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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/36438-8.txt b/36438-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e36468f --- /dev/null +++ b/36438-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4019 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Friars in the Philippines, by Ambrose Coleman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Friars in the Philippines + +Author: Ambrose Coleman + +Release Date: June 15, 2011 [EBook #36438] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FRIARS IN THE PHILIPPINES *** + + + + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + THE + FRIARS IN THE PHILIPPINES. + + By + Rev. AMBROSE COLEMAN, O. P. + + + + Permissu Superiorum. + + Boston: + Marlier, Callanan & Co. + 1899. + + + + + + + Copyright, 1899, + By Marlier, Callanan & Co. + + C. J. Peters & Son, Typographers, + Boston. + + + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The following pages originally appeared as magazine articles. In +both England and America the papers were favorably received; and as +the public has not heard the last of the Friars in the Philippines, +it seemed worth while to reproduce them in the more permanent form +of a small volume, making such corrections and additions as might +be deemed advisable. Whatever may be the shortcomings of the book, +there is a real and pressing need for the information it contains, +and this need must remain the excuse for its imperfections. A fair +consideration of the facts it presents is confidently expected from a +people whose love of justice is almost proverbial: Truth should have +nothing to fear from Americans. + + +May 5, 1899. + + + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + + Chapter Page + + I. The Work of the Religious Orders in the Philippines 7 + II. The Charges made against Them considered 37 + III. The Rebellion Largely the Work of a Secret Organization 60 + IV. The Rebels and Their Grievances 86 + V. The Sectarian Missionary Movement 99 + Postscript 116 + + APPENDIX. + + I. A Short Account of Missions in China, conducted by the + Dominican Friars of the Philippines 122 + II. Extracts relating to the Friars, from the Official + Correspondence of Generals Weyler and Moriones 124 + III. The Work of Freemasonry in South and Central America 129 + IV. Interview with Augustinian Friars 138 + V. Letter from a Friar in the Power of the Rebels, to a + Friend in Manila 145 + VI. The Rev. Mr. Hykes on Burial Fees, and the Paco + Cemetery outside Manila 149 + + + + + + +THE FRIARS IN THE PHILIPPINES. + + +CHAPTER I. + +THE WORK OF THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN THE PHILIPPINES. + + +A recent traveller designates the Philippines as the birthplace +of typhoons, the home of earthquakes,--epithets undoubtedly strong +yet well deserved; and typhoons at certain seasons of the year, with +earthquakes at uncertain periods, when taken together with the torrid +heat, trying at all seasons, and the malaria fruitful of fevers, +make these islands of the Eastern seas, which otherwise would be a +veritable Paradise upon earth, an undesirable place of abode to the +average European, unless, indeed, he is attracted thither by the +greed of gain or by the nobler desire of missionary enterprise. + +For Nature, bountiful there almost to prodigality, revelling in +all the luxuriance of tropical vegetation, has always at hand, as +a set-off to her gifts, terrible manifestations of her power. The +seventeenth-century navigator, William Dampier, in his own quaint +and amusing way, describes how the natives and the Spanish colonists +of Manila strove to guard against the double danger of earthquakes +and typhoons, and how they both failed ignominiously. The Spaniards +built strong stone houses, but the earthquake made light of them, and +shook them so violently that the terrified inmates would rush out of +doors to save their lives; while the natives from their frail bamboo +dwellings, which were perched on high poles, placidly contemplated +their discomfiture. All that the earthquake meant to them was a +gentle swaying from side to side. But the Spaniards had their turn +when the fierce typhoon blew, against which their thick walls were +proof. Then, from the security of their houses, could they view, with +a certain grim satisfaction, the huts of the natives swaying every +minute more violently in the wind, till, one by one, they toppled +over--each an indescribable heap of poles, mats, household utensils, +and human beings. + +By way of general description it may be said that the Philippine +Archipelago consists of between one and two thousand islands; two of +which, Luzon and Mindanao, are much larger than Ireland, while the +rest vary in size down to mere islets, rocks, and reefs. Altogether +the islands stretch from north to south a distance as great as from +the north of England to the south of Italy. The soil is extremely rich, +and easily cultivated; vast forests abound, containing valuable timber; +and the mineral resources, up to the present undeveloped, are apt to +prove a sure source of income under modern methods of working. + +But what concerns us most in this inquiry is the character of the +inhabitants. The population, which is variously estimated at from +eight to ten millions, is made up of more than eighty distinct tribes, +which nearly all belong to the Malay race. There are still to be +found in some of the islands, and principally in the mountainous +districts, the remnants of the aboriginal inhabitants, usually called +Negritos. These are of a distinctively inferior type, are rapidly +diminishing in numbers, and seem to many observers incapable of +civilization. Our only concern therefore is with the Malays, who form +the vast bulk of the population, and have in the course of time been +nearly all converted to Christianity. Nearly seven million Christians +are counted among them; while the unconverted pagans, together with +the Moros, or Malay Mohammedans, of Mindanao and the Sulu islands, +are not a million in number. + +Christianity has effected a wonderful transformation in the character +of the people, softening and refining it, as we may judge by the +contrast presented by their cruel and bloodthirsty neighbors in +Mindanao and the Sulu group, who, nevertheless, belong to the +same race, and whose characteristics they must originally have +shared. Travellers have not sufficiently dwelt on this important +point. They note that the civilized native is self-respecting and +self-constrained to a remarkable degree, patient under misfortune, +and forbearing under provocation. He is a kind father and a dutiful +son. His relatives are never left in want, but are welcome to share +the best his house affords, to the end of their days. Unfortunately +for himself, he is a happy-go-lucky fellow, delighting in cock-fighting +and games of chance, and naturally indolent, his wants being so few and +simple. He is a born musician, genial, sociable, loving to dance, sing, +and make merry among his companions. His wife is allowed a degree of +liberty hardly equalled in any other Eastern country, a liberty she +rarely abuses. She is the financier of the family, and the husband +consults her when making a bargain. She does her share of the work; +but it is not more than her just share, and she is not overburdened +with labor. Hospitality is cheerful and open-handed, and the traveller +is welcomed to the hut of the native with cordiality. The houses of +the natives are kept neat, and are models of cleanliness, and the +natives also keep themselves extremely clean. They are practical and +fervent Catholics. At the vesper Angelus bell "there is always a pretty +scene. An instant hush comes over the busy village. In each house +father, mother, and children fall on their knees before the image or +picture of some saint, and repeat their prayers. The devotions over, +each child kisses the hand of his father and his mother, at the same +time wishing them good evening. He then makes an obeisance to each of +his brothers and sisters, as well as to each guest who happens to be +present, repeating his salutation with each funny bow. Host and hostess +also greet one in the same way; and in remote places, where white men +are a rarity, the little tots often kneel to kiss one's hand." ("The +Philippine Islands and their People," by Dean C. Worcester.) + +In sharp contrast to the happy, contented, and peaceful character +of the Christian native, is his southern neighbor of the same blood, +the fanatical Moro. Mohammedanism has accentuated rather than softened +the underlying fierceness of the Malay; as it gives him a religious +sanction to cruelty, treachery, murder, pillage, and piracy when +directed against the hated Christian. Inhuman and cold-blooded cruelty +is the great characteristic of the Moro, who will calmly cut down +a slave merely to try the edge of a new weapon. For two centuries +and a half the Moros organized piratical expeditions against the +northern islands. The coming of the dreaded fleet of war-praus was +looked forward to as an annual event; and while the southwest monsoon +was blowing, vigilant sentinels were on the lookout night and day +from the watch-towers with which every village was provided. The +introduction of modern artillery and quick-firing guns at last turned +the scales in favor of the Spaniards, and the piratical expeditions +are now a thing of the past. All Christians, however, living near +the Moros must still carry their lives in their hands, owing to the +juramentados. A juramentado is a man who takes an oath to die killing +Christians. The more Christians he kills, the higher place of course +he is to get in heaven, especially if he loses his own life in the +holy work. He dresses in white, shaves his eyebrows, conceals a weapon +under his clothing, and then seizing a favorable opportunity, runs +amuck, killing without mercy men, women, and children. Of course he +gets killed himself in the end, but sometimes not until he has made +himself accountable for a great number of deaths. + +Though Magellan discovered the Archipelago in 1521, no serious attempt +to take possession of it was made till 1565, when an expedition of +four hundred soldiers and sailors was fitted out by Philip II., and +placed under the leadership of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. As Philip +was inspired by religious zeal, and his principal and perhaps only +object was to spread the light of the Gospel, six Augustinian friars +accompanied the expedition. We may say with truth that it was these +missionaries, and the others who followed in rapid succession, +who conquered the Archipelago for Spain. There was no conquest in +the strict sense of the term. The Spaniards in most places simply +showed themselves to the natives; and the religious, who accompanied +them, persuaded the untutored savages to submit to the King of Spain, +through whom they would obtain the two-fold blessing of civilization +and Christianity. The retention of these rich and fertile islands, +so great a source of revenue to the mother-country, was on the whole +a very easy task. The religious Orders planted themselves firmly in +the colony, and spread themselves everywhere, winning the natives to +Christ, keeping them also in loyal obedience to that great European +power by whose means the missionaries had been sent to them. They +were thus the real bulwarks of Spanish power there, which was kept up +rather by gentle persuasion than by force of arms. Mr. Mac Macking, +a Scotch Protestant who spent some years there, says: "The warriors +who gained them over to Spain were not their steel-clad chivalry, but +the soldiers of the Cross,--the priests who astonished and kindled +them by their enthusiasm in the cause of Christ." Up to a few years +ago profound peace reigned; and a garrison of 4,200 soldiers, 3,500 +gendarmerie, and 2,000 sailors and marines, was considered sufficient +to overawe a population of eight millions, besides keeping in check +the fanatical and bloodthirsty Moro pirates. + +The Augustinians were the pioneers in religious enterprise, coming, +as we said already, with Legaspi, in 1565, four years before the +Philippines were formally annexed to Spain. They were followed, +in 1577, by the Franciscans; and the labors of both Orders were +so successful that Manila was erected into an episcopal see in +1579. Two years later Salazar, a Dominican friar laboring in Mexico, +was appointed bishop; and he brought the Dominicans with him to +Manila. About the same time, also, the Jesuits and the Recollects, or +discalced Augustinians, entered the country. All the Orders went about +their work with truly religious zeal; and their success was so great +that at the end of the century Mendoza could say: "According to the +common opinion, at this day there are converted and baptized more than +four hundred thousand souls." It was a success to be proud of among a +people who, when the missionaries came, had no religious worship, nor +temple, nor priest, nor form of worship. They had but a hazy notion +of a Deity, their sole religious ideas consisting of some imperfect +notions of a hell and a heaven. Persecution only gave zest to the work, +both in the Philippines and in the Ladrones, of which we may speak +together in this connection, as they have a common history. Towards +the close of the sixteenth century, as we learn from Argensola, more +than six thousand Christians had already been martyred in the single +province of Ternate, "that so," he adds, "the foundation of our faith +may be in all parts cemented with the blood of the faithful. They +dismembered the bodies, and burned the legs and arms in sight of +the still living trunks. They impaled the women, and tore out their +bowels; children were torn piecemeal before their mothers' eyes, and +infants were rent from their wombs." ("Discovery and Conquest of the +Molucca and Philippine islands," by B. L. de Argensola.) Opposition, +and persecution too, came from the Mohammedan element in the +population, which was already formidable when the Spaniards arrived +on the scene, Mohammedanism having been introduced into the islands, +especially the more southerly group, as far back as the thirteenth +century. Accordingly the Mohammedans waged a long and bitter warfare +both against missionaries, and the new Christians, numbers of whom +were called on to seal their faith with their blood. Still, in spite +of persecution, the Church prospered in those early days. Dampier, +the English navigator, who visited the Philippines towards the close of +the seventeenth century, testifies to the wonderful progress made even +then in civilization. "In every village," he says, "is a stone church, +as well as a parsonage-house for the rector, who is always one of the +monks. These last, who are all Europeans, are very much respected by +the Indians, while the secular clergy, who commonly are Creoles, are +held in contempt. Hence the Government shows great deference to the +rectors; for, generally speaking, the Indians always consult them +on entering on any enterprise, or even as to paying taxes." Thus, +one century had changed the people from savagery to civilization. In +Manila, Dampier found the natives pursuing all the avocations of +civilized life--they were merchants, skilled artisans in various +trades, clerks, etc. + +There were three large colleges,--two under the care of the Dominicans, +and one carried on by the Augustinians. There was also a Poor +Clare convent, containing forty nuns, together with a hospital and +an orphanage. The religious establishments occupied one-third of +the city as it then stood. This may seem out of proportion to the +religious needs of the city; but we must remember that in Manila, +then as now, priests of the various Orders were in training for the +numerous missions of the Archipelago, Tonkin, and China (see Appendix +I.), and, at the period of which we are speaking, of Japan as well. + +Passing on to the present century, the Rev. David Abeel, a Protestant +missionary, says of the Philippines: "The Church of Rome has here +proselytized to itself the entire population. The influence of the +priests is unbounded." In the year 1858 Mr. Crawford, who was formerly +governor of Singapore, made the following declaration at a public +missionary meeting: "In the Philippine Islands the Spaniards have +converted several millions of people to the Roman Catholic faith, +and an immense improvement in their social condition has been +the consequence." Mr. MacMacking confesses that the suppression +of the Jesuits, who were banished from the Philippines in 1768, +"was attended with the worst effects to the trade and agriculture of +the islands." He adds that "religious processions are as frequently +passing through the streets as they are in the Roman Catholic countries +of Europe." He testifies that "the Church has long proved to be, on +the whole, by much the most cheap and efficacious instrument of good +government and order--even the common people learn reading by its aid, +so much at least as to enable them to read their prayer-books and +other religious manuals. There are very few Indians who are unable +to read, and I have always observed that the Manila men serving on +board ships and forming their crew have been much oftener able to +subscribe their names to the ship's articles than the British seamen +on board the same vessels could do." Prosessor Ferdinand Blumentritt, +a German Protestant, who is universally acknowledged to be the most +competent authority on all that regards the Philippines, spoke most +highly of the missionary and scientific work of the Religious Orders +there, at a meeting of the Vienna Geographical Society in 1896. The +weight of testimony from such a source all must acknowledge; it is +indeed a pleasure to present the German scientist's remarks to the +consideration of fair-minded readers. + +"I wish to add some remarks," said Blumentritt, "about the +Philippines, as here the Catholic missionaries are usually active +not only in the spread of Christianity and its civilization, +but also in the geographical and ethnographical exploration of the +archipelago. Unfortunately the reports of the missions of the various +Orders are not equally accessible, e.g., we have very little account of +the Augustinian missions, which are located principally in the lands +of the Igorrotes (Northwest Luzon) and on the Island of Negros, among +the Budkidnon savages. The only important publication upon Augustinian +missions which I have been able to see is the Memoria acerea de las +Missiones de los P. P. Augustinos Calzados, Madrid, 1892. According +to this the Calced Augustinians in 1892 had in the province of Abra, +among the Tinguians, who inhabit it, eight missions with 25,100 souls; +in that of Lepanto, two missions with 2,200 souls (Igorrotes); in that +of Bengnet, also two missions, with 849 souls (Igorrotes)--total, +28,149 souls, as against 5,302 in 1829. Between 1874 and 1885 the +number of savages and heathens converted to Christianity was 1,356; +from 1885 to 1888 there were 549. In 1892 the erection of 15 new +missions was projected in the provinces of Tiagan, Bontok, Amburayan, +and Quiangan. + +"The Discalced Augustinians, called in the Philippines 'Recoletos,' +have missions in the Island of Palawan (or Paragua) and in the group +of the Calamianes. Of these missioners, Father Cipriano Navarro has +especially distinguished himself by his ethnographical researches; +and we owe to him exhaustive reports concerning the Tinitians, +Togbanuas, Tandolans, and Bulalacaunos, among whom Christianity is +making steady progress. + +"The Franciscans have missions in the peninsula of Camarines, in +Luzon, and in every large island on the Pacific coast. Ethnography +and philology are much indebted to their labors. I need only refer +to the works published by myself in the proceedings of our Society, +the vocabulary of the Negrito dialect of Baler by Father Fernandez, +and the accounts of the Bikols, Dumagats, and Atas, by Father Castano. + +"We possess fuller accounts of the Dominicans, who are occupied in +converting to Christianity the Alimis, Apayaos, Aripas, Buayas, +Bumanguis, Bungians, Calauas, Calingas, Catalangans, Dadayags, +Gaddans, Ibibalons, Ibilaos, and Ilongotes, Ipiutys, Isinays, Mayoyaos, +Guiangans, and other Ifuagao races. In the missionary review, Correo +Sino-Anamito, we find numerous descriptions of popular manners +and customs. Some of these, particularly those written by Fathers +Villaverde, Buenaventura, Campa, Malumbres, Ruis, and Ferrando, I have +already in part made more generally known in these proceedings. The +review also publishes occasional sketches, and especially such as +throw light on the river-system of North Luzon, the valley of the Rio +Grande de Cagayan. The results of their strictly missionary labors +are very fruitful. + +"But however successful the evangelical and scientific activity +of the missionaries of the above Orders, they are far surpassed by +what the Jesuits have done in the island of Mindanaoin, in half a +generation, for the spread of Christianity and civilization, as well +as for the geographical exploration of the second largest island of +the Archipelago. When they arrived they found a Christian population +only on the east and north coasts, and in a few isolated spots on +the other coast regions, such as Zamboanga, Pollok, Cottabatto Davao, +and Pundaguitan; and these were mostly Bisayos, with a few Bukidnons, +Mandayas, Manabos, and Subanos. In the interior the Spanish Christian +settlements along the Macajalas Bay reached only as far as the upper +course of the Rio Tagoloan; on the Agusan, from the lake region +at Linao to its mouth near Butuan, only two villages, Bunauan and +Talacogon. All that was then known of the interior of Mindanao was +the Lanao Lake, the lower course of the Pulangin or Rio Grande from +its mouth to Lahabay, and the lake region belonging to the river +of Ligauasan or Buluan. Of the tribes over and above the Bisayas +(Christians) and Moros (Mohammedans), only the Mandayas, Manobos, +Subanos, and Budkidnon (or 'Monteses' of the Spaniards) were known +by little more than name, but scarcely mentioned in contemporary +literature. Of the rest, except the Tirurayes, scarce the name was +known. Of the Atas, Tagabawas, Dulangans, Tagabelis, etc., even the +names were unknown. + +"How changed since then! The network of rivers in the great island +is now very well known; whilst the legendary lake in the centre +of the island, whence the Rio Grande was said to flow, and from +which the whole island was supposed to derive its name, has now +happily disappeared from our maps. In numerous sketches and maps +the missionaries have recorded the results of their geographical +explorations and discoveries. The manners and customs of the heathen +tribes have been fully described by the Jesuits. It has, therefore, +always been for me the greatest pleasure to communicate the results +of the researches of these Philippine missionaries to wider scientific +circles. + +"The Jesuits can also point to very great results in their evangelical +labors. Most of the heathen tribes are now entirely or in part +converted to Christianity, or have at least settled round their +missions. Even a tribe so obstinately refractory to civilization, +owing to their unsettled and wandering life, as the Mamanuas (who +belong to the Negritos) can already point to Christian villages. But +the greatest success of the Jesuits has been in bringing a considerable +number of the Moros on the Gulf of Davao to embrace Christianity. When +it is remembered how rare a thing it is to induce a Mohammedan to be +baptized, it must be especially noted that here not a few isolated +Moros living among Christians have abjured Islam, but that the Moros +converted to Christianity are so numerous that, as they can no longer +live among their former co-religionists, they have been allowed to +build their separate villages in the region of the Rio Davao. In 1895 +the status of the Jesuit missions was as follows: 213,065 souls, +17,608 baptisms of children of Christian parents, 2,973 marriages, +7,215 funerals, 8,238 baptisms of converted heathen. + +"In the article 'Die Katholischen Missionen,' Oscar Hecht gives +the number of Christians in the Philippines as 3,500,000. This is +incorrect. The flocks of the different Orders were as follows:-- + + + Calced Augustinians (1892) 2,082,131 + Discalced Augustinians (1892) 1,175,156 + Franciscans (1892) 1,010,753 + Dominicans (1892) 699,851 + Jesuits (1895) 213,065 + Secular Clergy (1892) 967,294 + --------- + Total, 6,148,250 + + +It is difficult to estimate the number of heathens and Mohammedans; +they cannot be under 500,000, nor can they exceed a million." + +Any account of the work of the Religious Orders in the islands would +be certainly incomplete if particular mention of their efforts in +behalf of education were omitted. These efforts were systematically +carried out until interrupted by the recent rebellion. The briefest +and most summary mention of what each of the Orders has done, however, +is all that may be attempted within the necessary narrow limits of +this volumes. + +1. The Dominicans are in charge of the University of Manila, which +was founded and confided to their care about two centuries ago. It has +been generally attended by between two and three thousand natives, who +thus receive the benefits of a professional and liberal education. A +correspondent of the Daily Telegraph (London) tells his English +readers that as "the education of the people has been exclusively in +their (the religious') hands, it is enough to say that practically +it does not exist." The following account of the studies pursued in +the University, taken from the official report of the year 1893-1894, +is a sufficient answer to this unworthy remark. + + +COURSE OF STUDIES. + +The Faculty of Theology and Canon Law has the following courses +of lectures:-- + + + 1. A course of Ontology, Cosmology, and Natural Religion. + 2. The Controversial Course. + 3. Dogmatic Theology. + 4. Moral Theology and Sacred Eloquence. + 5. Sacred Scripture. + 6. Canon Law. + 7. Ecclesiastical Procedure and Discipline, especially as + used in Churches in the East. + 8. Ecclesiastical History. + + +The eight lecturers in this faculty were Dominicans. There were +thirty students. + + +FACULTY OF JURISPRUDENCE. + + + 1. Metaphysics. + 2. Spanish Literature. + 3. Constitutional History of Spain and Natural Law. + 4. Canon Law. + 5. Political Economy. + 6. Ecclesiastical Discipline. + + +There were six Dominican and nine other professors teaching in this +faculty. The students numbered 405. + + +FACULTY OF LAW. + +In this faculty one Dominican and eleven other professors +lectured. There were 60 students. + + +FACULTY OF MEDICINE. + + + 1. Physics. + 2. Chemistry. + 3. Mineralogy and Botany. + + +Three Dominican and thirteen other professors lectured in this +faculty. There were 277 students. + + +FACULTY OF PHARMACY. + +There were 89 students. In the schools of practical pharmacy there +were 216 students. Three Dominicans, who lectured on Chemistry, +Zoölogy, Mineralogy, and Botany, and seven other professors taught +in this faculty. + +This is the higher education which has been given to the natives +for more than two centuries. Is it not something to admire? Can +England point back to anything equal to it in the history of her own +colonies? Did England in the last century do anything for the material +or spiritual advancement of the North American Indians? Did the United +States do anything for them till within recent years? Both governments +folded their arms while the Indians were being driven before the face +of the white settlers; and during the two centuries that the policy of +extinction was being carried out on the North American continent the +Spanish missionaries were giving the natives of the Philippines all the +benefits of higher education. The contrast is instructive, and places +Spain on a far higher plane as a colonizer than her quondam rival. + +Besides imparting higher education in the University, the Dominicans +gave secondary education in two colleges in Manila, to some hundreds +of scholars, one principally devoted to a classical education, +and the other suited to those intending to engage in a mercantile +career. Besides these they had colleges in the towns of Cebu, Jaro, +Nueva, Caceres, Dagupan, and Vigan. + +2. The Jesuits. "The labors of the Jesuits," says the Messenger of +the Sacred Heart (New York), are chiefly confined to the Island of +Mindanao. They direct, however, a flourishing college at Manila, +and are in charge of an observatory, which, for the perfection of an +outfit and the importance of its observations, ranks foremost among +institutions of its kind. This famous observatory was founded by the +Spanish Jesuits in 1865, and was at first connected with their college +at Manila. It was directed until 1896 by the well-known astronomer and +meteorologist, Father Frederick Faura. By its successful prediction +of typhoons, so common and destructive in the Philippines, the +observatory soon won for itself an enviable reputation throughout +the archipelago. Up to the year 1882, no fewer than fourteen of +these dangerous tornadoes had been predicted. In consideration +of such valuable services, the observatory was, in April, 1884, +raised to the rank of a Government institution, under the title of +"Meteorological Observatory of Manila," and was transferred to its +present commodious quarters outside the city, with which it has +telegraphic and telephonic connections. + +"The observatory comprises four departments,--the meteorological, +seismological, magnetic, and astronomical. Each department has its +special director, and a general director is at the head of the whole +establishment. The meteorological section, provided with the very +best instruments, is the most important of the four, on account of +its practical usefulness to shipping interests. It is in regular +communication with more than a hundred observatories in all parts of +the world. Twice every day it receives by cable the meteorological +observations made at the stations of Nagasaki, Tokio, Kabe (Japan), +Shanghai, Amoy, Hong Kong (China), Haiphong (Tonkin), the Island +of Formosa, and elsewhere along the coast. Hence the forecasting of +typhoons and cyclones is greatly facilitated, and enjoys the confidence +of all those that sail the Chinese seas. Many of the instruments used +at the observatory are due to the inventive genius of Father Faura, +who was also the first to announce typhoons with certainty, and to +discover the laws which regulate their formation and path. He is the +inventor of a peculiar kind of barometer, which enables any sailor, +even if he knows nothing whatever about meteorology, to foresee the +approach of storms, and to guard against them. + +"Next in importance to the meteorological department is the +seismological or earthquake section of the observatory, which is +rendering great services to a region so much exposed to earthquakes +as the Philippines are. This section is likewise equipped with a +remarkably fine apparatus, many of the instruments having been built +or improved by Father Faura. For many years Father Miguel Saderra +Maso has been in charge of this section, which he has made famous +by his learned work, "Seismology in the Philippines," published in +1895. Father Cirera's work, "Terrestrial Magnetism in the Philippines," +is also well known in the learned world. + +"The splendid achievements of the Manila observatory found their +due meed of appreciation and praise in the congress of scientists at +the World's Fair, where the institution was represented by Fathers +Algerie and Faura, who came at that time to this country, and spent +some months at Georgetown College. + +"Father Faura died in January, 1897. His death was that of a martyr of +charity. During his sickness, Ryzal (or Ryall), one of the insurgent +leaders, had been captured, and condemned to be shot within twenty-four +hours. The prisoner was placed in the Chapel of the Passion, and +was offered the spiritual ministration of the Jesuit Fathers. But +he peremptorily refused to see a priest on the plea that he was a +Protestant. Several of the fathers had already been repelled, when +Father Faura, who had formerly been Ryzal's professor at Manila, rising +from his bed of sickness, made a last effort to convert the unfortunate +man. Though at first repelled like the rest, he was at last admitted +by Ryzal; and after arguing and pleading with him for a long time, +he had the happiness of bringing him to repentance, and restoring him +to the Catholic Church. The condemned man made a sincere confession, +heard Mass, received Holy Communion, begged pardon for his errors, +and exhorted others to renounce all connection with Freemasonry. His +conversion was entire, and his death that of a fervent Christian. The +effort to bring about this conversion, however, cost Father Faura his +own life. Worn out and prostrated by the interview, he was led back +to his bed to die. The conversion of his former pupil was the last +apostolic act of Father Faura, and the crowning of a life of great +usefulness in the service of religion and of science." + +The sons of St. Ignatius also direct the Municipal Academy of which +English correspondents have spoken in terms of high praise. + +3. At Vigan also is the Augustinian Seminary and College, under +the direction of the fathers, seven of whom are teachers. Here +209 students were taught the following branches (as set down in the +report): viz., Dogmatic Theology, Moral Theology, Metaphysics, Logic, +Ethics, Physics, Chemistry, Geography, Poetry, Rhetoric, Trigonometry, +Geometry, Algebra, Arithmetic, Analysis, and translation of Latin, +Greek, French, Church History, Natural History, Universal History, +History of Spain, History of the Philippines, Christian Doctrine. + +The Augustinians also conducted a splendid orphanage and industrial +school at Tambohn, about a league from Manila. In this establishment +145 boys were taught the following trades (Report for 1897-1898): +Compositors, 13; press-work, 12; bookbinders, 30; gilders, 3; +candle-makers, 43; together with forty-four others too young to +be trained. + +4. Neither was the education of the female sex neglected. Among other +establishments of a like nature, there was an orphan asylum for girls +at Mandaloya on the Tasig, conducted by Augustinian nuns, twenty-two +in number. Last year it contained 122 pupils, who were receiving +instruction in music, the piano, painting, drawing, embroidery, +artificial flower-making, dressmaking, hair-dressing, lacemaking, +laundry work, and sewing. + +5. The Franciscans had colleges as well, and besides doing their +share in the work of education, devoted their time and services to +the hospitals of the Archipelago, the principal of which are, the +Royal Hospital of St. Lazarus at Manila, the Infirmary of St. Ann in +the province of Laguna, and that of Vasa in the province of Camarines. + +Scattered through the various islands are the posts or residences, +where the fathers of the various Orders devote themselves to the +"nuevos Christianos," as they are called, or latter-day converts +from Paganism. This zealous work of conversion has never ceased +from the time of the conquest, and the Christian population has been +steadily on the increase till our own times. The recent traveller, +[1] whom we quoted at the beginning, came in contact a good deal with +the Dominicans during his stay in the Philippines, visiting several +of their outlying stations, and receiving everywhere the greatest +kindness and hospitality from them. He says: "Everywhere you enter the +monastery as though it was your own, eat and drink unstintedly, and +sleep, and depart with thanks and a cordial God-speed from the fathers, +and naught to pay for the entertainment." Alas! the good fathers did +not know the viper they were nursing. Pity they could not recognize in +the smiling Englishman who so readily accepted their hospitality, and +"paid naught for the entertainment," the man who would speak of them +as dirty monks, who would consider it worthy of sneering record that +they did not shave when on board ship, and who, though not able to +discover any evil himself, would repeat gross calumnies about them, +got from hearsay. What he saw with his own eyes belies his wicked +innuendos. He says: "It was plain that they cared naught for the +fretting of the world. In many a dismal place, even in the remotest +spots, I found the clusters of monastic exiles perfectly happy--the +outer world dead, or too far away--craving for no other fate. They +are enchanted to welcome and give you of their best; will even, if +struggling overland, lend a vehicle or a ridinghorse to convey you to +the next convent on the way. Cheery, kindly, simple people, practical +sermons on 'Content.' The monks of Ramblon, a dozen or so all told, +were delighted to show us all that was to be seen. A homely little +church was duly exhibited, built of a local wood, which cuts into +planks of extreme width, adorned with a grain which is brought out +with wax and oil. The columns were of solid ebony, the floor of four +marbles, white, gray, black, and brown. All these were the products +of this little island." A fair-minded man would have duly attributed +their joy of mind and kindness to strangers to religious feeling,--to +the love of God, for whose sake these Spanish missionaries had given up +father and mother, friends and worldly prospects, to spend their lives, +year in and year out, without hope of earthly reward, in these spots, +dismal enough to the ordinary tourist, but to them bright and cheery, +as they were the posts alloted to them by Divine Providence for the +extension of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ. + +"The provincial stations," he says in another place, "are in reality +governed by the priests." How could it be otherwise? With a government +notoriously weak and inefficient, with lay officials notoriously +corrupt, unwilling to exile themselves in these parts remote from +civilization, unwilling to condescend to learn the many various +dialects in use in the Archipelago, no wonder that the missionary +living in the midst of the people to whom he had devoted his life, +and who looked up to him as a father, exercised a sort of parental +authority over them. This was done both in the interest of the civil +government and of the natives themselves. The governors utilized the +authority of the missionaries as long as it suited their purpose; +when, on the other hand, the missionaries had to oppose extortion and +unjust treatment, the officials started the cry that the missionaries +were ruling the Archipelago. About those gentlemen Thomas Comin wrote +in 1810: + + + "In order to be a chief of a province in these islands no training, + or knowledge, or special service is necessary. It is quite a + common thing to see a barber, a Governor's lackey, a sailor, or a + deserter suddenly transformed into an Alcalde, Administrator, and + Captain of the Forces of a populous province, with no counsellor + but his rude understanding, and no guide but his passions." + + +Here are some edifying facts concerning Spanish officials in the +Philippines. In five years Governor-General Manuel de Arandia amassed +a quarter of a million dollars; a successor of Arandia, within the +last few years, is reported to have made $700,000 in a single year; +while another is commonly said to have placed millions to his credit +during a short term of office. Men talk openly in Manila of bribing +judges to put cases off and off. Little wonder, then, that, with +such a state of rottenness, bribery, and corruption obtaining, the +missionaries on the remote stations have, in the interests of the +people, looked after their worldly affairs. + +The missionary zeal of the Jesuits carried them even to Mindanao, an +island so inaccessible by reason of its mountains and volcanoes, its +impenetrable jungle, its unnavigable rivers infested with alligators +and pirates, its fierce and savage inhabitants always at war with one +another, that the Spanish Government exercised only nominal sovereignty +over it, and was not ever able even to get its interior surveyed. When +the Jesuits came there some years ago they found a Christian population +only on the east and north coasts, and in a few isolated spots of +the other coast regions. Of the interior tribes many were known only +by name. Owing to the zeal of these fathers, not only in missionary +enterprise, but also in geographical and ethnographical exploration, +the network of rivers in the great island is now very well known, the +fathers having recorded the results of their explorations in numerous +sketches and maps. They have also fully described the manners and +customs of the heathen tribes. As an instance of the savagery of the +Mindanayas, for the most part fanatical Moros or Mohammedans, it may +be mentioned that head-hunting seemed till lately to be the great +object of their existence. The man who had chopped off sixty heads +was entitled to wear a scarlet turban for the rest of his mortal life, +and scarlet turbans are still far from uncommon among them. As there +was an inordinate desire among the doughty and dusky warriors to wear +these turbans, it follows that the population was being gradually +but surely thinned out. Yet even here, on the sea-coast of Mindanao, +the Jesuits established their stations, living in the midst of their +small flocks, with their lives in their hands, in close proximity to +pirates, savage alligators, and still more savage scarlet turbans. + +The correspondent of the Daily Telegraph blames the missionaries for +not teaching the elements of the Christian doctrine in Spanish to the +natives, contrary, as he says, to an express law, of which they have +been continually reminded by the Governor. + +The reason, to which he ascribes their conduct is, that they are afraid +that if the people were able to read Spanish books and newspapers they +might come to know too much. Any argument, however absurd it may be, +is evidently good enough, in the eyes of these writers, for use against +priests. They are well enough acquainted with the ways of the Spanish +officialdom to know that that law is a piece of blatant stupidity, +devised by Spanish officials too arrogant or lazy or indifferent to +learn the native languages themselves. Picture to yourself, if you can, +the missionaries scattered over that vast archipelago, among a people +comprising several millions, and speaking thirty different languages +and dialects, attempting to teach the catechism in Spanish to their +flocks. The supposition becomes still more absurd when we reflect +that the Spanish element in the colony does not exceed eight or nine +thousand gathered in and about Manila and a few other large towns. The +missionaries devote themselves so thoroughly to their flocks, and +identify themselves so completely with them, that instead of being +able to teach them Spanish they are in danger, in some instances, of +forgetting it themselves. Wingfield came across a Dominican missionary +who apologized for his bad Spanish, on the ground that having lived +continuously for eighteen years with the natives, speaking Visaya the +whole time, he had almost forgotten his own tongue. Our experience in +Ireland, even at the present time, is that in Irish-speaking districts, +those children who are taught their catechism in the native tongue, +though they may know English, have a far firmer grasp of the Christian +doctrine than those who have been taught it in English. This fact alone +shows the patent absurdity of the law quoted with such assurance by +the correspondent of the Daily Telegraph. + + + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +THE CHARGES MADE AGAINST THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS CONSIDERED. + + +In 1896 we heard of a rising in the remoter parts of the +Philippines. It was represented by the Spanish authorities, who at +the time controlled the news, as of no moment,--an insurrectionary +movement that they could easily cope with. Yet it continued, and +seemed to wax strong; and, from rumors which began to circulate +about the murdering of monks and friars, we began to feel that the +insurrection was of no ordinary or commonplace nature. It seemed +to be directed against the Church, and to be animated by a deadly +spirit of hostility to the representatives of Religion. It was, of +course, impossible at the time to form an opinion as to the cause of +the insurrection, from the isolated facts which were allowed to come +under the notice of the public. Now, however, the mists have cleared +away; and we hope to be able to prove in the course of this inquiry +that the insurrection was a premeditated and deliberate attack made +upon the Church by a native secret society which was affiliated to, +and adopted the methods of, that type of Freemasonry which gave the +Carbonari to Italy and the Jacobins to France; a type whose disastrous +work has been so much in evidence in South and Central America. It +has unfortunately been busily at work for the last thirty or forty +years, indoctrinating the simple natives of the Philippines with +the modern watchwords of "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,"--liberty +meaning in this case, license, anarchy, cruelty, bloodshed; equality, +the confiscation of property; and fraternity, an impious combination +against all opposed to their designs. And foremost amongst these +were undoubtedly from the very first the friars, spiritual guides of +nearly six millions of native Christians, who, in consequence of their +opposition, drew upon themselves the bitter hatred of the members of +the Craft. It thus happened that the friars found themselves denounced +and vilified in Spanish newspapers, in circular letters issued at +Madrid, in speeches at the lodges and clubs, and in the Cortes. The +grossest calumnies the foulest lies, were industriously circulated, +to lower their prestige, and bring about a downfall of that spiritual +power they had justly acquired, and were exercising for the good of +souls. Nothing was known of the struggle in these countries until the +Spanish-American war brought the Philippines into prominence before +the English-speaking world. Then the echoes of the struggle began +to reach our ears. Unfortunately for the friars, the sympathies of +the world were sought, and sought successfully, to be enlisted on the +side of the secret societies, or insurgents, who in this instance were +for the most part one and the same. The news sources were shrewdly +manipulated by astute conspirators to foster their own purposes; on +the Philippine question, world-wide circulation was given to false and +calumnious reports and interviews with leaders of the insurrection, +full of virulent ex parte statements, while no exposition of views has +been sought for from any representative of the friars. As an instance +of the unreliability of these interviews, circulated through such +justly suspected channels, we give the following. The correspondent of +the Daily Telegraph sent, a few months ago, through "Reuter's Special +Service," an interview he had with Dr. Nozaleda, the Archbishop of +Manila, who, by the way, is a Dominican. From this interview it would +appear that the Archbishop is opposed to the friars. He is made to say: +"The religious Orders must go. That is undeniable, because the whole +people are determined on their abolition, and are now able to render +their retention impossible." + +His Grace is also made to blame the Orders for causing dissensions, +and thus increasing the disfavor with which they are regarded. The +correspondent adds that he heard privately from a native priest that +the reason the Archbishop hopes for the expulsion of the religious +Orders is that the friars have grown too strong for him, and that he +expects by getting rid of them to increase his own authority. Now, +apart from the fact that the Archbishop is a member of a religious +Order himself, a fact worth a dozen arguments, we may dismiss the +whole interview as unreliable, since very recently the Archbishop +delivered himself, to a representative of the Chicago Record, of +quite opposite sentiments. + +Mr. Halstead made a special journey to Manila to study the +situation. He was most favorably impressed by the Archbishop, whom +he has undertaken to vindicate before the people of America. One +paragraph from his interview with the Spanish prelate is of special +interest at the present moment: "When asked what it was that caused +the insurgents to be so ferocious against the priests, and resolved on +their expulsion or destruction, he said the rebels were at once false, +unjust, and ungrateful. They had been lifted from savagery by Catholic +teachers, who had not only been educators in the schools but teachers +in the fields. The Catholic orders that were singled out for special +punishment had planted in the islands the very industries that were +the sources of prosperity; and the leaders of the insurgents had been +largely educated by the very men whom now they persecuted. Some of +the persecutors had been in Europe, and became revolutionists in the +sense of promoting disorder as anarchists. It was the antagonism of +the Church to murderous anarchy that aroused the insurgents of the +Philippines to become the deadly enemies of priests and religious +orders. It was true that in Spain, as in the Philippines, the +anarchists were particularly inflamed against the Church." + +Prominence was given last year, in some of the English newspapers, +to statements made by a certain Señor S. C. Valdes, a Filipino, who +managed to have an interview sent to the papers, through "Reuter's +Special Foreign Agency," that unfortunately met with a degree of +credence on the part of uninformed persons. It is instructive to +analyze some of the statements of this gentleman, and compare them +with statements made for a similar purpose by other correspondents. + +Desiring to prove that the inhabitants of the Philippines are not +naked savages, he says: "The inhabitants of the groups of Luzon, +the Viscayas, and the coast of Mindanao are very advanced in their +education. Seventy-five per cent of them can read and write. There are +many native lawyers, doctors, chemists, members of the military and +scientific corps, naval and land architects, merchants, naval officers, +engineers, and also clever and competent secular priests." We believe +Señor Valdes. In spite of what he says a little further on about +numbers of them going abroad for their education, we will refer our +readers to the last chapter, in which we showed that it is owing to +the friars, who have all the primary, secondary, and higher education +in their hands, that the people are so advanced in education; and +as regards the native lawyers and other professional men, we refer +them to the official reports we have given of Manila University, +with its two thousand students, carried on by the Dominicans. As +to Mindanao, what the Jesuits have done there can also be referred +to. Valdes speaks of "clever and competent secular priests," having +no word of praise for the religious; and yet the higher education of +the secular clergy is entirely in their hands. + +After this eulogium of his own people by Señor Valdes, is it not +curious to find quite an opposite statement, made for party purposes, +by the Manila correspondent of the Daily Telegraph? Wishing to show +the incompetence of the friars, he says: "The education of the people +is entirely in their hands; it is enough to say that practically +it does not exist." And this of a country in which seventy-five per +cent of the people, according to Señor Valdes, can read and write, a +percentage that would put more than one European country to the blush. + +Señor Valdes asserts that the friars exercise a tyrannical power +in the islands. He says that they generally consider it an act of +disrespect for the natives to visit them except with bare feet. It +is curious that Wingfield in his travels never noticed this, and +he had an eagle eye for such deficiencies. Valdes is not afraid to +make the incredible statements that "the friars and the military +said that before the reforms should be granted they would first +drown the insurgents in their own blood," and that General Weyler, +when he was captain of the islands, ordered the town of Calumba to be +destroyed, and set fire to, simply to please the Dominicans, who were +anxious to show their power and influence. Proofs, and strong ones, +not mere assertions, are needed when religious men, voluntary exiles +from country and friends for the sake of civilizing rude peoples +and bringing them under the sweet yoke of Christ, are accused of +atrocious cold-bloodedness--wantonly slaughtering innocent men, women, +and children for the sake of satisfying a sense of vanity! + +The truth of the matter is that the rebellion in the Philippines +against Spanish rule was not the uprising of a whole people. Of what +account, except for brute force, are some thousands of armed men +out of a peaceful population of eight millions. The insurrectionary +movement was planned, and directed almost exclusively, by the mestizos, +or half-breeds,--the offspring of the union between native women and +the Chinese, who form a large proportion of the town population, and +do most of the retail trade. We must bear in mind that the leaders +had at their command all the refractory elements of the native +population,--the banditti, who always existed in large numbers, and +were to be found in force not many miles from Manila, and the common +criminals whom, at the first opportunity, they let loose from the +jails to scour the country. Can we form a judgment of the sentiments of +the Philippine people from the conduct of men who have treated their +prisoners inhumanly, who have burned churches, looted schools and +hospitals, treated ordinary ecclesiastical students with brutality, +and subjected nuns in convents to shameful treatment? We have plenty +of evidence that the natives on the whole are very much attached to +the friars, whom they rescued, when they were able, from the hands +of the rebels, and visited constantly while in captivity, doing their +best to alleviate their sufferings. That they were peaceably disposed, +and loyal to Spain even during the progress of the rebellion, we may +assume from Blumentritt, who said, as late as 1897, when recounting +his experiences as a scientific explorer in these islands, "There are +not many colonies where less blood has been shed, and also not many +where the conquered people have so little hatred of, or dislike to, +their conquerors. Already so richly endowed with the climate and the +beauty of their native land, as well as with the fertility of the soil, +the natives of the Philippines are neither despised nor downtrodden +by their rulers, whom they, in their turn, do not dislike. One must, +therefore, reckon them among the happiest in the world." His words, +of course, do not apply to the noisy demagogues, to the Freemasons, +to the insurgents, at least to that part of them who have not been +forced into revolt by threats and terrorism, but they describe the +state of the millions as yet untouched by the rebellion. Señor Valdes +and other men of his stamp are fond of declaring the resolve of the +inhabitants of the Philippines "to be free and civilized," and "not +to be subjected to the domination of friars or monkish orders." They +speak the sentiments of a small, but very active and noisy, portion +of the population; the overwhelming majority are happy, peaceful, +and contented. + +We now come to the painful task of noticing some reckless charges made +by Señor Valdes against the honor of the missionaries, a painful, yet +necessary task, as the accusations were laid before the public some +months ago without comment or contradiction of any kind. Señor Valdes +may think he has scored a point in making such outrageous statements; +but he falls into error if he imagines that what might be readily +swallowed by those who hate religion in Spain and Portugal would +be as readily accepted in England, Ireland, and America. Apostate +priests and nuns, lecturing under the auspices of Mr. Kensit and the +Protestant Alliance, have long since made England familiar with this +gross kind of calumny, directed against our own priests and nuns, +repeated, too, year after year, without proof or shadow of foundation, +so recklessly and shamelessly, indeed, that the lecturers only excite +the disgust of the sensible portion of the Protestant body. Señor +Valdes, with unscrupulous audacity, tries to beslime the character +of some of the missionaries, by falsely laying to their charge the +foulest and most unnatural crimes, which for decency's sake we refrain +from detailing. According to this vile traducer the priests are devoid +of all honor and all the moral virtues. + +Now, if this were the first time that these atrocious charges were +made, we might say with horror, "Can such things be?" but we learn +from the memorial presented last April by the heads of the various +religious orders in the Philippines to the Spanish government, +that charges of a similar nature were constantly repeated in Spain +during the previous eighteen months, both in public and in private; +made the subject of speeches in clubs, published in anti-clerical +newspapers--all part of the campaign against the friars, all done +to lower their prestige in the eyes of the people, and to obtain +their expulsion from the islands. If there were any truth in the +charges, they would have been brought home to the friars long since; +names, dates, and documentary proofs would have been given. A list +of well-proven cases, say twenty or thirty, would have been made up, +and submitted to the Government, to whom the Freemasons were clamoring +for their expulsion. But, like the stuff the anti-clerical lectures +nearer home are made of, the charges were always vague, general, +and indefinite. The religious, like men of honor, took no notice +of these calumnies for a long time, hoping that gradually the storm +would blow over; but seeing that it increased day by day, and that +they were being constantly insulted by petty government officials +in the Philippines, they at last took notice of them, amongst other +charges, in their memorial to the Government last April. They asked, +as a matter of right and justice, that names and dates would be given, +that documentary proofs would be produced. They affirmed that the +charges were not made by those who had access to them, and saw them +day by day; that their convents were open to inspection; that the +lives of those living in the country parts were well known to their +parishioners; that in those places they could not act in disguise, +as their Spanish nationality made them conspicuous objects to all +eyes. They asked, in case their innocence were doubted, that proper +judicial proceedings would be instituted. + +It has been reserved to an American general to put the last finishing +touch to the lurid picture drawn of the lives of the friars in the +Philippines, by giving wide circulation in the columns of the New York +Herald to a calumny which simply outstrips the imagination. [2] The +general guards himself by professing to know nothing about the matter +except from "common report," freely circulated in the Philippines. Now +the general, as a man of honor, might well have allowed these reports +to come in by one ear, and go out by the other; or even if he had +kept his mind in suspense, as is evidently the case, he might have +refrained in the meantime from publishing the "common report" to +the world, knowing how prone human nature is to fasten on the bad, +and to believe in evil report, though unproven. "Every student of +Blackstone," says the general, "knows very well what was considered +in the olden time to be the feudal right of the lord over the female +vassal who married on his estate. It may be surprising to many to learn +that the Filipinos allege vehemently that the monastic Orders claim +and exact this feudal right on the marriage of the young Philippine +girls." Common report then, according to the general, charges the +friars with exacting and claiming a right opposed to the fundamental +laws of Christian morality; a right which, if it ever existed in fact, +is at any rate lost in the dim distance of time, and is utterly unknown +to the world at the present day. It is a pity that the ordinary laws +of evidence which are used in dealing with laymen are thrust aside +when dealing with priests, and that fanaticism in the latter case is +allowed full play for its imagination. Last April (1898) the heads +of the religious Orders in the Philippines, in their memorial to the +Spanish Government, which by being published both in Spanish and in +French, and circulated widely, was intended as a challenge to the +civilized world, demanded that all gross charges of a like nature +should be investigated by legal means, and that evil-doers should be +punished according to law, if they existed in fact. The challenge as +yet remains unanswered; yet what would have been more easy to prove in +the meantime than such an open and flagrant violation of justice and +morality? If proofs could have been had they would have been gladly +brought forward by the leaders of the rebels, who have been clamoring +for the expulsion of the religious Orders for the last three or four +years, and who are by no means simple and unsophisticated savages, +but men educated enough to be able to conduct newspapers of their own. + +With common sense for their guide, let Protestants reflect for a moment +that the Philippines form an integral part of the Catholic Church, +that the religious Orders that are governed by generals in Rome, +that systematic visitations are made, and that the conduct of every +individual is subjected to strict ecclesiastical scrutiny from time +to time. Accordingly, unless they hold that the authorities in Rome +are willing to allow an appalling evil of the kind to go on without +protest, how can they believe that it exists at all? + +"In any case, I can assert without a shadow of doubt," adds the +general, "what the Herald's readers have been previously told +by its correspondents--that the people are very bitter towards +the monks." Whom does he mean by people? Had the general and the +newspaper correspondents come in contact, during their brief stay in +the Philippines, with the six millions of people till lately under the +care of the religious Orders? It is true that those who have fomented +the rebellion, and the thousands who have joined the insurgent ranks, +are bitter towards the monks, or rather friars. But it is by this +time a well-known fact that numbers have been drawn in through sheer +terrorism, and that numbers of others have been tortured and killed +owing to their refusal to join. Mr. Wilson's late experience on +his sugar plantation bears ample witness to this. It is easy enough +for a few thousand desperate and armed men to cow fifty times their +number of peaceful and unarmed tillers of the soil. The millions, +dumb so far, will be found, on closer investigation, to represent +far different feelings towards the friars than the noisy rebels +who, coming in contact with the American troops and correspondents, +profess to represent the feelings of the great body of the nation. + +In direct contradiction to the "common report," circulated by General +Meritt, is a testimony to the virtue of the Spanish friars in the +Philippines, published some years ago before the present troubles +began, by the United States Government in a consular report. In this +report Mr. Frank Karuth, F.R.G.S., who in his capacity as president +of the Philippines' Mineral Syndicate had wide experience with the +natives, and came into intimate relations with the friars in remote +provincial stations, writes of the latter as follows: "In these +communes or parishes the priest, especially if he be a Spaniard, +as is generally the case, exercises supreme power. He is the father +and counsellor of his people, and helps them not only with spiritual +advice, but also furthers their material interests. The Spanish +priests, friars of strict orders, come to the islands for aye and +good, and with scarcely any exception do their duties faithfully and +devotedly." Is not this testimony, given without any ulterior party +motives, of more value than the evil reports poured into the ears of +newspaper correspondents by the interested leaders of the Philippine +rebels? (See Appendix II.) + +A few quotations from Protestant travellers who visited the +Philippines before the insurrection had biassed men's minds, and +distorted plain facts, will go a long way in the refutation of these +flippantly uttered and unspeakably gross calumnies. "It is said," +observes the wife of the American navigator, Captain Morrell, "that +in Manila there are more convents (both of men and of women) than +in any other city in the world of its size; and the general voice +of natives and foreigners declares that they are under excellent +regulations." And then she describes their inmates. "They all seemed +full of occupation. There is no idleness in the convents, as is +generally supposed;" and this her own account of the various works +accomplished in them sufficiently proves. Moreover, "their devotions +begin at the dawn of the day, and are often repeated during the +whole of it, or until late in the evening, in some form or other. I +was born a Protestant, and trust that I shall die a Protestant; +but hereafter I shall have more charity for all who profess to love +religion, whatever may be their creed." Sir John Bowring, in 1859, +speaks of their influence, an influence generally acquired only by +men of holy lives. He says: "They exercise an influence which would +seem magical, were it not by their devotees deemed divine." Dr. Ball, +an American Protestant traveller, speaks highly of the character of +the Spanish friars in the Philippines. Of one whom he met at Manila, +he says: "He has a fund of knowledge on almost every subject, speaks +six or seven languages, and has declined an offer of the presidency +of the seminary here, preferring to remain always in the capacity +of missionary." Mr. MacMacking, another Protestant, who spent some +years in the islands, says, in 1861: "Most of the priests I came in +contact with appeared to be thoroughly convinced of, and faithful to, +their religion in its purity." + +After reading these testimonies, we may well open our eyes in +astonishment and wonder at the audacity of those who disseminate +these flagrant lies about a body of men distinguished by learning and +holiness. And yet no one, however holy and devoted his life may be, +is safe from the tongue of the calumniator. Robert Louis Stevenson +had to take up his pen in defence of the heroic martyr of the leper, +Father Damien, vilified by a Protestant minister. Father Damien +lived for years in that place of horrors, Molokai, among the lepers, +and died a martyr of charity; and, while no Protestant minister was +to be found heroic enough to follow his example, one of them, housed +in his comfortable bungalow, and jealous of his fame, made unfounded +charges against him. So is it ever with the world. And above all, +nothing need surprise us in the words and acts of the Philippine +insurgents and their abettors. As an instance of their power of +concocting a story to bring the friars into disrepute, we give the +following account of an attempted poisoning of Aguinaldo by a Spanish +prisoner and eleven Franciscans, taken from the Republica Filipina, +one of their journals--telegraphed at great expense to Europe by +"Reuter's Special," and inserted in English papers. The story goes +to show that his steward saw a Spanish prisoner, who was allowed a +certain amount of freedom, tampering with a bowl of soup intended +for Aguinaldo. The steward tasted a spoonful of the soup, and fell +dead on the spot. On learning of the affair, the populace attempted +to lynch all the Spanish prisoners, amongst whom were forty Spanish +priests, detained as hostages; but through Aguinaldo's intervention, +they were protected from violence. The next day at the sitting of the +new National Assembly, Aguinaldo's representative told the story of +his narrow escape, and the members unanimously adopted the chairman's +suggestion that they should go in a body to the president's house +and express their sympathy and congratulations. To crown this farce, +a special thanksgiving service was held in the church at Malolos that +evening. The really silly part of the story is that eleven Franciscan +priests, confined as prisoners, were alleged to have been involved +in the conspiracy against Aguinaldo's life, and it was evidently +on this supposition that all the priests were on the point of being +massacred. A few days afterwards the story was contradicted. After all +the fuss and all the expense of the telegrams, it turned out that the +steward did not fall dead, and that no priests were concerned in the +supposed plot. Still the lie did its work, both in the Philippines +and nearer home; for many heard it, and read about it, who did not +see the contradiction. + +We are not at present in a position to follow Señor Valdes in his +statements regarding the dissensions between the native and European +friars, the rigorous exactions and tithes, "the friars calling +themselves owners of the land cultivated by the natives, claiming +rents and tithes which the real owners refused to pay," but we believe +them to be as baseless as his other accusations. Before he made them, +the friars had already, in their memorial to the Spanish Government, +taken notice of similar accusations, and asked for dates, names, and +proofs. It is curious that no English travellers to these regions +have taken notice of these supposed oppressions on the part of the +friars. They are concocted with the design of expelling the friars +from the islands, and confiscating their property, which they have +lawfully acquired, and added to, by three centuries of industry. It +is true they are rich in landed property, but their riches do not +enable them to live individually in luxury. They are used by the +Orders for the purposes of the Orders, in furthering education, +maintaining hospitals, orphanages, and industrial schools, and in +extending their missions not only in the Philippines, but also in +China, Tonkin, Japan, and Formosa. Is it not better, in the interests +of the people, that they should continue in their possessions than +that they should be robbed of them, turned adrift, and their property +divided among needy adventurers? It is a significant fact that one +of the first acts of the National Assembly of the insurgents was to +vote a pension of seventeen thousand dollars to Aguinaldo, enough +to keep several religious communities in existence. These political +heroes are anxious to enrich themselves at the expense of others, +and to spend in luxury what has been gathered together through three +centuries of frugal living. + +A sample calumny of the kind, to which unbounded circulation has been +given, and its sufficient refutation from an authoritative source, to +which no such reproduction has been extended, may not be out of place +by way of conclusion to our present remarks. Let the candid reader +judge whose words--the Rev. Mr. Parkhurst's or Father McKinnon's--bear +the ear-marks of personal investigation and conscientious endeavor +after the truth--"the whole truth and nothing but the truth." + +These statements of Mr. Parkhurst were clipped from an article in The +Cleveland Plain Dealer (Cleveland, O.); and the clipping was forwarded +to Father McKinnon, who is at present in Manila, and has been appointed +superintentent of all the schools in that city by General Otis, +the commander-in-chief of the American army of occupation. Father +McKinnon was requested to comment upon the extract. The clipping and +the reply are herewith presented. + + + "The Rev. M. M. Parkhurst, who has lived in the Philippines for + many years, says that when a couple wish to get married in the + Philippines, they must first pay a fee of £6. or $30, to the + priest, who otherwise will not marry them. As a native rarely + earns more than $5 a month, he seldom has the necessary marriage + fee, so that common law marriages are the frequent result. The + baptismal fee, he says, is $25, and the death fee is $60 for an + adult, and $10 for an infant. A poll-tax of $25 for each man, and + $15 for each woman, is collected; and when a man builds a house, + he must pay $10 for having a chimney blessed." + + +To this Father McKinnon replies:-- + + + "Responding to your favor with regard to quotation from + the Rev. M. M. Parkhurst, I may say it is a lie from top + to finish. I have been here now nearly six months, and have + studied the religious question very carefully, and, I think, + without prejudice. To do this I had every opportunity, not only + here in Manila, but also in the outlying provinces, as I have + been sent frequently into the interior of the island to treat + with the insurgent leaders. I have conversed with all classes + of people, and I think I know pretty well just how matters + stand. This statement of Mr. Parkhurst is in keeping with all + the other statements made by irresponsible preachers concerning + the condition of the Church here. + + "Marriage here is like marriage any place else. If the parties are + able to do so, they are supposed to pay something. If not able to + pay, the priests here marry them gratis, just as you or I or any + other minister of the Gospel would do in America. For rich or poor + there is no fixed fee; that is left entirely to the contracting + parties. For baptisms and deaths the rule is the same. Indeed, + for baptisms, the priest rarely receives more than one dollar, + and more often he receives nothing at all. For deaths they + go even further than we do in America, as every parish church + keeps a supply of coffins on hand to give gratis to those who + are too poor to employ an undertaker. For the grandest funeral + here no more than $25 is paid, which would be equal to $12 of + our money. Even the fee of $2.50, charged for marriage license + reverts not to the Church or Government, but to the orphan asylums. + + "Speaking of orphan asylums, the Girls' Asylum here gives a dowry + of $500 to every inmate upon her marriage. This is but a sample + of what is done in the way of charity here. We hear great tales + of the wealth of the monks, and inquire about the property, and + find it is a large estate, the income of which is used to support + some hospital, or other charitable institution under the care of + said monks. Nowhere in the world is charity in greater evidence + than here. The magnificent hospitals and orphanages, schools + of industry, etc., would be a credit to any nation. The amount + expended thus every year is enormous. The monks individually are as + poor as the proverbial church mouse. The islands have a population + of over 8,000,000 Catholics. The priests number about 1,500; and + considering the weakness of human nature, and the fact that many + of them live alone out in the wilds far away from brother priests, + it is not surprising that an occasional one falls. Even among the + saintly (?) Parkhurst's brethren, I have heard of an occasional + fall in civilized America. But here these are the exceptions. The + main body of the clergy are good, holy men. The Archbishop is a man + who would be an honor to any church in any country. He is a man of + eminent learning and great sanctity. He is one of the kindest and + most charitable men I ever met. Go to his house at whatever hour + you will, and you will find it crowded with poor. For each he has + a kind word and some substantial aid. Every cent he receives is + given away in this manner. His personal magnetism is such that to + meet him is to admire him. If I wished to use names I could give + you many striking examples of this. In our army and navy we had + some Parkhursts who were ready to believe or say anything about + his Grace. + + "For those whom I thought worth convincing that they were wrong, + I arranged that at different times they should meet him. The + result was the same in every case. Each would come away feeling + that his Grace was a much maligned man. To-day, among the American + officials in both army and navy, no man is more respected than + the Archbishop of Manila. In my estimation, there are two reasons + for the impression which has gone abroad concerning the Church + here. Aguinaldo, knowing in his cunning that there were many + Parkhursts in America, thought lying about the Church would be + an excellent way to gain the sympathy of Americans. I have been + all over the country, and find no poverty anywhere. For Indians + I find them remarkably well instructed. The one who cannot read + and write is an exception. There are public schools supported by + the Government all over the country. Had Mr. Parkhurst desired to + learn the truth, he could have done so from his brother ministers, + who are chaplains here. I think they would have told him the + truth, as I have found them to be a nice gentlemanly lot of men, + ever ready to do me a kindness. Some of them I admire very much + for their devotion to the sick and those in need." + + + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +THE REBELLION LARGELY THE WORK OF A SECRET ORGANIZATION. + + +Secret societies, and, above all, that great guild known as +Freemasonry, are certainly foremost, if not controlling, factors in +the warfare made upon throne and altar during the last one hundred +and fifty years. + +In saying this we do not intend to express any opinion for or against +the sentiments of Protestant Freemasons in England and the United +States, numbers of whom, no doubt, reprobate the anti-Christian spirit +this association shows on the Continent and in Spanish America. They +have been brought up to regard it as a perfectly harmless and +beneficent institution, and cannot understand the attitude taken with +regard to it by the Catholic Church. + +It is quite true that Freemasonry may have in these countries kept to +its original constitution, which, we may admit, was of a beneficent +nature. But what Catholic writers on the subject urgently insist +upon is, that on the Continent it very soon assumed a political and +dangerous character. For a long time it was not condemned by the +Church, and many good Catholics of rank and position gave their names +to it. It was only when its dangerous tendencies came to light that it +received solemn ecclesiastical condemnation, and that Catholics were +forbidden to join it. For more than a century this secret guild has +been at the bottom of the revolutions that have desolated the modern +world. Some years previous to the French Revolution, German envoys +of the Society of the Illuminati advised the French Masons to form a +political committee in each lodge; and in time, as Robison remarks, +these committees led to the formation of the Jacobin Club. "Thus were +the lodges of France," says this writer, "converted in a very short +time into a set of affiliated secret societies, corresponding with +the mother lodges of Paris, receiving from thence their principles +and instructions, and ready to rise up at once when called upon to +carry on the great work of overturning the State. Hence it arose +that the French aimed, in the very beginning, at subverting the +whole world. Hence, too, may be explained how the revolution took +place almost in a moment in every part of France. The revolutionary +societies were early formed, and were working in secret before the +opening of the National Assembly; and the whole nation changed, +and changed again and again, as if by beat of drum." + +In Spain, since its introduction it assumed a sanguinary and virulent +character; it brought about revolutions and civil wars, embittered +classes against one another, wronged and starved the clergy, robbed, +turned adrift, and banished the religious Orders. + +There is, indeed, a good deal of difficulty in tracing all these evils +to the action of the Freemasons; for on the Continent, especially in +Spain, the society has been always of a more secret nature than in +these countries. Members of the Craft in England and the United States +are generally well known to belong to it; their halls and lodges in the +larger towns are imposing and conspicuous; their emblems and badges +are often seen in the light of day. But on the Continent we see very +little of all this; it is a thoroughly secret society; the members and +their movements are carefully veiled from sight. As we said before, +Freemasonry, on its introduction to the Continent, at once assumed a +political character. The Deists and free-thinkers of the last century +utilized it as a potent means of combining against the Church, and of +carrying on their evil propaganda. In this way they were aided by the +Jansenists, with different motives it is true, but still, when it was +a question of opposing the religious Orders, with a whole heart. The +working of the society in Spain in this century has necessarily been +more stealthy and insidious than in France, for there it was face to +face with a truly Catholic population devotedly attached to the Church. + +By means of atheistical French literature, the works of Voltaire and +other unbelievers, translated into Spanish, brought across the border +in large bales, and disseminated through the Peninsula, the Freemasons +had already indoctrinated a large number of active and restless spirits +with revolutionary and anti-Christian ideas, when the troubles and +civil war of 1834 gave them the opportunity they desired of making an +onslaught on the religious Orders. At such times the minds of men are +in a ferment, and the most incredible reports may be spread abroad, +and will be implicitly believed by the populace. Accordingly, on the +awful visitation of cholera, which swept over Europe at that time, +desolating cities and towns, and leaving thousands upon thousands of +families in mourning, in Madrid the report was industriously spread by +the Masons that the Monks and Friars had poisoned the wells, and were +the cause of the sickness among the people. In a mad fit of rage the +populace rose on all sides, rushed to the convents and monasteries, +and murdered all the inmates they could lay their hands upon. This +awful event is referred