding, and
+every town and village has been helped to a slice, or wants to be.
+
+_Boyesen._ I rejoice that New York has found such a subtly appreciative
+and faithful chronicler as you show yourself to be in "A Hazard of New
+Fortunes." To the equipment of a great city--a world-city as the Germans
+say--belongs a great novelist; that is to say, at least one. And even
+though your modesty may rebel, I shall persist in regarding you
+henceforth as _the_ novelist _par excellence_ of New York.
+
+_Howells._ Ah, you don't expect me to live up to _that_ bit of taffy!
+
+
+
+
+PARABLES OF A PROVINCE.--I.
+
+THE NYMPH OF THE EDDY.
+
+BY GILBERT PARKER.
+
+
+It lay in the sharp angle of a wooded shore near Pontiac. When the
+river was high it had all the temper of a maelstrom, but in the hot
+summer, when the logs had ceased to run, and the river wallowed idly
+away to the rapids, it was like a molten mirror which, with the
+regularity of a pulse, resolved itself into a funnel, as though
+somewhere beneath there was a blowhole. It had a look of hunger. Even
+the children noticed that, and they fed it with many things. What it
+passed into its rumbling bowels you never saw again. You threw a stick
+upon the shivering surface, and you saw it travel, first slowly, then
+very swiftly, round and round the sides, till the throat of the eddy
+seemed to open suddenly, and it ran straight down into darkness, and
+presently the funnel filled up again. It was shadowed by a huge cedar
+tree. If you came suddenly into the thicket above it, you were stilled
+with wonder. The place was different from all others on the river. It
+looked damp, it was so strangely green; the grass and trees showed so
+juicy; you fancied you could slice the fallen logs through with a
+penknife. Every sound there carried with a peculiar distinctness, yet
+the air was almost painfully still. Through the stillness there ran
+ever a sound, metallic, monotonous, pleasant--a clean cling-clung,
+cling-clung. It never varied, was the river high or low. If you lay
+down in the mossy grass you were lulled by that sing-song vibration,
+behind which you heard the low sucking breath of the eddy. The two
+sounds belonged to each other, and had a peculiar sympathy of tone.
+The birds never sang in the place, not because it was gloomy, maybe,
+but as though not to break in upon other rights.
+
+There was nothing mysterious about that unceasing cling-clung, it was
+merely the ram of a force-pump. If you followed the pipe that led from
+the ram up the hill, you came to a large white house.
+
+Many a summer day, and especially of a morning, a young girl came
+dancing down to the eddy, to sit beside it. She and it were very good
+friends; she used to tell it her secrets, and she made up a little
+song about it--a simple, almost foolish little song such as a clever
+young girl can write--Laure had been to the convent in Montreal, so
+she was not a common village maid.
+
+  "Green, so green, is the cedar tree,
+    And green is the moss that's under;
+  Can you hear the things that he says to me?
+    Do you like them? O Eddy, I wonder."
+
+It was very foolish. But she had such a soft, thrilling voice that you
+would have thought it beautiful. She was young--about sixteen--and her
+hair was so light that it fell about her like spray. But suddenly she
+ceased to be quite happy.
+
+Armand, the avocat's clerk, was a Protestant, and she had been meeting
+him at the eddy secretly. What did she care about the Catechism, or
+the _cure_, or an unblessed marriage, if Armand blessed her? She was
+afraid of nothing; she would dare anything while she was certain of
+him. But the _cure_ discovered something--she ceased to go to
+confession, and, though he was a kind man, he had his duty to do.
+
+There was trouble, and the ways of Laure's people were devious and
+hard. It was said that she must go to the convent again, and they kept
+her prisoner in the house. One day they brought her a letter which,
+they said, was from Armand. It told her that he was going away, and
+that he had given her up. She had never seen his writing--they had
+trusted nothing to the village post-office--and she believed that the
+letter was from him. She had wept so much that tears were all done;
+her eyes only ached now. At first she thought that she would get away
+and go to him, and beg him not to give her up--what does a child know
+of pride all at once? But the pride came to her a little later, and
+she tried to think what she must do. While her thoughts went waving
+to and fro, and she could make nothing of them, she heard all the time
+the long, sighing breath of the eddy and the cling-clung of the
+force-pump. She never slept, and after a time it grew in her mind that
+she never would sleep till she went down to the cedar tree and the
+eddy; they seemed always calling her. She had said her Ave Marias over
+and over again, but they seemed to do her no good. Nothing could quiet
+her, not even the music of the twelfth mass, played on the little reed
+organ by the organist of St. Savior's, when they took her to church
+against her will--a passive rebel. The next day she was to go to the
+convent again.
+
+That night she stole from the house into the light of the soft harvest
+moon, and ran down through the garden, over the road, and into the
+cedar thicket. She did not hear behind her the footsteps of a man who,
+night after night, had watched the house, hoping that she would come
+out. She hastened to the cedar tree, and looked down into the eddy.
+From far up the river there came the plaintive cry of a loon; but she
+heard no other sound in the night, save this and the cling-clung of
+the ram muffled by fallen branches, and the loud-breathing eddy which
+invited--until an arm ran round her waist and held her fast.
+
+A minute later he said: "You will come, then? And we shall be man and
+wife very quick."
+
+"Wait a minute," she said, and she picked up handfuls of leaves and
+dropped them softly into the funnel of water.
+
+"What's that for?" he asked.
+
+"I am a cock-robin," she said with her old gayety. "There's a girl
+drowned there. Yes, but it's true. She was a good Catholic and
+unhappy. I'm a heretic now, and happy."
+
+But she said her Ave Marias again just the same; being happy, they did
+her more good. And she says that the eddy is spiteful to her now. It
+had counted on a different end to her wooing.
+
+
+
+
+HUMAN DOCUMENTS.
+
+AN INTRODUCTION BY SARAH ORNE JEWETT.
+
+
+To give to the world a collection of the successive portraits of a man
+is to tell his affairs openly, and so betray intimate personalities.
+We are often found quarrelling with the tone of the public press,
+because it yields to what is called the public demand to be told both
+the private affairs of noteworthy persons and the trivial details and
+circumstances of those who are insignificant. Some one has said that a
+sincere man willingly answers any questions, however personal, that
+are asked out of interest, but instantly resents those that have their
+impulse in curiosity; and that one's instinct always detects the
+difference. This I take to be a wise rule of conduct; but beyond lies
+the wider subject of our right to possess ourselves of personal
+information, although we have a vague remembrance, even in these days,
+of the belief of old-fashioned and decorous people, that subjects, not
+persons, are fitting material for conversation.
+
+But there is an honest interest, which is as noble a thing as
+curiosity is contemptible; and it is in recognition of this, that
+Lowell writes in the largest way in his "Essay on Rousseau and the
+Sentimentalists."
+
+"Yet our love of minute biographical details," he says, "our desire to
+make ourselves spies upon the men of the past, seems so much of an
+instinct in us, that we must look for the spring of it in human
+nature, and that somewhat deeper than mere curiosity or love of
+gossip." And more emphatically in another paragraph: "The moment he
+undertakes to establish ... a rule of conduct, we ask at once how far
+are his own life and deed in accordance with what he preaches?"
+
+This I believe to be at the bottom of even our insatiate modern
+eagerness to know the best and the worst of our contemporaries; it is
+simply to find out how far their behavior squares with their words and
+position. We seldom stop to get the best point of view, either in
+friendly talk or in a sober effort, to notice the growth of character,
+or, in the widest way, to comprehend the traits and influence of a man
+whose life in any way affects our own.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Now and then, in an old picture gallery, one comes upon the grouped
+portraits of a great soldier, or man of letters, or some fine lady
+whose character still lifts itself into view above the dead level of
+feminine conformity which prevailed in her time. The blurred pastel,
+the cracked and dingy canvas, the delicate brightness of a miniature
+which bears touching signs of wear--from these we piece together a
+whole life's history. Here are the impersonal baby face; the
+domineering glance of the school-boy, lord of his dog and gun; the
+wan-visaged student who was just beginning to confront the serried
+ranks of those successes which conspired to hinder him from his duty
+and the fulfilment of his dreams; here is the mature man, with grave
+reticence of look and a proud sense of achievement; and at last the
+older and vaguer face, blurred and pitifully conscious of fast waning
+powers. As they hang in a row they seem to bear mute witness to all
+the successes and failures of a life.
+
+This very day, perhaps, you chanced to open a drawer and take in your
+hand, for amusement's sake, some old family daguerreotypes. It is easy
+enough to laugh at the stiff positions and droll costumes; but
+suddenly you find an old likeness of yourself, and walk away with it,
+self-consciously, to the window, with a pretence of seeking a better
+light on the quick-reflecting, faintly impressed plate. Your earlier,
+half-forgotten self confronts you seriously; the youth whose hopes
+you have disappointed, or whose dreams you have turned into
+realities. You search the young face; perhaps you even look deep into
+the eyes of your own babyhood to discover your dawning consciousness;
+to answer back to yourself, as it were, from the known and discovered
+countries of that baby's future. There is a fascination in reading
+character backwards. You may or may not be able easily to revive early
+thoughts and impressions, but with an early portrait in your hand they
+do revive again in spite of you; they seem to be living in the
+pictured face to applaud or condemn you. In these old pictures exist
+our former selves. They wear a mystical expression. They are still
+ourselves, but with unfathomable eyes staring back to us out of the
+strange remoteness of our outgrown youth.
+
+  "Surely I have known before
+    Phantoms of the shapes ye be--
+  Haunters of another shore
+    'Leaguered by another sea."
+
+It is somehow far simpler and less startling to examine a series of
+portraits of some other face and figure than one's own. Perhaps it is
+most interesting to take those of some person whom the whole world
+knows, and whose traits and experiences are somewhat comprehended. You
+say to yourself, "This was Nelson before ever he fought one of his
+great sea battles; this was Washington, with only the faintest trace
+of his soldiering and the leisurely undemanding aspect of a country
+gentleman!" _Human Documents_--the phrase is Daudet's, and tells its
+own story, with no need of additional attempts of suggestiveness.
+
+It would seem to be such an inevitable subject for sermon writing,
+that no one need be unfamiliar with warnings, lest our weakness and
+wickedness leave traces upon the countenance--awful, ineffaceable
+hieroglyphics, that belong to the one universal primitive language of
+mankind. Who cannot read faces? The merest savage, who comprehends no
+written language, glances at you to know if he may expect friendliness
+or enmity, with a quicker intelligence than your own.
+
+The lines that are written slowly and certainly by the pen of
+character, the deep mark that sorrow once left, or the light
+sign-manual of an unfading joy, there they are and will remain; it is
+at length the aspect of the spiritual body itself, and belongs to the
+unfolding and existence of life. We have never formulated a science
+like palmistry on the larger scale that this character-reading from
+the face would need; but to say that we make our own faces, and,
+having made them, have made pieces of immortality, is to say what
+seems trite enough. A child turns with quick impatience and
+incredulity from the dull admonitions of his teachers, about goodness
+and good looks. To say, "Be good and you will be beautiful," is like
+giving him a stone for a lantern. Beauty seems an accident rather than
+an achievement, and a cause instead of an effect; but when childhood
+has passed, one of the things we are sure to have learned, is to read
+the sign-language of faces, and to take the messages they bring.
+Recognition of these things is sure to come to us more and more by
+living; there is no such thing as turning our faces into unbetraying
+masks. A series of portraits is a veritable Human Document, and the
+merest glance may discover the progress of the man, the dwindled or
+developed personality, the history of a character.
+
+These sentences are written merely as suggestions, and from the point
+of view of morals; there is also the point of view of heredity, and
+the curious resemblance between those who belong to certain
+professions. Just what it is that makes us almost certain to recognize
+a doctor or a priest at first glance is too subtle a question for
+discussion here. Some one has said that we usually arrive, in time, at
+the opposite extreme to those preferences and opinions which we hold
+in early life. The man who breaks away from conventionalities, ends by
+returning to them, or out of narrow prejudices and restrictions grows
+towards a late and serene liberty. These changes show themselves in
+the face with amazing clearness, and it would seem also, that even
+individuality sways us only for a time; that if we live far into the
+autumnal period of life we lose much of our individuality of looks,
+and become more emphatically members of the family from which we
+spring. A man like Charles the First was already less himself than he
+was a Stuart; we should not fail in instances of this sort, nor seek
+far afield. The return to the type compels us steadily; at last it has
+its way. Very old persons, and those who are dangerously ill, are
+often noticed to be curiously like their nearest of kin, and to have
+almost visibly ceased to be themselves.
+
+All time has been getting our lives ready to be lived, to be shaped
+as far as may be by our own wills, and furthered by that conscious
+freedom that gives us to be ourselves. You may read all these in any
+Human Document--the look of race, the look of family, the look that
+is set like a seal by a man's occupation, the look of the spirit's
+free or hindered life, and success or failure in the pursuit of
+goodness--they are all plain to see. If we could read one human face
+aright, the history not only of the man, but of humanity itself, is
+written there.
+
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES TO ACCOMPANY THE "HUMAN DOCUMENTS" GIVEN IN THIS
+NUMBER.
+
+GENERAL LEW WALLACE was born in Brookville, Indiana, in 1827. After
+receiving a common school education, he studied law. He distinguished
+himself in the Civil War, and was made a brigadier-general. After the
+war he practised law in Crawfordsville, Indiana. A few years later he
+was for a time Governor of New Mexico. From 1878-81 he was Governor of
+Utah, and from 1881-85 Minister to Turkey. His first book, "A Fair
+God," appeared in 1877. "Ben Hur," published in 1880, has reached a
+sale of several hundred thousand copies. General Wallace's home is in
+Crawfordsville, Indiana.
+
+WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS was born in Martin's Ferry, Ohio, March 11, 1837.
+His father was the editor of a country newspaper, and young Howells
+learned the printer's trade. He began to write at an early age. At
+nineteen he was Columbus correspondent of the "Cincinnati Gazette,"
+and at twenty-two, news editor of the "Ohio State Journal." A campaign
+"Life of Lincoln," gained him the consulship at Venice, where he
+seriously devoted his leisure hours to literature. "Venetian Life"
+gave him reputation. On his return to America in 1865, he wrote for
+newspapers and magazines. In 1866 Mr. Howells joined the editorial
+staff of "The Atlantic." In 1872 he became the editor. About this time
+the success of "Their Wedding Journey" determined his career as a
+novelist.
+
+HJALMAR HJORTH BOYESEN was born at Frederiksvaern, Norway, September
+23, 1848. When twenty-one years of age he came to the United States.
+In 1874 he was appointed professor of German at Cornell University,
+and is now professor of Germanic languages and literature at Columbia
+College, New York. It was in the early seventies that Professor
+Boyesen's name began to appear in the magazines. In 1873 he published
+his first long romance, "Gunnar," and other novels followed, well
+known to the reading world.
+
+ALPHONSE DAUDET was born at Nimes, May 13, 1840. His early life was
+full of hardship and deprivation. In 1857 he arrived in Paris, with
+some manuscript poems and no money. He almost starved, but kept on
+writing and hoping. His volume of verse, "Les Amoureuses" (1858),
+attracted some attention. He persisted, took to writing novels, and
+achieved greatness. The story of his life and struggles, as told by
+himself, will be given in an early number of MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+
+GENERAL LEW WALLACE.
+
+_Born in Brookville, Indiana, April 10, 1827._
+
+[Illustration: AGE 35. 1862. MAJOR-GENERAL OF VOLUNTEERS.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 40. 1867. GOVERNOR OF NEW MEXICO.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 50. 1877. GOVERNOR OF UTAH.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 66. GENERAL WALLACE AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+
+WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS.
+
+[Illustration: AGE 18. 1855. RESIDENCE, JEFFERSON, OHIO.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 23. 1860. NEWS EDITOR OF "OHIO STATE JOURNAL."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 28. MAY, 1865. VENICE, "VENETIAN LIFE."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 25. 1862. CONSUL AT VENICE.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 32. 1869. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. "SUBURBAN SKETCHES."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 41. 1878. BELMONT, MASS. "THE LADY OF THE AROOSTOOK."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 47. 1884. BOSTON, MASS. "THE RISE OF SILAS LAPHAM."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 50. 1887. BOSTON. "APRIL HOPES."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 53. 1890. BOSTON. "THE SHADOW OF A DREAM."]
+
+
+HJALMAR HJORTH BOYESEN.
+
+_Born September 23, 1847, Frederiksvaern, Norway._
+
+[Illustration: AGE 17. 1865. STUDENT, CHRISTIANIA, NORWAY.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 19. 1867. STUDENT, UNIVERSITY OF CHRISTIANIA.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 22. 1869. CHICAGO. EDITOR OF "FREMAD."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 28. 1875. PROFESSOR OF GERMAN AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY,
+ITHACA, NEW YORK. "TALES OF TWO HEMISPHERES."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 35. 1882. PROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES, COLUMBIA
+COLLEGE, NEW YORK CITY. "DAUGHTER OF THE PHILISTINES."]
+
+[Illustration: 1893. THE AUTHOR OF "SOCIAL STRUGGLERS."]
+
+
+ALPHONSE DAUDET.
+
+[Illustration: AGE 21, PARIS, 1861. "LETTERS FROM MY MILL."]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 30, PARIS, 1870.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 35, PARIS, 1875. "FROMONT JEUNE ET RISLER AINE."]
+
+[Illustration: DAUDET AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+
+
+
+WILD ANIMALS.--I
+
+HOW THEY ARE CAPTURED, TRANSPORTED, TRAINED, AND SOLD.
+
+BY RAYMOND BLATHWAYT.
+
+
+The greatest wild animal trader in the world is Karl Hagenbeck of
+Hamburg. To hear, therefore, how he captures and transports the brutes
+that compose his stock in trade, how he trains them, and some of the
+peculiarly strange adventures which have befallen him in dealing with
+them, cannot fail to be of interest. A few days ago I went to his
+Hamburg menagerie, where, on opening a door, I found myself in a great
+shed full of caged wild beasts. As visitors, except those on business,
+are not allowed within those notable precincts, my unexpected
+appearance excited the cages' occupants to set up a grand concerto of
+roars and howls. Awestruck at the sight and sounds, I stood dazed
+until suddenly recalled to myself by a Nubian lion, who laid hold of
+my cloak-flaps with unsheathed claws. At once I leaped forward, while
+the beast retired snarling to the farthest corner of its cage, where
+in the dark shadows its eyes glared like two living coals. At this
+moment Mr. Hagenbeck came forward and gave me a hearty welcome,
+coupled with a word of warning against venturing too near the cages.
+He is a tall man, singularly pleasant looking, with keen eyes and a
+decisive manner. Later we sat in his office, and there I heard many
+incidents of the interesting life which he has led for so many years.
+
+"My father," said he, "who started in life as a fish dealer in this
+very town, never dreamed that he would one day be the founder of the
+greatest menagerie in the world. But it chanced that, in the year
+1848, some fishermen, who usually traded with him, brought him some
+seals which they had caught in their sturgeon nets. They were fine
+animals, and he could not help being delighted with them, and
+straightway resolved to take them to Berlin. There he opened a small
+exhibition in Kroll's Gardens, charging an admission fee. But there
+came a revolution; business was at a standstill, and he was glad
+enough to get rid of the seals for a small sum of money, and to return
+to his fish-dealer's shop in Hamburg. But he was bitten with the
+wild-beast fever; live animals had more attractions for him than dead
+fish, and so he told the fishermen that he would always be ready to
+buy any queer animals they might choose to bring him. A short time
+after that a sailor from a whaling vessel brought him a polar bear;
+this he exhibited here in Hamburg. It was a great novelty, and the
+people flocked in crowds to see it. From that time forward, sailors
+from all parts of the world would bring him animals for sale--monkeys,
+parrots, deer, snakes, and so on; once a young lion. Gradually he got
+together quite a small menagerie, but I am bound to say that at first
+there was not much profit in the business. When I left school in 1859,
+at the age of fifteen, father asked me which of his two callings I
+would rather choose as mine. Of course, being a boy, I chose the wild
+beasts. He gave me a hundred and fifty pounds to spend as best I could
+in buying animals. Fortune favored me from the start. I made some
+capital bargains, increased the business rapidly, and in 1866 father
+handed the whole business over to me."
+
+
+HAGENBECK AND BARNUM.
+
+At this moment my eye fell upon a large photograph of the celebrated
+Mr. P. T. Barnum, which hung upon the wall. Mr. Hagenbeck, noting the
+direction of my gaze, said: "I suppose you know who that is?"
+
+I replied, "Why, it's P. T. Barnum."
+
+"Exactly," said he. "I was walking about the menagerie one day in
+1872, when Mr. Barnum was announced. He said: 'I've just come to have
+a look round. I've got an hour or two to spare, and I thought I might
+as well spend it here as anywhere else.' Well, sir," continued Mr.
+Hagenbeck, smiling at the recollection of his first momentous
+interview with the great showman, "he stayed fourteen days, and he
+filled two big note-books before he left me. He was delighted with all
+he saw, and still more so with all I told him. I spoke about ostrich
+riding, suggested that it would be a splendid thing if he got up a
+regular wild-beast hunt in his hippodrome. He was immensely taken with
+the idea, and wanted me to join him as partner, but this I was not
+able to do. For many years I supplied him with his animals."
+
+"Why," I said, "Mr. Hagenbeck, that opened up quite a new field."
+
+"Exactly," he replied. "The training of wild animals is now one of
+the most important parts of my business. I also undertake the
+establishment of menageries all over the world. I supply people with
+their buildings, with their animals, with their keepers, with their
+trainers. Take, for instance, the Zoological Gardens at Cincinnati. I
+filled them from top to bottom. I recently made one in Rio Janeiro."
+
+
+THE PRICES OF WILD ANIMALS.
+
+"And can you tell me anything about the prices of wild animals, Mr.
+Hagenbeck?" said I.
+
+"Well," he replied, "prices differ from time to time, according to the
+fashion; for I can assure you that there is as much fashion in wild
+animals as there is in ladies' dresses. Prices are also rising and
+falling, according as the market supply is high or low. I can remember
+that once I sold in one day a cargo of African beasts for thirty
+thousand dollars. A full grown hippopotamus is now worth L1,000. A
+two-horned rhinoceros, which was worth L600 in 1883, cannot now be
+obtained at any price. An Indian tapir costs L500, an American tapir
+L150. Elephants vary according to size and training, from L250 to
+L500. A good forest-bred lion, full grown, will fetch from L150 to
+L200, according to species. Tigers run from L100 to L150, according to
+their variety. Do you know," he continued, "that there are five
+varieties of royal tigers? And, besides them, there are the tigers
+which come from Java, Sumatra, Penang, and even from the wastes of
+Siberia, Snakes are very much down in the market at present. Those
+which formerly fetched L5 or L10, you can now get for L2. Very large
+ones sometimes run up to L50. Leopards L30. Black panthers L40 to L60.
+Striped and spotted panthers L25. Jaguars run from L30 to L100. A good
+polar bear will fetch from L30 to L40. Brown bears from L6 to 10L.
+Black American bears from L10 to L20. A sloth from Thibet L25 to L30.
+Monkeys run from six shillings apiece. They are most expensive in the
+spring, when they will sometimes fetch as much as L1 6_s_. Giraffes
+are altogether out of the market," continued Mr. Hagenbeck with a
+sigh, "for there are none now to be obtained. I have sold one as low
+as L60, whilst the last one which I sold, four years ago, to the
+Brazils, I was paid upwards of L1,100 for.
+
+"And now you might just have a look round at some of the animals.
+Here," said he, as we stood before a cage of very charming monkeys,
+"are some very clever little animals. They can ride horses in a
+circus, they jump through hoops; in fact, they are trained exactly
+like human beings, and can do almost everything but talk. I have
+just sent people to Abyssinia to fetch me some big silver-gray
+lion-monkeys, sometimes called hamadryads. I said just now,"
+continued Mr. Hagenbeck, with a laugh, "that monkeys can't talk; and
+yet I must believe in Professor Garner, for you give me any monkey,
+you like to name, and I'll guarantee I'll make it talk. But you can
+only do it by imitating them closely. Take, for instance, that
+chimpanzee over there," continued the clever trainer, pointing to a
+little animal fast asleep on a crossbar. "Now listen," he went on,
+making a peculiar noise with his lips. At once the animal woke up,
+jabbered a reply in chimpanzee, flew to the bars of the cage, put his
+tiny paw out ready for the nuts which he knew were forthcoming.