to in the Memorial. + +Such a state of things may seem hardly possible in the nineteenth +century; and yet a similar catastrophe nearly happened in Lisbon a +few years ago, the circumstances of which were related to the writer +by one of the Dominicans who was living there at the time. It appears +that the Dominican nuns had opened a dispensary for the relief of the +poor. Strange to say, the frightful report soon went abroad that the +nuns were stealing children, and killing and boiling them down to make +a healing ointment out of their remains. The city was in an uproar; +it was unsafe for priests and nuns to be seen in the streets; and +the populace who really believed the absurd story, being in a furious +state of excitement, were on the point of burning down the convent, +and maltreating the nuns. + +To return to Spain, the popular rising in Madrid was utilized by +the revolutionary party in carrying out, the following year, the +suppression of all the convents and monasteries in the country. The +religious were driven out into the world; and their lands, goods, +libraries, and art-treasures were sold for the benefit of the public +debt, and to supply means to carry on the civil war. The bishops +and secular clergy as well were also robbed, numerous episcopal +sees were suppressed, and the goods of the Church declared to be +national property. The Freemason Government promised to look after the +interests of the Church by paying salaries to all ecclesiastics. As +a result, Spain was filled, in a few years, with a poverty-stricken +and starving clergy, and ruined churches and mouldering abbeys were +to be seen on all sides. The effects of that great spoliation are +still felt in the Peninsula; for though the religious Orders have +revived in the meantime, and numerous convents and monasteries have +been built, the priests are not in sufficient numbers for the needs +of the population, which thereby, in many places, is suffering great +spiritual destitution. + +The policy of robbery and confiscation was boldly advocated for +the Philippines, just before the late war, in one of the leading +reviews of Madrid. Juan Ferrando Gomez, in a series of articles +[3] bitterly hostile to the Philippine Friars, proposed their +entire suppression. They should be turned out of their convents and +missionary houses by a secret decree, of which they were to be kept +in ignorance till the execution actually took place. Their convents +in Manila would be useful as barracks and Government offices, their +country estates could be divided amongst their tenants, and the rents +formerly paid to the Friars could be commuted into a tax to be paid +to the State. Moreover, the Archbishop of Manila, and any others of +the bishops belonging to the religious Orders, should be forced out +of the country. Besides that, the schools and university belonging +to the Friars should also be either suppressed, or taken out of their +hands. Reading these flagrantly unjust proposals in the light of recent +Spanish history, and with the help of the Memorial, we are inclined +to believe that, without much further pressure from the Freemasons, +the Spanish Ministry would have carried them out. Fortunately for +the Friars, as well as the natives, they have no voice in the matter +now. Under the American flag the religious will be treated as citizens, +having the common right of citizens, neither to be molested in their +persons nor robbed of their property. The President of the United +States has declared this in clear terms to the Holy See. + +With regard to Freemasonry in Spanish or Latin America, the Rev. Reuben +Parsons has recently written on the subject (see Appendix III.), +substantiating all his assertions by quotations from Masonic organs +or other unprejudiced sources, and clearly exposing the systematic war +which the lodges in South and Central America have carried on against +religion. He shows how it has started revolutions, assassinated the +leaders of the people, exiled the clergy, and persecuted the Church +in other ways. + +We will now endeavor to trace the history of Freemasonry in the +Philippines and its connection with the insurrection there. In the +Philippines Freemasonry found itself face to face with a simple +native population, mostly Christian, and an active body of Spanish +missionaries belonging to various religious Orders, loyal to their +native country, possessing unbounded influence over their flocks, and +rapidly bringing under the yoke of Christ the tribes who were still +Pagan. The religious were a power that they could not hope to cope with +for a long time; and so at first they were left unmolested, while the +members of the Craft were gathering converts, and strengthening their +position, among a class more suitable to their nefarious designs, viz., +the mestizos, or half-breeds; the Filipinos, or those who, though born +in the country, consider themselves the pure-blooded descendants of +the early colonists; and the Spanish officials, numbers of whom were +already Masons before they went to the Archipelago. + +That the Freemasonry in the Philippines has shown itself of +a distinctly sanguinary nature is not to be wondered at when we +consider its close connection with Spain. The Lodge of Action, or +Red Lodge, composed of determined revolutionists ready to use the +dagger, and prepared to wade through a sea of blood to accomplish +their designs, represented by Mazzini and the Carbonari in Italy, has +a large following in Spain, and was presided over, a few years ago, +by Zorilla, the Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Spain. + +The following account of the growth of Freemasonry in the Philippines, +taken from the Rosario, an organ published in Rome, the editor of +which has access to special information, and is in close touch with +friars who have been living for many years in the archipelago as +missionaries, will be of profound interest. In or about 1860 many +of the strangers who frequented the Philippines were Freemasons, and +members of the lodges of Singapore, Hongkong, Java, Macao, and the open +ports of China. This was at a period when England, Holland, France, +the United States, for colonial reasons of their own, showed hostility +to Spain. It was therefore quite natural that, in those lodges, +an anti-Spanish spirit gradually arose in the Philippines. Seeing +this spirit arising, two officials of the Spanish navy, Malcampo and +Mendez Nunez, Freemasons themselves, determined to oppose Freemasonry +to Freemasonry, by founding lodges that would uphold the Spanish +interests; they therefore established, at Cavite, the Lodge Primera +Luz Filippina, placing it under the Grand Orient of Lusitania, and +a little afterwards another lodge at Zamboanga, for the officials, +seamen, and civil functionaries who held positions in Mindanao. + +In opposition to these, the strangers residing in the Philippines +established at Manila itself a lodge of the Scottish rite, as a +point d'appui for the enemies of Spain. They thus moved the centre +of conspiracy against Spain to the islands themselves, and tried to +draw the natives into their nets by giving them important positions +in the Craft. The two opposing factions of Freemasonry also increased +their numbers largely by taking in the political exiles who were +sent to the Philippines as a result of the part taken by them in the +various civil wars in the Peninsula, most of whom gave their names +and services to one or the other. It is remarkable that these two +bodies, guided by opposite political principles, one depending on +a Spanish centre and directed principally by Spaniards, the other +directed principally by Germans, English, and Americans, and opposed +to Spanish interests, found, at least in one direction, a point of +concord, namely, in opposition to the religious Orders. Although +the Spanish Masons were actuated by a love for their mother-country, +still the well-known anti-clericalism of Freemasonry prevailed over +every other consideration, blinding them to the fact that the best and +most influential representatives of Spain in the Philippines were to be +found in the religious Orders, who were the only civilizing force able +to deal with the natives. They thus indirectly paved the way for the +insurrection; for it is well known that from the ranks of the opposing +factions, and principally by reason of their anti-clerical tendencies, +arose the sanguinary society of the "Katipunan," which made it its +direct aim to expel the friars, and overturn the Spanish government +in the islands. The Grand Orient, the organ of this society, declared +that one of the first articles of its programme was the extermination +of the religious. And here it may be noticed that the ninth term +of the proposals made by the insurgents to America was as follows: +"There shall be a general religious toleration; but measures shall be +adopted for the abolition and expulsion of the religious communities, +who, with an iron hand, have hitherto demoralized the actual civil +administration." + +In the meantime the lodges increased in number, so much so that two +years ago there were at Manila sixteen lodges affiliated to the Grand +Orient of Spain, and one at least in every pueblo in the province +of Luzon, and also lodges in Zamboanga and the Visaya Islands; an +Anglo-German club-lodge, on the books of which were inscribed the +names of a great part of the Government officials; also the German +Union, affiliated to the Grand Orient of Berlin; the society of +S. Giovanni del Monte, a centre common to Swiss, French, Belgian, +and Dutch Masons. In all, according to reliable statistics, there +were a hundred lodges and 25,000 initiates. When the Freemasonry +of the Philippines had gathered these numbers under its banner, the +insurrection broke out; and of its 25,000 members, at least 20,000 +were to be found in the ranks of the rebels. Could any clearer proof +than this be found that the insurrection in the Philippines is the +direct work of Freemasonry? + +We will here call the attention of our readers to two of the +illustrations. The first is a collection of various seals and stamps, +forty-one in number, in use by the various branches of the Katipunan, +the sanguinary secret society of the natives. Masonic emblems, the +compass and rule, the triangle, the keys, etc., are to be found on +almost all of them, proving beyond doubt the Masonic direction and +constitution of the society. Turn now to the other illustration,--a +Masonic apron, worn at secret meetings and also in battle, which was +found on the body of an insurgent after an engagement. No concealment +here of methods to be used,--the head dripping with blood, one +hand grasping the bleeding head, and the other holding the dagger, +sufficiently attest to all beholders the work of the Red Lodge. + +The position of the religious Orders in the Philippines, just before +the war broke out between Spain and America, had become so perilous +and unbearable, that they addressed a long Memorial to the Spanish +Government, exposing their grievances, explaining the cause of the +rebellion, and suggesting remedies suitable for the situation. + +This Memorial is more than a mere appeal to the Spanish Government. It +is a challenge to the civilized world, made by men whose dignity and +honor have been outraged by awful and unjust charges levelled at them +by their foes, and spread far and near by the press. The Memorial has +been put into print by the Friars, and scattered through Spain; it +has been translated into French, and now it appears (in a condensed +form) in an English dress. Up to the present, at any rate, it has +not drawn forth an answer from those whose calumnies were the cause +of its appearance. From another point of view it is of interest, +giving us valuable information as to the causes of the rebellion, +and incidentally throwing a lurid light upon the dark places and dark +workings of Freemasonry. Its importance as an authoritative exposition +lies in the fact that it emanates from the combined heads of all the +religious Orders in the Philippines, men having under their spiritual +care more than five out of the six millions of Christians in the +country. It is signed by Father Manuel Gutierrez, Provincial of the +Augustinians; Father Gilberto Martin, Commissary-Provincial of the +Franciscans; Father Francisco Ajarro, Provincial of the Recollects; +Father Candido Garcia Valles, Vicar-Provincial of the Dominicans; +Pio Pi, S. J., Superior of the Missions of the Society of Jesus. + +We doubt whether any official notice was taken of the document by the +Spanish Government. It was on its way to Spain when, on the declaration +of war by America, Admiral Dewey stole into Manila Bay by night, +shattered the Spanish fleet the next morning at Cavite, and laid siege +to Manila. In the meantime, too, the Spanish Ministry had resigned; +and when the documents arrived at its destination, a new Ministry was +in office, under Señor Sagasta, with a new colonial minister. Facing +bravely, but ineffectually, one of the greatest powers in the world, +the new Ministry was entirely taken up with cares and interests on +which depended the existence of Spain as a nation. + +A striking characteristic of the memorial is its outspoken insistence +upon Freemasonry as the principal cause of the Rebellion, a position +not unwarranted in view of the evidence presented on previous pages. So +much has been heard from the opponents of the religious Orders, that +a word from themselves, in their own defence, will have all the air +of novelty. We reprint the memorial, quite confident that it will +not suffer by comparison with what has appeared from the other side. + + +The Memorial of the Philippine Friars to the Spanish Government, +April, 1898. + + + TO HIS EXCELLENCY THE COLONIAL MINISTER. + + In addition to the telegram sent to His Excellency, the + Governor-General and Viceroy, on the first of this month, that + he might bring it officially under your Excellency's notice, + which the said authority informs us has been done, we, the + Superiors of the Congregations of the Augustinians, Franciscans, + Recollects, Dominicans, and Jesuits, have the honor of presenting + this Statement to his Majesty, King Alfonso XIII., and, in his + royal name, to Her Majesty the Queen Regent, Dona Maria Christina, + to the President and Members of the Crown Ministerial Council, + and more especially to your Excellency as Colonial Minister. We + address this Statement directly to your Excellency, according to + law and custom, that you may deign to bring it under the notice of + the exalted personages already mentioned, and even if it appears + desirable before the nation, duly assembled in the Cortes of + the kingdom. + + The time has come for us faithful and constant upholders of Spanish + rule in the Philippines to break our traditional silence. The hour + has also come to defend our honor, which has been so much assailed, + and our holy and patriotic ministry, which has been the object + of the most terrible and unjustifiable accusations and calumnies. + + We have borne patiently with the Freemasons and insurgents, + known and unknown, who in their newspapers, clubs, and public + meetings, have for the last eighteen months insulted and vilified + us, accusing us, among other things, of having fostered the + rebellion. We have discovered to our sorrow that a number of + Spaniards, having resided in these islands for a longer or shorter + period as the case might be, on their return to the Peninsula have + spoken of us in terms which they would not have dared to employ + if in place of being priests and friars we had been laymen, or + if instead of being ecclesiastical congregations we had belonged + to civil or military bodies. + + The religious of the Philippines, far away from Europe, alone + in their ministry, scattered to the furthermost corners of the + Archipelago, and without any other companions and witnesses + of their labors than their own dear and simple parishioners, + have no other defence save right and reason. Conscious that we + have always been loyal and patriotic subjects, and have always + fulfilled our duties and the obligations to our holy ministry, + we have borne patiently and silently, according to the advice + of the Apostle, insults and calumnies from the very persons to + whom we had offered our services in all Christian sincerity. We + have kept silence under insults from persons calling themselves + forsooth Catholics, but who are infected with the practical + Jansenism of certain latter-day reformers. We even suffered + in silence certain false information, most dishonoring to the + religious Orders, to be brought before the Cortes last year. It + was asserted, not only in private, but in important, centres, + that the prestige of the religious Orders in the Philippines was + so shaken that it would be necessary to drive them out by armed + force. It was also declared, as most dishonoring to a great nation + like Spain, to have commissioned friars to furnish information + about the Philippines, and to have asked their advice in the form + of a memorial presented to the Senate. In addition to all this, + the gravest accusations, some directed against a worthy prelate, + were brought against us, veiled, however, under the guise of + impartiality and gentle correction. Before long the clamors will + be renewed in a different tone; and we shall see the reproduction + in the Archipelago, with more or less cruelty, of that historical + period in the Peninsula of 1834-1840. + + + REASONS FOR OUR SILENCE TILL THE PRESENT TIME. + + We believed that a wise and prolonged silence, added to that + prudence and magnanimity which should always distinguish religious + orders, would have sufficed for good and discreet persons, + and that they would have repelled the accusations, and formed a + judgment that would be proof against these repeated attacks. But, + instead of calming down, the storm appears to increase daily. The + Treaty of Biac-na-Bato has furnished to many the opportunity of + renewing the crafty insinuation, nay, bold affirmation, already + made by the rebel chiefs, that the religious institutes were + the sole cause of the insurrection. One of the chiefs of the + "Katipunan" secret society has declared in his paper, The Grand + Orient, which, like a plague, is still scattered over the islands, + that one of the first articles in his programme is the expulsion + of the religious Orders. In the Peninsula as well as here, the + Freemasons and others who second their efforts have recommenced + the war against us. They have published manifestoes at Madrid, + in which, misusing the name of the Philippine natives, they demand + vexatious and disgraceful measures against the clergy. + + If under these circumstances we still remained silent, our silence + would be attributed, and rightly so, to fear or to guilt. Our + patience would be called weakness; and even sensible and solid + Catholics, who recognize the injustice of the attacks made against + us, might be led to believe that we were really stained with guilt, + or that we had fallen into such a state of moral prostration, + that we could be ill-treated with impunity. + + + THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS PERSECUTED BECAUSE THEY UPHOLD RELIGION. + + On what grounds are the religious bodies persecuted? Simply because + they uphold true and sound doctrine, and have never shown a weak + front to the enemies of God and of their country. If we had shown + ourselves pusillanimous in sight of the works of Masonic lodges, + and in presence of the propagation of the politico-religious errors + imported from Europe; if we had given the faintest mark, not of + sympathy, but even of toleration, to the men who were scattering + broadcast false notions of liberty condemned by the Church; + if patriotism had cooled in our hearts, or if the innovators + had not found in each Philippine religious an intractable and + terrible adversary to their plans,--the religious congregations + would never have been disturbed. On the contrary, we should have + been extolled to the skies, the more so because our enemies do not + ignore the fact that, were we to help them in the Archipelago, + were we to give them our support, or at least were we to remain + silent, we should thereby give them an undisputed victory. + + But they know well that our standard is no other than the Syllabus + of the great Pontiff, Pius IX., so frequently confirmed by Leo + XIII., wherein all rebellion against the powers is so energetically + condemned. Yea! truly they hate us, and under different names + and on divers pretexts they are making such a cruel war upon us + that it would seem as if the Freemasons and Revolutionists had + no other enemies in the Philippines than the religious bodies. + + + THE RELIGIOUS PERSECUTED AS LOYAL SPANIARDS. + + Apart from their essentially religious character, the regular + clergy of the Archipelago are the sole Spanish institution, + permanent and deeply-rooted, which exists in the islands--a + vigorous organization well adapted to these regions. While the + civil and military officials on the one hand, who come from Spain, + live here only for a time, fulfilling their duties more or less + wisely according as it is for or against their private interests, + and yet are ignorant of the languages of the country, and have only + a superficial intercourse with the Islanders, we, the religious, + come over here to sacrifice our whole existences, dispersed often + one by one amongst the remotest tribes. When we bid an eternal + farewell to our native shores, we voluntarily condemn ourselves, + by virtue of our vows, to live forever devoted to the moral, + religious, and civil education of the natives; and we have waged + many conflicts in their behalf. + + + CRAFTINESS OF THE INSURGENT CHIEFS. + + Seeing that we were the most deeply rooted, influential, and + best-respected Spaniards in the country, and that we would come to + no terms with them or their projects, the rebel chiefs determined + to demand our expulsion from the Government. They were aware that + they would be backed up in their demand by many among the Spanish + residents in the Archipelago, who, led by passion and ignorance, + lend a willing ear to all who declaim against the religious Orders, + especially when the watchwords used are "Free Thought," "Liberty + of the Press," "Secularization of Education," "Ecclesiastical + Liquidation," "Suppression of the Privileges of the Clergy." + + Thus the password among the rebels became, especially since the + Treaty of Biac-na-Bato, the emancipation of their country. They + declared they had no dislike to Spanish administration, nor + any intention of separation from Spain; what made them rise in + rebellion were the abuses of the clergy, and their only demand + was the expulsion of the religious Orders. But these were lying + declarations, as numerous judicial and non-judicial documents + containing the plans of the conspirators have proved. They + made these false professions because they knew that if they + declared that the insurrection was brought about by the numerous + abuses of power which have been committed by civil and military + functionaries, they would have all the Spanish element in the + Archipelago leagued against them, and would have the door closed + to all their means of propaganda. + + + ACCUSATIONS AGAINST THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS. + + We ask, in the first place, where are these abuses which are always + the subject of their declamations in the clubs and lodges? We + preach the Gospel, and not only do we draw to a civilized life + the barbarous tribes of the Archipelago, whom we have preserved + peaceful and happy for three centuries, as the whole world knows, + but we have always been the defenders of the natives, who are + subjected to a thousand vexations on the part of the Spanish + lay residents. At all times we have watched over the purity of + the Faith and the preservation of good morals, showing ourselves + inflexible against illegal exactions, immoral games, and those who + lead scandalous lives. After all that has been written against + us for so many years, we defy our calumniators, and do not fear + an honest and impartial examination of our lives and works. Let + those who murmur and speak against us, prove by exact dates and + authentic documents that their accusations are well founded. + + They say we are enemies of education and of the diffusion of + knowledge; if by education they mean the teaching of doctrine + condemned by the Church, we are at one with them; but there is no + education in the ordinary sense of the term, primary, secondary, + or superior, in the islands that has not been founded, encouraged, + and sustained by the clergy. It is well known that very few of the + native officials who went through their course in our schools have + taken part in the rebellion; and the proclaimers of "Free-thought" + are, for the most part, individuals who failed in their career, + and were the refuse of our classes. + + As to the accusations of immorality which are recklessly levelled + against us, all we have to say is that everyone can see our + monasteries and convents and ourselves, and can form a judgment + on our lives; the parish priests and missionaries are alone, + surrounded by a multitude of natives; everyone can see what we + are doing, and hear what we are saying; our European figures + and sacerdotal character bring us into such prominence before + the people that it would be stupid to imagine that we could hide + our doings. + + We consider, as not worthy of reply, the impudent assertion that + in the country parts we are despots; that in a thousand ways + we suck the blood of our tenants; charges often before refuted + by the most explicit documentary evidence. Neither is it worth + while speaking of the abominable calumny of attributing to us the + passage through the country with armed force, and the imprisoning + and torturing of those implicated in the first revolt. All this + is part of the absurd fable that we are absolute masters, not + only of the consciences of the people, but of the Archipelago + itself; statements contradicted by the very men who make them, + when they declare in the Cortes that we have lost all influence + and all prestige in the islands. + + + CAUSE OF THE REBELLION. + + The utter want of religion to be found among a great number of + the Spanish residents, the facility with which the ancient laws + of the Archipelago were changed, the instability of the public + functionaries, a fruitful source of abuses, contributed for several + years to discredit the Spanish name. But Freemasonry, as the world + knows, has been the principal cause of the social disorganization + of the Philippines. The Hispano-Philippine Association of Madrid + was Masonic; the Masons were almost alone in the work of urging on + the natives to make war on the clergy and the Spanish residents; + they authorized the founding of lodges in the Archipelago. It + was the Masons, too, who formed the "Katipunan" society, so + essentially Masonic that in the terrible "compact of blood" + they make, they are actually imitating the Carbonari of Italy. + + In consequence of the teaching of the Freemasons, the voice of + the parish priest has no longer any effect on numbers of the + natives, especially at Manila and in the neighboring provinces, + where they are accustomed to give themselves airs of importance + and independence; and the prestige of the Spanish name has grown + considerably less, and disappeared entirely in many places. What + wonder, then, if the powerful instincts of race awoke, and that, + pondering on the fact that they had a language and climate and + territory of their own, the rebels should try to build a wall of + separation between the Spaniards and the Malays? Is it not natural + that having been brought to believe that the friar is neither + their father nor the pastor of their souls, nor their friend and + enthusiastic defender, but, on the contrary, a spoiler, and that + the Spanish resident is only a money-grubber, having more or less + power and authority, they should have desired to free themselves + from the Spanish authority? + + Six months ago the "Katipunan" society was limited to the mountains + of Langua and Bulacan, where the rebel chiefs had taken refuge, + and also counted some adherents among certain tribes in touch with + the insurgents. But now the plague is widespread; the insurgents + violating the promise made to the gallant Marquis of Estella, + and at the call of a secret signal, have scattered themselves over + the central provinces, and by means of cruelty and terrorism have + succeeded in enrolling in their ranks a great number of natives + who after the submission at Biac-na-Bato gave pledges of fidelity + to Spain. They have also succeeded in intrenching themselves at + Capiz and in other parts of the Viscayas. The rising in Zambaies, + Pagasinan, Iloco, and Cebu are all of recent origin; and the same + may be said of the "Katipunans" discovered at Manila. + + However, the greater part of the country is not yet perverted; a + wave of hallucination and fanaticism has passed over it, but the + heart of the people is still sound, and with careful management + they will return to their usual habits of peace and submission. The + move wealthy classes are also sound, and are against the rebellion. + + We frankly tell the Government that if it does not aid the + Church, the revolutionary movement will increase every day, and + it will be morally impossible for the religious to remain here + any longer. What good is it for us to do our duty to the people + when others are allowed to undo our work at the same time? Of + what use is it for us to teach the people to be docile and + submissive when their worst passions are excited by others, who + tell them to make nothing of our teaching? What professor could + teach successfully if his pupils were met outside the classroom + by respectable persons who told them to despise his lessons? The + civil authority, according to the teaching of the Church, ought + as far as possible to be a bulwark to religion and morality. If + the Government, therefore, does not protect us from the avalanche + of insults hurled against us; if it does not root out the secret + societies; if it allows our sacerdotal character to be trodden + under foot while our enemies destroy the fruit of our labors,--we + regret to say that we cannot continue our ministry in the islands. + + Spain has bound herself very stringently to obligations of + this nature. One of the laws of the Code of the Indies says + expressly on this point: "We command the Viceroys, the Presidents, + the Auditors, the Governors, and the other functionaries of the + Indies, to favor, and aid, and encourage the religions orders who + are occupying themselves in the conversion of the natives to our + entire satisfaction." + + The spirit that moved Philip II. was seen in the answer he made + to those who advised him to abandon the Archipelago, in view + of the little revenue they brought to the Crown. He said: "For + the conversion of only one of the souls that are there I would + willingly give all the treasures of the Indies, and if they were + not enough I would add those of Spain. Nothing in the world would + make me consent to cease sending preachers and ministers of the + Gospel to all the provinces that have been discovered, even if they + are barren and sterile, for the Holy Apostolic See has given to us + and our heirs the apostolic commission of publishing and preaching + the Gospel. The Gospel can be spread through these islands, and the + natives can be drawn from the worship of the demon by making known + to them the true God, in a spirit alien to that of temporal greed." + + + UNJUST CONTEMPT SHOWN TOWARDS THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN THE + PHILIPPINES. + + An idea has spread since the Revolution in Spain of 1868 that the + Philippine Friars are a necessary evil, an out-of-date institution + which has to be kept up for reasons of state. This unworthy idea, + manifested sometimes with frankness, sometimes with a certain + reticence, and which wounds us to the quick, has been constantly + brought forward by our enemies. The natives who have been to Spain + are fully aware of it; without leaving the Philippines, a great + number of natives have observed it, and are at present trying to + propagate it in the Archipelago. Very numerous, too are the Spanish + residents who are hostile to us, owing to an anti-clerical spirit + or to jealousy; in fact, we have enemies in all classes of society. + + Many people, in consequence, think that our very existence in + the country is simply owing to pity and condescension on the + part of the Government; that we are merely tolerated, and are of + less value in the eyes of the civil authorities than the members + of any lay profession. With a marvellous facility all the evils + that affect the country are laid at our door; and every time a + governor makes a gross blunder in dealing with the natives, the + evil consequences which flow from it are put down to us. Now, + every class of society has a right to ordinary respect and fair + treatment; we receive neither one nor the other, but are treated + with absolute contempt. This humiliating situation, as individuals + obliged to greater perfection than other Christians, we patiently + bear with; but as religious orders we cannot put up with it any + longer, for we see only too well how this treatment injures our + ministry, and destroys our influence with the people committed + to our care. + + If the Government through an error to which we cannot give + unqualified respect, since it is contrary to the real interests + of religion and of our country, believes that the mission of the + Orders in the islands has come to an end, we nevertheless say + to them: "We await your dispositions with sincerity, but do not + flatter yourselves that in adopting measures against our religious + professions you can burn a light both before Christ and before + Belial." If, on the contrary, we are to remain in the islands, + no one can deny that it is necessary to protect our persons, + our prestige, and our ministry; our country must show that she + is pleased with us, and treat us as her children; we must not be + abandoned to our enemies as a thing of no value, and made victims + of the resentment of the Freemasons. We do not fear martyrdom, + which is an honor we do not feel ourselves worthy of; on the + other hand, we do not wish to die as criminals abandoned by their + friends and protectors, and deprived of all honor. + + It is incredible that religious men placed in our position could + be the cause of the woes of the Archipelago. We prefer to resign + our ministry, and see ourselves expelled, rather than continue + our mission in the islands, if the situation does not better + itself before long. We have done our work well in these islands, + and we feel sure that we shall be able to do our duty quite as + well elsewhere with the grace of God. + + + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +THE REBELS AND THEIR GRIEVANCES. + + +We cannot view without grave misgivings the unexpected turn that +affairs have taken since the war, and the second war which has broken +out between the rebels and the Americans. It is now plain that +it was entire independence from all control that the promoters of +the rebellion were looking for from the very beginning; this being +well known to the Friars all along, and clearly indicated in their +memorial to the Spanish Government. Aguinaldo and his companions have +unlimited confidence in themselves, and aspire to form a civilized +republic. The character of this pure-souled patriot may be judged +from a transaction he had with the Spanish Government. After the +armistice of Biac-na-Bato, he was bought out by them, and took +thousands of dollars as his price for leaving the country for aye, +never to return. He pocketed the money, and went off to Hongkong; but +when the Americans came to Manila, and destroyed the Spanish fleet, +this worthy returned to the Philippines, and once more raised the +standard of rebellion. As a result the Americans are apt to find +themselves burdened with a war expenditure, even heavier than that +borne by Spain in her effort to prevent a repetition in the Philippines +of the gruesome story of San Domingo and Hayti. All colored and +tropical races have a tendency to revert to their original type and +the barbarous customs of their ancestors. The blacks got possession +of Hayti nearly a century ago, at which time they were at least +domesticated, and partially civilized, having been in contact with +the white man for the two previous centuries. They have gone back, +and not forward, ever since. The history of the black republic is a +bloody revolution every two or three years, distinguished by acts +of barbarous ferocity. Life there at the present day is a hideous +caricature of civilization and Christianity. Incredible as it may +seem, there has been a revival in the remote villages of the old +African serpent-worship, and child sacrifices, followed by cannibalism. + +Ten Spanish Augustinian Friars recently came to San Francisco from the +Philippines (see Appendix IV.). In an interview with the representative +of the San Francisco Monitor they stated that it was not through fear +of the Americans that they had left Manila, but, on the contrary, they +believed that the Church would prosper under American rule. They said +that the respectable element in the Philippines, though they had been +quite content with the Spanish rule, and deeming it all that could +be expected under the circumstances, are yet welcoming the Americans +as a relief from insurgent atrocities. "The insurgents," they said, +"are an undisciplined mob of rioters, led by a demagogue. They are +the riff-raff of the islands, men without principle or property in +most instances. Aguinaldo has them pretty well in hand to-day, but +to-morrow they may disintegrate into fifty gangs. Aguinaldo is an +ungrateful renegade, who was fed, clothed, and educated by Catholic +priests. He is a mere puppet in the hands of the Freemasons. [4] +It is to these worthies and organized anarchy in Europe that we may +trace the origin of the trouble in the Philippines. Soon after the +destruction of the Spanish fleet, the insurgents wrecked our schools, +robbed and despoiled our missions and churches, and drove us into +Manila. About fifty priests were brutally killed by them. As our field +of work was thus laid bare, we decided to leave the Philippines. What +made us depart was the discouragement of seeing the work of years +destroyed by the men we had gone to teach, and the improbability of +being able to build up the work again immediately." + +The Filipinos have already shown proof how far removed they are +from civilized ideals, and how dangerous it would be to leave +them to themselves, by their inhuman treatment of their Spanish +prisoners. Besides ordinary Spanish civilians, they have kept in +captivity for several months hundreds of Friars, including one +hundred Dominicans, and the Dominican Bishop of Neuva Segovia, +Mgr. Joseph Hevia, whose portrait we give. Numbers of the Friars +have lately died of the hardships to which they were subjected. A +letter, received some time ago from one of them by a friend in Manila, +describes the ferocious and satanic hatred shown towards them by the +rebel chiefs. They were stripped of their clothes, hats, and shoes, +robbed of their money, spat upon, tied to trees, and flogged several +times. Daily they were forced to work on the public roads from morning +to evening, under a broiling sun, receiving food and drink barely +sufficient to support life. The leaders mocked at and jested over +their sufferings. Though violent threats were held out against all +who succored them, their parishioners seized opportunities of coming +to visit them, and alleviate their miseries. From other sources +we learn that the noses of some of the prisoners were slit, and a +cord passed through the aperture, to be used as a leading-string +by their guards. The venerable Bishop was subjected to the grossest +indignities. One aged Friar was placed on a saddle, and jumped upon +till blood flowed from his mouth and nose. Another, it is said, clothed +only in a rain-coat, was carried in triumph for two hundred yards, +and then cudgelled to death amid savage cries. Some were crushed to +death between boards. Nuns in the convents were subjected to shameful +treatment. In the name of common sense, we ask if men who encourage +or permit such atrocities are fit to control and guide the destinies +of eight millions of people. (See Appendix V.) + +Of course the policy of the Press in general has been to keep these +atrocities from the eyes of the public. As it did not suit political +purposes to publish them, they have been kept concealed. Owing to this +careful management, the sympathies of the world have been enlisted on +the side of the "poor downtrodden Filipinos." An impartial examination +of the grievances of the latter, and of the catch-cries by which the +leaders have seduced a considerable portion of the simple natives, will +not reveal very much against either the civil or the ecclesiastical +rule of the Spaniard. As in everything human, we may suppose that +neither was absolute perfection; but, all things considered, there +was less to justify rebellion in the Philippines than in most parts +of the world where the black is ruled by the white man. + +One of the grievances of the rebels is that nearly all the +ecclesiastics in the Archipelago have been Spaniards, and they +demand an entirely native clergy. Now, the Catholic Church has been +always most anxious to form a native clergy in missionary countries, +but insuperable difficulties have often prevented the realization of +this idea. Among colored races there is a paucity of real vocations; +it is hard enough to get the people to live up to the Christian +ideal without adding thereto the grave responsibilities and life of +self-sacrifice of the priesthood. An example in point is the Black +Republic of Hayti. It is a Catholic country, nominally at least. The +people have retained the Faith taught them by the white man, though +preserving such a dislike to him that no white man can own a yard of +land in the country. Yet such is their inability to provide themselves +with priests of their own blood that they are forced to fall back on +the services of a French Bishop and French missionary priests, who do +all the spiritual work of the island. Another case in point is that +of Cuba, an island containing a million and a half of inhabitants, +Cubans and Spaniards, of which only forty-three of the former are +to be found in the ranks of the priesthood. There has never been any +distinction made between Cubans and Spaniards in the two Seminaries of +Havana and Santiago de Cuba; all are received alike, and treated alike +if they have a vocation; of the forty-three priests, twenty-eight hold +parishes, and the rest have other positions of trust, which shows that +it is simply owing to lack of vocations and not to any other cause +that we must ascribe their fewness in number. In the Philippines, as +far back as two centuries ago, the experiment was made of forming a +native priesthood, with doubtful success, however, as Dampier informs +us that the natives generally held the native priests in contempt, +while holding the Spanish clergy in the greatest esteem. We must, +perforce, conclude that in the Philippines, as in other countries, +it is simply lack of vocations that keeps the number of the native +clergy at such a low ebb. + +Another grievance, brought well to the front by those who have written +on behalf of the Filipinos, is the taxation, which is alleged to have +been excessive. The writer is informed by one who lived many years +there that it was not. However this may be, all taxation is odious +to primitive and half-civilized communities, who are inclined to look +upon the most necessary taxes, without which no stable government could +be carried on, in the light of oppression. The Americans will have the +same difficulties to face with regard to taxation as the Spaniards had, +though not in the same degree maybe, as the country will be opened +to trade in a freer way than formerly. In the interests of order, +and also to protect the people from unjust imposts, the Friars were +in the habit of acting as their counsellors in these matters, and +used to exhort their parishioners publicly and privately to pay the +necessary taxes. A passage from Blumentritt, whom we have quoted more +than once in our previous chapters, will go to show that all this was +done in the interests of the people: "In the following centuries the +Friars continued to extend their protecting hand over the natives, +preventing, as far as possible, any oppression on the part of the +Government employés." Yet this action of the Friars, good, charitable, +and necessary under the circumstances, has been used by the promoters +of the rebellion as a fulcrum to raise the Friars, in the eyes of the +poorer classes, into the invidious position of tax-gatherers, tyrants, +and abettors of oppression. Without doubt, cruel methods, for which, +however, the Friars were not responsible, were in vogue in dealing with +defaulters, as we may see in Dean Worcester's lately published work +on the Philippines; but it is nothing less than downright hypocrisy +to raise a chorus of condemnation against the Spaniard on this score, +when it is well known that no other nation, in trying to solve the +eternal difficulty about the taxation of colored and subject races, +has emerged from the conflict with clean hands. We remember reading +some years ago of very cruel methods employed in the gathering of +the taxes in British India, in some of the up-country districts; +and within the present year of grace, 1899, two books have appeared +dealing with the English and the Dutch in South Africa, [5] both of +which, in describing the punishment inflicted on those refusing to pay +taxes to the ruling powers, could easily give points to the colonial +Spaniard for cruelty. What is very remarkable about the Protestant +missionary is that, instead of condemning the barbarities described in +his book, of which he was an eye-witness, he approves of them, even to +the extent of giving his sanction to the inhuman crime of blowing up +with dynamite the caves in which four hundred men, women, and children +had taken refuge. The Rev. Mr. Rae's opinion of the campaign against +Malaboch for his refusal to pay taxes, a campaign in which women and +children, and men bearing flags of truce were fired upon recklessly, +is that "the Transvaal Government was doing a much better work than +any Christian missionary has yet accomplished." God help the Filipinos +if Protestant missionaries of this description are going to overrun +the field of labor left vacant by the deaths and expulsion of the +Spanish Friars. One great test of the mild rule of the Spaniard in +that country is that the native population has increased since the +conquest, instead of being almost exterminated, as is the case in +North America and in many of the colonies of European States. We +hope that the American rule will be characterized by clemency and +justice. A hypocritical cry has been raised in the States about +the tyranny and oppression under which the natives are said to be +groaning. The rule of the Spaniard has indeed been imperfect enough; +but America should approach the question of reform with becoming +modesty, seeing that her own record in dealing with the Indians has +been stained by many a crime against human rights. They have been +robbed of the country which once was their own, and driven back from +reservation to reservation, while even the rights guaranteed to them by +Government as compensation for what they lost have been often filched +from them by unscrupulous officials. The light recently thrown on the +case of the Pillager Indians has disclosed cruelty, open robbery, and +a disregard of solemn obligations. In the Philippines the Americans +will find the natives still in possession of their country; a people, +once wild and nomadic like the Indians, brought into settled habits of +life by three centuries of missionary effort; a people, in fine, who, +whatever is said to the contrary by noisy declaimers and demagogues, +have been on the whole well pleased with their lot. + +It is quite evident from the words and acts of the rebels that they +have been casting envious eyes on the large landed estates of the +Friars, hoping, on their expulsion, to have a division of the spoils +among themselves. Already, before the war, an iniquitous plan of +confiscation was boldly advocated in Spain itself. We now learn to +our surprise, from the Church News (Washington, D.C.), that this cry +has found an echo across the Atlantic from Protestant pulpits in the +States. Besides the fact that confiscation would be robbery pure and +simple, as the estates are not national property, and have not been +given by the Government, but have been acquired in the usual way by +purchase, and in the course of three centuries have naturally grown +large, confiscation of the estates would mean a great calamity to +the country, even if the Friars were allowed to go back quietly to +their parishes, and resume their spiritual ministrations among the +people. For it was by means of the estates that the Friars introduced +agriculture and settled habits of life among tribes originally nomadic; +it was by means of the estates that they got them to live in villages, +and introduced amongst them the arts of civilized life; it was by +means of the estates that they acquired the power of inducing them +to labor with a certain amount of regularity and method, the great +safeguard against a relapse into a state of savagery. Giraudier, +who was director of the "Diario" of Manila, and spent thirty years in +the Archipelago, says something very much to the point: "The natives, +with some rare exceptions, are in need of tutelage, without which they +would fall back to the customs of their ancestors, a tutelage that +no one can exercise better than the Friars." The latter, in truth, +made themselves all in all to the people. Within the precincts of the +monasteries were to be found workshops for teaching carpentry, forges +for teaching the natives the working of iron, brick and tileyards,--in +fact, most of the mechanical arts were fostered and encouraged by +the Friars. The villages they formed around them presented a pleasing +picture of happiness and content, in startling contrast to the homes +of those who were still pagan and uncivilized. + +A former British consul thus describes them: "Orderly children, +respected parents, women subject but not oppressed, men ruling but not +despotic, reverence with kindness, obedience with affection--these +form a lovable picture by no means rare in the villages of the +Eastern Isles." Will such a happy state of things exist under new +conditions? We are very much inclined to doubt it. The experiment tried +in some of the islands of the West Indies of making the blacks small +freeholders, and planting them on the bankrupt planters' estates, +has not been attended by such beneficial results to the land as +to justify our hoping that a similar experiment in the Philippines +will prove a success. The natives of the tropics in general are like +overgrown children, blessed with the virtues and cursed with the +faults of children, rejoicing in present abundance, and destitute +of that measure of forethought for the morrow, without which there +can be no human progress. What a contrast at the present day do +the civilized villages under the paternal care, and, if you will, +government, of Friars present to the wild nomadic life still led by +the natives of Mindanao, whom the Jesuit fathers are trying to bring +under civilizing influences. We find, from letters written lately by +some of the fathers there, that human sacrifice is still in vogue, +and murder, pillage, and slave-catching extremely common. We fear that +self-government, bringing in internal conflicts between the various +parts of the Archipelago, would gradually reduce most of it to this +deplorable state of things, and that the Philippine Republic would +be as great a travesty on civilization as Hayti. + + + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +THE SECTARIAN MISSIONARY MOVEMENT. + + +We cannot too strongly emphasize the great interest that the change +of government in the Philippines should have for the English-speaking +Catholic public, seeing that a Catholic population, as large, if not +larger, than the combined Catholic population of England, Ireland, +Scotland, and Wales, is about to be brought under the influence of the +English-speaking world, and in close touch with the Catholic Church in +America, and, perhaps, later on, with ourselves. It is not more than +a year ago that the Philippines were a terra incognita to us all, of +which we knew the name, but hardly more. For the last ten months they +have been brought under our notice almost daily by the newspapers, and +monthly in the pages of the magazines. In the meantime their control +has passed from Spain to America, and a conflict of opinion is going +on in the States as to the desirability or otherwise of undertaking +the responsibility of their future government. Under the old régime, +Church and State were united: a bearable condition when the State +was professedly Catholic, but absolutely unbearable when antagonistic +influences control the Government, hamper the Church in her freedom +of action, and degrade her into servitude while professing to be her +protector. In the new condition of things the Church will be placed +in the same position as it holds in America, free to flourish or +to die, depending entirely on its own resources, and neither helped +nor persecuted by the State. Its ministers, though not enjoying any +special privileges, will be protected in their persons and property +in common with all other citizens. Its religious orders will receive +the same recognition as secular corporations, and their corporate +property will be respected. So far so good; for it was to be feared +that the Spanish Government, who had been deterred only by political +motives from suppressing the Orders, yielding at last to the pressure +of the Freemasons, might have confiscated their property, and either +secularized their members or expelled them from the islands. Still we +cannot close our eyes to the fact that dangers from a different quarter +loom up which it much behooves Catholics to carefully consider. There +is a pressing necessity of being alive to those dangers, if worse +evils than ever are not to befall that large Catholic population of +the Far East. + +As might be expected, the Protestant missionary bodies have +inaugurated a movement for sending out missionaries of their own to +the Archipelago. The Rev. John R. Hykes was directed last September +by the American Bible Society to proceed from Shanghai to Manila, +and investigate concerning the Philippines "as a field for Bible +work." He submitted his report in a very short time, having made up +his mind on the religious needs of the people, the scandalous lives +of the Friars, and the superstition of their benighted parishioners +with incredible rapidity. His sensational report duly appeared in the +American papers as the "Startling Revelations made by the Rev. John +R. Hykes." Sure of a sympathetic audience, he laid on the colors +thickly. The report need not occupy much of our attention. Half of +it is made up of ordinary information about the country that any one +could get for himself out of a good encyclopædia, and the other half +is a rehash and repetition of the charges already dealt with by us +in previous chapters. One statement is, however, worth noticing, as +it clearly indicates the hopelessness of getting fair and unbiassed +treatment from the enemies of the Church. Mr. Hykes states that he was +shocked by the stories of immorality brought against the Friars. And, +to make an impression, he adds that the people who told him the +stories said they were prepared to give names, dates, and places +in confirmation of what they said. Now, as already noted, names, +dates, and places were the very things asked for by the Friars in +the Memorial to the Spanish Government, as far back as last April; +but their enemies, finding those details beyond their power, have +adopted the simpler process of repeating the calumnies to all who, +like Mr. Hykes, give them a ready and sympathetic hearing. Mr. Hykes, +who never went beyond Manila, presumes to judge, in a few days or +weeks, of the spiritual condition of six millions of Christians, and +more than a thousand priests, scattered over the whole Philippine +Archipelago. (See Appendix VI.) We are afraid that too many of the +type of Mr. Hykes will be found among the new missionaries of the +Philippines, coming in crowds, with their wives and children, to +spread, forsooth, the pure light of the Gospel, or rather to engage +in the more congenial task of vilifying the Catholic Church. + +In an American Protestant missionary review, there is an article on +the Philippines, by a former agent of the British and Foreign Bible +Society in that country. The article, needless to say, is full of +gross misrepresentations. It puts down the Christian population as +seven million Romanists; the writer denies the ordinary title of +Christian to Catholics. This emissary of the Bible Society writes: +"The question now asked on all sides is--Are the Philippines at +last to be opened to missionary effort? Personally, I feel that +a non-sectarian, but strictly evangelical, mission, aiming at +the Christianization of the whole territory, is what would succeed +best." We may gather from the whole tone of this Protestant missionary +review what a low type of Protestantism it represents, a type largely +made up of self-presumption, ignorance, and fanaticism. Throughout +the paper Catholics are not once designated Christian. It speaks of +the nineteenth century being the first century of Christian missions, +ignoring all the apostolic work of the Catholic Church. It says in +another place that there were no Christian Chinese at the beginning of +this century, ignoring the hundreds of thousands of Chinese who have +known and loved Jesus Christ since the days of St. Francis Xavier, +numbers of whom sealed their faith with their blood. It divides the +population of the country into pagans, Romanists, and Christians--the +latter, of course, being Protestants of one denomination or another. To +such absurd lengths does religious rancor bring it, and all connected +with it. Catholics give the title of Christian to all who are baptized +and profess belief in the Divinity of Jesus Christ. They would not +deny it even to the Rev. Mr. Hykes, bad as he is. But perhaps our +new missionary friends may be similar to those of whom Marshall +speaks in his "Christian Missions," who went out to evangelize the +South Sea Islands, and taught the people that baptism was merely a +ceremony not at all essential to salvation, thus showing their want +of belief in baptismal regeneration. At any rate, it will be news to +the Filipinos to hear for the first time from these enlightened men +that they are not Christians. + +That these Bible scatterers can and will do harm there is no +doubt. Already they have flooded Porto Rico with tracts and pamphlets, +crammed with the usual vile charges against the Catholic Church and +her ministers. But it is equally certain that they will never succeed +in making the Philippines a Protestant country. It is a matter of +notoriety that Protestant missions are not overwhelmingly successful +in any part of the world, and that the funds are kept up in most +instances by glowing and rosy-colored, if not altogether accurate, +reports, sent by the missionaries to their supporters at home. The +review which I have just quoted is forced to acknowledge that in +Brazil, after thirty-five years' work, there are only eight thousand +Protestants out of a population of sixteen millions. No less than +eight American Protestant Missionary Societies have been working there +together, well supplied with funds, as is always the case; and yet this +is the result. In fact, eight thousand may not be the result at all, +for the missionaries have, very often, peculiar methods in the science +of statistics. In Mexico, too, they have been at work for many years +unmolested by the authorities, and yet they have but wretched results +to show for themselves at the present day. They make no impression +either on the rich or the very poor; any successes they have being +amongst the impecunious middle classes, the children of whom they +teach gratuitously in their schools, and feed and clothe, and who +carry away with them from these schools, as the principal result of +the religious training they receive, a bitter hatred of the Church in +which they were born. Just as in Mexico, so the Protestant missionaries +are sure to make proselytes among the same classes in the Philippines, +from which classes we know that the promoters of the rebellion have +been mainly recruited; but the better classes and also the poorer, +whatever their shortcomings, have the old Faith and are intensely +devoted to the Catholic Church. These are no more likely than the +people of Mexico and Brazil to be led to accept the mutilated form +of Christianity which will be presented to them by Mr. Hykes and his +friends; unless, indeed, there is such a deplorable dearth of priests +that they will be left without instruction and guidance. + +There are grave problems ahead which will tax the wisdom of the +American Congress far more than the military occupation of the +country. John Foreman, who spent some years there, and claims to +be a Catholic, advocates (National Review, September, 1898) the +disendowment of the Church as a necessary financial measure which +would bring a certain amount of relief to the colonial treasury. With +the exception of £3,000 a year paid to the Archbishop of Manila, +and £1,500 to each of the three other bishops, it is difficult to +see how the endowment comes in except as a measure adopted by every +civilized State in dealing with its uncivilized subject races; +and unless the United States is prepared to abandon the rôle of +civilizer, she will be obliged to keep up the paltry endowment made +in the past by Spain for that purpose. The Church in the Philippines +is, on the whole, self-supporting. She is in the position that the +Church in France, Spain, and Portugal was before the Revolution, +which, when it appeared successively in each country was followed +by a seizure of ecclesiastical property. The salaries paid to the +clergy in those countries are given as a compensation for past +robberies. The writer has been at pains to get at the truth in this +matter and has put himself in communication with a Dominican Friar, +who lived for twenty-seven years in the Philippines, and now holds the +distinguished position of Rector of the Spanish-Dominican College, +in Rome. From him the writer has received the following information +regarding the landed estates of the Friars, and the salaries paid to +them by the Spanish Government. As far as he knows all these estates +were acquired by purchase, and were not given by the Government; +they hold the title-deeds of them in their possession. He is not +prepared to say whether on their first introduction to the country, +three centuries ago, the Government made them grants of land; but we +ourselves may infer from the early history of the Dominicans there, +that whatever they got was from the early Spanish colonists and +the converted natives as free gifts. He adds that in any case the +introduction of agriculture is due to their exertions. The Friars +who ministered to the spiritual wants of the people may be placed +in three categories. There were, first of all, the ordinary parish +priest, who lived among a settled Catholic population. He subsisted +on his benefice, which is not Government property, and was endowed +by no subsidy from the Government. Secondly, there was the missionary +parish priest, who lived in a parish where the majority are Catholics, +but which also contained a proportion of the heathen. He received +some salary from the Government, but much less than that given +to the missionaries pure and simple, who lived in the midst of an +entirely heathen population. These latter, whose business it was +to civilize as well as convert the people to Christianity, and to +teach them agriculture and the mechanical arts, were paid according +as the mission district was large or small. In the large districts +they received £200 annually, and £50 a year was paid to the native +priests who acted as their assistants and curates. In the smaller +districts the sum allowed was £100. The Jesuits, too, on their +return to the Philippines some forty years ago, whence they had been +banished in the middle of the last century, got an annual subsidy as +compensation for the lands they formerly possessed, which had been +confiscated by the Spanish Government of the day. Something also +was given towards the education of young Franciscan missionaries, +and they were allowed their passage out from Spain. The figures we +have quoted are modest enough, seen in the light of modern colonial +salaries and expenditure. A continuance of the very moderate subsidies +allowed to the missionary Friars by the Spanish Government would no +more mean a union between Church and State than did the "contract" +system which was sanctioned by Congress up to 1894, for dealing with +the education of the North American Indians. According to this system, +both Catholic and Protestant missionaries were paid by Government +according to the number of pupils who attended their schools, and +these schools, of course, were taught on strictly denominational +lines. That system had most beneficial results as long as it lasted, +and was acceptable to the Indians. Its abandonment in favor of the +public-school system has resulted in the crying injustice of compelling +Catholic Indian fathers and mothers to send their children to certain +schools to which they have a conscientious objection. [6] + +The school question is one of the gravest problems that the American +Government will be called upon to face when her troops have effectively +occupied the Philippines. One of the cries of the rebel leaders is for +the secularization of the schools, and this cry, emanating from infidel +and secret society sources, will assuredly be echoed by the Protestant +ministers. It was these latter who, seeing their ministrations rejected +by the Indians, raised the agitation against the "contract" system. + +It is a shame and a wonder to find professed ministers of +religion joining in a cry with the professed destroyers of +religion. Secularization of education is always the first cry among +those who oppose the Catholic religion. According to the showing of +Dr. Parsons, it was attempted and sometimes successfully carried out +in Colombia, Chili, and Ecuador, in which latter country the bishops +were banished because they protested against it. Yet in spite of +the anti-Christian spirit, exhibited in this and in many other ways, +Dr. Parsons makes it clear that the masonic lodges in Peru actually +receive aid out of the funds supplied to Christianize (according to +sectarian ideas) the natives by the Protestant American public. + +The notorious ex-Indian commissioner Morgan, now a Baptist prophet, +has already sounded a characteristically aggressive note on this point, +and is conjuring the Government to drive the Catholic religion out +of all the schools in Cuba, a movement already accomplished in the +eastern part of the island. Morgan says: "Here is a field opened for +the missionary spirit, such as the young people of our country have +never yet seen. To carry thither and plant the seeds of civilization, +and to do this in the joyful confidence that all official assistance +is assured to them, will doubtlessly fill with enthusiasm hundreds of +ambitious young teachers." We may wonder what Morgan means by "official +assistance" given for the spreading of Protestantism among a Catholic +people, when, according to theory, the American Constitution does not +support one form of religion over another. But theory is one thing and +practice is another; and though in theory Church and State are entirely +separate, the theory has not, in the past, hindered the United States +from giving substantial assistance to Protestantism. This is how the +case stands for America. Rightly or wrongly she has taken over an +enormous Catholic population in the East. If she is not able to make +any concession on the score of religion, or to stretch a point to meet +the wishes of the people and govern them according to their ideas, then +it is only consonant with reason and justice that her Constitution, +which never contemplated colonial empire, will have to be modified to +meet the exigencies of a situation unimagined by its original founders +and makers. But, in reality, is any modification of the Constitution +necessary in order that religious instruction may take place in the +schools of the Archipelago? In Ireland there is no State Church, +and yet the National School System is so arranged that religious +instruction can be given for half an hour every day of the week. The +system is in theory undenominational, but in practice denominational. + +An early solution of the difficulty might be some such procedure as +the following. Let the parish priests be managers of the schools, +and have a voice in the appointment of properly certified masters and +mistresses, and let a fixed time be devoted to religious instruction +every day. If the Protestants succeed in attracting converts, and are +able to gather a sufficient number of children in any place to form +a school, they can receive the same treatment as regards payment and +control of religious instruction. Thus religious dissension would +be reduced to the minimum. Secularization of education would tend +to drive every form of religion out of the people, for Protestantism +could not hope to make headway for a long time in the Philippines; as, +to say the least, it would take some years for the ministers to get a +sufficient knowledge of the various languages in use, and establish +themselves in face of the opposition they are sure to meet with. It +would also put all the Friars in opposition to the Government, while +fair treatment would make them its best friends, and urge them to +keep the people as loyal to the American Constitution as they kept +them to the Spanish Crown for three centuries. + +If, then, the Government, after due inquiry, find that the vast +majority of the people do not join in the cry for secularization, +but desire to have the Catholic religion taught in the schools +which their children attend, it would be nothing short of religious +persecution to introduce the public schools system of the States into +the Philippines. It is ever to be borne in mind that the new American +possession in the Far East is one in which the great bulk of the people +are practical Catholics who attend to all their religious duties. + +To counteract the baleful influence of the Protestant missionary +and Bible societies, it will be necessary for the Catholic Church in +America to be alive to the new and grave responsibilities thus thrown +upon her by the hand of Providence, and to send out English-speaking +priests at once to the Philippines, to make up for the great dearth of +priests caused by the excesses of the rebels. Before the rebellion they +numbered between one and two thousand, a small number in comparison +with the Catholic population. Fifty have been killed outright; +many others have died of the hardships undergone in captivity; while +several hundreds have left the country, apparently with no intention +of returning. Every year till last year, bands of enthusiastic young +missionaries used to go out from the colleges in Spain to fill up the +gaps in the ranks of the Friars, caused by sickness and death. That +perennial source of life and strength can no longer be relied upon +under the new conditions. The energies of the Spanish Friars will +most likely be expended in Spain itself, where the lack of priests +is still severely felt, and in developing their great and flourishing +missions in China, Japan, Tonquin, and Formosa. + +It is a matter of astonishment that the Church in the United +States has up to the present no organization for supplying foreign +mission. Perhaps the struggle to keep abreast in numbers with the +growing Catholic population has absorbed all her energies. But now, +for the first time in her history, she must cast her eyes beyond her +boundaries, and send speedy help to the millions of children who have +been given to her keeping, and whose voice may be heard from across +the wide ocean, calling to her for spiritual help and ministration. Let +her gaze steadily and thoughtfully on the vast harvest of souls given +unto her. She shall reap where others have sown and planted. Let her +gird herself to the work, and go forth and gather with joy the good +wheat that others--the poor Spanish missionaries--have sown in tears +and cultivated through much tribulation. + +A fact of interest in connection with the aspect of our subject +under consideration is the challenge sent to Archbishop Ireland +by an American Presbyterian of authority in his sect. He tells the +Archbishop in effect that if the Catholic Church in the United States +will undertake the missionary equipment of the Philippines, his sect +will gladly withdraw from the field, and devote their efforts to Africa +instead. Without attaching any more importance to this declaration +than it deserves, especially as it is founded on the false assumption +that one Gospel is preached by Catholic priests in Washington and +another in Manila, we may, nevertheless, infer from it that these men +believe they would have a much easier task in dealing with the Spanish +missionaries than with Catholic missionaries from the States. Without +saying anything in disparagement of the learning of a body of men +which has produced a Gonzalez, one of the greatest philosophers of +the century, we believe that American priests, being more in touch +with modern times and more open to modern ideas, could give them +valuable lessons in the conflict between the Church and the world, as +it is carried on in our own days. It is not by profound theological +arguments that we can deal with men who can neither understand nor +appreciate them. Priests are wanted for the Philippines who can make +their voices heard beyond its boundaries; who can mould public opinion +by means of the daily Press; who can keep in touch with the politics +and legislation of the United States; and can bring public opinion +there to bear on unjust and unfair treatment, if anything of the kind +is attempted against the Catholics of that unfortunate Archipelago. + + + + + + +POSTSCRIPT. + + +Since these chapters were prepared for the press there has come +to hand from the ex-missionary, referred to in the previous pages +more than once, additional and valuable information. [7] Though it +embraces various matters, we think it better to give it altogether, +as it possesses a peculiar authority and interest of its own, coming +as it does from a Friar who lived in the Philippines for twenty-seven +years, and who knew the country well in its normal and peaceful state, +long before the Freemasons had wrought havoc in the relations between +the priests and the people. + +1. Those who were principally engaged in writing against the Friars +for the past few years, and injuring their prestige at home, were +the civil functionaries and military officers, who for the most +part lived at Manila and knew next to nothing about them and their +doings. These men were biased by anti-religious ideas implanted in them +by an irreligious education. It is easy to estimate the effect of an +enormous correspondence of this kind, leaving Manila every fortnight, +and passing into the hands of politicians in the mother-country, +especially as there was nothing to counteract its influence on the +part of the Friars, who did their work quietly and earnestly, and +had very little correspondence with Spain at all. + +2. The parish priests were ex-officio inspectors of the primary +schools, but, having no voice in the appointment of masters and +mistresses, and finding unsuitable persons thrust on them, were forced +in many cases to retire from the schools in disgust, and limit their +connection with them as much as possible. + +3. The parish priests were also ex-officio presidents of certain +municipal committees, and were supposed to help in the appointment +of justices of the peace and petty governors, by sending in reports +of the qualifications or otherwise of the nominees. The system worked +well for a long time. But, latterly, owing to the new spirit in Manila, +where the persons in office seemed leagued against the Friars, these +privileged communications invariably leaked out; and if the parish +priest, as in duty bound, laid bare defects and deficiencies the first +to hear of it would be the person of whom they were told. This was +naturally a constant source of irritation and loss of prestige. The +officials seemed to take a delight in lowering the parish priest +in the eyes of the better class of natives. If the parish priest +ventured to advise the governors as to what was best to be done +in the interests of the communes, especially with regard to the +secret societies, the governors would laugh, call him a visionary--an +innocent man. No wonder, then, that the parish priests gradually began +to retire within themselves, and leave growing evils unchecked, when +they saw all their endeavor balked by the powerful opposition of the +civil and military governors. This untoward state of things left the +rebels free to mature and carry out their plans. + +4. Here is an instance of how badly this state of things reacted +on the country. The introduction of the new Penal Code was a great +blunder of the Government. It was unnecessary; the natives were all +opposed to it, and the strength and extent of that opposition was +well known to the Friars who lived in the midst of the people. Under +normal conditions they would have advised the repeal of the Code, and +their advice would have been taken. But they were forced to remain +silent while the Government in its folly was putting the obnoxious +Code in force. If they had warned the Government, instead of getting +the respectful hearing to which they were entitled, by their long +experience and their intimate knowledge of the people, they would +simply have been dubbed reactionists. + +5. How foolish it was of the Government to alienate the most loyal +Spaniards in the whole Archipelago, the most distinctively Spanish +element,--the Friars. They were almost ultra-loyal, and did their best +to inspire feelings of loyalty in the breasts of the natives. They were +powerful bodies with a strong bond of cohesion, having large interests +in the country. They had glorious traditions to look back upon and +keep them up to the ideal they had formed of their mission martyrs, a +history to remember with pride; and all around them a Christian people, +the fruit of their apostolic toil and that of their predecessors. The +officials, on the other hand, were mere birds of passage, who took no +real interest in the country. It was a case of every one for himself; +every official keeping his eye on Spain with a view to an early +return, while he went through his appointed work. It is remarkable +too that in the Philippines there is no class of old rich Spanish +families such as are to be found in other colonies; the families +are all of yesterday--the riches in the hands of Chinese merchants, +and the foreign trade in the hands of the English and Germans. + +6. It used to be said that the Friars wished to have a hand in +everything. The three important departments of justice, finance, and +military affairs were outside their province altogether, and these as +purely secular matters they never touched. The complaint arose from +their being ever ready to preach against sedition and disloyalty, +and to use their moral influence publicly and privately for that +purpose. But the Friars for the sake of the people did take part +in other than purely spiritual concerns, and the activity of mind +it engendered was personally a great help and relief to them. The +general rule is that young priests, coming over for the first time, +suffer a great deal from that ennui to which all classes of Europeans +are subject to in the Archipelago. Gradually the sense of the sublime +duties to which they have vowed themselves, and the example of the +older brethren work a wonderful change in them for the better. They +then begin to throw themselves with ardor into their work, and +identifying themselves with the people among whom their ministrations +lie, take a great interest even in their temporal affairs, and are +glad to help them over their difficulties, especially those arising +between them and the governors. Any friction between the governors +and the Friars has generally arisen from the latter being prompt to +defend the rights of the natives. + +7. It is untrue to say that the Friars did not wish to spread the +Spanish language. What they were opposed to was the folly of trying +to teach the Christian doctrine and some other elementary knowledge +in a language not understood by the people. In this matter they gave +their candid opinion to the Government that it was impossible to teach +Spanish in out-of-the-way rural schools. But in towns they taught in +Spanish, and taught the Spanish language and literature. They used +to induce parents to send their children to Manila for the purpose +of learning Spanish. + +8. Regarding their opposition to the rebellion from the pulpit, +in private conversation, and by means of the press, they fought the +secret societies, its principal cause, and the propagation of evil +and irreligious literature. They pointed out these evils on several +occasions since 1887 to the governors, and were told in reply that +these societies were of no importance, that they had nothing to do +with the rebellion, and, in fact, that the preparations of the rebels +were of no serious consequence. General Weyler was the only governor +who gave them a hearing. With that solitary exception the official +element remained incredulous. The secret society of the "Katipunan," +the compact of blood, and the enrolment of levies, were all discovered +by the Prior of Guadalupe, who sent a report of it to General Blanco +three months before the rising took place. Padre Mariane Gol exposed +the intentions of the lodges a long time before Aug. 19, 1898, and +also gave notice of concealed deposits of arms, and a detailed account +of what took place at Manila on the arrival of the Japanese ship Konga. + + + + + + +APPENDIX I. + +A SHORT ACCOUNT OF MISSIONS IN CHINA, CONDUCTED BY THE DOMINICAN +FRIARS OF THE PHILIPPINES. [8] + + +Missionaries supplied by the religions Orders in the Philippines +to the large fields of labor in China and Japan are not confined +to the Dominicans, but as we have not details at hand regarding the +other Orders, we present to our readers part of the work done by the +Dominicans, which will serve as a specimen of the rest. + +The Dominicans have charge since 1631 of the Vicariate Apostolic +of Fo-Kien, which at present contains 20,000,000 inhabitants. The +Most Rev. Dr. Salvator Masot, O.P., is the present Vicar-apostolic, +and working under him are eighteen Spanish Dominicans, one native +Dominican, and twelve secular native priests. The vicariate is divided +into twenty-two districts, each under the care of a priest, and the +Christian population numbers 35,000. The districts are subdivided +into what are called Christianities, or places of meeting where +prayer is said, and the Christian doctrine taught. About fifty of +them are provided with an oratory or chapel where Mass is said, +and the sacraments administered; and they have also attached to them +thirty schools for boys and eight for girls. There is also under the +care of the Dominicans a seminary for the education of young native +students who show a vocation for the priesthood. + +In 1883 part of the vicariate was cut off and formed into the Vicariate +Apostolic of Amoy, which also was made to embrace the Island of +Formosa. The most Rev. Dr. Ignatius Ibanez is Vicar-apostolic, and +under his direction are working fourteen Spanish Dominicans, one +native Dominican. The vicariate is divided into fourteen districts, +half of which are in Formosa. They have forty chapels or oratories, +twenty schools for boys and girls, and a seminary in the town of +Ta-Kow in Formosa. + +A few words about the Sisters of the Third Order of St. Dominic, +who are engaged on the work of the Holy Infancy in both vicariates, +will be interesting. There are fifteen European sisters in all, +besides eight native women. They have five orphanages in which +are housed 200 female orphans abandoned by their unnatural parents +in infancy, and kept by the Sisters till they can marry them into +Christian families. Besides these they have rescued since 1891, 800 +others whom they place under the care of Christian nurses, and look +after till they can settle them in life. + +The only fact we can give of the Vicariate of Central Tonquin, also +under the care of the Philippine Dominicans, is that in 1890 alone +2,100 natives were converted and baptized. + + + + + + +APPENDIX II. + +EXTRACTS RELATING TO THE FRIARS, FROM THE OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE OF +GENERALS WEYLER AND MORIONES. + + +GENERAL WEYLER. + +"The mission of the Religious Orders is not over, as is pretended by +some who, having fallen foul of them, seek to abolish them altogether, +or at least to restrict and limit their influence. It is this spirit +of jealousy that has dictated many of the so-called reforms, which +we have seen enforced of late years. + +"But these people seem to forget that we have established our authority +in Luzon and the Visayas by the exercise of moral influence alone, +backed up by the parish priest, for as none has such intimate and +friendly relations with the people as the priest, so no one knows +better than he what the people think, nor is any one better able +to give them wise advice, to restrain them, and influence them for +good. He alone can make Spaniards of them. By his office and position +he is best fitted to make things easy for our minor officials in +their different charges and districts. + +"Remove the control of Religion, and what do you do? You remove the +Spanish element, forgetful of the fact that we have to depend on +a native army whose dialect we do not understand, and who, in turn, +understand not ours; that we have amongst us but a very limited number +of Spanish soldiers--this is really how we are situated. I firmly +believe that the day that witnesses the abolition of the Religious +Orders, or even the serious restriction of their influence, will +also witness the loss of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Even were we to fill +the ranks of the army entirely with Spanish recruits, we should not +improve matters, for then there would be an immense increase to the +expenditure, whereas at present the Orders cost us next to nothing. All +the religious live in common after the manner of a corporation; +so that whatever the priest receives, goes to the support of all, +and to maintain their colleges and seminaries in Spain. Far, then, +from being an inconvenience in the Philippines, religious zeal is our +surest support, and should be by every means promoted and encouraged. + +"The natives are naturally simple and credulous, and of little +discernment; and so are prone to superstition and idolatry, and can +be easily imposed upon by any quick-witted impostor who is able to +relate strange and wonderful stories. To prevent them being drawn away, +the light of the true religion is absolutely necessary. + +"In Luzon and the Visayas the Government should make religion a +support on which to lean, and should regard the existence of the +Religious Orders as a most effective means of spreading and diffusing +civilization, and of consolidating vast multitudes of men of different +and widely separated races. It is only by gaining the good-will of +these masses we can hope to rule them and draw them to ourselves. In +the establishing of new outposts and ranches, we must count on the +influence of the missionary. It is with this end in view that I have +established certain missions, which will, I hope, in a few years give +the most satisfactory results. I hope that they will be even the +indirect means of increasing the revenues and income of the State, +although the new Christians are to be free of all taxes for the next +ten years. In a word, I know of no better means of civilizing the +natives than the missionary post. + +"It is clear that as society progresses in civilization and +enlightenment, the less we are dependent on the influence of the +priest; for as civilization advances organization becomes more +perfect. What I deduce from this is that the reforms necessary in +these islands should be carried out in logical succession, and in +proportion to the state of civilization in each province. + +"To aid us in accomplishing this good work, it is necessary that we +should multiply the means for the diffusion of learning, for teaching +the Spanish language, encourage and stimulate labor and industry, +banish as far as possible card-playing and gambling, and extinguish +certain instincts and customs peculiar to half-civilized men. + +"These are my aims, and to their realization I have devoted myself +with earnestness, taking for my programme--if I might so express +it--the advancement and strengthening of the civil authority, the +spreading of civilization and learning, so that the country may enjoy +at no distant date the blessings that have come to other countries +through the same means. + +"But this, in my opinion, can only be achieved through the Religious +Orders. For let the Government bear in mind that those who deny this +are filibusters, who desire the absolute independence of the country, +and who knew well that their greatest obstacle is to be found in +those holy men who have the charge of souls in the Philippines." + + + +GENERAL MORIONES. + +"Though I desire to enforce the laws with strictness, yet I am at the +same time most anxious to safeguard the moral and material interests +of the people over whom I rule. It has ever been my constant study +to maintain on the one hand all the royal prerogatives in their +entire amplitude and vigor; and on the other to make every concession +consistent with these prerogatives, which justice and reason demand, +and thus preserve the close relations which should exist between +the religious and political powers. I regard this relation and +harmony between these two powers as the very foundation of social +order--in this country particularly, where religion and patriotism +are interwoven in all its past history, and pre-existing institutions, +and where they must bring about its future peace and prosperity. + +"My efforts in this direction have, I rejoice to say, been greatly +strengthened by the loyal and unconditional assistance given to my +authority by all the Religious Orders of the country. These bodies, +to the glory of Spain be it recorded, are composed of excellent +and truly devoted men; men who without one hope of earthly reward, +without a hope of ever again treading their native land, sacrifice +with generous enthusiasm their lives, social surroundings, personal +friendships, nay, even, in some places, their daily bread, to spread +the light of the Gospel, and promote the interests of Spain. + +"They spend themselves in their efforts to instil the love of faith +and fatherland into the simple minds of the innocent inhabitants of +these distant lands, and thus lay the best and surest foundations of +a true civilization. + +"Aided in this manner it has been comparatively easy for me to effect +many of the necessary reforms in different parts of this Province; +to establish useful institutions, and to aid the Supreme Government +by founding many benevolent societies, such as the Monte de Pietâ +and the Savings Bank, which I hope will put an end to the extortions +of greedy speculators. Many villages have submitted to us in the +provinces of North Luzon without our having had to employ force to +any extent worth speaking of. This happy result has been brought about +almost entirely by the good offices of the Religious Orders,--I mean +by their preaching, their advice, the holy example of their lives, +their tact, self-denial, and sacrifices. + +"They are men who deserve our highest esteem, and our lasting +gratitude."