+"There," said Mr. Hagenbeck, "don't tell me monkeys can't talk."
+
+A little farther on we came across a tiny baby elephant, two feet nine
+inches in height. It was as black as coal, and had just arrived from
+Singapore. It was very playful, but when I began pushing it about, as
+one might roll a big beer barrel, it indulged in a fretful growling,
+which much amused us. Seven beautiful elephants stood in one big
+stable together, and as I admired their huge proportions and wondered
+at their entire gentleness, I said to Mr. Hagenbeck, "Is it true, as
+the great English circus proprietor George Sanger told me last summer,
+that the Asiatic elephant is far more intelligent than its African
+brother?"
+
+"Certainly not," replied Mr. Hagenbeck. "The African elephants are
+just as clever, just as gentle, just as intelligent as the Asiatic
+elephants. There's no difference between them; and I ought to know,
+for I have had to do with them for thirty years, and in only one year
+I have imported as many as seventy-six of them."
+
+
+HOW WILD BEASTS ARE CAPTURED.
+
+Karl Hagenbeck and I stood in his beautiful gardens, beside the
+enclosure in which the lions and tigers spend the long, hot summer
+days so frequent in Hamburg. Most artistically this enclosure has been
+made to resemble an African desert. In the foreground there are bushes
+and a few small palm trees, whilst in the far-off distance there rise,
+towering to a blue tropical sky, grim mountains and sun-stricken
+rocks. There is thus conveyed to the mind an impression of the great
+Nubian deserts--an impression whose force and reality is strengthened
+by the appearance of the wild beasts themselves, basking in the heat
+of the sun, or restlessly prowling about the enclosure.
+
+"I should very much like to hear, Mr. Hagenbeck," said I, "everything
+you can tell me of the way in which your wild beasts are captured."
+
+"Well," he replied, "I will tell you as much as I can. Let us begin
+with the animals from the deserts of Nubia, for I have hunting parties
+all over the world. I send out a special messenger, who goes provided
+with a lot of silver coin. Nubians know my courier, who goes on ahead
+of this special messenger. When the courier reaches Suakim, it is
+announced that my messenger is coming, and a great _fete_ is
+proclaimed. Guns are fired off, tom-toms are beaten, and for at least
+two days before he arrives there are the greatest rejoicings. Then the
+people go out to meet him, and conduct him with great state to a place
+on the borders of the desert where they have built a zereba. My
+messenger then gives advance money to the hunters, who go into
+Abyssinia to buy horses for the great hunt. As soon as the whole party
+is collected, business begins. They are armed with assegais and long
+hunting-swords like the old German swords. They are as broad as your
+hand, sharp at both ends, and two handled. Men upon fast horses hunt
+up the animals. Large animals, such as elephants and rhinoceroses,
+with sucklings, are the best game. The hunters, forming a circle,
+follow them. Having caught a rhinoceros with its young one, a man
+jumps down from his horse and cuts the old beast in a vein, whilst
+some of the other men chase another animal in front to distract
+attention. Then the black fellow lets go the big rhinoceros, catches
+the little one, ties its legs, and after it has calmed down brings it
+to my collector, who is waiting for him in the zereba. The old one is
+killed, skinned, and eaten. The natives make their best shields from
+the hide. Elephants and giraffes are hunted in the same manner. I
+have been describing to you chiefly the old method of hunting animals
+in Nubia. Of late years they generally use guns. The young animals are
+always brought up with goat's milk."
+
+At this moment we were passing a large cage full of the finest lions I
+had ever seen. As soon as they caught sight of Mr. Hagenbeck, they
+began to purr loudly, and when he spoke, came up to the bars of the
+cage to be stroked and petted.
+
+"There," said my host, "these are some very beautiful lions from
+Nubia. You can see that they are in perfect condition, and this is
+chiefly owing to the fact that they are being trained for their
+performances. There is nothing that keeps them in good health so much
+as constant exercise; that, I think," added Mr. Hagenbeck, with a
+laugh, "is a very good argument in favor of training wild beasts, and
+goes a long way to prove that there really is very little cruelty in
+it. Now, I'll tell you how lions are caught in the Nubian desert. The
+Kauri negroes, when my messenger arrives, form parties to go in search
+of young lions. When they discover the spoor of a lioness, they creep
+about the bush until they find the animal's lair. It is usually one
+man alone who does this, and he has only a bundle of assegais under
+his left arm. Before the lioness can spring upon him, she has these
+spears in her body. Look at this skin," continued Mr. Hagenbeck,
+pointing to a magnificent tawny skin hanging up in the hall. "There,"
+said he, "that skin has no less than twenty-four holes in it. The poor
+mother made a brave fight for her young ones. Well," continued Mr.
+Hagenbeck, "when the old lioness is killed he takes the young ones to
+the zereba. The little lions are suckled by goats three times a day,
+and get quite fond of their foster-mothers.
+
+"Leopards and hyenas are caught in Nubia in traps which are made out
+of wood or cut out of stone in the mountains. These traps are baited
+with meat, and catch the big cats precisely as a mouse-trap catches a
+mouse. Once trapped, the hunters can tie the creature's legs, and bear
+it in triumph to the zereba."
+
+"And how are the Asiatic animals caught?" I asked Mr. Hagenbeck.
+
+"Well," he replied, "very much the same method is pursued there that
+we adopt in Africa. For instance, in Borneo and Java, animals are
+caught in trapfalls and pitfalls, and some in huge mouse-traps. In
+these we often catch full-grown tigers, black panthers, and leopards.
+In the pitfalls we find two horned rhinoceroses and saddlebacked
+tapirs. The animals, running through the forest, run over these
+pitfalls and drop in. The greater part of these unfortunately die
+directly after they are caught; some kill themselves in their
+excitement, others won't feed, and so pine away. A rhinoceros or a
+tapir dies because it is often hurt internally, although we frequently
+do not discover that they have been hurt until they have been with us
+for one or two months. I can remember that I once imported seven big
+rhinoceroses, and I sold only one of them, as the other six died.
+Bengal tigers are caught young, brought up by the natives in much the
+same way as the young lions in Africa, on milk and fowls. Most of
+these come by way of Calcutta."
+
+Standing in front of a great glass cage full of snakes, I said to Mr.
+Hagenbeck: "Now, how do you manage to get hold of these reptiles? They
+must be very dangerous."
+
+"Ah!" he replied, with a thoughtful look, "I'll tell you later on one
+or two stories of dreadful adventures that I myself have had with
+snakes. In the meantime this is the way they are caught in India. In
+the dry season the jungle is set on fire. As the snakes run out in all
+directions, they are caught by the natives with long sticks having a
+hoop at the end, to which is attached a big bag, a sort of exaggerated
+butterfly net. After that the reptiles are packed in sacks made of
+matting, which are fastened to long bamboos, and carried to Calcutta
+on the shoulders of the natives. When Calcutta is reached, they are
+packed in big boxes, from twelve to sixteen in a box, that is when
+they are only eight or ten feet long; big snakes, from fourteen to
+sixteen feet in length, are only packed from two to three in a box.
+They are then sent direct to Europe without food or water on the
+journey, for they require neither. The principal thing is to keep them
+warm. Cold gives them mouth disease, which is certain death. I
+remember once," continued Mr. Hagenbeck, "that I had one hundred and
+sixty-two snakes reach London in perfect condition; a violent
+snow-storm then came on, and when the boxes were opened in Hamburg
+every snake was dead.
+
+"The majority of my Asiatic elephants come from Ceylon, although a few
+of them are exported from Burma. I remember one year there was a great
+demand in the American market for Asiatic elephants; Barnum and
+Forepaugh each wanted twelve. I couldn't get enough from Burma, so
+sent direct to Ceylon, and got no less than sixty-seven elephants, all
+of which I disposed of in the next twelve months. Most of these were
+caught by noosing. This is done by Afghans who take out a license from
+the Ceylon Government. They go out with dogs, find a herd, follow it
+up, and drive the elephants into different flights; they then give
+their attention to the younger elephants. Each man has a long raw-hide
+rope with a noose in the end of it. He chases an elephant, throws the
+noose round its hind legs, and follows it until a tree is reached,
+round which the line is fastened. When the elephant drops down in
+despair, the rope is fastened round its other legs, and it is left for
+several days until calmed down; it is then taken and easily tamed. I
+can well remember," said Mr. Hagenbeck, "how interested Prince
+Bismarck was when I told all about the capture of my elephants.
+
+"I was sitting in my room one day, when a servant came in and told me
+that he believed that Prince Bismarck was in the menagerie. I went
+out, and as soon as I saw his tall, erect figure and white moustache,
+I knew it was the great man himself. I never came across so
+intelligent a man, or one who asked so many questions. I should think
+he must be something like your Gladstone."
+
+"And how did you first start buying animals on such a big scale, Mr.
+Hagenbeck?" said I.
+
+"Well," he replied, "it was in this way. In 1863 the first big lot of
+animals that ever appeared in Europe at one time were brought over by
+an Italian named Casanova. He couldn't sell them, and we had not the
+money to buy them, so they were sold to a menagerie at Kreutzburg,
+then the biggest in Germany. Next year Casanova came over with a few
+from Egypt, which I bought for the Dresden Zoo. This was the
+beginning of the African business. I then gave Casanova a big order,
+and arranged that he should bring over elephants, giraffes, and young
+lions at a fixed price. It's always cheaper," added Mr. Hagenbeck,
+with a laugh, "to get your dinner at the _table d'hote_ than by the
+card, and I thought it would be cheaper and better to get all these
+animals in one lot. Well, in 1866 he returned with a large cargo, in
+which there were seven African elephants. At that time an African
+elephant was a great novelty, both in Europe and in America. I sold
+these elephants to America, where they excited great interest, as they
+were the first African elephants that had ever been seen in that
+country." As we were going back to Mr. Hagenbeck's office he pointed
+out to me some very beautiful zebu bulls which he was going to send
+out to South America to be used for agricultural and breeding
+purposes. "There," said he, "you can see those animals nowhere else in
+Europe except in my place. I got them from Central India; I have been
+after them for ten years, and succeeded in getting them only two years
+ago." Just then we passed a slaughter-yard, where a couple of horses
+were being cut up for the carnivorous animals.
+
+"It must be a very difficult matter," said I, "to know how to feed all
+these animals properly."
+
+"I should think it was," he replied. "Animals are most dainty and
+delicate as regards their food. Now, for instance, those lions and
+tigers which were exhibiting at the Crystal Palace last year were fed
+on such bad food that they were quite ill when they came back here.
+Besides, a number of young animals were seized with what appeared to
+be cholera. I lost three thousand pounds' worth of them in three
+weeks. It is a very anxious business, indeed, I can tell you."
+
+
+  NOTE.--In the July number will be published an article on "The
+  Training of Wild Animals," which includes a description of a
+  special performance given by Mr. Hagenbeck, at which Mr.
+  Blathwayt, the writer of the articles, was the only spectator.
+
+
+
+
+UNDER SENTENCE OF THE LAW.
+
+THE STORY OF A DOG.
+
+BY MRS. ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON.
+
+
+By mandate of law, Rick wore a muzzle, not often on his nose, but
+generally hanging under his chin. It was not because his present
+character was a vicious one that Rick was thus distinguished, but
+owing to an awkward circumstance in early life. For Rick had been
+tried in a court of law for the crime of murder, convicted, and
+sentenced to death. I believe Canton Grison is the only province in
+Switzerland where the law enforcing capital punishment has not been
+repealed; and in Canton Grison it applies to beasts as well as men.
+
+Rick first appeared, a starveling puppy with a large frame and weak,
+shambling legs, before the windows of a charitable Scotswoman, who was
+a lover of dogs and a person of sensibility. Rick, whatever his
+intellectual shortcomings, was a shrewd judge of human nature, and
+knew where to find a sure welcome. Naturally he soon discovered the
+hour for meals, and seldom failed to be on hand in good season. Once
+he found the glass door shut through which he was accustomed to enter.
+Spectators on the other side saw his discomfiture, but, before they
+could reach the door, Master Rick had lifted the latch and was walking
+triumphantly in. A later friend of his declared that, when he asked,
+"What has become of that enormous dish of meat?" Rick tipped him an
+arch wink and touched his corpulent stomach with a hind paw. Another
+instance of his supposed intelligence was his habit of accompanying
+intending customers to the confectioner's shop, where he gorged
+himself at their expense. This indulgence in sweets, and his visits to
+adjacent villages, where he dined at the hotels _a la carte_, his
+bills to be sent to the Belvedere, induced early obesity, which was
+particularly observable in his great tail. I always thought the
+general belief in Rick's mental capacity rested on insufficient
+grounds. I have lived too much with dogs not to know a dull fellow,
+though kindly, when I see him; but, as an individual, I loved Rick,
+and could not deny him a certain charm. The fact that one day Rick
+(who at that time belonged to a butcher) did not put in an appearance
+simultaneously with the ringing of the luncheon-bell caused the
+charitable Scotswoman misgivings. She should have known him better.
+Fortunately she happened to glance out of the window in the nick of
+time, for there was poor Rick, flat on his side, his head turned
+piteously towards the door of his friend, being dragged along the road
+at the tail of a terrible cart--the cart of a man who bought dead and
+living cats and dogs for the sake of their skins. A maid was hastily
+despatched to the rescue, and Rick was bought for the price of his
+hide. His trials were over (it was little he cared for the trial and
+sentence), for he was now adopted by the Hotel Belvedere.
+
+Here he passed several uneventful, greedy years, until the day when
+the Belvedere was startled by the appearance of the officers of the
+law with an official document--a summons for Rick. How it was served I
+cannot imagine, but Rick was cited to appear, on a given date, at the
+Rathhaus, under the appellation of Tiger Hund. Tiger Hund was a fine,
+dashing name, but hardly applicable to Rick, who had more of the
+characteristics of the sheep than of the tiger. The two leading
+hotels, the Belvedere and the Bual, were shaken to their base by the
+threatened danger to Rick. Foreign counsel was appointed to plead his
+cause; I cannot now remember whether the chosen advocate was Herr
+Coester of the Belvedere, or Mr. J. Addington Symonds of the Bual.
+One, I know, appeared for Rick at the trial; while the other, after
+conviction, got up a petition for his pardon.
+
+The eventful day arrived; the learned gentleman, honest Rick at his
+heels, took his way to the ancient Rathhaus, the gloomy aspect of
+whose exterior, with its narrow, barred, windowy and high-pitched roof
+under the eaves of which were many a row of wolves' heads now dried
+into mummies, should have thrilled with apprehension the heart of the
+least imaginative dog. But Rick, poor innocent, trotted through the
+portals as he would have trotted into the confectioner's, and curled
+himself up for a nap at the feet of his counsel.
+
+His affection for the accused, and the sympathy of the large audience
+assembled to hear his pleading, inspired the learned gentleman with
+unwonted eloquence. The only creature unconcerned was Rick, who,
+having finished his nap, thought it a fitting occasion to make a
+little excursion into the next canton.
+
+After a brilliant peroration in which he dilated on the fidelity of
+the accused, who, he asserted, never left the Hotel Belvedere except
+in company with some of the guests, Rick's advocate wound up with
+these words: "Behold at my feet the Tiger Hund!" But, alas! Rick was
+not at his feet, nor could he be found in any of his usual haunts,
+though eager searchers beat the precincts for him. And so, through
+Rick's own fault, his case was lost and his friends put to open shame.
+Sentence of death was passed in the absence of the culprit, and things
+for a time looked black for Rick. Strenuous efforts, however, were
+made to secure a pardon; and finally, after the presentation of a
+petition pleading for mercy, numerously signed by the foreign and
+native residents, the magistrate was induced to commute the sentence
+to muzzlement for life. I cannot myself believe that Rick had the
+courage to attack a sheep, even in company. I know that his first
+meeting with a donkey threw him into such fits of terror that his
+reason was despaired of for days.
+
+
+
+
+THE EDGE OF THE FUTURE.
+
+UNSOLVED PROBLEMS THAT EDISON IS STUDYING.
+
+BY E. J. EDWARDS.
+
+
+I.
+
+Thomas A. Edison, when he was congratulated upon his forty-sixth
+birthday, declared that he did not measure his life by years, but by
+achievements or by campaigns; and he then confessed that he had
+planned ahead many campaigns, and that he looks forward to no period
+of rest, believing that for him, at least, the happiest life is a life
+of work. In speaking of his campaigns Mr. Edison said: "I do not
+regard myself as a pure scientist, as so many persons have insisted
+that I am. I do not search for the laws of nature, and have made no
+great discoveries of such laws. I do not study science as Newton and
+Kepler and Faraday and Henry studied it, simply for the purpose of
+learning truth. I am only a professional inventor. My studies and
+experiments have been conducted entirely with the object of inventing
+that which will have commercial utility. I suppose I might be called a
+scientific inventor, as distinguished from a mechanical inventor,
+although really there is no distinction."
+
+When Mr. Edison was asked about his campaigns and those achievements
+by which he measured his life, he said that in the past there had been
+first the stock-ticker and the telephone, upon the latter of which he
+worked very hard. But he regarded the greatest of his achievements, in
+the early part of his career, as the invention of the phonograph.
+"That," said he, "was an invention pure and simple. No suggestion of
+it, so far as I know, had ever been made; and it was a discovery made
+by accident, while experimenting upon another invention, that led to
+the development of the phonograph.
+
+"My second campaign was that which resulted in the invention of the
+incandescent lamp. Of course, an incandescent lamp had been suggested
+before. There had been abortive attempts to make them, even before I
+knew anything about telegraphing. The work which I did was to make an
+incandescent lamp which was commercially valuable, and the courts have
+recently sustained my claim to priority of invention of this lamp. I
+worked about three years upon that. Some of the experiments were very
+delicate and very difficult; some of them needed help which was very
+costly. That so far has been, I suppose, my chief achievement. It
+certainly was the first one which made me independent, and left me
+free to begin other campaigns without the necessity of calling for
+outside capital, or of finding my invention subjected to the mysteries
+of Wall Street manipulation."
+
+The hint contained in Mr. Edison's reference to Wall Street, and the
+mysteries of financiering which prevail there, led naturally enough to
+a question as to Mr. Edison's future purpose with regard to
+capitalists, and he said:
+
+"In my future campaigns I expect myself to control absolutely such
+inventions as I make. I am now fortunate enough to have capital of my
+own, and that I shall use in these campaigns. The most important of
+the campaigns I have in mind is one in which I have now been engaged
+for several years. I have long been satisfied that it was possible to
+invent an ore-concentrator which would vastly simplify the prevailing
+methods of extracting iron from earth and rock, and which would do it
+so much cheaper than those processes as to command the market. Of
+course I refer to magnetic iron ore. Some of the New Jersey mountains
+contain practically inexhaustible stores of this magnetic ore, but it
+has been expensive to mine. I was able to secure mining options upon
+nearly all these properties, and then I began the campaign of
+developing an ore-concentrator which would make these deposits
+profitably available. This iron is unlike any other iron ore. It takes
+four tons of the ore to produce one ton of pure iron, and yet I saw,
+some years ago, that if some method of extracting this ore could be
+devised, and the mines controlled, an enormously profitable business
+would be developed, and yet a cheaper iron ore--cheaper in its first
+cost--would be put upon the market. I worked very hard upon this
+problem, and in one sense successfully, for I have been able by my
+methods to extract this magnetic ore at comparatively small cost, and
+deliver from my mills pure iron bricklets. Yet I have not been
+satisfied with the methods; and some months ago I decided to abandon
+the old methods and to undertake to do this work by an entirely new
+system. I had some ten important details to master before I could get
+a perfect machine, and I have already mastered eight of them. Only two
+remain to be solved; and when this work is complete, I shall have, I
+think, a plant and mining privileges which will outrank the
+incandescent lamp as a commercial venture, certainly so far as I am
+myself concerned. Whatever the profits are, I shall myself control
+them, as I have taken no capitalists in with me in this scheme."
+
+Mr. Edison was asked if he was willing to be more explicit respecting
+this invention, but he declined to be, further than to say: "When the
+machinery is done as I expect to develop it, it will be capable of
+handling twenty thousand tons of ore a day with two shifts of men,
+five in a shift. That is to say, ten workmen, working twenty hours a
+day in the aggregate, will be able to take this ore, crush it, reduce
+the iron to cement-like proportions, extract it from the rock and
+earth, and make it into bricklets of pure iron, and do it so cheaply
+that it will command the market for magnetic iron."
+
+Mr. Edison, in speaking of this campaign, referred to it as though it
+was practically finished; and it was evident in the conversation that
+already his mind turns to a new campaign, which he will take up as
+soon as his iron-ore concentrator is complete and its work can be left
+to competent subordinates.
+
+He was asked if he would be willing to say what he had in mind for the
+next campaign, and he replied: "Well, I think as soon as the ore
+concentrating business is developed and can take care of itself, I
+shall turn my attention to one of the greatest problems that I have
+ever thought of solving, and that is, the direct control of the energy
+which is stored up in coal, so that it may be employed without waste
+and at a very small margin of cost. Ninety per cent. of the energy
+that exists in coal is now lost in converting it into power. It goes
+off in heat through the chimneys of boiler-rooms. You perceive it when
+you step into a room where there is a furnace and boiler; it is also
+greatly wasted in the development of the latent heat which is created
+by the change from water to steam. Now that is an awful waste, and
+even a child can see that if this wastage can be saved, it will result
+in vastly cheapening the cost of everything which is manufactured by
+electric or steam power. In fact, it will vastly cheapen the cost of
+all the necessaries and luxuries of life, and I suppose the results
+would be of mightier influence upon civilization than the development
+of the steam-engine and electricity have been. It will, in fact, do
+away with steam-engines and boilers, and make the use of steam power
+as much of a tradition as the stage-coach now is.
+
+"It would enable an ocean steamship of twenty thousand horse-power to
+cross the ocean faster than any of the crack vessels now do, and
+require the burning of only two hundred and fifty tons of coal instead
+of three thousand, which are now required; so that, of course, the
+charges for freight and passenger fares would be greatly reduced. It
+would enormously lessen the cost of manufacturing and of traffic. It
+would develop the electric current directly from coal, so that the
+cost of steam-engines and boilers would be eliminated. I have thought
+of this problem very much, and I have already my theory of the
+experiments, or some of them, which may be necessary to develop this
+direct use of all the power that is stored in coal. I can only say
+now, that the coal would be put into a receptacle, the agencies then
+applied which would develop its energy and save it all, and through
+this energy electric power of any degree desired could be furnished.
+Yes, it can be done; I am sure of that. Some of the details I have
+already mastered, I think; at least, I am sure that I know the way to
+go to work to master them. I believe that I shall make this my next
+campaign. It may be years before it is finished, and it may not be a
+very long time."
+
+Mr. Edison looks farther ahead than this campaign, for he said: "I
+think it quite likely that I may try to develop a plan for marine
+signalling. I have the idea already pretty well formulated in my mind.
+I should use the well-known principle that water is a more perfect
+medium for carrying vibrations than air, and should develop
+instruments which may be carried upon sea-going vessels, by which they
+can transmit or receive, through an international code of signals,
+reports within a radius of say ten miles."
+
+Mr. Edison believes that Chicago is to become the London of America
+early in the next century, while New York will be its Liverpool, and
+he is of opinion that very likely a ship canal may connect Chicago
+with tide water, so that it will itself become a great seaport.
+
+There is a common impression that Mr. Edison is an agnostic, but he
+denies it; and he said, in closing the conversation, "I tell you that
+no person can be brought into close contact with the mysteries of
+nature, or make a study of chemistry, without being convinced that
+behind it all there is supreme intelligence. I am convinced of that,
+and I think that I could, perhaps I may some time, demonstrate the
+existence of such intelligence through the operation of these
+mysterious laws with the certainty of a demonstration in mathematics."
+
+
+
+
+AN INTERVIEW WITH PROFESSOR ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL.
+
+BY CLEVELAND MOFFETT.
+
+
+II.