... + + + + + + +APPENDIX III. + +THE WORK OF FREEMASONRY IN SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA. + + +A writer in the San Francisco Monitor has made a very intelligible and +instructive abstract of an article recently written by Rev. Reuben +Parsons, D.D., on "Freemasonry in Latin America." This is a subject +upon which there is much popular misapprehension, and Dr. Parsons +throws a strong light upon it. His language is, all in all, moderate; +and his tone, temperate. He makes no vicious attack upon the Order, +and all his assertions are substantiated by quotations from Masonic +organs or unprejudiced sources. He exposes the systematic attacks +which the lodges have made upon religion; the persecutions to which +they have subjected not only the bishops but the laity; the war they +have waged against religious education. And he proves all his charges +from the mouths of the Masons themselves. + +Freemasonry in the United States and Freemasonry in Catholic countries +are two distinct institutions. Freemasonry among us is a benevolent +society with a creed and a ritual. It does not exhibit any symptoms +of bigotry. But in France, Spain, and Italy a main purpose seems +to be opposition to the Church. In France the Masonic clique which +runs the government has kept the Church in bondage; in Italy Masonry +was most active in the movement which overthrew the temporal power +of the Pope. In Latin America, as Dr. Parsons shows, it has started +revolutions, assassinated the leaders of the people, exiled the clergy, +and persecuted the Church. Fortunately, however, its domination has +been short-lived in most of the South American republics, owing to +the universal disgust which its violent measures excited. Brazil +was the scene of the most important fight that Freemasonry waged +against the Church in South America. For many years the society +had been establishing itself in that country, but it was only +during the reign of Don Pedro II. (1831-1889) that an open rupture +occurred. There were two Grand Lodges in Brazil--one monarchial and +the other revolutionary. In 1872 the president of the former had +some measures passed in Parliament which were highly pleasing to +his followers. A banquet was tendered to him, and a feature of the +affair was an address by a priest. The priest was suspended by his +bishop, and, at once, the Masons were on the warpath. Both lodges sank +their differences, and united in their opposition to what they were +pleased to call an infringement of their liberty. Their first act of +defiance was the announcement of a Mass to be celebrated for one of +their brethren who had died in rebellion against the Church. Next day +they turned their attention to the provinces and attempted to have a +Mass of thanksgiving celebrated in commemoration of the foundation +of the lodge at Olinda. The bishop immediately warned his priests +against this defiance of spiritual authority. The Masons retorted +by charging that some priests were members of that sect, and that +the parish confraternities were honeycombed with masonry. It was +found that some of the confraternities attached to the churches were +controlled by the Masons. The bishop forbade the infected societies +to hold services in their chapels. Those thus censured, disregarded +the prohibition, and even went so far in their defiance as to appear +in church in full regalia. When holy communion was refused them "in +their Masonic capacity," they boldly took possession of the keys of +the tabernacle. The priests were thus forced to go to the president +of the local Masonic confraternity whenever they were called upon +to administer the holy viaticum to the dying, and ask from him the +necessary keys. + +Of course such a condition could not long continue. The Masons appealed +to the minister of ecclesiastical affairs, who was himself in high +standing in the Order. He decided that the bishops should withdraw +their interdict against the confraternities. Just at this time, the +bishop of Olinda received a papal brief approving of his action. The +brief was published by the prelate, who was thereupon arrested and +charged with the terrible crime of promulgating an ecclesiastical +mandate without permission of the Emperor. In every country where +the Church is free, the ecclesiastical authorities enjoy the right +of ruling and directing their flock in spiritual matters. It would +seem, according to the Masonic idea and the weak-minded Don Pedro, +that the bishop should not take any action without consulting the +temporal rulers. + +The intrepid prelate was sentenced to four years in the +penitentiary. When his case was disposed of, the bishop of Para was +arrested and received the same sentence, besides being subjected to +insults worse than the penitentiary could offer. One of the condemned +confraternities celebrated its feast in 1877 with a grand procession, +the most prominent feature of which was a series of indecent +pictures. The bishop of the diocese where the outrage occurred felt +it his duty to speak out against the sacrilegious act. He prohibited +the shameless society from using its chapel, but after two years of +legal proceedings the case was decided against him. On the night of the +decision, the Masons celebrated their victory by hooting the prelate +and illuminating their headquarters. These excesses disgusted the +Catholics of Brazil, and popular indignation forced the Masons to be +more prudent and to confine themselves to secret intrigues. As outlined +in the address of their Grand Master, their policy should be to obtain +control of the schools, to introduce a bill which would make marriage +merely a civil contract, and to secularize the cemeteries. In 1880, +however, the sect met with reverses, and the new government was not +under Masonic influences. Many of the deluded members abjured their +errors, and the Church in Brazil has enjoyed comparative freedom +since that time. + +Freemasonry makes loud boasts of enlightenment and independence, +but it hounded to death the most enlightened and liberty-loving +patriot that South America has ever produced--Simon Bolivar, the +Liberator. He studied law in Madrid, and on his return home joined +the patriots who revolted against Spain. He freed Venezuela from +Spanish rule, and was elected first President of the Republic of +Colombia. But while he was fighting for the freedom of Peru, the +Masonic clique was plotting against religious freedom in Colombia. In +1821 the Colombian Congress, which was controlled by the Masons, +passed many laws directed against the Church. The Catholic religion +was disestablished, right of censorship over books was vested in the +Government alone, the right of nominating bishops, which had been +exercised by the defunct Spanish power, was claimed, and a new plan +of studies was imposed on the ecclesiastical seminaries. Some of these +regulations may appear innocent, but the way in which they were carried +out evidenced the animus of their authors. The first books passed and +approved for publication by the government censor were the works of +Voltaire and other French atheists, and many immoral pamphlets. One +of the text-books prescribed for the universities was an atheistic +work by the English materialist Bentham. When an eminent professor +protested against this, he was thrown into prison. Such violation +of religious liberty could not occur in the United States. And yet +these enlightened and tolerant Masons inflicted them on a Catholic +nation. Other outrages on liberty followed. Crime stalked abroad +in the new republic; unoffending citizens were cast into prison or +beheaded on the trumped-up charge of treason. The people soon tired +of the new tyranny and clamored for Bolivar to return and liberate +them once again. + +Bolivar returned and restored order and peace to the distracted +country. He was hated by the lodges, and his death was decreed. On +Sept. 25, 1828, a band of assassins entered his house, but fortunately +Bolivar escaped by a secret passage. That the crime had been plotted by +the Masons is evident from the decree which the President issued soon +afterwards: "Considering that secret societies have the planning of +political revolutions for their principal object, and that their +baneful character is sufficiently manifested by the mystery with +which they surround themselves, I order the suppression of all +such societies, and the closing of their lodges." He re-established +religious education in the schools and universities, believing that +nothing but religion could counteract the disorders and crimes which +disgraced his beloved country. His enemies triumphed at the elections +of 1830, and Bolivar decided to resign office. His final address to +Congress is memorable. "And now," he wrote, "let my last official act +be to recommend Congress to protect continually our holy religion, the +fruitful source of the blessing of Heaven; and to entreat Congress to +restore its sacred and unprescriptible rights to public instruction, +which has been made a cancer for Colombia. Fellow-citizens, I must +say, with the blush of shame on my brow, that while we have won +our independence, it has been won at the expense of every other +blessing. For twenty years I have served you as soldier and as +magistrate. During that long period we have freed our country, +procured liberty for three republics, repressed many civil wars, +and four times I have resigned to the people the supreme power which +they confided to me. To-day I fear that I may be an obstacle to your +happiness, and therefore I resign for the last time the magistracy +with which you have honored me. The most unworthy suspicions have been +expressed in my regard, and I have been unable to defend myself. A +crown has been offered to me frequently by men who are now ambitious +of supreme power, but I always refused that crown with the indignation +of a sincere republican." + +The republic which he established was dismembered; his dearest friend +was assassinated, and his own picture was burned in effigy. He was +besought to return and once more guide the destinies of the country, +but he replied: "I cannot assume an authority with which another is +invested." He died in his forty-eighth year, of a broken heart. Such +was the treatment which the Washington of South America received +from Freemasons. + +Contrasting the lives of two presidents of Ecuador--Moreno, the +martyr, and Alfaro--in a previous article, we touched on the crimes +of Freemasonry in that country. After the assassination of Moreno, +the lodges decided not to inaugurate a very radical policy. They +were afraid of a popular outburst. But in 1877 a drunken soldier, +named Vintimilla, was proclaimed dictator, and then the cloven hoof +appeared. The usual decree for the secularization of education was +promulgated and the Catholic bishops protested. The bishops were +banished for their action, and the Archbishop of Quito, Monsignor +Chica, died under very suspicious circumstances. A post-mortem +examination revealed twelve grains of strychnine in his stomach, +but his poisoners were never brought to justice. This was followed +by a decree ordering all the pastors to celebrate requiem masses +for the souls "of all the martyrs of holy Liberalism who had fallen +since March, 1869." That was the date of an insurrection against +the saintly Moreno. The priests refused to celebrate Mass for these +revolutionists, and the people sided with them. The drunken dictator +was defeated. Soon afterwards he was driven from office and Ecuador +was comparatively peaceful until Alfaro, a cruel and ignorant soldier, +seized the Government. His term has been marked by the murder and +exile of priests and bishops. + +In Chili, the most Catholic of all South American countries, English +and German Masons made many futile attempts to secularize all the +institutions, and to degrade marriage into a merely civil contract. The +Monde Maconnique published the programme which had been prepared by +the "Grand Lodge of Chili"; and another organ of the lodges informs us +that "in Chili it is really the English and German lodges that do the +work." It is gratifying to learn that all their plots came to naught, +and that Chili remains a Catholic and contented country. + +In Peru the lodges are supported in a manner from the "missionary +funds," which Protestants of this country contribute for the spread +of the Gospel among these "benighted Papists." The preachers who +are sent out to Catholic countries are too often ignorant bigots. A +common mode of procedure on their part is to attack and calumniate +Catholics, and they are ready to join with Masonry, or any other +anti-Catholic society, in their fight against the Church. So far, +however, they have failed to stir up an anti-Catholic movement in Peru. + +Little need be added about Mexico, where the people are, for the +most part, devoutly Catholic, while the politicians are Masonic. As a +consequence the Church has been despoiled of her property and visited +with persecution. The trouble with the people of these countries is +that they allow themselves to be ruled by politicians. The same may +be said of the United States, with a difference, however: there, +politicians are allowed to misappropriate funds and to plunder +tax-payers; in Mexico and South America the Catholics, somehow or +other, permit themselves to be persecuted by the Masonic politicians. + + + + + + +APPENDIX IV. + +INTERVIEW WITH AUGUSTINIAN FRIARS. + +(From the Catholic Standard and Times, Philadelphia, Penn.) + + +Ten Spanish priests, driven from the mission of the Philippines by +the insurrectionary movement, arrived in San Francisco on the 5th +of January by the Pacific Mail steamer Doric. They only remained +a few days in California, as their destination was New Granada, to +which they sailed the following week. A call on them while stopping +at the Occidental Hotel obtained much interesting information +about the disposition of the natives towards the clergy in the +Philippine group. All ten had been employed as parish priests in +country districts, where the population is almost wholly of native +stock, without the admixture of Chinese blood which is prevalent +in Manila. Two came from Luzon, where the Tagals are predominant; +two more from Zebu, and six from Panay. In these last islands the +population is of the Visaya race. Familiarity with the native language +is required from every missionary before he is sent out of the seminary +in Manila after his arrival in the Archipelago. + +During their passage the exiled priests, by direction of their +superiors, all wore the ordinary secular dress, and looked like a +delegation of intelligent business men from some country district +in the United States. In manner they were courteous and very +intelligent; but they were somewhat shy of talking much in a strange +land. After some time this shyness wore off, and cordial relations +were established between the exiles and your correspondent. None of +the former spoke English, though the president, Father Diaz, read +it readily, and translated offhand articles in the San Francisco +papers to his brethren. They were not familiar with the system of +interviewing as practised in California, and asked that any questions +to which their answers were desired should be put to them in Spanish +and in writing. Later they conversed freely on subjects connected +with their missions, though they declined to express themselves on +political questions. They evidently regarded Aguinaldo as not a very +remarkable personage, and the calmness with which they spoke of their +own experiences was very remarkable. + +The statement that the Friars possessed large estates in the country +was declared by them to be a pure lie. The individual members possess +nothing, and the only property held by the Orders is attached to +hospitals or colleges. The missionaries are all Europeans, though +there are many natives among the secular clergy. The Augustinians, +Franciscans, Dominicans, and Capuchins have the right of presentation +to certain parishes which were founded among the barbarous natives in +older times. Each Order has a seminary in Europe specially devoted +to training such of its members as have suitable vocations for the +Philippine mission. After completing their studies, and receiving +holy orders, the young priests are sent to the seminaries in the +Philippines to perfect themselves in the native languages, and get +familiar with the habits of the country. There are three principal +languages spoken in the group,--Tagal, Visaya, and Pampanginano. No +priest is sent on mission work until he is thoroughly acquainted +with whichever of these he is destined to use in his ministry. These +Philippine languages have, it must be remembered, books and literature, +and are not mere dialects suitable to all. In answer to a question +whether as missionaries they could accumulate private funds, Father +Alvarez emphatically said no. "We are Friars and have taken a solemn +vow of poverty," he stated, "and it a simple falsehood to assert, as +some have done, that any Philippine Friar possesses a rood of land or +a peso that he can call his own, except temporarily and by permission +of his superiors." A couple of other questions brought out a clearly +worded account of the relations of the Friars in the Philippines to +Church and State. Some of the facts will be new to American readers. + +The Catholic Church in the Archipelago is organized on the same +basis as in other parts of the world, but the number of clergy is +much less in proportion to the population than in any other Catholic +country. There is one archbishop and four bishops for a population +of over seven millions. The dioceses are divided into parishes, as +in Spain or America, and the priests of each parish are subject to +the bishop's authority in the same manner. The only peculiarity, in +a church point, is that more than three-quarters of the parishes are +served by members of the different Religious Orders--Augustinians, +Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits. Each Order has the right of +presenting the names of suitable priests for the districts in its +charge to the bishop, who appoints them, if satisfactory to his own +judgment, after which the Augustinian or Franciscan occupies the +ordinary position of a parish priest--subject, however, to removal by +his own superior. In practice this is rare, and the relations between +the bishops and the Orders have been uniformly satisfactory. + +The whole number of Augustinians in the islands in 1896 was three +hundred and twenty-seven, and the Catholic population which this number +supplied was two millions three hundred thousand, or about one priest +to every seven thousand Catholics. It certainly is not a great number, +and does not justify the common ideas of hordes of idle Friars. In +districts of over ten thousand two or more Friars are stationed, but +the great majority have only one, with a native assistant priest or +deacon in some cases. The church property is simply the church and +priest's house, with a garden attached. The revenue is an allowance +from the government, which varies from five hundred to eight hundred +silver dollars a year, or somewhat less than ten cents a head for the +population at large. That the three hundred Friars can lead idle lives +is hardly compatible with the number of baptisms and marriages recorded +within a year. There were a hundred and fifteen thousand baptisms, +sixteen thousand marriages, and fifty-one thousand interments as the +work of 1896 for the three hundred Friars. + +Of the condition of the people in the islands Father Alvarez thought +it compared fairly well with the rural population of his native Spain +or other European countries. The bulk of the natives own and cultivate +their own lands. There are schools for boys and girls in every parish, +and the great majority can read and write. Of the religious spirit of +the country people and their respect for the missionaries he spoke +very favorably. The movement which drove them out was political, +not religious. Father Alvarez attributed the chief share in it to the +mestizos of Chinese and Philippine origin, who form the greater part +of the population of Manila and the larger towns. Like the Tagals +and the Visayas, these mestizos are Christians, but they possess the +fondness for secret societies of their Chinese fathers. A certain +number of the younger natives who have engaged in office seeking or +business joined in the movement, to which the bulk of the country +population is wholly indifferent. + +The occupation of Cavite by Dewey and the destruction of the Spanish +fleet was followed by the withdrawal of the Spanish soldiers from +the remoter islands, where they had been almost the only police +force. Popular disturbances followed in many places, and Aguinaldo +at Cavite, through the mestizo agents, quickly put himself in touch +with the local agitators. The latter had no definite purpose except +to secure personal advancement in the change of government, and when +Aguinaldo declared Spaniards the enemies of the Philippines, attacks +were made on the isolated Spanish priests. Several were imprisoned, +some were released by their parishioners, and others remained in the +hands of the new insurgent soldiery. The heads of the Order directed +a temporary retirement, and most of the priests did so, but returned +again after some time. With the progress of Aguinaldo's party more +violent measures were adopted towards the Spanish priests. The jails +were opened and criminals had free scope through the islands. In many +places liquor was freely distributed by the leaders of the insurgents, +and massacres and robberies were committed with impunity. In Illocos, +in Luzon, the bishop and all the students of the seminary and all the +Spanish priests were arrested and treated with savage brutality. More +than fifty priests were murdered in different places, and over four +hundred thrown into prison and subjected to all the brutalities that +the fierce Malay spirit could suggest. The heads of the Orders in +Manila finally gave the word, and the missionaries who were able to +escape made their way to the different places which were protected by +Spanish garrisons, or to Manila itself. In Manila, after its capture, +it was impossible for the Orders to maintain long the number of +fugitive priests thus driven from their homes. Their funds are limited, +and, on consultation with the generals in Rome, it was decided to find +employment for the exiles in other lands as far as possible. In South +America such employment has been offered to a number of Augustinians. + + + + + + +APPENDIX V. + +LETTER FROM A FRIAR IN THE POWER OF THE REBELS TO ANOTHER FRIAR, +OF THE SAME ORDER, RESIDING IN MANILA. + + + +Dear and Reverend Father,-- + +The wife of the master of N. has come to visit us in your name, +and to offer us money. God will reward your good works and your +kindness to us. We are not accepting the help you offer us because +we have no need of it for the present. Just now we can say we are +rich in comparison with what we were some time ago. For the last +two months we have not been treated with that ferocity which was +displayed against us previously by the rebel chief holding the rank +of Lieut.-Colonel, and the guard in whose custody we were placed: +He treated us in the beginning with extreme rigor, due to his satanic +hatred against religion, and his insatiable greed. He ordered us to be +scourged on four occasions, took all our money, and, finally all we +possessed. He took our clothes, hats, and shoes, and left us nothing +but miserable rags for clothing. But the charity of the people, in +spite of the guards, who had the most severe orders to prevent them, +supplied us with all we had need of. + +The hatred that the rebel chief has shown towards us has passed all +limits. He made us suffer for a long time most terrible humiliations +and vexations. He and his soldiers injured us in various ways and +tortured us. The attitude of the rebel chief clearly showed us that +he was a furious agent of the Freemasons. By his orders the father +Vicar of N. was tied to a tree and fiercely beaten. In addition to +this bad treatment, we were sent every day on the public roads and +forced to work till night-time. We just got what repose was strictly +necessary, and at noon a small repast--all that under a fierce sun. I +was exempted from the work on account of my sickness, and yet I had +a desire to share in the labors and sufferings of my brethren. + +The people compassionated us and relieved us as much as +possible. They brought us tea, coffee, cigars, etc., and all that +without the knowledge of the guards, from fear of the rebel chief, +who threatened terrible punishment to all who would dare to give aid +to the prisoners. The people of N., as soon as they learnt that I was +a prisoner, began to come to see me, in spite of the long distance +that separated them from me, and brought me clothes and money with +which I was able to provide for my necessities for the time being. + +When the rebel chief bearing the title of Lieut.-Colonel heard this +news he got into a great rage, threatened my parishioners that he +would have them arrested and brought before a judge. In consequence of +this they were obliged to fly, but still before their departure they +found means of giving me a little more help. The rebel chief does +not reside near us, but comes from time to time, causing terror to +everybody. Happily, his visits are rarer now, and, thanks to God, we +enjoy a certain tranquillity. It is said that he has been reprimanded +for the bad treatment he has inflicted on us. Who knows? + +However that may be, he comes but rarely, and leaves us in +peace. Taking advantage of this, an inhabitant of the locality in +which we are has obtained from a chief of a higher grade a remission +of the hard labor. + +We know from a good source that all communication with the imprisoned +Friars has been forbidden under the most severe penalties. The faithful +are permitted neither to salute us nor to visit us. On Sundays we ask +permission to go to Mass, and when that is granted us we have to go +escorted by bayonets, and are not permitted to say Mass ourselves. + +The Governor of the locality is polite enough with us, but does +not obtain any favor for us. Fathers N. and N. have written several +times to him, begging him to get our position bettered as far as he +is able. A great number of rebel chiefs have come to see us, and all +seem possessed by a satanic hatred for us, and instead of pitying us +rejoice to see us in a state of misery. + +They boast of having taken part in the massacres of the insurrection, +and say to us: "Fathers So-and-So have escaped us, but if we catch +them we will make them pay for their conduct. It has been decreed +to exterminate you all; however, we will allow you to live." The +insurgents demand freedom of worship, of teaching, of association, +civil marriage, etc. These theories are proclaimed in public, and +civil marriages have already taken place. They are celebrated in +presence of the Mayor, according to the new decree, and the fee is +five francs. The Blessed Virgin, who delivered us from death, will +deliver us also from this perilous situation, and by that will put +a seal on the favors she has already bestowed on us. + +Kindest remembrances to all the brethren. + + + + + + +APPENDIX VI. + +THE REV. W. HYKES ON BURIAL FEES AND THE PACO CEMETERY OUTSIDE MANILA. + + +The following is a sample of the Rev. Mr. Hyke's report:-- + + + "The burial fees demanded by the priests during an epidemic of + smallpox were something enormous. As many were unable to pay, + the dead were lying in the churches and in private houses in such + numbers as to become a serious menace to the public health. The + thing was so scandalous that the Governor-General interfered, + and issued orders for all the corpses to be buried at once. The + priests disregarded it and telegraphed to the Government at Madrid, + who reversed the order. + + "I heard such a revolting story about the Paco Cemetery (Paco + is a suburb of Manila) that I decided to visit the place and + ascertain the facts for myself. In the centre of a plot of ground, + containing about two acres, is a mortuary chapel. Around this in + concentric circles, and with a space of about twenty feet between, + are three or four walls. These walls are from five to seven feet + wide, about ten feet high, and contain three tiers of vaults, one + above the other, and of sufficient size to admit a coffin. The + Filipino in charge told me that there were 1,278 vaults for + adults and 504 for children. The fees are collected five-yearly + in advance, and are $33 for an adult and $16 for a child. I said + to the attendant: 'Suppose that at the end of any period of five + years the friends of the deceased are unable to pay, what do you + do?' 'We remove the coffin, take out the remains and throw them on + the bone-pile.' 'Will you show me the bone-pile?' 'Certainly.' He + conducted me to the rear of the cemetery, up a flight of stone + steps to the top of the wall. The receptacle for the bones was + a space between two parallel walls, about thirty feet long by + four wide by eight deep, and it was nearly full. Near by were + two metallic coffins which had evidently just been opened, and + on top of the bone-pile were two complete skeletons. A dog was + munching the bones. You can imagine how such a system would work + with an ignorant, superstitious people like the natives. All of + the vaults except three were occupied. The fees amount to more + than $50,000 every five years. The fees of a church near to the + hotel at which I was stopping amounted to $100,000 per annum. + + "It is not surprising that the great religious corporations are + enormously wealthy, and that they have a power consonant with + that wealth. I was shocked at the stories I was told by men, + whose word I could not doubt, of the flagrant immorality of the + Spanish Friars. The men who gave me these statements said they + were prepared to give names, dates, and places." + + +We sent a cutting containing this part of the report to the +ex-Philippine missionary, residing at present in Rome, to whom we +have already referred. + +To these lying statements the missionary gives an unqualified +contradiction. He himself was a parish priest during the cholera of +1882-83, when 20,000 people died in six months. In his own parish +alone 1,829 died and were buried, and yet he did not get a penny for +burial fees. He adds that the other parish priests acted like himself. + +The revolting description of the treatment of the dead in the Paco +cemetery is a foolish fabric, built on the simple fact that bodies +are removed from certain niches, after five years, to make room for +others. Mr. Hykes indirectly imputes the extortion of enormous burial +fees in this cemetery to the clergy. Whether the fees are enormous or +not, they do not go to the Church; for the missionary Father reveals +the fact wilfully kept back by Mr. Hykes--that the cemetery belongs to +the Manila municipality, which gets all the fees. This cemetery story, +told with such apparent honest indignation, is alone sufficient to +discredit all Mr. Hyke's report, and is a proof that he knows how to +color and misrepresent facts to suit his purpose. + +In conclusion, we are anxious to know if Mr. Hykes examined the +spiritual condition of the Protestants in the Philippines. "To +our shame be it said," observed a British officer, in 1859, +"there is no Protestant place of worship on the island; and even +the burial-ground is in an unseemly position and condition, and, +I believe, unconsecrated." [9] + + + + + + +NOTES + + +[1] "The Wanderings of a Globe-Trotter in the Far East." By the +Hon. Lewis Wingfield. 1889. + +[2] See interview with General Merritt, published in the New York +Herald, Oct. 4, 1898. + +[3] In the Administration, of Madrid, one of the leading reviews +in Spain. + +[4] One may hardly be surprised that men who have been robbed of their +all--reputation, home, and field of work--are apt to be plain-spoken +and severe when commenting upon those who have upset their lives, +and destroyed the sacred interests of the religion to which they +had devoted themselves unreservedly. Friends, on the other hand, +of the persons who have been the instruments of such ruin, are sure +to uphold the destroyers as heroes, great of character and great of +deed. Hence we need not be surprised at such different estimates of +Aguinaldo as those referred to in a sketch of him published in the +American Review of Reviews for February, 1899. + +"Friends and enemies agree that he is intelligent, ambitious, +far-sighted, brave, self-controlled, honest, moral, vindictive, and at +times cruel. He possesses the quality which friends call wisdom, and +enemies call craft. According to those who like him he is courteous, +polished, thoughtful, and dignified; according to those who dislike +him he is insincere, pretentious, vain, and arrogant. Both admit him +to be genial, generous, self-sacrificing, popular, and capable in the +administration of affairs. If the opinion of his foes be accepted he +is one of the greatest Malays on the page of history. If the opinion +of his friends be taken as the criterion he is one of the great men +of history, irrespective of race." + +[5] "Rhodesia and its Government," by H. C. Thomson. "Malaboch; or +Notes from my Diary on the Boer Campaign of 1894 against the Chief +Malaboch," by the Rev. Colin Rae. + +[6] A recent report in the daily papers (April, 1899), that one or +another of the most civilized Indian tribes, of which remnants remain, +is determined upon emigration from the United States to Mexico, +because of the fairer treatment they have reason to look for there, +will certainly not surprise those who are familiar with the broken +promises and rescinded obligations that have marked the Government's +dealing with the Red man and his Catholic educators and missioners. + +[7] It is with real satisfaction that, at the last moment, we +find ourselves permitted to mention the name of this venerable and +experienced man--the Very Rev. Padre Gallego, O.P., Convento della +SS. Trinità, Rome; and we can but express the regret that the worth +of this noble disciple of Christ is not known of in the outside world +as it is among his confrères; then, indeed, his word would have the +authority it deserves among all who love religion, and struggle for +the uplifting of humanity. + +[8] From the Analecta Ordinis Prædicatorum. + +[9] "Hongkong to Manila," by H. T. Ellis, R.N. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Friars in the Philippines, by Ambrose Coleman + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FRIARS IN THE PHILIPPINES *** + +***** This file should be named 36438-8.txt or 36438-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/4/3/36438/ + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Friars in the Philippines + +Author: Ambrose Coleman + +Release Date: June 15, 2011 [EBook #36438] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FRIARS IN THE PHILIPPINES *** + + + + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + +<div class="front"> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"></p> +<div class="figure xd20e87width"><img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" +alt="Types of Natives." width="720" height="431"> +<p class="figureHead">Types of Natives.</p> +<p class="first">Malay. Biadjaw. Bughis.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"></p> +<div class="figure xd20e96width"><img src="images/titlepage.gif" alt= +"Original Title Page." width="432" height="720"></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="titlePage"> +<div class="docTitle"> +<div class="mainTitle">The<br> +Friars in the Philippines.</div> +</div> +<div class="byline">By<br> +<span class="docAuthor">Rev. Ambrose Coleman, O. P.</span></div> +<div class="docImprint"><i>Permissu Superiorum.</i><br> +Boston:<br> +Marlier, Callanan & Co.<br> +<span class="docDate">1899.</span></div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first xd20e126"><span class="sc">Copyright, 1899,<br> +By Marlier, Callanan & Co.</span></p> +<p class="xd20e126"><span class="sc">C. J. Peters & Son, +Typographers,<br> +Boston.</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e138" href="#xd20e138" +name="xd20e138">3</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="main">Preface.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The following pages originally appeared as magazine +articles. In both England and America the papers were favorably +received; and as the public has not heard the last of the Friars in the +Philippines, it seemed worth while to reproduce them in the more +permanent form of a small volume, making such corrections and additions +as might be deemed advisable. Whatever may be the shortcomings of the +book, there is a real and pressing need for the information it +contains, and this need must remain the excuse for its imperfections. A +fair consideration of the facts it presents is confidently expected +from a people whose love of justice is almost proverbial: Truth should +have nothing to fear from Americans.</p> +<p class="dateline"><span class="sc">May 5, 1899.</span> <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e148" href="#xd20e148" name= +"xd20e148">5</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="toc" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="main">Contents.</h2> +<table class="tocList"> +<tr> +<td class="tocDivNum">Chapter</td> +<td class="tocDivTitle"></td> +<td class="tocPageNum">Page</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocDivNum">I.</td> +<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#ch1"><span class="sc">The Work of the +Religious Orders in the Philippines</span></a></td> +<td class="tocPageNum">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocDivNum">II.</td> +<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#ch2"><span class="sc">The Charges +made against Them considered</span></a></td> +<td class="tocPageNum">37</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocDivNum">III.</td> +<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#ch3"><span class="sc">The Rebellion +Largely the Work of a Secret Organization</span></a></td> +<td class="tocPageNum">60</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocDivNum">IV.</td> +<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#ch4"><span class="sc">The Rebels and +Their Grievances</span></a></td> +<td class="tocPageNum">86</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocDivNum">V.</td> +<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#ch5"><span class="sc">The Sectarian +Missionary Movement</span></a></td> +<td class="tocPageNum">99</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocDivNum"></td> +<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#postscript"><span class= +"sc">Postscript</span></a></td> +<td class="tocPageNum">116</td> +</tr> +</table> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Appendix.</h3> +<table class="tocList"> +<tr> +<td class="tocDivNum">I.</td> +<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#app1"><span class="sc">A Short +Account of Missions in China, conducted by the Dominican Friars of the +Philippines</span></a></td> +<td class="tocPageNum">122</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocDivNum">II.</td> +<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#app2"><span class="sc">Extracts +relating to the Friars, from the Official Correspondence of Generals +Weyler and Moriones</span></a></td> +<td class="tocPageNum">124</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocDivNum">III.</td> +<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#app3"><span class="sc">The Work of +Freemasonry in South and Central America</span></a></td> +<td class="tocPageNum">129</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocDivNum">IV.</td> +<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#app4"><span class="sc">Interview with +Augustinian Friars</span></a></td> +<td class="tocPageNum">138</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocDivNum">V.</td> +<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#app5"><span class="sc">Letter from a +Friar in the Power of the Rebels, to a Friend in Manila</span></a></td> +<td class="tocPageNum">145</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocDivNum">VI.</td> +<td class="tocDivTitle"><a href="#app6"><span class="sc">The Rev. Mr. +Hykes on Burial Fees, and the Paco Cemetery outside +Manila</span></a></td> +<td class="tocPageNum">149</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb7" href="#pb7" name= +"pb7">7</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="body"> +<div id="ch1" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="super">The Friars in the Philippines.</h2> +<h2 class="label">Chapter I.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Work of the Religious Orders in the +Philippines.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">A recent traveller designates the Philippines as the +birthplace of typhoons, the home of earthquakes,—epithets +undoubtedly strong yet well deserved; and typhoons at certain seasons +of the year, with earthquakes at uncertain periods, when taken together +with the torrid heat, trying at all seasons, and the malaria fruitful +of fevers, make these islands of the Eastern seas, which otherwise +would be a veritable Paradise upon earth, an undesirable place of abode +to the average European, unless, indeed, he is attracted thither by the +greed of gain or by the nobler desire of missionary enterprise.</p> +<p>For Nature, bountiful there almost to prodigality, revelling in all +the luxuriance of tropical <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb8" href= +"#pb8" name="pb8">8</a>]</span>vegetation, has always at hand, as a +set-off to her gifts, terrible manifestations of her power. The +seventeenth-century navigator, William Dampier, in his own quaint and +amusing way, describes how the natives and the Spanish colonists of +Manila strove to guard against the double danger of earthquakes and +typhoons, and how they both failed ignominiously. The Spaniards built +strong stone houses, but the earthquake made light of them, and shook +them so violently that the terrified inmates would rush out of doors to +save their lives; while the natives from their frail bamboo dwellings, +which were perched on high poles, placidly contemplated their +discomfiture. All that the earthquake meant to them was a gentle +swaying from side to side. But the Spaniards had their turn when the +fierce typhoon blew, against which their thick walls were proof. Then, +from the security of their houses, could they view, with a certain grim +satisfaction, the huts of the natives swaying every minute more +violently in the wind, till, one by one, they toppled over—each +an indescribable heap of poles, mats, household utensils, and human +beings.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e295width"><img src="images/p008.jpg" alt= +"A suburb of Manila after a typhoon." width="720" height="499"> +<p class="figureHead">A suburb of Manila after a typhoon.</p> +<p class="first"><span class="sc">From a Photograph.</span></p> +</div> +<p>By way of general description it may be said that the Philippine +Archipelago consists of between one and two thousand islands; two of +which, Luzon and Mindanao, are much larger than Ireland, while the rest +vary in size down to mere islets, rocks, and reefs. Altogether the +islands <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb9" href="#pb9" name= +"pb9">9</a>]</span>stretch from north to south a distance as great as +from the north of England to the south of Italy. The soil is extremely +rich, and easily cultivated; vast forests abound, containing valuable +timber; and the mineral resources, up to the present undeveloped, are +apt to prove a sure source of income under modern methods of +working.</p> +<p>But what concerns us most in this inquiry is the character of the +inhabitants. The population, which is variously estimated at from eight +to ten millions, is made up of more than eighty distinct tribes, which +nearly all belong to the Malay race. There are still to be found in +some of the islands, and principally in the mountainous districts, the +remnants of the aboriginal inhabitants, usually called Negritos. These +are of a distinctively inferior type, are rapidly diminishing in +numbers, and seem to many observers incapable of civilization. Our only +concern therefore is with the Malays, who form the vast bulk of the +population, and have in the course of time been nearly all converted to +Christianity. Nearly seven million Christians are counted among them; +while the unconverted pagans, together with the Moros, or Malay +Mohammedans, of Mindanao and the Sulu islands, are not a million in +number.</p> +<p>Christianity has effected a wonderful transformation in the +character of the people, softening and refining it, as we may judge by +the contrast presented by their cruel and bloodthirsty neighbors +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb10" href="#pb10" name= +"pb10">10</a>]</span>in Mindanao and the Sulu group, who, nevertheless, +belong to the same race, and whose characteristics they must originally +have shared. Travellers have not sufficiently dwelt on this important +point. They note that the civilized native is self-respecting and +self-constrained to a remarkable degree, patient under misfortune, and +forbearing under provocation. He is a kind father and a dutiful son. +His relatives are never left in want, but are welcome to share the best +his house affords, to the end of their days. Unfortunately for himself, +he is a happy-go-lucky fellow, delighting in cock-fighting and games of +chance, and naturally indolent, his wants being so few and simple. He +is a born musician, genial, sociable, loving to dance, sing, and make +merry among his companions. His wife is allowed a degree of liberty +hardly equalled in any other Eastern country, a liberty she rarely +abuses. She is the financier of the family, and the husband consults +her when making a bargain. She does her share of the work; but it is +not more than her just share, and she is not overburdened with labor. +Hospitality is cheerful and open-handed, and the traveller is welcomed +to the hut of the native with cordiality. The houses of the natives are +kept neat, and are models of cleanliness, and the natives also keep +themselves extremely clean. They are practical and fervent Catholics. +At the vesper Angelus bell “there is always a pretty scene. An +instant hush comes over the busy village. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb11" href="#pb11" name="pb11">11</a>]</span>In each house father, +mother, and children fall on their knees before the image or picture of +some saint, and repeat their prayers. The devotions over, each child +kisses the hand of his father and his mother, at the same time wishing +them good evening. He then makes an obeisance to each of his brothers +and sisters, as well as to each guest who happens to be present, +repeating his salutation with each funny bow. Host and hostess also +greet one in the same way; and in remote places, where white men are a +rarity, the little tots often kneel to kiss one’s hand.” +(“The Philippine Islands and their People,” by Dean C. +Worcester.)</p> +<p>In sharp contrast to the happy, contented, and peaceful character of +the Christian native, is his southern neighbor of the same blood, the +fanatical Moro. Mohammedanism has accentuated rather than softened the +underlying fierceness of the Malay; as it gives him a religious +sanction to cruelty, treachery, murder, pillage, and piracy when +directed against the hated Christian. Inhuman and cold-blooded cruelty +is the great characteristic of the Moro, who will calmly cut down a +slave merely to try the edge of a new weapon. For two centuries and a +half the Moros organized piratical expeditions against the northern +islands. The coming of the dreaded fleet of war-praus was looked +forward to as an annual event; and while the southwest monsoon was +blowing, vigilant sentinels were on the lookout night and day from the +watch-towers <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb12" href="#pb12" name= +"pb12">12</a>]</span>with which every village was provided. The +introduction of modern artillery and quick-firing guns at last turned +the scales in favor of the Spaniards, and the piratical expeditions are +now a thing of the past. All Christians, however, living near the Moros +must still carry their lives in their hands, owing to the +<i>juramentados</i>. A <i>juramentado</i> is a man who takes an oath to +die killing Christians. The more Christians he kills, the higher place +of course he is to get in heaven, especially if he loses his own life +in the holy work. He dresses in white, shaves his eyebrows, conceals a +weapon under his clothing, and then seizing a favorable opportunity, +runs amuck, killing without mercy men, women, and children. Of course +he gets killed himself in the end, but sometimes not until he has made +himself accountable for a great number of deaths.</p> +<p>Though Magellan discovered the Archipelago in 1521, no serious +attempt to take possession of it was made till 1565, when an expedition +of four hundred soldiers and sailors was fitted out by Philip II., and +placed under the leadership of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. As Philip was +inspired by religious zeal, and his principal and perhaps only object +was to spread the light of the Gospel, six Augustinian friars +accompanied the expedition. We may say with truth that it was these +missionaries, and the others who followed in rapid succession, who +conquered the Archipelago <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb13" href= +"#pb13" name="pb13">13</a>]</span>for Spain. There was no conquest in +the strict sense of the term. The Spaniards in most places simply +showed themselves to the natives; and the religious, who accompanied +them, persuaded the untutored savages to submit to the King of Spain, +through whom they would obtain the two-fold blessing of civilization +and Christianity. The retention of these rich and fertile islands, so +great a source of revenue to the mother-country, was on the whole a +very easy task. The religious Orders planted themselves firmly in the +colony, and spread themselves everywhere, winning the natives to +Christ, keeping them also in loyal obedience to that great European +power by whose means the missionaries had been sent to them. They were +thus the real bulwarks of Spanish power there, which was kept up rather +by gentle persuasion than by force of arms. Mr. Mac Macking, a Scotch +Protestant who spent some years there, says: “The warriors who +gained them over to Spain were not their steel-clad chivalry, but the +soldiers of the Cross,—the priests who astonished and kindled +them by their enthusiasm in the cause of Christ.” Up to a few +years ago profound peace reigned; and a garrison of 4,200 soldiers, +3,500 gendarmerie, and 2,000 sailors and marines, was considered +sufficient to overawe a population of eight millions, besides keeping +in check the fanatical and bloodthirsty Moro pirates.</p> +<p>The Augustinians were the pioneers in religious <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb14" href="#pb14" name= +"pb14">14</a>]</span>enterprise, coming, as we said already, with +Legaspi, in 1565, four years before the Philippines were formally +annexed to Spain. They were followed, in 1577, by the Franciscans; and +the labors of both Orders were so successful that Manila was erected +into an <span class="corr" id="xd20e332" title= +"Source: espiscopal">episcopal</span> see in 1579. Two years later +Salazar, a Dominican friar laboring in Mexico, was appointed bishop; +and he brought the Dominicans with him to Manila. About the same time, +also, the Jesuits and the Recollects, or discalced Augustinians, +entered the country. All the Orders went about their work with truly +religious zeal; and their success was so great that at the end of the +century Mendoza could say: “According to the common opinion, at +this day there are converted and baptized more than four hundred +thousand souls.” It was a success to be proud of among a people +who, when the missionaries came, had no religious worship, nor temple, +nor priest, nor form of worship. They had but a hazy notion of a Deity, +their sole religious ideas consisting of some imperfect notions of a +hell and a heaven. Persecution only gave zest to the work, both in the +Philippines and in the Ladrones, of which we may speak together in this +connection, as they have a common history. Towards the close of the +sixteenth century, as we learn from Argensola, more than six thousand +Christians had already been martyred in the single province of Ternate, +“that so,” he adds, “the foundation of our faith may +be <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb15" href="#pb15" name= +"pb15">15</a>]</span>in all parts cemented with the blood of the +faithful. They dismembered the bodies, and burned the legs and arms in +sight of the still living trunks. They impaled the women, and tore out +their bowels; children were torn piecemeal before their mothers’ +eyes, and infants were rent from their wombs.” (“Discovery +and Conquest of the Molucca and Philippine islands,” by B. L. de +Argensola.) Opposition, and persecution too, came from the Mohammedan +element in the population, which was already formidable when the +Spaniards arrived on the scene, Mohammedanism having been introduced +into the islands, especially the more southerly group, as far back as +the thirteenth century. Accordingly the Mohammedans waged a long and +bitter warfare both against missionaries, and the new Christians, +numbers of whom were called on to seal their faith with their blood. +Still, in spite of persecution, the Church prospered in those early +days. Dampier, the English navigator, who visited the Philippines +towards the close of the seventeenth century, testifies to the +wonderful progress made even then in civilization. “In every +village,” he says, “is a stone church, as well as a +parsonage-house for the rector, who is always one of the monks. These +last, who are all Europeans, are very much respected by the Indians, +while the secular clergy, who commonly are Creoles, are held in +contempt. Hence the Government shows great deference to the rectors; +for, generally speaking, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb16" href= +"#pb16" name="pb16">16</a>]</span>the Indians always consult them on +entering on any enterprise, or even as to paying taxes.” Thus, +one century had changed the people from savagery to civilization. In +Manila, Dampier found the natives pursuing all the avocations of +civilized life—they were merchants, skilled artisans in various +trades, clerks, etc.</p> +<p>There were three large colleges,—two under the care of the +Dominicans, and one carried on by the Augustinians. There was also a +Poor Clare convent, containing forty nuns, together with a hospital and +an orphanage. The religious establishments occupied one-third of the +city as it then stood. This may seem out of proportion to the religious +needs of the city; but we must remember that in Manila, then as now, +priests of the various Orders were in training for the numerous +missions of the Archipelago, Tonkin, and China (see Appendix I.), and, +at the period of which we are speaking, of Japan as well.</p> +<p>Passing on to the present century, the Rev. David Abeel, a +Protestant missionary, says of the Philippines: “The Church of +Rome has here proselytized to itself the entire population. The +influence of the priests is unbounded.” In the year 1858 Mr. +Crawford, who was formerly governor of Singapore, made the following +declaration at a public missionary meeting: “In the Philippine +Islands the Spaniards have converted several millions of people to the +Roman Catholic faith, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb17" href="#pb17" +name="pb17">17</a>]</span>and an immense improvement in their social +condition has been the consequence.” Mr. MacMacking confesses +that the suppression of the Jesuits, who were banished from the +Philippines in 1768, “was attended with the worst effects to the +trade and agriculture of the islands.” He adds that +“religious processions are as frequently passing through the +streets as they are in the Roman Catholic countries of Europe.” +He testifies that “the Church has long proved to be, on the +whole, by much the most cheap and efficacious instrument of good +government and order—even the common people learn reading by its +aid, so much at least as to enable them to read their prayer-books and +other religious manuals. There are very few Indians who are unable to +read, and I have always observed that the Manila men serving on board +ships and forming their crew have been much oftener able to subscribe +their names to the ship’s articles than the British seamen on +board the same vessels could do.” Prosessor Ferdinand +Blumentritt, a German Protestant, who is universally acknowledged to be +the most competent authority on all that regards the Philippines, spoke +most highly of the missionary and scientific work of the Religious +Orders there, at a meeting of the Vienna Geographical Society in 1896. +The weight of testimony from such a source all must acknowledge; it is +indeed a pleasure to present the German scientist’s remarks to +the consideration of fair-minded readers. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb18" href="#pb18" name="pb18">18</a>]</span></p> +<p>“I wish to add some remarks,” said Blumentritt, +“about the Philippines, as here the Catholic missionaries are +usually active not only in the spread of Christianity and its +civilization, but also in the geographical and ethnographical +exploration of the archipelago. Unfortunately the reports of the +missions of the various Orders are not equally accessible, e.g., we +have very little account of the Augustinian missions, which are located +principally in the lands of the Igorrotes (Northwest Luzon) and on the +Island of Negros, among the Budkidnon savages. The only important +publication upon Augustinian missions which I have been able to see is +the <i lang="es">Memoria acerea de las Missiones de los P. P. +Augustinos Calzados</i>, Madrid, 1892. According to this the Calced +Augustinians in 1892 had in the province of Abra, among the Tinguians, +who inhabit it, eight missions with 25,100 souls; in that of Lepanto, +two missions with 2,200 souls (Igorrotes); in that of Bengnet, also two +missions, with 849 souls (Igorrotes)—total, 28,149 souls, as +against 5,302 in 1829. Between 1874 and 1885 the number of savages and +heathens converted to Christianity was 1,356; from 1885 to 1888 there +were 549. In 1892 the erection of 15 new missions was projected in the +provinces of Tiagan, Bontok, Amburayan, and Quiangan.</p> +<p>“The Discalced Augustinians, called in the Philippines +‘Recoletos,’ have missions in the Island of Palawan (or +Paragua) and in the group <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb19" href= +"#pb19" name="pb19">19</a>]</span>of the Calamianes. Of these +missioners, Father Cipriano Navarro has especially distinguished +himself by his ethnographical researches; and we owe to him exhaustive +reports concerning the Tinitians, Togbanuas, Tandolans, and +Bulalacaunos, among whom Christianity is making steady progress.</p> +<p>“The Franciscans have missions in the peninsula of Camarines, +in Luzon, and in every large island on the Pacific coast. Ethnography +and philology are much indebted to their labors. I need only refer to +the works published by myself in the proceedings of our Society, the +vocabulary of the Negrito dialect of Baler by Father Fernandez, and the +accounts of the Bikols, Dumagats, and Atas, by Father Castano.</p> +<p>“We possess fuller accounts of the Dominicans, who are +occupied in converting to Christianity the Alimis, Apayaos, Aripas, +Buayas, Bumanguis, Bungians, Calauas, Calingas, Catalangans, Dadayags, +Gaddans, Ibibalons, Ibilaos, and Ilongotes, Ipiutys, Isinays, Mayoyaos, +Guiangans, and other Ifuagao races. In the missionary review, <i>Correo +Sino-Anamito</i>, we find numerous descriptions of popular manners and +customs. Some of these, particularly those written by Fathers +Villaverde, Buenaventura, Campa, Malumbres, Ruis, and Ferrando, I have +already in part made more generally known in these proceedings. The +review also publishes occasional sketches, and especially such +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" href="#pb20" name= +"pb20">20</a>]</span>as throw light on the river-system of North Luzon, +the valley of the Rio Grande de Cagayan. The results of their strictly +missionary labors are very fruitful.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e365width"><img src="images/p020.jpg" alt= +"Negritos, the original inhabitants of the Philippines." width="720" +height="519"> +<p class="figureHead">Negritos, the original inhabitants of the +Philippines.</p> +<p class="first"><span class="sc">From a Photograph.</span></p> +</div> +<p>“But however successful the evangelical and scientific +activity of the missionaries of the above Orders, they are far +surpassed by what the Jesuits have done in the island of Mindanaoin, in +half a generation, for the spread of Christianity and civilization, as +well as for the geographical exploration of the second largest island +of the Archipelago. When they arrived they found a Christian population +only on the east and north coasts, and in a few isolated spots on the +other coast regions, such as Zamboanga, Pollok, Cottabatto Davao, and +Pundaguitan; and these were mostly Bisayos, with a few Bukidnons, +Mandayas, Manabos, and Subanos. In the interior the Spanish Christian +settlements along the Macajalas Bay reached only as far as the upper +course of the Rio Tagoloan; on the Agusan, from the lake region at +Linao to its mouth near Butuan, only two villages, Bunauan and +Talacogon. All that was then known of the interior of Mindanao was the +Lanao Lake, the lower course of the Pulangin or Rio Grande from its +mouth to Lahabay, and the lake region belonging to the river of +Ligauasan or Buluan. Of the tribes over and above the Bisayas +(Christians) and Moros (Mohammedans), only the Mandayas, Manobos, +Subanos, and Budkidnon <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb21" href="#pb21" +name="pb21">21</a>]</span>(or ‘Monteses’ of the Spaniards) +were known by little more than name, but scarcely mentioned in +contemporary literature. Of the rest, except the Tirurayes, scarce the +name was known. Of the Atas, Tagabawas, Dulangans, Tagabelis, etc., +even the names were unknown.</p> +<p>“How changed since then! The network of rivers in the great +island is now very well known; whilst the legendary lake in the centre +of the island, whence the Rio Grande was said to flow, and from which +the whole island was supposed to derive its name, has now happily +disappeared from our maps. In numerous sketches and maps the +missionaries have recorded the results of their geographical +explorations and discoveries. The manners and customs of the heathen +tribes have been fully described by the Jesuits. It has, therefore, +always been for me the greatest pleasure to communicate the results of +the researches of these Philippine missionaries to wider scientific +circles.</p> +<p>“The Jesuits can also point to very great results in their +evangelical labors. Most of the heathen tribes are now entirely or in +part converted to Christianity, or have at least settled round their +missions. Even a tribe so obstinately refractory to civilization, owing +to their unsettled and wandering life, as the Mamanuas (who belong to +the Negritos) can already point to Christian villages. But the greatest +success of the Jesuits has been in bringing a considerable number of +the Moros on <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb22" href="#pb22" name= +"pb22">22</a>]</span>the Gulf of Davao to embrace Christianity. When it +is remembered how rare a thing it is to induce a Mohammedan to be +baptized, it must be especially noted that here not a few isolated +Moros living among Christians have abjured Islam, but that the Moros +converted to Christianity are so numerous that, as they can no longer +live among their former co-religionists, they have been allowed to +build their separate villages in the region of the Rio Davao. In 1895 +the status of the Jesuit missions was as follows: 213,065 souls, 17,608 +baptisms of children of Christian parents, 2,973 marriages, 7,215 +funerals, 8,238 baptisms of converted heathen.</p> +<p>“In the article ‘<span lang="de">Die Katholischen +Missionen</span>,’ Oscar Hecht gives the number of Christians in +the Philippines as 3,500,000. This is incorrect. The flocks of the +different Orders were as follows:—</p> +<div class="table"> +<table class="xd20e387"> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Calced Augustinians</td> +<td>(1892)</td> +<td>2,082,131</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Discalced Augustinians</td> +<td>(1892)</td> +<td>1,175,156</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Franciscans</td> +<td>(1892)</td> +<td>1,010,753</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Dominicans</td> +<td>(1892)</td> +<td>699,851</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Jesuits</td> +<td>(1895)</td> +<td>213,065</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td>Secular Clergy</td> +<td>(1892)</td> +<td>967,294</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td></td> +<td>Total,</td> +<td class="sum">6,148,250</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>It is difficult to estimate the number of heathens and Mohammedans; +they cannot be under 500,000, nor can they exceed a million.”</p> +<p>Any account of the work of the Religious Orders in the islands would +be certainly incomplete if <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb23" href= +"#pb23" name="pb23">23</a>]</span>particular mention of their efforts +in behalf of education were omitted. These efforts were systematically +carried out until interrupted by the recent rebellion. The briefest and +most summary mention of what each of the Orders has done, however, is +all that may be attempted within the necessary narrow limits of this +volumes.</p> +<p>1. The Dominicans are in charge of the University of Manila, which +was founded and confided to their care about two centuries ago. It has +been generally attended by between two and three thousand natives, who +thus receive the benefits of a professional and liberal education. A +correspondent of the <i>Daily Telegraph</i> (London) tells his English +readers that as “the education of the people has been exclusively +in their (the religious’) hands, it is enough to say that +practically it does not exist.” The following account of the +studies pursued in the University, taken from the official report of +the year 1893–1894, is a sufficient answer to this unworthy +remark.</p> +<p>COURSE OF STUDIES.</p> +<p>The Faculty of Theology and Canon Law has the following courses of +lectures:—</p> +<ul> +<li>1. A course of Ontology, Cosmology, and Natural Religion.</li> +<li>2. The Controversial Course.</li> +<li>3. Dogmatic Theology.</li> +<li>4. Moral Theology and Sacred Eloquence.</li> +<li>5. Sacred Scripture.<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb24" href= +"#pb24" name="pb24">24</a>]</span></li> +<li>6. Canon Law.</li> +<li>7. Ecclesiastical Procedure and Discipline, especially as used in +Churches in the East.</li> +<li>8. Ecclesiastical History.</li> +</ul> +<p>The eight lecturers in this faculty were Dominicans. There were +thirty students.</p> +<p>FACULTY OF JURISPRUDENCE.</p> +<ul> +<li>1. Metaphysics.</li> +<li>2. Spanish Literature.</li> +<li>3. Constitutional History of Spain and Natural Law.</li> +<li>4. Canon Law.</li> +<li>5. Political Economy.</li> +<li>6. Ecclesiastical Discipline.</li> +</ul> +<p>There were six Dominican and nine other professors teaching in this +faculty. The students numbered 405.</p> +<p>FACULTY OF LAW.</p> +<p>In this faculty one Dominican and eleven other professors lectured. +There were 60 students.</p> +<p>FACULTY OF MEDICINE.</p> +<ul> +<li>1. Physics.</li> +<li>2. Chemistry.</li> +<li>3. Mineralogy and Botany.</li> +</ul> +<p>Three Dominican and thirteen other professors lectured in this +faculty. There were 277 students.</p> +<p>FACULTY OF PHARMACY.</p> +<p>There were 89 students. In the schools of practical pharmacy there +were 216 students. Three Dominicans, who lectured on Chemistry, +Zoölogy, Mineralogy, and Botany, and seven other professors taught +in this faculty. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb25" href="#pb25" name= +"pb25">25</a>]</span></p> +<p>This is the higher education which has been given to the natives for +more than two centuries. Is it not something to admire? Can England +point back to anything equal to it in the history of her own colonies? +Did England in the last century do anything for the material or +spiritual advancement of the North American Indians? Did the United +States do anything for them till within recent years? Both governments +folded their arms while the Indians were being driven before the face +of the white settlers; and during the two centuries that the policy of +extinction was being carried out on the North American continent the +Spanish missionaries were giving the natives of the Philippines all the +benefits of higher education. The contrast is instructive, and places +Spain on a far higher plane as a colonizer than her quondam rival.</p> +<p>Besides imparting higher education in the University, the Dominicans +gave secondary education in two colleges in Manila, to some hundreds of +scholars, one principally devoted to a classical education, and the +other suited to those intending to engage in a mercantile career. +Besides these they had colleges in the towns of Cebu, Jaro, Nueva, +Caceres, Dagupan, and Vigan.</p> +<p>2. The Jesuits. “The labors of the Jesuits,” says the +<i>Messenger of the Sacred Heart</i> (New York), are chiefly confined +to the Island of Mindanao. They direct, however, a flourishing college +at <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb26" href="#pb26" name= +"pb26">26</a>]</span>Manila, and are in charge of an observatory, +which, for the perfection of an outfit and the importance of its +observations, ranks foremost among institutions of its kind. This +famous observatory was founded by the Spanish Jesuits in 1865, and was +at first connected with their college at Manila. It was directed until +1896 by the well-known astronomer and meteorologist, Father Frederick +Faura. By its successful prediction of typhoons, so common and +destructive in the Philippines, the observatory soon won for itself an +enviable reputation throughout the archipelago. Up to the year 1882, no +fewer than fourteen of these dangerous tornadoes had been predicted. In +consideration of such valuable services, the observatory was, in April, +1884, raised to the rank of a Government institution, under the title +of “Meteorological Observatory of Manila,” and was +transferred to its present commodious quarters outside the city, with +which it has telegraphic and telephonic connections.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e526width"><img src="images/p026.jpg" alt= +"Tower of the cathedral of Manila wrecked by an earthquake." width= +"720" height="501"> +<p class="figureHead">Tower of the cathedral of Manila wrecked by an +earthquake.