+
+Professor Graham Bell is not like some pedantic wise men who talk as
+if they believed that the end of knowledge in their particular line
+had been already reached. On the contrary, this distinguished inventor
+is convinced that the discovery and inventions of the past will seem
+but trivial things when compared with those which are to come. Nor
+does he think that the day of man's greater knowledge is so very far
+distant.
+
+
+THE AIR-SHIP OF THE NEAR FUTURE.
+
+"I have not the shadow of a doubt"--these are his own words, spoken to
+me quite recently at Washington--"that the problem of aerial
+navigation will be solved within ten years. That means an entire
+revolution in the world's methods of transportation and of making war.
+I am able to speak with more authority on this subject from the fact
+of being actively associated with Professor Langley of the Smithsonian
+Institution in his researches and experiments. I am not at liberty to
+speak in detail of these experiments, but will say that the
+calculations of scientific men in regard to the amount of power
+necessary to maintain an air-ship above the earth have been strangely
+erroneous; I may say ridiculously so. According to these, Nature would
+have given the birds and insects a muscular force vastly greater and
+superior in its qualities to that bestowed upon man. That seems
+unreasonable in the first place, when one reflects that man is at the
+head of creation, and we have found practically that such is not the
+case. The power required to lift and propel an air-ship is very much
+less than has been supposed; indeed, Professor Langley concludes that
+when the air-ship has once been lifted above the earth to the proper
+height, it will be possible to maintain it there with proportionately
+no greater effort than that expended by hawks and eagles in sailing
+about with extended wings. The air strata will do the bulk of the
+lifting, if a small propelling power is provided. Of course, a greater
+power will be necessary to lift the air-ship originally, and it may be
+some time before the art of managing an air-ship is discovered; but
+the final result, I am convinced, will allow men to sail about in the
+air as easily and as safely as the birds do. I predict that we will
+see the beginning of this modern miracle by the end of the nineteenth
+century.
+
+"Of course the air-ship of the future will be constructed without any
+balloon attachment. The discovery of the balloon undoubtedly retarded
+the solution of the flying problem for over a hundred years. Ever
+since the Montgolfiers taught the world how to rise in the air by
+means of inflated gas-bags, the inventors working at the problem of
+aerial navigation have been thrown on the wrong track. Scientific men
+have been wasting their time trying to steer balloons, a thing which
+in the nature of the case is impossible to any great extent, inasmuch
+as balloons, being lighter than the resisting air, can never make
+headway against it. The fundamental principle of aerial navigation is
+that the air-ship must be heavier than the air. It is only of recent
+years that men capable of studying the problem seriously have accepted
+this as an axiom. Electricity in one form or another will undoubtedly
+be the motive power for air-ships, and every advance in electrical
+knowledge brings us one step nearer to the day when we shall fly. It
+would be perfectly possible, to-day, to direct a flying machine by
+means of pendant electric wires which would transmit the necessary
+current without increasing the load to be borne. Perhaps a feasible
+means of propelling such an air-ship would be by a kind of trolley
+system where the rod would hang down from the car to the stretched
+wire, instead of extending upward. This is an idea which I would
+recommend to inventors."
+
+It is most interesting to watch Professor Bell as he talks about the
+great inventions which he sees with prophetic eye in store for the
+world. He has the happy faculty of expressing great ideas in simple
+words, and there is nothing ponderous in his speech. He is as
+enthusiastic as a school-boy thinking of the kite he will make as big
+as a barn-door. His black eyes flash, and they seem all the blacker
+contrasted with his white hair; the words tumble out quickly, and
+those who have the good fortune to listen are carried away by the
+magnetism of this great inventor.
+
+
+SEEING BY ELECTRICITY.
+
+The mention of electricity brought up new possibilities for future
+discovery, some of them so amazing as to almost pass the bounds of
+credibility. He said:
+
+"Morse taught the world years ago to write at a distance by
+electricity; the telephone enables us to talk at a distance by
+electricity; and now scientists are agreed that there is no
+theoretical reason why the well-known principles of light should not
+be applied in the same way that the principles of sound have been
+applied in the telephone, and thus allow us to see at a distance by
+electricity. It is some ten years since the scientific papers of the
+world were greatly exercised over a report that I had filed at the
+Smithsonian Institution a sealed packet supposed to contain a method
+of doing this very thing; that is, transmit the vision of persons and
+things from one point on the earth to another. As a matter of fact,
+there was no truth in the report, but it resulted in stirring up a
+dozen scientific men of eminence to come out with statements to the
+effect that they too had discovered various methods of seeing by
+electricity. That shows what I know to be the case, that men are
+working at this great problem in many laboratories, and I firmly
+believe it will be solved one day.
+
+"Of course, while the principle of seeing by electricity at a distance
+is precisely that applied in the telephone, yet it will be very much
+more difficult to construct such an apparatus, owing to the immensely
+greater rapidity with which the vibrations of light take place when
+compared with the vibrations of sound. It is merely a question,
+however, of finding a diaphragm which will be sufficiently sensitive
+to receive these vibrations and produce the corresponding electrical
+variations."
+
+
+THOUGHT TRANSFERENCE BY ELECTRICITY.
+
+After he had spoken of this idea for some time, Professor Bell stopped
+suddenly, and, with an amused twinkle in his eyes, exclaimed: "But
+while we are talking of all this, what is to prevent some one from
+discovering a way of thinking at a distance by electricity?"
+
+Having said this, the genial professor threw himself back and laughed
+heartily at the amazement his words awakened. Was he joking?
+Apparently not, for he proceeded seriously to discuss one of the most
+astounding conceptions that ever entered an inventor's mind. Thinking
+by electricity! Imagine two persons, one thousand or ten thousand
+miles apart, placed in communication electrically, in such a way that,
+without any spoken word, without sounding-board, key, or any bodily
+movement, the one receives instantly the thoughts of the other, and
+instantly sends back his own thoughts. The wife in New York knows what
+is passing in the brain of her husband in Paris. The husband has the
+same knowledge. What boundless possibilities, to be sure, this
+arrangement offers for business men, lovers, humorous writers, and the
+police authorities!
+
+Preposterous as such an idea appears in its first conception, it
+certainly assumes an increasing plausibility when one listens to
+Professor Bell's reasoning.
+
+"After all," he says, "what would there be in such a system more
+mysterious than in the processes of the mind reader? You substitute a
+wire and batteries for a strange-eyed man in a dress suit, that is
+all."
+
+The logical basis of Professor Bell's scheme is clear, and its details
+quite beautiful in their simplicity, when you admit his major premise.
+That premise is that the human brain is merely a kind of electrical
+reservoir, and that thinking is nothing more than an electrical
+disturbance, like the aurora borealis or the sparks from a Holtz
+machine. The nerves are the wires leading from the central battery in
+the head. The reasonableness of this assumption is increased when one
+remembers that electricity may be made to act upon the nerves, even in
+a lifeless body, so as to produce the same muscular contractions which
+are produced by the brain force, whatever that may be. We talk of
+animal magnetism. What if it were the same as any other kind of
+magnetism? If these two forces are identical in one respect, why may
+they not be so in all respects? So Professor Bell reasons, and
+granting that the human brain is merely a store-house of electricity
+for our bodily needs, of electricity not essentially different from
+that which we know elsewhere, it must be possible to apply the same
+electrical laws to the brain as to any other electric apparatus and to
+get similar results.
+
+"Do you begin to see my idea?" said Professor Bell, growing more and
+more enthusiastic as he proceeded. Then he gave a rapid outline of
+what might be a system of thinking by electricity.
+
+Everyone knows, who knows anything about the subject, that an electric
+current passing inside of a coil of wire induces an electric current
+in that wire. Now, if the human brain be taken as a battery, then
+currents are constantly passing from it to various parts of the body,
+and the head may be considered in a state of constant electrical
+excitement, the intensity varying with the character of the thought
+processes. Now, suppose a coil of wire properly prepared in the shape
+of a helmet, and fitted about the head of one person, with wires
+attached and connected with a helmet similarly fitted upon the head of
+another person at any convenient distance. Every electric current in
+the one human battery must induce a current in the coil around the
+head, which current must be transmitted to the other coil. This other
+coil must then, by the reversed process, induce a current in the brain
+within helmet No. 2, and that person must receive some cerebral
+sensation. This cerebral sensation might be a thought, and probably
+would be, if it turns out to be true that brain force is identical
+with electricity. In that case, the thought of the one person would
+have produced a thought in the other person, and there is, if we go as
+far as this, every reason to believe that it would be the same
+thought. Thus the problem of thinking at a distance by electricity
+would be solved.
+
+So much for a curious theory of what might be, if so and so were true;
+but Professor Bell has not stopped with theories, but has actually
+begun to put them to the test. Not that he is over-sanguine as to the
+result, but he believes the experiment worth the making, and that
+seriously. He has actually had two helmets, such as those described,
+constructed, and has begun a series of experiments in his laboratory.
+Thus far, the results have been for the most part negative, but not so
+much so as to prevent him hoping that more perfect appliances may lead
+to something more conclusive. It is true that the thought in one brain
+has produced a sensation in the other, through the two helmets, but
+what the relation was between the thought and the sensation could not
+be determined.
+
+
+MAKING THE DEAF HEAR BY THE USE OF ELECTRICITY.
+
+By quick stages the conversation ran into another channel with new
+wonders possible in the future. Professor Bell has conceived of a
+method of making the deaf hear, which is certainly startling. He
+proposes to do away with ears entirely, and produce the sensations of
+hearing by direct communication with the brain, through the bones of
+the head. As a matter of fact, the brains of deaf people are usually
+in a perfectly healthy condition, and the only thing which prevents
+them from hearing is some defect in communication with the vibrating
+air. If their brains could be excited artificially in the same way
+that the brains of ordinary persons are excited by vibrations
+communicated through the various chambers and passages of the ear,
+then the deaf would hear in the same way that other persons do.
+
+It is, of course, a fact, that hearing in every instance is merely an
+illusion of the senses, a sort of tickling of the brain. This tickling
+of the brain is ordinarily accomplished by the nerve force passing
+from the third chamber of the ear to the brain itself. If this nerve
+force is nothing more or less than ordinary electricity, and if
+science can train electricity to tickle the brain artificially in the
+same way and at the same points that the nerves from the ear usually
+do, then the ordinary sensations of hearing must result, whether the
+person has ears or not. The problem here is to discover the proper way
+of tickling the brain. The gentlemen who seat themselves in
+electrocution chairs have their brains tickled in a way which would
+not be generally satisfactory.
+
+
+THERE IS DANGER IN SUCH EXPERIMENTS.
+
+In his desire to bring relief to the deaf--and his whole life has been
+devoted to that object--Professor Bell has begun a series of
+remarkable experiments in this line. Some time ago, he determined to
+study the effects produced upon the brain by turning an electric
+current into it through the side of the head. With this end in view,
+he arranged a dynamo machine with a feeble current, giving a varying
+number of interruptions per second, and attached one of the poles to a
+wet sponge which he placed in one of his ears.
+
+"I risked one of my ears," he said simply, "in making this experiment,
+but I could not risk them both, so I held the second pole of the
+machine in my hand and turned on the current."
+
+Fortunately no harm resulted, but immediately Professor Bell
+experienced the sensation of a pleasant sound whose pitch he was able
+to vary by increasing or diminishing the number of interruptions in
+the dynamo machine. His assistant standing beside him could detect no
+sound at all, so that what Professor Bell heard must have been the
+effect of the electric current upon his brain. This effect he found
+could be varied by varying the character of the current. Now he argues
+that greater variations might be produced in the sounds heard by the
+brain if the current turned into it were varied in the proper manner.
+For instance, suppose the current from a long distance telephone to be
+turned through the head of the deaf mute, a sponge connected with
+either pole being placed in each ear. Then let some one talk into the
+telephone in the ordinary way, the infinite variations in the current
+produced by the voice vibrations being passed into the brain directly.
+Is it not conceivable that such a variety of brain sensations or tones
+might then be caused in the head of the deaf mute as to make it
+possible to establish a system of sound signals, so to speak, which
+would be the equivalent of ordinary language? Indeed, is it not
+possible that the deaf mute might actually hear spoken words?
+
+Professor Bell's experiments upon himself have been so encouraging as
+to make him disposed to try more complete experiments in the same line
+upon persons who have lost all sense of hearing, and who would
+doubtless be willing to take the inevitable risk for the sake of the
+great blessing which a successful issue would bring to them.
+
+We talked a long time about these strange fancies, and finally I said
+to Professor Bell:
+
+"But on this principle of brain tickling, what is to prevent a blind
+man from seeing by electricity?"
+
+"I do not know that there is anything to prevent it."
+
+
+
+
+FROM TENNYSON'S "LOCKSLEY HALL".
+
+
+  For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see,
+  Saw the Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be;
+
+  Saw the heavens fill with commerce, argosies of magic sails,
+  Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly bales;
+
+  Heard the heavens fill with shouting, and there rain'd a ghastly dew
+  From the nations' airy navies grappling in the central blue;
+
+  Far along the world-wide whisper of the south-wind rushing warm,
+  With the standards of the peoples plunging thro' the thunder-storm;
+
+  Till the war-drum throbb'd no longer, and the battle-flags were furl'd
+  In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world.
+
+  There the common sense of most shall hold a fretful realm in awe,
+  And the kindly earth shall slumber, lapt in universal law.
+
+  So I triumph'd ere my passion sweeping thro' me left me dry,
+  Left me with the palsied heart, and left me with the jaundiced eye;
+
+  Eye, to which all order festers, all things here are out of joint:
+  Science moves, but slowly slowly, creeping on from point to point:
+
+  Slowly comes a hungry people, as a lion creeping nigher,
+  Glares at one that nods and winks behind a slowly-dying fire.
+
+  Yet I doubt not thro' the ages one increasing purpose runs,
+  And the thoughts of men are widen'd with the process of the suns.
+
+By permission from "The Works of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Poet
+Laureate," Macmillan & Co., New York and London, 1893.
+
+
+
+
+A DAY WITH GLADSTONE
+
+FROM THE MORNING AT HAWARDEN TO THE EVENING AT THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.
+
+BY H. W. MASSINGHAM OF THE "LONDON CHRONICLE."
+
+
+I am often asked what is the secret of Mr. Gladstone's extraordinary
+length of days and of the perfection of his unvarying health. It may
+be partly attributed to the remarkable longevity of the Gladstone
+family, a hardy Scottish stock with fewer weak shoots and branches
+than perhaps any of the ruling families of England. But it has
+depended mainly on Mr. Gladstone himself and on the undeviating
+regularity of his habits. Most English statesmen have been either free
+livers or with a touch of the _bon vivant_ in them. Pitt and Fox were
+men of the first character; Melbourne, Palmerston, and Lord
+Beaconsfield were of the last. But Mr. Gladstone is a man who has been
+guilty of no excesses, save perhaps in work. He rises at the same hour
+every day, uses the same fairly generous, but always carefully
+regulated, diet, goes to bed about the same hour, pursues the same
+round of work and intellectual and social pleasure. An extraordinarily
+varied life is accompanied by a certain rigidity of personal habit I
+have never seen surpassed. The only change old age has witnessed has
+been that the House of Commons work has been curtailed, and that Mr.
+Gladstone has not of late years been seen in the House after the
+dinner hour, which lasts from eight till ten, except on nights when
+crucial divisions are expected. With the approach of winter and its
+accompanying chills, to which he is extremely susceptible, he seeks
+the blue skies and dry air of the Mediterranean coasts and of his
+beloved Italy. With this exception his life goes on in its pleasant
+monotony. At Hawarden, of course, it is simpler and more private than
+in London. In town to-day Mr. Gladstone avoids all large parties and
+great crushes and gatherings where he may be expected to be either
+mobbed or bored or detained beyond his usual bed-time.
+
+
+HIS PERSONALITY.
+
+Personally Mr. Gladstone is an example of the most winning, the most
+delicate, and the most minute courtesy. He is a gentleman of the elder
+English school, and his manners are grand and urbane, always stately,
+never condescending, and genuinely modest. He affects even the dress
+of the old school, and I have seen him in the morning wearing an old
+black evening coat, such as Professor Jowett still affects. The
+humblest passer-by in Piccadilly, raising his hat to Mr. Gladstone, is
+sure to get a sweeping salute in return. This courtliness is all the
+more remarkable, because it accompanies and adorns a very strong
+temper, a will of iron, and a habit of being regarded for the greater
+part of his lifetime as a personal force of unequalled magnitude. Yet
+the most foolish, and perhaps one may add the most impertinent, of Mr.
+Gladstone's dinner-table questioners is sure of an elaborate reply,
+delivered with the air of a student in deferential talk with his
+master. To the cloth Mr. Gladstone shows a reverence that occasionally
+woos the observer to a smile. The callowest curate is sure of a
+respectful listener in the foremost Englishman of the day. On the
+other hand, in private conversation the premier does not often brook
+contradiction. His temper is high, and though, as George Russell has
+said, it is under vigilant control, there are subjects on which it is
+easy to arouse the old lion. Then the grand eyes flash, the torrent of
+brilliant monologue flows with more rapid sweep, and the dinner table
+is breathless at the spectacle of Mr. Gladstone angry. As to his
+relations with his family, they are very charming. It is a pleasure to
+hear Herbert Gladstone--his youngest, and possibly his favorite
+son--speak of "my father." All of them, sons and daughters, are
+absolutely devoted to his cause, wrapped up in his personality, and
+enthusiastic as to every side of his character. Of children Mr.
+Gladstone has always been fond, and he has more than one favorite
+among his grandchildren.
+
+
+MR. GLADSTONE'S MORNING.
+
+Mr. Gladstone's day begins about 7.30, after seven hours and a half of
+sound, dreamless sleep, which no disturbing crisis in public affairs
+was ever known to spoil. At Hawarden it usually opens with a morning
+walk to church, with which no kind of weather--hail, rain, snow, or
+frost--is ever allowed to interfere. In his rough slouch hat and gray
+Inverness cape, the old man plods sturdily to his devotions. To the
+rain, the danger of sitting in wet clothes, and small troubles of this
+kind, he is absolutely impervious, and Mrs. Gladstone's solicitude has
+never availed to change his lifelong custom in this respect. Breakfast
+over, working time commences. I am often astonished at the manner in
+which Mr. Gladstone manages to crowd his almost endlessly varied
+occupations into the forenoon, for when he is in the country he has
+practically no other continuous and regular work-time. Yet into this
+space he has to condense his enormous correspondence--for which, when
+no private secretary is available, he seeks the help of his sons and
+daughters--his political work, and his varied literary pursuits. The
+explanation of this extreme orderliness of mind is probably to be
+found in his unequaled habit of concentration on the business before
+him. As in matters of policy, so in all his private habits, Mr.
+Gladstone thinks of one thing and of one thing only at a time. When
+home rule was up, he had no eyes or ears for any political subject but
+Ireland, of course excepting his favorite excursions into the twin
+subjects of Homer and Christian theology. Enter the room when Mr.
+Gladstone is reading a book; you may move noisily about the chamber,
+ransack the books on the shelves, stir the furniture, but never for
+one moment will the reader be conscious of your presence. At Downing
+Street, during his earlier ministries, these hours of study were
+often, I might say usually, preceded by the famous breakfast at which
+the celebrated actor or actress, the rising poet, the well-known
+artist, the diplomatist halting on his way from one station of the
+kingdom to another, were welcome guests. Madame Bernhardt, Miss Ellen
+Terry, Henry Irving, Madame Modjeska, have all assisted at these
+pleasant feasts.
+
+[Illustration: HAWARDEN CASTLE.]
+
+
+HIS AFTERNOON.
+
+Lunch with Mr. Gladstone is a very simple meal which neither at
+Hawarden nor Downing Street admits of much form or publicity. The
+afternoon which follows is a very much broken and less regular period.
+At Hawarden a portion of it is usually spent out of doors. In the old
+days it was devoted to the felling of some giant of the woods. Within
+the last few years, however, Sir Andrew Clark, Mr. Gladstone's
+favorite physician and intimate friend, has recommended that
+tree-felling be given over; and now Mr. Gladstone's recreation, in
+addition to long walks, in which he still delights, is that of lopping
+branches off veterans whose trunks have fallen to younger arms.
+
+
+AS A READER.
+
+Between the afternoon tea and dinner the statesman usually retires
+again, and gets through some of the lighter and more agreeable of his
+intellectual tasks. He reads rapidly, and I think I should say that,
+especially of late years, he does a good deal of skipping. If a book
+does not interest him, he does not trouble to read it through. He uses
+a rough kind of _memoria technica_ to enable him to mark passages with
+which he agrees, from which he dissents, which he desires to qualify,
+or which he reserves for future reference. I should say the books he
+reads most of are those dealing with theology, always the first and
+favorite topic, and the history of Ireland before and after the Act of
+Union. Indeed, everything dealing with that memorable period is
+greatly treasured. I remember one hasty glance over Mr. Gladstone's
+book table in his town house. In addition to the liberal weekly, "The
+Speaker," and a few political pamphlets, there were, I should say,
+fifteen or twenty works on theology, none of them, as far as I could
+see, of first-rate importance. Of science Mr. Gladstone knows little,
+and it cannot be said that his interest in it is keen. He belongs, in
+a word, to the old-fashioned Oxford ecclesiastical school, using the
+controversial weapons which are to be found in the works of Pusey and
+of Hurrell Froude. In his reading, when a question of more minute and
+out-of-the-way scholarship arises, he appeals to his constant friend
+and assistant, Lord Acton, to whose profound learning he bows with a
+deference which is very touching to note.
+
+
+MR. GLADSTONE'S LIBRARY.
+
+[Illustration: THE LIBRARY.]
+
+Mr. Gladstone's library is not what can be called a select or really
+first-rate collection. It comprises an undue proportion of theological
+literature, of which he is a large and not over-discriminating buyer.
+I doubt, indeed, whether there is any larger private bookbuyer in
+England. All the book-sellers send him their catalogues, especially
+those of rare and curious books. I have seen many of these lists, with
+a brief order in Mr. Gladstone's own handwriting on the flyleaf, with
+his tick against twenty or thirty volumes which he desires to buy.
+These usually range round classical works, archaeology, special periods
+of English history, and, above all, works reconciling the Biblical
+record with science. Of late, as is fairly well known, Mr. Gladstone
+has built himself an octagonal iron house in Hawarden village, a mile
+and a half from the castle, for the storage of his specially valuable
+books and a collection of private papers which traverse a good many of
+the state secrets of the greater part of the century. The importance
+of these is great, and the chances are that before Mr. Gladstone dies
+they will all be grouped and indexed in his upright, a little crabbed,
+but perfectly plain, handwriting. By the way, a great many statements
+have been made about Mr. Gladstone's library, and I may as well give
+the facts which have never before been made public. His original
+library consisted of about twenty-four thousand volumes. In the
+seventies, however, he parted with his entire collection of political
+works, amounting to some eight thousand volumes, to the late Lord
+Wolverton. The remaining fifteen thousand or so are now distributed
+between the little iron house to which I have referred, and the
+Hawarden library. Curiously enough, Mr. Gladstone is not a worshiper
+of books for the sake of their outward adornments. He loves them for
+what is inside rather than outside. He even occasionally sells
+extremely rare and costly editions for which he has no special use. In
+all money matters, indeed, he is a thrifty, orderly Scotchman. He has
+never been rich, though his affairs have greatly improved since the
+time when in his first premiership he had to sell his valuable
+collection of china.
+
+
+AT THE DINNER TABLE.
+
+Dinner with Mr. Gladstone is the stately ceremonial meal which it has
+become to the upper and upper-middle class Englishman. Mr. Gladstone
+invariably dresses for it, wearing the high crest collar which Harry
+Furniss has immortalized, and a cutaway coat which strikes one as of a
+slightly old-fashioned pattern. His digestion never fails him, and he
+eats and drinks with the healthy appetite of a man of thirty. A glass
+of champagne is agreeable to him, and if he does not take his glass or
+two of port at dinner, he makes it up by two or three glasses of
+claret, which he considers an equivalent. Oysters he never could
+endure, but, like Schopenhauer and Goethe and many another great man,
+he is a consistently hearty and unfastidious eater. He talks much in
+an animated monologue, though the common complaint that he monopolizes
+the conversation is not a just one. You cannot easily turn Mr.
+Gladstone into a train of ideas which does not interest him, but he is
+a courteous and even eager listener; and if the subject is of general
+interest, he does not bear in it any more than the commanding part
+which the rest of the company invariably allows him. His speaking
+voice is a little gruffer and less musical than his oratorical notes,
+which, in spite of the invading hoarseness, still at times ring out
+with their old clearness. As a rule he does not talk on politics. On
+ecclesiastical matters he is a never wearied disputant. Poetry has
+also a singular charm for him, and no modern topic has interested him
+more keenly than the discussion as to Tennyson's successor to the
+laureateship. I remember that at a small dinner at which I recently
+met him, the conversation ran almost entirely on the two subjects of
+old English hymns and young English poets. His favorite religious poet
+is, I should say, Cardinal Newman, and his favorite hymn, Toplady's
+"Rock of Ages," of which his Latin rendering is to my mind far
+stronger and purer than the original English. When he is in town, he
+dines out almost every day, though, as I have said, he eschews formal
+and mixed gatherings, and affects the small and early dinner party at
+which he can meet an old friend or two, and see a young face which he
+may be interested in seeing. One habit of his is quite unvarying. He
+likes to walk home, and to walk home alone. He declines escort, and
+slips away for his quiet stroll under the stars, or even through the
+fog and mist on a London winter's night. Midnight usually brings his
+busy, happy day to a close. Sleeplessness never has and never does
+trouble him, and at eighty-three his nights are as dreamless and
+untroubled as those of a boy of ten.
+
+
+IN THE HOUSE.
+
+His afternoons when in town and during the season are, of course,
+given up pretty exclusively to public business and the House of
+Commons, which he usually reaches about four o'clock. He goes by a
+side door straight to his private room, where he receives his
+colleagues, and hears of endless questions and motions, which fall
+like leaves in Vallambrosa around the head of a prime minister.
+Probably steps will be taken to remove much of this irksome and
+somewhat petty burden from the shoulders of the aged minister. But
+leader Mr. Gladstone must and will be at eighty-three, quite as fully
+as he was at sixty. Indeed, the complaint of him always has been that
+he does too much, both for his own health and the smooth manipulation
+of the great machine which, as was once remarked, creaks and moves
+rather lumberingly under his masterful but over-minute guidance.
+During the last two or three years it has been customary for the Whigs
+to so arrange that Mr. Gladstone speaks early in the evening. He is
+not always able to do this while the Home Rule Bill is under
+discussion, but I do not think he will ever again find it necessary to
+follow the entire course of a Parliamentary debate. He never needed to
+do as much listening from the Treasury Bench as he was wont to do in
+his first and second ministries. I do not think that any prime
+minister ever spent half as much time in the House of Commons as did
+Mr. Gladstone; certainly no one ever made one-tenth part as many
+speeches. Indeed, it requires all Mrs. Gladstone's vigilance to avert
+the physical strain consequent upon overwork. With this purpose she
+invariably watches him in the House of Commons, from a corner seat in
+the right hand of the Ladies' Gallery which is always reserved for
+her, and which I have never known her to miss occupying on any
+occasion of the slightest importance.
+
+
+SPEECH-MAKING.
+
+I have before me two or three examples of notes of Mr. Gladstone's
+speeches; one of them refers to one of the most important of his
+addresses on the customs question. It was a long speech, extending,
+if I remember rightly, to considerably over an hour. Yet the memoranda
+consist purely of four or five sentences of two or three words apiece,
+written on a single sheet of note paper, and no hint of the course of
+the oration is given. Occasionally, no doubt, especially in the case
+of the speech on the introduction of the Home Rule Bill, which was to
+my mind the finest Mr. Gladstone has ever delivered, the notes were
+rather more extensive than this, but as a rule they are extremely
+brief. When Mr. Gladstone addresses a great public meeting, the most
+elaborate pains are taken to insure his comfort. He can now only read
+the very largest print, and careful and delicate arrangements are made
+to provide him with lamps throwing the light on the desk or table near
+which he stands. Sir Andrew Clark observes the most jealous
+watchfulness over his patient. A curious instance of this occurred at
+Newcastle, when Mr. Gladstone was delivering his address to the great
+liberal caucus which assembles as the annual meeting of the National
+Liberal Federation. Sir Andrew had insisted that the orator should
+confine himself to a speech lasting only an hour. Fearing that his
+charge would forget all about his promise in the excitement of
+speaking, the physician, slipped onto the platform and timed Mr.
+Gladstone, watch in hand. The hour passed, but there was no pause in
+the torrent of words. Sir Andrew was in despair. At last he pencilled
+a note to Mr. Morley, beseeching him to insist upon the speech coming
+to an end. But Mr. Morley would not undertake the responsibility of
+cutting a great oration, and the result was that Mr. Gladstone stole
+another half hour from time and his physician. The next day a friend
+of mine went breathlessly up to Sir Andrew, and asked how the
+statesman had borne the additional strain. "He did not turn a hair,"
+was the reply. Practically the only sign of physical failure which is
+apparent in recent speeches has been that the voice tends to break and
+die away after about an hour's exercise, and for a moment the sound of
+the curiously veiled notes and a glance at the marble pallor of the
+face gives one the impression that after all Mr. Gladstone is a very,
+very old man. But there is never anything like a total breakdown. And
+no one is aware of the enormous stores of physical energy on which the
+prime minister can draw, who has not sat quite close to him, and
+measured the wonderful breadth of his shoulders and heard his voice
+coming straight from his chest in great _bouffees_ of sound. Then you
+forget all about the heavy wrinkles in the white face, the scanty
+silver hair, and the patriarchal look of the figure before you.
+
+[Illustration: THE GLADSTONE FAMILY.]
+
+
+
+
+WHERE MAN GOT HIS EARS.
+
+BY HENRY DRUMMOND, LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.G.S.
+
+[Illustration: _Sincerely Yours Henry Drummond._]
+
+
+One of the most humorous sights in nature, less common in America than
+Europe, is a snail wandering about with a shell on its back. The
+progenitors of snails once lived in the sea, and when they evolved
+themselves ashore they carried this relic of the water with them,--an
+anomaly which, seen to-day, seems as ridiculous as if one were to meet
+an Indian in Paris with his canoe on his back. But there are more
+animals besides snails that once lived in the water. If embryology is
+any guide to the past, nothing is more certain than that the ancient
+progenitors of Man once lived an aquatic life. As the traveller,
+wandering in foreign lands, brings back all manner of curios to remind
+him where he has been--clubs and spears, clothes and pottery, which
+represent the ways of life of those whom he has met, so the body of
+Man, returning from its long journey through the animal kingdom,
+emerges laden with the spoils of its watery pilgrimage. These relics
+are not mere curiosities; they are as real as the clubs and spears,
+the clothes and pottery. Like them, they were once a part of life's
+vicissitude; they represent organs which have been outgrown; old forms
+of apparatus long since exchanged for better, yet somehow not yet
+destroyed by the hand of time. The physical body of Man, so great is
+the number of these relics, is an old curiosity-shop, a museum of
+obsolete anatomies, discarded tools, outgrown and aborted organs. All
+other animals also contain among their useful organs a proportion
+which are long past their work; and so significant are these rudiments
+of a former state of things, that anatomists have often expressed
+their willingness to stake the theory of Evolution upon their presence
+alone.
+
+Prominent among these vestigial structures, as they are called, are
+those which smack of the sea. At one time there was nothing else in
+the world but water-life; all the land animals are late inventions.
+One reason why animals began in the water is that it is easier to live
+in the water--anatomically and physiologically cheaper--than to live
+on the land. The denser element supports the body better, demanding a
+less supply of muscle and bone; and the perpetual motion of the sea
+brings the food to the animal, making it unnecessary for the animal to
+move to the food. This and other correlated circumstances call for far
+less mechanism in the body, and, as a matter of fact, all the simplest
+forms of life at the present day are inhabitants of the water.
+
+[Illustration: "BALANOGLOSSUS" (AFTER AGASSIZ), AND LARGE SEA LAMPREY
+(AFTER CUVIER AND HAECKEL), SHOWING GILL-SLITS.--FROM "DARWIN AND AFTER
+DARWIN" BY ROMANES.]
+
+A successful attempt at coming ashore may be seen in the common worm.
+The worm is still so unacclimatized to land life that instead of
+living on the earth like other creatures, it lives _in_ it, as if it
+were a thicker water, and always where there is enough moisture to
+keep up the traditions of its past. Probably it took to the shore
+originally by exchanging, first the water for the ooze at the bottom,
+then by wriggling among muddy flats when the tide was out, and
+finally, as the struggle for life grew keen, it pushed further and
+further inland, continuing its migration so long as dampness was to be
+found. Its cousin the snail, again, goes even further, for it not only
+carries its shell ashore but when it cannot get moisture, actually
+manufactures it.
+
+[Illustration: EMBRYOS SHOWING GILL-SLITS.--FROM HAECKEL's "EVOLUTION OF
+MAN."
+
+A. FISH. B. CHICK. C. CALF. D. MAN.]
+
+When Man left the water, however,--or what was to develop into Man--he
+took very much more ashore with him than a shell. Instead of crawling
+ashore at the worm stage, he remained in the water until he evolved
+into something like a fish; so that when, after an amphibian
+interlude, he finally left it, many "ancient and fish-like"
+characters remained in his body to tell the tale. Now, it is among
+these piscine characteristics that we find the clue to where Man got
+his ears. The chief characteristic of a fish is its apparatus for
+breathing the air dissolved in the water. This consists of gills
+supported on strong arches, the branchial arches, which in the
+Elasmobranch fishes are from five to seven in number and uncovered
+with any operculum, or lid. Communicating with these arches, in order
+to allow the water which has been taken in at the mouth to pass out at
+the gills, an equal number of slits or openings are provided in the
+neck. Without these holes in their neck all fishes would instantly
+perish, and we may be sure Nature took exceptional care in perfecting
+this particular piece of the mechanism. Now it is one of the most
+extraordinary facts in natural history that these slits in the fish's
+neck are still represented in the neck of Man. Almost the most
+prominent feature, indeed, after the head, in every mammalian embryo,
+are the four clefts or furrows of the old gill-slits.[1] They are
+still known in embryology by no other name--gill-slits--and so
+persistent are these characters that children have been known to be
+born with them not only externally visible--which is a common
+occurrence--but open, through and through, so that fluids taken in at
+the mouth could pass through them and trickle out at the neck. This
+fact was so astounding as to be for a long time denied. It was thought
+that when this happened, the orifice must have been accidentally made
+by the probe of the surgeon. But Dr. Sutton has recently met with
+actual cases where this has occurred. "I have seen milk," he says,
+"issue from such fistulae in individuals who have never been submitted
+to sounding."[2]
+
+  [1] N. B.--They appear as "clefts," marking not the adult fish, but
+      the embryo at the corresponding stage.
+
+  [2] "Evolution and Disease," p. 81.
+
+In the common case of children born with these vestiges, the old
+gill-slits are represented by small openings in the skin on the sides
+of the neck and capable of admitting a thin probe. Sometimes the place
+where they have been in childhood is marked throughout life by small
+round patches of white skin. These relics of the sea, these
+apparitions of the Fish, these sudden resurrections, are betrayals of
+man's pedigree. Men wonder at mummy-wheat germinating after a thousand
+years of dormancy. But here are ancient features bursting into life
+after unknown ages, and challenging modern science for a verdict on
+their affinities.
+
+When the fish came ashore, its water-breathing apparatus was no longer
+of any use to it. At first it had to keep it on, for it took a long
+time to perfect the air-breathing apparatus which was to replace it.
+But when this was ready the problem was, what to do with the earlier
+organ? Nature is exceedingly economical, and could not throw all this
+mechanism away. In fact Nature almost never parts with any structure
+she has once made. What she does is to change it into something else.
+Conversely, Nature seldom makes anything new; her method of creation
+is to adapt something old. Now when Nature started out to manufacture
+ears, she made them out of the old breathing apparatus. She saw that
+if water could pass through a hole in the neck, sound could pass
+likewise, and she set to work upon the highest up of the five
+gill-slits and slowly elaborated it into a hearing organ.
+
+[Illustration: ADULT SHARK (AFTER CUVIER AND HAECKEL).--FROM "DARWIN AND
+AFTER DARWIN."]
+
+There never had been an external ear in the world till this was done,
+or any good ear at all. Creatures which live in water do not seem to
+use hearing much, and the sound-waves in fishes are simply conveyed
+through the walls of the head to the internal ear without any definite
+mechanism. But as soon as land-life began, owing to the changed medium
+through which sound-waves must now be propagated, a more delicate
+instrument was required. And hence one of the first things attended to
+was the construction and improvement of the ear.
+
+[Illustration: MARBLE HEAD OF SATYR, IN MUNICH, SHOWING CERVICAL
+AURICLES.]
+
+It has long been a growing certainty to Comparative Anatomy that the
+external and middle ear in Man are simply a development, an improved
+edition, of the first gill-cleft and its surrounding parts. The
+tympano-Eustachian passage is the homologue or counterpart of the
+spiracle, associated in the shark with the first gill-opening.
+Professor His of Leipsic has worked out the whole development in
+minute detail, and conclusively demonstrated the mode of origin of the
+external ear from the coalescence of six rounded tubercles surrounding
+the first branchial cleft at an early period of embryonic life.
+Haeckel's account of the process is as follows: "All the essential
+parts of the middle ear--the tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, and
+Eustachian tube--develop from the first gill-opening with its
+surrounding parts, which in the Primitive Fishes (_Selachii_) remains
+throughout life as an open blowhole, situated between the first and
+second gill-arches. In the embryos of higher Vertebrates it closes in
+the centre, the point of concrescence forming the tympanic membrane.
+The remaining outer part of the first gill-opening is the rudiment of
+the outer ear-canal. From the inner part originates the tympanic
+cavity, and further inward, the Eustachian tube. In connection with
+these, the three bonelets of the ear develop from the first two
+gill-arches; the hammer and anvil from the first, and the stirrup from
+the upper end of the second gill-arch. Finally as regards the external
+ear, the ear-shell (_concha auris_), and the outer ear-canal, leading
+from the shell to the tympanic membrane--these parts develop in the
+simplest way from the skin-covering which borders the outer orifice of
+the first gill-opening. At this point the ear-shell rises in the form
+of a circular fold of skin, in which cartilage and muscles afterwards
+form."[3]
+
+  [3] HAECKEL: "Evolution of Man," vol. ii, p. 269.
+
+[Illustration: HEAD OF SATYR IN GROUP OF MARSYAS AND APOLLO, NAPLES
+MUSEUM, SHOWING CERVICAL AURICLES.]
+
+Now bearing in mind this account of the origin of ears, an
+extraordinary circumstance confronts us. Ears are actually sometimes
+found bursting out _in human beings_ half way down the neck, in the
+exact position--namely along the line of the anterior border of the
+sterno-mastoid muscle--which the gill-slits would occupy if they still
+persisted. In some human families where the tendency to retain these
+special structures is strong, one member sometimes illustrates the
+abnormality by possessing the clefts alone, another has a cervical
+ear, while a third has both a cleft and an ear,--all these of course
+in addition to the ordinary ears. This cervical auricle has all the
+characters of the ordinary ear, "it contains yellow elastic cartilage,
+is skin-covered, and has muscle-fibre attached to it."[4]
+
+  [4] SUTTON: "Evolution and Disease."
+
+[Illustration: FAUN FROM THE CAPITOLINE MUSEUM, SHOWING CERVICAL
+AURICLES.]
+
+Dr. Sutton further calls attention to the fact that on ancient statues
+of fauns and satyrs cervical auricles are sometimes found, and he
+figures the head of a satyr from the British Museum, carved long
+before the days of anatomy, where a sessile ear on the neck is most
+distinct. A still better illustration may be seen in the Art Museum at
+Boston on a full-sized cast of a faun belonging to the later Greek
+period; and there are other examples in the same building. One
+interest of these neck-ears in statues is that they are not as a rule
+modelled after the human ear but taken from the cervical ear of the
+goat, from which the general idea of the faun was derived. This shows
+that neck-ears were common on the goats of that period--as they are on
+goats to this day--but the sculptor would hardly have had the daring
+to introduce this feature in the human subject unless he had been
+aware that pathological facts encouraged him. The occurrence of these
+ears in goats is no more than one would expect. Indeed one would look
+for them not only in Man, but in all the Mammalia, for so far as their
+bodies are concerned all the higher animals are near relations.
+Observations on vestigial structures in animals are sadly wanting; but
+they are certainly found in the horse, pig, sheep, and others.
+
+[Illustration: FORM OF THE EAR IN BABY OUTANG.--FROM "DARWIN AND AFTER
+DARWIN"]
+
+That the human ear was not always the squat and degenerate instrument
+it is at present may be seen by a critical glance at its structure.
+Mr. Darwin records how a celebrated sculptor called his attention to a
+little peculiarity in the external ear, which he had often noticed
+both in men and women. "The peculiarity consists in a little blunt
+point, projecting from the inwardly folded margin or helix. When
+present, it is developed at birth, and according to Professor Ludwig
+Meyer, more frequently in man than in woman. The helix obviously
+consists of the extreme margin of the ear folded inwards; and the
+folding appears to be in some manner connected with the whole external
+ear being permanently pressed backwards. In many monkeys who do not
+stand high in the order, as baboons and some species of macacus, the
+upper portion of the ear is slightly pointed, and the margin is not at
+all folded inwards; but if the margin were to be thus folded, a slight
+point would necessarily project towards the centre."[5]
+
+  [5] "Descent of Man," p. 15.
+
+Here then, in this discovery of the lost tip of the ancestral ear, is
+further and visible advertisement of man's Descent, a surviving symbol
+of the stirring times and dangerous days of his animal youth. It is
+difficult to imagine any other theory than that of Descent which could
+account for all these facts. That evolution should leave such clues
+lying about is at least an instance of its candor.
+
+[Illustration: HORNED SHEEP AND GOAT WITH CERVICAL AURICLES.--FROM
+"EVOLUTION AND DISEASE," J. BLAND-SUTTON.]
+
+But this does not exhaust the betrayals of this most confiding organ.
+If we turn from the outward ear to the muscular apparatus for working
+it, fresh traces of its animal career are brought to light. The
+erection of the ear, in order to catch sound better, is a power
+possessed by almost all mammals, and the attached muscles are large
+and greatly developed in all but domesticated forms. This same
+apparatus, though he makes no use of it whatever, is still attached to
+the ears of Man. It is so long since he relied on the warnings of
+hearing, that by a well-known law the muscles have fallen into disuse
+and atrophied. In many cases, however, the power of twitching the ear
+is not wholly lost, and every school-boy can point to some one in his
+class who retains the capacity and is apt to revive it in irrelevant
+circumstances.
+
+One might run over all the other organs of the human body and show
+their affinities with animal structures and an animal past. The
+twitching of the ear, for instance, suggests another obsolete or
+obsolescent power--the power, or rather the set of powers, for
+twitching the skin, especially the skin of the scalp and forehead
+by which we raise the eyebrows. Sub-cutaneous muscles for shaking
+off flies from the skin, or for erecting the hair of the scalp,
+are common among quadrupeds, and these are represented in the human
+subject by the still functioning muscles of the forehead, and
+occasionally of the head itself. Everyone has met persons who possess
+the power of moving the whole scalp to and fro, and the muscular
+apparatus for effecting it is identical with what is normally
+found in some of the Quadrumana.
+
+Another typical vestigial structure is the _plica semi-lunaris_, the
+remnant of the nictitating membrane characteristic of nearly the whole
+vertebrate sub-kingdom. This membrane is a semi-transparent curtain
+which can be drawn rapidly across the external surface of the eye for
+the purpose of sweeping it clean. In birds it is extremely common, but
+it also exists in fish, mammals, and all the other vertebrates. Where
+it is not found of any functional value it is almost always
+represented by vestiges of some kind. In Man all that is left of it is
+a little piece of the curtain draped at the side of the eye.
+
+When one passes from the head to the other extremity of the human
+body one comes upon a somewhat unexpected but very pronounced
+characteristic--the relic of the tail, and not only of the tail, but
+of muscles for wagging it. Everyone who first sees a human skeleton
+is amazed at this discovery. At the end of the vertebral column,
+curling faintly outward in suggestive fashion, are three, four, and
+occasionally five vertebrae forming the coccyx, a true rudimentary
+tail. In the adult this is always concealed beneath the skin, but
+in the embryo, both in man and ape, at an early stage it is much
+longer than the limbs. What is decisive as to its true nature,
+however, is that even in the embryo of man the muscles for wagging
+it are still found. In the grown-up human being these muscles are
+represented by bands of fibrous tissue, but cases are known where
+the actual muscles persist through life. That a distinct external
+tail should not be still found in Man may seem disappointing to the
+evolutionist. But the want of a tail argues more for the theory of
+Evolution than its presence would have done. It would have been
+contrary to the Theory of Descent had he possessed a longer tail. For
+all the anthropoids most allied to Man have long since also parted
+with theirs.
+
+It was formerly held that the entire animal creation had contributed
+something to the anatomy of Man, that as Serres expressed it "Human
+Organogenesis is a condensed Comparative Anatomy." But though Man has
+not such a monopoly of the past as is here inferred--other types
+having here and there emerged and developed along lines of their
+own--it is certain that the materials for his body have been brought
+together from an unknown multitude of lowlier forms of life.
+
+[Illustration: EAR OF BARBARY APE, CHIMPANZEE, AND MAN, SHOWING VESTIGIAL
+CHARACTERS OF THE HUMAN EAR.--FROM "DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN."]
+
+Those who know the Cathedral of St. Mark's will remember how this
+noblest of the Stones of Venice owes its greatness to the patient
+hands of centuries and centuries of workers, how every quarter of the
+globe has been spoiled of its treasures to dignify this single shrine.
+But he who ponders over the more ancient temple of the human body will
+find imagination fail him as he tries to think from what remote and
+mingled sources, from what lands, seas, climates, atmospheres, its
+various parts have been called together, and by what innumerable
+contributory creatures, swimming, creeping, flying, climbing, each of
+its several members was wrought and perfected. What ancient chisel
+first sculptured the rounded columns of the limbs? What dead hands
+built the cupola of the brain, and from what older ruins were the
+scattered pieces of its mosaic-work brought? Who fixed the windows in
+its upper walls? What forgotten looms wove its tapestries and
+draperies? What winds and weathers wrought the strength into its
+buttresses? What ocean-beds and forest glades worked up the colors?
+What Love and Terror and Night called forth the Music? And what Life
+and Death and Pain and Struggle put all together in the noiseless
+workshop of the past and removed each worker silently when its task
+was done? How these things came to be Biology is one long record. The
+architects and builders of this mighty temple are not anonymous. Their
+names, and the work they did, are graven forever on the walls and
+arches of the Human Embryo. For this is a volume of that Book in which
+Man's members were written, which in continuance were fashioned, when
+as yet there was none of them.
+
+
+
+
+JAMES PARTON'S RULES OF BIOGRAPHY.
+
+PREFATORY NOTE.
+
+
+The following letters were written in 1888 and 1889, by James Parton
+to the Honorable Alfred R. Conkling of New York City. In December,
+1888, Mr. Conkling wrote to Mr. Parton, making him a formal offer to
+assist in the preparation of the "Life and Letters of Roscoe
+Conkling." Mr. Parton generously declined to accept payment, but took
+a great interest in the work, and during the following year
+corresponded frequently with Mr. Conkling, advising upon specific
+points and setting forth the general principles of the art of
+biography.
+
+We are indebted to Mr. Conkling for permission to print these letters,
+which are full of wise suggestion to the literary "recruit," and of
+genuine human interest to all lovers of good reading. They give us
+glimpses of Mr. Parton, not only as a conscientious writer of
+biography who had acquired a rare mastery of his art, but also as a
+man of aggressive interest in public affairs, of broad mind, and a
+singularly wholesome nature.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _Dec. 8, 1888_.
+
+DEAR SIR: I am glad to learn from yours of yesterday that we are to
+have a biography of so interesting and marked a character as the
+lamented Roscoe Conkling, and I should esteem it a privilege to render
+any assistance toward it in my power.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES PARTON IN 1852, AT THIRTY YEARS OF AGE.]
+
+The great charm of all biography is the truth, told simply, directly,
+boldly, charitably.