</p> +</div> +<p>“The observatory comprises four departments,—the +meteorological, seismological, magnetic, and astronomical. Each +department has its special director, and a general director is at the +head of the whole establishment. The meteorological section, provided +with the very best instruments, is the most important of the four, on +account of its practical usefulness to shipping interests. It is in +regular communication with more than a <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb27" href="#pb27" name="pb27">27</a>]</span>hundred observatories in +all parts of the world. Twice every day it receives by cable the +meteorological observations made at the stations of Nagasaki, Tokio, +Kabe (Japan), Shanghai, Amoy, Hong Kong (China), Haiphong (Tonkin), the +Island of Formosa, and elsewhere along the coast. Hence the forecasting +of typhoons and cyclones is greatly facilitated, and enjoys the +confidence of all those that sail the Chinese seas. Many of the +instruments used at the observatory are due to the inventive genius of +Father Faura, who was also the first to announce typhoons with +certainty, and to discover the laws which regulate their formation and +path. He is the inventor of a peculiar kind of barometer, which enables +any sailor, even if he knows nothing whatever about meteorology, to +foresee the approach of storms, and to guard against them.</p> +<p>“Next in importance to the meteorological department is the +seismological or earthquake section of the observatory, which is +rendering great services to a region so much exposed to earthquakes as +the Philippines are. This section is likewise equipped with a +remarkably fine apparatus, many of the instruments having been built or +improved by Father Faura. For many years Father Miguel Saderra Maso has +been in charge of this section, which he has made famous by his learned +work, “Seismology in the Philippines,” published in 1895. +Father Cirera’s work, “Terrestrial Magnetism <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb28" href="#pb28" name="pb28">28</a>]</span>in the +Philippines,” is also well known in the learned world.</p> +<p>“The splendid achievements of the Manila observatory found +their due meed of appreciation and praise in the congress of scientists +at the World’s Fair, where the institution was represented by +Fathers Algerie and Faura, who came at that time to this country, and +spent some months at Georgetown College.</p> +<p>“Father Faura died in January, 1897. His death was that of a +martyr of charity. During his sickness, Ryzal (or Ryall), one of the +insurgent leaders, had been captured, and condemned to be shot within +twenty-four hours. The prisoner was placed in the Chapel of the +Passion, and was offered the spiritual ministration of the Jesuit +Fathers. But he peremptorily refused to see a priest on the plea that +he was a Protestant. Several of the fathers had already been repelled, +when Father Faura, who had formerly been Ryzal’s professor at +Manila, rising from his bed of sickness, made a last effort to convert +the unfortunate man. Though at first repelled like the rest, he was at +last admitted by Ryzal; and after arguing and pleading with him for a +long time, he had the happiness of bringing him to repentance, and +restoring him to the Catholic Church. The condemned man made a sincere +confession, heard Mass, received Holy Communion, begged pardon for his +errors, and exhorted others to renounce all <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb29" href="#pb29" name= +"pb29">29</a>]</span>connection with Freemasonry. His conversion was +entire, and his death that of a fervent Christian. The effort to bring +about this conversion, however, cost Father Faura his own life. Worn +out and prostrated by the interview, he was led back to his bed to die. +The conversion of his former pupil was the last apostolic act of Father +Faura, and the crowning of a life of great usefulness in the service of +religion and of science.”</p> +<p>The sons of St. Ignatius also direct the Municipal Academy of which +English correspondents have spoken in terms of high praise.</p> +<p>3. At Vigan also is the Augustinian Seminary and College, under the +direction of the fathers, seven of whom are teachers. Here 209 students +were taught the following branches (as set down in the report): viz., +Dogmatic Theology, Moral Theology, Metaphysics, Logic, Ethics, Physics, +Chemistry, Geography, Poetry, Rhetoric, Trigonometry, Geometry, +Algebra, Arithmetic, Analysis, and translation of Latin, Greek, French, +Church History, Natural History, Universal History, History of Spain, +History of the Philippines, Christian Doctrine.</p> +<p>The Augustinians also conducted a splendid orphanage and industrial +school at Tambohn, about a league from Manila. In this establishment +145 boys were taught the following trades (Report for 1897–1898): +Compositors, 13; press-work, 12; bookbinders, 30; gilders, 3; +candle-makers, 43; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb30" href="#pb30" +name="pb30">30</a>]</span>together with forty-four others too young to +be trained.</p> +<p>4. Neither was the education of the female sex neglected. Among +other establishments of a like nature, there was an orphan asylum for +girls at Mandaloya on the Tasig, conducted by Augustinian nuns, +twenty-two in number. Last year it contained 122 pupils, who were +receiving instruction in music, the piano, painting, drawing, +embroidery, artificial flower-making, dressmaking, hair-dressing, +lacemaking, laundry work, and sewing.</p> +<p>5. The Franciscans had colleges as well, and besides doing their +share in the work of education, devoted their time and services to the +hospitals of the Archipelago, the principal of which are, the Royal +Hospital of St. Lazarus at Manila, the Infirmary of St. Ann in the +province of <span class="corr" id="xd20e560" title= +"Source: Saguna">Laguna</span>, and that of Vasa in the province of +Camarines.</p> +<p>Scattered through the various islands are the posts or residences, +where the fathers of the various Orders devote themselves to the +“nuevos Christianos,” as they are called, or latter-day +converts from Paganism. This zealous work of conversion has never +ceased from the time of the conquest, and the Christian population has +been steadily on the increase till our own times. The recent +traveller,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e565src" href="#xd20e565" name= +"xd20e565src">1</a> whom we quoted at the beginning, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href="#pb31" name="pb31">31</a>]</span>came in +contact a good deal with the Dominicans during his stay in the +Philippines, visiting several of their outlying stations, and receiving +everywhere the greatest kindness and hospitality from them. He says: +“Everywhere you enter the monastery as though it was your own, +eat and drink unstintedly, and sleep, and depart with thanks and a +cordial God-speed from the fathers, and naught to pay for the +entertainment.” Alas! the good fathers did not know the viper +they were nursing. Pity they could not recognize in the smiling +Englishman who so readily accepted their hospitality, and “paid +naught for the entertainment,” the man who would speak of them as +dirty monks, who would consider it worthy of sneering record that they +did not shave when on board ship, and who, though not able to discover +any evil himself, would repeat gross calumnies about them, got from +hearsay. What he saw with his own eyes belies his wicked innuendos. He +says: “It was plain that they cared naught for the fretting of +the world. In many a dismal place, even in the remotest spots, I found +the clusters of monastic exiles perfectly happy—the outer world +dead, or too far away—craving for no other fate. They are +enchanted to welcome and give you of their best; will even, if +struggling overland, lend a vehicle or a ridinghorse to convey you to +the next convent on the way. Cheery, kindly, simple people, practical +sermons on ‘Content.’ The monks of Ramblon, a <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32" name="pb32">32</a>]</span>dozen or +so all told, were delighted to show us all that was to be seen. A +homely little church was duly exhibited, built of a local wood, which +cuts into planks of extreme width, adorned with a grain which is +brought out with wax and oil. The columns were of solid ebony, the +floor of four marbles, white, gray, black, and brown. All these were +the products of this little island.” A fair-minded man would have +duly attributed their joy of mind and kindness to strangers to +religious feeling,—to the love of God, for whose sake these +Spanish missionaries had given up father and mother, friends and +worldly prospects, to spend their lives, year in and year out, without +hope of earthly reward, in these spots, dismal enough to the ordinary +tourist, but to them bright and cheery, as they were the posts alloted +to them by Divine Providence for the extension of the Kingdom of Jesus +Christ.</p> +<p>“The provincial stations,” he says in another place, +“are in reality governed by the priests.” How could it be +otherwise? With a government notoriously weak and inefficient, with lay +officials notoriously corrupt, unwilling to exile themselves in these +parts remote from civilization, unwilling to condescend to learn the +many various dialects in use in the Archipelago, no wonder that the +missionary living in the midst of the people to whom he had devoted his +life, and who looked up to him as a father, exercised a sort of +parental authority over them. This was done both in the interest of +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb33" href="#pb33" name= +"pb33">33</a>]</span>the civil government and of the natives +themselves. The governors utilized the authority of the missionaries as +long as it suited their purpose; when, on the other hand, the +missionaries had to oppose extortion and unjust treatment, the +officials started the cry that the missionaries were ruling the +Archipelago. About those gentlemen Thomas Comin wrote in 1810:</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“In order to be a chief of a province in these +islands no training, or knowledge, or special service is necessary. It +is quite a common thing to see a barber, a Governor’s lackey, a +sailor, or a deserter suddenly transformed into an Alcalde, +Administrator, and Captain of the Forces of a populous province, with +no counsellor but his rude understanding, and no guide but his +passions.”</p> +</div> +<p>Here are some edifying facts concerning Spanish officials in the +Philippines. In five years Governor-General Manuel de Arandia amassed a +quarter of a million dollars; a successor of Arandia, within the last +few years, is reported to have made $700,000 in a single year; while +another is commonly said to have placed millions to his credit during a +short term of office. Men talk openly in Manila of bribing judges to +put cases off and off. Little wonder, then, that, with such a state of +rottenness, bribery, and corruption obtaining, the missionaries on the +remote stations have, in the interests of the people, looked after +their worldly affairs.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e582width"><img src="images/p034.jpg" alt= +"Interior of natives’ hut, Mindanao." width="720" height="507"> +<p class="figureHead">Interior of natives’ hut, Mindanao.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34" name= +"pb34">34</a>]</span></p> +<p>The missionary zeal of the Jesuits carried them even to Mindanao, an +island so inaccessible by reason of its mountains and volcanoes, its +impenetrable jungle, its unnavigable rivers infested with alligators +and pirates, its fierce and savage inhabitants always at war with one +another, that the Spanish Government exercised only nominal sovereignty +over it, and was not ever able even to get its interior surveyed. When +the Jesuits came there some years ago they found a Christian population +only on the east and north coasts, and in a few isolated spots of the +other coast regions. Of the interior tribes many were known only by +name. Owing to the zeal of these fathers, not only in missionary +enterprise, but also in geographical and ethnographical exploration, +the network of rivers in the great island is now very well known, the +fathers having recorded the results of their explorations in numerous +sketches and maps. They have also fully described the manners and +customs of the heathen tribes. As an instance of the savagery of the +Mindanayas, for the most part fanatical Moros or Mohammedans, it may be +mentioned that head-hunting seemed till lately to be the great object +of their existence. The man who had chopped off sixty heads was +entitled to wear a scarlet turban for the rest of his mortal life, and +scarlet turbans are still far from uncommon among them. As there was an +inordinate desire among the doughty and dusky warriors to wear these +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb35" href="#pb35" name= +"pb35">35</a>]</span>turbans, it follows that the population was being +gradually but surely thinned out. Yet even here, on the sea-coast of +Mindanao, the Jesuits established their stations, living in the midst +of their small flocks, with their lives in their hands, in close +proximity to pirates, savage alligators, and still more savage scarlet +turbans.</p> +<p>The correspondent of the <i>Daily Telegraph</i> blames the +missionaries for not teaching the elements of the Christian doctrine in +Spanish to the natives, contrary, as he says, to an express law, of +which they have been continually reminded by the Governor.</p> +<p>The reason, to which he ascribes their conduct is, that they are +afraid that if the people were able to read Spanish books and +newspapers they might come to know too much. Any argument, however +absurd it may be, is evidently good enough, in the eyes of these +writers, for use against priests. They are well enough acquainted with +the ways of the Spanish officialdom to know that that law is a piece of +blatant stupidity, devised by Spanish officials too arrogant or lazy or +indifferent to learn the native languages themselves. Picture to +yourself, if you can, the missionaries scattered over that vast +archipelago, among a people comprising several millions, and speaking +thirty different languages and dialects, attempting to teach the +catechism in Spanish to their flocks. The supposition becomes still +more absurd when we <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb36" href="#pb36" +name="pb36">36</a>]</span>reflect that the Spanish element in the +colony does not exceed eight or nine thousand gathered in and about +Manila and a few other large towns. The missionaries devote themselves +so thoroughly to their flocks, and identify themselves so completely +with them, that instead of being able to teach them Spanish they are in +danger, in some instances, of forgetting it themselves. Wingfield came +across a Dominican missionary who apologized for his bad Spanish, on +the ground that having lived continuously for eighteen years with the +natives, speaking Visaya the whole time, he had almost forgotten his +own tongue. Our experience in Ireland, even at the present time, is +that in Irish-speaking districts, those children who are taught their +catechism in the native tongue, though they may know English, have a +far firmer grasp of the Christian doctrine than those who have been +taught it in English. This fact alone shows the patent absurdity of the +law quoted with such assurance by the correspondent of the <i>Daily +Telegraph</i>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb37" href="#pb37" name= +"pb37">37</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e565" href="#xd20e565src" name="xd20e565">1</a></span> “The +Wanderings of a Globe-Trotter in the Far East.” By the Hon. Lewis +Wingfield. 1889.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch2" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter II.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Charges made against the Religious Orders +considered.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">In 1896 we heard of a rising in the remoter parts of +the Philippines. It was represented by the Spanish authorities, who at +the time controlled the news, as of no moment,—an insurrectionary +movement that they could easily cope with. Yet it continued, and seemed +to wax strong; and, from rumors which began to circulate about the +murdering of monks and friars, we began to feel that the insurrection +was of no ordinary or commonplace nature. It seemed to be directed +against the Church, and to be animated by a deadly spirit of hostility +to the representatives of Religion. It was, of course, impossible at +the time to form an opinion as to the cause of the insurrection, from +the isolated facts which were allowed to come under the notice of the +public. Now, however, the mists have cleared away; and we hope to be +able to prove in the course of this inquiry that the insurrection was a +premeditated and deliberate attack made upon the Church by a native +secret <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb38" href="#pb38" name= +"pb38">38</a>]</span>society which was affiliated to, and adopted the +methods of, that type of Freemasonry which gave the Carbonari to Italy +and the Jacobins to France; a type whose disastrous work has been so +much in evidence in South and Central America. It has unfortunately +been busily at work for the last thirty or forty years, indoctrinating +the simple natives of the Philippines with the modern watchwords of +“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,”—liberty meaning in +this case, license, anarchy, cruelty, bloodshed; equality, the +confiscation of property; and fraternity, an impious combination +against all opposed to their designs. And foremost amongst these were +undoubtedly from the very first the friars, spiritual guides of nearly +six millions of native Christians, who, in consequence of their +opposition, drew upon themselves the bitter hatred of the members of +the Craft. It thus happened that the friars found themselves denounced +and vilified in Spanish newspapers, in circular letters issued at +Madrid, in speeches at the lodges and clubs, and in the Cortes. The +grossest calumnies the foulest lies, were industriously circulated, to +lower their prestige, and bring about a downfall of that spiritual +power they had justly acquired, and were exercising for the good of +souls. Nothing was known of the struggle in these countries until the +Spanish-American war brought the <span class="corr" id="xd20e613" +title="Source: Philipines">Philippines</span> into prominence before +the English-speaking world. Then the echoes of the struggle began to +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb39" href="#pb39" name= +"pb39">39</a>]</span>reach our ears. Unfortunately for the friars, the +sympathies of the world were sought, and sought successfully, to be +enlisted on the side of the secret societies, or insurgents, who in +this instance were for the most part one and the same. The news sources +were shrewdly manipulated by astute conspirators to foster their own +purposes; on the Philippine question, world-wide circulation was given +to false and calumnious reports and interviews with leaders of the +insurrection, full of virulent <i>ex parte</i> statements, while no +exposition of views has been sought for from any representative of the +friars. As an instance of the unreliability of these interviews, +circulated through such justly suspected channels, we give the +following. The correspondent of the <i>Daily Telegraph</i> sent, a few +months ago, through “Reuter’s Special Service,” an +interview he had with Dr. Nozaleda, the Archbishop of Manila, who, by +the way, is a Dominican. From this interview it would appear that the +Archbishop is opposed to the friars. He is made to say: “The +religious Orders must go. That is undeniable, because the whole people +are determined on their abolition, and are now able to render their +retention impossible.”</p> +<p>His Grace is also made to blame the Orders for causing dissensions, +and thus increasing the disfavor with which they are regarded. The +correspondent adds that he heard privately from a native priest that +the reason the Archbishop hopes for <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb40" +href="#pb40" name="pb40">40</a>]</span>the expulsion of the religious +Orders is that the friars have grown too strong for him, and that he +expects by getting rid of them to increase his own authority. Now, +apart from the fact that the Archbishop is a member of a religious +Order himself, a fact worth a dozen arguments, we may dismiss the whole +interview as unreliable, since very recently the Archbishop delivered +himself, to a representative of the <i>Chicago Record</i>, of quite +opposite sentiments.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e631width"><img src="images/p040.jpg" alt= +"Most Rev. Dr. Nozaleda, O. P." width="491" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">Most Rev. Dr. Nozaleda, O. P.</p> +<p class="first"><span class="sc">Archbishop of Manila.</span></p> +</div> +<p>Mr. Halstead made a special journey to Manila to study the +situation. He was most favorably impressed by the Archbishop, whom he +has undertaken to vindicate before the people of America. One paragraph +from his interview with the Spanish prelate is of special interest at +the present moment: “When asked what it was that caused the +insurgents to be so ferocious against the priests, and resolved on +their expulsion or destruction, he said the rebels were at once false, +unjust, and ungrateful. They had been lifted from savagery by Catholic +teachers, who had not only been educators in the schools but teachers +in the fields. The Catholic orders that were singled out for special +punishment had planted in the islands the very industries that were the +sources of prosperity; and the leaders of the insurgents had been +largely educated by the very men whom now they persecuted. Some of the +persecutors had been in Europe, and became revolutionists in the sense +of promoting <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb41" href="#pb41" name= +"pb41">41</a>]</span>disorder as anarchists. It was the antagonism of +the Church to murderous anarchy that aroused the insurgents of the +Philippines to become the deadly enemies of priests and religious +orders. It was true that in Spain, as in the Philippines, the +anarchists were particularly inflamed against the Church.”</p> +<p>Prominence was given last year, in some of the English newspapers, +to statements made by a certain Señor S. C. Valdes, a Filipino, +who managed to have an interview sent to the papers, through +“Reuter’s Special Foreign Agency,” that unfortunately +met with a degree of credence on the part of uninformed persons. It is +instructive to analyze some of the statements of this gentleman, and +compare them with statements made for a similar purpose by other +correspondents.</p> +<p>Desiring to prove that the inhabitants of the Philippines are not +naked savages, he says: “The inhabitants of the groups of Luzon, +the Viscayas, and the coast of Mindanao are very advanced in their +education. Seventy-five per cent of them can read and write. There are +many native lawyers, doctors, chemists, members of the military and +scientific corps, naval and land architects, merchants, naval officers, +engineers, and also clever and competent secular priests.” We +believe Señor Valdes. In spite of what he says a little further +on about numbers of them going abroad for their education, we will +refer our readers to the last <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href= +"#pb42" name="pb42">42</a>]</span>chapter, in which we showed that it +is owing to the friars, who have all the primary, secondary, and higher +education in their hands, that the people are so advanced in education; +and as regards the native lawyers and other professional men, we refer +them to the official reports we have given of Manila University, with +its two thousand students, carried on by the Dominicans. As to +Mindanao, what the Jesuits have done there can also be referred to. +Valdes speaks of “clever and competent secular priests,” +having no word of praise for the religious; and yet the higher +education of the secular clergy is entirely in their hands.</p> +<p>After this eulogium of his own people by Señor Valdes, is it +not curious to find quite an opposite statement, made for party +purposes, by the Manila correspondent of the <i>Daily Telegraph</i>? +Wishing to show the incompetence of the friars, he says: “The +education of the people is entirely in their hands; it is enough to say +that practically it does not exist.” And this of a country in +which seventy-five per cent of the people, according to Señor +Valdes, can read and write, a percentage that would put more than one +European country to the blush.</p> +<p>Señor Valdes asserts that the friars exercise a tyrannical +power in the islands. He says that they generally consider it an act of +disrespect for the natives to visit them except with bare feet. It is +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb43" href="#pb43" name= +"pb43">43</a>]</span>curious that Wingfield in his travels never +noticed this, and he had an eagle eye for such deficiencies. Valdes is +not afraid to make the incredible statements that “the friars and +the military said that before the reforms should be granted they would +first drown the insurgents in their own blood,” and that General +Weyler, when he was captain of the islands, ordered the town of Calumba +to be destroyed, and set fire to, simply to please the Dominicans, who +were anxious to show their power and influence. Proofs, and strong +ones, not mere assertions, are needed when religious men, voluntary +exiles from country and friends for the sake of civilizing rude peoples +and bringing them under the sweet yoke of Christ, are accused of +atrocious cold-bloodedness—wantonly slaughtering innocent men, +women, and children for the sake of satisfying a sense of vanity!</p> +<p>The truth of the matter is that the rebellion in the Philippines +against Spanish rule was not the uprising of a whole people. Of what +account, except for brute force, are some thousands of armed men out of +a peaceful population of eight millions. The insurrectionary movement +was planned, and directed almost exclusively, by the mestizos, or +half-breeds,—the offspring of the union between native women and +the Chinese, who form a large proportion of the town population, and do +most of the retail trade. We must bear in mind that the leaders had at +their command all <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb44" href="#pb44" +name="pb44">44</a>]</span>the refractory elements of the native +population,—the banditti, who always existed in large numbers, +and were to be found in force not many miles from Manila, and the +common criminals whom, at the first opportunity, they let loose from +the jails to scour the country. Can we form a judgment of the +sentiments of the Philippine people from the conduct of men who have +treated their prisoners inhumanly, who have burned churches, looted +schools and hospitals, treated ordinary ecclesiastical students with +brutality, and subjected nuns in convents to shameful treatment? We +have plenty of evidence that the natives on the whole are very much +attached to the friars, whom they rescued, when they were able, from +the hands of the rebels, and visited constantly while in captivity, +doing their best to alleviate their sufferings. That they were +peaceably disposed, and loyal to Spain even during the progress of the +rebellion, we may assume from Blumentritt, who said, as late as 1897, +when recounting his experiences as a scientific explorer in these +islands, “There are not many colonies where less blood has been +shed, and also not many where the conquered people have so little +hatred of, or dislike to, their conquerors. Already so richly endowed +with the climate and the beauty of their native land, as well as with +the fertility of the soil, the natives of the Philippines are neither +despised nor downtrodden by their rulers, whom they, in their turn, do +not <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb45" href="#pb45" name= +"pb45">45</a>]</span>dislike. One must, therefore, reckon them among +the happiest in the world.” His words, of course, do not apply to +the noisy demagogues, to the Freemasons, to the insurgents, at least to +that part of them who have not been forced into revolt by threats and +terrorism, but they describe the state of the millions as yet untouched +by the rebellion. Señor Valdes and other men of his stamp are +fond of declaring the resolve of the inhabitants of the Philippines +“to be free and civilized,” and “not to be subjected +to the domination of friars or monkish orders.” They speak the +sentiments of a small, but very active and noisy, portion of the +population; the overwhelming majority are happy, peaceful, and +contented.</p> +<p>We now come to the painful task of noticing some reckless charges +made by Señor Valdes against the honor of the missionaries, a +painful, yet necessary task, as the accusations were laid before the +public some months ago without comment or contradiction of any kind. +Señor Valdes may think he has scored a point in making such +outrageous statements; but he falls into error if he imagines that what +might be readily swallowed by those who hate religion in Spain and +Portugal would be as readily accepted in England, Ireland, and America. +Apostate priests and nuns, lecturing under the auspices of Mr. Kensit +and the Protestant Alliance, have long since made England familiar with +this gross kind of calumny, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href= +"#pb46" name="pb46">46</a>]</span>directed against our own priests and +nuns, repeated, too, year after year, without proof or shadow of +foundation, so recklessly and shamelessly, indeed, that the lecturers +only excite the disgust of the sensible portion of the Protestant body. +Señor Valdes, with unscrupulous audacity, tries to beslime the +character of some of the missionaries, by falsely laying to their +charge the foulest and most unnatural crimes, which for decency’s +sake we refrain from detailing. According to this vile traducer the +priests are devoid of all honor and all the moral virtues.</p> +<p>Now, if this were the first time that these atrocious charges were +made, we might say with horror, “Can such things be?” but +we learn from the memorial presented last April by the heads of the +various religious orders in the Philippines to the Spanish government, +that charges of a similar nature were constantly repeated in Spain +during the previous eighteen months, both in public and in private; +made the subject of speeches in clubs, published in anti-clerical +newspapers—all part of the campaign against the friars, all done +to lower their prestige in the eyes of the people, and to obtain their +expulsion from the islands. If there were any truth in the charges, +they would have been brought home to the friars long since; names, +dates, and documentary proofs would have been given. A list of +well-proven cases, say twenty or thirty, would have been made up, and +submitted <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47" name= +"pb47">47</a>]</span>to the Government, to whom the Freemasons were +clamoring for their expulsion. But, like the stuff the anti-clerical +lectures nearer home are made of, the charges were always vague, +general, and indefinite. The religious, like men of honor, took no +notice of these calumnies for a long time, hoping that gradually the +storm would blow over; but seeing that it increased day by day, and +that they were being constantly insulted by petty government officials +in the Philippines, they at last took notice of them, amongst other +charges, in their memorial to the Government last April. They asked, as +a matter of right and justice, that names and dates would be given, +that documentary proofs would be produced. They affirmed that the +charges were not made by those who had access to them, and saw them day +by day; that their convents were open to inspection; that the lives of +those living in the country parts were well known to their +parishioners; that in those places they could not act in disguise, as +their Spanish nationality made them conspicuous objects to all eyes. +They asked, in case their innocence were doubted, that proper judicial +proceedings would be instituted.</p> +<p>It has been reserved to an American general to put the last +finishing touch to the lurid picture drawn of the lives of the friars +in the Philippines, by giving wide circulation in the columns of the +<i>New York Herald</i> to a calumny which simply outstrips <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb48" href="#pb48" name="pb48">48</a>]</span>the +imagination.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e679src" href="#xd20e679" name= +"xd20e679src">1</a> The general guards himself by professing to know +nothing about the matter except from “common report,” +freely circulated in the Philippines. Now the general, as a man of +honor, might well have allowed these reports to come in by one ear, and +go out by the other; or even if he had kept his mind in suspense, as is +evidently the case, he might have refrained in the meantime from +publishing the “common report” to the world, knowing how +prone human nature is to fasten on the bad, and to believe in evil +report, though unproven. “Every student of Blackstone,” +says the general, “knows very well what was considered in the +olden time to be the feudal right of the lord over the female vassal +who married on his estate. It may be surprising to many to learn that +the Filipinos allege vehemently that the monastic Orders claim and +exact this feudal right on the marriage of the young Philippine +girls.” Common report then, according to the general, charges the +friars with exacting and claiming a right opposed to the fundamental +laws of Christian morality; a right which, if it ever existed in fact, +is at any rate lost in the dim distance of time, and is utterly unknown +to the world at the present day. It is a pity that the ordinary laws of +evidence which are used in dealing with laymen are thrust aside when +dealing <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb49" href="#pb49" name= +"pb49">49</a>]</span>with priests, and that fanaticism in the latter +case is allowed full play for its imagination. Last April (1898) the +heads of the religious Orders in the Philippines, in their memorial to +the Spanish Government, which by being published both in Spanish and in +French, and circulated widely, was intended as a challenge to the +civilized world, demanded that all gross charges of a like nature +should be investigated by legal means, and that evil-doers should be +punished according to law, if they existed in fact. The challenge as +yet remains unanswered; yet what would have been more easy to prove in +the meantime than such an open and flagrant violation of justice and +morality? If proofs could have been had they would have been gladly +brought forward by the leaders of the rebels, who have been clamoring +for the expulsion of the religious Orders for the last three or four +years, and who are by no means simple and unsophisticated savages, but +men educated enough to be able to conduct newspapers of their own.</p> +<p>With common sense for their guide, let Protestants reflect for a +moment that the Philippines form an integral part of the Catholic +Church, that the religious Orders that are governed by generals in +Rome, that systematic visitations are made, and that the conduct of +every individual is subjected to strict ecclesiastical scrutiny from +time to time. Accordingly, unless they hold that the authorities in +Rome are willing to allow an appalling <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb50" href="#pb50" name="pb50">50</a>]</span>evil of the kind to go on +without protest, how can they believe that it exists at all?</p> +<p>“In any case, I can assert without a shadow of doubt,” +adds the general, “what the <i>Herald’s</i> readers have +been previously told by its correspondents—that the people are +very bitter towards the monks.” Whom does he mean by people? Had +the general and the newspaper correspondents come in contact, during +their brief stay in the Philippines, with the six millions of people +till lately under the care of the religious Orders? It is true that +those who have fomented the rebellion, and the thousands who have +joined the insurgent ranks, are bitter towards the monks, or rather +friars. But it is by this time a well-known fact that numbers have been +drawn in through sheer terrorism, and that numbers of others have been +tortured and killed owing to their refusal to join. Mr. Wilson’s +late experience on his sugar plantation bears ample witness to this. It +is easy enough for a few thousand desperate and armed men to cow fifty +times their number of peaceful and unarmed tillers of the soil. The +millions, dumb so far, will be found, on closer investigation, to +represent far different feelings towards the friars than the noisy +rebels who, coming in contact with the American troops and +correspondents, profess to represent the feelings of the great body of +the nation.</p> +<p>In direct contradiction to the “common report,” +circulated by General Meritt, is a testimony to the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb51" href="#pb51" name="pb51">51</a>]</span>virtue +of the Spanish friars in the Philippines, published some years ago +before the present troubles began, by the United States Government in a +consular report. In this report Mr. Frank Karuth, F.R.G.S., who in his +capacity as president of the Philippines’ Mineral Syndicate had +wide experience with the natives, and came into intimate relations with +the friars in remote provincial stations, writes of the latter as +follows: “In these communes or parishes the priest, especially if +he be a Spaniard, as is generally the case, exercises supreme power. He +is the father and counsellor of his people, and helps them not only +with spiritual advice, but also furthers their material interests. The +Spanish priests, friars of strict orders, come to the islands for aye +and good, and with scarcely any exception do their duties faithfully +and devotedly.” Is not this testimony, given without any ulterior +party motives, of more value than the evil reports poured into the ears +of newspaper correspondents by the interested leaders of the Philippine +rebels? (See <a href="#app2">Appendix II</a>.)</p> +<p>A few quotations from Protestant travellers who visited the +Philippines before the insurrection had biassed men’s minds, and +distorted plain facts, will go a long way in the refutation of these +flippantly uttered and unspeakably gross calumnies. “It is +said,” observes the wife of the American navigator, Captain +Morrell, “that in Manila there are more convents (both of men and +of women) than in any <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb52" href="#pb52" +name="pb52">52</a>]</span>other city in the world of its size; and the +general voice of natives and foreigners declares that they are under +excellent regulations.” And then she describes their inmates. +“They all seemed full of occupation. There is no idleness in the +convents, as is generally supposed;” and this her own account of +the various works accomplished in them sufficiently proves. Moreover, +“their devotions begin at the dawn of the day, and are often +repeated during the whole of it, or until late in the evening, in some +form or other. I was born a Protestant, and trust that I shall die a +Protestant; but hereafter I shall have more charity for all who profess +to love religion, whatever may be their creed.” Sir John Bowring, +in 1859, speaks of their influence, an influence generally acquired +only by men of holy lives. He says: “They exercise an influence +which would seem magical, were it not by their devotees deemed +divine.” Dr. Ball, an American Protestant traveller, speaks +highly of the character of the Spanish friars in the Philippines. Of +one whom he met at Manila, he says: “He has a fund of knowledge +on almost every subject, speaks six or seven languages, and has +declined an offer of the presidency of the seminary here, preferring to +remain always in the capacity of missionary.” Mr. MacMacking, +another Protestant, who spent some years in the islands, says, in 1861: +“Most of the priests I came in contact with appeared to be +thoroughly convinced of, and faithful to, their religion in its +purity.”</p> +<div class="figure xd20e707width"><img src="images/p052.jpg" alt= +"Church and convent at Lipa." width="720" height="559"> +<p class="figureHead">Church and convent at Lipa.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href="#pb53" name= +"pb53">53</a>]</span></p> +<p>After reading these testimonies, we may well open our eyes in +astonishment and wonder at the audacity of those who disseminate these +flagrant lies about a body of men distinguished by learning and +holiness. And yet no one, however holy and devoted his life may be, is +safe from the tongue of the calumniator. Robert Louis Stevenson had to +take up his pen in defence of the heroic martyr of the leper, Father +Damien, vilified by a Protestant minister. Father Damien lived for +years in that place of horrors, Molokai, among the lepers, and died a +martyr of charity; and, while no Protestant minister was to be found +heroic enough to follow his example, one of them, housed in his +comfortable bungalow, and jealous of his fame, made unfounded charges +against him. So is it ever with the world. And above all, nothing need +surprise us in the words and acts of the Philippine insurgents and +their abettors. As an instance of their power of concocting a story to +bring the friars into disrepute, we give the following account of an +attempted poisoning of Aguinaldo by a Spanish prisoner and eleven +Franciscans, taken from the <i lang="es">Republica Filipina</i>, one of +their journals—telegraphed at great expense to Europe by +“Reuter’s Special,” and inserted in English papers. +The story goes to show that his steward saw a Spanish prisoner, who was +allowed a certain amount of freedom, tampering with a bowl of soup +intended for Aguinaldo. The steward tasted a spoonful of the soup, and +fell dead <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" href="#pb54" name= +"pb54">54</a>]</span>on the spot. On learning of the affair, the +populace attempted to lynch all the Spanish prisoners, amongst whom +were forty Spanish priests, detained as hostages; but through +Aguinaldo’s intervention, they were protected from violence. The +next day at the sitting of the new National Assembly, Aguinaldo’s +representative told the story of his narrow escape, and the members +unanimously adopted the chairman’s suggestion that they should go +in a body to the president’s house and express their sympathy and +congratulations. To crown this farce, a special thanksgiving service +was held in the church at Malolos that evening. The really silly part +of the story is that eleven Franciscan priests, confined as prisoners, +were alleged to have been involved in the conspiracy against +Aguinaldo’s life, and it was evidently on this supposition that +all the priests were on the point of being massacred. A few days +afterwards the story was contradicted. After all the fuss and all the +expense of the telegrams, it turned out that the steward did not fall +dead, and that no priests were concerned in the supposed plot. Still +the lie did its work, both in the Philippines and nearer home; for many +heard it, and read about it, who did not see the contradiction.</p> +<p>We are not at present in a position to follow Señor Valdes in +his statements regarding the dissensions between the native and +European friars, the rigorous exactions and tithes, “the friars +calling <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55" href="#pb55" name= +"pb55">55</a>]</span>themselves owners of the land cultivated by the +natives, claiming rents and tithes which the real owners refused to +pay,” but we believe them to be as baseless as his other +accusations. Before he made them, the friars had already, in their +memorial to the Spanish Government, taken notice of similar +accusations, and asked for dates, names, and proofs. It is curious that +no English travellers to these regions have taken notice of these +supposed oppressions on the part of the friars. They are concocted with +the design of expelling the friars from the islands, and confiscating +their property, which they have lawfully acquired, and added to, by +three centuries of industry. It is true they are rich in landed +property, but their riches do not enable them to live individually in +luxury. They are used by the Orders for the purposes of the Orders, in +furthering education, maintaining hospitals, orphanages, and industrial +schools, and in extending their missions not only in the Philippines, +but also in China, Tonkin, Japan, and Formosa. Is it not better, in the +interests of the people, that they should continue in their possessions +than that they should be robbed of them, turned adrift, and their +property divided among needy adventurers? It is a significant fact that +one of the first acts of the National Assembly of the insurgents was to +vote a pension of seventeen thousand dollars to Aguinaldo, enough to +keep several religious communities in existence. These political heroes +are anxious to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb56" href="#pb56" name= +"pb56">56</a>]</span>enrich themselves at the expense of others, and to +spend in luxury what has been gathered together through three centuries +of frugal living.</p> +<p>A sample calumny of the kind, to which unbounded circulation has +been given, and its sufficient refutation from an authoritative source, +to which no such reproduction has been extended, may not be out of +place by way of conclusion to our present remarks. Let the candid +reader judge whose words—the Rev. Mr. Parkhurst’s or Father +McKinnon’s—bear the ear-marks of personal investigation and +conscientious endeavor after the truth—“the whole truth and +nothing but the truth.”</p> +<p>These statements of Mr. Parkhurst were clipped from an article in +<i>The Cleveland Plain Dealer</i> (Cleveland, O.); and the clipping was +forwarded to Father McKinnon, who is at present in Manila, and has been +appointed superintentent of all the schools in that city by General +Otis, the commander-in-chief of the American army of occupation. Father +McKinnon was requested to comment upon the extract. The clipping and +the reply are herewith presented.</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“The Rev. M. M. Parkhurst, who has lived in the +Philippines for many years, says that when a couple wish to get married +in the Philippines, they must first pay a fee of £6. or $30, to +the priest, who otherwise will not marry them. As a native rarely earns +more than $5 a month, he seldom has the necessary marriage fee, so that +common law marriages <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57" +name="pb57">57</a>]</span>are the frequent result. The baptismal fee, +he says, is $25, and the death fee is $60 for an adult, and $10 for an +infant. A poll-tax of $25 for each man, and $15 for each woman, is +collected; and when a man builds a house, he must pay $10 for having a +chimney blessed.”</p> +</div> +<p>To this Father McKinnon replies:—</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“Responding to your favor with regard to +quotation from the Rev. M. M. Parkhurst, I may say it is a lie from top +to finish. I have been here now nearly six months, and have studied the +religious question very carefully, and, I think, without prejudice. To +do this I had every opportunity, not only here in Manila, but also in +the outlying provinces, as I have been sent frequently into the +interior of the island to treat with the insurgent leaders. I have +conversed with all classes of people, and I think I know pretty well +just how matters stand. This statement of Mr. Parkhurst is in keeping +with all the other statements made by irresponsible preachers +concerning the condition of the Church here.</p> +<p>“Marriage here is like marriage any place else. If the parties +are able to do so, they are supposed to pay something. If not able to +pay, the priests here marry them gratis, just as you or I or any other +minister of the Gospel would do in America. For rich or poor there is +no fixed fee; that is left entirely to the contracting parties. For +baptisms and deaths the rule is the same. Indeed, for baptisms, the +priest rarely receives more than one dollar, and more often he receives +nothing at all. For deaths they go even further than we do in America, +as every parish church keeps a supply of coffins on hand to give gratis +to those who are too poor to employ an undertaker. For the grandest +funeral here no more than $25 is paid, which would be <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb58" href="#pb58" name="pb58">58</a>]</span>equal to +$12 of our money. Even the fee of $2.50, charged for marriage license +reverts not to the Church or Government, but to the orphan asylums.</p> +<p>“Speaking of orphan asylums, the Girls’ Asylum here +gives a dowry of $500 to every inmate upon her marriage. This is but a +sample of what is done in the way of charity here. We hear great tales +of the wealth of the monks, and inquire about the property, and find it +is a large estate, the income of which is used to support some +hospital, or other charitable institution under the care of said monks. +Nowhere in the world is charity in greater evidence than here. The +magnificent hospitals and orphanages, schools of industry, etc., would +be a credit to any nation. The amount expended thus every year is +enormous. The monks individually are as poor as the proverbial church +mouse. The islands have a population of over 8,000,000 Catholics. The +priests number about 1,500; and considering the weakness of human +nature, and the fact that many of them live alone out in the wilds far +away from brother priests, it is not surprising that an occasional one +falls. Even among the saintly (?) Parkhurst’s brethren, I have +heard of an occasional fall in civilized America. But here these are +the exceptions. The main body of the clergy are good, holy men. The +Archbishop is a man who would be an honor to any church in any country. +He is a man of eminent learning and great sanctity. He is one of the +kindest and most charitable men I ever met. Go to his house at whatever +hour you will, and you will find it crowded with poor. For each he has +a kind word and some substantial aid. Every cent he receives is given +away in this manner. His personal magnetism is such that to meet him is +to admire him. If I wished to use names I could give you many striking +examples of this. In our army and navy we had some <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb59" href="#pb59" name= +"pb59">59</a>]</span>Parkhursts who were ready to believe or say +anything about his Grace.</p> +<p>“For those whom I thought worth convincing that they were +wrong, I arranged that at different times they should meet him. The +result was the same in every case. Each would come away feeling that +his Grace was a much maligned man. To-day, among the American officials +in both army and navy, no man is more respected than the Archbishop of +Manila. In my estimation, there are two reasons for the impression +which has gone abroad concerning the Church here. Aguinaldo, knowing in +his cunning that there were many Parkhursts in America, thought lying +about the Church would be an excellent way to gain the sympathy of +Americans. I have been all over the country, and find no poverty +anywhere. For Indians I find them remarkably well instructed. The one +who cannot read and write is an exception. There are public schools +supported by the Government all over the country. Had Mr. Parkhurst +desired to learn the truth, he could have done so from his brother +ministers, who are chaplains here. I think they would have told him the +truth, as I have found them to be a nice gentlemanly lot of men, ever +ready to do me a kindness. Some of them I admire very much for their +devotion to the sick and those in need.”</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href="#pb60" name= +"pb60">60</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e679" href="#xd20e679src" name="xd20e679">1</a></span> See +interview with General Merritt, published in the <i>New York +Herald</i>, Oct. 4, 1898.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch3" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter III.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Rebellion Largely the Work of a Secret +Organization.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Secret societies, and, above all, that great guild +known as Freemasonry, are certainly foremost, if not controlling, +factors in the warfare made upon throne and altar during the last one +hundred and fifty years.</p> +<p>In saying this we do not intend to express any opinion for or +against the sentiments of Protestant Freemasons in England and the +United States, numbers of whom, no doubt, reprobate the anti-Christian +spirit this association shows on the Continent and in Spanish America. +They have been brought up to regard it as a perfectly harmless and +beneficent institution, and cannot understand the attitude taken with +regard to it by the Catholic Church.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e764width"><img src="images/p060.jpg" alt= +"Collection of seals and stamps used by various branches of the “Katipunan,” the secret society of the natives." +width="588" height="585"> +<p class="figureHead">Collection of seals and stamps used by various +branches of the “Katipunan,” the secret society of the +natives.</p> +</div> +<p>It is quite true that Freemasonry may have in these countries kept +to its original constitution, which, we may admit, was of a beneficent +nature. But what Catholic writers on the subject urgently insist upon +is, that on the Continent it very soon <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb61" href="#pb61" name="pb61">61</a>]</span>assumed a political and +dangerous character. For a long time it was not condemned by the +Church, and many good Catholics of rank and position gave their names +to it. It was only when its dangerous tendencies came to light that it +received solemn ecclesiastical condemnation, and that Catholics were +forbidden to join it. For more than a century this secret guild has +been at the bottom of the revolutions that have desolated the modern +world. Some years previous to the French Revolution, German envoys of +the Society of the Illuminati advised the French Masons to form a +political committee in each lodge; and in time, as Robison remarks, +these committees led to the formation of the Jacobin Club. “Thus +were the lodges of France,” says this writer, “converted in +a very short time into a set of affiliated secret societies, +corresponding with the mother lodges of Paris, receiving from thence +their principles and instructions, and ready to rise up at once when +called upon to carry on the great work of overturning the State. Hence +it arose that the French aimed, in the very beginning, at subverting +the whole world. Hence, too, may be explained how the revolution took +place almost in a moment in every part of France. The revolutionary +societies were early formed, and were working in secret before the +opening of the National Assembly; and the whole nation changed, and +changed again and again, as if by beat of drum.” <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb62" href="#pb62" name="pb62">62</a>]</span></p> +<p>In Spain, since its introduction it assumed a sanguinary and +virulent character; it brought about revolutions and civil wars, +embittered classes against one another, wronged and starved the clergy, +robbed, turned adrift, and banished the religious Orders.</p> +<p>There is, indeed, a good deal of difficulty in tracing all these +evils to the action of the Freemasons; for on the Continent, especially +in Spain, the society has been always of a more secret nature than in +these countries. Members of the Craft in England and the United States +are generally well known to belong to it; their halls and lodges in the +larger towns are imposing and conspicuous; their emblems and badges are +often seen in the light of day. But on the Continent we see very little +of all this; it is a thoroughly secret society; the members and their +movements are carefully veiled from sight. As we said before, +Freemasonry, on its introduction to the Continent, at once assumed a +political character. The Deists and free-thinkers of the last century +utilized it as a potent means of combining against the Church, and of +carrying on their evil propaganda. In this way they were aided by the +Jansenists, with different motives it is true, but still, when it was a +question of opposing the religious Orders, with a whole heart. The +working of the society in Spain in this century has necessarily been +more stealthy and insidious than in France, for there it <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63" name="pb63">63</a>]</span>was face +to face with a truly Catholic population devotedly attached to the +Church.</p> +<p>By means of atheistical French literature, the works of Voltaire and +other unbelievers, translated into Spanish, brought across the border +in large bales, and disseminated through the Peninsula, the Freemasons +had already indoctrinated a large number of active and restless spirits +with revolutionary and anti-Christian ideas, when the troubles and +civil war of 1834 gave them the opportunity they desired of making an +onslaught on the religious Orders. At such times the minds of men are +in a ferment, and the most incredible reports may be spread abroad, and +will be implicitly believed by the populace. Accordingly, on the awful +visitation of cholera, which swept over Europe at that time, desolating +cities and towns, and leaving thousands upon thousands of families in +mourning, in Madrid the report was industriously spread by the Masons +that the Monks and Friars had poisoned the wells, and were the cause of +the sickness among the people. In a mad fit of rage the populace rose +on all sides, rushed to the convents and monasteries, and murdered all +the inmates they could lay their hands upon. This awful event is +referred to in the Memorial.</p> +<p>Such a state of things may seem hardly possible in the nineteenth +century; and yet a similar catastrophe nearly happened in Lisbon a few +years ago, the circumstances of which were related to the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb64" href="#pb64" name="pb64">64</a>]</span>writer +by one of the Dominicans who was living there at the time. It appears +that the Dominican nuns had opened a dispensary for the relief of the +poor. Strange to say, the frightful report soon went abroad that the +nuns were stealing children, and killing and boiling them down to make +a healing ointment out of their remains. The city was in an uproar; it +was unsafe for priests and nuns to be seen in the streets; and the +populace who really believed the absurd story, being in a furious state +of excitement, were on the point of burning down the convent, and +maltreating the nuns.</p> +<p>To return to Spain, the popular rising in Madrid was utilized by the +revolutionary party in carrying out, the following year, the +suppression of all the convents and monasteries in the country. The +religious were driven out into the world; and their lands, goods, +libraries, and art-treasures were sold for the benefit of the public +debt, and to supply means to carry on the civil war. The bishops and +secular clergy as well were also robbed, numerous episcopal sees were +suppressed, and the goods of the Church declared to be national +property. The Freemason Government promised to look after the interests +of the Church by paying salaries to all ecclesiastics. As a result, +Spain was filled, in a few years, with a poverty-stricken and starving +clergy, and ruined churches and mouldering abbeys were to be seen on +all sides. The effects of that great spoliation are still felt in the +Peninsula; for <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb65" href="#pb65" name= +"pb65">65</a>]</span>though the religious Orders have revived in the +meantime, and numerous convents and monasteries have been built, the +priests are not in sufficient numbers for the needs of the population, +which thereby, in many places, is suffering great spiritual +destitution.</p> +<p>The policy of robbery and confiscation was boldly advocated for the +Philippines, just before the late war, in one of the leading reviews of +Madrid. Juan Ferrando Gomez, in a series of articles<a class="noteref" +id="xd20e791src" href="#xd20e791" name="xd20e791src">1</a> bitterly +hostile to the Philippine Friars, proposed their entire suppression. +They should be turned out of their convents and missionary houses by a +secret decree, of which they were to be kept in ignorance till the +execution actually took place. Their convents in Manila would be useful +as barracks and Government offices, their country estates could be +divided amongst their tenants, and the rents formerly paid to the +Friars could be commuted into a tax to be paid to the State. Moreover, +the Archbishop of Manila, and any others of the bishops belonging to +the religious Orders, should be forced out of the country. Besides +that, the schools and university belonging to the Friars should also be +either suppressed, or taken out of their hands. Reading these +flagrantly unjust proposals in the light of recent Spanish history, and +with the help of the Memorial, we are <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb66" href="#pb66" name="pb66">66</a>]</span>inclined to believe that, +without much further pressure from the Freemasons, the Spanish Ministry +would have carried them out. Fortunately for the Friars, as well as the +natives, they have no voice in the matter now. Under the American flag +the religious will be treated as citizens, having the common right of +citizens, neither to be molested in their persons nor robbed of their +property. The President of the United States has declared this in clear +terms to the Holy See.</p> +<p>With regard to Freemasonry in Spanish or Latin America, the Rev. +Reuben Parsons has recently written on the subject (see <a href= +"#app3">Appendix III</a>.), substantiating all his assertions by +quotations from Masonic organs or other unprejudiced sources, and +clearly exposing the systematic war which the lodges in South and +Central America have carried on against religion. He shows how it has +started revolutions, assassinated the leaders of the people, exiled the +clergy, and persecuted the Church in other ways.</p> +<p>We will now endeavor to trace the history of Freemasonry in the +Philippines and its connection with the insurrection there. In the +Philippines Freemasonry found itself face to face with a simple native +population, mostly Christian, and an active body of Spanish +missionaries belonging to various religious Orders, loyal to their +native country, possessing unbounded influence over their flocks, and +rapidly bringing under the yoke of Christ the tribes <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67" name="pb67">67</a>]</span>who were +still Pagan. The religious were a power that they could not hope to +cope with for a long time; and so at first they were left unmolested, +while the members of the Craft were gathering converts, and +strengthening their position, among a class more suitable to their +nefarious designs, viz., the mestizos, or half-breeds; the Filipinos, +or those who, though born in the country, consider themselves the +pure-blooded descendants of the early colonists; and the Spanish +officials, numbers of whom were already Masons before they went to the +Archipelago.</p> +<p>That the Freemasonry in the Philippines has shown itself of a +distinctly sanguinary nature is not to be wondered at when we consider +its close connection with Spain. The Lodge of Action, or Red Lodge, +composed of determined revolutionists ready to use the dagger, and +prepared to wade through a sea of blood to accomplish their designs, +represented by Mazzini and the Carbonari in Italy, has a large +following in Spain, and was presided over, a few years ago, by Zorilla, +the Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Spain.</p> +<p>The following account of the growth of Freemasonry in the +Philippines, taken from the <i>Rosario</i>, an organ published in Rome, +the editor of which has access to special information, and is in close +touch with friars who have been living for many years in the +archipelago as missionaries, will be of profound interest. In or about +1860 many <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb68" href="#pb68" name= +"pb68">68</a>]</span>of the strangers who frequented the Philippines +were Freemasons, and members of the lodges of Singapore, Hongkong, +Java, Macao, and the open ports of China. This was at a period when +England, Holland, France, the United States, for colonial reasons of +their own, showed hostility to Spain. It was therefore quite natural +that, in those lodges, an anti-Spanish spirit gradually arose in the +Philippines. Seeing this spirit arising, two officials of the Spanish +navy, Malcampo and Mendez Nunez, Freemasons themselves, determined to +oppose Freemasonry to Freemasonry, by founding lodges that would uphold +the Spanish interests; they therefore established, at Cavite, the Lodge +Primera Luz Filippina, placing it under the Grand Orient of Lusitania, +and a little afterwards another lodge at Zamboanga, for the officials, +seamen, and civil functionaries who held positions in Mindanao.</p> +<p>In opposition to these, the strangers residing in the Philippines +established at Manila itself a lodge of the Scottish rite, as a +<i>point d’appui</i> for the enemies of Spain. They thus moved +the centre of conspiracy against Spain to the islands themselves, and +tried to draw the natives into their nets by giving them important +positions in the Craft. The two opposing factions of Freemasonry also +increased their numbers largely by taking in the political exiles who +were sent to the Philippines as a result of the part taken by them in +the various <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb69" href="#pb69" name= +"pb69">69</a>]</span>civil wars in the Peninsula, most of whom gave +their names and services to one or the other. It is remarkable that +these two bodies, guided by opposite political principles, one +depending on a Spanish centre and directed principally by Spaniards, +the other directed principally by Germans, English, and Americans, and +opposed to Spanish interests, found, at least in one direction, a point +of concord, namely, in opposition to the religious Orders. Although the +Spanish Masons were actuated by a love for their mother-country, still +the well-known anti-clericalism of Freemasonry prevailed over every +other consideration, blinding them to the fact that the best and most +influential representatives of Spain in the Philippines were to be +found in the religious Orders, who were the only civilizing force able +to deal with the natives. They thus indirectly paved the way for the +insurrection; for it is well known that from the ranks of the opposing +factions, and principally by reason of their anti-clerical tendencies, +arose the sanguinary society of the “Katipunan,” which made +it its direct aim to expel the friars, and overturn the Spanish +government in the islands. The <i>Grand Orient</i>, the organ of this +society, declared that one of the first articles of its programme was +the extermination of the religious. And here it may be noticed that the +ninth term of the proposals made by the insurgents to America was as +follows: “There shall be a general religious toleration; but +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70" name= +"pb70">70</a>]</span>measures shall be adopted for the abolition and +expulsion of the religious communities, who, with an iron hand, have +hitherto demoralized the actual civil administration.”</p> +<p>In the meantime the lodges increased in number, so much so that two +years ago there were at Manila sixteen lodges affiliated to the Grand +Orient of Spain, and one at least in every pueblo in the province of +Luzon, and also lodges in Zamboanga and the Visaya Islands; an +Anglo-German club-lodge, on the books of which were inscribed the names +of a great part of the Government officials; also the German Union, +affiliated to the Grand Orient of Berlin; the society of S. Giovanni +del Monte, a centre common to Swiss, French, Belgian, and Dutch Masons. +In all, according to reliable statistics, there were a hundred lodges +and 25,000 initiates. When the Freemasonry of the Philippines had +gathered these numbers under its banner, the insurrection broke out; +and of its 25,000 members, at least 20,000 were to be found in the +ranks of the rebels. Could any clearer proof than this be found that +the insurrection in the Philippines is the direct work of +Freemasonry?</p> +<p>We will here call the attention of our readers to two of the +illustrations. The first is a collection of various seals and stamps, +forty-one in number, in use by the various branches of the Katipunan, +the sanguinary secret society of the natives. Masonic emblems, the +compass and rule, the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb71" href="#pb71" +name="pb71">71</a>]</span>triangle, the keys, etc., are to be found on +almost all of them, proving beyond doubt the Masonic direction and +constitution of the society. Turn now to the other +illustration,—a Masonic apron, worn at secret meetings and also +in battle, which was found on the body of an insurgent after an +engagement. No concealment here of methods to be used,—the head +dripping with blood, one hand grasping the bleeding head, and the other +holding the dagger, sufficiently attest to all beholders the work of +the Red Lodge.</p> +<p>The position of the religious Orders in the Philippines, just before +the war broke out between Spain and America, had become so perilous and +unbearable, that they addressed a long Memorial to the Spanish +Government, exposing their grievances, explaining the cause of the +rebellion, and suggesting remedies suitable for the situation.</p> +<p>This Memorial is more than a mere appeal to the Spanish Government. +It is a challenge to the civilized world, made by men whose dignity and +honor have been outraged by awful and unjust charges levelled at them +by their foes, and spread far and near by the press. The Memorial has +been put into print by the Friars, and scattered through Spain; it has +been translated into French, and now it appears (in a condensed form) +in an English dress. Up to the present, at any rate, it has not drawn +forth an answer from those whose calumnies were the cause of its +appearance. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb72" href="#pb72" name= +"pb72">72</a>]</span>From another point of view it is of interest, +giving us valuable information as to the causes of the rebellion, and +incidentally throwing a lurid light upon the dark places and dark +workings of Freemasonry. Its importance as an authoritative exposition +lies in the fact that it emanates from the combined heads of all the +religious Orders in the Philippines, men having under their spiritual +care more than five out of the six millions of Christians in the +country. It is signed by Father Manuel Gutierrez, Provincial of the +Augustinians; Father Gilberto Martin, Commissary-Provincial of the +Franciscans; Father Francisco Ajarro, Provincial of the Recollects; +Father Candido Garcia Valles, Vicar-Provincial of the Dominicans; Pio +Pi, S. J., Superior of the Missions of the Society of Jesus.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e842width"><img src="images/p072.jpg" alt= +"Masonic apron used by the “Katipunan.”" width="543" +height="569"> +<p class="figureHead">Masonic apron used by the +“Katipunan.”</p> +</div> +<p>We doubt whether any official notice was taken of the document by +the Spanish Government. It was on its way to Spain when, on the +declaration of war by America, Admiral Dewey stole into Manila Bay by +night, shattered the Spanish fleet the next morning at Cavite, and laid +siege to Manila. In the meantime, too, the Spanish Ministry had +resigned; and when the documents arrived at its destination, a new +Ministry was in office, under Señor Sagasta, with a new colonial +minister. Facing bravely, but ineffectually, one of the greatest powers +in the world, the new Ministry was entirely taken up with cares and +interests <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb73" href="#pb73" name= +"pb73">73</a>]</span>on which depended the existence of Spain as a +nation.</p> +<p>A striking characteristic of the memorial is its outspoken +insistence upon Freemasonry as the principal cause of the Rebellion, a +position not unwarranted in view of the evidence presented on previous +pages. So much has been heard from the opponents of the religious +Orders, that a word from themselves, in their own defence, will have +all the air of novelty. We reprint the memorial, quite confident that +it will not suffer by comparison with what has appeared from the other +side.</p> +<p>The Memorial of the Philippine Friars to the Spanish Government, +April, 1898.</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">TO HIS EXCELLENCY THE COLONIAL MINISTER.</p> +<p>In addition to the telegram sent to His Excellency, the +Governor-General and Viceroy, on the first of this month, that he might +bring it officially under your Excellency’s notice, which the +said authority informs us has been done, we, the Superiors of the +Congregations of the Augustinians, Franciscans, Recollects, Dominicans, +and Jesuits, have the honor of presenting this Statement to his +Majesty, King Alfonso XIII., and, in his royal name, to Her Majesty the +Queen Regent, Dona Maria Christina, to the President and Members of the +Crown Ministerial Council, and more especially to your Excellency as +Colonial Minister. We address this Statement directly to your +Excellency, according to law and custom, that you may deign to bring it +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb74" href="#pb74" name= +"pb74">74</a>]</span>under the notice of the exalted personages already +mentioned, and even if it appears desirable before the nation, duly +assembled in the Cortes of the kingdom.</p> +<p>The time has come for us faithful and constant upholders of Spanish +rule in the Philippines to break our traditional silence. The hour has +also come to defend our honor, which has been so much assailed, and our +holy and patriotic ministry, which has been the object of the most +terrible and unjustifiable accusations and calumnies.</p> +<p>We have borne patiently with the Freemasons and insurgents, known +and unknown, who in their newspapers, clubs, and public meetings, have +for the last eighteen months insulted and vilified us, accusing us, +among other things, of having fostered the rebellion. We have +discovered to our sorrow that a number of Spaniards, having resided in +these islands for a longer or shorter period as the case might be, on +their return to the Peninsula have spoken of us in terms which they +would not have dared to employ if in place of being priests and friars +we had been laymen, or if instead of being ecclesiastical congregations +we had belonged to civil or military bodies.</p> +<p>The religious of the Philippines, far away from Europe, alone in +their ministry, scattered to the furthermost corners of the +Archipelago, and without any other companions and witnesses of their +labors than their own dear and simple parishioners, have no other +defence save right and reason. Conscious that we have always been loyal +and patriotic subjects, and have always fulfilled our duties and the +obligations to our holy ministry, we have borne patiently and silently, +according to the advice of the Apostle, insults and calumnies from the +very persons to whom we had offered our services in all Christian +sincerity. We have kept silence under insults from persons calling +themselves forsooth Catholics, but who are infected with the practical +Jansenism <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75" name= +"pb75">75</a>]</span>of certain latter-day reformers. We even suffered +in silence certain false information, most dishonoring to the religious +Orders, to be brought before the Cortes last year. It was asserted, not +only in private, but in important, centres, that the prestige of the +religious Orders in the Philippines was so shaken that it would be +necessary to drive them out by armed force. It was also declared, as +most dishonoring to a great nation like Spain, to have commissioned +friars to furnish information about the Philippines, and to have asked +their advice in the form of a memorial presented to the Senate. In +addition to all this, the gravest accusations, some directed against a +worthy prelate, were brought against us, veiled, however, under the +guise of impartiality and gentle correction. Before long the clamors +will be renewed in a different tone; and we shall see the reproduction +in the Archipelago, with more or less cruelty, of that historical +period in the Peninsula of 1834–1840.</p> +<p>REASONS FOR OUR SILENCE TILL THE PRESENT TIME.</p> +<p>We believed that a wise and prolonged silence, added to that +prudence and magnanimity which should always distinguish religious +orders, would have sufficed for good and discreet persons, and that +they would have repelled the accusations, and formed a judgment that +would be proof against these repeated attacks. But, instead of calming +down, the storm appears to increase daily. The Treaty of Biac-na-Bato +has furnished to many the opportunity of renewing the crafty +insinuation, nay, bold affirmation, already made by the rebel chiefs, +that the religious institutes were the sole cause of the insurrection. +One of the chiefs of the “Katipunan” secret society has +declared in his paper, The <i>Grand Orient</i>, which, like a plague, +is still scattered <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb76" href="#pb76" +name="pb76">76</a>]</span>over the islands, that one of the first +articles in his programme is the expulsion of the religious Orders. In +the Peninsula as well as here, the Freemasons and others who second +their efforts have recommenced the war against us. They have published +manifestoes at Madrid, in which, misusing the name of the Philippine +natives, they demand vexatious and disgraceful measures against the +clergy.</p> +<p>If under these circumstances we still remained silent, our silence +would be attributed, and rightly so, to fear or to guilt. Our patience +would be called weakness; and even sensible and solid Catholics, who +recognize the injustice of the attacks made against us, might be led to +believe that we were really stained with guilt, or that we had fallen +into such a state of moral prostration, that we could be ill-treated +with impunity.</p> +<p>THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS PERSECUTED BECAUSE THEY UPHOLD RELIGION.</p> +<p>On what grounds are the religious bodies persecuted? Simply because +they uphold true and sound doctrine, and have never shown a weak front +to the enemies of God and of their country. If we had shown ourselves +pusillanimous in sight of the works of Masonic lodges, and in presence +of the propagation of the politico-religious errors imported from +Europe; if we had given the faintest mark, not of sympathy, but even of +toleration, to the men who were scattering broadcast false notions of +liberty condemned by the Church; if patriotism had cooled in our +hearts, or if the innovators had not found in each Philippine religious +an intractable and terrible adversary to their plans,—the +religious congregations would never have been disturbed. On the +contrary, we should have been extolled to the skies, the more so +because our enemies do not <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href= +"#pb77" name="pb77">77</a>]</span>ignore the fact that, were we to help +them in the Archipelago, were we to give them our support, or at least +were we to remain silent, we should thereby give them an undisputed +victory.</p> +<p>But they know well that our standard is no other than the Syllabus +of the great Pontiff, Pius IX., so frequently confirmed by Leo XIII., +wherein all rebellion against the powers is so energetically condemned. +Yea! truly they hate us, and under different names and on divers +pretexts they are making such a cruel war upon us that it would seem as +if the Freemasons and Revolutionists had no other enemies in the +Philippines than the religious bodies.</p> +<p>THE RELIGIOUS PERSECUTED AS LOYAL SPANIARDS.</p> +<p>Apart from their essentially religious character, the regular clergy +of the Archipelago are the sole Spanish institution, permanent and +deeply-rooted, which exists in the islands—a vigorous +organization well adapted to these regions. While the civil and +military officials on the one hand, who come from Spain, live here only +for a time, fulfilling their duties more or less wisely according as it +is for or against their private interests, and yet are ignorant of the +languages of the country, and have only a superficial intercourse with +the Islanders, we, the religious, come over here to sacrifice our whole +existences, dispersed often one by one amongst the remotest tribes. +When we bid an eternal farewell to our native shores, we voluntarily +condemn ourselves, by virtue of our vows, to live forever devoted to +the moral, religious, and civil education of <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e894" title="Source: the the">the</span> natives; and we have +waged many conflicts in their behalf. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb78" href="#pb78" name="pb78">78</a>]</span></p> +<p>CRAFTINESS OF THE INSURGENT CHIEFS.</p> +<p>Seeing that we were the most deeply rooted, influential, and +best-respected Spaniards in the country, and that we would come to no +terms with them or their projects, the rebel chiefs determined to +demand our expulsion from the Government. They were aware that they +would be backed up in their demand by many among the Spanish residents +in the Archipelago, who, led by passion and ignorance, lend a willing +ear to all who declaim against the religious Orders, especially when +the watchwords used are “Free Thought,” “Liberty of +the Press,” “Secularization of Education,” +“Ecclesiastical Liquidation,” “Suppression of the +Privileges of the Clergy.”</p> +<p>Thus the password among the rebels became, especially since the +Treaty of Biac-na-Bato, the emancipation of their country. They +declared they had no dislike to Spanish administration, nor any +intention of separation from Spain; what made them rise in rebellion +were the abuses of the clergy, and their only demand was the expulsion +of the religious Orders. But these were lying declarations, as numerous +judicial and non-judicial documents containing the plans of the +conspirators have proved. They made these false professions because +they knew that if they declared that the insurrection was brought about +by the numerous abuses of power which have been committed by civil and +military functionaries, they would have all the Spanish element in the +Archipelago leagued against them, and would have the door closed to all +their means of propaganda.</p> +<p>ACCUSATIONS AGAINST THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS.</p> +<p>We ask, in the first place, where are these abuses which are always +the subject of their declamations in the clubs <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb79" href="#pb79" name="pb79">79</a>]</span>and +lodges? We preach the Gospel, and not only do we draw to a civilized +life the barbarous tribes of the Archipelago, whom we have preserved +peaceful and happy for three centuries, as the whole world knows, but +we have always been the defenders of the natives, who are subjected to +a thousand vexations on the part of the Spanish lay residents. At all +times we have watched over the purity of the Faith and the preservation +of good morals, showing ourselves inflexible against illegal exactions, +immoral games, and those who lead scandalous lives. After all that has +been written against us for so many years, we defy our calumniators, +and do not fear an honest and impartial examination of our lives and +works. Let those who murmur and speak against us, prove by exact dates +and authentic documents that their accusations are well founded.</p> +<p>They say we are enemies of education and of the diffusion of +knowledge; if by education they mean the teaching of doctrine condemned +by the Church, we are at one with them; but there is no education in +the ordinary sense of the term, primary, secondary, or superior, in the +islands that has not been founded, encouraged, and sustained by the +clergy. It is well known that very few of the native officials who went +through their course in our schools have taken part in the rebellion; +and the proclaimers of “Free-thought” are, for the most +part, individuals who failed in their career, and were the refuse of +our classes.</p> +<p>As to the accusations of immorality which are recklessly levelled +against us, all we have to say is that everyone can see our monasteries +and convents and ourselves, and can form a judgment on our lives; the +parish priests and missionaries are alone, surrounded by a multitude of +natives; everyone can see what we are doing, and hear what we are +saying; our European figures and sacerdotal character <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb80" href="#pb80" name="pb80">80</a>]</span>bring us +into such prominence before the people that it would be stupid to +imagine that we could hide our doings.</p> +<p>We consider, as not worthy of reply, the impudent assertion that in +the country parts we are despots; that in a thousand ways we suck the +blood of our tenants; charges often before refuted by the most explicit +documentary evidence. Neither is it worth while speaking of the +abominable calumny of attributing to us the passage through the country +with armed force, and the imprisoning and torturing of those implicated +in the first revolt. All this is part of the absurd fable that we are +absolute masters, not only of the consciences of the people, but of the +Archipelago itself; statements contradicted by the very men who make +them, when they declare in the Cortes that we have lost all influence +and all prestige in the islands.</p> +<p>CAUSE OF THE REBELLION.</p> +<p>The utter want of religion to be found among a great number of the +Spanish residents, the facility with which the ancient laws of the +Archipelago were changed, the instability of the public functionaries, +a fruitful source of abuses, contributed for several years to discredit +the Spanish name. But Freemasonry, as the world knows, has been the +principal cause of the social disorganization of the Philippines. The +Hispano-Philippine Association of Madrid was Masonic; the Masons were +almost alone in the work of urging on the natives to make war on the +clergy and the Spanish residents; they authorized the founding of +lodges in the Archipelago. It was the Masons, too, who formed the +“Katipunan” society, so essentially Masonic that in the +terrible “compact of blood” they make, they are actually +imitating the Carbonari of Italy.</p> +<p>In consequence of the teaching of the Freemasons, the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81" name="pb81">81</a>]</span>voice of +the parish priest has no longer any effect on numbers of the natives, +especially at Manila and in the neighboring provinces, where they are +accustomed to give themselves airs of importance and independence; and +the prestige of the Spanish name has grown considerably less, and +disappeared entirely in many places. What wonder, then, if the powerful +instincts of race awoke, and that, pondering on the fact that they had +a language and climate and territory of their own, the rebels should +try to build a wall of separation between the Spaniards and the Malays? +Is it not natural that having been brought to believe that the friar is +neither their father nor the pastor of their souls, nor their friend +and enthusiastic defender, but, on the contrary, a spoiler, and that +the Spanish resident is only a money-grubber, having more or less power +and authority, they should have desired to free themselves from the +Spanish authority?</p> +<p>Six months ago the “Katipunan” society was limited to +the mountains of Langua and Bulacan, where the rebel chiefs had taken +refuge, and also counted some adherents among certain tribes in touch +with the insurgents. But now the plague is widespread; the insurgents +violating the promise made to the gallant Marquis of Estella, and at +the call of a secret signal, have scattered themselves over the central +provinces, and by means of cruelty and terrorism have succeeded in +enrolling in their ranks a great number of natives who after the +submission at Biac-na-Bato gave pledges of fidelity to Spain. They have +also succeeded in intrenching themselves at Capiz and in other parts of +the Viscayas. The rising in Zambaies, Pagasinan, Iloco, and Cebu are +all of recent origin; and the same may be said of the +“Katipunans” discovered at Manila.</p> +<p>However, the greater part of the country is not yet perverted; a +wave of hallucination and fanaticism has passed <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb82" href="#pb82" name="pb82">82</a>]</span>over it, +but the heart of the people is still sound, and with careful management +they will return to their usual habits of peace and submission. The +move wealthy classes are also sound, and are against the rebellion.</p> +<p>We frankly tell the Government that if it does not aid the Church, +the revolutionary movement will increase every day, and it will be +morally impossible for the religious to remain here any longer. What +good is it for us to do our duty to the people when others are allowed +to undo our work at the same time? Of what use is it for us to teach +the people to be docile and submissive when their worst passions are +excited by others, who tell them to make nothing of our teaching? What +professor could teach successfully if his pupils were met outside the +classroom by respectable persons who told them to despise his lessons? +The civil authority, according to the teaching of the Church, ought as +far as possible to be a bulwark to religion and morality. If the +Government, therefore, does not protect us from the avalanche of +insults hurled against us; if it does not root out the secret +societies; if it allows our sacerdotal character to be trodden under +foot while our enemies destroy the fruit of our labors,—we regret +to say that we cannot continue our ministry in the islands.</p> +<p>Spain has bound herself very stringently to obligations of this +nature. One of the laws of the Code of the Indies says expressly on +this point: “We command the Viceroys, the Presidents, the +Auditors, the Governors, and the other functionaries of the Indies, to +favor, and aid, and encourage the religions orders who are occupying +themselves in the conversion of the natives to our entire +satisfaction.”</p> +<p>The spirit that moved Philip II. was seen in the answer he made to +those who advised him to abandon the Archipelago, in view of the little +revenue they brought to the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href= +"#pb83" name="pb83">83</a>]</span>Crown. He said: “For the +conversion of only one of the souls that are there I would willingly +give all the treasures of the Indies, and if they were not enough I +would add those of Spain. Nothing in the world would make me consent to +cease sending preachers and ministers of the Gospel to all the +provinces that have been discovered, even if they are barren and +sterile, for the Holy Apostolic See has given to us and our heirs the +apostolic commission of publishing and preaching the Gospel. The Gospel +can be spread through these islands, and the natives can be drawn from +the worship of the demon by making known to them the true God, in a +spirit alien to that of temporal greed.”</p> +<p>UNJUST CONTEMPT SHOWN TOWARDS THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN THE +PHILIPPINES.</p> +<p>An idea has spread since the Revolution in Spain of 1868 that the +Philippine Friars are a necessary evil, an out-of-date institution +which has to be kept up for reasons of state. This unworthy idea, +manifested sometimes with frankness, sometimes with a certain +reticence, and which wounds us to the quick, has been constantly +brought forward by our enemies. The natives who have been to Spain are +fully aware of it; without leaving the Philippines, a great number of +natives have observed it, and are at present trying to propagate it in +the Archipelago. Very numerous, too are the Spanish residents who are +hostile to us, owing to an anti-clerical spirit or to jealousy; in +fact, we have enemies in all classes of society.</p> +<p>Many people, in consequence, think that our very existence in the +country is simply owing to pity and condescension on the part of the +Government; that we are merely tolerated, and are of less value in the +eyes of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb84" href="#pb84" name= +"pb84">84</a>]</span>civil authorities than the members of any lay +profession. With a marvellous facility all the evils that affect the +country are laid at our door; and every time a governor makes a gross +blunder in dealing with the natives, the evil consequences which flow +from it are put down to us. Now, every class of society has a right to +ordinary respect and fair treatment; we receive neither one nor the +other, but are treated with absolute contempt. This humiliating +situation, as individuals obliged to greater perfection than other +Christians, we patiently bear with; but as religious orders we cannot +put up with it any longer, for we see only too well how this treatment +injures our ministry, and destroys our influence with the people +committed to our care.</p> +<p>If the Government through an error to which we cannot give +unqualified respect, since it is contrary to the real interests of +religion and of our country, believes that the mission of the Orders in +the islands has come to an end, we nevertheless say to them: “We +await your dispositions with sincerity, but do not flatter yourselves +that in adopting measures against our religious professions you can +burn a light both before Christ and before Belial.” If, on the +contrary, we are to remain in the islands, no one can deny that it is +necessary to protect our persons, our prestige, and our ministry; our +country must show that she is pleased with us, and treat us as her +children; we must not be abandoned to our enemies as a thing of no +value, and made victims of the resentment of the Freemasons. We do not +fear martyrdom, which is an honor we do not feel ourselves worthy of; +on the other hand, we do not wish to die as criminals abandoned by +their friends and protectors, and deprived of all honor.</p> +<p>It is incredible that religious men placed in our position could be +the cause of the woes of the Archipelago. We <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85" name="pb85">85</a>]</span>prefer +to resign our ministry, and see ourselves expelled, rather than +continue our mission in the islands, if the situation does not better +itself before long. We have done our work well in these islands, and we +feel sure that we shall be able to do our duty quite as well elsewhere +with the grace of God.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb86" href="#pb86" name= +"pb86">86</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e791" href="#xd20e791src" name="xd20e791">1</a></span> In the +<i>Administration</i>, of Madrid, one of the leading reviews in +Spain.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch4" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter IV.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Rebels and Their Grievances.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">We cannot view without grave misgivings the unexpected +turn that affairs have taken since the war, and the second war which +has broken out between the rebels and the Americans. It is now plain +that it was entire independence from all control that the promoters of +the rebellion were looking for from the very beginning; this being well +known to the Friars all along, and clearly indicated in their memorial +to the Spanish Government. Aguinaldo and his companions have unlimited +confidence in themselves, and aspire to form a civilized republic. The +character of this pure-souled patriot may be judged from a transaction +he had with the Spanish Government. After the armistice of +Biac-na-Bato, he was bought out by them, and took thousands of dollars +as his price for leaving the country for aye, never to return. He +pocketed the money, and went off to Hongkong; but when the Americans +came to Manila, and destroyed the Spanish fleet, this worthy returned +to the Philippines, and once more raised <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb87" href="#pb87" name="pb87">87</a>]</span>the standard of +rebellion. As a result the Americans are apt to find themselves +burdened with a war expenditure, even heavier than that borne by Spain +in her effort to prevent a repetition in the Philippines of the +gruesome story of San Domingo and Hayti. All colored and tropical races +have a tendency to revert to their original type and the barbarous +customs of their ancestors. The blacks got possession of Hayti nearly a +century ago, at which time they were at least domesticated, and +partially civilized, having been in contact with the white man for the +two previous centuries. They have gone back, and not forward, ever +since. The history of the black republic is a bloody revolution every +two or three years, distinguished by acts of barbarous ferocity. Life +there at the present day is a hideous caricature of civilization and +Christianity. Incredible as it may seem, there has been a revival in +the remote villages of the old African serpent-worship, and child +sacrifices, followed by cannibalism.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e967width"><img src="images/p088.jpg" alt= +"Rt. Rev. Joseph Hevia, O. P." width="494" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">Rt. Rev. Joseph Hevia, O. P.</p> +<p class="first"><span class="sc">Archbishop of Nueva +Segovia.</span></p> +</div> +<p>Ten Spanish Augustinian Friars recently came to San Francisco from +the Philippines (see <a href="#app4">Appendix IV</a>.). In an interview +with the representative of the <i>San Francisco Monitor</i> they stated +that it was not through fear of the Americans that they had left +Manila, but, on the contrary, they believed that the Church would +prosper under American rule. They said that the respectable element in +the Philippines, though they had been quite content <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb88" href="#pb88" name="pb88">88</a>]</span>with the +Spanish rule, and deeming it all that could be expected under the +circumstances, are yet welcoming the Americans as a relief from +insurgent atrocities. “The insurgents,” they said, +“are an undisciplined mob of rioters, led by a demagogue. They +are the riff-raff of the islands, men without principle or property in +most instances. Aguinaldo has them pretty well in hand to-day, but +to-morrow they may disintegrate into fifty gangs. Aguinaldo is an +ungrateful renegade, who was fed, clothed, and educated by Catholic +priests. He is a mere puppet in the hands of the Freemasons.<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e984src" href="#xd20e984" name="xd20e984src">1</a> It +is to these worthies and organized <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb89" +href="#pb89" name="pb89">89</a>]</span>anarchy in Europe that we may +trace the origin of the trouble in the Philippines. Soon after the +destruction of the Spanish fleet, the insurgents wrecked our schools, +robbed and despoiled our missions and churches, and drove us into +Manila. About fifty priests were brutally killed by them. As our field +of work was thus laid bare, we decided to leave the Philippines. What +made us depart was the discouragement of seeing the work of years +destroyed by the men we had gone to teach, and the improbability of +being able to build up the work again immediately.”</p> +<p>The Filipinos have already shown proof how far removed they are from +civilized ideals, and how dangerous it would be to leave them to +themselves, by their inhuman treatment of their Spanish prisoners. +Besides ordinary Spanish civilians, they have kept in captivity for +several months hundreds of Friars, including one hundred Dominicans, +and the Dominican Bishop of Neuva Segovia, Mgr. Joseph Hevia, whose +portrait we give. Numbers of the Friars have lately died of the +hardships to which they were subjected. A letter, received some time +ago from one of them by a friend in Manila, describes the ferocious and +satanic hatred shown towards them by the rebel chiefs. They were +stripped of their clothes, hats, and shoes, robbed of their money, spat +upon, tied to trees, and flogged several times. Daily they were forced +to work on the public roads from <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb90" +href="#pb90" name="pb90">90</a>]</span>morning to evening, under a +broiling sun, receiving food and drink barely sufficient to support +life. The leaders mocked at and jested over their sufferings. Though +violent threats were held out against all who succored them, their +parishioners seized opportunities of coming to visit them, and +alleviate their miseries. From other sources we learn that the noses of +some of the prisoners were slit, and a cord passed through the +aperture, to be used as a leading-string by their guards. The venerable +Bishop was subjected to the grossest indignities. One aged Friar was +placed on a saddle, and jumped upon till blood flowed from his mouth +and nose. Another, it is said, clothed only in a rain-coat, was carried +in triumph for two hundred yards, and then cudgelled to death amid +savage cries. Some were crushed to death between boards. Nuns in the +convents were subjected to shameful treatment. In the name of common +sense, we ask if men who encourage or permit such atrocities are fit to +control and guide the destinies of eight millions of people. (See +<a href="#app5">Appendix V</a>.)</p> +<p>Of course the policy of the Press in general has been to keep these +atrocities from the eyes of the public. As it did not suit political +purposes to publish them, they have been kept concealed. Owing to this +careful management, the sympathies of the world have been enlisted on +the side of the “poor downtrodden Filipinos.” An impartial +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb91" href="#pb91" name= +"pb91">91</a>]</span>examination of the grievances of the latter, and +of the catch-cries by which the leaders have seduced a considerable +portion of the simple natives, will not reveal very much against either +the civil or the ecclesiastical rule of the Spaniard. As in everything +human, we may suppose that neither was absolute perfection; but, all +things considered, there was less to justify rebellion in the +Philippines than in most parts of the world where the black is ruled by +the white man.</p> +<p>One of the grievances of the rebels is that nearly all the +ecclesiastics in the Archipelago have been Spaniards, and they demand +an entirely native clergy. Now, the Catholic Church has been always +most anxious to form a native clergy in missionary countries, but +insuperable difficulties have often prevented the realization of this +idea. Among colored races there is a paucity of real vocations; it is +hard enough to get the people to live up to the Christian ideal without +adding thereto the grave responsibilities and life of self-sacrifice of +the priesthood. An example in point is the Black Republic of Hayti. It +is a Catholic country, nominally at least. The people have retained the +Faith taught them by the white man, though preserving such a dislike to +him that no white man can own a yard of land in the country. Yet such +is their inability to provide themselves with priests of their own +blood that they are forced to fall back on the services of a French +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb92" href="#pb92" name= +"pb92">92</a>]</span>Bishop and French missionary priests, who do all +the spiritual work of the island. Another case in point is that of +Cuba, an island containing a million and a half of inhabitants, Cubans +and Spaniards, of which only forty-three of the former are to be found +in the ranks of the priesthood. There has never been any distinction +made between Cubans and Spaniards in the two Seminaries of Havana and +Santiago de Cuba; all are received alike, and treated alike if they +have a vocation; of the forty-three priests, twenty-eight hold +parishes, and the rest have other positions of trust, which shows that +it is simply owing to lack of vocations and not to any other cause that +we must ascribe their fewness in number. In the Philippines, as far +back as two centuries ago, the experiment was made of forming a native +priesthood, with doubtful success, however, as Dampier informs us that +the natives generally held the native priests in contempt, while +holding the Spanish clergy in the greatest esteem. We must, perforce, +conclude that in the Philippines, as in other countries, it is simply +lack of vocations that keeps the number of the native clergy at such a +low ebb.</p> +<p>Another grievance, brought well to the front by those who have +written on behalf of the Filipinos, is the taxation, which is alleged +to have been excessive. The writer is informed by one who lived many +years there that it was not. However this may be, all taxation is +odious to primitive <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb93" href="#pb93" +name="pb93">93</a>]</span>and half-civilized communities, who are +inclined to look upon the most necessary taxes, without which no stable +government could be carried on, in the light of oppression. The +Americans will have the same difficulties to face with regard to +taxation as the Spaniards had, though not in the same degree maybe, as +the country will be opened to trade in a freer way than formerly. In +the interests of order, and also to protect the people from unjust +imposts, the Friars were in the habit of acting as their counsellors in +these matters, and used to exhort their parishioners publicly and +privately to pay the necessary taxes. A passage from Blumentritt, whom +we have quoted more than once in our previous chapters, will go to show +that all this was done in the interests of the people: “In the +following centuries the Friars continued to extend their protecting +hand over the natives, preventing, as far as possible, any oppression +on the part of the Government employés.” Yet this action +of the Friars, good, charitable, and necessary under the circumstances, +has been used by the promoters of the rebellion as a fulcrum to raise +the Friars, in the eyes of the poorer classes, into the invidious +position of tax-gatherers, tyrants, and abettors of oppression. Without +doubt, cruel methods, for which, however, the Friars were not +responsible, were in vogue in dealing with defaulters, as we may see in +Dean Worcester’s lately published work on the Philippines; but it +is nothing <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94" name= +"pb94">94</a>]</span>less than downright hypocrisy to raise a chorus of +condemnation against the Spaniard on this score, when it is well known +that no other nation, in trying to solve the eternal difficulty about +the taxation of colored and subject races, has emerged from the +conflict with clean hands. We remember reading some years ago of very +cruel methods employed in the gathering of the taxes in British India, +in some of the up-country districts; and within the present year of +grace, 1899, two books have appeared dealing with the English and the +Dutch in South Africa,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1016src" href= +"#xd20e1016" name="xd20e1016src">2</a> both of which, in describing the +punishment inflicted on those refusing to pay taxes to the ruling +powers, could easily give points to the colonial Spaniard for cruelty. +What is very remarkable about the Protestant missionary is that, +instead of condemning the barbarities described in his book, of which +he was an eye-witness, he approves of them, even to the extent of +giving his sanction to the inhuman crime of blowing up with dynamite +the caves in which four hundred men, women, and children had taken +refuge. The Rev. Mr. Rae’s opinion of the campaign against +Malaboch for his refusal to pay taxes, a campaign in which women and +children, and men bearing flags of truce were fired upon recklessly, is +that “the Transvaal Government was doing a much <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb95" href="#pb95" name="pb95">95</a>]</span>better +work than any Christian missionary has yet accomplished.” God +help the Filipinos if Protestant missionaries of this description are +going to overrun the field of labor left vacant by the deaths and +expulsion of the Spanish Friars. One great test of the mild rule of the +Spaniard in that country is that the native population has increased +since the conquest, instead of being almost exterminated, as is the +case in North America and in many of the colonies of European States. +We hope that the American rule will be characterized by clemency and +justice. A hypocritical cry has been raised in the States about the +tyranny and oppression under which the natives are said to be groaning. +The rule of the Spaniard has indeed been imperfect enough; but America +should approach the question of reform with becoming modesty, seeing +that her own record in dealing with the Indians has been stained by +many a crime against human rights. They have been robbed of the country +which once was their own, and driven back from reservation to +reservation, while even the rights guaranteed to them by Government as +compensation for what they lost have been often filched from them by +unscrupulous officials. The light recently thrown on the case of the +Pillager Indians has disclosed cruelty, open robbery, and a disregard +of solemn obligations. In the Philippines the Americans will find the +natives still in possession of their country; <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb96" href="#pb96" name="pb96">96</a>]</span>a +people, once wild and nomadic like the Indians, brought into settled +habits of life by three centuries of missionary effort; a people, in +fine, who, whatever is said to the contrary by noisy declaimers and +demagogues, have been on the whole well pleased with their lot.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1024width"><img src="images/p096.jpg" alt= +"Tagalogs planting rice to the sound of music." width="720" height= +"509"> +<p class="figureHead"><span class="corr" id="xd20e1026" title= +"Source: Tagalocs">Tagalogs</span> planting rice to the sound of +music.</p> +</div> +<p>It is quite evident from the words and acts of the rebels that they +have been casting envious eyes on the large landed estates of the +Friars, hoping, on their expulsion, to have a division of the spoils +among themselves. Already, before the war, an iniquitous plan of +confiscation was boldly advocated in Spain itself. We now learn to our +surprise, from the <i>Church News</i> (Washington, D.C.), that this cry +has found an echo across the Atlantic from Protestant pulpits in the +States. Besides the fact that confiscation would be robbery pure and +simple, as the estates are not national property, and have not been +given by the Government, but have been acquired in the usual way by +purchase, and in the course of three centuries have naturally grown +large, confiscation of the estates would mean a great calamity to the +country, even if the Friars were allowed to go back quietly to their +parishes, and resume their spiritual ministrations among the people. +For it was by means of the estates that the Friars introduced +agriculture and settled habits of life among tribes originally nomadic; +it was by means of the estates that they got them to live in villages, +and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb97" href="#pb97" name= +"pb97">97</a>]</span>introduced amongst them the arts of civilized +life; it was by means of the estates that they acquired the power of +inducing them to labor with a certain amount of regularity and method, +the great safeguard against a relapse into a state of savagery. +Giraudier, who was director of the “Diario” of Manila, and +spent thirty years in the Archipelago, says something very much to the +point: “The natives, with some rare exceptions, are in need of +tutelage, without which they would fall back to the customs of their +ancestors, a tutelage that no one can exercise better than the +Friars.” The latter, in truth, made themselves all in all to the +people. Within the precincts of the monasteries were to be found +workshops for teaching carpentry, forges for teaching the natives the +working of iron, brick and tileyards,—in fact, most of the +mechanical arts were fostered and encouraged by the Friars. The +villages they formed around them presented a pleasing picture of +happiness and content, in startling contrast to the homes of those who +were still pagan and uncivilized.</p> +<p>A former British consul thus describes them: “Orderly +children, respected parents, women subject but not oppressed, men +ruling but not despotic, reverence with kindness, obedience with +affection—these form a lovable picture by no means rare in the +villages of the Eastern Isles.” Will such a happy state of things +exist under new conditions? We are very much inclined to doubt +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href="#pb98" name= +"pb98">98</a>]</span>it. The experiment tried in some of the islands of +the West Indies of making the blacks small freeholders, and planting +them on the bankrupt planters’ estates, has not been attended by +such beneficial results to the land as to justify our hoping that a +similar experiment in the Philippines will prove a success. The natives +of the tropics in general are like overgrown children, blessed with the +virtues and cursed with the faults of children, rejoicing in present +abundance, and destitute of that measure of forethought for the morrow, +without which there can be no human progress. What a contrast at the +present day do the civilized villages under the paternal care, and, if +you will, government, of Friars present to the wild nomadic life still +led by the natives of Mindanao, whom the Jesuit fathers are trying to +bring under civilizing influences. We find, from letters written lately +by some of the fathers there, that human sacrifice is still in vogue, +and murder, pillage, and slave-catching extremely common. We fear that +self-government, bringing in internal conflicts between the various +parts of the Archipelago, would gradually reduce most of it to this +deplorable state of things, and that the Philippine Republic would be +as great a travesty on civilization as Hayti. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb99" href="#pb99" name="pb99">99</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e984" href="#xd20e984src" name="xd20e984">1</a></span> One may +hardly be surprised that men who have been robbed of their +all—reputation, home, and field of work—are apt to be +plain-spoken and severe when commenting upon those who have upset their +lives, and destroyed the sacred interests of the religion to which they +had devoted themselves unreservedly. Friends, on the other hand, of the +persons who have been the instruments of such ruin, are sure to uphold +the destroyers as heroes, great of character and great of deed. Hence +we need not be surprised at such different estimates of Aguinaldo as +those referred to in a sketch of him published in the American +<i>Review of Reviews</i> for February, 1899.</p> +<p class="footnote">“Friends and enemies agree that he is +intelligent, ambitious, far-sighted, brave, self-controlled, honest, +moral, vindictive, and at times cruel. He possesses the quality which +friends call wisdom, and enemies call craft. According to those who +like him he is courteous, polished, thoughtful, and dignified; +according to those who dislike him he is insincere, pretentious, vain, +and arrogant. Both admit him to be genial, generous, self-sacrificing, +popular, and capable in the administration of affairs. If the opinion +of his foes be accepted he is one of the greatest Malays on the page of +history. If the opinion of his friends be taken as the criterion he is +one of the great men of history, irrespective of race.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1016" href="#xd20e1016src" name="xd20e1016">2</a></span> +“Rhodesia and its Government,” by H. C. Thomson. +“Malaboch; or Notes from my Diary on the Boer Campaign of 1894 +against the Chief Malaboch,” by the Rev. Colin Rae.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch5" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter V.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Sectarian Missionary Movement.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">We cannot too strongly emphasize the great interest +that the change of government in the Philippines should have for the +English-speaking Catholic public, seeing that a Catholic population, as +large, if not larger, than the combined Catholic population of England, +Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, is about to be brought under the +influence of the English-speaking world, and in close touch with the +Catholic Church in America, and, perhaps, later on, with ourselves. It +is not more than a year ago that the Philippines were a <i>terra +incognita</i> to us all, of which we knew the name, but hardly more. +For the last ten months they have been brought under our notice almost +daily by the newspapers, and monthly in the pages of the magazines. In +the meantime their control has passed from Spain to America, and a +conflict of opinion is going on in the States as to the desirability or +otherwise of undertaking the responsibility of their future government. +Under the old <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href="#pb100" name= +"pb100">100</a>]</span><i>régime</i>, Church and State were +united: a bearable condition when the State was professedly Catholic, +but absolutely unbearable when antagonistic influences control the +Government, hamper the Church in her freedom of action, and degrade her +into servitude while professing to be her protector. In the new +condition of things the Church will be placed in the same position as +it holds in America, free to flourish or to die, depending entirely on +its own resources, and neither helped nor persecuted by the State. Its +ministers, though not enjoying any special privileges, will be +protected in their persons and property in common with all other +citizens. Its religious orders will receive the same recognition as +secular corporations, and their corporate property will be respected. +So far so good; for it was to be feared that the Spanish Government, +who had been deterred only by political motives from suppressing the +Orders, yielding at last to the pressure of the Freemasons, might have +confiscated their property, and either secularized their members or +expelled them from the islands. Still we cannot close our eyes to the +fact that dangers from a different quarter loom up which it much +behooves Catholics to carefully consider. There is a pressing necessity +of being alive to those dangers, if worse evils than ever are not to +befall that large Catholic population of the Far East.</p> +<p>As might be expected, the Protestant missionary <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101" name= +"pb101">101</a>]</span>bodies have inaugurated a movement for sending +out missionaries of their own to the Archipelago. The Rev. John R. +Hykes was directed last September by the American Bible Society to +proceed from Shanghai to Manila, and investigate concerning the +Philippines “as a field for Bible work.” He submitted his +report in a very short time, having made up his mind on the religious +needs of the people, the scandalous lives of the Friars, and the +superstition of their benighted parishioners with incredible rapidity. +His sensational report duly appeared in the American papers as the +“Startling Revelations made by the Rev. John R. Hykes.” +Sure of a sympathetic audience, he laid on the colors thickly. The +report need not occupy much of our attention. Half of it is made up of +ordinary information about the country that any one could get for +himself out of a good encyclopædia, and the other half is a +rehash and repetition of the charges already dealt with by us in +previous chapters. One statement is, however, worth noticing, as it +clearly indicates the hopelessness of getting fair and unbiassed +treatment from the enemies of the Church. Mr. Hykes states that he was +shocked by the stories of immorality brought against the Friars. And, +to make an impression, he adds that the people who told him the stories +said they were prepared to give names, dates, and places in +confirmation of what they said. Now, as already noted, names, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href="#pb102" name= +"pb102">102</a>]</span>dates, and places were the very things asked for +by the Friars in the Memorial to the Spanish Government, as far back as +last April; but their enemies, finding those details beyond their +power, have adopted the simpler process of repeating the calumnies to +all who, like Mr. Hykes, give them a ready and sympathetic hearing. Mr. +Hykes, who never went beyond Manila, presumes to judge, in a few days +or weeks, of the spiritual condition of six millions of Christians, and +more than a thousand priests, scattered over the whole Philippine +Archipelago. (See <a href="#app6">Appendix VI</a>.) We are afraid that +too many of the type of Mr. Hykes will be found among the new +missionaries of the Philippines, coming in crowds, with their wives and +children, to spread, forsooth, the pure light of the Gospel, or rather +to engage in the more congenial task of vilifying the Catholic +Church.</p> +<p>In an American Protestant missionary review, there is an article on +the Philippines, by a former agent of the British and Foreign Bible +Society in that country. The article, needless to say, is full of gross +misrepresentations. It puts down the Christian population as seven +million <i>Romanists</i>; the writer denies the ordinary title of +Christian to Catholics. This emissary of the Bible Society writes: +“The question now asked on all sides is—Are the Philippines +at last to be opened to missionary effort? Personally, I feel that a +non-sectarian, but strictly evangelical, mission, aiming <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb103" href="#pb103" name="pb103">103</a>]</span>at +the Christianization of the whole territory, is what would succeed +best.” We may gather from the whole tone of this Protestant +missionary review what a low type of Protestantism it represents, a +type largely made up of self-presumption, ignorance, and fanaticism. +Throughout the paper Catholics are not once designated Christian. It +speaks of the nineteenth century being the first century of Christian +missions, ignoring all the apostolic work of the Catholic Church. It +says in another place that there were no Christian Chinese at the +beginning of this century, ignoring the hundreds of thousands of +Chinese who have known and loved Jesus Christ since the days of St. +Francis Xavier, numbers of whom sealed their faith with their blood. It +divides the population of the country into pagans, Romanists, and +Christians—the latter, of course, being Protestants of one +denomination or another. To such absurd lengths does religious rancor +bring it, and all connected with it. Catholics give the title of +Christian to all who are baptized and profess belief in the Divinity of +Jesus Christ. They would not deny it even to the Rev. Mr. Hykes, bad as +he is. But perhaps our new missionary friends may be similar to those +of whom Marshall speaks in his “Christian Missions,” who +went out to evangelize the South Sea Islands, and taught the people +that baptism was merely a ceremony not at all essential to salvation, +thus showing their want of belief in baptismal <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href="#pb104" name= +"pb104">104</a>]</span>regeneration. At any rate, it will be news to +the Filipinos to hear for the first time from these enlightened men +that they are not Christians.</p> +<p>That these Bible scatterers can and will do harm there is no doubt. +Already they have flooded Porto Rico with tracts and pamphlets, crammed +with the usual vile charges against the Catholic Church and her +ministers. But it is equally certain that they will never succeed in +making the Philippines a Protestant country. It is a matter of +notoriety that Protestant missions are not overwhelmingly successful in +any part of the world, and that the funds are kept up in most instances +by glowing and rosy-colored, if not altogether accurate, reports, sent +by the missionaries to their supporters at home. The review which I +have just quoted is forced to acknowledge that in Brazil, after +thirty-five years’ work, there are only eight thousand +Protestants out of a population of sixteen millions. No less than eight +American Protestant Missionary Societies have been working there +together, well supplied with funds, as is always the case; and yet this +is the result. In fact, eight thousand may not be the result at all, +for the missionaries have, very often, peculiar methods in the science +of statistics. In Mexico, too, they have been at work for many years +unmolested by the authorities, and yet they have but wretched results +to show for themselves at the present day. They make no impression +either on the rich or <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb105" href= +"#pb105" name="pb105">105</a>]</span>the very poor; any successes they +have being amongst the impecunious middle classes, the children of whom +they teach gratuitously in their schools, and feed and clothe, and who +carry away with them from these schools, as the principal result of the +religious training they receive, a bitter hatred of the Church in which +they were born. Just as in Mexico, so the Protestant missionaries are +sure to make proselytes among the same classes in the Philippines, from +which classes we know that the promoters of the rebellion have been +mainly recruited; but the better classes and also the poorer, whatever +their shortcomings, have the old Faith and are intensely devoted to the +Catholic Church. These are no more likely than the people of Mexico and +Brazil to be led to accept the mutilated form of Christianity which +will be presented to them by Mr. Hykes and his friends; unless, indeed, +there is such a deplorable dearth of priests that they will be left +without instruction and guidance.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1078width"><img src="images/p106.jpg" alt= +"Harbor of Manila." width="720" height="398"> +<p class="figureHead">Harbor of Manila.</p> +</div> +<p>There are grave problems ahead which will tax the wisdom of the +American Congress far more than the military occupation of the country. +John Foreman, who spent some years there, and claims to be a Catholic, +advocates (<i>National Review</i>, September, 1898) the disendowment of +the Church as a necessary financial measure which would bring a certain +amount of relief to the colonial treasury. With the exception of +£3,000 a year paid to the Archbishop <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb106" href="#pb106" name="pb106">106</a>]</span>of +Manila, and £1,500 to each of the three other bishops, it is +difficult to see how the endowment comes in except as a measure adopted +by every civilized State in dealing with its uncivilized subject races; +and unless the United States is prepared to abandon the +<i>rôle</i> of civilizer, she will be obliged to keep up the +paltry endowment made in the past by Spain for that purpose. The Church +in the Philippines is, on the whole, self-supporting. She is in the +position that the Church in France, Spain, and Portugal was before the +Revolution, which, when it appeared successively in each country was +followed by a seizure of ecclesiastical property. The salaries paid to +the clergy in those countries are given as a compensation for past +robberies. The writer has been at pains to get at the truth in this +matter and has put himself in communication with a Dominican Friar, who +lived for twenty-seven years in the Philippines, and now holds the +distinguished position of Rector of the Spanish-Dominican College, in +Rome. From him the writer has received the following information +regarding the landed estates of the Friars, and the salaries paid to +them by the Spanish Government. As far as he knows all these estates +were acquired by purchase, and were not given by the Government; they +hold the title-deeds of them in their possession. He is not prepared to +say whether on their first introduction to the country, three centuries +ago, the Government <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href="#pb107" +name="pb107">107</a>]</span>made them grants of land; but we ourselves +may infer from the early history of the Dominicans there, that whatever +they got was from the early Spanish colonists and the converted natives +as free gifts. He adds that in any case the introduction of agriculture +is due to their exertions. The Friars who ministered to the spiritual +wants of the people may be placed in three categories. There were, +first of all, the ordinary parish priest, who lived among a settled +Catholic population. He subsisted on his benefice, which is not +Government property, and was endowed by no subsidy from the Government. +Secondly, there was the missionary parish priest, who lived in a parish +where the majority are Catholics, but which also contained a proportion +of the heathen. He received some salary from the Government, but much +less than that given to the missionaries pure and simple, who lived in +the midst of an entirely heathen population. These latter, whose +business it was to civilize as well as convert the people to +Christianity, and to teach them agriculture and the mechanical arts, +were paid according as the mission district was large or small. In the +large districts they received £200 annually, and £50 a year +was paid to the native priests who acted as their assistants and +curates. In the smaller districts the sum allowed was £100. The +Jesuits, too, on their return to the Philippines some forty years ago, +whence they had been banished in the middle of the last century, got an +annual <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href="#pb108" name= +"pb108">108</a>]</span>subsidy as compensation for the lands they +formerly possessed, which had been confiscated by the Spanish +Government of the day. Something also was given towards the education +of young Franciscan missionaries, and they were allowed their passage +out from Spain. The figures we have quoted are modest enough, seen in +the light of modern colonial salaries and expenditure. A continuance of +the very moderate subsidies allowed to the missionary Friars by the +Spanish Government would no more mean a union between Church and State +than did the “contract” system which was sanctioned by +Congress up to 1894, for dealing with the education of the North +American Indians. According to this system, both Catholic and +Protestant missionaries were paid by Government according to the number +of pupils who attended their schools, and these schools, of course, +were taught on strictly denominational lines. That system had most +beneficial results as long as it lasted, and was acceptable to the +Indians. Its abandonment in favor of the public-school system has +resulted in the crying injustice of compelling Catholic Indian fathers +and mothers to send their children to certain schools to which they +have a conscientious objection.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1097src" +href="#xd20e1097" name="xd20e1097src">1</a> <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb109" href="#pb109" name="pb109">109</a>]</span></p> +<p>The school question is one of the gravest problems that the American +Government will be called upon to face when her troops have effectively +occupied the Philippines. One of the cries of the rebel leaders is for +the secularization of the schools, and this cry, emanating from infidel +and secret society sources, will assuredly be echoed by the Protestant +ministers. It was these latter who, seeing their ministrations rejected +by the Indians, raised the agitation against the “contract” +system.</p> +<p>It is a shame and a wonder to find professed ministers of religion +joining in a cry with the professed destroyers of religion. +Secularization of education is always the first cry among those who +oppose the Catholic religion. According to the showing of Dr. Parsons, +it was attempted and sometimes successfully carried out in Colombia, +Chili, and Ecuador, in which latter country the bishops were banished +because they protested against it. Yet in spite of the anti-Christian +spirit, exhibited in this and in many other ways, Dr. Parsons makes it +clear that the masonic lodges in Peru actually receive aid out of the +funds supplied to Christianize (according to sectarian ideas) the +natives by the Protestant American public.</p> +<p>The notorious ex-Indian commissioner Morgan, now a Baptist prophet, +has already sounded a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb110" href= +"#pb110" name="pb110">110</a>]</span>characteristically aggressive note +on this point, and is conjuring the Government to drive the Catholic +religion out of all the schools in Cuba, a movement already +accomplished in the eastern part of the island. Morgan says: +“Here is a field opened for the missionary spirit, such as the +young people of our country have never yet seen. To carry thither and +plant the seeds of civilization, and to do this in the joyful +confidence that all official assistance is assured to them, will +doubtlessly fill with enthusiasm hundreds of ambitious young +teachers.” We may wonder what Morgan means by “official +assistance” given for the spreading of Protestantism among a +Catholic people, when, according to theory, the American Constitution +does not support one form of religion over another. But theory is one +thing and practice is another; and though in theory Church and State +are entirely separate, the theory has not, in the past, hindered the +United States from giving substantial assistance to Protestantism. This +is how the case stands for America. Rightly or wrongly she has taken +over an enormous Catholic population in the East. If she is not able to +make any concession on the score of religion, or to stretch a point to +meet the wishes of the people and govern them according to their ideas, +then it is only consonant with reason and justice that her +Constitution, which never contemplated colonial empire, will have to be +modified to meet the exigencies of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111" +href="#pb111" name="pb111">111</a>]</span>a situation unimagined by its +original founders and makers. But, in reality, is any modification of +the Constitution necessary in order that religious instruction may take +place in the schools of the Archipelago? In Ireland there is no State +Church, and yet the National School System is so arranged that +religious instruction can be given for half an hour every day of the +week. The system is in theory undenominational, but in practice +denominational.</p> +<p>An early solution of the difficulty might be some such procedure as +the following. Let the parish priests be managers of the schools, and +have a voice in the appointment of properly certified masters and +mistresses, and let a fixed time be devoted to religious instruction +every day. If the Protestants succeed in attracting converts, and are +able to gather a sufficient number of children in any place to form a +school, they can receive the same treatment as regards payment and +control of religious instruction. Thus religious dissension would be +reduced to the minimum. Secularization of education would tend to drive +every form of religion out of the people, for Protestantism could not +hope to make headway for a long time in the Philippines; as, to say the +least, it would take some years for the ministers to get a sufficient +knowledge of the various languages in use, and establish themselves in +face of the opposition they are sure to meet with. It would also put +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb112" href="#pb112" name= +"pb112">112</a>]</span>all the Friars in opposition to the Government, +while fair treatment would make them its best friends, and urge them to +keep the people as loyal to the American Constitution as they kept them +to the Spanish Crown for three centuries.</p> +<p>If, then, the Government, after due inquiry, find that the vast +majority of the people do not join in the cry for secularization, but +desire to have the Catholic religion taught in the schools which their +children attend, it would be nothing short of religious persecution to +introduce the public schools system of the States into the Philippines. +It is ever to be borne in mind that the new American possession in the +Far East is one in which the great bulk of the people are practical +Catholics who attend to all their religious duties.</p> +<p>To counteract the baleful influence of the Protestant missionary and +Bible societies, it will be necessary for the Catholic Church in +America to be alive to the new and grave responsibilities thus thrown +upon her by the hand of Providence, and to send out English-speaking +priests at once to the Philippines, to make up for the great dearth of +priests caused by the excesses of the rebels. Before the rebellion they +numbered between one and two thousand, a small number in comparison +with the Catholic population. Fifty have been killed outright; many +others have died of the hardships undergone in captivity; while several +hundreds have left the country, apparently with no intention +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb113" href="#pb113" name= +"pb113">113</a>]</span>of returning. Every year till last year, bands +of enthusiastic young missionaries used to go out from the colleges in +Spain to fill up the gaps in the ranks of the Friars, caused by +sickness and death. That perennial source of life and strength can no +longer be relied upon under the new conditions. The energies of the +Spanish Friars will most likely be expended in Spain itself, where the +lack of priests is still severely felt, and in developing their great +and flourishing missions in China, Japan, Tonquin, and Formosa.</p> +<p>It is a matter of astonishment that the Church in the United States +has up to the present no organization for supplying foreign mission. +Perhaps the struggle to keep abreast in numbers with the growing +Catholic population has absorbed all her energies. But now, for the +first time in her history, she must cast her eyes beyond her +boundaries, and send speedy help to the millions of children who have +been given to her keeping, and whose voice may be heard from across the +wide ocean, calling to her for spiritual help and ministration. Let her +gaze steadily and thoughtfully on the vast harvest of souls given unto +her. She shall reap where others have sown and planted. Let her gird +herself to the work, and go forth and gather with joy the good wheat +that others—the poor Spanish missionaries—have sown in +tears and cultivated through much tribulation.</p> +<p>A fact of interest in connection with the aspect <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb114" href="#pb114" name="pb114">114</a>]</span>of +our subject under consideration is the challenge sent to Archbishop +Ireland by an American Presbyterian of authority in his sect. He tells +the Archbishop in effect that if the Catholic Church in the United +States will undertake the missionary equipment of the Philippines, his +sect will gladly withdraw from the field, and devote their efforts to +Africa instead. Without attaching any more importance to this +declaration than it deserves, especially as it is founded on the false +assumption that one Gospel is preached by Catholic priests in +Washington and another in Manila, we may, nevertheless, infer from it +that these men believe they would have a much easier task in dealing +with the Spanish missionaries than with Catholic missionaries from the +States. Without saying anything in disparagement of the learning of a +body of men which has produced a Gonzalez, one of the greatest +philosophers of the century, we believe that American priests, being +more in touch with modern times and more open to modern ideas, could +give them valuable lessons in the conflict between the Church and the +world, as it is carried on in our own days. It is not by profound +theological arguments that we can deal with men who can neither +understand nor appreciate them. Priests are wanted for the Philippines +who can make their voices heard beyond its boundaries; who can mould +public opinion by means of the daily Press; who can keep in touch with +the politics <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href="#pb115" name= +"pb115">115</a>]</span>and legislation of the United States; and can +bring public opinion there to bear on unjust and unfair treatment, if +anything of the kind is attempted against the Catholics of that +unfortunate Archipelago.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1132width"><img src="images/p116.jpg" alt= +"A street in Manila." width="720" height="501"> +<p class="figureHead">A street in Manila.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb116" href="#pb116" name= +"pb116">116</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1097" href="#xd20e1097src" name="xd20e1097">1</a></span> A recent +report in the daily papers (April, 1899), that one or another of the +most civilized Indian tribes, of which remnants remain, is determined +upon emigration from the United States to Mexico, because of the fairer +treatment they have reason to look for there, will certainly not +surprise those who are familiar with the broken promises and rescinded +obligations that have marked the Government’s dealing with the +Red man and his Catholic educators and missioners.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="postscript" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="main">Postscript.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Since these chapters were prepared for the press there +has come to hand from the ex-missionary, referred to in the previous +pages more than once, additional and valuable information.<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e1142src" href="#xd20e1142" name="xd20e1142src">1</a> +Though it embraces various matters, we think it better to give it +altogether, as it possesses a peculiar authority and interest of its +own, coming as it does from a Friar who lived in the Philippines for +twenty-seven years, and who knew the country well in its normal and +peaceful state, long before the Freemasons had wrought havoc in the +relations between the priests and the people.</p> +<p>1. Those who were principally engaged in writing against the Friars +for the past few years, and injuring their prestige at home, were the +civil functionaries and military officers, who for the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb117" href="#pb117" name="pb117">117</a>]</span>most +part lived at Manila and knew next to nothing about them and their +doings. These men were biased by anti-religious ideas implanted in them +by an irreligious education. It is easy to estimate the effect of an +enormous correspondence of this kind, leaving Manila every fortnight, +and passing into the hands of politicians in the mother-country, +especially as there was nothing to counteract its influence on the part +of the Friars, who did their work quietly and earnestly, and had very +little correspondence with Spain at all.</p> +<p>2. The parish priests were <i>ex-officio</i> inspectors of the +primary schools, but, having no voice in the appointment of masters and +mistresses, and finding unsuitable persons thrust on them, were forced +in many cases to retire from the schools in disgust, and limit their +connection with them as much as possible.</p> +<p>3. The parish priests were also <i>ex-officio</i> presidents of +certain municipal committees, and were supposed to help in the +appointment of justices of the peace and petty governors, by sending in +reports of the qualifications or otherwise of the nominees. The system +worked well for a long time. But, latterly, owing to the new spirit in +Manila, where the persons in office seemed leagued against the Friars, +these privileged communications invariably leaked out; and if the +parish priest, as in duty bound, laid bare defects and deficiencies the +first to hear of it would be the person of whom <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118" name="pb118">118</a>]</span>they +were told. This was naturally a constant source of irritation and loss +of prestige. The officials seemed to take a delight in lowering the +parish priest in the eyes of the better class of natives. If the parish +priest ventured to advise the governors as to what was best to be done +in the interests of the communes, especially with regard to the secret +societies, the governors would laugh, call him a visionary—an +innocent man. No wonder, then, that the parish priests gradually began +to retire within themselves, and leave growing evils unchecked, when +they saw all their endeavor balked by the powerful opposition of the +civil and military governors. This untoward state of things left the +rebels free to mature and carry out their plans.</p> +<p>4. Here is an instance of how badly this state of things reacted on +the country. The introduction of the new Penal Code was a great blunder +of the Government. It was unnecessary; the natives were all opposed to +it, and the strength and extent of that opposition was well known to +the Friars who lived in the midst of the people. Under normal +conditions they would have advised the repeal of the Code, and their +advice would have been taken. But they were forced to remain silent +while the Government in its folly was putting the obnoxious Code in +force. If they had warned the Government, instead of getting the +respectful hearing to which they were entitled, by their long +experience and their intimate knowledge <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb119" href="#pb119" name="pb119">119</a>]</span>of the people, they +would simply have been dubbed reactionists.</p> +<p>5. How foolish it was of the Government to alienate the most loyal +Spaniards in the whole Archipelago, the most distinctively Spanish +element,—the Friars. They were almost ultra-loyal, and did their +best to inspire feelings of loyalty in the breasts of the natives. They +were powerful bodies with a strong bond of cohesion, having large +interests in the country. They had glorious traditions to look back +upon and keep them up to the ideal they had formed of their mission +martyrs, a history to remember with pride; and all around them a +Christian people, the fruit of their apostolic toil and that of their +predecessors. The officials, on the other hand, were mere birds of +passage, who took no real interest in the country. It was a case of +every one for himself; every official keeping his eye on Spain with a +view to an early return, while he went through his appointed work. It +is remarkable too that in the Philippines there is no class of old rich +Spanish families such as are to be found in other colonies; the +families are all of yesterday—the riches in the hands of Chinese +merchants, and the foreign trade in the hands of the English and +Germans.</p> +<p>6. It used to be said that the Friars wished to have a hand in +everything. The three important departments of justice, finance, and +military affairs were outside their province altogether, and these as +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb120" href="#pb120" name= +"pb120">120</a>]</span>purely secular matters they never touched. The +complaint arose from their being ever ready to preach against sedition +and disloyalty, and to use their moral influence publicly and privately +for that purpose. But the Friars for the sake of the people did take +part in other than purely spiritual concerns, and the activity of mind +it engendered was personally a great help and relief to them. The +general rule is that young priests, coming over for the first time, +suffer a great deal from that <i>ennui</i> to which all classes of +Europeans are subject to in the Archipelago. Gradually the sense of the +sublime duties to which they have vowed themselves, and the example of +the older brethren work a wonderful change in them for the better. They +then begin to throw themselves with ardor into their work, and +identifying themselves with the people among whom their ministrations +lie, take a great interest even in their temporal affairs, and are glad +to help them over their difficulties, especially those arising between +them and the governors. Any friction between the governors and the +Friars has generally arisen from the latter being prompt to defend the +rights of the natives.</p> +<p>7. It is untrue to say that the Friars did not wish to spread the +Spanish language. What they were opposed to was the folly of trying to +teach the Christian doctrine and some other elementary knowledge in a +language not understood by the people. In this matter they gave their +candid <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb121" href="#pb121" name= +"pb121">121</a>]</span>opinion to the Government that it was impossible +to teach Spanish in out-of-the-way rural schools. But in towns they +taught in Spanish, and taught the Spanish language and literature. They +used to induce parents to send their children to Manila for the purpose +of learning Spanish.</p> +<p>8. Regarding their opposition to the rebellion from the pulpit, in +private conversation, and by means of the press, they fought the secret +societies, its principal cause, and the propagation of evil and +irreligious literature. They pointed out these evils on several +occasions since 1887 to the governors, and were told in reply that +these societies were of no importance, that they had nothing to do with +the rebellion, and, in fact, that the preparations of the rebels were +of no serious consequence. General Weyler was the only governor who +gave them a hearing. With that solitary exception the official element +remained incredulous. The secret society of the +“Katipunan,” the compact of blood, and the enrolment of +levies, were all discovered by the Prior of Guadalupe, who sent a +report of it to General Blanco three months before the rising took +place. Padre Mariane Gol exposed the intentions of the lodges a long +time before Aug. 19, 1898, and also gave notice of concealed deposits +of arms, and a detailed account of what took place at Manila on the +arrival of the Japanese ship Konga.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1183width"><img src="images/p122.jpg" alt= +"Church and convent at Mahaijay." width="720" height="499"> +<p class="figureHead">Church and convent at Mahaijay.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb122" href="#pb122" name= +"pb122">122</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1142" href="#xd20e1142src" name="xd20e1142">1</a></span> It is +with real satisfaction that, at the last moment, we find ourselves +permitted to mention the name of this venerable and experienced +man—the Very Rev. Padre Gallego, O.P., Convento della SS. +Trinità, Rome; and we can but express the regret that the worth +of this noble disciple of Christ is not known of in the outside world +as it is among his <i>confrères</i>; then, indeed, his word +would have the authority it deserves among all who love religion, and +struggle for the uplifting of humanity.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="back"> +<div id="app1" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Appendix I.</h2> +<h2 class="main">A Short Account of Missions in China, conducted by the +Dominican Friars of the Philippines.<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1194src" href="#xd20e1194" name="xd20e1194src">1</a></h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Missionaries supplied by the religions Orders in the +Philippines to the large fields of labor in China and Japan are not +confined to the Dominicans, but as we have not details at hand +regarding the other Orders, we present to our readers part of the work +done by the Dominicans, which will serve as a specimen of the rest.</p> +<p>The Dominicans have charge since 1631 of the Vicariate Apostolic of +Fo-Kien, which at present contains 20,000,000 inhabitants. The Most +Rev. Dr. Salvator Masot, O.P., is the present Vicar-apostolic, and +working under him are eighteen Spanish Dominicans, one native +Dominican, and twelve secular native priests. The vicariate is divided +into twenty-two districts, each under the care of a priest, and the +Christian population numbers 35,000. The districts are subdivided into +what are called <i>Christianities</i>, or places of meeting where +prayer is said, and the Christian doctrine taught. About fifty of them +are <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb123" href="#pb123" name= +"pb123">123</a>]</span>provided with an oratory or chapel where Mass is +said, and the sacraments administered; and they have also attached to +them thirty schools for boys and eight for girls. There is also under +the care of the Dominicans a seminary for the education of young native +students who show a vocation for the priesthood.</p> +<p>In 1883 part of the vicariate was cut off and formed into the +Vicariate Apostolic of Amoy, which also was made to embrace the Island +of Formosa. The most Rev. Dr. Ignatius Ibanez is Vicar-apostolic, and +under his direction are working fourteen Spanish Dominicans, one native +Dominican. The vicariate is divided into fourteen districts, half of +which are in Formosa. They have forty chapels or oratories, twenty +schools for boys and girls, and a seminary in the town of Ta-Kow in +Formosa.</p> +<p>A few words about the Sisters of the Third Order of St. Dominic, who +are engaged on the work of the Holy Infancy in both vicariates, will be +interesting. There are fifteen European sisters in all, besides eight +native women. They have five orphanages in which are housed 200 female +orphans abandoned by their unnatural parents in infancy, and kept by +the Sisters till they can marry them into Christian families. Besides +these they have rescued since 1891, 800 others whom they place under +the care of Christian nurses, and look after till they can settle them +in life.</p> +<p>The only fact we can give of the Vicariate of Central Tonquin, also +under the care of the Philippine Dominicans, is that in 1890 alone +2,100 natives were converted and baptized. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb124" href="#pb124" name="pb124">124</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1194" href="#xd20e1194src" name="xd20e1194">1</a></span> From the +<i>Analecta Ordinis Prædicatorum</i>.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="app2" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Appendix II.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Extracts relating to the Friars, from the Official +Correspondence of Generals Weyler and Moriones.</h2> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">General Weyler.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">“The mission of the Religious Orders is not +over, as is pretended by some who, having fallen foul of them, seek to +abolish them altogether, or at least to restrict and limit their +influence. It is this spirit of jealousy that has dictated many of the +so-called reforms, which we have seen enforced of late years.</p> +<p>“But these people seem to forget that we have established our +authority in Luzon and the Visayas by the exercise of moral influence +alone, backed up by the parish priest, for as none has such intimate +and friendly relations with the people as the priest, so no one knows +better than he what the people think, nor is any one better able to +give them wise advice, to restrain them, and influence them for good. +He alone can make Spaniards of them. By his office and position he is +best fitted to make things easy for our minor officials in their +different charges and districts.</p> +<p>“Remove the control of Religion, and what do you do? You +remove the Spanish element, forgetful of <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb125" href="#pb125" name="pb125">125</a>]</span>the fact that we have +to depend on a native army whose dialect we do not understand, and who, +in turn, understand not ours; that we have amongst us but a very +limited number of Spanish soldiers—this is really how we are +situated. I firmly believe that the day that witnesses the abolition of +the Religious Orders, or even the serious restriction of their +influence, will also witness the loss of Cuba and <span class="corr" +id="xd20e1231" title="Source: Porto">Puerto</span> Rico. Even were we +to fill the ranks of the army entirely with Spanish recruits, we should +not improve matters, for then there would be an immense increase to the +expenditure, whereas at present the Orders cost us next to nothing. All +the religious live in common after the manner of a corporation; so that +whatever the priest receives, goes to the support of all, and to +maintain their colleges and seminaries in Spain. Far, then, from being +an inconvenience in the Philippines, religious zeal is our surest +support, and should be by every means promoted and encouraged.</p> +<p>“The natives are naturally simple and credulous, and of little +discernment; and so are prone to superstition and idolatry, and can be +easily imposed upon by any quick-witted impostor who is able to relate +strange and wonderful stories. To prevent them being drawn away, the +light of the true religion is absolutely necessary.</p> +<p>“In Luzon and the Visayas the Government should make religion +a support on which to lean, and should regard the existence of the +Religious Orders as a most effective means of spreading and diffusing +civilization, and of consolidating vast multitudes of men of different +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126" name= +"pb126">126</a>]</span>and widely separated races. It is only by +gaining the good-will of these masses we can hope to rule them and draw +them to ourselves. In the establishing of new outposts and ranches, we +must count on the influence of the missionary. It is with this end in +view that I have established certain missions, which will, I hope, in a +few years give the most satisfactory results. I hope that they will be +even the indirect means of increasing the revenues and income of the +State, although the new Christians are to be free of all taxes for the +next ten years. In a word, I know of no better means of civilizing the +natives than the missionary post.</p> +<p>“It is clear that as society progresses in civilization and +enlightenment, the less we are dependent on the influence of the +priest; for as civilization advances organization becomes more perfect. +What I deduce from this is that the reforms necessary in these islands +should be carried out in logical succession, and in proportion to the +state of civilization in each province.</p> +<p>“To aid us in accomplishing this good work, it is necessary +that we should multiply the means for the diffusion of learning, for +teaching the Spanish language, encourage and stimulate labor and +industry, banish as far as possible card-playing and gambling, and +extinguish certain instincts and customs peculiar to half-civilized +men.</p> +<p>“These are my aims, and to their realization I have devoted +myself with earnestness, taking for my programme—if I might so +express it—the advancement <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb127" +href="#pb127" name="pb127">127</a>]</span>and strengthening of the +civil authority, the spreading of civilization and learning, so that +the country may enjoy at no distant date the blessings that have come +to other countries through the same means.</p> +<p>“But this, in my opinion, can only be achieved through the +Religious Orders. For let the Government bear in mind that those who +deny this are filibusters, who desire the absolute independence of the +country, and who knew well that their greatest obstacle is to be found +in those holy men who have the charge of souls in the +Philippines.”</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">General Moriones.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">“Though I desire to enforce the laws with +strictness, yet I am at the same time most anxious to safeguard the +moral and material interests of the people over whom I rule. It has +ever been my constant study to maintain on the one hand all the royal +prerogatives in their entire amplitude and vigor; and on the other to +make every concession consistent with these prerogatives, which justice +and reason demand, and thus preserve the close relations which should +exist between the religious and political powers. I regard this +relation and harmony between these two powers as the very foundation of +social order—in this country particularly, where religion and +patriotism are interwoven in all its past history, and pre-existing +institutions, and where they must bring about its future peace and +prosperity.</p> +<p>“My efforts in this direction have, I rejoice to say, been +greatly strengthened by the loyal and unconditional <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb128" href="#pb128" name= +"pb128">128</a>]</span>assistance given to my authority by all the +Religious Orders of the country. These bodies, to the glory of Spain be +it recorded, are composed of excellent and truly devoted men; men who +without one hope of earthly reward, without a hope of ever again +treading their native land, sacrifice with generous enthusiasm their +lives, social surroundings, personal friendships, nay, even, in some +places, their daily bread, to spread the light of the Gospel, and +promote the interests of Spain.</p> +<p>“They spend themselves in their efforts to instil the love of +faith and fatherland into the simple minds of the innocent inhabitants +of these distant lands, and thus lay the best and surest foundations of +a true civilization.</p> +<p>“Aided in this manner it has been comparatively easy for me to +effect many of the necessary reforms in different parts of this +Province; to establish useful institutions, and to aid the Supreme +Government by founding many benevolent societies, such as the Monte de +Pietâ and the Savings Bank, which I hope will put an end to the +extortions of greedy speculators. Many villages have submitted to us in +the provinces of North Luzon without our having had to employ force to +any extent worth speaking of. This happy result has been brought about +almost entirely by the good offices of the Religious Orders,—I +mean by their preaching, their advice, the holy example of their lives, +their tact, self-denial, and sacrifices.</p> +<p>“They are men who deserve our highest esteem, and our lasting +gratitude.”... <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href="#pb129" +name="pb129">129</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="app3" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Appendix III.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Work of Freemasonry in South and Central +America.