+
+But this is also the great difficulty. A human life is long. A human
+character is complicated. It is often inconsistent with itself, and it
+requires nice judgment to proportion it in such a way as to make the
+book really correspond with the man, and make the same impression upon
+the reader that the man did upon those who knew him best.
+
+_Your_ difficulty will be to present fairly his less favorable side;
+but upon this depends all the value, and much of the interest of the
+work.
+
+My great rules are:
+
+1, To know the subject thoroughly myself; 2, to index fully all the
+knowledge in existence relating to it; 3, to determine beforehand
+where I will be brief, where expand, and how much space I can afford
+to each part; 4, to work slowly and finish as I go; 5, to avoid eulogy
+and apology and let the facts have their natural weight; 6, to hold
+back nothing which the reader has a right to know.
+
+I have generally had the great advantage of loving my subjects warmly,
+and I do not believe we can do justice to any human creature unless we
+love him. A true love enlightens, but not blinds, as we often see in
+the case of mothers who love their children better, and also know
+them better, than anybody else ever does.
+
+With regard to New York, I am always going there, but never go;
+still, I may have to go soon, and I will go anyway if I can do
+anything important or valuable in the way you suggest--but not
+"professionally," except as an old soldier helps a recruit.
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _Dec. 24, 1888_.
+
+DEAR SIR: I have examined with much interest and pleasure your work
+upon Mexico, with a title so extravagantly modest as almost to efface
+the author. Let us accept our fate. It is our destiny to live in an
+age when all human distinctions are abolished, or about to be
+abolished, except the advertiser and his victim. Your work appears to
+me to be quite a model, and I wish I were going to be a tourist in
+Mexico that I might have the advantage of using it.
+
+One word more with regard to your biography. In the case of a person
+like Mr. Conkling, whose vocation it was to express himself in words,
+and whose utterances were often most brilliant and powerful, I think
+you should make great and free use of his letters and speeches. Is not
+a volume of five hundred pages too small? Could you not make a work in
+two volumes, and get Mark Twain to sell it by subscription?
+
+Another: I hope you feel the peculiar character and importance of that
+part of New York of which Utica is the central point. It does not
+figure much in books, but there are many strong and remarkable
+families there. I should like to see it elucidated. The first
+questions to be asked of a man are: Where, and of whom, was he born?
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+P. S.--For example: If you know fully what a _Corsican_ is, you have
+the key to the understanding of Bonaparte. He was a Corsican above all
+things else, and not in the least a Frenchman.
+
+So of Andrew Jackson: He was a Scotch-Irishman. Alexander Hamilton: a
+Scotch-Frenchman.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _March 26, 1889_.
+
+MY DEAR SIR: You can give a sufficiently "complete account" of an
+event without giving a long one. Now, the duel between two such
+persons as Burr and Hamilton _may_ be long, because it can also be
+interesting. Readers are interested in the men, in the time, in the
+scene, and the whole affair is surcharged with human interest. In that
+Elmira trial, the chief interest will centre in your uncle's tact and
+success. I should give enough of the trial to enable the reader to see
+and appreciate his part in the affair. My impression is: Do not expend
+many pages upon it, but pack the pages full of matter. You want all
+your room for other scenes in which he displayed his great power in a
+striking way.
+
+Many qualities are desirable in a book, only one is necessary--to be
+interesting enough to be read. The art is, to be short where the
+interest is small, and long where the interest is great.
+
+Your uncle's speeches do not need much "comment." Most speeches
+contain one passage which includes the whole.
+
+I fear I shall not be able to visit New York this spring.
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _April 3, 1889_.
+
+MY DEAR SIR: As often as possible I would insert the bright things
+where they belong, as they seem to enliven the narrative. If you have
+an inconvenient surplus, or a number of things undated, you might make
+a chapter of them, or reserve them for the final chapter. It is a good
+_rule_, though only a _rule_, not to have breaks in the continuity,
+like the "Bagman's Story" in "Pickwick." Readers are apt to skip them,
+however good they may be in themselves. You have doubtless often done
+so. A good thing is twice good when it comes in just where it ought.
+The modern reader is very shy, and easily breaks away from you, if you
+only give him a pretext.
+
+I merely send my impressions. You alone can really judge.
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _April 17, 1889_.
+
+MY DEAR SIR: The description of your uncle's oratory will be so sure
+to interest the reader, that it may come in almost anywhere, but best,
+perhaps, where you mention his first notable speech. Remember, too,
+that the author has, in his last chapter, not only a chance to "sum
+up," but also an opportunity to slip in anything he may have omitted.
+An interesting thing it is always to know how a strong man grew old,
+what changes occurred in his manner, methods and character.
+
+By all means, use the personal pronoun sparingly, and allude
+unfrequently to your relationship. It is not necessary wholly to avoid
+either. Deal with the reader honestly and openly. There may come
+moments when calling him "my uncle" would be fair, and in the best
+taste--but not often.
+
+The ladies have the privilege of skipping. Make your late chapter
+about the law practice in New York very full and clear. It will very
+greatly interest everybody who will be likely to read the book. It is
+the intrinsic worth of a book that is to be considered before all
+things else.
+
+I fear you are making the book too short. Mind: It _cannot_ be what is
+called "popular." It _must_ appeal to the few. Ought it not to be two
+volumes at five dollars?
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Think of Blaine's book and its sale by subscription.
+
+The difference between one volume published in the ordinary way, and
+two volumes by subscription, _may_ be the difference between a profit
+of two thousand dollars and one of two hundred thousand dollars.
+
+Blaine's book, sold over the counter, might have gone to the length of
+five thousand copies. Sold by subscription, it made him rich.
+
+On this point, however, Mr. Appleton's opinion is worth ten of mine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _April 26, 1889_.
+
+MY DEAR SIR: The pamphlet has only just arrived.
+
+So far as the comments are necessary to elucidate the text, and
+to explain why and how the text came to be uttered, they are
+justified--no farther. Your uncle was such a master of expression
+that almost anything placed in juxtaposition must suffer from the
+contrast.
+
+Let _him_ have the whole floor, I say, and just give the indispensable
+explanations. It would be impossible to enhance the effect of his
+characteristic passages. They need, like diamonds, a quiet setting.
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _June 4, 1889_.
+
+MY DEAR SIR: I return your paper of questions. Give plenty of the
+"light matter" to which you refer, and I hope you will extract many
+passages that show your uncle's horror of corruption. The pamphlets
+you were so good as to send me are valuable and interesting. I do not
+wonder at his great success before a jury. He was an awful man to have
+on the other side. Is there any one who could describe for you some of
+the noted scenes in which your uncle figured, but which you did not
+witness yourself? There may be available interviews in the newspapers.
+I remember hearing Thomas Nast talk about him very enthusiastically
+after returning from a visit to him in Washington. You could make a
+nice chapter about the Senate--its ways and occupations, traditions
+and tone--viewed merely as a club of gentlemen.
+
+I am glad that Mark Twain is going to publish the book. Give all the
+pictures you dare.
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _Aug. 5, 1889_.
+
+DEAR SIR: Would not those "undated anecdotes" come in well to
+illustrate and brighten your summing-up chapter? If not, then the plan
+you suggest might answer very well.
+
+I am glad to hear that you are so near to the end of your labors, and
+that the work is to be published by the ever victorious firm of Mark
+Twain. If I have been able to render you the smallest service I am
+glad, and you are heartily welcome.
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEWBURYPORT, MASS., _Dec. 28, 1889_.
+
+DEAR SIR: Your solid volume reached me several days ago, and some time
+after, your letter of Dec. 20. I have now read the work pretty
+carefully, and shall no doubt often return to it. Considering the
+restraints you were under, as nephew and as Republican, you have
+executed your task well and given to the world the most pathetic of
+the tragedies resulting from the system of spoils. Never again, until
+that blighting curse of free institutions is destroyed, will a man of
+Roscoe Conkling's genius, pride and purity remain long in the public
+service, if ever he enters it. He was the last of the Romans. My great
+regret is that he did not consecrate his whole existence to the reform
+of the civil service. I have such an acute sense of the shame, the
+cruelty and the childish folly of the present system that I sometimes
+feel as if we ought to stop all our other work and enter upon a
+universal crusade against it.
+
+You must not expect the public to remain satisfied with the omissions
+and suppressions of your book. Sooner or later, somebody will supply
+them, and you might just as well have told the whole story.
+
+I am glad to hear of the success of the book with the public.
+
+Very truly yours,
+
+JAMES PARTON.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES PARTON IN 1891.]
+
+
+
+
+EUROPE AT THE PRESENT MOMENT.
+
+BY MR. DE BLOWITZ, PARIS CORRESPONDENT OF THE "LONDON TIMES."
+
+
+PARIS, _April 20, 1893_.
+
+Let me say, at the very start, that it is imperative not to forget
+the date which heads this article. This date has a significance of
+the highest importance, for it marks the opening of a new era.
+The political situation of Europe is to-day widely different from
+what it was only yesterday. Yesterday the entire world turned an
+eye feverishly intent towards Belgium, upon the spectacle there of
+the decisive struggle between an established government and an
+unestablished proletariat. There was to be seen in Belgium the
+constitutional authority of an entire realm, backed by the force of
+arms, opposed by a militant labor democracy. On the one side,
+law, authority, armed force; on the other, lack of authority, of
+capital, and of arms; in a word, vague nothingness struggling
+against omnipotence. Yet it is the former that has won the day.
+Omnipotence has belied its name, and has been driven to the wall;
+the defeat has been crushing. But more than this, it has been
+significant. I repeat, it marks the opening of a new era.
+
+For the world-wide association of laborers now comprehends that it
+holds the Old World in its hands. It has discovered the invincible
+power of the strike, in obedience to the watchword emanating from its
+irresponsible leaders. Here is a force which is negative, perhaps, but
+one against which nothing henceforth can prevail. Lo, a silent word of
+command, and the towers of Jericho fall! Before a general strike of
+this sort the Old World is to-day powerless, like the child at the
+breast to whom the mother refuses to give suck.
+
+This is a fact so big with suggestion, so sudden, so almost
+terrifying, that it changes all our former points of view. I could
+not have written yesterday what I can write to-day; for when I saw
+unexpectedly breaking out "the troubles in Belgium," I could not but
+postpone till all was over the writing of the article for which I had
+been asked. No one has as yet fairly grappled with the meaning of the
+new social pact prepared in mystery, a pact of which the dark
+elaboration had been only suspected, but which has just become so
+startlingly revealed. The idea of the strike as applied to political
+problems upsets all preconceived notions. What has hitherto been
+regarded as the only real force is now as if paralyzed; instead,
+sheer, silent will-power remains the only sovereign. In such
+circumstances who would venture to draw the horoscope of the Europe of
+to-morrow?
+
+For consider the situation. Recognized constitutional government
+has actually thought itself fortunate in treating with "strikers,"
+and in attempting to conceal the reality of its defeat behind the
+vain show of an arrangement, the actual significance of which
+deceives nobody. The face of Europe has changed in an instant. The Old
+World is conquered. Socialism bestirs itself, and begins its
+conquering march. The dangerous problems, hitherto so vague, become
+instantly pressing. Yet no one is ready with a solution, and few care
+even to discuss these problems. Even the leaders of the hostile
+army, the strike generals, do not, can not, measure all the
+consequences of their orders. Drunk with their new power they
+forget for the moment its unseen bearings. When first, more used to
+the sensation of omnipotence, they look about them to see what
+their action may have precipitated, they will draw back in horror.
+
+The phrase, "the present situation of Europe," therefore, can have
+reference now only to a very indefinite and a future thing. The
+present is big with uncertainties for the morrow, and the prospect
+would be really distressing, if the established wielders of power did
+not realize--what now is inevitable--the imperative necessity of
+coming to some understanding with this fresh force; the hopelessness,
+henceforward, of playing with theories of repression, and the duty of
+negotiating with this great amorphous army, which, once it is on the
+march, may drink dry the cisterns at which human society is accustomed
+to assuage its thirst. And it is in the light of these events in
+Belgium, that I do not hesitate to say, that Europe for a long time
+still will not be menaced by war. The social problem is now too
+pressing. It requires the entire attention. Woe to the blind! The hour
+of rest is past; a new world awakes. It knows its strength. It has
+everything to gain, nothing to lose. Follow it with anxious eye, ye
+who sleep now in possession, for if ye sleep too long, ye will awake
+in chains!
+
+But apart from this event, which is the prelude of a social struggle
+to be of long duration, yet absolutely inevitable, it is possible at
+this moment, when the European world is preparing to turn westward
+beyond the Atlantic, there to entrust to the proud loyalty of the
+United States immense and untold treasures, to predict for this
+continent a prolonged peace--a peace, however, which is as the
+uncertain tranquillity of an old man heavily dozing on a bed where
+there is no real rest. It is alone one of those incidents, impossible
+to anticipate, which seize whole nations as with madness, driving them
+to arms and carnage, and leaving them at the end of the disillusion of
+the struggle stupefied with their victory, or terrified in their
+defeat, that can break the uncertain spell of this restless sleep. But
+incidents such as these, which bring to naught all human calculation,
+can, indeed must, be left out of account, when considering the
+character of a given moment, and the prospects of peace or war.
+
+Europe, just now, is divided up rather arbitrarily, but none the less
+really. This is partly due to a premeditated combination, partly to
+chance, partly also to the bungling or ignorance of rulers. The Triple
+Alliance, due to the decisive action of Prince Bismarck, is the only
+truly scientific conception of the sort, the only one possessing a
+stable and seriously laid foundation. It includes Austria, which
+relies on Germany to shield it from Russia, as its directly menacing
+foe, or to bar against Russia the route to Constantinople whenever
+Russia shall appear fatally dangerous to the existence of the combined
+empire of Austria-Hungary. It includes Germany, which, as careful
+organizer of the Alliance, is thus protected against any possible
+simultaneous action of France and Russia. It includes Italy, which,
+otherwise weak in the presence of the disdainful hostility of France,
+is thus assured a certain security and repose. Aside from this great
+Triple Alliance, the European states have no real collective
+organization; there are only affinities badly defined, private
+interests, or uncertain situations from which they do not venture to
+think of extricating themselves. What is called the Franco-Russian
+understanding is limited at the moment to an exchange of notes which
+might serve as the basis of a military convention; to demonstrations
+at once noisy and platonic, in which France is playing a sort of
+Potiphar role; and to the chance eventuality of Russia's one day
+finding herself engaged in some formidable struggle when she could
+count on the irresistible and unthinking enthusiasm of France, who
+would place blood and treasure at her disposal.
+
+When has human history ever afforded such a spectacle?
+
+No real alliance exists between Russia and France, but no French
+government could resist popular pressure, were the question to come up
+of helping Russia in the case of a war direct or indirect against
+Germany. Yet at a single gesture of the autocratic czar, Russia would
+shoulder arms and fight in whatever deadly combat France found itself
+involved. The Emperor of Russia is to-day, perhaps, the most
+formidable monarch who has ever existed. He has at his unchecked beck
+and call the vastest empire in Europe, but an empire without gold,
+sunlight, or liberty. Stop! It is a force, blind and brutal, and
+capable of a frightful impact; a force which the finger of a single
+man can set in motion, and which may be made to fall crushingly at the
+exact point designated by the imperious and imperial gesture. To this
+force which does not reason, the czar can, with a gleam of his sword,
+rally the power of France. France, the country of sunlight and
+liberty, where gold flows in rivulets, where every citizen thinks and
+wills, and where every soldier would fight to the death, conscious
+that it is only with Russia, in common struggle against common
+enemies, that a great conflict may be undertaken. The spectacle of
+such power, dormant in one human brain, is almost overwhelming; and
+the psychologist who portends that every man disposing of autocratic
+power, whether czar, sultan or pope, must inevitably go mad, utters a
+thought perhaps not so paradoxical after all.
+
+However, this autocrat so formidably armed is well known to be
+absolutely pacific. He turns a constantly listening ear to the
+counsels of an experienced queen, herself full of the spirit of peace,
+the Queen of Denmark. This queen loves Germany; she adores the young
+emperor whom she calls "an angel." She has already smoothed down many
+rough places. It was she who brought about the Kiel interview and the
+visit of the czarevitch to Berlin. She has strengthened the idea of
+peace in the brain of this emperor, whence, instead, war might spring
+full-armed; war _fin de siecle_; the new, mysterious, unprecedented
+form of it; the war of infinitely multiplied murder, covering the Old
+World with corpses of the slain. The special factor of armed explosion
+most to be dreaded in Europe is thus held in check by an all-powerful
+hand gently directed. It is nothing less than the work of God that has
+made him who holds the chief of the arsenals of power, pacific, and
+thus reassuring to the world.
+
+Turn your vision from this tacit though vague understanding between
+France and Russia, and look beyond the regularly organized Triple
+Alliance; the eye falls on three great isolated powers, directed by
+various motives, and the action of which, determined upon only at the
+last moment, is constantly in the thought of the other ruling nations.
+Of these three the first is England. No minister of foreign affairs in
+any country would ever think of committing towards the English nation
+the crime of supposing its policy subservient to that of any other
+nation. The dream or the fear of a quadruple alliance has haunted only
+the crudest brains. England remains free in its movements, and it will
+preserve this liberty to the last. This is, moreover, for the
+happiness of all; for, except in those accesses of madness, a sort of
+factor of which, as I said, no account can be taken, no power will
+think of taking up a struggle in which the intervention of England, on
+one side or the other, can determine the issue.
+
+The second great power which remains free of all entanglement is that
+which dominates the Bosphorus. A strange power, indeed! It has no
+friends. There it remains alone on this European soil, of which it
+occupies certain extreme points, like a bit of abandoned booty
+tempting the cupidity of the Christian world. The whole of Europe
+looks thither with dull hate, and each power would willingly bear away
+a bit of the trappings and the hangings that render soft and
+resplendent the gilded cage where lies the sick lion of Yildiz Kiosk.
+If ever the war which appears to me so distant breaks out, Abdul
+Hamid, or his successor, will have his hands free; and at the supreme
+moment when the conqueror, whomsoever he may be, cannot reject them,
+will impose his conditions. If the then sultan neglects to seize the
+event, it is not at all sure that the crescent will cease to mark its
+silhouette on the firmament of Europe; but at all events, until then
+European peace is the surest safeguard of the Ottoman Empire, and this
+Abdul Hamid well knows.
+
+The third of the great isolated powers of which I speak is personified
+to-day by the grand old man whom an heroic pertinacity, henceforward
+to be traditional, keeps a prisoner at the Vatican. No one can have
+any idea of the life and movement which reigns in this voluntary
+prison which lies over against the Quirinal. Thither flow innumerable
+missives from every corner of the world, and could I only tell some of
+them, it would be seen how long still is the arm extending from the
+shadow of St. Peter's; how dreadful still are the lips that speak in
+the shade of the Vatican. I should show the Holy Father and his
+cardinals writing to the Emperor of Austria, directing him by counsel
+and advice, and sometimes almost by their orders. I should show Prince
+Bismarck continuing, since his fall, to hold before the eyes of the
+pope, glimpses of the more or less partial restoration of the temporal
+power. I should show Leo XIII. now trying to unite, now to alienate,
+France and Russia, according as at the moment this or that policy
+seems to him most propitious for his own cause or the cause of peace;
+and I should show, at the same time, the Vatican divided within
+itself, and Cardinal Vauncelli working, in secret letters addressed to
+powerful sovereigns, against the policy of Cardinal Rampolla, and
+acting on the mind of Leo XIII. to detach him from his secretary of
+state, and wean him from the democratic policy on which he is now
+launched. I should show, also, all the leading politicians of France,
+whether in power or out, soliciting the support, the protection, the
+favor of Leo XIII., and the latter working with astounding insight for
+the fusion, more and more complete, of the liberal monarchical party
+with the Republic. I should show again how, owing to mysterious
+action, instability has become the normal state of France; and how the
+action of Russia, driven by the double current from the north and the
+south, not only has been not a source of strength for M. Ribot, but
+even forced him to his fall. Not only did the czar refuse to send the
+Russian fleet to France, and to let the czarevitch pass through Paris
+under pretext of going from Berlin to London, but he has just of late
+imposed on the French prime minister exigencies of such a nature that
+the latter has preferred to lay down the power rather than to submit.
+When M. Ribot, minister of foreign affairs, committed the political
+stupidity of carrying to the tribune the name of Baron Mohrenheim in
+connection with the Panama scandal, the Emperor of Russia showed that
+he was much irritated and wounded. M. Develle, minister of foreign
+affairs, hurried to the baron with excuses. But the czar declared
+these excuses unsatisfactory. M. Ribot then went himself to see the
+ambassador and give him certain explanations and excuses. Still the
+czar was not satisfied. He demanded a letter written by the prime
+minister and addressed to the Russian minister of foreign affairs, M.
+de Giers, who was then stopping at the gates of France. M. Ribot could
+not accept this demand. He had already endured the insult of M.
+Stambouloff during the affair of the Chadourne expulsion. He did not
+wish to leave behind him a letter of excuse addressed to M. de Giers.
+He preferred to fall, and he fell.
+
+This is a fair instance of the hidden forces which sweep through the
+side-scenes of international European politics. In the preceding rapid
+summary of the present state of politics in the Old World, the
+conclusion must come irrefutably, and that is the ground of these
+remarks, that no war is in sight, nor will be for yet a long time. The
+Triple Alliance wishes, and necessarily wishes, peace. The young
+German emperor, from whom people have affected to anticipate some mad
+and irresponsible conduct, has no doubt uttered some imprudent words,
+but he has never committed any dangerous action. Really, his mouth
+seems a sort of safety-valve for the boiling steam within. So far he
+is satisfied with the conquests already secured. He is trying to bring
+back to him the Emperor of Russia. The meeting which he is now having
+with the pope is intended to bring about a formal _rapprochement_
+between the Quirinal and Vatican. Leo XIII., in turning his face
+towards the democracy, disquiets all thrones; but he disquiets
+especially the throne of Italy, since he is showing the Italians that
+the Papacy is not only not an enemy of republics, but that it might be
+the protector of future republics in Italy, if the Italian fatherland,
+dreaming of the former brilliant prosperity, tried to found a
+democratic federation, with the pope as the centre and beneficent
+father. But at the same time Leo XIII. will whisper peace in the ear
+of William II. The young emperor wishes for a long era of peace. The
+new military law, with its far-reaching bearings, proves this. Even
+to-day he would never think of undertaking a war which left Prince
+Bismarck out of account, and he will never undertake a war which might
+cause his return.
+
+So, too, the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary; he too is inclined
+to peace. He cannot risk a war. The bonds which link the different
+portions of the empire are too fragile to be exposed to the rude
+strain of armed strife. Italy, perhaps, by a fortunate war might be a
+gainer; but it is not strong enough to provoke one, or even to carry
+one on. It would regard the Papacy at the Vatican as too great a
+danger at its back; and, with little hope of conquering anything
+without its borders, it might legitimately fear to find Rome no
+longer intact on its return.
+
+As for the Emperor of Russia, he is moderate at once in his love for
+France and his hatred of Germany. So far, a man of genius has been
+wanting to cement the bonds of alliance between France and Germany.
+There is already an understanding, vague, platonic, and with no morrow
+assured to it. The French Republic will recoil before the thought of
+war, so long as Russian action does not precipitate an explosion. The
+Republic knows that war would be at its peril; that vanquished it is
+submerged under floods of anarchy, that victorious it brings forth a
+Caesar, and it wishes peace.
+
+England, rich, industrial, devoted to its own internal problems,
+preserves an attitude which is an earnest of peace. So that, when one
+casts a steady glance over the Europe of the present hour, one is
+minded to say to the world about to repair to the great centre of
+industry, of letters, and of art, which Chicago is so soon to be: "Go
+in peace. War is distant. Gather in peace the fruit of your peaceful
+victories."
+
+BLOWITZ.
+
+
+
+
+THE COMEDY OF WAR.
+
+by Joel Chandler Harris
+
+Author of "Uncle Remus," "Plantation Fables," etc.
+
+
+I. ON THE UNION SIDE.