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">A writer in the <i>San Francisco Monitor</i> has made +a very intelligible and instructive abstract of an article recently +written by Rev. Reuben Parsons, D.D., on “Freemasonry in Latin +America.” This is a subject upon which there is much popular +misapprehension, and Dr. Parsons throws a strong light upon it. His +language is, all in all, moderate; and his tone, temperate. He makes no +vicious attack upon the Order, and all his assertions are substantiated +by quotations from Masonic organs or unprejudiced sources. He exposes +the systematic attacks which the lodges have made upon religion; the +persecutions to which they have subjected not only the bishops but the +laity; the war they have waged against religious education. And he +proves all his charges from the mouths of the Masons themselves.</p> +<p>Freemasonry in the United States and Freemasonry in Catholic +countries are two distinct institutions. Freemasonry among us is a +benevolent society with a creed and a ritual. It does not exhibit any +symptoms <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb130" href="#pb130" name= +"pb130">130</a>]</span>of bigotry. But in France, Spain, and Italy a +main purpose seems to be opposition to the Church. In France the +Masonic clique which runs the government has kept the Church in +bondage; in Italy Masonry was most active in the movement which +overthrew the temporal power of the Pope. In Latin America, as Dr. +Parsons shows, it has started revolutions, assassinated the leaders of +the people, exiled the clergy, and persecuted the Church. Fortunately, +however, its domination has been short-lived in most of the South +American republics, owing to the universal disgust which its violent +measures excited. Brazil was the scene of the most important fight that +Freemasonry waged against the Church in South America. For many years +the society had been establishing itself in that country, but it was +only during the reign of Don Pedro II. (1831–1889) that an open +rupture occurred. There were two Grand Lodges in Brazil—one +monarchial and the other revolutionary. In 1872 the president of the +former had some measures passed in Parliament which were highly +pleasing to his followers. A banquet was tendered to him, and a feature +of the affair was an address by a priest. The priest was suspended by +his bishop, and, at once, the Masons were on the warpath. Both lodges +sank their differences, and united in their opposition to what they +were pleased to call an infringement of their liberty. Their first act +of defiance was the announcement of a Mass to be celebrated for one of +their brethren who had died in rebellion against the Church. Next day +they <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131" name= +"pb131">131</a>]</span>turned their attention to the provinces and +attempted to have a Mass of thanksgiving celebrated in commemoration of +the foundation of the lodge at Olinda. The bishop immediately warned +his priests against this defiance of spiritual authority. The Masons +retorted by charging that some priests were members of that sect, and +that the parish confraternities were honeycombed with masonry. It was +found that some of the confraternities attached to the churches were +controlled by the Masons. The bishop forbade the infected societies to +hold services in their chapels. Those thus censured, disregarded the +prohibition, and even went so far in their defiance as to appear in +church in full regalia. When holy communion was refused them “in +their Masonic capacity,” they boldly took possession of the keys +of the tabernacle. The priests were thus forced to go to the president +of the local Masonic confraternity whenever they were called upon to +administer the holy viaticum to the dying, and ask from him the +necessary keys.</p> +<p>Of course such a condition could not long continue. The Masons +appealed to the minister of ecclesiastical affairs, who was himself in +high standing in the Order. He decided that the bishops should withdraw +their interdict against the confraternities. Just at this time, the +bishop of Olinda received a papal brief approving of his action. The +brief was published by the prelate, who was thereupon arrested and +charged with the terrible crime of promulgating an ecclesiastical +mandate without permission of the Emperor. In every country where the +Church is free, the ecclesiastical <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb132" +href="#pb132" name="pb132">132</a>]</span>authorities enjoy the right +of ruling and directing their flock in spiritual matters. It would +seem, according to the Masonic idea and the weak-minded Don Pedro, that +the bishop should not take any action without consulting the temporal +rulers.</p> +<p>The intrepid prelate was sentenced to four years in the +penitentiary. When his case was disposed of, the bishop of Para was +arrested and received the same sentence, besides being subjected to +insults worse than the penitentiary could offer. One of the condemned +confraternities celebrated its feast in 1877 with a grand procession, +the most prominent feature of which was a series of indecent pictures. +The bishop of the diocese where the outrage occurred felt it his duty +to speak out against the sacrilegious act. He prohibited the shameless +society from using its chapel, but after two years of legal proceedings +the case was decided against him. On the night of the decision, the +Masons celebrated their victory by hooting the prelate and illuminating +their headquarters. These excesses disgusted the Catholics of Brazil, +and popular indignation forced the Masons to be more prudent and to +confine themselves to secret intrigues. As outlined in the address of +their Grand Master, their policy should be to obtain control of the +schools, to introduce a bill which would make marriage merely a civil +contract, and to secularize the cemeteries. In 1880, however, the sect +met with reverses, and the new government was not under Masonic +influences. Many of the deluded members <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb133" href="#pb133" name="pb133">133</a>]</span>abjured their errors, +and the Church in Brazil has enjoyed comparative freedom since that +time.</p> +<p>Freemasonry makes loud boasts of enlightenment and independence, but +it hounded to death the most enlightened and liberty-loving patriot +that South America has ever produced—Simon Bolivar, the +Liberator. He studied law in Madrid, and on his return home joined the +patriots who revolted against Spain. He freed Venezuela from Spanish +rule, and was elected first President of the Republic of Colombia. But +while he was fighting for the freedom of Peru, the Masonic clique was +plotting against religious freedom in Colombia. In 1821 the Colombian +Congress, which was controlled by the Masons, passed many laws directed +against the Church. The Catholic religion was disestablished, right of +censorship over books was vested in the Government alone, the right of +nominating bishops, which had been exercised by the defunct Spanish +power, was claimed, and a new plan of studies was imposed on the +ecclesiastical seminaries. Some of these regulations may appear +innocent, but the way in which they were carried out evidenced the +animus of their authors. The first books passed and approved for +publication by the government censor were the works of Voltaire and +other French atheists, and many immoral pamphlets. One of the +text-books prescribed for the universities was an atheistic work by the +English materialist Bentham. When an eminent professor protested +against this, he was thrown into prison. Such violation of religious +liberty could not occur in the United States. And yet these +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb134" href="#pb134" name= +"pb134">134</a>]</span>enlightened and tolerant Masons inflicted them +on a Catholic nation. Other outrages on liberty followed. Crime stalked +abroad in the new republic; unoffending citizens were cast into prison +or beheaded on the trumped-up charge of treason. The people soon tired +of the new tyranny and clamored for Bolivar to return and liberate them +once again.</p> +<p>Bolivar returned and restored order and peace to the distracted +country. He was hated by the lodges, and his death was decreed. On +Sept. 25, 1828, a band of assassins entered his house, but fortunately +Bolivar escaped by a secret passage. That the crime had been plotted by +the Masons is evident from the decree which the President issued soon +afterwards: “Considering that secret societies have the planning +of political revolutions for their principal object, and that their +baneful character is sufficiently manifested by the mystery with which +they surround themselves, I order the suppression of all such +societies, and the closing of their lodges.” He re-established +religious education in the schools and universities, believing that +nothing but religion could counteract the disorders and crimes which +disgraced his beloved country. His enemies triumphed at the elections +of 1830, and Bolivar decided to resign office. His final address to +Congress is memorable. “And now,” he wrote, “let my +last official act be to recommend Congress to protect continually our +holy religion, the fruitful source of the blessing of Heaven; and to +entreat Congress to restore its sacred and unprescriptible rights to +public instruction, which has been made <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb135" href="#pb135" name="pb135">135</a>]</span>a cancer for +Colombia. Fellow-citizens, I must say, with the blush of shame on my +brow, that while we have won our independence, it has been won at the +expense of every other blessing. For twenty years I have served you as +soldier and as magistrate. During that long period we have freed our +country, procured liberty for three republics, repressed many civil +wars, and four times I have resigned to the people the supreme power +which they confided to me. To-day I fear that I may be an obstacle to +your happiness, and therefore I resign for the last time the magistracy +with which you have honored me. The most unworthy suspicions have been +expressed in my regard, and I have been unable to defend myself. A +crown has been offered to me frequently by men who are now ambitious of +supreme power, but I always refused that crown with the indignation of +a sincere republican.”</p> +<p>The republic which he established was dismembered; his dearest +friend was assassinated, and his own picture was burned in effigy. He +was besought to return and once more guide the destinies of the +country, but he replied: “I cannot assume an authority with which +another is invested.” He died in his forty-eighth year, of a +broken heart. Such was the treatment which the Washington of South +America received from Freemasons.</p> +<p>Contrasting the lives of two presidents of Ecuador—Moreno, the +martyr, and Alfaro—in a previous article, we touched on the +crimes of Freemasonry in that country. After the assassination of +Moreno, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136" name= +"pb136">136</a>]</span>the lodges decided not to inaugurate a very +radical policy. They were afraid of a popular outburst. But in 1877 a +drunken soldier, named Vintimilla, was proclaimed dictator, and then +the cloven hoof appeared. The usual decree for the secularization of +education was promulgated and the Catholic bishops protested. The +bishops were banished for their action, and the Archbishop of Quito, +Monsignor Chica, died under very suspicious circumstances. A +post-mortem examination revealed twelve grains of strychnine in his +stomach, but his poisoners were never brought to justice. This was +followed by a decree ordering all the pastors to celebrate requiem +masses for the souls “of all the martyrs of holy Liberalism who +had fallen since March, 1869.” That was the date of an +insurrection against the saintly Moreno. The priests refused to +celebrate Mass for these revolutionists, and the people sided with +them. The drunken dictator was defeated. Soon afterwards he was driven +from office and Ecuador was comparatively peaceful until Alfaro, a +cruel and ignorant soldier, seized the Government. His term has been +marked by the murder and exile of priests and bishops.</p> +<p>In Chili, the most Catholic of all South American countries, English +and German Masons made many futile attempts to secularize all the +institutions, and to degrade marriage into a merely civil contract. The +<i>Monde Maconnique</i> published the programme which had been prepared +by the “Grand Lodge of Chili”; and another organ of the +lodges informs us <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb137" href="#pb137" +name="pb137">137</a>]</span>that “in Chili it is really the +English and German lodges that do the work.” It is gratifying to +learn that all their plots came to naught, and that Chili remains a +Catholic and contented country.</p> +<p>In Peru the lodges are supported in a manner from the +“missionary funds,” which Protestants of this country +contribute for the spread of the Gospel among these “benighted +Papists.” The preachers who are sent out to Catholic countries +are too often ignorant bigots. A common mode of procedure on their part +is to attack and calumniate Catholics, and they are ready to join with +Masonry, or any other anti-Catholic society, in their fight against the +Church. So far, however, they have failed to stir up an anti-Catholic +movement in Peru.</p> +<p>Little need be added about Mexico, where the people are, for the +most part, devoutly Catholic, while the politicians are Masonic. As a +consequence the Church has been despoiled of her property and visited +with persecution. The trouble with the people of these countries is +that they allow themselves to be ruled by politicians. The same may be +said of the United States, with a difference, however: there, +politicians are allowed to misappropriate funds and to plunder +tax-payers; in Mexico and South America the Catholics, somehow or +other, permit themselves to be persecuted by the Masonic politicians. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb138" href="#pb138" name= +"pb138">138</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="app4" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Appendix IV.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Interview with Augustinian Friars.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">(From the <i>Catholic Standard and Times</i>, +Philadelphia, Penn.)</p> +<p>Ten Spanish priests, driven from the mission of the Philippines by +the insurrectionary movement, arrived in San Francisco on the 5th of +January by the Pacific Mail steamer Doric. They only remained a few +days in California, as their destination was New Granada, to which they +sailed the following week. A call on them while stopping at the +Occidental Hotel obtained much interesting information about the +disposition of the natives towards the clergy in the Philippine group. +All ten had been employed as parish priests in country districts, where +the population is almost wholly of native stock, without the admixture +of Chinese blood which is prevalent in Manila. Two came from Luzon, +where the Tagals are predominant; two more from Zebu, and six from +Panay. In these last islands the population is of the Visaya race. +Familiarity with the native language is required from every missionary +before he is sent out of the seminary in Manila after his arrival in +the Archipelago. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb139" href="#pb139" +name="pb139">139</a>]</span></p> +<p>During their passage the exiled priests, by direction of their +superiors, all wore the ordinary secular dress, and looked like a +delegation of intelligent business men from some country district in +the United States. In manner they were courteous and very intelligent; +but they were somewhat shy of talking much in a strange land. After +some time this shyness wore off, and cordial relations were established +between the exiles and your correspondent. None of the former spoke +English, though the president, Father Diaz, read it readily, and +translated offhand articles in the San Francisco papers to his +brethren. They were not familiar with the system of interviewing as +practised in California, and asked that any questions to which their +answers were desired should be put to them in Spanish and in writing. +Later they conversed freely on subjects connected with their missions, +though they declined to express themselves on political questions. +<span class="corr" id="xd20e1332" title="Source: The">They</span> +evidently regarded Aguinaldo as not a very remarkable personage, and +the calmness with which they spoke of their own experiences was very +remarkable.</p> +<p>The statement that the Friars possessed large estates in the country +was declared by them to be a pure lie. The individual members possess +nothing, and the only property held by the Orders is attached to +hospitals or colleges. The missionaries are all Europeans, though there +are many natives among the secular clergy. The Augustinians, +Franciscans, Dominicans, and Capuchins have the right of presentation +to certain parishes which were founded among <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb140" href="#pb140" name="pb140">140</a>]</span>the +barbarous natives in older times. Each Order has a seminary in Europe +specially devoted to training such of its members as have suitable +vocations for the Philippine mission. After completing their studies, +and receiving holy orders, the young priests are sent to the seminaries +in the Philippines to perfect themselves in the native languages, and +get familiar with the habits of the country. There are three principal +languages spoken in the group,—Tagal, Visaya, and Pampanginano. +No priest is sent on mission work until he is thoroughly acquainted +with whichever of these he is destined to use in his ministry. These +Philippine languages have, it must be remembered, books and literature, +and are not mere dialects suitable to all. In answer to a question +whether as missionaries they could accumulate private funds, Father +Alvarez emphatically said no. “We are Friars and have taken a +solemn vow of poverty,” he stated, “and it a simple +falsehood to assert, as some have done, that any Philippine Friar +possesses a rood of land or a peso that he can call his own, except +temporarily and by permission of his superiors.” A couple of +other questions brought out a clearly worded account of the relations +of the Friars in the Philippines to Church and State. Some of the facts +will be new to American readers.</p> +<p>The Catholic Church in the Archipelago is organized on the same +basis as in other parts of the world, but the number of clergy is much +less in proportion to the population than in any other Catholic +country. There is one archbishop and four bishops for a population +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb141" href="#pb141" name= +"pb141">141</a>]</span>of over seven millions. The dioceses are divided +into parishes, as in Spain or America, and the priests of each parish +are subject to the bishop’s authority in the same manner. The +only peculiarity, in a church point, is that more than three-quarters +of the parishes are served by members of the different Religious +Orders—Augustinians, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits. Each +Order has the right of presenting the names of suitable priests for the +districts in its charge to the bishop, who appoints them, if +satisfactory to his own judgment, after which the Augustinian or +Franciscan occupies the ordinary position of a parish +priest—subject, however, to removal by his own superior. In +practice this is rare, and the relations between the bishops and the +Orders have been uniformly satisfactory.</p> +<p>The whole number of Augustinians in the islands in 1896 was three +hundred and twenty-seven, and the Catholic population which this number +supplied was two millions three hundred thousand, or about one priest +to every seven thousand Catholics. It certainly is not a great number, +and does not justify the common ideas of hordes of idle Friars. In +districts of over ten thousand two or more Friars are stationed, but +the great majority have only one, with a native assistant priest or +deacon in some cases. The church property is simply the church and +priest’s house, with a garden attached. The revenue is an +allowance from the government, which varies from five hundred to eight +hundred silver dollars a year, or somewhat less than ten cents a head +for the population <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb142" href="#pb142" +name="pb142">142</a>]</span>at large. That the three hundred Friars can +lead idle lives is hardly compatible with the number of baptisms and +marriages recorded within a year. There were a hundred and fifteen +thousand baptisms, sixteen thousand marriages, and fifty-one thousand +interments as the work of 1896 for the three hundred Friars.</p> +<p>Of the condition of the people in the islands Father Alvarez thought +it compared fairly well with the rural population of his native Spain +or other European countries. The bulk of the natives own and cultivate +their own lands. There are schools for boys and girls in every parish, +and the great majority can read and write. Of the religious spirit of +the country people and their respect for the missionaries he spoke very +favorably. The movement which drove them out was political, not +religious. Father Alvarez attributed the chief share in it to the +mestizos of Chinese and Philippine origin, who form the greater part of +the population of Manila and the larger towns. Like the Tagals and the +Visayas, these mestizos are Christians, but they possess the fondness +for secret societies of their Chinese fathers. A certain number of the +younger natives who have engaged in office seeking or business joined +in the movement, to which the bulk of the country population is wholly +indifferent.</p> +<p>The occupation of Cavite by Dewey and the destruction of the Spanish +fleet was followed by the withdrawal of the Spanish soldiers from the +remoter islands, where they had been almost the only police +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb143" href="#pb143" name= +"pb143">143</a>]</span>force. Popular disturbances followed in many +places, and Aguinaldo at Cavite, through the mestizo agents, quickly +put himself in touch with the local agitators. The latter had no +definite purpose except to secure personal advancement in the change of +government, and when Aguinaldo declared Spaniards the enemies of the +Philippines, attacks were made on the isolated Spanish priests. Several +were imprisoned, some were released by their parishioners, and others +remained in the hands of the new insurgent soldiery. The heads of the +Order directed a temporary retirement, and most of the priests did so, +but returned again after some time. With the progress of +Aguinaldo’s party more violent measures were adopted towards the +Spanish priests. The jails were opened and criminals had free scope +through the islands. In many places liquor was freely distributed by +the leaders of the insurgents, and massacres and robberies were +committed with impunity. In Illocos, in Luzon, the bishop and all the +students of the seminary and all the Spanish priests were arrested and +treated with savage brutality. More than fifty priests were murdered in +different places, and over four hundred thrown into prison and +subjected to all the brutalities that the fierce Malay spirit could +suggest. The heads of the Orders in Manila finally gave the word, and +the missionaries who were able to escape made their way to the +different places which were protected by Spanish garrisons, or to +Manila itself. In Manila, after its capture, it was impossible for the +Orders to maintain long the number of fugitive <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb144" href="#pb144" name= +"pb144">144</a>]</span>priests thus driven from their homes. Their +funds are limited, and, on consultation with the generals in Rome, it +was decided to find employment for the exiles in other lands as far as +possible. In South America such employment has been offered to a number +of Augustinians. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb145" href="#pb145" +name="pb145">145</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="app5" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Appendix V.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Letter from a Friar in the Power of the Rebels to +another Friar, of the same Order, Residing in Manila.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first salute"><span class="sc">Dear and Reverend +Father</span>,—</p> +<p>The wife of the master of N. has come to visit us in your name, and +to offer us money. God will reward your good works and your kindness to +us. We are not accepting the help you offer us because we have no need +of it for the present. Just now we can say we are rich in comparison +with what we were some time ago. For the last two months we have not +been treated with that ferocity which was displayed against us +previously by the rebel chief holding the rank of Lieut.-Colonel, and +the guard in whose custody we were placed: He treated us in the +beginning with extreme rigor, due to his satanic hatred against +religion, and his insatiable greed. He ordered us to be scourged on +four occasions, took all our money, and, finally all we possessed. He +took our clothes, hats, and shoes, and left us nothing but miserable +rags for clothing. But the charity of the people, in spite of the +guards, who had the most <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb146" href= +"#pb146" name="pb146">146</a>]</span>severe orders to prevent them, +supplied us with all we had need of.</p> +<p>The hatred that the rebel chief has shown towards us has passed all +limits. He made us suffer for a long time most terrible humiliations +and vexations. He and his soldiers injured us in various ways and +tortured us. The attitude of the rebel chief clearly showed us that he +was a furious agent of the Freemasons. By his orders the father Vicar +of N. was tied to a tree and fiercely beaten. In addition to this bad +treatment, we were sent every day on the public roads and forced to +work till night-time. We just got what repose was strictly necessary, +and at noon a small repast—all that under a fierce sun. I was +exempted from the work on account of my sickness, and yet I had a +desire to share in the labors and sufferings of my brethren.</p> +<p>The people compassionated us and relieved us as much as possible. +They brought us tea, coffee, cigars, etc., and all that without the +knowledge of the guards, from fear of the rebel chief, who threatened +terrible punishment to all who would dare to give aid to the prisoners. +The people of N., as soon as they learnt that I was a prisoner, began +to come to see me, in spite of the long distance that separated them +from me, and brought me clothes and money with which I was able to +provide for my necessities for the time being.</p> +<p>When the rebel chief bearing the title of Lieut.-Colonel heard this +news he got into a great rage, threatened my parishioners that he would +have them <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb147" href="#pb147" name= +"pb147">147</a>]</span>arrested and brought before a judge. In +consequence of this they were obliged to fly, but still before their +departure they found means of giving me a little more help. The rebel +chief does not reside near us, but comes from time to time, causing +terror to everybody. Happily, his visits are rarer now, and, thanks to +God, we enjoy a certain tranquillity. It is said that he has been +reprimanded for the bad treatment he has inflicted on us. Who +knows?</p> +<p>However that may be, he comes but rarely, and leaves us in peace. +Taking advantage of this, an inhabitant of the locality in which we are +has obtained from a chief of a higher grade a remission of the hard +labor.</p> +<p>We know from a good source that all communication with the +imprisoned Friars has been forbidden under the most severe penalties. +The faithful are permitted neither to salute us nor to visit us. On +Sundays we ask permission to go to Mass, and when that is granted us we +have to go escorted by bayonets, and are not permitted to say Mass +ourselves.</p> +<p>The Governor of the locality is polite enough with us, but does not +obtain any favor for us. Fathers N. and N. have written several times +to him, begging him to get our position bettered as far as he is able. +A great number of rebel chiefs have come to see us, and all seem +possessed by a satanic hatred for us, and instead of pitying us rejoice +to see us in a state of misery.</p> +<p>They boast of having taken part in the massacres <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb148" href="#pb148" name="pb148">148</a>]</span>of +the insurrection, and say to us: “Fathers So-and-So have escaped +us, but if we catch them we will make them pay for their conduct. It +has been decreed to exterminate you all; however, we will allow you to +live.” The insurgents demand freedom of worship, of teaching, of +association, civil marriage, etc. These theories are proclaimed in +public, and civil marriages have already taken place. They are +celebrated in presence of the Mayor, according to the new decree, and +the fee is five francs. The Blessed Virgin, who delivered us from +death, will deliver us also from this perilous situation, and by that +will put a seal on the favors she has already bestowed on us.</p> +<p>Kindest remembrances to all the brethren. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb149" href="#pb149" name="pb149">149</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="app6" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Appendix VI.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Rev. W. Hykes on Burial Fees and the Paco Cemetery +outside Manila.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The following is a sample of the Rev. Mr. Hyke’s +report:—</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“The burial fees demanded by the priests during +an epidemic of smallpox were something enormous. As many were unable to +pay, the dead were lying in the churches and in private houses in such +numbers as to become a serious menace to the public health. The thing +was so scandalous that the Governor-General interfered, and issued +orders for all the corpses to be buried at once. The priests +disregarded it and telegraphed to the Government at Madrid, who +reversed the order.</p> +<p>“I heard such a revolting story about the Paco Cemetery (Paco +is a suburb of Manila) that I decided to visit the place and ascertain +the facts for myself. In the centre of a plot of ground, containing +about two acres, is a mortuary chapel. Around this in concentric +circles, and with a space of about twenty feet between, are three or +four walls. These walls are <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb150" href= +"#pb150" name="pb150">150</a>]</span>from five to seven feet wide, +about ten feet high, and contain three tiers of vaults, one above the +other, and of sufficient size to admit a coffin. The Filipino in charge +told me that there were 1,278 vaults for adults and 504 for children. +The fees are collected five-yearly in advance, and are $33 for an adult +and $16 for a child. I said to the attendant: ‘Suppose that at +the end of any period of five years the friends of the deceased are +unable to pay, what do you do?’ ‘We remove the coffin, take +out the remains and throw them on the bone-pile.’ ‘Will you +show me the bone-pile?’ ‘Certainly.’ He conducted me +to the rear of the cemetery, up a flight of stone steps to the top of +the wall. The receptacle for the bones was a space between two parallel +walls, about thirty feet long by four wide by eight deep, and it was +nearly full. Near by were two metallic coffins which had evidently just +been opened, and on top of the bone-pile were two complete skeletons. A +dog was munching the bones. You can imagine how such a system would +work with an ignorant, superstitious people like the natives. All of +the vaults except three were occupied. The fees amount to more than +$50,000 every five years. The fees of a church near to the hotel at +which I was stopping amounted to $100,000 per annum.</p> +<p>“It is not surprising that the great religious corporations +are enormously wealthy, and that they have a power consonant with that +wealth. I was shocked at the stories I was told by men, whose word I +could not doubt, of the flagrant immorality of the Spanish <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb151" href="#pb151" name= +"pb151">151</a>]</span>Friars. The men who gave me these statements +said they were prepared to give names, dates, and places.”</p> +</div> +<p>We sent a cutting containing this part of the report to the +ex-Philippine missionary, residing at present in Rome, to whom we have +already referred.</p> +<p>To these lying statements the missionary gives an unqualified +contradiction. He himself was a parish priest during the cholera of +1882–83, when 20,000 people died in six months. In his own parish +alone 1,829 died and were buried, and yet he did not get a penny for +burial fees. He adds that the other parish priests acted like +himself.</p> +<p>The revolting description of the treatment of the dead in the Paco +cemetery is a foolish fabric, built on the simple fact that bodies are +removed from certain niches, after five years, to make room for others. +Mr. Hykes indirectly imputes the extortion of enormous burial fees in +this cemetery to the clergy. Whether the fees are enormous or not, they +do not go to the Church; for the missionary Father reveals the fact +wilfully kept back by Mr. Hykes—that <i>the cemetery belongs to +the Manila municipality, which gets all the fees</i>. This cemetery +story, told with such apparent honest indignation, is alone sufficient +to discredit all Mr. Hyke’s report, and is a proof that he knows +how to color and misrepresent facts to suit his purpose.</p> +<p>In conclusion, we are anxious to know if Mr. Hykes examined the +spiritual condition of the Protestants in the Philippines. “To +our shame be it <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb152" href="#pb152" +name="pb152">152</a>]</span>said,” observed a British officer, in +1859, “there is no Protestant place of worship on the island; and +even the burial-ground is in an unseemly position and condition, and, I +believe, unconsecrated.”<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1423src" +href="#xd20e1423" name="xd20e1423src">1</a></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1423" href="#xd20e1423src" name="xd20e1423">1</a></span> +“Hongkong to Manila,” by H. T. Ellis, R.N.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="transcribernote"> +<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2> +<h3 class="main">Availability</h3> +<p class="first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no +cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. 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These +links may not work for you.</p> +<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3> +<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p> +<table width="75%" summary= +"Overview of corrections applied to the text."> +<tr> +<th>Page</th> +<th>Source</th> +<th>Correction</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e332">14</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">espiscopal</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">episcopal</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e560">30</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Saguna</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Laguna</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e613">38</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Philipines</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Philippines</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e894">77</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the the</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">the</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1026">96</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Tagalocs</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Tagalogs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1231">125</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Porto</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">Puerto</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20" valign="top"><a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e1332">139</a></td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">The</td> +<td class="width40" valign="bottom">They</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Friars in the Philippines, by Ambrose Coleman + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FRIARS IN THE PHILIPPINES *** + +***** This file should be named 36438-h.htm or 36438-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/4/3/36438/ + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Friars in the Philippines + +Author: Ambrose Coleman + +Release Date: June 15, 2011 [EBook #36438] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FRIARS IN THE PHILIPPINES *** + + + + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + THE + FRIARS IN THE PHILIPPINES. + + By + Rev. AMBROSE COLEMAN, O. P. + + + + Permissu Superiorum. + + Boston: + Marlier, Callanan & Co. + 1899. + + + + + + + Copyright, 1899, + By Marlier, Callanan & Co. + + C. J. Peters & Son, Typographers, + Boston. + + + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The following pages originally appeared as magazine articles. In +both England and America the papers were favorably received; and as +the public has not heard the last of the Friars in the Philippines, +it seemed worth while to reproduce them in the more permanent form +of a small volume, making such corrections and additions as might +be deemed advisable. Whatever may be the shortcomings of the book, +there is a real and pressing need for the information it contains, +and this need must remain the excuse for its imperfections. A fair +consideration of the facts it presents is confidently expected from a +people whose love of justice is almost proverbial: Truth should have +nothing to fear from Americans. + + +May 5, 1899. + + + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + + Chapter Page + + I. The Work of the Religious Orders in the Philippines 7 + II. The Charges made against Them considered 37 + III. The Rebellion Largely the Work of a Secret Organization 60 + IV. The Rebels and Their Grievances 86 + V. The Sectarian Missionary Movement 99 + Postscript 116 + + APPENDIX. + + I. A Short Account of Missions in China, conducted by the + Dominican Friars of the Philippines 122 + II. Extracts relating to the Friars, from the Official + Correspondence of Generals Weyler and Moriones 124 + III. The Work of Freemasonry in South and Central America 129 + IV. Interview with Augustinian Friars 138 + V. Letter from a Friar in the Power of the Rebels, to a + Friend in Manila 145 + VI. The Rev. Mr. Hykes on Burial Fees, and the Paco + Cemetery outside Manila 149 + + + + + + +THE FRIARS IN THE PHILIPPINES. + + +CHAPTER I. + +THE WORK OF THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN THE PHILIPPINES. + + +A recent traveller designates the Philippines as the birthplace +of typhoons, the home of earthquakes,--epithets undoubtedly strong +yet well deserved; and typhoons at certain seasons of the year, with +earthquakes at uncertain periods, when taken together with the torrid +heat, trying at all seasons, and the malaria fruitful of fevers, +make these islands of the Eastern seas, which otherwise would be a +veritable Paradise upon earth, an undesirable place of abode to the +average European, unless, indeed, he is attracted thither by the +greed of gain or by the nobler desire of missionary enterprise. + +For Nature, bountiful there almost to prodigality, revelling in +all the luxuriance of tropical vegetation, has always at hand, as +a set-off to her gifts, terrible manifestations of her power. The +seventeenth-century navigator, William Dampier, in his own quaint +and amusing way, describes how the natives and the Spanish colonists +of Manila strove to guard against the double danger of earthquakes +and typhoons, and how they both failed ignominiously. The Spaniards +built strong stone houses, but the earthquake made light of them, and +shook them so violently that the terrified inmates would rush out of +doors to save their lives; while the natives from their frail bamboo +dwellings, which were perched on high poles, placidly contemplated +their discomfiture. All that the earthquake meant to them was a +gentle swaying from side to side. But the Spaniards had their turn +when the fierce typhoon blew, against which their thick walls were +proof. Then, from the security of their houses, could they view, with +a certain grim satisfaction, the huts of the natives swaying every +minute more violently in the wind, till, one by one, they toppled +over--each an indescribable heap of poles, mats, household utensils, +and human beings. + +By way of general description it may be said that the Philippine +Archipelago consists of between one and two thousand islands; two of +which, Luzon and Mindanao, are much larger than Ireland, while the +rest vary in size down to mere islets, rocks, and reefs. Altogether +the islands stretch from north to south a distance as great as from +the north of England to the south of Italy. The soil is extremely rich, +and easily cultivated; vast forests abound, containing valuable timber; +and the mineral resources, up to the present undeveloped, are apt to +prove a sure source of income under modern methods of working. + +But what concerns us most in this inquiry is the character of the +inhabitants. The population, which is variously estimated at from +eight to ten millions, is made up of more than eighty distinct tribes, +which nearly all belong to the Malay race. There are still to be +found in some of the islands, and principally in the mountainous +districts, the remnants of the aboriginal inhabitants, usually called +Negritos. These are of a distinctively inferior type, are rapidly +diminishing in numbers, and seem to many observers incapable of +civilization. Our only concern therefore is with the Malays, who form +the vast bulk of the population, and have in the course of time been +nearly all converted to Christianity. Nearly seven million Christians +are counted among them; while the unconverted pagans, together with +the Moros, or Malay Mohammedans, of Mindanao and the Sulu islands, +are not a million in number. + +Christianity has effected a wonderful transformation in the character +of the people, softening and refining it, as we may judge by the +contrast presented by their cruel and bloodthirsty neighbors in +Mindanao and the Sulu group, who, nevertheless, belong to the +same race, and whose characteristics they must originally have +shared. Travellers have not sufficiently dwelt on this important +point. They note that the civilized native is self-respecting and +self-constrained to a remarkable degree, patient under misfortune, +and forbearing under provocation. He is a kind father and a dutiful +son. His relatives are never left in want, but are welcome to share +the best his house affords, to the end of their days. Unfortunately +for himself, he is a happy-go-lucky fellow, delighting in cock-fighting +and games of chance, and naturally indolent, his wants being so few and +simple. He is a born musician, genial, sociable, loving to dance, sing, +and make merry among his companions. His wife is allowed a degree of +liberty hardly equalled in any other Eastern country, a liberty she +rarely abuses. She is the financier of the family, and the husband +consults her when making a bargain. She does her share of the work; +but it is not more than her just share, and she is not overburdened +with labor. Hospitality is cheerful and open-handed, and the traveller +is welcomed to the hut of the native with cordiality. The houses of +the natives are kept neat, and are models of cleanliness, and the +natives also keep themselves extremely clean. They are practical and +fervent Catholics. At the vesper Angelus bell "there is always a pretty +scene. An instant hush comes over the busy village. In each house +father, mother, and children fall on their knees before the image or +picture of some saint, and repeat their prayers. The devotions over, +each child kisses the hand of his father and his mother, at the same +time wishing them good evening. He then makes an obeisance to each of +his brothers and sisters, as well as to each guest who happens to be +present, repeating his salutation with each funny bow. Host and hostess +also greet one in the same way; and in remote places, where white men +are a rarity, the little tots often kneel to kiss one's hand." ("The +Philippine Islands and their People," by Dean C. Worcester.) + +In sharp contrast to the happy, contented, and peaceful character +of the Christian native, is his southern neighbor of the same blood, +the fanatical Moro. Mohammedanism has accentuated rather than softened +the underlying fierceness of the Malay; as it gives him a religious +sanction to cruelty, treachery, murder, pillage, and piracy when +directed against the hated Christian. Inhuman and cold-blooded cruelty +is the great characteristic of the Moro, who will calmly cut down +a slave merely to try the edge of a new weapon. For two centuries +and a half the Moros organized piratical expeditions against the +northern islands. The coming of the dreaded fleet of war-praus was +looked forward to as an annual event; and while the southwest monsoon +was blowing, vigilant sentinels were on the lookout night and day +from the watch-towers with which every village was provided. The +introduction of modern artillery and quick-firing guns at last turned +the scales in favor of the Spaniards, and the piratical expeditions +are now a thing of the past. All Christians, however, living near +the Moros must still carry their lives in their hands, owing to the +juramentados. A juramentado is a man who takes an oath to die killing +Christians. The more Christians he kills, the higher place of course +he is to get in heaven, especially if he loses his own life in the +holy work. He dresses in white, shaves his eyebrows, conceals a weapon +under his clothing, and then seizing a favorable opportunity, runs +amuck, killing without mercy men, women, and children. Of course he +gets killed himself in the end, but sometimes not until he has made +himself accountable for a great number of deaths. + +Though Magellan discovered the Archipelago in 1521, no serious attempt +to take possession of it was made till 1565, when an expedition of +four hundred soldiers and sailors was fitted out by Philip II., and +placed under the leadership of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. As Philip +was inspired by religious zeal, and his principal and perhaps only +object was to spread the light of the Gospel, six Augustinian friars +accompanied the expedition. We may say with truth that it was these +missionaries, and the others who followed in rapid succession, +who conquered the Archipelago for Spain. There was no conquest in +the strict sense of the term. The Spaniards in most places simply +showed themselves to the natives; and the religious, who accompanied +them, persuaded the untutored savages to submit to the King of Spain, +through whom they would obtain the two-fold blessing of civilization +and Christianity. The retention of these rich and fertile islands, +so great a source of revenue to the mother-country, was on the whole +a very easy task. The religious Orders planted themselves firmly in +the colony, and spread themselves everywhere, winning the natives to +Christ, keeping them also in loyal obedience to that great European +power by whose means the missionaries had been sent to them. They +were thus the real bulwarks of Spanish power there, which was kept up +rather by gentle persuasion than by force of arms. Mr. Mac Macking, +a Scotch Protestant who spent some years there, says: "The warriors +who gained them over to Spain were not their steel-clad chivalry, but +the soldiers of the Cross,--the priests who astonished and kindled +them by their enthusiasm in the cause of Christ." Up to a few years +ago profound peace reigned; and a garrison of 4,200 soldiers, 3,500 +gendarmerie, and 2,000 sailors and marines, was considered sufficient +to overawe a population of eight millions, besides keeping in check +the fanatical and bloodthirsty Moro pirates. + +The Augustinians were the pioneers in religious enterprise, coming, +as we said already, with Legaspi, in 1565, four years before the +Philippines were formally annexed to Spain. They were followed, +in 1577, by the Franciscans; and the labors of both Orders were +so successful that Manila was erected into an episcopal see in +1579. Two years later Salazar, a Dominican friar laboring in Mexico, +was appointed bishop; and he brought the Dominicans with him to +Manila. About the same time, also, the Jesuits and the Recollects, or +discalced Augustinians, entered the country. All the Orders went about +their work with truly religious zeal; and their success was so great +that at the end of the century Mendoza could say: "According to the +common opinion, at this day there are converted and baptized more than +four hundred thousand souls." It was a success to be proud of among a +people who, when the missionaries came, had no religious worship, nor +temple, nor priest, nor form of worship. They had but a hazy notion +of a Deity, their sole religious ideas consisting of some imperfect +notions of a hell and a heaven. Persecution only gave zest to the work, +both in the Philippines and in the Ladrones, of which we may speak +together in this connection, as they have a common history. Towards +the close of the sixteenth century, as we learn from Argensola, more +than six thousand Christians had already been martyred in the single +province of Ternate, "that so," he adds, "the foundation of our faith +may be in all parts cemented with the blood of the faithful. They +dismembered the bodies, and burned the legs and arms in sight of +the still living trunks. They impaled the women, and tore out their +bowels; children were torn piecemeal before their mothers' eyes, and +infants were rent from their wombs." ("Discovery and Conquest of the +Molucca and Philippine islands," by B. L. de Argensola.) Opposition, +and persecution too, came from the Mohammedan element in the +population, which was already formidable when the Spaniards arrived +on the scene, Mohammedanism having been introduced into the islands, +especially the more southerly group, as far back as the thirteenth +century. Accordingly the Mohammedans waged a long and bitter warfare +both against missionaries, and the new Christians, numbers of whom +were called on to seal their faith with their blood. Still, in spite +of persecution, the Church prospered in those early days. Dampier, +the English navigator, who visited the Philippines towards the close of +the seventeenth century, testifies to the wonderful progress made even +then in civilization. "In every village," he says, "is a stone church, +as well as a parsonage-house for the rector, who is always one of the +monks. These last, who are all Europeans, are very much respected by +the Indians, while the secular clergy, who commonly are Creoles, are +held in contempt. Hence the Government shows great deference to the +rectors; for, generally speaking, the Indians always consult them +on entering on any enterprise, or even as to paying taxes." Thus, +one century had changed the people from savagery to civilization. In +Manila, Dampier found the natives pursuing all the avocations of +civilized life--they were merchants, skilled artisans in various +trades, clerks, etc. + +There were three large colleges,--two under the care of the Dominicans, +and one carried on by the Augustinians. There was also a Poor +Clare convent, containing forty nuns, together with a hospital and +an orphanage. The religious establishments occupied one-third of +the city as it then stood. This may seem out of proportion to the +religious needs of the city; but we must remember that in Manila, +then as now, priests of the various Orders were in training for the +numerous missions of the Archipelago, Tonkin, and China (see Appendix +I.), and, at the period of which we are speaking, of Japan as well. + +Passing on to the present century, the Rev. David Abeel, a Protestant +missionary, says of the Philippines: "The Church of Rome has here +proselytized to itself the entire population. The influence of the +priests is unbounded." In the year 1858 Mr. Crawford, who was formerly +governor of Singapore, made the following declaration at a public +missionary meeting: "In the Philippine Islands the Spaniards have +converted several millions of people to the Roman Catholic faith, +and an immense improvement in their social condition has been +the consequence." Mr. MacMacking confesses that the suppression +of the Jesuits, who were banished from the Philippines in 1768, +"was attended with the worst effects to the trade and agriculture of +the islands." He adds that "religious processions are as frequently +passing through the streets as they are in the Roman Catholic countries +of Europe." He testifies that "the Church has long proved to be, on +the whole, by much the most cheap and efficacious instrument of good +government and order--even the common people learn reading by its aid, +so much at least as to enable them to read their prayer-books and +other religious manuals. There are very few Indians who are unable +to read, and I have always observed that the Manila men serving on +board ships and forming their crew have been much oftener able to +subscribe their names to the ship's articles than the British seamen +on board the same vessels could do." Prosessor Ferdinand Blumentritt, +a German Protestant, who is universally acknowledged to be the most +competent authority on all that regards the Philippines, spoke most +highly of the missionary and scientific work of the Religious Orders +there, at a meeting of the Vienna Geographical Society in 1896. The +weight of testimony from such a source all must acknowledge; it is +indeed a pleasure to present the German scientist's remarks to the +consideration of fair-minded readers. + +"I wish to add some remarks," said Blumentritt, "about the +Philippines, as here the Catholic missionaries are usually active +not only in the spread of Christianity and its civilization, +but also in the geographical and ethnographical exploration of the +archipelago. Unfortunately the reports of the missions of the various +Orders are not equally accessible, e.g., we have very little account of +the Augustinian missions, which are located principally in the lands +of the Igorrotes (Northwest Luzon) and on the Island of Negros, among +the Budkidnon savages. The only important publication upon Augustinian +missions which I have been able to see is the Memoria acerea de las +Missiones de los P. P. Augustinos Calzados, Madrid, 1892. According +to this the Calced Augustinians in 1892 had in the province of Abra, +among the Tinguians, who inhabit it, eight missions with 25,100 souls; +in that of Lepanto, two missions with 2,200 souls (Igorrotes); in that +of Bengnet, also two missions, with 849 souls (Igorrotes)--total, +28,149 souls, as against 5,302 in 1829. Between 1874 and 1885 the +number of savages and heathens converted to Christianity was 1,356; +from 1885 to 1888 there were 549. In 1892 the erection of 15 new +missions was projected in the provinces of Tiagan, Bontok, Amburayan, +and Quiangan. + +"The Discalced Augustinians, called in the Philippines 'Recoletos,' +have missions in the Island of Palawan (or Paragua) and in the group +of the Calamianes. Of these missioners, Father Cipriano Navarro has +especially distinguished himself by his ethnographical researches; +and we owe to him exhaustive reports concerning the Tinitians, +Togbanuas, Tandolans, and Bulalacaunos, among whom Christianity is +making steady progress. + +"The Franciscans have missions in the peninsula of Camarines, in +Luzon, and in every large island on the Pacific coast. Ethnography +and philology are much indebted to their labors. I need only refer +to the works published by myself in the proceedings of our Society, +the vocabulary of the Negrito dialect of Baler by Father Fernandez, +and the accounts of the Bikols, Dumagats, and Atas, by Father Castano. + +"We possess fuller accounts of the Dominicans, who are occupied in +converting to Christianity the Alimis, Apayaos, Aripas, Buayas, +Bumanguis, Bungians, Calauas, Calingas, Catalangans, Dadayags, +Gaddans, Ibibalons, Ibilaos, and Ilongotes, Ipiutys, Isinays, Mayoyaos, +Guiangans, and other Ifuagao races. In the missionary review, Correo +Sino-Anamito, we find numerous descriptions of popular manners +and customs. Some of these, particularly those written by Fathers +Villaverde, Buenaventura, Campa, Malumbres, Ruis, and Ferrando, I have +already in part made more generally known in these proceedings. The +review also publishes occasional sketches, and especially such as +throw light on the river-system of North Luzon, the valley of the Rio +Grande de Cagayan. The results of their strictly missionary labors +are very fruitful. + +"But however successful the evangelical and scientific activity +of the missionaries of the above Orders, they are far surpassed by +what the Jesuits have done in the island of Mindanaoin, in half a +generation, for the spread of Christianity and civilization, as well +as for the geographical exploration of the second largest island of +the Archipelago. When they arrived they found a Christian population +only on the east and north coasts, and in a few isolated spots on +the other coast regions, such as Zamboanga, Pollok, Cottabatto Davao, +and Pundaguitan; and these were mostly Bisayos, with a few Bukidnons, +Mandayas, Manabos, and Subanos. In the interior the Spanish Christian +settlements along the Macajalas Bay reached only as far as the upper +course of the Rio Tagoloan; on the Agusan, from the lake region +at Linao to its mouth near Butuan, only two villages, Bunauan and +Talacogon. All that was then known of the interior of Mindanao was +the Lanao Lake, the lower course of the Pulangin or Rio Grande from +its mouth to Lahabay, and the lake region belonging to the river +of Ligauasan or Buluan. Of the tribes over and above the Bisayas +(Christians) and Moros (Mohammedans), only the Mandayas, Manobos, +Subanos, and Budkidnon (or 'Monteses' of the Spaniards) were known +by little more than name, but scarcely mentioned in contemporary +literature. Of the rest, except the Tirurayes, scarce the name was +known. Of the Atas, Tagabawas, Dulangans, Tagabelis, etc., even the +names were unknown. + +"How changed since then! The network of rivers in the great island +is now very well known; whilst the legendary lake in the centre +of the island, whence the Rio Grande was said to flow, and from +which the whole island was supposed to derive its name, has now +happily disappeared from our maps. In numerous sketches and maps +the missionaries have recorded the results of their geographical +explorations and discoveries. The manners and customs of the heathen +tribes have been fully described by the Jesuits. It has, therefore, +always been for me the greatest pleasure to communicate the results +of the researches of these Philippine missionaries to wider scientific +circles. + +"The Jesuits can also point to very great results in their evangelical +labors. Most of the heathen tribes are now entirely or in part +converted to Christianity, or have at least settled round their +missions. Even a tribe so obstinately refractory to civilization, +owing to their unsettled and wandering life, as the Mamanuas (who +belong to the Negritos) can already point to Christian villages. But +the greatest success of the Jesuits has been in bringing a considerable +number of the Moros on the Gulf of Davao to embrace Christianity. When +it is remembered how rare a thing it is to induce a Mohammedan to be +baptized, it must be especially noted that here not a few isolated +Moros living among Christians have abjured Islam, but that the Moros +converted to Christianity are so numerous that, as they can no longer +live among their former co-religionists, they have been allowed to +build their separate villages in the region of the Rio Davao. In 1895 +the status of the Jesuit missions was as follows: 213,065 souls, +17,608 baptisms of children of Christian parents, 2,973 marriages, +7,215 funerals, 8,238 baptisms of converted heathen. + +"In the article 'Die Katholischen Missionen,' Oscar Hecht gives +the number of Christians in the Philippines as 3,500,000. This is +incorrect. The flocks of the different Orders were as follows:-- + + + Calced Augustinians (1892) 2,082,131 + Discalced Augustinians (1892) 1,175,156 + Franciscans (1892) 1,010,753 + Dominicans (1892) 699,851 + Jesuits (1895) 213,065 + Secular Clergy (1892) 967,294 + --------- + Total, 6,148,250 + + +It is difficult to estimate the number of heathens and Mohammedans; +they cannot be under 500,000, nor can they exceed a million." + +Any account of the work of the Religious Orders in the islands would +be certainly incomplete if particular mention of their efforts in +behalf of education were omitted. These efforts were systematically +carried out until interrupted by the recent rebellion. The briefest +and most summary mention of what each of the Orders has done, however, +is all that may be attempted within the necessary narrow limits of +this volumes. + +1. The Dominicans are in charge of the University of Manila, which +was founded and confided to their care about two centuries ago. It has +been generally attended by between two and three thousand natives, who +thus receive the benefits of a professional and liberal education. A +correspondent of the Daily Telegraph (London) tells his English +readers that as "the education of the people has been exclusively in +their (the religious') hands, it is enough to say that practically +it does not exist." The following account of the studies pursued in +the University, taken from the official report of the year 1893-1894, +is a sufficient answer to this unworthy remark. + + +COURSE OF STUDIES. + +The Faculty of Theology and Canon Law has the following courses +of lectures:-- + + + 1. A course of Ontology, Cosmology, and Natural Religion. + 2. The Controversial Course. + 3. Dogmatic Theology. + 4. Moral Theology and Sacred Eloquence. + 5. Sacred Scripture. + 6. Canon Law. + 7. Ecclesiastical Procedure and Discipline, especially as + used in Churches in the East. + 8. Ecclesiastical History. + + +The eight lecturers in this faculty were Dominicans. There were +thirty students. + + +FACULTY OF JURISPRUDENCE. + + + 1. Metaphysics. + 2. Spanish Literature. + 3. Constitutional History of Spain and Natural Law. + 4. Canon Law. + 5. Political Economy. + 6. Ecclesiastical Discipline. + + +There were six Dominican and nine other professors teaching in this +faculty. The students numbered 405. + + +FACULTY OF LAW. + +In this faculty one Dominican and eleven other professors +lectured. There were 60 students. + + +FACULTY OF MEDICINE. + + + 1. Physics. + 2. Chemistry. + 3. Mineralogy and Botany. + + +Three Dominican and thirteen other professors lectured in this +faculty. There were 277 students. + + +FACULTY OF PHARMACY. + +There were 89 students. In the schools of practical pharmacy there +were 216 students. Three Dominicans, who lectured on Chemistry, +Zooelogy, Mineralogy, and Botany, and seven other professors taught +in this faculty. + +This is the higher education which has been given to the natives +for more than two centuries. Is it not something to admire? Can +England point back to anything equal to it in the history of her own +colonies? Did England in the last century do anything for the material +or spiritual advancement of the North American Indians? Did the United +States do anything for them till within recent years? Both governments +folded their arms while the Indians were being driven before the face +of the white settlers; and during the two centuries that the policy of +extinction was being carried out on the North American continent the +Spanish missionaries were giving the natives of the Philippines all the +benefits of higher education. The contrast is instructive, and places +Spain on a far higher plane as a colonizer than her quondam rival. + +Besides imparting higher education in the University, the Dominicans +gave secondary education in two colleges in Manila, to some hundreds +of scholars, one principally devoted to a classical education, +and the other suited to those intending to engage in a mercantile +career. Besides these they had colleges in the towns of Cebu, Jaro, +Nueva, Caceres, Dagupan, and Vigan. + +2. The Jesuits. "The labors of the Jesuits," says the Messenger of +the Sacred Heart (New York), are chiefly confined to the Island of +Mindanao. They direct, however, a flourishing college at Manila, +and are in charge of an observatory, which, for the perfection of an +outfit and the importance of its observations, ranks foremost among +institutions of its kind. This famous observatory was founded by the +Spanish Jesuits in 1865, and was at first connected with their college +at Manila. It was directed until 1896 by the well-known astronomer and +meteorologist, Father Frederick Faura. By its successful prediction +of typhoons, so common and destructive in the Philippines, the +observatory soon won for itself an enviable reputation throughout +the archipelago. Up to the year 1882, no fewer than fourteen of +these dangerous tornadoes had been predicted. In consideration +of such valuable services, the observatory was, in April, 1884, +raised to the rank of a Government institution, under the title of +"Meteorological Observatory of Manila," and was transferred to its +present commodious quarters outside the city, with which it has +telegraphic and telephonic connections. + +"The observatory comprises four departments,--the meteorological, +seismological, magnetic, and astronomical. Each department has its +special director, and a general director is at the head of the whole +establishment. The meteorological section, provided with the very +best instruments, is the most important of the four, on account of +its practical usefulness to shipping interests. It is in regular +communication with more than a hundred observatories in all parts of +the world. Twice every day it receives by cable the meteorological +observations made at the stations of Nagasaki, Tokio, Kabe (Japan), +Shanghai, Amoy, Hong Kong (China), Haiphong (Tonkin), the Island +of Formosa, and elsewhere along the coast. Hence the forecasting of +typhoons and cyclones is greatly facilitated, and enjoys the confidence +of all those that sail the Chinese seas. Many of the instruments used +at the observatory are due to the inventive genius of Father Faura, +who was also the first to announce typhoons with certainty, and to +discover the laws which regulate their formation and path. He is the +inventor of a peculiar kind of barometer, which enables any sailor, +even if he knows nothing whatever about meteorology, to foresee the +approach of storms, and to guard against them. + +"Next in importance to the meteorological department is the +seismological or earthquake section of the observatory, which is +rendering great services to a region so much exposed to earthquakes +as the Philippines are. This section is likewise equipped with a +remarkably fine apparatus, many of the instruments having been built +or improved by Father Faura. For many years Father Miguel Saderra +Maso has been in charge of this section, which he has made famous +by his learned work, "Seismology in the Philippines," published in +1895. Father Cirera's work, "Terrestrial Magnetism in the Philippines," +is also well known in the learned world. + +"The splendid achievements of the Manila observatory found their +due meed of appreciation and praise in the congress of scientists at +the World's Fair, where the institution was represented by Fathers +Algerie and Faura, who came at that time to this country, and spent +some months at Georgetown College. + +"Father Faura died in January, 1897. His death was that of a martyr of +charity. During his sickness, Ryzal (or Ryall), one of the insurgent +leaders, had been captured, and condemned to be shot within twenty-four +hours. The prisoner was placed in the Chapel of the Passion, and +was offered the spiritual ministration of the Jesuit Fathers. But +he peremptorily refused to see a priest on the plea that he was a +Protestant. Several of the fathers had already been repelled, when +Father Faura, who had formerly been Ryzal's professor at Manila, rising +from his bed of sickness, made a last effort to convert the unfortunate +man. Though at first repelled like the rest, he was at last admitted +by Ryzal; and after arguing and pleading with him for a long time, +he had the happiness of bringing him to repentance, and restoring him +to the Catholic Church. The condemned man made a sincere confession, +heard Mass, received Holy Communion, begged pardon for his errors, +and exhorted others to renounce all connection with Freemasonry. His +conversion was entire, and his death that of a fervent Christian. The +effort to bring about this conversion, however, cost Father Faura his +own life. Worn out and prostrated by the interview, he was led back +to his bed to die. The conversion of his former pupil was the last +apostolic act of Father Faura, and the crowning of a life of great +usefulness in the service of religion and of science." + +The sons of St. Ignatius also direct the Municipal Academy of which +English correspondents have spoken in terms of high praise. + +3. At Vigan also is the Augustinian Seminary and College, under +the direction of the fathers, seven of whom are teachers. Here +209 students were taught the following branches (as set down in the +report): viz., Dogmatic Theology, Moral Theology, Metaphysics, Logic, +Ethics, Physics, Chemistry, Geography, Poetry, Rhetoric, Trigonometry, +Geometry, Algebra, Arithmetic, Analysis, and translation of Latin, +Greek, French, Church History, Natural History, Universal History, +History of Spain, History of the Philippines, Christian Doctrine. + +The Augustinians also conducted a splendid orphanage and industrial +school at Tambohn, about a league from Manila. In this establishment +145 boys were taught the following trades (Report for 1897-1898): +Compositors, 13; press-work, 12; bookbinders, 30; gilders, 3; +candle-makers, 43; together with forty-four others too young to +be trained. + +4. Neither was the education of the female sex neglected. Among other +establishments of a like nature, there was an orphan asylum for girls +at Mandaloya on the Tasig, conducted by Augustinian nuns, twenty-two +in number. Last year it contained 122 pupils, who were receiving +instruction in music, the piano, painting, drawing, embroidery, +artificial flower-making, dressmaking, hair-dressing, lacemaking, +laundry work, and sewing. + +5. The Franciscans had colleges as well, and besides doing their +share in the work of education, devoted their time and services to +the hospitals of the Archipelago, the principal of which are, the +Royal Hospital of St. Lazarus at Manila, the Infirmary of St. Ann in +the province of Laguna, and that of Vasa in the province of Camarines. + +Scattered through the various islands are the posts or residences, +where the fathers of the various Orders devote themselves to the +"nuevos Christianos," as they are called, or latter-day converts +from Paganism. This zealous work of conversion has never ceased +from the time of the conquest, and the Christian population has been +steadily on the increase till our own times. The recent traveller, +[1] whom we quoted at the beginning, came in contact a good deal with +the Dominicans during his stay in the Philippines, visiting several +of their outlying stations, and receiving everywhere the greatest +kindness and hospitality from them. He says: "Everywhere you enter the +monastery as though it was your own, eat and drink unstintedly, and +sleep, and depart with thanks and a cordial God-speed from the fathers, +and naught to pay for the entertainment." Alas! the good fathers did +not know the viper they were nursing. Pity they could not recognize in +the smiling Englishman who so readily accepted their hospitality, and +"paid naught for the entertainment," the man who would speak of them +as dirty monks, who would consider it worthy of sneering record that +they did not shave when on board ship, and who, though not able to +discover any evil himself, would repeat gross calumnies about them, +got from hearsay. What he saw with his own eyes belies his wicked +innuendos. He says: "It was plain that they cared naught for the +fretting of the world. In many a dismal place, even in the remotest +spots, I found the clusters of monastic exiles perfectly happy--the +outer world dead, or too far away--craving for no other fate. They +are enchanted to welcome and give you of their best; will even, if +struggling overland, lend a vehicle or a ridinghorse to convey you to +the next convent on the way. Cheery, kindly, simple people, practical +sermons on 'Content.' The monks of Ramblon, a dozen or so all told, +were delighted to show us all that was to be seen. A homely little +church was duly exhibited, built of a local wood, which cuts into +planks of extreme width, adorned with a grain which is brought out +with wax and oil. The columns were of solid ebony, the floor of four +marbles, white, gray, black, and brown. All these were the products +of this little island." A fair-minded man would have duly attributed +their joy of mind and kindness to strangers to religious feeling,--to +the love of God, for whose sake these Spanish missionaries had given up +father and mother, friends and worldly prospects, to spend their lives, +year in and year out, without hope of earthly reward, in these spots, +dismal enough to the ordinary tourist, but to them bright and cheery, +as they were the posts alloted to them by Divine Providence for the +extension of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ. + +"The provincial stations," he says in another place, "are in reality +governed by the priests." How could it be otherwise? With a government +notoriously weak and inefficient, with lay officials notoriously +corrupt, unwilling to exile themselves in these parts remote from +civilization, unwilling to condescend to learn the many various +dialects in use in the Archipelago, no wonder that the missionary +living in the midst of the people to whom he had devoted his life, +and who looked up to him as a father, exercised a sort of parental +authority over them. This was done both in the interest of the civil +government and of the natives themselves. The governors utilized the +authority of the missionaries as long as it suited their purpose; +when, on the other hand, the missionaries had to oppose extortion and +unjust treatment, the officials started the cry that the missionaries +were ruling the Archipelago. About those gentlemen Thomas Comin wrote +in 1810: + + + "In order to be a chief of a province in these islands no training, + or knowledge, or special service is necessary. It is quite a + common thing to see a barber, a Governor's lackey, a sailor, or a + deserter suddenly transformed into an Alcalde, Administrator, and + Captain of the Forces of a populous province, with no counsellor + but his rude understanding, and no guide but his passions." + + +Here are some edifying facts concerning Spanish officials in the +Philippines. In five years Governor-General Manuel de Arandia amassed +a quarter of a million dollars; a successor of Arandia, within the +last few years, is reported to have made $700,000 in a single year; +while another is commonly said to have placed millions to his credit +during a short term of office. Men talk openly in Manila of bribing +judges to put cases off and off. Little wonder, then, that, with +such a state of rottenness, bribery, and corruption obtaining, the +missionaries on the remote stations have, in the interests of the +people, looked after their worldly affairs. + +The missionary zeal of the Jesuits carried them even to Mindanao, an +island so inaccessible by reason of its mountains and volcanoes, its +impenetrable jungle, its unnavigable rivers infested with alligators +and pirates, its fierce and savage inhabitants always at war with one +another, that the Spanish Government exercised only nominal sovereignty +over it, and was not ever able even to get its interior surveyed. When +the Jesuits came there some years ago they found a Christian population +only on the east and north coasts, and in a few isolated spots of +the other coast regions. Of the interior tribes many were known only +by name. Owing to the zeal of these fathers, not only in missionary +enterprise, but also in geographical and ethnographical exploration, +the network of rivers in the great island is now very well known, the +fathers having recorded the results of their explorations in numerous +sketches and maps. They have also fully described the manners and +customs of the heathen tribes. As an instance of the savagery of the +Mindanayas, for the most part fanatical Moros or Mohammedans, it may +be mentioned that head-hunting seemed till lately to be the great +object of their existence. The man who had chopped off sixty heads +was entitled to wear a scarlet turban for the rest of his mortal life, +and scarlet turbans are still far from uncommon among them. As there +was an inordinate desire among the doughty and dusky warriors to wear +these turbans, it follows that the population was being gradually +but surely thinned out. Yet even here, on the sea-coast of Mindanao, +the Jesuits established their stations, living in the midst of their +small flocks, with their lives in their hands, in close proximity to +pirates, savage alligators, and still more savage scarlet turbans. + +The correspondent of the Daily Telegraph blames the missionaries for +not teaching the elements of the Christian doctrine in Spanish to the +natives, contrary, as he says, to an express law, of which they have +been continually reminded by the Governor. + +The reason, to which he ascribes their conduct is, that they are afraid +that if the people were able to read Spanish books and newspapers they +might come to know too much. Any argument, however absurd it may be, +is evidently good enough, in the eyes of these writers, for use against +priests. They are well enough acquainted with the ways of the Spanish +officialdom to know that that law is a piece of blatant stupidity, +devised by Spanish officials too arrogant or lazy or indifferent to +learn the native languages themselves. Picture to yourself, if you can, +the missionaries scattered over that vast archipelago, among a people +comprising several millions, and speaking thirty different languages +and dialects, attempting to teach the catechism in Spanish to their +flocks. The supposition becomes still more absurd when we reflect +that the Spanish element in the colony does not exceed eight or nine +thousand gathered in and about Manila and a few other large towns. The +missionaries devote themselves so thoroughly to their flocks, and +identify themselves so completely with them, that instead of being +able to teach them Spanish they are in danger, in some instances, of +forgetting it themselves. Wingfield came across a Dominican missionary +who apologized for his bad Spanish, on the ground that having lived +continuously for eighteen years with the natives, speaking Visaya the +whole time, he had almost forgotten his own tongue. Our experience in +Ireland, even at the present time, is that in Irish-speaking districts, +those children who are taught their catechism in the native tongue, +though they may know English, have a far firmer grasp of the Christian +doctrine than those who have been taught it in English. This fact alone +shows the patent absurdity of the law quoted with such assurance by +the correspondent of the Daily Telegraph. + + + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +THE CHARGES MADE AGAINST THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS CONSIDERED. + + +In 1896 we heard of a rising in the remoter parts of the +Philippines. It was represented by the Spanish authorities, who at +the time controlled the news, as of no moment,--an insurrectionary +movement that they could easily cope with. Yet it continued, and +seemed to wax strong; and, from rumors which began to circulate +about the murdering of monks and friars, we began to feel that the +insurrection was of no ordinary or commonplace nature. It seemed +to be directed against the Church, and to be animated by a deadly +spirit of hostility to the representatives of Religion. It was, of +course, impossible at the time to form an opinion as to the cause of +the insurrection, from the isolated facts which were allowed to come +under the notice of the public. Now, however, the mists have cleared +away; and we hope to be able to prove in the course of this inquiry +that the insurrection was a premeditated and deliberate attack made +upon the Church by a native secret society which was affiliated to, +and adopted the methods of, that type of Freemasonry which gave the +Carbonari to Italy and the Jacobins to France; a type whose disastrous +work has been so much in evidence in South and Central America. It +has unfortunately been busily at work for the last thirty or forty +years, indoctrinating the simple natives of the Philippines with +the modern watchwords of "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,"--liberty +meaning in this case, license, anarchy, cruelty, bloodshed; equality, +the confiscation of property; and fraternity, an impious combination +against all opposed to their designs. And foremost amongst these +were undoubtedly from the very first the friars, spiritual guides of +nearly six millions of native Christians, who, in consequence of their +opposition, drew upon themselves the bitter hatred of the members of +the Craft. It thus happened that the friars found themselves denounced +and vilified in Spanish newspapers, in circular letters issued at +Madrid, in speeches at the lodges and clubs, and in the Cortes. The +grossest calumnies the foulest lies, were industriously circulated, +to lower their prestige, and bring about a downfall of that spiritual +power they had justly acquired, and were exercising for the good of +souls. Nothing was known of the struggle in these countries until the +Spanish-American war brought the Philippines into prominence before +the English-speaking world. Then the echoes of the struggle began +to reach our ears. Unfortunately for the friars, the sympathies of +the world were sought, and sought successfully, to be enlisted on the +side of the secret societies, or insurgents, who in this instance were +for the most part one and the same. The news sources were shrewdly +manipulated by astute conspirators to foster their own purposes; on +the Philippine question, world-wide circulation was given to false and +calumnious reports and interviews with leaders of the insurrection, +full of virulent ex parte statements, while no exposition of views has +been sought for from any representative of the friars. As an instance +of the unreliability of these interviews, circulated through such +justly suspected channels, we give the following. The correspondent of +the Daily Telegraph sent, a few months ago, through "Reuter's Special +Service," an interview he had with Dr. Nozaleda, the Archbishop of +Manila, who, by the way, is a Dominican. From this interview it would +appear that the Archbishop is opposed to the friars. He is made to say: +"The religious Orders must go. That is undeniable, because the whole +people are determined on their abolition, and are now able to render +their retention impossible." + +His Grace is also made to blame the Orders for causing dissensions, +and thus increasing the disfavor with which they are regarded. The +correspondent adds that he heard privately from a native priest that +the reason the Archbishop hopes for the expulsion of the religious +Orders is that the friars have grown too strong for him, and that he +expects by getting rid of them to increase his own authority. Now, +apart from the fact that the Archbishop is a member of a religious +Order himself, a fact worth a dozen arguments, we may dismiss the +whole interview as unreliable, since very recently the Archbishop +delivered himself, to a representative of the Chicago Record, of +quite opposite sentiments. + +Mr. Halstead made a special journey to Manila to study the +situation. He was most favorably impressed by the Archbishop, whom +he has undertaken to vindicate before the people of America. One +paragraph from his interview with the Spanish prelate is of special +interest at the present moment: "When asked what it was that caused +the insurgents to be so ferocious against the priests, and resolved on +their expulsion or destruction, he said the rebels were at once false, +unjust, and ungrateful. They had been lifted from savagery by Catholic +teachers, who had not only been educators in the schools but teachers +in the fields. The Catholic orders that were singled out for special +punishment had planted in the islands the very industries that were +the sources of prosperity; and the leaders of the insurgents had been +largely educated by the very men whom now they persecuted. Some of +the persecutors had been in Europe, and became revolutionists in the +sense of promoting disorder as anarchists. It was the antagonism of +the Church to murderous anarchy that aroused the insurgents of the +Philippines to become the deadly enemies of priests and religious +orders. It was true that in Spain, as in the Philippines, the +anarchists were particularly inflamed against the Church." + +Prominence was given last year, in some of the English newspapers, +to statements made by a certain Senor S. C. Valdes, a Filipino, who +managed to have an interview sent to the papers, through "Reuter's +Special Foreign Agency," that unfortunately met with a degree of +credence on the part of uninformed persons. It is instructive to +analyze some of the statements of this gentleman, and compare them +with statements made for a similar purpose by other correspondents. + +Desiring to prove that the inhabitants of the Philippines are not +naked savages, he says: "The inhabitants of the groups of Luzon, +the Viscayas, and the coast of Mindanao are very advanced in their +education. Seventy-five per cent of them can read and write. There are +many native lawyers, doctors, chemists, members of the military and +scientific corps, naval and land architects, merchants, naval officers, +engineers, and also clever and competent secular priests." We believe +Senor Valdes. In spite of what he says a little further on about +numbers of them going abroad for their education, we will refer our +readers to the last chapter, in which we showed that it is owing to +the friars, who have all the primary, secondary, and higher education +in their hands, that the people are so advanced in education; and +as regards the native lawyers and other professional men, we refer +them to the official reports we have given of Manila University, +with its two thousand students, carried on by the Dominicans. As +to Mindanao, what the Jesuits have done there can also be referred +to. Valdes speaks of "clever and competent secular priests," having +no word of praise for the religious; and yet the higher education of +the secular clergy is entirely in their hands. + +After this eulogium of his own people by Senor Valdes, is it not +curious to find quite an opposite statement, made for party purposes, +by the Manila correspondent of the Daily Telegraph? Wishing to show +the incompetence of the friars, he says: "The education of the people +is entirely in their hands; it is enough to say that practically +it does not exist." And this of a country in which seventy-five per +cent of the people, according to Senor Valdes, can read and write, a +percentage that would put more than one European country to the blush. + +Senor Valdes asserts that the friars exercise a tyrannical power +in the islands. He says that they generally consider it an act of +disrespect for the natives to visit them except with bare feet. It +is curious that Wingfield in his travels never noticed this, and +he had an eagle eye for such deficiencies. Valdes is not afraid to +make the incredible statements that "the friars and the military +said that before the reforms should be granted they would first +drown the insurgents in their own blood," and that General Weyler, +when he was captain of the islands, ordered the town of Calumba to be +destroyed, and set fire to, simply to please the Dominicans, who were +anxious to show their power and influence. Proofs, and strong ones, +not mere assertions, are needed when religious men, voluntary exiles +from country and friends for the sake of civilizing rude peoples +and bringing them under the sweet yoke of Christ, are accused of +atrocious cold-bloodedness--wantonly slaughtering innocent men, women, +and children for the sake of satisfying a sense of vanity! + +The truth of the matter is that the rebellion in the Philippines +against Spanish rule was not the uprising of a whole people. Of what +account, except for brute force, are some thousands of armed men +out of a peaceful population of eight millions. The insurrectionary +movement was planned, and directed almost exclusively, by the mestizos, +or half-breeds,--the offspring of the union between native women and +the Chinese, who form a large proportion of the town population, and +do most of the retail trade. We must bear in mind that the leaders +had at their command all the refractory elements of the native +population,--the banditti, who always existed in large numbers, and +were to be found in force not many miles from Manila, and the common +criminals whom, at the first opportunity, they let loose from the +jails to scour the country. Can we form a judgment of the sentiments of +the Philippine people from the conduct of men who have treated their +prisoners inhumanly, who have burned churches, looted schools and +hospitals, treated ordinary ecclesiastical students with brutality, +and subjected nuns in convents to shameful treatment? We have plenty +of evidence that the natives on the whole are very much attached to +the friars, whom they rescued, when they were able, from the hands +of the rebels, and visited constantly while in captivity, doing their +best to alleviate their sufferings. That they were peaceably disposed, +and loyal to Spain even during the progress of the rebellion, we may +assume from Blumentritt, who said, as late as 1897, when recounting +his experiences as a scientific explorer in these islands, "There are +not many colonies where less blood has been shed, and also not many +where the conquered people have so little hatred of, or dislike to, +their conquerors. Already so richly endowed with the climate and the +beauty of their native land, as well as with the fertility of the soil, +the natives of the Philippines are neither despised nor downtrodden +by their rulers, whom they, in their turn, do not dislike. One must, +therefore, reckon them among the happiest in the world." His words, +of course, do not apply to the noisy demagogues, to the Freemasons, +to the insurgents, at least to that part of them who have not been +forced into revolt by threats and terrorism, but they describe the +state of the millions as yet untouched by the rebellion. Senor Valdes +and other men of his stamp are fond of declaring the resolve of the +inhabitants of the Philippines "to be free and civilized," and "not +to be subjected to the domination of friars or monkish orders." They +speak the sentiments of a small, but very active and noisy, portion +of the population; the overwhelming majority are happy, peaceful, +and contented. + +We now come to the painful task of noticing some reckless charges made +by Senor Valdes against the honor of the missionaries, a painful, yet +necessary task, as the accusations were laid before the public some +months ago without comment or contradiction of any kind. Senor Valdes +may think he has scored a point in making such outrageous statements; +but he falls into error if he imagines that what might be readily +swallowed by those who hate religion in Spain and Portugal would +be as readily accepted in England, Ireland, and America. Apostate +priests and nuns, lecturing under the auspices of Mr. Kensit and the +Protestant Alliance, have long since made England familiar with this +gross kind of calumny, directed against our own priests and nuns, +repeated, too, year after year, without proof or shadow of foundation, +so recklessly and shamelessly, indeed, that the lecturers only excite +the disgust of the sensible portion of the Protestant body. Senor +Valdes, with unscrupulous audacity, tries to beslime the character +of some of the missionaries, by falsely laying to their charge the +foulest and most unnatural crimes, which for decency's sake we refrain +from detailing. According to this vile traducer the priests are devoid +of all honor and all the moral virtues. + +Now, if this were the first time that these atrocious charges were +made, we might say with horror, "Can such things be?" but we learn +from the memorial presented last April by the heads of the various +religious orders in the Philippines to the Spanish government, +that charges of a similar nature were constantly repeated in Spain +during the previous eighteen months, both in public and in private; +made the subject of speeches in clubs, published in anti-clerical +newspapers--all part of the campaign against the friars, all done +to lower their prestige in the eyes of the people, and to obtain +their expulsion from the islands. If there were any truth in the +charges, they would have been brought home to the friars long since; +names, dates, and documentary proofs would have been given. A list +of well-proven cases, say twenty or thirty, would have been made up, +and submitted to the Government, to whom the Freemasons were clamoring +for their expulsion. But, like the stuff the anti-clerical lectures +nearer home are made of, the charges were always vague, general, +and indefinite. The religious, like men of honor, took no notice +of these calumnies for a long time, hoping that gradually the storm +would blow over; but seeing that it increased day by day, and that +they were being constantly insulted by petty government officials +in the Philippines, they at last took notice of them, amongst other +charges, in their memorial to the Government last April. They asked, +as a matter of right and justice, that names and dates would be given, +that documentary proofs would be produced. They affirmed that the +charges were not made by those who had access to them, and saw them +day by day; that their convents were open to inspection; that the +lives of those living in the country parts were well known to their +parishioners; that in those places they could not act in disguise, +as their Spanish nationality made them conspicuous objects to all +eyes. They asked, in case their innocence were doubted, that proper +judicial proceedings would be instituted. + +It has been reserved to an American general to put the last finishing +touch to the lurid picture drawn of the lives of the friars in the +Philippines, by giving wide circulation in the columns of the New York +Herald to a calumny which simply outstrips the imagination. [2] The +general guards himself by professing to know nothing about the matter +except from "common report," freely circulated in the Philippines. Now +the general, as a man of honor, might well have allowed these reports +to come in by one ear, and go out by the other; or even if he had +kept his mind in suspense, as is evidently the case, he might have +refrained in the meantime from publishing the "common report" to +the world, knowing how prone human nature is to fasten on the bad, +and to believe in evil report, though unproven. "Every student of +Blackstone," says the general, "knows very well what was considered +in the olden time to be the feudal right of the lord over the female +vassal who married on his estate. It may be surprising to many to learn +that the Filipinos allege vehemently that the monastic Orders claim +and exact this feudal right on the marriage of the young Philippine +girls." Common report then, according to the general, charges the +friars with exacting and claiming a right opposed to the fundamental +laws of Christian morality; a right which, if it ever existed in fact, +is at any rate lost in the dim distance of time, and is utterly unknown +to the world at the present day. It is a pity that the ordinary laws +of evidence which are used in dealing with laymen are thrust aside +when dealing with priests, and that fanaticism in the latter case is +allowed full play for its imagination. Last April (1898) the heads +of the religious Orders in the Philippines, in their memorial to the +Spanish Government, which by being published both in Spanish and in +French, and circulated widely, was intended as a challenge to the +civilized world, demanded that all gross charges of a like nature +should be investigated by legal means, and that evil-doers should be +punished according to law, if they existed in fact. The challenge as +yet remains unanswered; yet what would have been more easy to prove in +the meantime than such an open and flagrant violation of justice and +morality? If proofs could have been had they would have been gladly +brought forward by the leaders of the rebels, who have been clamoring +for the expulsion of the religious Orders for the last three or four +years, and who are by no means simple and unsophisticated savages, +but men educated enough to be able to conduct newspapers of their own. + +With common sense for their guide, let Protestants reflect for a moment +that the Philippines form an integral part of the Catholic Church, +that the religious Orders that are governed by generals in Rome, +that systematic visitations are made, and that the conduct of every +individual is subjected to strict ecclesiastical scrutiny from time +to time. Accordingly, unless they hold that the authorities in Rome +are willing to allow an appalling evil of the kind to go on without +protest, how can they believe that it exists at all? + +"In any case, I can assert without a shadow of doubt," adds the +general, "what the Herald's readers have been previously told +by its correspondents--that the people are very bitter towards +the monks." Whom does he mean by people? Had the general and the +newspaper correspondents come in contact, during their brief stay in +the Philippines, with the six millions of people till lately under the +care of the religious Orders? It is true that those who have fomented +the rebellion, and the thousands who have joined the insurgent ranks, +are bitter towards the monks, or rather friars. But it is by this +time a well-known fact that numbers have been drawn in through sheer +terrorism, and that numbers of others have been tortured and killed +owing to their refusal to join. Mr. Wilson's late experience on +his sugar plantation bears ample witness to this. It is easy enough +for a few thousand desperate and armed men to cow fifty times their +number of peaceful and unarmed tillers of the soil. The millions, +dumb so far, will be found, on closer investigation, to represent +far different feelings towards the friars than the noisy rebels +who, coming in contact with the American troops and correspondents, +profess to represent the feelings of the great body of the nation. + +In direct contradiction to the "common report," circulated by General +Meritt, is a testimony to the virtue of the Spanish friars in the +Philippines, published some years ago before the present troubles +began, by the United States Government in a consular report. In this +report Mr. Frank Karuth, F.R.G.S., who in his capacity as president +of the Philippines' Mineral Syndicate had wide experience with the +natives, and came into intimate relations with the friars in remote +provincial stations, writes of the latter as follows: "In these +communes or parishes the priest, especially if he be a Spaniard, +as is generally the case, exercises supreme power. He is the father +and counsellor of his people, and helps them not only with spiritual +advice, but also furthers their material interests. The Spanish +priests, friars of strict orders, come to the islands for aye and +good, and with scarcely any exception do their duties faithfully and +devotedly." Is not this testimony, given without any ulterior party +motives, of more value than the evil reports poured into the ears of +newspaper correspondents by the interested leaders of the Philippine +rebels? (See Appendix II.) + +A few quotations from Protestant travellers who visited the +Philippines before the insurrection had biassed men's minds, and +distorted plain facts, will go a long way in the refutation of these +flippantly uttered and unspeakably gross calumnies. "It is said," +observes the wife of the American navigator, Captain Morrell, "that +in Manila there are more convents (both of men and of women) than +in any other city in the world of its size; and the general voice +of natives and foreigners declares that they are under excellent +regulations." And then she describes their inmates. "They all seemed +full of occupation. There is no idleness in the convents, as is +generally supposed;" and this her own account of the various works +accomplished in them sufficiently proves. Moreover, "their devotions +begin at the dawn of the day, and are often repeated during the +whole of it, or until late in the evening, in some form or other. I +was born a Protestant, and trust that I shall die a Protestant; +but hereafter I shall have more charity for all who profess to love +religion, whatever may be their creed." Sir John Bowring, in 1859, +speaks of their influence, an influence generally acquired only by +men of holy lives. He says: "They exercise an influence which would +seem magical, were it not by their devotees deemed divine." Dr. Ball, +an American Protestant traveller, speaks highly of the character of +the Spanish friars in the Philippines. Of one whom he met at Manila, +he says: "He has a fund of knowledge on almost every subject, speaks +six or seven languages, and has declined an offer of the presidency +of the seminary here, preferring to remain always in the capacity +of missionary." Mr. MacMacking, another Protestant, who spent some +years in the islands, says, in 1861: "Most of the priests I came in +contact with appeared to be thoroughly convinced of, and faithful to, +their religion in its purity." + +After reading these testimonies, we may well open our eyes in +astonishment and wonder at the audacity of those who disseminate +these flagrant lies about a body of men distinguished by learning and +holiness. And yet no one, however holy and devoted his life may be, +is safe from the tongue of the calumniator. Robert Louis Stevenson +had to take up his pen in defence of the heroic martyr of the leper, +Father Damien, vilified by a Protestant minister. Father Damien +lived for years in that place of horrors, Molokai, among the lepers, +and died a martyr of charity; and, while no Protestant minister was +to be found heroic enough to follow his example, one of them, housed +in his comfortable bungalow, and jealous of his fame, made unfounded +charges against him. So is it ever with the world. And above all, +nothing need surprise us in the words and acts of the Philippine +insurgents and their abettors. As an instance of their power of +concocting a story to bring the friars into disrepute, we give the +following account of an attempted poisoning of Aguinaldo by a Spanish +prisoner and eleven Franciscans, taken from the Republica Filipina, +one of their journals--telegraphed at great expense to Europe by +"Reuter's Special," and inserted in English papers. The story goes +to show that his steward saw a Spanish prisoner, who was allowed a +certain amount of freedom, tampering with a bowl of soup intended +for Aguinaldo. The steward tasted a spoonful of the soup, and fell +dead on the spot. On learning of the affair, the populace attempted +to lynch all the Spanish prisoners, amongst whom were forty Spanish +priests, detained as hostages; but through Aguinaldo's intervention, +they were protected from violence. The next day at the sitting of the +new National Assembly, Aguinaldo's representative told the story of +his narrow escape, and the members unanimously adopted the chairman's +suggestion that they should go in a body to the president's house +and express their sympathy and congratulations. To crown this farce, +a special thanksgiving service was held in the church at Malolos that +evening. The really silly part of the story is that eleven Franciscan +priests, confined as prisoners, were alleged to have been involved +in the conspiracy against Aguinaldo's life, and it was evidently +on this supposition that all the priests were on the point of being +massacred. A few days afterwards the story was contradicted. After all +the fuss and all the expense of the telegrams, it turned out that the +steward did not fall dead, and that no priests were concerned in the +supposed plot. Still the lie did its work, both in the Philippines +and nearer home; for many heard it, and read about it, who did not +see the contradiction. + +We are not at present in a position to follow Senor Valdes in his +statements regarding the dissensions between the native and European +friars, the rigorous exactions and tithes, "the friars calling +themselves owners of the land cultivated by the natives, claiming +rents and tithes which the real owners refused to pay," but we believe +them to be as baseless as his other accusations. Before he made them, +the friars had already, in their memorial to the Spanish Government, +taken notice of similar accusations, and asked for dates, names, and +proofs. It is curious that no English travellers to these regions +have taken notice of these supposed oppressions on the part of the +friars. They are concocted with the design of expelling the friars +from the islands, and confiscating their property, which they have +lawfully acquired, and added to, by three centuries of industry. It +is true they are rich in landed property, but their riches do not +enable them to live individually in luxury. They are used by the +Orders for the purposes of the Orders, in furthering education, +maintaining hospitals, orphanages, and industrial schools, and in +extending their missions not only in the Philippines, but also in +China, Tonkin, Japan, and Formosa. Is it not better, in the interests +of the people, that they should continue in their possessions than +that they should be robbed of them, turned adrift, and their property +divided among needy adventurers? It is a significant fact that one +of the first acts of the National Assembly of the insurgents was to +vote a pension of seventeen thousand dollars to Aguinaldo, enough +to keep several religious communities in existence. These political +heroes are anxious to enrich themselves at the expense of others, +and to spend in luxury what has been gathered together through three +centuries of frugal living. + +A sample calumny of the kind, to which unbounded circulation has been +given, and its sufficient refutation from an authoritative source, to +which no such reproduction has been extended, may not be out of place +by way of conclusion to our present remarks. Let the candid reader +judge whose words--the Rev. Mr. Parkhurst's or Father McKinnon's--bear +the ear-marks of personal investigation and conscientious endeavor +after the truth--"the whole truth and nothing but the truth." + +These statements of Mr. Parkhurst were clipped from an article in The +Cleveland Plain Dealer (Cleveland, O.); and the clipping was forwarded +to Father McKinnon, who is at present in Manila, and has been appointed +superintentent of all the schools in that city by General Otis, +the commander-in-chief of the American army of occupation. Father +McKinnon was requested to comment upon the extract. The clipping and +the reply are herewith presented. + + + "The Rev. M. M. Parkhurst, who has lived in the Philippines for + many years, says that when a couple wish to get married in the + Philippines, they must first pay a fee of L6. or $30, to the + priest, who otherwise will not marry them. As a native rarely + earns more than $5 a month, he seldom has the necessary marriage + fee, so that common law marriages are the frequent result. The + baptismal fee, he says, is $25, and the death fee is $60 for an + adult, and $10 for an infant. A poll-tax of $25 for each man, and + $15 for each woman, is collected; and when a man builds a house, + he must pay $10 for having a chimney blessed." + + +To this Father McKinnon replies:-- + + + "Responding to your favor with regard to quotation from + the Rev. M. M. Parkhurst, I may say it is a lie from top + to finish. I have been here now nearly six months, and have + studied the religious question very carefully, and, I think, + without prejudice. To do this I had every opportunity, not only + here in Manila, but also in the outlying provinces, as I have + been sent frequently into the interior of the island to treat + with the insurgent leaders. I have conversed with all classes + of people, and I think I know pretty well just how matters + stand. This statement of Mr. Parkhurst is in keeping with all + the other statements made by irresponsible preachers concerning + the condition of the Church here. + + "Marriage here is like marriage any place else. If the parties are + able to do so, they are supposed to pay something. If not able to + pay, the priests here marry them gratis, just as you or I or any + other minister of the Gospel would do in America. For rich or poor + there is no fixed fee; that is left entirely to the contracting + parties. For baptisms and deaths the rule is the same. Indeed, + for baptisms, the priest rarely receives more than one dollar, + and more often he receives nothing at all. For deaths they + go even further than we do in America, as every parish church + keeps a supply of coffins on hand to give gratis to those who + are too poor to employ an undertaker. For the grandest funeral + here no more than $25 is paid, which would be equal to $12 of + our money. Even the fee of $2.50, charged for marriage license + reverts not to the Church or Government, but to the orphan asylums. + + "Speaking of orphan asylums, the Girls' Asylum here gives a dowry + of $500 to every inmate upon her marriage. This is but a sample + of what is done in the way of charity here. We hear great tales + of the wealth of the monks, and inquire about the property, and + find it is a large estate, the income of which is used to support + some hospital, or other charitable institution under the care of + said monks. Nowhere in the world is charity in greater evidence + than here. The magnificent hospitals and orphanages, schools + of industry, etc., would be a credit to any nation. The amount + expended thus every year is enormous. The monks individually are as + poor as the proverbial church mouse. The islands have a population + of over 8,000,000 Catholics. The priests number about 1,500; and + considering the weakness of human nature, and the fact that many + of them live alone out in the wilds far away from brother priests, + it is not surprising that an occasional one falls. Even among the + saintly (?) Parkhurst's brethren, I have heard of an occasional + fall in civilized America. But here these are the exceptions. The + main body of the clergy are good, holy men. The Archbishop is a man + who would be an honor to any church in any country. He is a man of + eminent learning and great sanctity. He is one of the kindest and + most charitable men I ever met. Go to his house at whatever hour + you will, and you will find it crowded with poor. For each he has + a kind word and some substantial aid. Every cent he receives is + given away in this manner. His personal magnetism is such that to + meet him is to admire him. If I wished to use names I could give + you many striking examples of this. In our army and navy we had + some Parkhursts who were ready to believe or say anything about + his Grace. + + "For those whom I thought worth convincing that they were wrong, + I arranged that at different times they should meet him. The + result was the same in every case. Each would come away feeling + that his Grace was a much maligned man. To-day, among the American + officials in both army and navy, no man is more respected than + the Archbishop of Manila. In my estimation, there are two reasons + for the impression which has gone abroad concerning the Church + here. Aguinaldo, knowing in his cunning that there were many + Parkhursts in America, thought lying about the Church would be + an excellent way to gain the sympathy of Americans. I have been + all over the country, and find no poverty anywhere. For Indians + I find them remarkably well instructed. The one who cannot read + and write is an exception. There are public schools supported by + the Government all over the country. Had Mr. Parkhurst desired to + learn the truth, he could have done so from his brother ministers, + who are chaplains here. I think they would have told him the + truth, as I have found them to be a nice gentlemanly lot of men, + ever ready to do me a kindness. Some of them I admire very much + for their devotion to the sick and those in need." + + + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +THE REBELLION LARGELY THE WORK OF A SECRET ORGANIZATION. + + +Secret societies, and, above all, that great guild known as +Freemasonry, are certainly foremost, if not controlling, factors in +the warfare made upon throne and altar during the last one hundred +and fifty years. + +In saying this we do not intend to express any opinion for or against +the sentiments of Protestant Freemasons in England and the United +States, numbers of whom, no doubt, reprobate the anti-Christian spirit +this association shows on the Continent and in Spanish America. They +have been brought up to regard it as a perfectly harmless and +beneficent institution, and cannot understand the attitude taken with +regard to it by the Catholic Church. + +It is quite true that Freemasonry may have in these countries kept to +its original constitution, which, we may admit, was of a beneficent +nature. But what Catholic writers on the subject urgently insist +upon is, that on the Continent it very soon assumed a political and +dangerous character. For a long time it was not condemned by the +Church, and many good Catholics of rank and position gave their names +to it. It was only when its dangerous tendencies came to light that it +received solemn ecclesiastical condemnation, and that Catholics were +forbidden to join it. For more than a century this secret guild has +been at the bottom of the revolutions that have desolated the modern +world. Some years previous to the French Revolution, German envoys +of the Society of the Illuminati advised the French Masons to form a +political committee in each lodge; and in time, as Robison remarks, +these committees led to the formation of the Jacobin Club. "Thus were +the lodges of France," says this writer, "converted in a very short +time into a set of affiliated secret societies, corresponding with +the mother lodges of Paris, receiving from thence their principles +and instructions, and ready to rise up at once when called upon to +carry on the great work of overturning the State. Hence it arose +that the French aimed, in the very beginning, at subverting the +whole world. Hence, too, may be explained how the revolution took +place almost in a moment in every part of France. The revolutionary +societies were early formed, and were working in secret before the +opening of the National Assembly; and the whole nation changed, +and changed again and again, as if by beat of drum." + +In Spain, since its introduction it assumed a sanguinary and virulent +character; it brought about revolutions and civil wars, embittered +classes against one another, wronged and starved the clergy, robbed, +turned adrift, and banished the religious Orders. + +There is, indeed, a good deal of difficulty in tracing all these evils +to the action of the Freemasons; for on the Continent, especially in +Spain, the society has been always of a more secret nature than in +these countries. Members of the Craft in England and the United States +are generally well known to belong to it; their halls and lodges in the +larger towns are imposing and conspicuous; their emblems and badges +are often seen in the light of day. But on the Continent we see very +little of all this; it is a thoroughly secret society; the members and +their movements are carefully veiled from sight. As we said before, +Freemasonry, on its introduction to the Continent, at once assumed a +political character. The Deists and free-thinkers of the last century +utilized it as a potent means of combining against the Church, and of +carrying on their evil propaganda. In this way they were aided by the +Jansenists, with different motives it is true, but still, when it was +a question of opposing the religious Orders, with a whole heart. The +working of the society in Spain in this century has necessarily been +more stealthy and insidious than in France, for there it was face to +face with a truly Catholic population devotedly attached to the Church. + +By means of atheistical French literature, the works of Voltaire and +other unbelievers, translated into Spanish, brought across the border +in large bales, and disseminated through the Peninsula, the Freemasons +had already indoctrinated a large number of active and restless spirits +with revolutionary and anti-Christian ideas, when the troubles and +civil war of 1834 gave them the opportunity they desired of making an +onslaught on the religious Orders. At such times the minds of men are +in a ferment, and the most incredible reports may be spread abroad, +and will be implicitly believed by the populace. Accordingly, on the +awful visitation of cholera, which swept over Europe at that time, +desolating cities and towns, and leaving thousands upon thousands of +families in mourning, in Madrid the report was industriously spread by +the Masons that the Monks and Friars had poisoned the wells, and were +the cause of the sickness among the people. In a mad fit of rage the +populace rose on all sides, rushed to the convents and monasteries, +and murdered all the inmates they could lay their hands upon. This +awful event is referred to in the Memorial. + +Such a state of things may seem hardly possible in the nineteenth +century; and yet a similar catastrophe nearly happened in Lisbon a +few years ago, the circumstances of which were related to the writer +by one of the Dominicans who was living there at the time. It appears +that the Dominican nuns had opened a dispensary for the relief of the +poor. Strange to say, the frightful report soon went abroad that the +nuns were stealing children, and killing and boiling them down to make +a healing ointment out of their remains. The city was in an uproar; +it was unsafe for priests and nuns to be seen in the streets; and +the populace who really believed the absurd story, being in a furious +state of excitement, were on the point of burning down the convent, +and maltreating the nuns. + +To return to Spain, the popular rising in Madrid was utilized by +the revolutionary party in carrying out, the following year, the +suppression of all the convents and monasteries in the country. The +religious were driven out into the world; and their lands, goods, +libraries, and art-treasures were sold for the benefit of the public +debt, and to supply means to carry on the civil war. The bishops +and secular clergy as well were also robbed, numerous episcopal +sees were suppressed, and the goods of the Church declared to be +national property. The Freemason Government promised to look after the +interests of the Church by paying salaries to all ecclesiastics. As +a result, Spain was filled, in a few years, with a poverty-stricken +and starving clergy, and ruined churches and mouldering abbeys were +to be seen on all sides. The effects of that great spoliation are +still felt in the Peninsula; for though the religious Orders have +revived in the meantime, and numerous convents and monasteries have +been built, the priests are not in sufficient numbers for the needs +of the population, which thereby, in many places, is suffering great +spiritual destitution. + +The policy of robbery and confiscation was boldly advocated for +the Philippines, just before the late war, in one of the leading +reviews of Madrid. Juan Ferrando Gomez, in a series of articles +[3] bitterly hostile to the Philippine Friars, proposed their +entire suppression. They should be turned out of their convents and +missionary houses by a secret decree, of which they were to be kept +in ignorance till the execution actually took place. Their convents +in Manila would be useful as barracks and Government offices, their +country estates could be divided amongst their tenants, and the rents +formerly paid to the Friars could be commuted into a tax to be paid +to the State. Moreover, the Archbishop of Manila, and any others of +the bishops belonging to the religious Orders, should be forced out +of the country. Besides that, the schools and university belonging +to the Friars should also be either suppressed, or taken out of their +hands. Reading these flagrantly unjust proposals in the light of recent +Spanish history, and with the help of the Memorial, we are inclined +to believe that, without much further pressure from the Freemasons, +the Spanish Ministry would have carried them out. Fortunately for +the Friars, as well as the natives, they have no voice in the matter +now. Under the American flag the religious will be treated as citizens, +having the common right of citizens, neither to be molested in their +persons nor robbed of their property. The President of the United +States has declared this in clear terms to the Holy See. + +With regard to Freemasonry in Spanish or Latin America, the Rev. Reuben +Parsons has recently written on the subject (see Appendix III.), +substantiating all his assertions by quotations from Masonic organs +or other unprejudiced sources, and clearly exposing the systematic war +which the lodges in South and Central America have carried on against +religion. He shows how it has started revolutions, assassinated the +leaders of the people, exiled the clergy, and persecuted the Church +in other ways. + +We will now endeavor to trace the history of Freemasonry in the +Philippines and its connection with the insurrection there. In the +Philippines Freemasonry found itself face to face with a simple +native population, mostly Christian, and an active body of Spanish +missionaries belonging to various religious Orders, loyal to their +native country, possessing unbounded influence over their flocks, and +rapidly bringing under the yoke of Christ the tribes who were still +Pagan. The religious were a power that they could not hope to cope with +for a long time; and so at first they were left unmolested, while the +members of the Craft were gathering converts, and strengthening their +position, among a class more suitable to their nefarious designs, viz., +the mestizos, or half-breeds; the Filipinos, or those who, though born +in the country, consider themselves the pure-blooded descendants of +the early colonists; and the Spanish officials, numbers of whom were +already Masons before they went to the Archipelago. + +That the Freemasonry in the Philippines has shown itself of +a distinctly sanguinary nature is not to be wondered at when we +consider its close connection with Spain. The Lodge of Action, or +Red Lodge, composed of determined revolutionists ready to use the +dagger, and prepared to wade through a sea of blood to accomplish +their designs, represented by Mazzini and the Carbonari in Italy, has +a large following in Spain, and was presided over, a few years ago, +by Zorilla, the Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Spain. + +The following account of the growth of Freemasonry in the Philippines, +taken from the Rosario, an organ published in Rome, the editor of +which has access to special information, and is in close touch with +friars who have been living for many years in the archipelago as +missionaries, will be of profound interest. In or about 1860 many +of the strangers who frequented the Philippines were Freemasons, and +members of the lodges of Singapore, Hongkong, Java, Macao, and the open +ports of China. This was at a period when England, Holland, France, +the United States, for colonial reasons of their own, showed hostility +to Spain. It was therefore quite natural that, in those lodges, +an anti-Spanish spirit gradually arose in the Philippines. Seeing +this spirit arising, two officials of the Spanish navy, Malcampo and +Mendez Nunez, Freemasons themselves, determined to oppose Freemasonry +to Freemasonry, by founding lodges that would uphold the Spanish +interests; they therefore established, at Cavite, the Lodge Primera +Luz Filippina, placing it under the Grand Orient of Lusitania, and +a little afterwards another lodge at Zamboanga, for the officials, +seamen, and civil functionaries who held positions in Mindanao. + +In opposition to these, the strangers residing in the Philippines +established at Manila itself a lodge of the Scottish rite, as a +point d'appui for the enemies of Spain. They thus moved the centre +of conspiracy against Spain to the islands themselves, and tried to +draw the natives into their nets by giving them important positions +in the Craft. The two opposing factions of Freemasonry also increased +their numbers largely by taking in the political exiles who were +sent to the Philippines as a result of the part taken by them in the +various civil wars in the Peninsula, most of whom gave their names +and services to one or the other. It is remarkable that these two +bodies, guided by opposite political principles, one depending on +a Spanish centre and directed principally by Spaniards, the other +directed principally by Germans, English, and Americans, and opposed +to Spanish interests, found, at least in one direction, a point of +concord, namely, in opposition to the religious Orders. Although +the Spanish Masons were actuated by a love for their mother-country, +still the well-known anti-clericalism of Freemasonry prevailed over +every other consideration, blinding them to the fact that the best and +most influential representatives of Spain in the Philippines were to be +found in the religious Orders, who were the only civilizing force able +to deal with the natives. They thus indirectly paved the way for the +insurrection; for it is well known that from the ranks of the opposing +factions, and principally by reason of their anti-clerical tendencies, +arose the sanguinary society of the "Katipunan," which made it its +direct aim to expel the friars, and overturn the Spanish government +in the islands. The Grand Orient, the organ of this society, declared +that one of the first articles of its programme was the extermination +of the religious. And here it may be noticed that the ninth term +of the proposals made by the insurgents to America was as follows: +"There shall be a general religious toleration; but measures shall be +adopted for the abolition and expulsion of the religious communities, +who, with an iron hand, have hitherto demoralized the actual civil +administration." + +In the meantime the lodges increased in number, so much so that two +years ago there were at Manila sixteen lodges affiliated to the Grand +Orient of Spain, and one at least in every pueblo in the province +of Luzon, and also lodges in Zamboanga and the Visaya Islands; an +Anglo-German club-lodge, on the books of which were inscribed the +names of a great part of the Government officials; also the German +Union, affiliated to the Grand Orient of Berlin; the society of +S. Giovanni del Monte, a centre common to Swiss, French, Belgian, +and Dutch Masons. In all, according to reliable statistics, there +were a hundred lodges and 25,000 initiates. When the Freemasonry +of the Philippines had gathered these numbers under its banner, the +insurrection broke out; and of its 25,000 members, at least 20,000 +were to be found in the ranks of the rebels. Could any clearer proof +than this be found that the insurrection in the Philippines is the +direct work of Freemasonry? + +We will here call the attention of our readers to two of the +illustrations. The first is a collection of various seals and stamps, +forty-one in number, in use by the various branches of the Katipunan, +the sanguinary secret society of the natives. Masonic emblems, the +compass and rule, the triangle, the keys, etc., are to be found on +almost all of them, proving beyond doubt the Masonic direction and +constitution of the society. Turn now to the other illustration,--a +Masonic apron, worn at secret meetings and also in battle, which was +found on the body of an insurgent after an engagement. No concealment +here of methods to be used,--the head dripping with blood, one +hand grasping the bleeding head, and the other holding the dagger, +sufficiently attest to all beholders the work of the Red Lodge. + +The position of the religious Orders in the Philippines, just before +the war broke out between Spain and America, had become so perilous +and unbearable, that they addressed a long Memorial to the Spanish +Government, exposing their grievances, explaining the cause of the +rebellion, and suggesting remedies suitable for the situation. + +This Memorial is more than a mere appeal to the Spanish Government. It +is a challenge to the civilized world, made by men whose dignity and +honor have been outraged by awful and unjust charges levelled at them +by their foes, and spread far and near by the press. The Memorial has +been put into print by the Friars, and scattered through Spain; it +has been translated into French, and now it appears (in a condensed +form) in an English dress. Up to the present, at any rate, it has +not drawn forth an answer from those whose calumnies were the cause +of its appearance. From another point of view it is of interest, +giving us valuable information as to the causes of the rebellion, +and incidentally throwing a lurid light upon the dark places and dark +workings of Freemasonry. Its importance as an authoritative exposition +lies in the fact that it emanates from the combined heads of all the +religious Orders in the Philippines, men having under their spiritual +care more than five out of the six millions of Christians in the +country. It is signed by Father Manuel Gutierrez, Provincial of the +Augustinians; Father Gilberto Martin, Commissary-Provincial of the +Franciscans; Father Francisco Ajarro, Provincial of the Recollects; +Father Candido Garcia Valles, Vicar-Provincial of the Dominicans; +Pio Pi, S. J., Superior of the Missions of the Society of Jesus. + +We doubt whether any official notice was taken of the document by the +Spanish Government. It was on its way to Spain when, on the declaration +of war by America, Admiral Dewey stole into Manila Bay by night, +shattered the Spanish fleet the next morning at Cavite, and laid siege +to Manila. In the meantime, too, the Spanish Ministry had resigned; +and when the documents arrived at its destination, a new Ministry was +in office, under Senor Sagasta, with a new colonial minister. Facing +bravely, but ineffectually, one of the greatest powers in the world, +the new Ministry was entirely taken up with cares and interests on +which depended the existence of Spain as a nation. + +A striking characteristic of the memorial is its outspoken insistence +upon Freemasonry as the principal cause of the Rebellion, a position +not unwarranted in view of the evidence presented on previous pages. So +much has been heard from the opponents of the religious Orders, that +a word from themselves, in their own defence, will have all the air +of novelty. We reprint the memorial, quite confident that it will +not suffer by comparison with what has appeared from the other side. + + +The Memorial of the Philippine Friars to the Spanish Government, +April, 1898. + + + TO HIS EXCELLENCY THE COLONIAL MINISTER. + + In addition to the telegram sent to His Excellency, the + Governor-General and Viceroy, on the first of this month, that + he might bring it officially under your Excellency's notice, + which the said authority informs us has been done, we, the + Superiors of the Congregations of the Augustinians, Franciscans, + Recollects, Dominicans, and Jesuits, have the honor of presenting + this Statement to his Majesty, King Alfonso XIII., and, in his + royal name, to Her Majesty the Queen Regent, Dona Maria Christina, + to the President and Members of the Crown Ministerial Council, + and more especially to your Excellency as Colonial Minister. We + address this Statement directly to your Excellency, according to + law and custom, that you may deign to bring it under the notice of + the exalted personages already mentioned, and even if it appears + desirable before the nation, duly assembled in the Cortes of + the kingdom. + + The time has come for us faithful and constant upholders of Spanish + rule in the Philippines to break our traditional silence. The hour + has also come to defend our honor, which has been so much assailed, + and our holy and patriotic ministry, which has been the object + of the most terrible and unjustifiable accusations and calumnies. + + We have borne patiently with the Freemasons and insurgents, + known and unknown, who in their newspapers, clubs, and public + meetings, have for the last eighteen months insulted and vilified + us, accusing us, among other things, of having fostered the + rebellion. We have discovered to our sorrow that a number of + Spaniards, having resided in these islands for a longer or shorter + period as the case might be, on their return to the Peninsula have + spoken of us in terms which they would not have dared to employ + if in place of being priests and friars we had been laymen, or + if instead of being ecclesiastical congregations we had belonged + to civil or military bodies. + + The religious of the Philippines, far away from Europe, alone + in their ministry, scattered to the furthermost corners of the + Archipelago, and without any other companions and witnesses + of their labors than their own dear and simple parishioners, + have no other defence save right and reason. Conscious that we + have always been loyal and patriotic subjects, and have always + fulfilled our duties and the obligations to our holy ministry, + we have borne patiently and silently, according to the advice + of the Apostle, insults and calumnies from the very persons to + whom we had offered our services in all Christian sincerity. We + have kept silence under insults from persons calling themselves + forsooth Catholics, but who are infected with the practical + Jansenism of certain latter-day reformers. We even suffered + in silence certain false information, most dishonoring to the + religious Orders, to be brought before the Cortes last year. It + was asserted, not only in private, but in important, centres, + that the prestige of the religious Orders in the Philippines was + so shaken that it would be necessary to drive them out by armed + force. It was also declared, as most dishonoring to a great nation + like Spain, to have commissioned friars to furnish information + about the Philippines, and to have asked their advice in the form + of a memorial presented to the Senate. In addition to all this, + the gravest accusations, some directed against a worthy prelate, + were brought against us, veiled, however, under the guise of + impartiality and gentle correction. Before long the clamors will + be renewed in a different tone; and we shall see the reproduction + in the Archipelago, with more or less cruelty, of that historical + period in the Peninsula of 1834-1840. + + + REASONS FOR OUR SILENCE TILL THE PRESENT TIME. + + We believed that a wise and prolonged silence, added to that + prudence and magnanimity which should always distinguish religious + orders, would have sufficed for good and discreet persons, + and that they would have repelled the accusations, and formed a + judgment that would be proof against these repeated attacks. But, + instead of calming down, the storm appears to increase daily. The + Treaty of Biac-na-Bato has furnished to many the opportunity of + renewing the crafty insinuation, nay, bold affirmation, already + made by the rebel chiefs, that the religious institutes were + the sole cause of the insurrection. One of the chiefs of the + "Katipunan" secret society has declared in his paper, The Grand + Orient, which, like a plague, is still scattered over the islands, + that one of the first articles in his programme is the expulsion + of the religious Orders. In the Peninsula as well as here, the + Freemasons and others who second their efforts have recommenced + the war against us. They have published manifestoes at Madrid, + in which, misusing the name of the Philippine natives, they demand + vexatious and disgraceful measures against the clergy. + + If under these circumstances we still remained silent, our silence + would be attributed, and rightly so, to fear or to guilt. Our + patience would be called weakness; and even sensible and solid + Catholics, who recognize the injustice of the attacks made against + us, might be led to believe that we were really stained with guilt, + or that we had fallen into such a state of moral prostration, + that we could be ill-treated with impunity. + + + THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS PERSECUTED BECAUSE THEY UPHOLD RELIGION. + + On what grounds are the religious bodies persecuted? Simply because + they uphold true and sound doctrine, and have never shown a weak + front to the enemies of God and of their country. If we had shown + ourselves pusillanimous in sight of the works of Masonic lodges, + and in presence of the propagation of the politico-religious errors + imported from Europe; if we had given the faintest mark, not of + sympathy, but even of toleration, to the men who were scattering + broadcast false notions of liberty condemned by the Church; + if patriotism had cooled in our hearts, or if the innovators + had not found in each Philippine religious an intractable and + terrible adversary to their plans,--the religious congregations + would never have been disturbed. On the contrary, we should have + been extolled to the skies, the more so because our enemies do not + ignore the fact that, were we to help them in the Archipelago, + were we to give them our support, or at least were we to remain + silent, we should thereby give them an undisputed victory. + + But they know well that our standard is no other than the Syllabus + of the great Pontiff, Pius IX., so frequently confirmed by Leo + XIII., wherein all rebellion against the powers is so energetically + condemned. Yea! truly they hate us, and under different names + and on divers pretexts they are making such a cruel war upon us + that it would seem as if the Freemasons and Revolutionists had + no other enemies in the Philippines than the religious bodies. + + + THE RELIGIOUS PERSECUTED AS LOYAL SPANIARDS. + + Apart from their essentially religious character, the regular + clergy of the Archipelago are the sole Spanish institution, + permanent and deeply-rooted, which exists in the islands--a + vigorous organization well adapted to these regions. While the + civil and military officials on the one hand, who come from Spain, + live here only for a time, fulfilling their duties more or less + wisely according as it is for or against their private interests, + and yet are ignorant of the languages of the country, and have only + a superficial intercourse with the Islanders, we, the religious, + come over here to sacrifice our whole existences, dispersed often + one by one amongst the remotest tribes. When we bid an eternal + farewell to our native shores, we voluntarily condemn ourselves, + by virtue of our vows, to live forever devoted to the moral, + religious, and civil education of the natives; and we have waged + many conflicts in their behalf. + + + CRAFTINESS OF THE INSURGENT CHIEFS. + + Seeing that we were the most deeply rooted, influential, and + best-respected Spaniards in the country, and that we would come to + no terms with them or their projects, the rebel chiefs determined + to demand our expulsion from the Government. They were aware that + they would be backed up in their demand by many among the Spanish + residents in the Archipelago, who, led by passion and ignorance, + lend a willing ear to all who declaim against the religious Orders, + especially when the watchwords used are "Free Thought," "Liberty + of the Press," "Secularization of Education," "Ecclesiastical + Liquidation," "Suppression of the Privileges of the Clergy." + + Thus the password among the rebels became, especially since the + Treaty of Biac-na-Bato, the emancipation of their country. They + declared they had no dislike to Spanish administration, nor + any intention of separation from Spain; what made them rise in + rebellion were the abuses of the clergy, and their only demand + was the expulsion of the religious Orders. But these were lying + declarations, as numerous judicial and non-judicial documents + containing the plans of the conspirators have proved. They + made these false professions because they knew that if they + declared that the insurrection was brought about by the numerous + abuses of power which have been committed by civil and military + functionaries, they would have all the Spanish element in the + Archipelago leagued against them, and would have the door closed + to all their means of propaganda. + + + ACCUSATIONS AGAINST THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS. + + We ask, in the first place, where are these abuses which are always + the subject of their declamations in the clubs and lodges? We + preach the Gospel, and not only do we draw to a civilized life + the barbarous tribes of the Archipelago, whom we have preserved + peaceful and happy for three centuries, as the whole world knows, + but we have always been the defenders of the natives, who are + subjected to a thousand vexations on the part of the Spanish + lay residents. At all times we have watched over the purity of + the Faith and the preservation of good morals, showing ourselves + inflexible against illegal exactions, immoral games, and those who + lead scandalous lives. After all that has been written against + us for so many years, we defy our calumniators, and do not fear + an honest and impartial examination of our lives and works. Let + those who murmur and speak against us, prove by exact dates and + authentic documents that their accusations are well founded. + + They say we are enemies of education and of the diffusion of + knowledge; if by education they mean the teaching of doctrine + condemned by the Church, we are at one with them; but there is no + education in the ordinary sense of the term, primary, secondary, + or superior, in the islands that has not been founded, encouraged, + and sustained by the clergy. It is well known that very few of the + native officials who went through their course in our schools have + taken part in the rebellion; and the proclaimers of "Free-thought" + are, for the most part, individuals who failed in their career, + and were the refuse of our classes. + + As to the accusations of immorality which are recklessly levelled + against us, all we have to say is that everyone can see our + monasteries and convents and ourselves, and can form a judgment + on our lives; the parish priests and missionaries are alone, + surrounded by a multitude of natives; everyone can see what we + are doing, and hear what we are saying; our European figures + and sacerdotal character bring us into such prominence before + the people that it would be stupid to imagine that we could hide + our doings. + + We consider, as not worthy of reply, the impudent assertion that + in the country parts we are despots; that in a thousand ways + we suck the blood of our tenants; charges often before refuted + by the most explicit documentary evidence. Neither is it worth + while speaking of the abominable calumny of attributing to us the + passage through the country with armed force, and the imprisoning + and torturing of those implicated in the first revolt. All this + is part of the absurd fable that we are absolute masters, not + only of the consciences of the people, but of the Archipelago + itself; statements contradicted by the very men who make them, + when they declare in the Cortes that we have lost all influence + and all prestige in the islands. + + + CAUSE OF THE REBELLION. + + The utter want of religion to be found among a great number of + the Spanish residents, the facility with which the ancient laws + of the Archipelago were changed, the instability of the public + functionaries, a fruitful source of abuses, contributed for several + years to discredit the Spanish name. But Freemasonry, as the world + knows, has been the principal cause of the social disorganization + of the Philippines. The Hispano-Philippine Association of Madrid + was Masonic; the Masons were almost alone in the work of urging on + the natives to make war on the clergy and the Spanish residents; + they authorized the founding of lodges in the Archipelago. It + was the Masons, too, who formed the "Katipunan" society, so + essentially Masonic that in the terrible "compact of blood" + they make, they are actually imitating the Carbonari of Italy. + + In consequence of the teaching of the Freemasons, the voice of + the parish priest has no longer any effect on numbers of the + natives, especially at Manila and in the neighboring provinces, + where they are accustomed to give themselves airs of importance + and independence; and the prestige of the Spanish name has grown + considerably less, and disappeared entirely in many places. What + wonder, then, if the powerful instincts of race awoke, and that, + pondering on the fact that they had a language and climate and + territory of their own, the rebels should try to build a wall of + separation between the Spaniards and the Malays? Is it not natural + that having been brought to believe that the friar is neither + their father nor the pastor of their souls, nor their friend and + enthusiastic defender, but, on the contrary, a spoiler, and that + the Spanish resident is only a money-grubber, having more or less + power and authority, they should have desired to free themselves + from the Spanish authority? + + Six months ago the "Katipunan" society was limited to the mountains + of Langua and Bulacan, where the rebel chiefs had taken refuge, + and also counted some adherents among certain tribes in touch with + the insurgents. But now the plague is widespread; the insurgents + violating the promise made to the gallant Marquis of Estella, + and at the call of a secret signal, have scattered themselves over + the central provinces, and by means of cruelty and terrorism have + succeeded in enrolling in their ranks a great number of natives + who after the submission at Biac-na-Bato gave pledges of fidelity + to Spain. They have also succeeded in intrenching themselves at + Capiz and in other parts of the Viscayas. The rising in Zambaies, + Pagasinan, Iloco, and Cebu are all of recent origin; and the same + may be said of the "Katipunans" discovered at Manila. + + However, the greater part of the country is not yet perverted; a + wave of hallucination and fanaticism has passed over it, but the + heart of the people is still sound, and with careful management + they will return to their usual habits of peace and submission. The + move wealthy classes are also sound, and are against the rebellion. + + We frankly tell the Government that if it does not aid the + Church, the revolutionary movement will increase every day, and + it will be morally impossible for the religious to remain here + any longer. What good is it for us to do our duty to the people + when others are allowed to undo our work at the same time? Of + what use is it for us to teach the people to be docile and + submissive when their worst passions are excited by others, who + tell them to make nothing of our teaching? What professor could + teach successfully if his pupils were met outside the classroom + by respectable persons who told them to despise his lessons? The + civil authority, according to the teaching of the Church, ought + as far as possible to be a bulwark to religion and morality. If + the Government, therefore, does not protect us from the avalanche + of insults hurled against us; if it does not root out the secret + societies; if it allows our sacerdotal character to be trodden + under foot while our enemies destroy the fruit of our labors,--we + regret to say that we cannot continue our ministry in the islands. + + Spain has bound herself very stringently to obligations of + this nature. One of the laws of the Code of the Indies says + expressly on this point: "We command the Viceroys, the Presidents, + the Auditors, the Governors, and the other functionaries of the + Indies, to favor, and aid, and encourage the religions orders who + are occupying themselves in the conversion of the natives to our + entire satisfaction." + + The spirit that moved Philip II. was seen in the answer he made + to those who advised him to abandon the Archipelago, in view + of the little revenue they brought to the Crown. He said: "For + the conversion of only one of the souls that are there I would + willingly give all the treasures of the Indies, and if they were + not enough I would add those of Spain. Nothing in the world would + make me consent to cease sending preachers and ministers of the + Gospel to all the provinces that have been discovered, even if they + are barren and sterile, for the Holy Apostolic See has given to us + and our heirs the apostolic commission of publishing and preaching + the Gospel. The Gospel can be spread through these islands, and the + natives can be drawn from the worship of the demon by making known + to them the true God, in a spirit alien to that of temporal greed." + + + UNJUST CONTEMPT SHOWN TOWARDS THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN THE + PHILIPPINES. + + An idea has spread since the Revolution in Spain of 1868 that the + Philippine Friars are a necessary evil, an out-of-date institution + which has to be kept up for reasons of state. This unworthy idea, + manifested sometimes with frankness, sometimes with a certain + reticence, and which wounds us to the quick, has been constantly + brought forward by our enemies. The natives who have been to Spain + are fully aware of it; without leaving the Philippines, a great + number of natives have observed it, and are at present trying to + propagate it in the Archipelago. Very numerous, too are the Spanish + residents who are hostile to us, owing to an anti-clerical spirit + or to jealousy; in fact, we have enemies in all classes of society. + + Many people, in consequence, think that our very existence in + the country is simply owing to pity and condescension on the + part of the Government; that we are merely tolerated, and are of + less value in the eyes of the civil authorities than the members + of any lay profession. With a marvellous facility all the evils + that affect the country are laid at our door; and every time a + governor makes a gross blunder in dealing with the natives, the + evil consequences which flow from it are put down to us. Now, + every class of society has a right to ordinary respect and fair + treatment; we receive neither one nor the other, but are treated + with absolute contempt. This humiliating situation, as individuals + obliged to greater perfection than other Christians, we patiently + bear with; but as religious orders we cannot put up with it any + longer, for we see only too well how this treatment injures our + ministry, and destroys our influence with the people committed + to our care. + + If the Government through an error to which we cannot give + unqualified respect, since it is contrary to the real interests + of religion and of our country, believes that the mission of the + Orders in the islands has come to an end, we nevertheless say + to them: "We await your dispositions with sincerity, but do not + flatter yourselves that in adopting measures against our religious + professions you can burn a light both before Christ and before + Belial." If, on the contrary, we are to remain in the islands, + no one can deny that it is necessary to protect our persons, + our prestige, and our ministry; our country must show that she + is pleased with us, and treat us as her children; we must not be + abandoned to our enemies as a thing of no value, and made victims + of the resentment of the Freemasons. We do not fear martyrdom, + which is an honor we do not feel ourselves worthy of; on the + other hand, we do not wish to die as criminals abandoned by their + friends and protectors, and deprived of all honor. + + It is incredible that religious men placed in our position could + be the cause of the woes of the Archipelago. We prefer to resign + our ministry, and see ourselves expelled, rather than continue + our mission in the islands, if the situation does not better + itself before long. We have done our work well in these islands, + and we feel sure that we shall be able to do our duty quite as + well elsewhere with the grace of God. + + + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +THE REBELS AND THEIR GRIEVANCES. + + +We cannot view without grave misgivings the unexpected turn that +affairs have taken since the war, and the second war which has broken +out between the rebels and the Americans. It is now plain that +it was entire independence from all control that the promoters of +the rebellion were looking for from the very beginning; this being +well known to the Friars all along, and clearly indicated in their +memorial to the Spanish Government. Aguinaldo and his companions have +unlimited confidence in themselves, and aspire to form a civilized +republic. The character of this pure-souled patriot may be judged +from a transaction he had with the Spanish Government. After the +armistice of Biac-na-Bato, he was bought out by them, and took +thousands of dollars as his price for leaving the country for aye, +never to return. He pocketed the money, and went off to Hongkong; but +when the Americans came to Manila, and destroyed the Spanish fleet, +this worthy returned to the Philippines, and once more raised the +standard of rebellion. As a result the Americans are apt to find +themselves burdened with a war expenditure, even heavier than that +borne by Spain in her effort to prevent a repetition in the Philippines +of the gruesome story of San Domingo and Hayti. All colored and +tropical races have a tendency to revert to their original type and +the barbarous customs of their ancestors. The blacks got possession +of Hayti nearly a century ago, at which time they were at least +domesticated, and partially civilized, having been in contact with +the white man for the two previous centuries. They have gone back, +and not forward, ever since. The history of the black republic is a +bloody revolution every two or three years, distinguished by acts +of barbarous ferocity. Life there at the present day is a hideous +caricature of civilization and Christianity. Incredible as it may +seem, there has been a revival in the remote villages of the old +African serpent-worship, and child sacrifices, followed by cannibalism. + +Ten Spanish Augustinian Friars recently came to San Francisco from the +Philippines (see Appendix IV.). In an interview with the representative +of the San Francisco Monitor they stated that it was not through fear +of the Americans that they had left Manila, but, on the contrary, they +believed that the Church would prosper under American rule. They said +that the respectable element in the Philippines, though they had been +quite content with the Spanish rule, and deeming it all that could +be expected under the circumstances, are yet welcoming the Americans +as a relief from insurgent atrocities. "The insurgents," they said, +"are an undisciplined mob of rioters, led by a demagogue. They are +the riff-raff of the islands, men without principle or property in +most instances. Aguinaldo has them pretty well in hand to-day, but +to-morrow they may disintegrate into fifty gangs. Aguinaldo is an +ungrateful renegade, who was fed, clothed, and educated by Catholic +priests. He is a mere puppet in the hands of the Freemasons. [4] +It is to these worthies and organized anarchy in Europe that we may +trace the origin of the trouble in the Philippines. Soon after the +destruction of the Spanish fleet, the insurgents wrecked our schools, +robbed and despoiled our missions and churches, and drove us into +Manila. About fifty priests were brutally killed by them. As our field +of work was thus laid bare, we decided to leave the Philippines. What +made us depart was the discouragement of seeing the work of years +destroyed by the men we had gone to teach, and the improbability of +being able to build up the work again immediately." + +The Filipinos have already shown proof how far removed they are +from civilized ideals, and how dangerous it would be to leave +them to themselves, by their inhuman treatment of their Spanish +prisoners. Besides ordinary Spanish civilians, they have kept in +captivity for several months hundreds of Friars, including one +hundred Dominicans, and the Dominican Bishop of Neuva Segovia, +Mgr. Joseph Hevia, whose portrait we give. Numbers of the Friars +have lately died of the hardships to which they were subjected. A +letter, received some time ago from one of them by a friend in Manila, +describes the ferocious and satanic hatred shown towards them by the +rebel chiefs. They were stripped of their clothes, hats, and shoes, +robbed of their money, spat upon, tied to trees, and flogged several +times. Daily they were forced to work on the public roads from morning +to evening, under a broiling sun, receiving food and drink barely +sufficient to support life. The leaders mocked at and jested over +their sufferings. Though violent threats were held out against all +who succored them, their parishioners seized opportunities of coming +to visit them, and alleviate their miseries. From other sources +we learn that the noses of some of the prisoners were slit, and a +cord passed through the aperture, to be used as a leading-string +by their guards. The venerable Bishop was subjected to the grossest +indignities. One aged Friar was placed on a saddle, and jumped upon +till blood flowed from his mouth and nose. Another, it is said, clothed +only in a rain-coat, was carried in triumph for two hundred yards, +and then cudgelled to death amid savage cries. Some were crushed to +death between boards. Nuns in the convents were subjected to shameful +treatment. In the name of common sense, we ask if men who encourage +or permit such atrocities are fit to control and guide the destinies +of eight millions of people. (See Appendix V.) + +Of course the policy of the Press in general has been to keep these +atrocities from the eyes of the public. As it did not suit political +purposes to publish them, they have been kept concealed. Owing to this +careful management, the sympathies of the world have been enlisted on +the side of the "poor downtrodden Filipinos." An impartial examination +of the grievances of the latter, and of the catch-cries by which the +leaders have seduced a considerable portion of the simple natives, will +not reveal very much against either the civil or the ecclesiastical +rule of the Spaniard. As in everything human, we may suppose that +neither was absolute perfection; but, all things considered, there +was less to justify rebellion in the Philippines than in most parts +of the world where the black is ruled by the white man. + +One of the grievances of the rebels is that nearly all the +ecclesiastics in the Archipelago have been Spaniards, and they +demand an entirely native clergy. Now, the Catholic Church has been +always most anxious to form a native clergy in missionary countries, +but insuperable difficulties have often prevented the realization of +this idea. Among colored races there is a paucity of real vocations; +it is hard enough to get the people to live up to the Christian +ideal without adding thereto the grave responsibilities and life of +self-sacrifice of the priesthood. An example in point is the Black +Republic of Hayti. It is a Catholic country, nominally at least. The +people have retained the Faith taught them by the white man, though +preserving such a dislike to him that no white man can own a yard of +land in the country. Yet such is their inability to provide themselves +with priests of their own blood that they are forced to fall back on +the services of a French Bishop and French missionary priests, who do +all the spiritual work of the island. Another case in point is that +of Cuba, an island containing a million and a half of inhabitants, +Cubans and Spaniards, of which only forty-three of the former are +to be found in the ranks of the priesthood. There has never been any +distinction made between Cubans and Spaniards in the two Seminaries of +Havana and Santiago de Cuba; all are received alike, and treated alike +if they have a vocation; of the forty-three priests, twenty-eight hold +parishes, and the rest have other positions of trust, which shows that +it is simply owing to lack of vocations and not to any other cause +that we must ascribe their fewness in number. In the Philippines, as +far back as two centuries ago, the experiment was made of forming a +native priesthood, with doubtful success, however, as Dampier informs +us that the natives generally held the native priests in contempt, +while holding the Spanish clergy in the greatest esteem. We must, +perforce, conclude that in the Philippines, as in other countries, +it is simply lack of vocations that keeps the number of the native +clergy at such a low ebb. + +Another grievance, brought well to the front by those who have written +on behalf of the Filipinos, is the taxation, which is alleged to have +been excessive. The writer is informed by one who lived many years +there that it was not. However this may be, all taxation is odious +to primitive and half-civilized communities, who are inclined to look +upon the most necessary taxes, without which no stable government could +be carried on, in the light of oppression. The Americans will have the +same difficulties to face with regard to taxation as the Spaniards had, +though not in the same degree maybe, as the country will be opened +to trade in a freer way than formerly. In the interests of order, +and also to protect the people from unjust imposts, the Friars were +in the habit of acting as their counsellors in these matters, and +used to exhort their parishioners publicly and privately to pay the +necessary taxes. A passage from Blumentritt, whom we have quoted more +than once in our previous chapters, will go to show that all this was +done in the interests of the people: "In the following centuries the +Friars continued to extend their protecting hand over the natives, +preventing, as far as possible, any oppression on the part of the +Government employes." Yet this action of the Friars, good, charitable, +and necessary under the circumstances, has been used by the promoters +of the rebellion as a fulcrum to raise the Friars, in the eyes of the +poorer classes, into the invidious position of tax-gatherers, tyrants, +and abettors of oppression. Without doubt, cruel methods, for which, +however, the Friars were not responsible, were in vogue in dealing with +defaulters, as we may see in Dean Worcester's lately published work +on the Philippines; but it is nothing less than downright hypocrisy +to raise a chorus of condemnation against the