+
+Private O'Halloran, detailed for special duty in advance of the picket
+line, sat reclining against a huge red oak. Within reach lay a rifle
+of beautiful workmanship. In one hand he held a blackened brier-root
+pipe, gazing on it with an air of mock regret. It had been his
+companion on many a weary march and on many a lonely day, when, as
+now, he was doing duty as a sharp-shooter. But it was not much of a
+companion now. It held the flavor, but not the fragrance, of other
+days. It was empty, and so was O'Halloran's tobacco-pouch. It was
+nothing to grumble about, but the big, laughing Irishman liked his
+pipe, especially when it was full of tobacco. The words of an old song
+came to him, and he hummed them to himself:
+
+  "There was an ould man, an' he had a wooden leg,
+  An' he had no terbacky, nor terbacky could he beg;
+  There was another ould man, as keen as a fox,
+  An' he always had terbacky in his ould terbacky box.
+
+  "Sez one ould man, 'Will yez give me a chew?'
+  Sez the other ould man, 'I'll be dommed ef I do.
+  Kape away from them gin-mills, an' save up yure rocks,
+  An' ye'll always have terbacky in yer ould terbacky box.'"
+
+What with the singing and the far-away thoughts that accompanied the
+song, Private O'Halloran failed to hear footsteps approaching until
+they sounded quite near.
+
+"Halt!" he cried, seizing his rifle and springing to his feet. The
+newcomer wore the insignia of a Federal captain, seeing which,
+O'Halloran lowered his weapon and saluted. "Sure, sor, you're not to
+mind me capers. I thought the inimy had me complately surrounded--I
+did, upon me sowl."
+
+"And I," said the captain, laughing, "thought the Johnnies had
+caught me. It is a pleasant surprise. You are O'Halloran of the
+Sharp-shooters, I have heard of you--a gay singer and a great
+fighter."
+
+"Sure it's not for me to say that same. I sings a little bechwane
+times for to kape up me sperits, and takes me chances, right and lift.
+You're takin' a good many yourself, sor, so far away from the picket
+line. If I make no mistake, sor, it is Captain Somerville I'm talkin'
+to."
+
+"That is my name," the captain said.
+
+"I was touchin' elbows wit' you at Gettysburg, sor."
+
+The captain looked at O'Halloran again. "Why, certainly!" he
+exclaimed. "You are the big fellow that lifted one of the Johnnies
+over the stone wall."
+
+"By the slack of the trousers. I am that same, sor. He was nothin' but
+a bit of a lad, sor, but he fought right up to the end of me nose. The
+men was jabbin' at 'im wit' their bay'nets, so I sez to him, says I,
+'Come in out of the inclemency of the weather,' says I, and thin I
+lifted him over. He made at me, sor, when I put 'im down, an' it took
+two men for to lead 'im kindly to the rear. It was a warm hour, sor."
+
+As O'Halloran talked, he kept his eyes far afield.
+
+"Sure, sor," he went on, "you stand too much in the open. They had one
+muddlehead on that post yesterday; they'll not put another there
+to-day, sor." As he said this, the big Irishman seized the captain by
+the arm and gave him a sudden jerk. It was an unceremonious
+proceeding, but a very timely one, for the next moment the sapling
+against which the captain had been lightly leaning was shattered by a
+ball from the Confederate side.
+
+"Tis an old friend of mine, sor," said O'Halloran; "I know 'im by his
+handwritin'. They had a muddlehead there yesterday, sor. I set in full
+sight of 'im, an' he blazed at me twice; the last time I had me fist
+above me head, an' he grazed me knuckles. 'Be-dad,' says I, 'you're no
+good in your place;' an' when he showed his mug, I plugged 'im where
+the nose says howdy to the eyebrows. 'Twas no hurt to 'im, sor; if he
+seen the flash, 'twas as much."
+
+To the left, in a little clearing, was a comfortable farm-house.
+Stacks of fodder and straw and pens of corn in the shuck were ranged
+around. There was every appearance of prosperity, but no sign of life,
+save two bluebirds, the pioneers of spring, that were fighting around
+the martin gourds, preparing to take possession.
+
+"There's where I was born." The captain pointed to the farm-house. "It
+is five years since I have seen the place."
+
+"You don't tell me, sor! I see in the Hur'ld that they call it the
+Civil War, but it's nothin' but oncivil, sor, for to fight agin' your
+ould home."
+
+"You are right," assented the captain. "There's nothing civil about
+war. I suppose the old house has long been deserted."
+
+"Sure, look at the forage, thin. 'Tis piled up as nately as you
+please. Wait till the b'ys git at it! Look at the smoke of the
+chimbly. Barrin' the jay-birds, 'tis the peacefulest sight I've
+seen."
+
+"My people are gone," said the captain. "My father was a Union man. I
+wouldn't be surprised to hear of him somewhere at the North. The day
+that I was eighteen he gave me a larrupping for disobedience, and I
+ran away."
+
+"Don't spake of it, sor." O'Halloran held up his hands. "Many's the
+time I've had me feelin's hurted wit' a bar'l stave."
+
+"That was in 1860," said the captain. "I was too proud to go back
+home, but when the war began I remembered what a strong Union man my
+father was, and I joined the Union army."
+
+"'Tis a great scheme for a play," said the big Irishman solemnly.
+
+"My mother was dead," the captain went on, "my oldest sister was
+married, and my youngest sister was at school in Philadelphia, and my
+brother, two years older than myself, made life miserable for me in
+trying to boss me."
+
+"Oh!" exclaimed O'Halloran, "don't I know that same? 'Tis meself
+that's been along there."
+
+Captain Somerville looked at the old place, carefully noting the
+outward changes, which were comparatively few. He noted, too, with the
+eye of a soldier, that when the impending conflict took place between
+the forces then facing each other, there would be a sharp struggle for
+the knoll on which the house stood; and he thought it was a curious
+feat for his mind to perform, to regard the old home where he had been
+both happy and miserable as a strategic point of battle. Private
+O'Halloran had no such memories to please or to vex him. To the extent
+of his opportunities he was a man of business. He took a piece of
+white cloth from his pocket and hung it on the broken sapling.
+
+"I'll see, sor, if yon chap is in the grocery business."
+
+As he turned away, there was a puff of smoke on the farther hill, a
+crackling report, and the hanging cloth jumped as though it were
+alive.
+
+"Faith, it's him, sor!" exclaimed O'Halloran, "an' he's in a mighty
+hurry." Whereupon the big Irishman brushed a pile of leaves from an
+oil-cloth strapped together in the semblance of a knapsack.
+
+"What have you there?" asked Captain Somerville.
+
+"Sure, 'tis me grocery store, sor. Coffee, tay, an' sugar. Faith, I'll
+make the devil's mouth water like a baby cuttin' his stomach tathe.
+Would ye mind comin' along, sor, for to kape me from swindlin' the
+Johnny out of all his belongin's?"
+
+
+II. ON THE CONFEDERATE SIDE.
+
+Three men sat in a gully that had once been a hillside ditch. Their
+uniforms were various, the result of accident and capture. One of them
+wore a very fine blue overcoat which was in queer contrast to his
+ragged pantaloons. This was Lieutenant Clopton, who had charge of the
+picket line. Another had on the uniform of an artilleryman, and his
+left arm was in a sling. He had come out of the hospital to do duty as
+a guide. This was Private John Fambrough. The third had on no uniform
+at all, but was dressed in plain citizen's clothes, much the worse for
+wear. This was Jack Kilpatrick, scout and sharp-shooter. Happy Jack,
+as he was called.
+
+How long since the gully had been a ditch it would be impossible to
+say, but it must have been a good many years, for the pines had grown
+into stout trees, and here and there a black-jack loomed up
+vigorously.
+
+"Don't git too permiscus around here," said Happy Jack, as the others
+were moving about. "This ain't no fancy spot." He eased himself upward
+on his elbow, and made a swift but careful survey of the woodland
+vista that led to the Federal lines. Then he shook down the breech of
+his rifle, and slipped a long cartridge into its place. "You see that
+big poplar over yonder? Well, under that tree there's a man, leastways
+he ought to be there, because he's always hangin' around in front of
+me."
+
+"Why don't you nail him?" asked Fambrough.
+
+"Bosh! Why don't he nail me? It's because he can't do it. Well, that's
+the reason I don't nail him. You know what happened yesterday, don't
+you? You saw that elegant lookin' chap that came out to take my place,
+didn't you? Did you see him when he went back?"
+
+Lieutenant Clopton replied with a little grimace, but Fambrough said
+never a word. He only looked at Kilpatrick with inquiring eyes.
+
+"Why, he was the nicest lookin' man in the army--hair combed, clothes
+brushed, and rings on his fingers. He was all the way from New 'leans,
+with a silver-mounted rifle and a globe sight."
+
+"A which?" asked Fambrough.
+
+"A globe sight. Set down on yourself a little further, sonny," said
+Happy Jack; "your head's too high. I says to him, says I, 'Friend, you
+are goin' where you'll have to strip that doll's step-ladder off'n
+your gun, an' come down to business,' says I. I says, says I, 'You may
+have to face a red-headed, flannel-mouthed Irishman, and you don't
+want to look at him through all that machinery,' says I."
+
+"What did he say?" Fambrough asked.
+
+"He said, 'I'll git him.' Now, how did he git him? Why, he come down
+here, lammed aloose a time or two, and then hung his head over the
+edge of the gully there, with a ball right spang betwixt his eyes. I
+went behind the picket line to get a wink of sleep, but I hadn't
+more'n curled up in the broom-sage before I heard that chap a-bangin'
+away. Then come the reply, like this--" Happy Jack snapped his
+fingers; "and then I went to sleep waitin' for the rej'inder."
+
+Kilpatrick paused, and looked steadily in the direction of the
+poplar.
+
+"Well, dog my cats! Yonder's a chap standin' right out in front of
+me. It ain't the Mickey, neither. I'll see what he's up to." He
+raised his rifle with a light swinging movement, chirruped to it as
+though it were a horse or a little child, and in another moment the
+deadly business of war would have been resumed, but Fambrough laid his
+hand on the sharp-shooter's arm.
+
+"Wait," he said. "That may be my old man wandering around out there.
+Don't be too quick on trigger. I ain't got but one old man."
+
+"Shucks!" exclaimed Kilpatrick, pettishly; "you reckon I don't know
+your old man? He's big in the body, an' wobbly in his legs. You've
+spiled a mighty purty shot. I believe in my soul that chap was a
+colonel, an' he might 'a' been a general. Now that's funny."
+
+"What's funny?" asked Fambrough.
+
+"Why, that chap. He'll never know you saved him, an' if he know'd it
+he wouldn't thank you. I'd 'a' put a hole right through his gizzard.
+Now he's behind the poplar."
+
+"It's luck," Lieutenant Clopton suggested.
+
+"Maybe," said Kilpatrick. "Yonder he is ag'in. Luck won't save him
+this time." He raised his rifle, glanced down the barrel, and pulled
+the trigger. Simultaneously with the report an expression of disgust
+passed over his face, and with an oath he struck the ground with his
+fist.
+
+"Don't tell me you missed him," said Clopton.
+
+"Miss what?" exclaimed Kilpatrick scornfully. "If he ain't drunk,
+somebody pulled him out of the way."
+
+"I told you it was luck," commented Clopton.
+
+"Shucks! don't tell me. Luck's like lightnin'. She never hits twice in
+the same place."
+
+Kilpatrick sank back in the gully and gave himself up to ruminating.
+He leaned on his elbows and pulled up little tufts of grass and weeds
+growing here and there. Lieutenant Clopton, looking across towards the
+poplar, suddenly reached for the sharp-shooter's rifle, but Kilpatrick
+placed his hand on it jealously.
+
+"Give me the gun. Yonder's a Yank in full view."
+
+Kilpatrick, still holding his rifle, raised himself and looked.
+
+"Why, he's hanging out a flag of truce," said Clopton. "What does the
+fellow mean?"
+
+"It's a message," said Kilpatrick, "an' here's the answer." With that
+he raised his rifle, dropped it gently in the palm, of his left hand,
+and fired.
+
+"You saw the hankcher jump, didn't you?" he exclaimed. "Well, that
+lets us out. That's my Mickey. He wants tobacco, and I want coffee an'
+tea. Come, watch me swap him out of his eye teeth."
+
+Then Kilpatrick went to a clump of broom sedge and drew forth a wallet
+containing several pounds of prepared smoking tobacco and a bundle of
+plug tobacco, and in a few moments the trio were picking their way
+through the underwood towards the open.
+
+
+III. ON NEUTRAL GROUND.
+
+Matters were getting critical for Squire Fambrough. He had vowed and
+declared that he would never be a refugee, but he had a responsibility
+on his hands that he had not counted on. That responsibility was his
+daughter Julia, twenty-two years old, and as obstinate as her father.
+The Squire had sent off his son's wife and her children, together with
+as many negroes as had refused to go into the Union lines. He had
+expected his daughter to go at the same time, but when the time
+arrived, the fair Julia showed that she had a mind of her own. She
+made no scene, she did not go into hysterics; but when everything was
+ready, she asked her father if he was going. He said he would follow
+along after a while. She called to a negro, and made him take her
+trunks and band-boxes from the wagon and carry them into the house,
+while Squire Fambrough stood scratching his head.
+
+"Why don't you make her come?" his daughter-in-law asked, somewhat
+sharply.
+
+"Well, Susannah," the Squire remarked, "I ain't been a jestice of the
+peace and a married man, off and on for forty year, without findin'
+out when to fool with the wimen sek an' when not to fool wi' 'em."
+
+"I'd make her come," said the daughter-in-law.
+
+"I give you lief, Susannah, freely an' fully. Lay your baby some'rs
+wher' it won't git run over, an' take off your surplus harness, an' go
+an' fetch her out of the house an' put her in the buggy."
+
+But the daughter-in-law treated the courteous invitation with
+proper scorn, and the small caravan moved off, leaving the fair Julia
+and her father in possession of the premises. According to human
+understanding, the refugees got off just in the nick of time. A day or
+two afterwards, the Union army, figuratively speaking, marched up,
+looked over Squire Fambrough's front palings, and then fell back to
+reflect over the situation. Shortly afterwards the Confederate
+army marched up, looked over the Squire's back palings, and also
+fell back to reflect. Evidently the situation was one to justify
+reflection, for presently both armies fell back still farther.
+These movements were so courteous and discreet--were such a
+colossal display of etiquette--that war seemed to be out of the
+question. Of course there were the conservative pickets, the
+thoughtful videttes, and the careful sharp-shooters, ready to
+occasion a little bloodshed, accidentally or intentionally. But by
+far the most boisterously ferocious appendages of the two armies
+were the two brass bands. They were continually challenging each
+other, beginning early in the morning and ending late in the
+afternoon; one firing off "Dixie," and the other "Yankee Doodle." It
+was "Yankee Doodle, howdy do?" and "Doodle-doodle, Dixie, too," like
+two chanticleers challenging each other afar off.
+
+This was the situation as it appeared to Squire Fambrough and his
+daughter. On this particular morning the sun was shining brightly, and
+the birds were fluttering joyously in the budding trees. Miss Julia
+had brought her book out into the grove of venerable oaks which was
+the chief beauty of the place, and had seated herself on a rustic
+bench that was built around one of the trees. Just as she had become
+interested, she heard a rifle-shot. She moved uneasily, but fell to
+reading again, and was apparently absorbed in the book, when she heard
+another shot. Then she threw the book down and rose to her feet,
+making a very pretty centerpiece in the woodland setting.
+
+"Oh! what is the matter with everything?" she exclaimed. "There's the
+shooting again! How can I read books and sit quietly here while the
+soldiers are preparing to fight? Oh, me! I don't know what to do! If
+there should be a battle here, I don't know what would become of us."
+
+Julia, in her despair, was fair to look upon. Her gown of striped
+homespun stuff, simply made, set off to admiration her strong but
+supple figure. Excitement added a new lustre to her eye and gave a
+heightened color to the rose that bloomed on her cheeks. She stood a
+moment as if listening, and then a faint smile showed on her lips. She
+heard her father calling:
+
+"Jule! Jule! O Jule!"
+
+"Here I am, father!" she cried. "What is it?"
+
+"Well, the Lord he'p my soul! I've been huntin' for you high an' low.
+Did you hear that shootin'? I 'lowed may be you'd been took prisoner
+an' carried bodaciously off. Didn't I hear you talkin' to somebody?"
+
+Squire Fambrough pulled off his hat and scratched his head. His face,
+set in a fringe of gray beard, was kindly and full of humor, but it
+contained not a few of the hard lines of experience.
+
+"No, father," said Julia, in reply to the Squire's question. "I was
+only talking to myself."
+
+"Jest makin' a speech, eh? Well, I don't blame you, honey. I'm a great
+mind to jump out here in the clearin' an' yell out my sentiments so
+that both sides can hear 'em."
+
+"Why, what is the matter, father?"
+
+"I'm mad, honey! I'm jest nachally stirred up--dog my cats ef I ain't!
+Along at fust I did hope there wouldn't be no fightin' in this
+neighborhood, but now I jest want to see them two blamed armies light
+into one another, tooth and toe-nail."
+
+"Why, father!" Julia made a pretty gesture of dismay. "How can you
+talk so?"
+
+"Half of my niggers is gone," said Squire Fambrough; "one side has got
+my hosses, and t'other side has stole my cattle. The Yankees has
+grabbed my grist mill, an' the Confeds has laid holt of my corn crib.
+One army is squattin' in my tater patch, and t'other one is roostin'
+in my cow pastur'. Do you reckon I was born to set down here an' put
+up wi' that kind of business?"
+
+"But, father, what can you do? How can you help yourself? For heaven's
+sake, let's go away from here!"
+
+"Great Moses, Jule! Have you gone an' lost what little bit of common
+sense you was born with? Do you reckon I'm a-goin' to be a-refugeein'
+an' a-skee-daddlin' across the country like a skeer'd rabbit at my
+time of life? I hain't afeared of nary two armies they can find room
+for on these hills! Hain't I got one son on one side an' another son
+on t'other side? Much good they are doin', too. If they'd a-felt like
+me they'd a fit both sides. Do you reckon I'm a-gwine to be drove
+off'n the place where I was born, an' where your granpappy was born,
+an' where your mother lies buried? No, honey!"
+
+"But, father, you know we can't stay here. Suppose there should be a
+battle?"
+
+"Come, honey! come!" There was a touch of petulance in the old man's
+tone. "Don't get me flustrated. I told you to go when John's wife an'
+the children went. By this time you'd 'a' been out of hearin' of the
+war."
+
+"But, father, how could I go and leave you here all by yourself?" The
+girl laid her hand on the Squire's shoulder caressingly.
+
+"No," exclaimed the Squire, angrily; "stay you would, stay you did,
+an' here you are!"
+
+"Yes, and now I want to go away, and I want you to go with me. All the
+horses are not taken, and the spring wagon and the barouche are
+here."
+
+"Don't come a-pesterin' me, honey! I'm pestered enough as it is. Lord,
+if I had the big men here what started the war, I'd take 'em an' butt
+their cussed heads together tell you wouldn't know 'em from a lot of
+spiled squashes."
+
+"Now, don't get angry and say bad words, father."
+
+"I can't help it, Jule; I jest can't help it. When the fuss was
+a-brewin' I sot down an' wrote to Jeems Buchanan, and told him, jest
+as plain as the words could be put on paper, that war was boun' to
+come if he didn't look sharp; an' then when old Buck dropped out, I
+sot down an' wrote to Abe Lincoln an' told him that coercion wouldn't
+work worth a cent, but conciliation----"
+
+"Wait, father!" Julia held up her pretty hand. "I hear some one
+calling. Listen!"
+
+Not far away they heard the voice of a negro. "Marse Dave Henry! O
+Marse Dave Henry!"
+
+"Hello! Who the nation are you hollerin' at?" said Squire Fambrough as
+a youngish looking negro man came in view. "An' where did you come
+from, an' where are you goin'?"
+
+"Howdy, mistiss--howdy, marster!" The negro took off his hat as he
+came up.
+
+"What's your name?" asked the Squire.
+
+"I'm name Tuck, suh. None er you all ain't seed nothin' er Marse----"
+
+"Who do you belong to?"
+
+"I b'longs ter de Cloptons down dar in Georgy, suh. None er you-all
+ain't seed nothin'----"
+
+"What are you doin' here?" demanded Squire Fambrough, somewhat
+angrily. "Don't you know you are liable to get killed any minute?
+Ain't you makin' your way to the Yankee army?"
+
+"No, suh." The negro spoke with unction. "I'm des a-huntin' my young
+marster, suh. He name Dave Henry Clopton. Dat what we call him--Marse
+Henry. None er you-all ain't seed 'im, is you?"
+
+"Jule," said the Squire, rubbing his nose thoughtfully, "ain't that
+the name of the chap that used to hang around here before the Yankees
+got too close?"
+
+"Do you mean Lieutenant Clopton, father?" asked Julia, showing some
+confusion.
+
+"Yessum." Tuck grinned and rubbed his hands together. "Marse Dave
+Henry is sholy a lieutender in de company, an' mistiss she say he'd a
+done been a giner'l ef dey wa'nt so much enviousness in de army."
+
+"I saw him this morning--I mean--" Julia blushed and hesitated. "I
+mean, I heard him talking out here in the grove."
+
+"Who was he talking to, Jule?" The Squire put the question calmly and
+deliberately.
+
+There was a little pause. Julia, still blushing, adjusted an imaginary
+hair-pin. The negro looked sheepishly from one to the other. The
+Squire repeated his question.
+
+"Who was he talking to, Jule?"
+
+"Nobody but me," said the young lady, growing redder. Her embarrassment
+was not lessened by an involuntary "eh--eh," from the negro. Squire
+Fambrough raised his eyes heavenwards and allowed both his heavy hands
+to drop helplessly by his side.
+
+"What was he talkin' about?" The old man spoke with apparent
+humility.
+
+"N-o-t-h-i-n-g," said Julia, demurely, looking at her pink finger-nails.
+"He just asked me if I thought it would rain, and I told him I
+didn't know; and then he said the spring was coming on very rapidly,
+and I said, 'Yes, I thought it was.' And then he had found a bunch of
+violets and asked me if I would accept them, and I said, 'Thank you.'"
+
+"Land of the livin' Moses!" exclaimed Squire Fambrough, lifting his
+hands above his head and allowing them to fall heavily again. "And
+they call this war!"
+
+"Yessum!" The negro's tone was triumphant. "Dat sholy wuz Marse Dave
+Henry. War er no war, dat wuz him. Dat des de way he goes 'mongst de
+ladies. He gi'um candy yit, let 'lone flowers. Shoo! You can't tell me
+nothin' 'tall 'bout Marse Dave Henry."
+
+"What are you wanderin' 'round here in the woods for?" asked the
+Squire. His tone was somewhat severe. "Did anybody tell you he was
+here?"
+
+"No, suh!" replied Tuck. "Dey tol' me back dar at de camps dat I'd
+fin' 'im out on de picket line, an' when I got dar dey tol' me he wuz
+out dis a-way, whar dey wuz some sharp-shootin' gwine on, but I ain't
+foun' 'im yit."
+
+"Ain't you been with him all the time?" The Squire was disposed to
+treat the negro as a witness for the defence.
+
+"Lor, no, suh! I des now come right straight fum Georgy. Mistiss--she
+Marse Dave Henry's ma--she hear talk dat de solyers ain't got no cloze
+fer ter w'ar an' no vittles fer ter eat, skacely, an' she tuck'n made
+me come an' fetch 'im a box full er duds an' er box full er vittles.
+She put cake in dar, yit, 'kaze I smelt it whiles I wuz handlin' de
+box. De boxes, dey er dar at de camp, an' here me, but wharbouts is
+Marse Dave Henry? Not ter be a-hidin' fum somebody, he de hardest
+white man ter fin' what I ever laid eyes on. I speck I better be
+knockin' 'long. Good-by, marster; good-by, young mistiss. Ef I don'
+fin' Marse Dave Henry no wheres, I'll know whar ter come an' watch fer
+'im."
+
+The Squire watched the negro disappear in the woods, and then turned
+to his daughter. To his surprise, her eyes were full of tears; but
+before he could make any comment, or ask any question, he heard the
+noise of tramping feet in the woods, and presently saw two Union
+soldiers approaching. Almost immediately Julia called his attention to
+three soldiers coming from the Confederate side.
+
+"I believe in my soul we're surrounded by both armies," remarked the
+Squire dryly. "But don't git skeer'd, honey. I'm goin' to see what
+they're trespassin' on my premises for."
+
+
+IV. COMMERCE AND SENTIMENT.
+
+"Upon my sowl," said O'Halloran, as he and Captain Somerville went
+forward, the big Irishman leading the way, "I'm afeard I'm tollin' you
+into a trap."
+
+"How?" asked the captain.
+
+"Why, there's three of the Johnnies comin', sor, an' the ould man an'
+the gurrul make five."
+
+"Halt!" said the captain, using the word by force of habit. The two
+paused, and the captain took in the situation at a glance. Then he
+turned to the big Irishman, with a queer look on his face.
+
+"What is it, sor?"
+
+"I'm in for it now. That is my father yonder, and the young lady is my
+sister."
+
+"The Divvle an' Tom Walker!" exclaimed O'Halloran. "'Tis quite a
+family rayanion, sor."
+
+"I don't know whether to make myself known or not. What could have
+possessed them to stay here? I'll see whether they know me." As they
+went forward, the captain plucked O'Halloran by the sleeve. "I'll be
+shot if the Johnny with his arm in the sling isn't my brother."
+
+"I was expectin' it, sor," said the big Irishman, giving matters a
+humorous turn. "Soon the cousins will be poppin' out from under the
+bushes."
+
+By this time the two were near enough to the approaching Confederates
+to carry on a conversation by lifting their voices a little.
+
+"Hello, Johnny," said O'Halloran.
+
+"Hello, Yank," replied Kilpatrick.
+
+"What's the countersign, Johnny?"
+
+"Tobacco. What is it on your side, Yank?"
+
+"Tay an' coffee, Johnny."
+
+"You are mighty right," Kilpatrick exclaimed. "Stack your arms agin a
+tree."
+
+"The same to you," said O'Halloran.
+
+The Irishman, using his foot as a broom, cleared the dead leaves and
+twigs from a little space of ground, where he deposited his bundle,
+and Kilpatrick did the same. John Fambrough, the wounded Confederate,
+went forward to greet his father and sister, and Lieutenant Clopton
+went with him. The Squire was not in a good humor.
+
+"I tell you what, John," he said to his son, "I don't like to be
+harborin' nary side. It's agin' my principles. I don't like this
+colloguin' an' palaverin' betwixt folks that ought to be by good
+rights a-knockin' one another on the head. If they want to collogue
+an' palaver, why don't they go som'ers else?"
+
+The Squire's son tried to explain, but the old gentleman hooted at the
+explanation. "Come on, Jule, let's go and see what they're up to."
+
+As they approached, the Irishman glanced at Captain Somerville, and
+saw that he had turned away, cap in hand, to hide his emotion.
+
+"You're just in time," the Irishman said to Squire Fambrough in a
+bantering tone, "to watch the continding armies. This mite of a Johnny
+will swindle the Government, if I don't kape me eye on him."
+
+"Is this what you call war?" the Squire inquired sarcastically. "Who
+axed you to come trespassin' on my land?"
+
+"Oh, we'll put the leaves back where we found them," said Kilpatrick,
+"if we have to git a furlough."
+
+"Right you are!" said the Irishman.
+
+"It is just a little trading frolic among the boys!" Captain
+Somerville turned to the old man with a courteous bow. "They will do
+no harm. I'll answer for that."
+
+"Well, I'll tell you how I feel about it!" Squire Fambrough exclaimed
+with some warmth. "I'm in here betwixt the hostiles. They ain't nobody
+here but me an' my daughter. We don't pester nobody, an' we don't want
+nobody to pester us. One of my sons is in the Union army, I hear tell,
+an' the other is in the Confederate army when he ain't in the
+hospital. These boys, you see, found their old daddy a-straddle of the
+fence, an' one clomb down one leg on the Union side, an' t'other one
+clomb down t'other leg on the Confederate side."
+
+"That is what I call an interesting situation," said the captain,
+drawing a long breath. "Perhaps I have seen your Union son."
+
+"Maybe so, maybe so," assented the Squire.
+
+"Perhaps you have seen him yourself since the war began?"
+
+Before the Squire could make any reply, Julia rushed at the captain
+and threw her arms around his neck, crying, "O brother George, I know
+you!"
+
+The Squire seemed to be dazed by this discovery. He went towards the
+captain slowly. The tears streamed down his face and the hand he held
+out trembled.
+
+"George," he exclaimed, "God A'mighty knows I'm glad to see you!"
+
+O'Halloran and Kilpatrick had paused in the midst of their traffic to
+watch this scene, but when they saw the gray-haired old man crying and
+hugging his son, and the young girl clinging to the two, they were
+confused. O'Halloran turned and kicked his bundles.
+
+"Take all the tay and coffee, you bloody booger! Just give me a
+pipeful of the weed."
+
+Kilpatrick shook his fist at the big Irishman.
+
+"Take the darned tobacco, you red-mouthed Mickey! What do I want with
+your tea and coffee?" Then both started to go a little way into the
+woods. Lieutenant Clopton following. The captain would have called
+them back, but they wouldn't accept the invitation.
+
+"We are just turnin' our backs, sor, while you hold a family orgie,"
+said O'Halloran. "Me an' this measly Johnny will just go on an'
+complate the transaction of swappin'."
+
+At this moment Tuck reappeared on the scene. Seeing his young master,
+he stopped still and looked at him, and then broke out into loud
+complaints.
+
+"Marse Dave Henry, whar de namer goodness you been? You better come
+read dish yer letter what yo' ma writes you. I'm gwine tell mistiss
+she come mighty nigh losin' a likely nigger, an' she'll rake you over
+de coals, mon."
+
+"Why, howdy, Tuck," exclaimed Lieutenant Clopton. "Ain't you glad to
+see me?"
+
+"Yasser, I speck I is." The negro spoke in a querulous and somewhat
+doubtful tone, as he produced a letter from the lining of his hat.
+"But I'd 'a' been a heap gladder ef I hadn't mighty nigh trapsed all
+de gladness out'n me."
+
+Young Clopton took the letter and read it with a smile on his lips and
+a dimness in his eyes. The negro, left to himself, had his attention
+attracted by the coffee and tobacco lying exposed on the ground. He
+looked at the display, scratching his head.
+
+"Boss, is dat sho nuff coffee?"
+
+"It is that same," said O'Halloran.
+
+"De ginnywine ole-time coffee?" insisted the negro.
+
+"'Tis nothin' else, simlin-head."
+
+"Marse Dave Henry," the negro yelled, "run here an' look at dish yer
+ginnywine coffee! Dey's nuff coffee dar fer ter make mistiss happy de
+balance er her days. Some done spill out!" he exclaimed. "Boss, kin I
+have dem what's on de groun'?"
+
+"Take 'em," said O'Halloran, "an' much good may they do you."
+
+"One, two, th'ee, fo', fi', sick, sev'n." The negro counted the grains
+as he picked them up. "O Marse Dave Henry, run here an' look! I got
+sev'n grains er ginnywine coffee. I'm gwine take um ter mistiss."
+
+The Irishman regarded the negro with curiosity. Then taking the dead
+branch of a tree he drew a line several yards in length between
+himself and Kilpatrick.
+
+"D'ye see that line there?" he said to the negro.
+
+"Dat ar mark? Oh, yasser, I sees de mark."
+
+"Very well. On that side of the line you are in slavery--on this side
+the line you are free."
+
+"Who? Me?"
+
+"Who else but you?"
+
+"I been hear talk er freedom, but I ain't seed 'er yit, an' I dunner
+how she feel." The negro scratched his head and grinned expectantly.
+
+"'Tis as I tell you," said the Irishman.
+
+"I b'lieve I'll step 'cross an' see how she feel." The negro stepped
+over the line, and walked up and down as if to test the matter
+physically. "'Tain't needer no hotter ner no colder on dis side dan
+what 'tis on dat," he remarked. Then he cried out to his young master:
+"Look at me, Marse Dave Henry; I'm free now."
+
+"All right." The young man waved his hand without taking his eyes from
+the letter he was reading.
+
+"He take it mos' too easy fer ter suit me," said the negro. Then he
+called out to his young master again: "O Marse Dave Henry! Don't you
+tell mistiss dat I been free, kase she'll take a bresh-broom an' run
+me off'n de place when I go back home."
+
+
+V. THE CURTAIN FALLS.
+
+Squire Fambrough insisted that his son should go to the house and look
+it over for the sake of old times, and young Clopton went along to
+keep Miss Julia company. O'Halloran, Kilpatrick, and the negro stayed
+where they were--the white men smoking their pipes, and the negro
+chewing the first "mannyfac" tobacco he had seen in many a day.
+
+The others were not gone long. As they came back, a courier was seen
+riding through the woods at break-neck speed, going from the Union
+lines to those of the Confederates, and carrying a white flag.
+Kilpatrick hailed him, and he drew rein long enough to cry out, as he
+waved his flag:
+
+"Lee has surrendered!"
+
+"I was looking out for it," said Kilpatrick, "but dang me if I hadn't
+ruther somebody had a-shot me right spang in the gizzard."
+
+Lieutenant Clopton took out his pocket-knife and began to whittle a
+stick. John Fambrough turned away, and his sister leaned her hands on
+his shoulder and began to weep. Squire Fambrough rubbed his chin
+thoughtfully and sighed.
+
+"It had to be, father," the captain said. "It's a piece of news that
+brings peace to the land."
+
+"Oh, yes, but it leaves us flat. No money, and nothing to make a crop
+with."
+
+"I have Government bonds that will be worth a hundred thousand
+dollars. The interest will keep us comfortably."
+
+"For my part," said Clopton, "I have nothing but this free nigger."
+
+"You b'lieve de half er dat," spoke up the free nigger. "Mistiss been
+savin' her cotton craps, an' ef she got one bale she got two
+hundred."
+
+The captain figured a moment. "They will bring more than a hundred
+thousand dollars."
+
+"I have me two arrums," said O'Halloran.
+
+"I've got a mighty fine pack of fox-hounds," remarked Kilpatrick with
+real pride.
+
+There was a pause in the conversation. In the distance could be heard
+the shouting of the Union soldiers and the band with its "Yankee
+Doodle, howd'y-do?" Suddenly Clopton turned to Captain Fambrough:
+
+"I want to ask you how many troops have you got over there--fighting
+men?"
+
+The captain laughed. Then he put his hand to his mouth and said in a
+stage whisper:
+
+"Five companies."
+
+"Well, dang my hide!" exclaimed Kilpatrick.
+
+"What is your fighting force?" Captain Fambrough asked.
+
+"Four companies," said Clopton.
+
+"Think o' that, sir!" cried the Irishman; "an' me out there defendin'
+meself ag'in a whole army."
+
+"More than that," said Clopton, "our colonel is a Connecticut man."
+
+"Shake!" the captain exclaimed. "My colonel is a Virginian."
+
+"Lord 'a' mercy! Lord 'a' mercy!" It was Squire Fambrough who spoke.
+"I'm a-goin' off some'rs an' ontangle the tangle we've got into."
+
+Soon the small company separated. The Squire went a short distance
+towards the Union army with his new-found son, who was now willing to
+call himself George Somerville Fambrough. Kilpatrick and the negro
+went trudging back to the Confederate camp, while Clopton lingered
+awhile, saying something of great importance to the fair Julia and
+himself.
+
+His remarks and her replies were those which precede and follow both
+comedy and tragedy. The thunders of war cannot drown them, nor can the
+sunshine of peace render them commonplace.
+
+
+
+
+THE ROSE IS SUCH A LADY.
+
+BY GERTRUDE HALL.
+
+
+  The rose is such a lady--
+    So stately, fresh, and sweet;
+  It joys to hold her image
+    The rain pool at her feet.
+
+  They look such common lasses,
+    Those red pinks in a line;
+  The rose is such a lady--
+    So dignified and fine.
+
+  The winds would wish to kiss her,
+    And yet they scarcely dare;
+  The rose is such a lady--
+    So courteous, pure, and fair.
+
+  Here's one come from a garden
+    To die within this book--
+  See, in the faded features
+    The old lady-like look!
+
+
+
+
+THE COUNT DE LESSEPS OF TO-DAY.
+
+BY R. H. SHERARD.
+
+
+Seated in an arm-chair, now feebly turning over the leaves of his
+"Souvenirs of Forty Years," now letting his dimmed eyes wander
+listlessly over the broad expanse of fields and woodlands outside the
+windows, Ferdinand de Lesseps, the great Frenchman, drags out the
+agony of his old age.
+
+The visitor to him in his retreat arrives at La Chesnaye to some
+extent attuned to melancholy, for the long diligence ride from the
+nearest railway station, twenty-four kilometres away, is across a most
+desolate country. This part of the ancient duchy of Berry is one of
+the districts in France which has most suffered by the ruin of the
+vine-culture; the lands seem deserted and abandoned; the roads are
+neglected, and little life is seen anywhere till the sleepy burgh of
+Vatan is reached. From Vatan, which is a market-town on the old and
+now disused high-road from Paris to Toulouse, to the chateau of La
+Chesnaye, there are four more kilometres of road across an equally
+desolate country to be taken. The buildings of the home farm are the
+first human habitations that one sees all the long way. An oppressive
+sense of desolation imposes itself on even the casual wayfarer, and
+prepares for the sorrowful sight that awaits him who goes to La
+Chesnaye to salute the fallen greatness of the old man who but two
+years ago was the greatest Frenchman in France.
+
+The chateau of La Chesnaye, a modest country-house of irregular shape
+and flanked at the angles with towers, has been in the possession of
+M. de Lesseps for fifty years. Except for a large modern wing, it
+stands just as Agnes Sorel, its first occupant, left it. In her days
+it had served as a hunting-box for her royal patron and the Berry
+squires, and at present is still surrounded with fields scantily
+timbered. There is no well-kept lawn, but the fields of grass are full
+of violets, and there is a trim look about the stables. On a bright
+day the white of the stone, contrasted with the green of the grass,
+gives a cheerful look to the scene, but it is indescribably mournful
+of aspect in the days of rain and snow and wind.
+
+About half a mile on the road before the chateau is in sight, an
+avenue of trees is reached. "Those trees were planted by M. de Lesseps
+himself, forty years ago, and every time that he passes this way he
+relates the fact."
+
+So spoke to me the English governess of the De Lesseps children, whom
+Madame de Lesseps had despatched to meet me with the pony-carriage at
+Vatan.
+
+"The countess is terribly busy to-day with her papers, for she is
+expecting a barrister from Paris, who is to receive some instructions
+in view of the new trial; but she will manage to give you an hour, and
+wants you to drive to church with her, so that you can talk on the
+way." As we entered the courtyard the countess's carriage was in
+waiting at the front entrance. It was the landau of the days of
+triumphant drives in the Champs Elysees, and the horses were the same
+pair which excited the admiration and envy of the connoisseurs of the
+Avenue des Acacias, "Juliette" and "Panama," which latter is now never
+called by that name. It is talked about as "the other," for the
+ill-fated word, Panama, is never even whispered, lest any echo of it
+should reach the ears of him to whom this word has meant ruin and
+disgrace and a broken heart. I waited for the countess at the bottom
+of the spiral stair-case, and presently saw a lady descending, who
+greeted me in a familiar voice, but whom I failed to recognize. "But,
+yes," she said, holding out her hand, "I am Madame de Lesseps. I have
+changed, have I not?"
+
+[Illustration: THE CHATEAU DE LA CHESNAYE.]
+
+When I last met Madame de Lesseps in Paris, though at that time the
+shadow of the present was already upon her, she was in the full of her
+matronly beauty, large, ample, and flourishing. It was a wasted woman
+who addressed me, pinched and thin. "If I were to remove my veil," she
+added, "you would see an even greater change."
+
+"It is a sad moment that you have chosen to visit us, and you find us
+in terrible circumstances," she said as we drove away. Then turning to
+the lady who accompanied her, she remarked, "This is the first time I
+have been out for three weeks, and I ought not to have gone out
+to-day, except for the fact that I can't miss going to church again.
+It is the only comfort I have left to me. All my days and most of my
+nights, when not attending on my husband, are taken up answering
+letters and telegrams which keep pouring in upon me from all parts of
+the world. And then I am in constant correspondence with the lawyers
+in Paris as to the prosecution of my son for corruption, and the
+revision of the last judgment of the Court of Appeal."
+
+The church which is attended by the La Chesnaye party is situated in a
+village about three miles off, which is called Guilly, "the mistletoe
+hamlet," as all the trees around are covered with this parasite. We
+were passing a fine old oak tree, the upper part of which was loaded
+with mistletoe, when the lady who was with us laughed scornfully, and,
+pointing, said: "One would say Herz, Arton, and the rest," referring
+to the Panama parasites. "Would you believe me," said Madame de
+Lesseps, "that until these recent revelations I had never even heard
+the names of either Arton or Herz or the Baron de Reinach?"
+
+[Illustration: COUNT DE LESSEPS IN 1869.]
+
+Outside the church was standing a _char-a-banc_ drawn by two horses,
+and it was in this that, after service, I returned to La Chesnaye with
+the children and the governesses. It was interesting to see how
+devoted the people of Guilly seem to be to the De Lesseps family, and
+how the men and women bowed and courtesied as the countess came out
+of church. Here, as at Vatan and in all the district, the love and
+respect for "Monsieur le Comte" have been increased rather than
+diminished by the persecutions to which he has been subjected. It was
+on the great fair-day at Vatan that the news of his condemnation was
+made public, and at once the villagers, in sign of mourning,
+stopped the public ball which is a _fete_ to which the young
+people of the district look forward for months beforehand. Sturdy
+Berrichon lads have been seen to flourish their sticks and heard
+to say that the Parisians had better keep their hands off "Monsieur le
+Comte." Nor is it surprising that in his own country M. de Lesseps
+should be loved and venerated. Always delighting in acts of
+kindness, his generosity towards his poor neighbors throughout the
+district has been constant and large-handed. Never a marriage
+takes place in any of the surrounding villages but that a handsome
+present from La Chesnaye is thrown into the bride's _corbeille_.
+The children are dressed for confirmation at the expense of the
+chateau; layettes are found for poor mothers, and no case of
+distress is allowed to pass unrelieved. Since the heavy losses which
+the Panama failure has entailed on the family, no change nor
+diminution in these liberalities has been made. But perhaps what
+the people in the district like the best in the La Chesnaye folk is
+their extreme simplicity. Chateau folk are not generally very popular
+in France, and certainly not in republican circumscriptions,
+because republican electors of the peasant class have inherited
+prejudices about them; and if the De Lesseps family is so very
+popular, it is because of the extreme simplicity of their manners and
+of the way in which they live the lives of the people around them. For
+instance, not the children alone, but even the elegant Madame de
+Lesseps herself, are dressed in clothes purchased and made in Vatan.
+Nothing is got from Paris, and the Vatan people are highly pleased
+with the unusual compliment thus paid to them. By the church at Guilly
+is an orphanage, which was founded by the De Lesseps, and is
+entirely kept up at their expense. It is a rule with Madame de
+Lesseps to pay a visit to this orphanage each Sunday after mass,
+and, accordingly, as she left church she asked me to return home
+with the children. Of these there are now seven at home; Matthew, who
+has just returned on sick leave from the Soudan, being in Paris near
+his stepbrother Charles. Ismail is serving in the army as a
+soldier in a regiment of _chasseurs_ at St. Germain; and the
+eldest daughter, the Comtesse de Gontaut-Biron, is in Nice,
+whither she has been sent by her doctors. Lolo, aged eighteen, is
+the eldest girl at home; and Paul, a handsome lad of twelve, with
+long ringlets down his back, is the eldest boy. The youngest children
+are mere babies. There is Zi-Zi, a tiny little boy, with fair
+curls and dark eyes; and Griselle, a charming little mite, who on
+that Sunday was dressed in a Kate Greenaway bonnet and gown, and
+looked sweetly pretty. The _char-a-banc_, spacious as it was, was
+quite filled. Besides all the children from Lolo down to Zi-Zi, there
+were the English and German governesses, Paul and Robert's tutor,
+the niece of Madame de Lesseps who for many years past has lived
+with the family, and an intimate friend, Mademoiselle Mimaut.
+
+It was a merry party, and yet whenever the name of the poor old father
+at home was mentioned, silence came over the prattle of the children.
+"They all feel it deeply," said Madame de Lesseps to me later on,
+"though their youth often gets the better of their feelings. And what
+grieves them all most is, to know that their brother Charles, whom
+they all love and respect like a second father, is in prison, whilst
+they can run about. Zi-Zi and Griselle write to him every day at Mazas
+or the Conciergerie, and send him violets, and little stories which
+they compose for his amusement, spending long hours inking their
+fingers over their paper."
+
+About half-way home the carriage passed the rural postman trudging
+along on his daily thirty-mile round. The children would have the
+carriage stopped, and, though it was quite full, place was made for
+him. Father Pierre seemed quite a favorite with the children, for is
+it not he, as little Griselle said, who brings letters from brother
+Charles? Charles, it seems, writes every day, and his letters, to
+judge by what every member of the family told me, are admirable in
+their manly unselfishness. There is never a word of complaint about
+the wretchedness of his position; his only anxiety is about his
+father, and he is ready to undergo everything so that the old man may
+be spared a moment's pain. Ruined, disgraced, though not dishonored,
+having to face a long period of imprisonment, which at his age and in
+his physical condition may kill him, he affects in his letters the
+greatest cheerfulness. Nor is his heroic unselfishness without its
+reward. He is the idol of everybody at La Chesnaye and for miles
+around. Only one complaint has escaped him since his confinement, and
+that was when, during his hurried visit, under guard, to his father,
+he went with the children for a favorite walk to a neighboring wood.
+Here, as he was walking along the avenue which runs through some
+magnificent timber, he looked around at the detectives behind him, and
+said with a sigh: "And to-morrow I shall be again within four gray
+walls." But immediately he added, that if he could only be allowed to
+come and pass an afternoon in the wood with his brothers and sisters
+every month, he would not mind his confinement in the least, and could
+resign himself to the prospect of imprisonment for the rest of his
+days. Yet he is past fifty-three, and his health has suffered terribly
+from what he has undergone.
+
+The half hour before lunch was spent by the children in showing their
+pets. A prime favorite with them just now is a little Newfoundland
+puppy, which has quite dethroned in their affections an old shepherd
+dog, who, as Zi-Zi relates, "came one day and liked us so much that
+she has never left us." Another pet of whom a great deal is made is an
+African monkey which Matthew brought home from the Soudan. It is
+called Bou-Bou, and when it is scolded it hides its face in its hands.
+It is quite tame, and runs about without a chain.
+
+Just before lunch the children set about picking violets, each a
+bunch. This they do every day. One is for Charles at Mazas, another
+for Madame de Lesseps, but the sweetest is for the old father to wear
+in his buttonhole at lunch, which is the only meal he takes with the
+family. The child whose bouquet is worn by the father is the proudest
+child in Berry that day.
+
+I could not refrain from a movement of the most painful surprise
+when, after a few moments spent in the drawing-room, I was invited by
+Madame de Lesseps into the room where her husband sat. I have known M.
+de Lesseps for many years, and though the last time that I saw him he
+was already under the influence of the sorrow of defeat--it was
+just after he had been called before a magistrate, for examination--my
+recollection of him had always been as of a man full of the most
+surprising vitality and high spirits, keen, bright, energetic,
+defying the wear of time, a man of eternal youth in spite of his
+white hairs. I remembered him last, erect, with clear voice and
+flashing eyes, and now I saw him huddled together in a chair, a wrap
+about his knees, nodding his head as under sleep, pale, inert, and
+with all the life gone out of his eyes. Behind him stood a large
+screen tapestried with red stuff, against which the waxen whiteness
+of his face and hands stood out in strong relief. How old he
+looked, whom age had seemed to spare so long! For the most part
+the head drooped forward on his chest, but now and then he raised it
+listlessly and let his eyes wander round the room, or across the
+panes on to the fields beyond. There was rarely recognition in his
+glance; mostly a look of unalterable sadness--of wonder, it may be,
+at the terrible hazards of life. Yet, when now and then one of the
+children, who were crowding about his chair, pressed his hand or
+kissed his cheek or said some words of endearment to him, the smile
+which was one of his characteristics came over his face, and for a
+brief moment he seemed himself again. Himself again--that is to say,
+in the goodness and great-heartedness which more than all he has ever
+done for France merited for him the name of the great Frenchman. For
+greatness of heart has always been the keynote of the character of
+Ferdinand de Lesseps. It was the secret of the indescribable
+seduction which he exercised over everyone who came near him, from
+emperor to laborer. It was to this quality of his that M. Renan,
+albeit a sceptic himself, rendered such signal homage in the speech
+in which he welcomed M. de Lesseps to the French Academy on the day
+of his admittance.