Spaniard on this score, +when it is well known that no other nation, in trying to solve the +eternal difficulty about the taxation of colored and subject races, +has emerged from the conflict with clean hands. We remember reading +some years ago of very cruel methods employed in the gathering of +the taxes in British India, in some of the up-country districts; +and within the present year of grace, 1899, two books have appeared +dealing with the English and the Dutch in South Africa, [5] both of +which, in describing the punishment inflicted on those refusing to pay +taxes to the ruling powers, could easily give points to the colonial +Spaniard for cruelty. What is very remarkable about the Protestant +missionary is that, instead of condemning the barbarities described in +his book, of which he was an eye-witness, he approves of them, even to +the extent of giving his sanction to the inhuman crime of blowing up +with dynamite the caves in which four hundred men, women, and children +had taken refuge. The Rev. Mr. Rae's opinion of the campaign against +Malaboch for his refusal to pay taxes, a campaign in which women and +children, and men bearing flags of truce were fired upon recklessly, +is that "the Transvaal Government was doing a much better work than +any Christian missionary has yet accomplished." God help the Filipinos +if Protestant missionaries of this description are going to overrun +the field of labor left vacant by the deaths and expulsion of the +Spanish Friars. One great test of the mild rule of the Spaniard in +that country is that the native population has increased since the +conquest, instead of being almost exterminated, as is the case in +North America and in many of the colonies of European States. We +hope that the American rule will be characterized by clemency and +justice. A hypocritical cry has been raised in the States about +the tyranny and oppression under which the natives are said to be +groaning. The rule of the Spaniard has indeed been imperfect enough; +but America should approach the question of reform with becoming +modesty, seeing that her own record in dealing with the Indians has +been stained by many a crime against human rights. They have been +robbed of the country which once was their own, and driven back from +reservation to reservation, while even the rights guaranteed to them by +Government as compensation for what they lost have been often filched +from them by unscrupulous officials. The light recently thrown on the +case of the Pillager Indians has disclosed cruelty, open robbery, and +a disregard of solemn obligations. In the Philippines the Americans +will find the natives still in possession of their country; a people, +once wild and nomadic like the Indians, brought into settled habits of +life by three centuries of missionary effort; a people, in fine, who, +whatever is said to the contrary by noisy declaimers and demagogues, +have been on the whole well pleased with their lot. + +It is quite evident from the words and acts of the rebels that they +have been casting envious eyes on the large landed estates of the +Friars, hoping, on their expulsion, to have a division of the spoils +among themselves. Already, before the war, an iniquitous plan of +confiscation was boldly advocated in Spain itself. We now learn to +our surprise, from the Church News (Washington, D.C.), that this cry +has found an echo across the Atlantic from Protestant pulpits in the +States. Besides the fact that confiscation would be robbery pure and +simple, as the estates are not national property, and have not been +given by the Government, but have been acquired in the usual way by +purchase, and in the course of three centuries have naturally grown +large, confiscation of the estates would mean a great calamity to +the country, even if the Friars were allowed to go back quietly to +their parishes, and resume their spiritual ministrations among the +people. For it was by means of the estates that the Friars introduced +agriculture and settled habits of life among tribes originally nomadic; +it was by means of the estates that they got them to live in villages, +and introduced amongst them the arts of civilized life; it was by +means of the estates that they acquired the power of inducing them +to labor with a certain amount of regularity and method, the great +safeguard against a relapse into a state of savagery. Giraudier, +who was director of the "Diario" of Manila, and spent thirty years in +the Archipelago, says something very much to the point: "The natives, +with some rare exceptions, are in need of tutelage, without which they +would fall back to the customs of their ancestors, a tutelage that +no one can exercise better than the Friars." The latter, in truth, +made themselves all in all to the people. Within the precincts of the +monasteries were to be found workshops for teaching carpentry, forges +for teaching the natives the working of iron, brick and tileyards,--in +fact, most of the mechanical arts were fostered and encouraged by +the Friars. The villages they formed around them presented a pleasing +picture of happiness and content, in startling contrast to the homes +of those who were still pagan and uncivilized. + +A former British consul thus describes them: "Orderly children, +respected parents, women subject but not oppressed, men ruling but not +despotic, reverence with kindness, obedience with affection--these +form a lovable picture by no means rare in the villages of the +Eastern Isles." Will such a happy state of things exist under new +conditions? We are very much inclined to doubt it. The experiment tried +in some of the islands of the West Indies of making the blacks small +freeholders, and planting them on the bankrupt planters' estates, +has not been attended by such beneficial results to the land as +to justify our hoping that a similar experiment in the Philippines +will prove a success. The natives of the tropics in general are like +overgrown children, blessed with the virtues and cursed with the +faults of children, rejoicing in present abundance, and destitute +of that measure of forethought for the morrow, without which there +can be no human progress. What a contrast at the present day do +the civilized villages under the paternal care, and, if you will, +government, of Friars present to the wild nomadic life still led by +the natives of Mindanao, whom the Jesuit fathers are trying to bring +under civilizing influences. We find, from letters written lately by +some of the fathers there, that human sacrifice is still in vogue, +and murder, pillage, and slave-catching extremely common. We fear that +self-government, bringing in internal conflicts between the various +parts of the Archipelago, would gradually reduce most of it to this +deplorable state of things, and that the Philippine Republic would +be as great a travesty on civilization as Hayti. + + + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +THE SECTARIAN MISSIONARY MOVEMENT. + + +We cannot too strongly emphasize the great interest that the change +of government in the Philippines should have for the English-speaking +Catholic public, seeing that a Catholic population, as large, if not +larger, than the combined Catholic population of England, Ireland, +Scotland, and Wales, is about to be brought under the influence of the +English-speaking world, and in close touch with the Catholic Church in +America, and, perhaps, later on, with ourselves. It is not more than +a year ago that the Philippines were a terra incognita to us all, of +which we knew the name, but hardly more. For the last ten months they +have been brought under our notice almost daily by the newspapers, and +monthly in the pages of the magazines. In the meantime their control +has passed from Spain to America, and a conflict of opinion is going +on in the States as to the desirability or otherwise of undertaking +the responsibility of their future government. Under the old regime, +Church and State were united: a bearable condition when the State +was professedly Catholic, but absolutely unbearable when antagonistic +influences control the Government, hamper the Church in her freedom +of action, and degrade her into servitude while professing to be her +protector. In the new condition of things the Church will be placed +in the same position as it holds in America, free to flourish or +to die, depending entirely on its own resources, and neither helped +nor persecuted by the State. Its ministers, though not enjoying any +special privileges, will be protected in their persons and property +in common with all other citizens. Its religious orders will receive +the same recognition as secular corporations, and their corporate +property will be respected. So far so good; for it was to be feared +that the Spanish Government, who had been deterred only by political +motives from suppressing the Orders, yielding at last to the pressure +of the Freemasons, might have confiscated their property, and either +secularized their members or expelled them from the islands. Still we +cannot close our eyes to the fact that dangers from a different quarter +loom up which it much behooves Catholics to carefully consider. There +is a pressing necessity of being alive to those dangers, if worse +evils than ever are not to befall that large Catholic population of +the Far East. + +As might be expected, the Protestant missionary bodies have +inaugurated a movement for sending out missionaries of their own to +the Archipelago. The Rev. John R. Hykes was directed last September +by the American Bible Society to proceed from Shanghai to Manila, +and investigate concerning the Philippines "as a field for Bible +work." He submitted his report in a very short time, having made up +his mind on the religious needs of the people, the scandalous lives +of the Friars, and the superstition of their benighted parishioners +with incredible rapidity. His sensational report duly appeared in the +American papers as the "Startling Revelations made by the Rev. John +R. Hykes." Sure of a sympathetic audience, he laid on the colors +thickly. The report need not occupy much of our attention. Half of +it is made up of ordinary information about the country that any one +could get for himself out of a good encyclopaedia, and the other half +is a rehash and repetition of the charges already dealt with by us +in previous chapters. One statement is, however, worth noticing, as +it clearly indicates the hopelessness of getting fair and unbiassed +treatment from the enemies of the Church. Mr. Hykes states that he was +shocked by the stories of immorality brought against the Friars. And, +to make an impression, he adds that the people who told him the +stories said they were prepared to give names, dates, and places +in confirmation of what they said. Now, as already noted, names, +dates, and places were the very things asked for by the Friars in +the Memorial to the Spanish Government, as far back as last April; +but their enemies, finding those details beyond their power, have +adopted the simpler process of repeating the calumnies to all who, +like Mr. Hykes, give them a ready and sympathetic hearing. Mr. Hykes, +who never went beyond Manila, presumes to judge, in a few days or +weeks, of the spiritual condition of six millions of Christians, and +more than a thousand priests, scattered over the whole Philippine +Archipelago. (See Appendix VI.) We are afraid that too many of the +type of Mr. Hykes will be found among the new missionaries of the +Philippines, coming in crowds, with their wives and children, to +spread, forsooth, the pure light of the Gospel, or rather to engage +in the more congenial task of vilifying the Catholic Church. + +In an American Protestant missionary review, there is an article on +the Philippines, by a former agent of the British and Foreign Bible +Society in that country. The article, needless to say, is full of +gross misrepresentations. It puts down the Christian population as +seven million Romanists; the writer denies the ordinary title of +Christian to Catholics. This emissary of the Bible Society writes: +"The question now asked on all sides is--Are the Philippines at +last to be opened to missionary effort? Personally, I feel that +a non-sectarian, but strictly evangelical, mission, aiming at +the Christianization of the whole territory, is what would succeed +best." We may gather from the whole tone of this Protestant missionary +review what a low type of Protestantism it represents, a type largely +made up of self-presumption, ignorance, and fanaticism. Throughout +the paper Catholics are not once designated Christian. It speaks of +the nineteenth century being the first century of Christian missions, +ignoring all the apostolic work of the Catholic Church. It says in +another place that there were no Christian Chinese at the beginning of +this century, ignoring the hundreds of thousands of Chinese who have +known and loved Jesus Christ since the days of St. Francis Xavier, +numbers of whom sealed their faith with their blood. It divides the +population of the country into pagans, Romanists, and Christians--the +latter, of course, being Protestants of one denomination or another. To +such absurd lengths does religious rancor bring it, and all connected +with it. Catholics give the title of Christian to all who are baptized +and profess belief in the Divinity of Jesus Christ. They would not +deny it even to the Rev. Mr. Hykes, bad as he is. But perhaps our +new missionary friends may be similar to those of whom Marshall +speaks in his "Christian Missions," who went out to evangelize the +South Sea Islands, and taught the people that baptism was merely a +ceremony not at all essential to salvation, thus showing their want +of belief in baptismal regeneration. At any rate, it will be news to +the Filipinos to hear for the first time from these enlightened men +that they are not Christians. + +That these Bible scatterers can and will do harm there is no +doubt. Already they have flooded Porto Rico with tracts and pamphlets, +crammed with the usual vile charges against the Catholic Church and +her ministers. But it is equally certain that they will never succeed +in making the Philippines a Protestant country. It is a matter of +notoriety that Protestant missions are not overwhelmingly successful +in any part of the world, and that the funds are kept up in most +instances by glowing and rosy-colored, if not altogether accurate, +reports, sent by the missionaries to their supporters at home. The +review which I have just quoted is forced to acknowledge that in +Brazil, after thirty-five years' work, there are only eight thousand +Protestants out of a population of sixteen millions. No less than +eight American Protestant Missionary Societies have been working there +together, well supplied with funds, as is always the case; and yet this +is the result. In fact, eight thousand may not be the result at all, +for the missionaries have, very often, peculiar methods in the science +of statistics. In Mexico, too, they have been at work for many years +unmolested by the authorities, and yet they have but wretched results +to show for themselves at the present day. They make no impression +either on the rich or the very poor; any successes they have being +amongst the impecunious middle classes, the children of whom they +teach gratuitously in their schools, and feed and clothe, and who +carry away with them from these schools, as the principal result of +the religious training they receive, a bitter hatred of the Church in +which they were born. Just as in Mexico, so the Protestant missionaries +are sure to make proselytes among the same classes in the Philippines, +from which classes we know that the promoters of the rebellion have +been mainly recruited; but the better classes and also the poorer, +whatever their shortcomings, have the old Faith and are intensely +devoted to the Catholic Church. These are no more likely than the +people of Mexico and Brazil to be led to accept the mutilated form +of Christianity which will be presented to them by Mr. Hykes and his +friends; unless, indeed, there is such a deplorable dearth of priests +that they will be left without instruction and guidance. + +There are grave problems ahead which will tax the wisdom of the +American Congress far more than the military occupation of the +country. John Foreman, who spent some years there, and claims to +be a Catholic, advocates (National Review, September, 1898) the +disendowment of the Church as a necessary financial measure which +would bring a certain amount of relief to the colonial treasury. With +the exception of L3,000 a year paid to the Archbishop of Manila, +and L1,500 to each of the three other bishops, it is difficult to +see how the endowment comes in except as a measure adopted by every +civilized State in dealing with its uncivilized subject races; +and unless the United States is prepared to abandon the role of +civilizer, she will be obliged to keep up the paltry endowment made +in the past by Spain for that purpose. The Church in the Philippines +is, on the whole, self-supporting. She is in the position that the +Church in France, Spain, and Portugal was before the Revolution, +which, when it appeared successively in each country was followed +by a seizure of ecclesiastical property. The salaries paid to the +clergy in those countries are given as a compensation for past +robberies. The writer has been at pains to get at the truth in this +matter and has put himself in communication with a Dominican Friar, +who lived for twenty-seven years in the Philippines, and now holds the +distinguished position of Rector of the Spanish-Dominican College, +in Rome. From him the writer has received the following information +regarding the landed estates of the Friars, and the salaries paid to +them by the Spanish Government. As far as he knows all these estates +were acquired by purchase, and were not given by the Government; +they hold the title-deeds of them in their possession. He is not +prepared to say whether on their first introduction to the country, +three centuries ago, the Government made them grants of land; but we +ourselves may infer from the early history of the Dominicans there, +that whatever they got was from the early Spanish colonists and +the converted natives as free gifts. He adds that in any case the +introduction of agriculture is due to their exertions. The Friars +who ministered to the spiritual wants of the people may be placed +in three categories. There were, first of all, the ordinary parish +priest, who lived among a settled Catholic population. He subsisted +on his benefice, which is not Government property, and was endowed +by no subsidy from the Government. Secondly, there was the missionary +parish priest, who lived in a parish where the majority are Catholics, +but which also contained a proportion of the heathen. He received +some salary from the Government, but much less than that given +to the missionaries pure and simple, who lived in the midst of an +entirely heathen population. These latter, whose business it was +to civilize as well as convert the people to Christianity, and to +teach them agriculture and the mechanical arts, were paid according +as the mission district was large or small. In the large districts +they received L200 annually, and L50 a year was paid to the native +priests who acted as their assistants and curates. In the smaller +districts the sum allowed was L100. The Jesuits, too, on their +return to the Philippines some forty years ago, whence they had been +banished in the middle of the last century, got an annual subsidy as +compensation for the lands they formerly possessed, which had been +confiscated by the Spanish Government of the day. Something also +was given towards the education of young Franciscan missionaries, +and they were allowed their passage out from Spain. The figures we +have quoted are modest enough, seen in the light of modern colonial +salaries and expenditure. A continuance of the very moderate subsidies +allowed to the missionary Friars by the Spanish Government would no +more mean a union between Church and State than did the "contract" +system which was sanctioned by Congress up to 1894, for dealing with +the education of the North American Indians. According to this system, +both Catholic and Protestant missionaries were paid by Government +according to the number of pupils who attended their schools, and +these schools, of course, were taught on strictly denominational +lines. That system had most beneficial results as long as it lasted, +and was acceptable to the Indians. Its abandonment in favor of the +public-school system has resulted in the crying injustice of compelling +Catholic Indian fathers and mothers to send their children to certain +schools to which they have a conscientious objection. [6] + +The school question is one of the gravest problems that the American +Government will be called upon to face when her troops have effectively +occupied the Philippines. One of the cries of the rebel leaders is for +the secularization of the schools, and this cry, emanating from infidel +and secret society sources, will assuredly be echoed by the Protestant +ministers. It was these latter who, seeing their ministrations rejected +by the Indians, raised the agitation against the "contract" system. + +It is a shame and a wonder to find professed ministers of +religion joining in a cry with the professed destroyers of +religion. Secularization of education is always the first cry among +those who oppose the Catholic religion. According to the showing of +Dr. Parsons, it was attempted and sometimes successfully carried out +in Colombia, Chili, and Ecuador, in which latter country the bishops +were banished because they protested against it. Yet in spite of +the anti-Christian spirit, exhibited in this and in many other ways, +Dr. Parsons makes it clear that the masonic lodges in Peru actually +receive aid out of the funds supplied to Christianize (according to +sectarian ideas) the natives by the Protestant American public. + +The notorious ex-Indian commissioner Morgan, now a Baptist prophet, +has already sounded a characteristically aggressive note on this point, +and is conjuring the Government to drive the Catholic religion out +of all the schools in Cuba, a movement already accomplished in the +eastern part of the island. Morgan says: "Here is a field opened for +the missionary spirit, such as the young people of our country have +never yet seen. To carry thither and plant the seeds of civilization, +and to do this in the joyful confidence that all official assistance +is assured to them, will doubtlessly fill with enthusiasm hundreds of +ambitious young teachers." We may wonder what Morgan means by "official +assistance" given for the spreading of Protestantism among a Catholic +people, when, according to theory, the American Constitution does not +support one form of religion over another. But theory is one thing and +practice is another; and though in theory Church and State are entirely +separate, the theory has not, in the past, hindered the United States +from giving substantial assistance to Protestantism. This is how the +case stands for America. Rightly or wrongly she has taken over an +enormous Catholic population in the East. If she is not able to make +any concession on the score of religion, or to stretch a point to meet +the wishes of the people and govern them according to their ideas, then +it is only consonant with reason and justice that her Constitution, +which never contemplated colonial empire, will have to be modified to +meet the exigencies of a situation unimagined by its original founders +and makers. But, in reality, is any modification of the Constitution +necessary in order that religious instruction may take place in the +schools of the Archipelago? In Ireland there is no State Church, +and yet the National School System is so arranged that religious +instruction can be given for half an hour every day of the week. The +system is in theory undenominational, but in practice denominational. + +An early solution of the difficulty might be some such procedure as +the following. Let the parish priests be managers of the schools, +and have a voice in the appointment of properly certified masters and +mistresses, and let a fixed time be devoted to religious instruction +every day. If the Protestants succeed in attracting converts, and are +able to gather a sufficient number of children in any place to form +a school, they can receive the same treatment as regards payment and +control of religious instruction. Thus religious dissension would +be reduced to the minimum. Secularization of education would tend +to drive every form of religion out of the people, for Protestantism +could not hope to make headway for a long time in the Philippines; as, +to say the least, it would take some years for the ministers to get a +sufficient knowledge of the various languages in use, and establish +themselves in face of the opposition they are sure to meet with. It +would also put all the Friars in opposition to the Government, while +fair treatment would make them its best friends, and urge them to +keep the people as loyal to the American Constitution as they kept +them to the Spanish Crown for three centuries. + +If, then, the Government, after due inquiry, find that the vast +majority of the people do not join in the cry for secularization, +but desire to have the Catholic religion taught in the schools +which their children attend, it would be nothing short of religious +persecution to introduce the public schools system of the States into +the Philippines. It is ever to be borne in mind that the new American +possession in the Far East is one in which the great bulk of the people +are practical Catholics who attend to all their religious duties. + +To counteract the baleful influence of the Protestant missionary +and Bible societies, it will be necessary for the Catholic Church in +America to be alive to the new and grave responsibilities thus thrown +upon her by the hand of Providence, and to send out English-speaking +priests at once to the Philippines, to make up for the great dearth of +priests caused by the excesses of the rebels. Before the rebellion they +numbered between one and two thousand, a small number in comparison +with the Catholic population. Fifty have been killed outright; +many others have died of the hardships undergone in captivity; while +several hundreds have left the country, apparently with no intention +of returning. Every year till last year, bands of enthusiastic young +missionaries used to go out from the colleges in Spain to fill up the +gaps in the ranks of the Friars, caused by sickness and death. That +perennial source of life and strength can no longer be relied upon +under the new conditions. The energies of the Spanish Friars will +most likely be expended in Spain itself, where the lack of priests +is still severely felt, and in developing their great and flourishing +missions in China, Japan, Tonquin, and Formosa. + +It is a matter of astonishment that the Church in the United +States has up to the present no organization for supplying foreign +mission. Perhaps the struggle to keep abreast in numbers with the +growing Catholic population has absorbed all her energies. But now, +for the first time in her history, she must cast her eyes beyond her +boundaries, and send speedy help to the millions of children who have +been given to her keeping, and whose voice may be heard from across +the wide ocean, calling to her for spiritual help and ministration. Let +her gaze steadily and thoughtfully on the vast harvest of souls given +unto her. She shall reap where others have sown and planted. Let her +gird herself to the work, and go forth and gather with joy the good +wheat that others--the poor Spanish missionaries--have sown in tears +and cultivated through much tribulation. + +A fact of interest in connection with the aspect of our subject +under consideration is the challenge sent to Archbishop Ireland +by an American Presbyterian of authority in his sect. He tells the +Archbishop in effect that if the Catholic Church in the United States +will undertake the missionary equipment of the Philippines, his sect +will gladly withdraw from the field, and devote their efforts to Africa +instead. Without attaching any more importance to this declaration +than it deserves, especially as it is founded on the false assumption +that one Gospel is preached by Catholic priests in Washington and +another in Manila, we may, nevertheless, infer from it that these men +believe they would have a much easier task in dealing with the Spanish +missionaries than with Catholic missionaries from the States. Without +saying anything in disparagement of the learning of a body of men +which has produced a Gonzalez, one of the greatest philosophers of +the century, we believe that American priests, being more in touch +with modern times and more open to modern ideas, could give them +valuable lessons in the conflict between the Church and the world, as +it is carried on in our own days. It is not by profound theological +arguments that we can deal with men who can neither understand nor +appreciate them. Priests are wanted for the Philippines who can make +their voices heard beyond its boundaries; who can mould public opinion +by means of the daily Press; who can keep in touch with the politics +and legislation of the United States; and can bring public opinion +there to bear on unjust and unfair treatment, if anything of the kind +is attempted against the Catholics of that unfortunate Archipelago. + + + + + + +POSTSCRIPT. + + +Since these chapters were prepared for the press there has come +to hand from the ex-missionary, referred to in the previous pages +more than once, additional and valuable information. [7] Though it +embraces various matters, we think it better to give it altogether, +as it possesses a peculiar authority and interest of its own, coming +as it does from a Friar who lived in the Philippines for twenty-seven +years, and who knew the country well in its normal and peaceful state, +long before the Freemasons had wrought havoc in the relations between +the priests and the people. + +1. Those who were principally engaged in writing against the Friars +for the past few years, and injuring their prestige at home, were +the civil functionaries and military officers, who for the most +part lived at Manila and knew next to nothing about them and their +doings. These men were biased by anti-religious ideas implanted in them +by an irreligious education. It is easy to estimate the effect of an +enormous correspondence of this kind, leaving Manila every fortnight, +and passing into the hands of politicians in the mother-country, +especially as there was nothing to counteract its influence on the +part of the Friars, who did their work quietly and earnestly, and +had very little correspondence with Spain at all. + +2. The parish priests were ex-officio inspectors of the primary +schools, but, having no voice in the appointment of masters and +mistresses, and finding unsuitable persons thrust on them, were forced +in many cases to retire from the schools in disgust, and limit their +connection with them as much as possible. + +3. The parish priests were also ex-officio presidents of certain +municipal committees, and were supposed to help in the appointment +of justices of the peace and petty governors, by sending in reports +of the qualifications or otherwise of the nominees. The system worked +well for a long time. But, latterly, owing to the new spirit in Manila, +where the persons in office seemed leagued against the Friars, these +privileged communications invariably leaked out; and if the parish +priest, as in duty bound, laid bare defects and deficiencies the first +to hear of it would be the person of whom they were told. This was +naturally a constant source of irritation and loss of prestige. The +officials seemed to take a delight in lowering the parish priest +in the eyes of the better class of natives. If the parish priest +ventured to advise the governors as to what was best to be done +in the interests of the communes, especially with regard to the +secret societies, the governors would laugh, call him a visionary--an +innocent man. No wonder, then, that the parish priests gradually began +to retire within themselves, and leave growing evils unchecked, when +they saw all their endeavor balked by the powerful opposition of the +civil and military governors. This untoward state of things left the +rebels free to mature and carry out their plans. + +4. Here is an instance of how badly this state of things reacted +on the country. The introduction of the new Penal Code was a great +blunder of the Government. It was unnecessary; the natives were all +opposed to it, and the strength and extent of that opposition was +well known to the Friars who lived in the midst of the people. Under +normal conditions they would have advised the repeal of the Code, and +their advice would have been taken. But they were forced to remain +silent while the Government in its folly was putting the obnoxious +Code in force. If they had warned the Government, instead of getting +the respectful hearing to which they were entitled, by their long +experience and their intimate knowledge of the people, they would +simply have been dubbed reactionists. + +5. How foolish it was of the Government to alienate the most loyal +Spaniards in the whole Archipelago, the most distinctively Spanish +element,--the Friars. They were almost ultra-loyal, and did their best +to inspire feelings of loyalty in the breasts of the natives. They were +powerful bodies with a strong bond of cohesion, having large interests +in the country. They had glorious traditions to look back upon and +keep them up to the ideal they had formed of their mission martyrs, a +history to remember with pride; and all around them a Christian people, +the fruit of their apostolic toil and that of their predecessors. The +officials, on the other hand, were mere birds of passage, who took no +real interest in the country. It was a case of every one for himself; +every official keeping his eye on Spain with a view to an early +return, while he went through his appointed work. It is remarkable +too that in the Philippines there is no class of old rich Spanish +families such as are to be found in other colonies; the families +are all of yesterday--the riches in the hands of Chinese merchants, +and the foreign trade in the hands of the English and Germans. + +6. It used to be said that the Friars wished to have a hand in +everything. The three important departments of justice, finance, and +military affairs were outside their province altogether, and these as +purely secular matters they never touched. The complaint arose from +their being ever ready to preach against sedition and disloyalty, +and to use their moral influence publicly and privately for that +purpose. But the Friars for the sake of the people did take part +in other than purely spiritual concerns, and the activity of mind +it engendered was personally a great help and relief to them. The +general rule is that young priests, coming over for the first time, +suffer a great deal from that ennui to which all classes of Europeans +are subject to in the Archipelago. Gradually the sense of the sublime +duties to which they have vowed themselves, and the example of the +older brethren work a wonderful change in them for the better. They +then begin to throw themselves with ardor into their work, and +identifying themselves with the people among whom their ministrations +lie, take a great interest even in their temporal affairs, and are +glad to help them over their difficulties, especially those arising +between them and the governors. Any friction between the governors +and the Friars has generally arisen from the latter being prompt to +defend the rights of the natives. + +7. It is untrue to say that the Friars did not wish to spread the +Spanish language. What they were opposed to was the folly of trying +to teach the Christian doctrine and some other elementary knowledge +in a language not understood by the people. In this matter they gave +their candid opinion to the Government that it was impossible to teach +Spanish in out-of-the-way rural schools. But in towns they taught in +Spanish, and taught the Spanish language and literature. They used +to induce parents to send their children to Manila for the purpose +of learning Spanish. + +8. Regarding their opposition to the rebellion from the pulpit, +in private conversation, and by means of the press, they fought the +secret societies, its principal cause, and the propagation of evil +and irreligious literature. They pointed out these evils on several +occasions since 1887 to the governors, and were told in reply that +these societies were of no importance, that they had nothing to do +with the rebellion, and, in fact, that the preparations of the rebels +were of no serious consequence. General Weyler was the only governor +who gave them a hearing. With that solitary exception the official +element remained incredulous. The secret society of the "Katipunan," +the compact of blood, and the enrolment of levies, were all discovered +by the Prior of Guadalupe, who sent a report of it to General Blanco +three months before the rising took place. Padre Mariane Gol exposed +the intentions of the lodges a long time before Aug. 19, 1898, and +also gave notice of concealed deposits of arms, and a detailed account +of what took place at Manila on the arrival of the Japanese ship Konga. + + + + + + +APPENDIX I. + +A SHORT ACCOUNT OF MISSIONS IN CHINA, CONDUCTED BY THE DOMINICAN +FRIARS OF THE PHILIPPINES. [8] + + +Missionaries supplied by the religions Orders in the Philippines +to the large fields of labor in China and Japan are not confined +to the Dominicans, but as we have not details at hand regarding the +other Orders, we present to our readers part of the work done by the +Dominicans, which will serve as a specimen of the rest. + +The Dominicans have charge since 1631 of the Vicariate Apostolic +of Fo-Kien, which at present contains 20,000,000 inhabitants. The +Most Rev. Dr. Salvator Masot, O.P., is the present Vicar-apostolic, +and working under him are eighteen Spanish Dominicans, one native +Dominican, and twelve secular native priests. The vicariate is divided +into twenty-two districts, each under the care of a priest, and the +Christian population numbers 35,000. The districts are subdivided +into what are called Christianities, or places of meeting where +prayer is said, and the Christian doctrine taught. About fifty of +them are provided with an oratory or chapel where Mass is said, +and the sacraments administered; and they have also attached to them +thirty schools for boys and eight for girls. There is also under the +care of the Dominicans a seminary for the education of young native +students who show a vocation for the priesthood. + +In 1883 part of the vicariate was cut off and formed into the Vicariate +Apostolic of Amoy, which also was made to embrace the Island of +Formosa. The most Rev. Dr. Ignatius Ibanez is Vicar-apostolic, and +under his direction are working fourteen Spanish Dominicans, one +native Dominican. The vicariate is divided into fourteen districts, +half of which are in Formosa. They have forty chapels or oratories, +twenty schools for boys and girls, and a seminary in the town of +Ta-Kow in Formosa. + +A few words about the Sisters of the Third Order of St. Dominic, +who are engaged on the work of the Holy Infancy in both vicariates, +will be interesting. There are fifteen European sisters in all, +besides eight native women. They have five orphanages in which +are housed 200 female orphans abandoned by their unnatural parents +in infancy, and kept by the Sisters till they can marry them into +Christian families. Besides these they have rescued since 1891, 800 +others whom they place under the care of Christian nurses, and look +after till they can settle them in life. + +The only fact we can give of the Vicariate of Central Tonquin, also +under the care of the Philippine Dominicans, is that in 1890 alone +2,100 natives were converted and baptized. + + + + + + +APPENDIX II. + +EXTRACTS RELATING TO THE FRIARS, FROM THE OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE OF +GENERALS WEYLER AND MORIONES. + + +GENERAL WEYLER. + +"The mission of the Religious Orders is not over, as is pretended by +some who, having fallen foul of them, seek to abolish them altogether, +or at least to restrict and limit their influence. It is this spirit +of jealousy that has dictated many of the so-called reforms, which +we have seen enforced of late years. + +"But these people seem to forget that we have established our authority +in Luzon and the Visayas by the exercise of moral influence alone, +backed up by the parish priest, for as none has such intimate and +friendly relations with the people as the priest, so no one knows +better than he what the people think, nor is any one better able +to give them wise advice, to restrain them, and influence them for +good. He alone can make Spaniards of them. By his office and position +he is best fitted to make things easy for our minor officials in +their different charges and districts. + +"Remove the control of Religion, and what do you do? You remove the +Spanish element, forgetful of the fact that we have to depend on +a native army whose dialect we do not understand, and who, in turn, +understand not ours; that we have amongst us but a very limited number +of Spanish soldiers--this is really how we are situated. I firmly +believe that the day that witnesses the abolition of the Religious +Orders, or even the serious restriction of their influence, will +also witness the loss of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Even were we to fill +the ranks of the army entirely with Spanish recruits, we should not +improve matters, for then there would be an immense increase to the +expenditure, whereas at present the Orders cost us next to nothing. All +the religious live in common after the manner of a corporation; +so that whatever the priest receives, goes to the support of all, +and to maintain their colleges and seminaries in Spain. Far, then, +from being an inconvenience in the Philippines, religious zeal is our +surest support, and should be by every means promoted and encouraged. + +"The natives are naturally simple and credulous, and of little +discernment; and so are prone to superstition and idolatry, and can +be easily imposed upon by any quick-witted impostor who is able to +relate strange and wonderful stories. To prevent them being drawn away, +the light of the true religion is absolutely necessary. + +"In Luzon and the Visayas the Government should make religion a +support on which to lean, and should regard the existence of the +Religious Orders as a most effective means of spreading and diffusing +civilization, and of consolidating vast multitudes of men of different +and widely separated races. It is only by gaining the good-will of +these masses we can hope to rule them and draw them to ourselves. In +the establishing of new outposts and ranches, we must count on the +influence of the missionary. It is with this end in view that I have +established certain missions, which will, I hope, in a few years give +the most satisfactory results. I hope that they will be even the +indirect means of increasing the revenues and income of the State, +although the new Christians are to be free of all taxes for the next +ten years. In a word, I know of no better means of civilizing the +natives than the missionary post. + +"It is clear that as society progresses in civilization and +enlightenment, the less we are dependent on the influence of the +priest; for as civilization advances organization becomes more +perfect. What I deduce from this is that the reforms necessary in +these islands should be carried out in logical succession, and in +proportion to the state of civilization in each province. + +"To aid us in accomplishing this good work, it is necessary that we +should multiply the means for the diffusion of learning, for teaching +the Spanish language, encourage and stimulate labor and industry, +banish as far as possible card-playing and gambling, and extinguish +certain instincts and customs peculiar to half-civilized men. + +"These are my aims, and to their realization I have devoted myself +with earnestness, taking for my programme--if I might so express +it--the advancement and strengthening of the civil authority, the +spreading of civilization and learning, so that the country may enjoy +at no distant date the blessings that have come to other countries +through the same means. + +"But this, in my opinion, can only be achieved through the Religious +Orders. For let the Government bear in mind that those who deny this +are filibusters, who desire the absolute independence of the country, +and who knew well that their greatest obstacle is to be found in +those holy men who have the charge of souls in the Philippines." + + + +GENERAL MORIONES. + +"Though I desire to enforce the laws with strictness, yet I am at the +same time most anxious to safeguard the moral and material interests +of the people over whom I rule. It has ever been my constant study +to maintain on the one hand all the royal prerogatives in their +entire amplitude and vigor; and on the other to make every concession +consistent with these prerogatives, which justice and reason demand, +and thus preserve the close relations which should exist between +the religious and political powers. I regard this relation and +harmony between these two powers as the very foundation of social +order--in this country particularly, where religion and patriotism +are interwoven in all its past history, and pre-existing institutions, +and where they must bring about its future peace and prosperity. + +"My efforts in this direction have, I rejoice to say, been greatly +strengthened by the loyal and unconditional assistance given to my +authority by all the Religious Orders of the country. These bodies, +to the glory of Spain be it recorded, are composed of excellent +and truly devoted men; men who without one hope of earthly reward, +without a hope of ever again treading their native land, sacrifice +with generous enthusiasm their lives, social surroundings, personal +friendships, nay, even, in some places, their daily bread, to spread +the light of the Gospel, and promote the interests of Spain. + +"They spend themselves in their efforts to instil the love of faith +and fatherland into the simple minds of the innocent inhabitants of +these distant lands, and thus lay the best and surest foundations of +a true civilization. + +"Aided in this manner it has been comparatively easy for me to effect +many of the necessary reforms in different parts of this Province; +to establish useful institutions, and to aid the Supreme Government +by founding many benevolent societies, such as the Monte de Pieta +and the Savings Bank, which I hope will put an end to the extortions +of greedy speculators. Many villages have submitted to us in the +provinces of North Luzon without our having had to employ force to +any extent worth speaking of. This happy result has been brought about +almost entirely by the good offices of the Religious Orders,--I mean +by their preaching, their advice, the holy example of their lives, +their tact, self-denial, and sacrifices. + +"They are men who deserve our highest esteem, and our lasting +gratitude."... + + + + + + +APPENDIX III. + +THE WORK OF FREEMASONRY IN SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA. + + +A writer in the San Francisco Monitor has made a very intelligible and +instructive abstract of an article recently written by Rev. Reuben +Parsons, D.D., on "Freemasonry in Latin America." This is a subject +upon which there is much popular misapprehension, and Dr. Parsons +throws a strong light upon it. His language is, all in all, moderate; +and his tone, temperate. He makes no vicious attack upon the Order, +and all his assertions are substantiated by quotations from Masonic +organs or unprejudiced sources. He exposes the systematic attacks +which the lodges have made upon religion; the persecutions to which +they have subjected not only the bishops but the laity; the war they +have waged against religious education. And he proves all his charges +from the mouths of the Masons themselves. + +Freemasonry in the United States and Freemasonry in Catholic countries +are two distinct institutions. Freemasonry among us is a benevolent +society with a creed and a ritual. It does not exhibit any symptoms +of bigotry. But in France, Spain, and Italy a main purpose seems +to be opposition to the Church. In France the Masonic clique which +runs the government has kept the Church in bondage; in Italy Masonry +was most active in the movement which overthrew the temporal power +of the Pope. In Latin America, as Dr. Parsons shows, it has started +revolutions, assassinated the leaders of the people, exiled the clergy, +and persecuted the Church. Fortunately, however, its domination has +been short-lived in most of the South American republics, owing to +the universal disgust which its violent measures excited. Brazil +was the scene of the most important fight that Freemasonry waged +against the Church in South America. For many years the society +had been establishing itself in that country, but it was only +during the reign of Don Pedro II. (1831-1889) that an open rupture +occurred. There were two Grand Lodges in Brazil--one monarchial and +the other revolutionary. In 1872 the president of the former had +some measures passed in Parliament which were highly pleasing to +his followers. A banquet was tendered to him, and a feature of the +affair was an address by a priest. The priest was suspended by his +bishop, and, at once, the Masons were on the warpath. Both lodges sank +their differences, and united in their opposition to what they were +pleased to call an infringement of their liberty. Their first act of +defiance was the announcement of a Mass to be celebrated for one of +their brethren who had died in rebellion against the Church. Next day +they turned their attention to the provinces and attempted to have a +Mass of thanksgiving celebrated in commemoration of the foundation +of the lodge at Olinda. The bishop immediately warned his priests +against this defiance of spiritual authority. The Masons retorted +by charging that some priests were members of that sect, and that +the parish confraternities were honeycombed with masonry. It was +found that some of the confraternities attached to the churches were +controlled by the Masons. The bishop forbade the infected societies +to hold services in their chapels. Those thus censured, disregarded +the prohibition, and even went so far in their defiance as to appear +in church in full regalia. When holy communion was refused them "in +their Masonic capacity," they boldly took possession of the keys of +the tabernacle. The priests were thus forced to go to the president +of the local Masonic confraternity whenever they were called upon +to administer the holy viaticum to the dying, and ask from him the +necessary keys. + +Of course such a condition could not long continue. The Masons appealed +to the minister of ecclesiastical affairs, who was himself in high +standing in the Order. He decided that the bishops should withdraw +their interdict against the confraternities. Just at this time, the +bishop of Olinda received a papal brief approving of his action. The +brief was published by the prelate, who was thereupon arrested and +charged with the terrible crime of promulgating an ecclesiastical +mandate without permission of the Emperor. In every country where +the Church is free, the ecclesiastical authorities enjoy the right +of ruling and directing their flock in spiritual matters. It would +seem, according to the Masonic idea and the weak-minded Don Pedro, +that the bishop should not take any action without consulting the +temporal rulers. + +The intrepid prelate was sentenced to four years in the +penitentiary. When his case was disposed of, the bishop of Para was +arrested and received the same sentence, besides being subjected to +insults worse than the penitentiary could offer. One of the condemned +confraternities celebrated its feast in 1877 with a grand procession, +the most prominent feature of which was a series of indecent +pictures. The bishop of the diocese where the outrage occurred felt +it his duty to speak out against the sacrilegious act. He prohibited +the shameless society from using its chapel, but after two years of +legal proceedings the case was decided against him. On the night of the +decision, the Masons celebrated their victory by hooting the prelate +and illuminating their headquarters. These excesses disgusted the +Catholics of Brazil, and popular indignation forced the Masons to be +more prudent and to confine themselves to secret intrigues. As outlined +in the address of their Grand Master, their policy should be to obtain +control of the schools, to introduce a bill which would make marriage +merely a civil contract, and to secularize the cemeteries. In 1880, +however, the sect met with reverses, and the new government was not +under Masonic influences. Many of the deluded members abjured their +errors, and the Church in Brazil has enjoyed comparative freedom +since that time. + +Freemasonry makes loud boasts of enlightenment and independence, +but it hounded to death the most enlightened and liberty-loving +patriot that South America has ever produced--Simon Bolivar, the +Liberator. He studied law in Madrid, and on his return home joined +the patriots who revolted against Spain. He freed Venezuela from +Spanish rule, and was elected first President of the Republic of +Colombia. But while he was fighting for the freedom of Peru, the +Masonic clique was plotting against religious freedom in Colombia. In +1821 the Colombian Congress, which was controlled by the Masons, +passed many laws directed against the Church. The Catholic religion +was disestablished, right of censorship over books was vested in the +Government alone, the right of nominating bishops, which had been +exercised by the defunct Spanish power, was claimed, and a new plan +of studies was imposed on the ecclesiastical seminaries. Some of these +regulations may appear innocent, but the way in which they were carried +out evidenced the animus of their authors. The first books passed and +approved for publication by the government censor were the works of +Voltaire and other French atheists, and many immoral pamphlets. One +of the text-books prescribed for the universities was an atheistic +work by the English materialist Bentham. When an eminent professor +protested against this, he was thrown into prison. Such violation +of religious liberty could not occur in the United States. And yet +these enlightened and tolerant Masons inflicted them on a Catholic +nation. Other outrages on liberty followed. Crime stalked abroad +in the new republic; unoffending citizens were cast into prison or +beheaded on the trumped-up charge of treason. The people soon tired +of the new tyranny and clamored for Bolivar to return and liberate +them once again. + +Bolivar returned and restored order and peace to the distracted +country. He was hated by the lodges, and his death was decreed. On +Sept. 25, 1828, a band of assassins entered his house, but fortunately +Bolivar escaped by a secret passage. That the crime had been plotted by +the Masons is evident from the decree which the President issued soon +afterwards: "Considering that secret societies have the planning of +political revolutions for their principal object, and that their +baneful character is sufficiently manifested by the mystery with +which they surround themselves, I order the suppression of all +such societies, and the closing of their lodges." He re-established +religious education in the schools and universities, believing that +nothing but religion could counteract the disorders and crimes which +disgraced his beloved country. His enemies triumphed at the elections +of 1830, and Bolivar decided to resign office. His final address to +Congress is memorable. "And now," he wrote, "let my last official act +be to recommend Congress to protect continually our holy religion, the +fruitful source of the blessing of Heaven; and to entreat Congress to +restore its sacred and unprescriptible rights to public instruction, +which has been made a cancer for Colombia. Fellow-citizens, I must +say, with the blush of shame on my brow, that while we have won +our independence, it has been won at the expense of every other +blessing. For twenty years I have served you as soldier and as +magistrate. During that long period we have freed our country, +procured liberty for three republics, repressed many civil wars, +and four times I have resigned to the people the supreme power which +they confided to me. To-day I fear that I may be an obstacle to your +happiness, and therefore I resign for the last time the magistracy +with which you have honored me. The most unworthy suspicions have been +expressed in my regard, and I have been unable to defend myself. A +crown has been offered to me frequently by men who are now ambitious +of supreme power, but I always refused that crown with the indignation +of a sincere republican." + +The republic which he established was dismembered; his dearest friend +was assassinated, and his own picture was burned in effigy. He was +besought to return and once more guide the destinies of the country, +but he replied: "I cannot assume an authority with which another is +invested." He died in his forty-eighth year, of a broken heart. Such +was the treatment which the Washington of South America received +from Freemasons. + +Contrasting the lives of two presidents of Ecuador--Moreno, the +martyr, and Alfaro--in a previous article, we touched on the crimes +of Freemasonry in that country. After the assassination of Moreno, +the lodges decided not to inaugurate a very radical policy. They +were afraid of a popular outburst. But in 1877 a drunken soldier, +named Vintimilla, was proclaimed dictator, and then the cloven hoof +appeared. The usual decree for the secularization of education was +promulgated and the Catholic bishops protested. The bishops were +banished for their action, and the Archbishop of Quito, Monsignor +Chica, died under very suspicious circumstances. A post-mortem +examination revealed twelve grains of strychnine in his stomach, +but his poisoners were never brought to justice. This was followed +by a decree ordering all the pastors to celebrate requiem masses +for the souls "of all the martyrs of holy Liberalism who had fallen +since March, 1869." That was the date of an insurrection against +the saintly Moreno. The priests refused to celebrate Mass for these +revolutionists, and the people sided with them. The drunken dictator +was defeated. Soon afterwards he was driven from office and Ecuador +was comparatively peaceful until Alfaro, a cruel and ignorant soldier, +seized the Government. His term has been marked by the murder and +exile of priests and bishops. + +In Chili, the most Catholic of all South American countries, English +and German Masons made many futile attempts to secularize all the +institutions, and to degrade marriage into a merely civil contract. The +Monde Maconnique published the programme which had been prepared by +the "Grand Lodge of Chili"; and another organ of the lodges informs us +that "in Chili it is really the English and German lodges that do the +work." It is gratifying to learn that all their plots came to naught, +and that Chili remains a Catholic and contented country. + +In Peru the lodges are supported in a manner from the "missionary +funds," which Protestants of this country contribute for the spread +of the Gospel among these "benighted Papists." The preachers who +are sent out to Catholic countries are too often ignorant bigots. A +common mode of procedure on their part is to attack and calumniate +Catholics, and they are ready to join with Masonry, or any other +anti-Catholic society, in their fight against the Church. So far, +however, they have failed to stir up an anti-Catholic movement in Peru. + +Little need be added about Mexico, where the people are, for the +most part, devoutly Catholic, while the politicians are Masonic. As a +consequence the Church has been despoiled of her property and visited +with persecution. The trouble with the people of these countries is +that they allow themselves to be ruled by politicians. The same may +be said of the United States, with a difference, however: there, +politicians are allowed to misappropriate funds and to plunder +tax-payers; in Mexico and South America the Catholics, somehow or +other, permit themselves to be persecuted by the Masonic politicians. + + + + + + +APPENDIX IV. + +INTERVIEW WITH AUGUSTINIAN FRIARS. + +(From the Catholic Standard and Times, Philadelphia, Penn.) + + +Ten Spanish priests, driven from the mission of the Philippines by +the insurrectionary movement, arrived in San Francisco on the 5th +of January by the Pacific Mail steamer Doric. They only remained +a few days in California, as their destination was New Granada, to +which they sailed the following week. A call on them while stopping +at the Occidental Hotel obtained much interesting information +about the disposition of the natives towards the clergy in the +Philippine group. All ten had been employed as parish priests in +country districts, where the population is almost wholly of native +stock, without the admixture of Chinese blood which is prevalent +in Manila. Two came from Luzon, where the Tagals are predominant; +two more from Zebu, and six from Panay. In these last islands the +population is of the Visaya race. Familiarity with the native language +is required from every missionary before he is sent out of the seminary +in Manila after his arrival in the Archipelago. + +During their passage the exiled priests, by direction of their +superiors, all wore the ordinary secular dress, and looked like a +delegation of intelligent business men from some country district +in the United States. In manner they were courteous and very +intelligent; but they were somewhat shy of talking much in a strange +land. After some time this shyness wore off, and cordial relations +were established between the exiles and your correspondent. None of +the former spoke English, though the president, Father Diaz, read +it readily, and translated offhand articles in the San Francisco +papers to his brethren. They were not familiar with the system of +interviewing as practised in California, and asked that any questions +to which their answers were desired should be put to them in Spanish +and in writing. Later they conversed freely on subjects connected +with their missions, though they declined to express themselves on +political questions. They evidently regarded Aguinaldo as not a very +remarkable personage, and the calmness with which they spoke of their +own experiences was very remarkable. + +The statement that the Friars possessed large estates in the country +was declared by them to be a pure lie. The individual members possess +nothing, and the only property held by the Orders is attached to +hospitals or colleges. The missionaries are all Europeans, though +there are many natives among the secular clergy. The Augustinians, +Franciscans, Dominicans, and Capuchins have the right of presentation +to certain parishes which were founded among the barbarous natives in +older times. Each Order has a seminary in Europe specially devoted +to training such of its members as have suitable vocations for the +Philippine mission. After completing their studies, and receiving +holy orders, the young priests are sent to the seminaries in the +Philippines to perfect themselves in the native languages, and get +familiar with the habits of the country. There are three principal +languages spoken in the group,--Tagal, Visaya, and Pampanginano. No +priest is sent on mission work until he is thoroughly acquainted +with whichever of these he is destined to use in his ministry. These +Philippine languages have, it must be remembered, books and literature, +and are not mere dialects suitable to all. In answer to a question +whether as missionaries they could accumulate private funds, Father +Alvarez emphatically said no. "We are Friars and have taken a solemn +vow of poverty," he stated, "and it a simple falsehood to assert, as +some have done, that any Philippine Friar possesses a rood of land or +a peso that he can call his own, except temporarily and by permission +of his superiors." A couple of other questions brought out a clearly +worded account of the relations of the Friars in the Philippines to +Church and State. Some of the facts will be new to American readers. + +The Catholic Church in the Archipelago is organized on the same +basis as in other parts of the world, but the number of clergy is +much less in proportion to the population than in any other Catholic +country. There is one archbishop and four bishops for a population +of over seven millions. The dioceses are divided into parishes, as +in Spain or America, and the priests of each parish are subject to +the bishop's authority in the same manner. The only peculiarity, in +a church point, is that more than three-quarters of the parishes are +served by members of the different Religious Orders--Augustinians, +Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits. Each Order has the right of +presenting the names of suitable priests for the districts in its +charge to the bishop, who appoints them, if satisfactory to his own +judgment, after which the Augustinian or Franciscan occupies the +ordinary position of a parish priest--subject, however, to removal by +his own superior. In practice this is rare, and the relations between +the bishops and the Orders have been uniformly satisfactory. + +The whole number of Augustinians in the islands in 1896 was three +hundred and twenty-seven, and the Catholic population which this number +supplied was two millions three hundred thousand, or about one priest +to every seven thousand Catholics. It certainly is not a great number, +and does not justify the common ideas of hordes of idle Friars. In +districts of over ten thousand two or more Friars are stationed, but +the great majority have only one, with a native assistant priest or +deacon in some cases. The church property is simply the church and +priest's house, with a garden attached. The revenue is an allowance +from the government, which varies from five hundred to eight hundred +silver dollars a year, or somewhat less than ten cents a head for the +population at large. That the three hundred Friars can lead idle lives +is hardly compatible with the number of baptisms and marriages recorded +within a year. There were a hundred and fifteen thousand baptisms, +sixteen thousand marriages, and fifty-one thousand interments as the +work of 1896 for the three hundred Friars. + +Of the condition of the people in the islands Father Alvarez thought +it compared fairly well with the rural population of his native Spain +or other European countries. The bulk of the natives own and cultivate +their own lands. There are schools for boys and girls in every parish, +and the great majority can read and write. Of the religious spirit of +the country people and their respect for the missionaries he spoke +very favorably. The movement which drove them out was political, +not religious. Father Alvarez attributed the chief share in it to the +mestizos of Chinese and Philippine origin, who form the greater part +of the population of Manila and the larger towns. Like the Tagals +and the Visayas, these mestizos are Christians, but they possess the +fondness for secret societies of their Chinese fathers. A certain +number of the younger natives who have engaged in office seeking or +business joined in the movement, to which the bulk of the country +population is wholly indifferent. + +The occupation of Cavite by Dewey and the destruction of the Spanish +fleet was followed by the withdrawal of the Spanish soldiers from +the remoter islands, where they had been almost the only police +force. Popular disturbances followed in many places, and Aguinaldo +at Cavite, through the mestizo agents, quickly put himself in touch +with the local agitators. The latter had no definite purpose except +to secure personal advancement in the change of government, and when +Aguinaldo declared Spaniards the enemies of the Philippines, attacks +were made on the isolated Spanish priests. Several were imprisoned, +some were released by their parishioners, and others remained in the +hands of the new insurgent soldiery. The heads of the Order directed +a temporary retirement, and most of the priests did so, but returned +again after some time. With the progress of Aguinaldo's party more +violent measures were adopted towards the Spanish priests. The jails +were opened and criminals had free scope through the islands. In many +places liquor was freely distributed by the leaders of the insurgents, +and massacres and robberies were committed with impunity. In Illocos, +in Luzon, the bishop and all the students of the seminary and all the +Spanish priests were arrested and treated with savage brutality. More +than fifty priests were murdered in different places, and over four +hundred thrown into prison and subjected to all the brutalities that +the fierce Malay spirit could suggest. The heads of the Orders in +Manila finally gave the word, and the missionaries who were able to +escape made their way to the different places which were protected by +Spanish garrisons, or to Manila itself. In Manila, after its capture, +it was impossible for the Orders to maintain long the number of +fugitive priests thus driven from their homes. Their funds are limited, +and, on consultation with the generals in Rome, it was decided to find +employment for the exiles in other lands as far as possible. In South +America such employment has been offered to a number of Augustinians. + + + + + + +APPENDIX V. + +LETTER FROM A FRIAR IN THE POWER OF THE REBELS TO ANOTHER FRIAR, +OF THE SAME ORDER, RESIDING IN MANILA. + + + +Dear and Reverend Father,-- + +The wife of the master of N. has come to visit us in your name, +and to offer us money. God will reward your good works and your +kindness to us. We are not accepting the help you offer us because +we have no need of it for the present. Just now we can say we are +rich in comparison with what we were some time ago. For the last +two months we have not been treated with that ferocity which was +displayed against us previously by the rebel chief holding the rank +of Lieut.-Colonel, and the guard in whose custody we were placed: +He treated us in the beginning with extreme rigor, due to his satanic +hatred against religion, and his insatiable greed. He ordered us to be +scourged on four occasions, took all our money, and, finally all we +possessed. He took our clothes, hats, and shoes, and left us nothing +but miserable rags for clothing. But the charity of the people, in +spite of the guards, who had the most severe orders to prevent them, +supplied us with all we had need of. + +The hatred that the rebel chief has shown towards us has passed all +limits. He made us suffer for a long time most terrible humiliations +and vexations. He and his soldiers injured us in various ways and +tortured us. The attitude of the rebel chief clearly showed us that +he was a furious agent of the Freemasons. By his orders the father +Vicar of N. was tied to a tree and fiercely beaten. In addition to +this bad treatment, we were sent every day on the public roads and +forced to work till night-time. We just got what repose was strictly +necessary, and at noon a small repast--all that under a fierce sun. I +was exempted from the work on account of my sickness, and yet I had +a desire to share in the labors and sufferings of my brethren. + +The people compassionated us and relieved us as much as +possible. They brought us tea, coffee, cigars, etc., and all that +without the knowledge of the guards, from fear of the rebel chief, +who threatened terrible punishment to all who would dare to give aid +to the prisoners. The people of N., as soon as they learnt that I was +a prisoner, began to come to see me, in spite of the long distance +that separated them from me, and brought me clothes and money with +which I was able to provide for my necessities for the time being. + +When the rebel chief bearing the title of Lieut.-Colonel heard this +news he got into a great rage, threatened my parishioners that he +would have them arrested and brought before a judge. In consequence of +this they were obliged to fly, but still before their departure they +found means of giving me a little more help. The rebel chief does +not reside near us, but comes from time to time, causing terror to +everybody. Happily, his visits are rarer now, and, thanks to God, we +enjoy a certain tranquillity. It is said that he has been reprimanded +for the bad treatment he has inflicted on us. Who knows? + +However that may be, he comes but rarely, and leaves us in +peace. Taking advantage of this, an inhabitant of the locality in +which we are has obtained from a chief of a higher grade a remission +of the hard labor. + +We know from a good source that all communication with the imprisoned +Friars has been forbidden under the most severe penalties. The faithful +are permitted neither to salute us nor to visit us. On Sundays we ask +permission to go to Mass, and when that is granted us we have to go +escorted by bayonets, and are not permitted to say Mass ourselves. + +The Governor of the locality is polite enough with us, but does +not obtain any favor for us. Fathers N. and N. have written several +times to him, begging him to get our position bettered as far as he +is able. A great number of rebel chiefs have come to see us, and all +seem possessed by a satanic hatred for us, and instead of pitying us +rejoice to see us in a state of misery. + +They boast of having taken part in the massacres of the insurrection, +and say to us: "Fathers So-and-So have escaped us, but if we catch +them we will make them pay for their conduct. It has been decreed +to exterminate you all; however, we will allow you to live." The +insurgents demand freedom of worship, of teaching, of association, +civil marriage, etc. These theories are proclaimed in public, and +civil marriages have already taken place. They are celebrated in +presence of the Mayor, according to the new decree, and the fee is +five francs. The Blessed Virgin, who delivered us from death, will +deliver us also from this perilous situation, and by that will put +a seal on the favors she has already bestowed on us. + +Kindest remembrances to all the brethren. + + + + + + +APPENDIX VI. + +THE REV. W. HYKES ON BURIAL FEES AND THE PACO CEMETERY OUTSIDE MANILA. + + +The following is a sample of the Rev. Mr. Hyke's report:-- + + + "The burial fees demanded by the priests during an epidemic of + smallpox were something enormous. As many were unable to pay, + the dead were lying in the churches and in private houses in such + numbers as to become a serious menace to the public health. The + thing was so scandalous that the Governor-General interfered, + and issued orders for all the corpses to be buried at once. The + priests disregarded it and telegraphed to the Government at Madrid, + who reversed the order. + + "I heard such a revolting story about the Paco Cemetery (Paco + is a suburb of Manila) that I decided to visit the place and + ascertain the facts for myself. In the centre of a plot of ground, + containing about two acres, is a mortuary chapel. Around this in + concentric circles, and with a space of about twenty feet between, + are three or four walls. These walls are from five to seven feet + wide, about ten feet high, and contain three tiers of vaults, one + above the other, and of sufficient size to admit a coffin. The + Filipino in charge told me that there were 1,278 vaults for + adults and 504 for children. The fees are collected five-yearly + in advance, and are $33 for an adult and $16 for a child. I said + to the attendant: 'Suppose that at the end of any period of five + years the friends of the deceased are unable to pay, what do you + do?' 'We remove the coffin, take out the remains and throw them on + the bone-pile.' 'Will you show me the bone-pile?' 'Certainly.' He + conducted me to the rear of the cemetery, up a flight of stone + steps to the top of the wall. The receptacle for the bones was + a space between two parallel walls, about thirty feet long by + four wide by eight deep, and it was nearly full. Near by were + two metallic coffins which had evidently just been opened, and + on top of the bone-pile were two complete skeletons. A dog was + munching the bones. You can imagine how such a system would work + with an ignorant, superstitious people like the natives. All of + the vaults except three were occupied. The fees amount to more + than $50,000 every five years. The fees of a church near to the + hotel at which I was stopping amounted to $100,000 per annum. + + "It is not surprising that the great religious corporations are + enormously wealthy, and that they have a power consonant with + that wealth. I was shocked at the stories I was told by men, + whose word I could not doubt, of the flagrant immorality of the + Spanish Friars. The men who gave me these statements said they + were prepared to give names, dates, and places." + + +We sent a cutting containing this part of the report to the +ex-Philippine missionary, residing at present in Rome, to whom we +have already referred. + +To these lying statements the missionary gives an unqualified +contradiction. He himself was a parish priest during the cholera of +1882-83, when 20,000 people died in six months. In his own parish +alone 1,829 died and were buried, and yet he did not get a penny for +burial fees. He adds that the other parish priests acted like himself. + +The revolting description of the treatment of the dead in the Paco +cemetery is a foolish fabric, built on the simple fact that bodies +are removed from certain niches, after five years, to make room for +others. Mr. Hykes indirectly imputes the extortion of enormous burial +fees in this cemetery to the clergy. Whether the fees are enormous or +not, they do not go to the Church; for the missionary Father reveals +the fact wilfully kept back by Mr. Hykes--that the cemetery belongs to +the Manila municipality, which gets all the fees. This cemetery story, +told with such apparent honest indignation, is alone sufficient to +discredit all Mr. Hyke's report, and is a proof that he knows how to +color and misrepresent facts to suit his purpose. + +In conclusion, we are anxious to know if Mr. Hykes examined the +spiritual condition of the Protestants in the Philippines. "To +our shame be it said," observed a British officer, in 1859, +"there is no Protestant place of worship on the island; and even +the burial-ground is in an unseemly position and condition, and, +I believe, unconsecrated." [9] + + + + + + +NOTES + + +[1] "The Wanderings of a Globe-Trotter in the Far East." By the +Hon. Lewis Wingfield. 1889. + +[2] See interview with General Merritt, published in the New York +Herald, Oct. 4, 1898. + +[3] In the Administration, of Madrid, one of the leading reviews +in Spain. + +[4] One may hardly be surprised that men who have been robbed of their +all--reputation, home, and field of work--are apt to be plain-spoken +and severe when commenting upon those who have upset their lives, +and destroyed the sacred interests of the religion to which they +had devoted themselves unreservedly. Friends, on the other hand, +of the persons who have been the instruments of such ruin, are sure +to uphold the destroyers as heroes, great of character and great of +deed. Hence we need not be surprised at such different estimates of +Aguinaldo as those referred to in a sketch of him published in the +American Review of Reviews for February, 1899. + +"Friends and enemies agree that he is intelligent, ambitious, +far-sighted, brave, self-controlled, honest, moral, vindictive, and at +times cruel. He possesses the quality which friends call wisdom, and +enemies call craft. According to those who like him he is courteous, +polished, thoughtful, and dignified; according to those who dislike +him he is insincere, pretentious, vain, and arrogant. Both admit him +to be genial, generous, self-sacrificing, popular, and capable in the +administration of affairs. If the opinion of his foes be accepted he +is one of the greatest Malays on the page of history. If the opinion +of his friends be taken as the criterion he is one of the great men +of history, irrespective of race." + +[5] "Rhodesia and its Government," by H. C. Thomson. "Malaboch; or +Notes from my Diary on the Boer Campaign of 1894 against the Chief +Malaboch," by the Rev. Colin Rae. + +[6] A recent report in the daily papers (April, 1899), that one or +another of the most civilized Indian tribes, of which remnants remain, +is determined upon emigration from the United States to Mexico, +because of the fairer treatment they have reason to look for there, +will certainly not surprise those who are familiar with the broken +promises and rescinded obligations that have marked the Government's +dealing with the Red man and his Catholic educators and missioners. + +[7] It is with real satisfaction that, at the last moment, we +find ourselves permitted to mention the name of this venerable and +experienced man--the Very Rev. Padre Gallego, O.P., Convento della +SS. Trinita, Rome; and we can but express the regret that the worth +of this noble disciple of Christ is not known of in the outside world +as it is among his confreres; then, indeed, his word would have the +authority it deserves among all who love religion, and struggle for +the uplifting of humanity. + +[8] From the Analecta Ordinis Praedicatorum. + +[9] "Hongkong to Manila," by H. T. Ellis, R.N. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Friars in the Philippines, by Ambrose Coleman + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FRIARS IN THE PHILIPPINES *** + +***** This file should be named 36438.txt or 36438.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/4/3/36438/ + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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