+
+"You were good to all who came," said M. Renan; "you made them feel
+that their past would be effaced and that a new life lay before them.
+In exchange you only asked them to share your enthusiasm in the work
+which you had devoted to the interest of France. You held that most
+people can amend if only one will forget their past. One day a whole
+gang of convicts arrived at Panama and took work at the canal. The
+Austrian consul demanded that they should be handed over to him; but
+you delayed giving satisfaction to his request, and at the end of some
+weeks the Austrian consulate was fully occupied in remitting home to
+Austria, to their families, or, it may be, to their victims, the
+moneys which these outcasts whom you had transformed into honest
+workmen were earning with the work of their hands. You have declared
+your faith in humanity. You have convinced yourself and tried to
+convince others that men are loyal and good if only they have the
+wherewithal to live. It is your opinion that it is only hunger that
+makes men bad. 'Never,' said you in one of your lectures, 'have I had
+cause for complaint against any of the workmen, although I have
+employed outcasts, pariahs, and convicts. Work has redeemed even the
+most dishonest. I have never been robbed, not even of a handkerchief.
+It is a fact which I have proved, that men can be brought to do
+anything by showing them kindness and by persuading them that they are
+working in a cause of universal interest.' Thus you have made green
+again what seemed withered for ever and aye. You have given, in a
+century of unbelief, a startling proof of the efficacy of faith."
+
+[Illustration: MADAME DE LESSEPS IN 1880.]
+
+A thousand instances of this kindness of heart might be cited to show
+that M. de Lesseps ever remained a chivalrous gentleman in the best
+sense of the word. A trifling experience of my own may suffice. A few
+days after my first visit to him, at the office of the Suez Canal, I
+was dining at a house in the Cours-la-Reine. It was my first visit to
+that house, a fact which somewhat contributed to my embarrassment in
+what was one of my first experiences in Parisian society. Amongst the
+guests was the editor of one of the principal French papers, and being
+anxious to make his acquaintance, I asked our host to introduce me to
+my _confrere_. The editor in question had no courtesies to waste upon
+an insignificant foreigner, and acknowledged my bow with a reverence
+of exaggerated profundity, bowing almost to the earth, and then
+swinging round on his heel to continue a conversation with another
+journalist, which had been interrupted by the introduction. I was left
+standing in the middle of the room, with my eyes on the editor's back,
+suffused with shame and mortification. M. de Lesseps saw the slight
+thus inflicted on a young man, and from kindness of heart immediately
+did what he could to efface it. From his place at the fire, where he
+had been standing surrounded by the usual crowd of courtiers, he had
+noticed the incident, and I saw him making his way across the
+drawing-room towards me, exclaiming to those around him: "Oh, there is
+a young man with whom I must have a few words!" He then took me by the
+hand, drew me aside, and remained conversing with me until dinner was
+announced.
+
+[Illustration: COUNT DE LESSEPS IN 1880.]
+
+In view of the awful change that, within so short a time, has been
+made in this gentleman, I cannot but think that it must be attributed
+to the shock produced in a very old man by an experience which
+shows him that he has been mistaken all his life long. It is
+terrible to wake up at eighty-five and find that things are not
+what one has believed during his past life, and that the men whom
+one has loved and respected are unworthy. I believe that what has
+struck Ferdinand de Lesseps down in his chair, in full vitality, is
+an immense disappointment, not at the failure of his hopes, for he
+has always been indifferent to money, and has never had the wish to
+leave his children large fortunes, but at the falseness of a creed
+which was optimistic to the point of blindness. I believe that
+Ferdinand de Lesseps is dying of a broken heart, broken by the immense
+ingratitude of men. And if the loss of all the money that has been
+sunk in the Panama mud and the pockets of the intrigants of the
+Third Republic adds to his sorrow, it is certainly not for himself
+nor his family, but for all those who are suffering because they
+shared his belief in his star, and who blindly followed him to
+ruin. He knew that they were of the humble, and often told me so.
+"Panama will be carried out with the savings in woollen stockings of
+the peasant and of the workman," he used to say. He has never been
+self-seeking. He presented France with a concession, that of the Suez
+Canal, estimated at one hundred millions of francs, and with
+lands worth another thirty millions, and fought heroically for years
+to render to his gift its greatest value. In the words of M. Renan,
+the courage, the energy, the resources of all sorts expended by M.
+de Lesseps in this struggle were nothing short of prodigious. In
+exchange he took for himself enough to enable him to lead the life
+of a gentleman and to do good around him. Each of his children he
+endowed with not more than seventy thousand francs, the revenues
+from which, together with his wife's private fortune, are now all
+that remain to the family. I firmly believe that all his life he
+acted only from feelings of philanthropy and from patriotism of the
+most chivalrous type. He never had any desire to leave a large
+fortune, and I can remember his saying to me, very emphatically, that
+his children must do as he had done; and that they would do so if
+they were worthy of his name; and that he never wished to leave them
+large fortunes, but an honorable name, a love for their country equal
+to his, and an example which he hoped they would follow. "Let them
+work as I have done," said this most tender of fathers.
+
+It seems that not even this heritage of an honored name is, if the
+persecutors of the old man can have their way, to be left to his
+family. Since he has been down the number of his adversaries has of
+course increased tenfold. Even those who owe him all--many officials
+at the Suez Canal Company, for instance, who owe their positions and
+fortunes to his genius--seem glad to revenge themselves for their
+obligation. De Lesseps has done too much good to men not to be hated,
+and it is to be regretted that poor De Maupassant cannot wield his pen
+in analysis of the motives which are actuating his former dependents
+in their endeavors to renounce all solidarity with the dying
+octogenarian of La Chesnaye. I visited the offices of the Suez Canal
+Company a few days ago, and, prepared as one is for human ingratitude,
+it was distressing in the extreme to see how poor a thing to charm
+with was the name at the sound of which, as I can well remember, all
+the flunkeys of the place in livery or black frock coat doubled up in
+the days that are past. The lion is down, and every ass of Paris has a
+heel to kick him with.
+
+[Illustration: COUNT DE LESSEPS IN 1892.]
+
+On the other hand, the adversities of the De Lesseps family have
+revealed to them the immense number of friends which they possess in
+all parts of the world. Letters and telegrams keep pouring in from all
+sides to La Chesnaye, and all the available pens are kept busy most of
+the day and night in answering the kindest expressions of sympathy,
+many from utter strangers. "This is the only thing that gives me
+courage to bear it all," said Madame de Lesseps. Helene told me, with
+some amusement, that a Spanish banker had the day before written to
+Madame de Lesseps to offer her a present of a million, and that there
+had been many similar offers of pecuniary assistance from people who
+believed the family to be totally ruined. When Charles was down at La
+Chesnaye, and was walking in the woods with his escort behind him, a
+serious offer was made to him by friends who had gathered around him,
+to effect his rescue if he would but give the word. As for tokens of
+sympathy from all the country around, they are unending. The farmer at
+the home-farm, which was built by M. de Lesseps, and which has been in
+the occupation of the present tenants from the beginning, was at
+dinner when the paper containing the news of Charles's conviction and
+sentence reached him. "He turned quite white," said his wife to me,
+"and rushed out of the house and went roaming about the woods like a
+demented man until late at night. And I have cried every time I have
+thought of M. Charles, whom I knew when he was a baby not higher than
+my knee." But perhaps the most devoted friend that remains to the
+family is M. de Lesseps's valet, who since his master's fall has never
+left him for more than ten minutes together, sleeping on a mattress in
+his bedroom, and waiting on him patiently all day and all night.
+"Don't let anyone, I don't care who it may be," he says, clenching his
+fist, "come near my master. I will be killed before any offence shall
+be put upon him." And though one is rather sceptical as to such
+professions, I fully believe that in this case they are sincere. It
+was touching to note with what reverence, when lunch was served, this
+valet approached his master, and, mindful of old formalities of
+respect, bowed and said that Monsieur the Count was served; to note
+with what womanly gentleness this strong man lifted his feeble master
+up and guided his tottering steps into the adjoining dining-room.
+
+What a beautiful family it was, to be sure, that gathered round that
+table! Paul with his girlish ringlets, Robert also in curls. Helene,
+who sat next to her father, with her jet-black hair loose down her
+back, and her bright eyes contrasting with the ivory pallor of her
+face, worn out as the poor child is with care and sorrow and hard work
+as her mother's penwoman. Then there was Lolo, a young lady of
+eighteen, roughly dressed, but of great elegance, who looked even
+sadder than the rest, but who tried to be bright and gay; and on the
+other side of her, Solange, who though she is quite a woman in
+appearance, hates to be considered so, and wants to be treated as a
+child, and refuses to wear long dresses, and loves to climb trees in
+the park and to give picnics to her little brothers and sisters in a
+mud hovel which she has constructed in the garden. Then there is Zi-Zi
+and Griselle--more than twenty in all around the long oval table.
+Every now and then one of the children rises from its seat, and runs
+up to the old father and kisses him on the cheek, or presses his hand;
+and I think all envied Helene who sat next to him and could caress him
+when she liked. I was seated just opposite the old man, and I am
+afraid my presence disturbed him; for he seemed to listen to what I
+said, and to wonder who I was, and what I might want. I shall never
+forget the sight of him as he faced me, sunk down in his chair, with
+one trembling hand holding his napkin to his breast, and feebly with
+the other guiding the morsels to his mouth. He seemed to eat with some
+appetite, though under persistent drowsiness, which was only shaken
+off for a moment when his wife, who came in late, took her seat at the
+table. Then his head was lifted, and a bright look came into his eyes,
+as if of salute to the comrade of his life. Whatever Madame de Lesseps
+may have suffered, I am sure that she feels herself repaid each time
+that those eyes are so lifted to hers. The _dejeuner_ was a simple
+though ample one, the _menu_ being in keeping with the manner of life
+at Chesnaye, which is that of comfort without ostentation. The wine is
+grown by Madame de Lesseps herself, on vineyards of her own planting,
+and is that "gray wine" which is so much appreciated by connoisseurs.
+It has a beautiful color in a cut-glass decanter. The conversation was
+a halting one. Each tried to be gay, each tried to forget the deep
+shadow that lay over that family gathering. When the old man's eyes
+wandered around the table as if in quest of some one whom he desired
+but who was not there, a silence imposed itself on all, for all knew
+whom he was seeking, and where that dear one was.
+
+In his buttonhole was Helene's bouquet of violets, underneath which
+peeped out the rosette of the grand officer of the Legion of Honor,
+alas, in jeopardy!
+
+We took coffee in the drawing-room. It was served on a table which
+stood underneath a fine portrait of Agnes Sorel, once the mistress of
+the house. Facing us were two pictures of the inauguration of the Suez
+Canal. The furniture was covered with tapestries mostly from the
+needle of the countess.
+
+It was here that Madame de Lesseps told me of the old man's present
+life. "He has the fixed idea that the Queen of England will come and
+make all things right. He often rises in his chair and asks if Queen
+Victoria has arrived, and when any visitor comes he thinks that it is
+she at last."
+
+Then blanching the countess added, "You think, sir, do you not, that
+he is in ignorance of what has happened? You do not think that he has
+any suspicion? Sometimes the dreadful thought troubles me that he
+knows all, and that, great-hearted gentleman that he is, he lends
+himself to this most tragic comedy that we are playing. I sometimes
+doubt. Would not that be terrible? And again there are times when I am
+convinced that our efforts to hide all that is, are successful. We
+give him last year's papers to read. I have had collections sent down.
+Formerly we used to cut out or erase parts which we did not want him
+to see, but he seemed to notice the alterations, and so we ordered
+down papers of a year ago. And it is quite pathetic to hear the
+remarks he occasionally makes. Thus a few days ago he called me to his
+side in high glee, and said how happy he was to hear that his old
+friend M. Ressman had been appointed Italian Ambassador to France, an
+event of more than a year ago. There are times, too, when he gets very
+impatient at being kept down here, and what he misses chiefly is the
+French Academy. He is constantly telling me how anxious he is to
+attend, and I have to invent the sorriest fables to explain to him
+that the Academicians are not holding any meetings; as, for instance,
+that they are all old men, and that they are taking a long holiday."
+
+The countess sighed and said: "I do what I can, but that terrible
+doubt pursues me often. You see, he did know that the Panama affair
+had resulted in ruin. It is since he was called before that examining
+magistrate, M. Prinet, that he has been as you have seen him. He must
+suspect something. How much, we shall never know."
+
+Then she added: "He is constantly asking after Charles. He knows that
+he is in trouble, but we hope that he does not suspect what the
+trouble is. Before he was taken as he is, Charles had, to his
+knowledge, become involved in that Societe des Comptes Courants
+bankruptcy, which ruined him; and perhaps his father thinks that his
+son's troubles are in connection with that affair." Then the
+stepmother broke out into impassioned praise of the stepson: "The
+noblest heart! He will suffer all, rather than let the slightest harm
+come to his father. He is a hero, a gentleman, a hero, a hero! When he
+was here he told us what he had undergone, and said that he was
+willing to undergo ten times as much, so that his father be left
+unmolested.
+
+"It is strangers who send us expressions of their sympathy. Those whom
+De Lesseps has enriched have forgotten him. And yet I am unjust. I
+have had letters from people who risked their positions, their daily
+bread, in writing to me as they did. But not a single political man
+has written a word to express condolence with the great patriot or
+with his family. They dare not. None of my letters are safe. Many of
+my friends have received my letters open. Many letters addressed to me
+have gone astray. It is dangerous to-day to be the friend of the man
+who gave a fortune to his country.
+
+"He sits there all day," she continued, "and reads his 'Souvenirs of
+Forty Years,' the 'Souvenirs' which he has dedicated to his children.
+And at times he is quite his old self again, but drowsiness is always
+coming upon him. _Mon Dieu!_ that he may be spared to us a little
+longer!"
+
+Helene just then passed through the room. "There is a paper in papa's
+room," she whispered, "which I must take away. There is the word
+Panama upon it."
+
+Our conversation was with bated breath, and the ill-fated word was
+scouted like an unclean thing.
+
+And whilst we were talking, the sunny, curly-headed Paul ran into the
+room and cried out: "Oh, do come and see papa! Bou-Bou has jumped onto
+his shoulder and is picking his violets."
+
+We moved towards the door, and this was the last that I saw, or may
+ever see, of Ferdinand de Lesseps. Against the red background of the
+twofold screen he sat sunken, asleep, in his arm-chair, with the two
+volumes that tell the story of his heroism in his lap, and on his
+shoulders perched a grinning Barbary ape, pulling at and munching the
+violets which Helene had picked for him, and which hid in his
+buttonhole his jeopardized rosette of the Legion of Honor. Around him
+stood his children, and it was sad to see, and sadder still to think,
+that, his family excepted, what holds this great heart and splendid
+gentleman in dearest affection is not the millionaire grown rich on
+his achievements, but a witless, speechless thing, that perhaps has
+feeling what a great and generous heart is here.
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+IS PUBLISHED MONTHLY WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+TERMS, $1.50 A YEAR; 15 CENTS A COPY.
+
+
+=SOME OF THE CONTRIBUTORS.=
+
+The most famous authors in America and England will contribute to
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE. A partial list of these authors is as follows:
+
+  R. L. Stevenson,
+  Rudyard Kipling,
+  A. Conan Doyle,
+  Octave Thanet,
+  William Dean Howells,
+  Bret Harte,
+  Clark Russell,
+  Joel Chandler Harris,
+  Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson,
+  F. Marion Crawford,
+  Margaret Deland,
+  Herbert D. Ward,
+  Elizabeth Stuart Phelps,
+  Thomas Hardy,
+  J. T. Trowbridge,
+  Jerome K. Jerome,
+  Frances Hodgson Burnett,
+  Theodore Roosevelt,
+  Joaquin Miller,
+  Gilbert Parker,
+  John Burroughs,
+  Camille Flammarion,
+  Lillie Chace Wyman,
+  Sarah Orne Jewett,
+  Edward Everett Hale,
+  Louise Chandler Moulton,
+  Hamlin Garland,
+  Prof. E. S. Holden,
+  Prof. C. A. Young,
+  H. H. Boyesen,
+  Robert Barr,
+  Henry M. Stanley,
+  Archibald Forbes,
+  Andrew Lang,
+  Harriet Prescott Spofford,
+  Dr. J. S. Billings,
+  W. E. Henley,
+  Capt. Charles King.
+
+=PRICE, 15 CENTS A COPY. SUBSCRIPTION, $1.50 A YEAR.=
+
+The price of this magazine marks a radical departure in the history of
+American magazines. This price is possible on account of the
+connection of the magazine with the Newspaper Syndicate established by
+S. S. McClure.
+
+Many stories by famous authors, and frequently special articles, will
+be secured for the newspapers and afterwards be republished in the
+magazine, with new and splendid illustrations.
+
+=INTERVIEWS WITH FAMOUS PEOPLE.=
+
+In addition to contributions by noted authors there will be in every
+issue of the magazine interviews, prepared by well qualified writers,
+with eminent men and women. In this way the story will be told of men
+distinguished as =authors=, =artists=, =inventors=, =explorers=,
+=scientists=, etc. These interviews will be fully illustrated, and
+will have all the value of careful biographical studies set forth in
+great part autobiographically.
+
+  Jules Verne,
+  Frances Hodgson Burnett,
+  Tissandier, the famous French Balloonist,
+  Archdeacon Farrar,
+  Thomas A. Edison,
+  F. Hopkinson Smith,
+  H. H. Boyesen,
+  Alphonse Daudet,
+  Camille Flammarion,
+  Edward Everett Hale,
+  Prof. Graham Bell,
+
+and many others, have given material for especially prepared
+interviews, which will appear fully illustrated in the magazine.
+
+=THE EDGE OF THE FUTURE=
+
+is the title of a series of interviews and articles furnished by
+Scientists, Inventors, Notable Enterprisers, including men who have
+built up great businesses, railroads, manufactories, etc., Statesmen,
+Soldiers, Explorers, Surgeons and Investigators, and which will
+indicate the lines of future progress. The interviews with Edison
+(electricity), Pasteur (bacteriology), Tissandier (ballooning),
+illustrate the character of this series.
+
+=AN ENTIRELY NEW FORM OF MAGAZINE LITERATURE ARE REAL CONVERSATIONS.=
+
+It is expected that each issue of the magazine will contain real
+conversations between eminent personalities. The dialogue between
+William Dean Howells and Professor H. H. Boyesen, which appears in
+this number, indicates the general character of these contributions.
+
+=HUMAN DOCUMENTS=
+
+is the title to a department new in American magazine literature, and
+will consist principally of portraits of distinguished men and women
+at different periods of their lives, showing the gradual development
+of character in distinguished Soldiers, Statesmen, Merchants,
+Novelists, Actors, Inventors, etc.
+
+=FICTION BY FAMOUS AUTHORS.=
+
+=A Group of Notable Short Stories= has been secured by the editors of
+MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, and two or three will be published in each issue.
+Stories may be expected in early numbers by
+
+  Thomas Hardy,
+  Rudyard Kipling,
+  Joel Chandler Harris,
+  Conan Doyle,
+  William Dean Howells,
+  Bret Harte,
+  Harriet Prescott Spofford,
+  Frances Hodgson Burnett,
+  R. L. Stevenson,
+  Sarah Orne Jewett,
+  Octave Thanet,
+  Stanley J. Weyman.
+
+These stories will be fully illustrated.
+
+=HENRY M. STANLEY=
+
+will contribute, especially for younger readers, a story of =African
+Adventure=.
+
+=NATURAL HISTORY AND ADVENTURE.=
+
+There will be several articles written by =Raymond Blathwayt=, who has
+been called by Mr. W. T. Stead the best interviewer in England, from
+material furnished him by =Karl Hagenbeck= of Hamburg, the great
+animal importer and trainer. The articles will deal with
+
+  The Capture of Wild Beasts.
+  The Transportation of Wild Beasts.
+  The Training of Wild Beasts.
+  The Adventures and Escapes of Karl Hagenbeck.
+
+These articles contain a wealth of material of the most interesting
+description. The series will be illustrated by an English artist of
+great skill in drawing animals.
+
+=John Burroughs, C. F. Holder, Dr. C. C. Abbott= and other writers
+famous for their work in this field will contribute to the magazine.
+
+=Of Interest to both Young and Old will be PROF. R. L. GARNER'S
+AFRICAN EXPEDITION TO THE GORILLAS.=
+
+Arrangements have been made, in connection with a leading English
+review, to publish Professor Garner's letters descriptive of his
+present expedition to Africa. Professor Garner is noted the world over
+for the curious and interesting investigations he is making in the
+speech of monkeys. He sailed for Africa last September for the purpose
+of further pursuing his studies in the native haunts of the gorilla.
+He is at present in the heart of the forest. It is expected that the
+illustrations of these articles will be from photographs taken by
+Professor Garner in Africa.
+
+=KNOWLEDGE OF IMMEDIATE VALUE=
+
+will afford the subjects of many articles and interviews that will
+deal with problems and questions of universal interest. Among the
+topics treated under this head will be "=How to Obtain a Healthy Old
+Age=."
+
+=NEWEST KNOWLEDGE.=
+
+=Discoveries About to be Made=: A popular and comprehensive report
+as gleaned in universities and elsewhere in all departments of
+knowledge and investigation. Plans are maturing for an extensive
+investigation, by able journalists, of the progress in various
+departments of knowledge and science as found in the leading colleges
+and universities, as well as manufacturing establishments, where
+valuable and original investigations and experiments are undertaken
+in various fields.
+
+The series will touch upon a variety of subjects. =Bacteriology and
+What Is Being Done in Its Investigation= will be thoroughly explained
+after visiting: the laboratories of eminent authorities such as =Prof.
+Welch= of Johns Hopkins University.
+
+The work done in the most =Notable Physical Laboratories= will be
+reported upon. In these laboratories the subjects connected with
+electricity are studied and experiments are made that often have
+far-reaching results.
+
+Another subject of great interest is the work of =Famous Astronomical
+Observatories=, explaining "=How Discoveries are Made=," etc.
+
+The recently established =Psychological Laboratories=, where the
+action of the mind is scientifically investigated, will furnish
+material for a paper of novel interest.
+
+Special articles will be furnished on =The Physique of the American
+Student=, describing gymnastics, outdoor sports, the effect of
+training, etc.
+
+A tour of investigation of this kind cannot fail to bring to light a
+great deal of material that cannot be anticipated.
+
+The articles secured in this way will supplement the material
+announced in other parts of this prospectus.
+
+=TIMELINESS.=
+
+In the various fields which this magazine will cultivate, a constant
+effort will be made to secure articles of timely interest. The newest
+book, the latest important political event, the most recent discovery
+or invention--in fact, what is newest and most important in every
+department of human activity, will be set forth by specially
+well-qualified writers, in the form of essays, biographical articles,
+interviews or contributions by the men most closely identified with
+the subjects in hand.
+
+=THE PRESENT HOUR=
+
+will be the subject of a series of articles, published month by month,
+dealing with men and measures that are making current history. The
+first one is by M. de Blowitz, and appears in this issue.
+
+=STRANGER THAN FICTION=
+
+is the title of a department which will contain a number of short
+articles; true tales of adventure; striking bits of biography;
+interesting and curious facts in science; stories of travelers and
+explorers; picturesque short articles gathered from every field of
+human activity and investigation.
+
+=IN GENERAL.=
+
+The magazine will not only furnish the best literature, but will make
+a serious attempt to report the marvelous activities and developments
+of modern civilization, and especially of the United States.
+
+  =TERMS, $1.50 A YEAR; 15 CENTS A COPY.=
+
+  =S. S. McCLURE, Limited,
+  743 and 745 Broadway, New York City.=
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1,
+June 1893, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, JUNE 1893 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 36745.txt or 36745.zip *****
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